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+<h1><a id="ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF_AFGHANISTAN_2"></a>ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN</h1>
+<h1><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_4"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution</h1>
+<h2><a id="Submission_to_the_United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change_5"></a>Submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</h2>
+<p>21 September 2015</p>
+<p>The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined<br>
+Contribution (INDC) and information to facilitate understanding of the contribution.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">Executive Summary</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Base Year:</td>
+<td>2005</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Target Years:</td>
+<td>2020 to 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Contribution Type</td>
+<td>Conditional</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors:</td>
+<td>Energy, natural resource management, agriculture, waste management and mining</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gases Covered:</td>
+<td>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Target:</td>
+<td>There will be a 13.6% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a business as usual (BAU) 2030 scenario, conditional on external support.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Financial Needs:</td>
+<td>Total: USD 17.405 billion
+ <ul><li> Adaptation: USD 10.785 billion</li>
+<li>Mitigation: USD 6.62 billion (2020-2030)</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><img src="img/AFG-1.png" alt=""><br>
+Figure 1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Afghanistan showing 13.6% relative reduction in emissions compared to a business as usual scenario for the year 2030</p>
+<h3><a id="1_Afghanistans_National_Circumstances_and_Commitment_to_Climate_Change_29"></a>1. Afghanistan’s National Circumstances and Commitment to Climate Change</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Introduction_31"></a>Introduction</h4></p>
+<p>Afghanistan has extensive development and climate adaptation needs and, currently, low levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world today, with an estimated population of 28.6 million (2015)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> and a per capita GDP of USD 660.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Afghanistan is highly prone to natural disasters throughout its 34 provinces.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup> As a result of climate change, it is anticipated that the incidence of extreme weather events, including heat waves, floods, and droughts will likely increase, as will climate change-linked disasters such as glacial lake outflows. The majority of Afghanistan’s population relies directly or indirectly on the available natural resources for their livelihoods so with these climatic changes the foundation of the country’s economy, stability, and food security is under threat.</p>
+<p>Despite these challenges, Afghanistan can remain a low emission economy while developing rapidly if, under the Paris Climate Change Agreement, extensive financial and other resources are made available to allow Afghanistan to successfully develop and implement Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) and Highly Effective Adaptation and Development Strategies (HEADS).</p>
+<p>Appropriate support in the form of finance, capacity building, technology and legal assistance is needed for Afghanistan to make substantial progress on social and economic fronts while maintaining low per capita GHG emission levels.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Description_of_Fairness_and_Ambition_40"></a>Description of Fairness and Ambition</h4></p>
+<p>Afghanistan recognizes that all countries in the world need to make rapid progress towards lowering, or maintaining if already low, per capita emission levels to avoid dangerous levels of global warming. It is therefore critical that under the Paris Agreement, financial resources, capacity building, technology transfer, and other support is provided to Afghanistan in order to enable it to implement LEDS and HEADS. This will allow Afghanistan to continue developing while maintaining low level of emissions and increasing adaptive capacity to climate change.</p>
+<p>There would be lower costs and a clearer development path for Afghanistan if it pursued development using mainly fossil fuels, as other countries have. This would likely result in GHG emission in Afghanistan continuing to increase at current rates for the period to 2025 and beyond. However, given the extremely limited remaining global GHG emissions budget, Afghanistan requires the UNFCCC, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and other international institutional arrangements to provide the extra finance and other support needed to successfully implement LEDS across all sectors of its economy without compromising socio-economic development goals.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="National_Development_Objectives_46"></a>National Development Objectives</h4></p>
+<p>Despite suffering decades of instability and war, Afghanistan has made considerable development progress. Over the past 13 years notable achievements have been made in the areas of environment, agriculture, health, education, infrastructure, the economy, and the provision of other important basic services.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Afghanistan’s National Development Strategy (ANDS) is based on Afghanistan’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It identifies the environment as “a cross-cutting issue that underpins the entire social and economic development framework for the country.” The National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA), mandated to address environmental concerns, continues to work with all parts of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) to mainstream environmental and climate change considerations into the country’s national development framework. NEPA advocates for appropriate policies and measures that enable rapid development while ensuring good environmental and climate change outcomes. Afghanistan has developed its INDC with the conviction that countering the effects of climate change requires a commitment from all countries with regard to mitigation, and adaptation.</p>
+<p>In terms of international commitments on climate change, Afghanistan joined the UNFCCC in 1992, and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2013. Afghanistan completed its National Adaptation Programmes of Action for Climate Change (NAPA) and National Capacity Needs Self-assessment for Global Environmental Management (NCSA) in 2009. Afghanistan submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) under the UNFCCC in 2012, and is currently preparing its Second National Communication (SNC) for submission to the UNFCCC in 2016. At present, Afghanistan is finalizing its national Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (ACCSAP) as well as its National Adaptation Plan (NAP).</p>
+<p>In 2015, as part of the INDC preparation process, NEPA convened a series of consultation and awareness- raising workshops to bring together decision-makers from government institutions and stakeholders from non-governmental organizations to develop the current INDC and establish a sustainable development vision for Afghanistan. Through this INDC process and existing policies and strategies, the overall vision that was developed for Afghanistan aims to enhance the adaptive capacity and resilience of its agriculture, environment, and population to climate change, while developing and implementing LEDS.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Climate_Change_Trends_Impacts_and_Vulnerabilities_63"></a>Climate Change Trends, Impacts, and Vulnerabilities</h4></p>
+<p>Afghanistan is ranked among the most vulnerable countries in the world to the adverse impacts of climate change.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup> Afghanistan’s INC report has documented an increase of 0.6°C in the country’s mean annual temperature since 1960. Based upon recent climate observations, precipitation patterns have decreased during springtime (March-May) by approximately 40.5mm; however, the total annual precipitation has only slightly decreased by approximately 30mm since there is a slight increase in precipitation from June until November. This implies that Afghanistan is already beginning to experience the initial adverse impacts of climate change.</p>
+<p>Recent climate projections, based on Cordex regional climate models and representative concentration pathways (RCPs)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>, indicate that Afghanistan will face an overall strong increase in mean annual temperature, considerably higher than global mean projections, when compared to a baseline period of 1986-2006. More specifically, under the “optimistic” scenario (RCP4.5), the mean of the model ensembles projects a warming of approximately 1.5°C until 2050 and of approximately 2.5°C until 2100. For the “pessimistic” scenario (RCP8.5), the models project an extreme warming of approximately 3°C until 2050, with further warming up to 7°C by 2100. Under both scenarios there are regional differences, with a higher temperature increases at higher altitudes compared to the lowlands.</p>
+<p>For precipitation a significant (α=0.05) mean decrease of precipitation during springtime (March-May) for the North, the Central Highlands and the East for both scenarios from 2006 until 2050 between 5-10 percent is seen. This decrease is offset by a slight increase of precipitation during autumn and wintertime (October-December) in these regions. For the Hindu Kush area, a significant and substantial increase in precipitation during the winter season of approximately 10 percent is seen, whereas during spring season precipitation is projected to stay stable. For the arid South of the country, the models do not project significant trends for precipitation. The decrease of precipitation during spring is particularly relevant since during these months the main plant growth for agricultural production takes place. In addition, the decrease is projected to take place in the regions with the highest agricultural productivity of Afghanistan (East, North, and Central Highlands). In combination with the overall increase in temperature and the related increase in evapotranspiration across the country, this will most likely negatively impact the hydrological cycle, agricultural productivity, and availability of water resources. Climatic changes are also likely to impact upon the spread of water, food and vector-borne diseases, presenting considerable health risks to both urban and rural populations. Finally, the aforementioned climate-induced risks and challenges can enhance social inequalities, poverty, and food insecurity causing considerable and fundamental threats to human life, livelihoods, property, political stability, the economy, and the environment in Afghanistan.</p>
+<p>Based upon these climate change projections, Afghanistan’s environment will experience considerable changes over the remainder of this century. Climate change, based on sound scientific analysis of climatic changes and uncertainties, must be mainstreamed into sectoral planning to reduce the negative impacts of climate change in Afghanistan and increase resilience, both in rural and urban areas.</p>
+<h3><a id="2_Climate_Change_Adaptation_80"></a>2. Climate Change Adaptation</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Near_and_Longterm_Adaptation_Visions_Goals_and_Targets_82"></a>Near- and Long-term Adaptation Visions, Goals and Targets</h4></p>
+<p>Afghanistan’s vision for addressing the adverse impacts of climate change through adaptation aims to protect the country and its population by enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience, effectively respond to the vulnerabilities of critical sectors, and efficiently mainstream climate change considerations into national development policies, strategies, and plans. In order to achieve this vision, a national strategy for climate change adaptation must include community level vulnerabilities and build up their adaptive capacities by investment in short- and long-term initiatives. Short-term action plans formed part of the 2009 NAPA, while the NAP will implement both short- and long-term priorities These priorities include, but are not limited to:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Reducing vulnerability of the country and its population through enhancement of adaptive capacity and resilience, and deployment of disaster risk reduction approaches</li>
+<li>Integrating climate change consideration into the national planning processes</li>
+<li>Promoting economic development and sustainable rural livelihoods through sustainable management of environmental resources and increase access to modern forms of efficient and sustainable energy services</li>
+<li>Improvement of technical capacity in governmental institutions</li>
+<li>Adaptive and integrated land and water management</li>
+<li>Improving access by rural communities and farmers to water to support food security, reduce poverty and improve agricultural productions</li>
+<li>Raising awareness for people of Afghanistan on climate change impacts and adaptation measures</li>
+</ol>
+<p><h4><a id="Current_Adaptation_Undertakings_and_Support_94"></a>Current Adaptation Undertakings and Support</h4></p>
+<p>Afghanistan has initiated a number of steps to promote the country’s sustainable development. In term of national development policies, plans, and legal frameworks, considerable effort has been placed on addressing environmental challenges, disaster risk reduction, food security, water security, protection of forest and rangelands, and biodiversity conservation, all of which have clear relevance to climate change adaptation. Some noteworthy examples of such policies and plans that have successfully and explicitly integrated climate change include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Afghanistan National Renewable Energy Policy (ANREP)</li>
+<li>National Water and Natural Resource Management Priority Programme</li>
+<li>Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (SNAP)</li>
+<li>National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)</li>
+<li>National Comprehensive Agriculture Production and Market Development Programme</li>
+<li>Energy for Rural Development (ERDA)</li>
+<li>National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Additional national development policies, strategies, and plans that currently do not mention climate change but have entry points for the further mainstreaming of climate change include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>National Agricultural Development Framework (NADF)</li>
+<li>National Environment Strategy</li>
+<li>Energy Sector Strategy</li>
+<li>National Forestry Management Plan</li>
+<li>Rangeland Management Plan</li>
+<li>Strategic Policy Framework for the Water Sector</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In term of programmes and projects, support provided by the international community and multilateral agencies have laid the groundwork for building Afghanistan’s adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. Major contributors include the Tokyo Framework bilateral partners, Global Environmental Facility (GEF), which has provided support through enabling activities, mid-size projects, and full-size climate change adaptation projects funded by the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), as well as bilateral donors, non-governmental organizations, and the United Nations. With the scale and urgency of Afghanistan’s adaptation needs, additional financial and other resources are strongly needed in order to effectively build the adaptive capacity and resilience of the country and its people before more severe impacts of climate change begin to be felt.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Adaptation_Needs_and_Means_of_Implementation_MOI_120"></a>Adaptation Needs and Means of Implementation (MOI)</h4></p>
+<p>Afghanistan faces a number of specific challenges in terms of addressing climate change through adaptation. These challenges include, but are not limited to, funding gaps, lack of expertise, lack of reliable historical climate data, weak public awareness about environmental issues, and security. Afghanistan has identified the following key actions as part of its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in order to overcome existing gaps and barriers towards sufficiently addressing its climate change adaptation needs. The total estimated cost of full implementation of the NAP is USD 10.785 billion over ten years.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Action- Planning, technology and capacity building needs</th>
+<th>Technology Needs</th>
+<th>Capacity Building Needs</th>
+<th>Finance Needs (USD)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Development and adoption of the Afghanistan CCSAP.</td>
+<td>–</td>
+<td>–</td>
+<td>Own contribution</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Development of a system to monitor and assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change.</td>
+<td>Climate science technology</td>
+<td>Climate science institutes with university</td>
+<td>0.02 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Identification and mainstreaming of climate change adaptation technologies into the sectoral policies, strategies and development plans, and promotion of regional and international cooperation and coordination for adaptation technology transfer.</td>
+<td>Climate policy technologies and methods</td>
+<td>Training Afghan climate policy experts</td>
+<td>0.01 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Strengthen and expand meteorological and hydrological monitoring networks and services, including a national database to archive and store meteorological and hydrological data.</td>
+<td>Hydrological, meteorological and data equipment and integrated systems</td>
+<td>Operators and analysts for hydrological, meteorological and data integrated systems</td>
+<td>0.1 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Development of water resources through rehabilitation and reconstruction of small-, medium-, and large-scale infrastructure.</td>
+<td>Improved designs and methodologies for catchment management technology</td>
+<td>Ecological engineering and spatial planning for water resources</td>
+<td>0.75 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Planning for proper watershed management and promoted through community-based natural resources management.</td>
+<td>Full catchment planning technology and models</td>
+<td>Practitioners for watershed management</td>
+<td>2.5 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Increasing irrigated agricultural land to 3.14 M-ha, through restoration and development of Afghanistan’s irrigation systems.</td>
+<td>Eco-agriculture and climate friendly irrigation technology transfer to Afghanistan</td>
+<td>Vocational and engineering capacity to design, build and maintain climate friendly irrigation networks and local schemes.</td>
+<td>4.5 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>At least 10% of Afghanistan land area and the habitat of selected species under a system of conservation</td>
+<td>Conservation ecology methods and tools</td>
+<td>Protected areas and species ecologists, and ecological economists trained and working.</td>
+<td>0.3 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Behavioural change and opportunities for provision and development of alternative and renewable energy sources for 25% of the rural population above existing levels (15%), in order to contribute to a reduction in the unsustainable usage of natural resources and decreasing the strong reliance on fossil fuels by rural communities.</td>
+<td>Technology transfer of renewable energy and sustainable energy</td>
+<td>National centre for sustainable energy strengthened and expanded. Combine public and private competencies.</td>
+<td>0.105 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Regeneration of at least 40% of existing degraded forests and rangeland areas (the area covered will be approximately 232,050 ha for forestry; and 5.35 million ha for rangelands).</td>
+<td>Forestry and rangeland management tools and methods transferred to Afghanistan</td>
+<td>Practitioners group built in university, government and local delivery levels.</td>
+<td>2.5 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>TOTAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES NEEDED:</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>10.785 Billion</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3><a id="3_Climate_Change_Mitigation_140"></a>3. Climate Change Mitigation</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="GHG_Emissions_and_Mitigation_Measures_142"></a>GHG Emissions and Mitigation Measures</h4></p>
+<p>Afghanistan has very low relative per capita GHG emissions. While 1990 emissions were at 0.2 metric tons CO<sub>2</sub> per capita, data indicates that per capita emissions were around 0.3 for 2010, making Afghanistan one of the lowest GHG emitters globally.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup> However, the country is on a growth path, which is expected to strengthen over the coming years, meaning GHG emissions are likely to increase. It is important that support be provided to Afghanistan to develop LEDS to minimize the increase in its GHG emissions.</p>
+<p>Afghanistan’s overall GHG emission figures (Table 1) demonstrate that the most important sources of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are from the “Land-Use Change and Forestry” and “Energy” sectors.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup> In terms of CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, the agriculture sector is the major contributor.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup> It is therefore important that greater attention should be focused on GHG mitigation measures within these sectors. Afghanistan has only started to access UNFCCC technology transfer opportunities. It needs to build national capacity to navigate opportunities and play a more critical role in international negotiations. The following mitigation options are designed to enable Afghanistan to make a mitigation contribution which is condition on support needs for financial and technical support being met.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">2030 Mitigation Contribution</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Type of Contribution</td>
+<td>Conditional Target: A relatively reduction in GHG emission is achievable through meeting Afghanistan’s financial, technical, and technological needs in energy, forest and rangeland, industrial process and extractive industry, agriculture and livestock, and waste management sectors. Primarily focused is on sustainable process and development initiatives based on the outcomes of 2015 national consultation on LEDS and NAMA.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gases</td>
+<td>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors</td>
+<td><ul><li>Energy Production (hydropower, solar systems, wind and biomass, commercial, domestic: clean cook stoves and fuels, and solar energy</li>
+<li>Energy Efficiency (households, transport, industry, services, mining, agriculture) </li>
+<li>Land Use, Forests and Rangelands (Afforestation and reforestation, natural forests, fuelwood from forest and orchards, rangelands rehabilitation)</li>
+<li>Agriculture and Livestock (manure management, land use/change for agriculture) </li>
+<li>Irrigation Infrastructure </li>
+<li>Improved Cropping Systems </li>
+<li>Industrial Processes and Extractive Industries (mining and extractives, gas and hydrocarbons, coal and minerals) end-use saving, and fuel shifts </li>
+<li>Power plants: fuel shift to natural gas and renewables</li>
+<li>Transport: more efficient vehicles, clean fuels, and alternative fuels </li>
+<li>Waste Management (solid waste management and wastewater recycling/composing of biodegradable waste instead of landfill, and methane recovery from landfill) </li>
+<li>Coal mines: gas recovery in coal mines </li>
+<li>Rice paddies: modified rice strains </li>
+<li>Mitigation measures for N<sub>2</sub>O include reduced fertilizer application; optimal timing of fertilizer application; nitrification inhibitors, less use of histosols (peat soils)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup>.</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Afghanistan’s GHG inventory in Table 1 is calculated for each GHG emission sector for 2005 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11">[11]</a></sup> and business-as-usual projections based on the growth rate for a medium-term timeframe (2020-2030).</p>
+<p>Table 1: Green House Gas Emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O in Afghanistan in 2005-2030 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn12" id="fnref12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>GHG emission</th>
+<th colspan="4">CO<sub>2</sub> Equivalent, Gg</th>
+<th>2020</th>
+<th>2025</th>
+<th>2030</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>sector</td>
+<td>CO<sub>2</sub></td>
+<td>CH<sub>4</sub></td>
+<td>N<sub>2</sub>O</td>
+<td>Aggregated</td>
+<td>CO<sub>2</sub>-eq, Gg</td>
+<td>CO<sub>2</sub>-eq, Gg</td>
+<td>CO<sub>2</sub>-eq, Gg</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>2910.04</td>
+<td>736.00</td>
+<td>129.83</td>
+<td>3775.87</td>
+<td>9745.46</td>
+<td>10849.02</td>
+<td>12087.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Industry</td>
+<td>312.15</td>
+<td>-</td>
+<td>-</td>
+<td>312.15</td>
+<td>791.57</td>
+<td>878.25</td>
+<td>974.42</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Agriculture</td>
+<td>-</td>
+<td>9296.49</td>
+<td>5812.5</td>
+<td>15108.99</td>
+<td>24,665.30<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13">[13]</a></sup></td>
+<td>29,578.77<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13:1">[13]</a></sup></td>
+<td>35,471.04<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13:2">[13]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Land use change and forestry</td>
+<td>9341.13</td>
+<td>80.64</td>
+<td>9.3</td>
+<td>9431.07</td>
+<td>10949.18</td>
+<td>11507.7</td>
+<td>12094.71</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Waste</td>
+<td>-</td>
+<td>130.41</td>
+<td>-</td>
+<td>130.41</td>
+<td>330.70<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13:3">[13]</a></sup></td>
+<td>366.91<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13:4">[13]</a></sup></td>
+<td>407.09<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13:5">[13]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Total GHG emission incl. LULUCF</td>
+<td>12563.32</td>
+<td>10243.54</td>
+<td>5951.63</td>
+<td>28758.49</td>
+<td>46482.2</td>
+<td>53180.64</td>
+<td>61034.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Total GHG emission excl. LULUCF</td>
+<td>3222.19</td>
+<td>10162.9</td>
+<td>5942.33</td>
+<td>19327.42</td>
+<td>35533.02</td>
+<td>41672.95</td>
+<td>48939.54</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><strong>Climate Mitigation Gaps and Barriers and Support Needs USD 662 Million/Year from 2020</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Sector</th>
+<th>Technology and Capacity Building Needs</th>
+<th>Finance Needs (USD)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Energy Efficiency in Buildings and in Transport Sector</td>
+<td>Carbon finance and project development skills. Information on available technologies, measures, and financing skills. Traditional customs and administered pricing. Building codes, and standards on appliances and equipment. Clean cooking, heating and power projects.</td>
+<td>100 million/Year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>Human and institutional capacity for adoption of cleaner technology. Capital markets that encourage investment in decentralized systems. Information and intellectual property rights for mitigation technologies. Renewable energy, entry costs support, access to capital, and subsidies. Environmental compliance standards (emission and indoor).</td>
+<td>188 Million/Year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Waste Management</td>
+<td>Landfill management, decentralised wastewater treatment. Climate Project development skills.</td>
+<td>74 Million/Year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Forest and Rangelands</td>
+<td>Carbon sequestration on forest/rangelands, and forest carbon skills. Funding institutional capacity to monitor and verify projects. Better spatial planning for community and production agriculture. Reduce rural peoples’ dependence on fuel for cooking and heating.</td>
+<td>100 Million/Year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Industry and Mining</td>
+<td>Cleaner coal mining, leave-it-in-the-ground approaches, combustion, and transportation of minerals. Hydrocarbon fields management. Technical industrial capacity to link basic industry and mining private and public sector with climate sector experts.</td>
+<td>100 Million/Year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Agriculture and Livestock</td>
+<td>National herd, reduction in fuel used, or cleaner fuel technologies. South-south collaboration on low-carbon agriculture, study tours. Funding for R&D activities. Improved national dataset on agriculture, food security data.</td>
+<td>100 Million/Year</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>CSO 2015 estimation <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>IMF 2015 estimate for Afghanistan. <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p>NEPA (2009), National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environmental Management (NCSA) and National Adaptation Programme of Action for Climate Change (NAPA). <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p>(GIRoA, 2015) <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p>DARA Climate Vulnerability Monitor (2012); GermanWatch Global Climate Risk Index (2013); and Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (2014). <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>Representative concentration pathways (RCPs) are GHG emission scenarios adopted by the IPCC to describe four possible climate futures depending on the levels of future global GHGs emitted. There are four RCPs: 1) RCP2.6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak between 2010-2020 and then decline; 2) RCP4.5, which assumes that GHG emissions peak around 2040 and then decline; 3) RCP6, which assumes that GHG emissions peak around 2080 and then decline; and 4) RCP8.5, which assumes that GHGs emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century. <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p>The World Bank, CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions (Metric Tons Per Capita). <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO<sub>2</sub>E.PC">http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO<sub>2</sub>E.PC</a> <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p>NEPA & ADB (2007), Afghanistan Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p>IBID <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p>IBID <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p>IBID <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn12" class="footnote-item"><p>Information used from ADB - Afghanistan Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report and projection for 2020-2030 using GACMO model <a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn13" class="footnote-item"><p>CH<sub>4</sub> (CH<sub>4</sub> emission x 21) and N<sub>2</sub>O (N<sub>2</sub>O emission x 310) counted as CO<sub>2</sub>-eq <a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref13:1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref13:2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref13:3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref13:4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref13:5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body></html>

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+<head>
+ <meta charset="utf-8">
+</head>
+<body>
+<p><a id="DRAFT_1"></a>DRAFT</p>
+<h1><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_INDC_of_the__Republic_of_Angola_2"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Angola</h1>
+<p>November 2015</p>
+<h3><a id="EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY_5"></a>EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</h3>
+<p>The contributions of Angola to this INDC are in the framework of the National Strategy for the Implementation of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, the Strategy to Fight Poverty (SFP), the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025).</p>
+<p>Angola is committed to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against the phenomenon of climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this, Angola's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG. The country is committed to stabilize its emissions, and contribute to climate change mitigation by 2030, targeting the following sectors:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Power generation from renewable sources; and</li>
+<li>Reforestation.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Angola plans to <strong>reduce GHG emissions up to 35% unconditionally by 2030</strong> as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario (base year 2005). In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenariothe country could <strong>reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030</strong>. In achieving its unconditional and conditional targets Angola expects to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario <strong>by 2030 at overall cost of over 14.7billion USD</strong>.</p>
+<p>Given to its extreme vulnerability to Climate Change impacts in some key economic sectors, Angola's INDC also includes priority Adaptation actions that will enable the strengthening of the resilience of the country towards the attainment of the Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025).</p>
+<p><strong>Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation</strong></p>
+<p>The Angolan economy has been hit hard by the impact of climate change expressed as prolonged drought, damaging flash floods, forest fires, reduced crop production, reduced water resources, impacted fishing resources, etc. Many of the economy sectors of Angola have been impacted by climate variability in the last thirty years. However, there are economy sectors which are extremely vulnerable to impacts resulting from the extreme events and which will pose not only serious livelihood and direct health risks but can also affect the economic potential and national food security. Therefore within the context of this INDC, Angola prioritises the implementation of Adaptation measures in the following main sectors:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Agriculture</li>
+<li>Coastal Zone</li>
+<li>Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity</li>
+<li>Water resources</li>
+<li>Health</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Angola acknowledges that climate change adaptation requires unconditional as well as conditional actions in order to reduce the vulnerability of communities against the expected Climate Change impacts. The overall cost of implementing both the unconditional and conditional actions amounts to <strong>around 1billion USDacross sectors up to 2030</strong>.</p>
+<p>Given the time constraint, thisreport on theINDCcould not beexhaustive, and it is of adynamic natureand thus willbe refinedin the light ofnew data and information.</p>
+<h3><a id="1__NATIONAL_CONTEXT_37"></a>1. NATIONAL CONTEXT</h3>
+<p>The Republic of Angola with a size of 1.25m sq km (481,354 sq miles) is located in SW Africa and extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts such as drought and floods particularly in the southern regions. Projections of mean annual rainfall averaged over the country from different models indicate a wide range of changes in precipitation for Angola. Furthermore, IPCC scenarios (SRES A1B scenario as shown in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report) have projected an increase of mean annual temperature in the region by 1.2 to 3.2°C by the 2060s, and 1.7 to 5.1°C by the 2090s. Climate models predict that over the next 50 to 100 years, Angola will experience increased temperatures, more extreme weather events, an expansion of arid and semi-arid regions, seasonal shifts in rainfall, localized floods, increased wildfires, sea level rise, increased rainfall in the northern parts of the country, changes in river flows and changes in sea and lake temperatures. According to the Angolan NAPA (2011), the major expected climate change threats and impacts are: floods, soil erosion, drought episodes, rise in sea-level. The main sectors identified as affected by climate change are: agriculture and food security; forest and biodiversity; fisheries; water resources; human health; infrastructures; coastal zones; energy.</p>
+<p>In response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as a demonstration of its commitment to take part in the aspiration set at International level to fight against the phenomenon of climate change, thus contributing to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Angola has embarkedon the process of preparation of its intended determined contributions through a participatory approach. This document therefore presents Angola's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) which encompasses for Mitigation purposes both unconditional and conditional measures for the reduction of GHG. Given to its extreme vulnerability to Climate Change impacts in some key economic sectors, Angola's INDC also includespriority Adaptation actions that will enable the strengthening of the resilience of the country towards the attainment of the Long Term Strategy for Development of Angola (2025).</p>
+<h3><a id="2__ANGOLAS_MITIGATION_CONTRIBUTION_44"></a>2. ANGOLA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION</h3>
+<h3><a id="Objectives_and_expected_trajectories_for_2030_46"></a>Objectives and expected trajectories for 2030</h3>
+<p>Greenhouse gases covered<br>
+The contribution of Angola is based on the estimation of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) for all economic sectors. F-gases emissions are not counted as they were considered negligible across the country.</p>
+<p>Sectoral and geographical coverage<br>
+Based on the last GHG inventory, the selected sectors are defined according to the revised IPCC Guidelines 1996 and cover the entire territory.</p>
+<p>Base year period and baseline data<br>
+The year 2005 is used as the reference year. Data are extracted from the latest national inventory of greenhouse gases and from the database of ENERDATA<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> . The Global Warming Potential (GWP) values used are those determined by the IPCC for the preparation of national emissions inventories accordingDecision 4/CMP.7 of the UNFCCC by which from 2013 GWP of CH<sub>4</sub> is 25 and not 21, and PWG of N<sub>2</sub>O is 298 and not 310.</p>
+<p>For the year 2005, GHG emissions amounted to 66.8 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e, of which over 95% stemmed from the fossil fuel consumption. The baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector shown below indicates the dominance of Energy fuel combustion sector followed by the Agriculture and Change in Land-Use Change and Forestry sectors. In addition, the contribution of the fugitive emissions in the energy sector is clearly evident.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AGO-1.png" alt="Baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector and emissions in the energy sector"><br>
+<em>Baseline structure (2005) of GHG emission of Angola by sector and emissions in the energy sector</em></p>
+<p>Reference scenario without mitigation policies</p>
+<p>The baseline scenario was developed with the GACMO model (Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost Model<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>) based on linear sectoral projections. It is based on the 2005 inventory of GHG emissions. This inventory was produced according to the revised guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published in the Initial National Communication.The sectoral linear projection estimates the level of GHG emissions without mitigation measures to triple by 2030 from the level of emissions in 2005. More than 90% of these emissions would come from the Energy sector making this the privileged area for the development of mitigation options for Angola</p>
+<p>Contribution level</p>
+<p>Therefore, the country is committed to stabilize its emissions by reducing GHG emissions up to 50% below BAU emission levels by 2030 through unconditional and conditional actions targeting the following sectors:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Power generation from renewable sources; and</li>
+<li>Reforestation.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Unconditional Reduction</p>
+<p>The level of reduction planned unconditionally is expected to be up to 35% by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, taking 2005 as the reference year.</p>
+<p>Conditional Reduction</p>
+<p>In a conditional mitigation scenario Angola plans to reduce further its emissions. Therefore, the mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. In total, in achieving its unconditional and conditional targets Angola expects to reduce its emissions trajectory by nearly 50% below the BAU scenario across sectors by 2030.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AGO-2.png" alt="Baseline scenario and projections of Unconditional and Conditional mitigation scenarios for Angola"><br>
+<em>Baseline scenario and projections of Unconditional and Conditional mitigation scenarios for Angola</em></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th></th>
+<th>2005</th>
+<th>2020</th>
+<th>2025</th>
+<th>2030</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Emissions – BAU scenario (ktCO<sub>2</sub>e)</td>
+<td rowspan="3">66812</td>
+<td>125 778</td>
+<td>155 819</td>
+<td>193 250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Emissions - Unconditional scenario (ktCO<sub>2</sub>e)</td>
+<td>125 778</td>
+<td>124 656 (-20%*)</td>
+<td>125 612 (-35%*)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Emissions - Conditional scenario (ktCO<sub>2</sub>e)</td>
+<td>125 778</td>
+<td>113748 (-27%*)</td>
+<td>96625 (-50%*)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>*From the baseline scenario.</p>
+<h3><a id="Strategy_and_planning_processes_102"></a>Strategy and planning processes</h3>
+<p>For metrics and methodologies Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale is used in accordance with the IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report. The contribution is to be developed into an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030.</p>
+<p>National strategy and unconditional mitigation options<br>
+Unconditional Measures are the ongoing projects which funding has been fully identified and the Government of Angola is expected to implement during this INDC timeframe to accomplish a GHG reduction of at least 35% by 2030 as compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. The table below indicates sector strategies to achieve the mitigation goals in 2030.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Sectors</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Promotion of renewable energy</td>
+<td>Even though Angola is an oil-producing country, the potential for renewable energy is significant. With the growing energy demand in Angola, this type of project is seen as priority in the Angolan energy sector strategy. Being an environmentally friendly technology, the renewable-energy projects contribute to sustainable development of the country and will serve as an example for the expansion of this technology locally and nationally. In addition, the production of renewable energy and the dispatching of the entire production to the Angolan electrical system will not only reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) but also will mitigate local pollution caused by atmospheric emissions from burning fossil fuel. On the economical perspective, the projects will lead to a reduction on demand from fossils fuels, which are a very expensive item within the national economy. Below are identified some examples of renewable energy projects that are being developed and/or implemented in Angola:
+<ol>
+<li><strong>Repowering of Cambambe Central I Hydroelectric Power Plant</strong>:<br>
+ The Cambambe project activity is located on the Municipality of Cambambe, 180 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The Municipality of Cambambe is located on the south of the Kwanza Province, which is delimited by the Kwanza River. The proposed project comprises an expansion of the installed capacity to the existing Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant, from 180 MW to the current 260 MW. The project activity reduces emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by preventing the operation of power plants that use fossil fuels as an energy source. In the absence of project activity, fossil fuels could be burned in power plants that are connected to the grid. An ex ante estimative of emission reductions achieved by the project is of1,529,311 tCO<sub>2</sub>e per year.</li>
+<li> <strong>Cambambe Hydroelectric Second Power Plant:</strong><br>
+The Cambambe project activity is located on the Municipality of Cambambe, 180 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The proposed project comprises a capacity addition to the existing Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant with installation of additional 700 MW of the actual generation capacity. The project activity reduces emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by preventing the operation of power plants that use fossil fuels as an energy source. In the absence of project activity, fossil fuels burned in power plants that are connected to the grid. An ex ante estimative of annual emission reductions is 3,282,000tCO<sub>2</sub>e per year.</li>
+<li><strong>Tombwa Wind Farm</strong><br>
+ The Tombwa project activity is located on the Municipality of Tombwa, Namibe Province, 1,234 km east of Luanda, the National Capital. The project activity consists of a wind energy conversion into electrical energy, providing an alternative source of renewable energy. The energy generated will be a result of a total installed capacity of 100 MW and will produce power through 50 wind turbines, with a rated individual potency of 2MW. The wind farm has a main objective of generate electricity to the interconnected national system. This energy will reduce the amount of energy produced by the power plants that runs using fossil fuel, inserting renewable energy into the system. Thus, helping to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and encourage the use of alternative energy technologies. Although the ex-ante estimative of emission reductions are low(<strong>157 258 tCO<sub>2</sub>e per year</strong>), the implementation of the project will mean an important contribution to achieve the government efforts to diversify the energy matrix, with the input of another source of clean energy with low environmental impact.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Stabilization of emissions in the agriculture production</td>
+<td>Angola’s climate diversity allows for the cultivation of a great variety of crops. The national agricultural potential of Angola is high enough that the country has the ability to be self-sufficient. Nevertheless, the sector is characterized mostly by small farmers working under subsistence farming methods. The surface area used for agriculture amounts to about 26% of the territory. GHG emissions in agriculture stem from animal production and wild fires. The objective is to stabilize GHG emissions from these sources. Besides, the country is willing to develop the production of ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Industrial processes</td>
+<td>Angola’s annual growth in manufacturing rose from 6.5% in 2012 to 8% in 2013 and was driven particularly by wood, cement, and electric materials production. In 2005 GHG emissions of the industry sector were related to activities such as these: breweries, cement, clinker, pastry, crackers and cookies, margarine, beef, animal feed, glass, freezer assembly, etc. The GHG emissions from Industrial processes are estimated to be very low (less than one million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup></td>
+<td>As regards the resource base, natural forest is the most significant biomass resource in the country, comprising an estimated 59 million hectares according to the latest data with current deforestation rates estimated at 0.2% per year. About 53 million hectares of land are considered to be forests – however of those only 2% are actually made up of dense, humid, high productivity forests, that are very rich in biodiversity, 47.1% comprises of a mosaic of forest and savannah, 45.4% is woodland (miombo) and the remaining percentage is occupied by steppe, mangrove and wetlands. Wood logging is essential to the local population, both economically and socially. The potential for wood cutting each year is estimated at 333,000 m3 and the current rate of cutting is estimated to be 85,000 m3 per year. The calculation of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and removals from land use changes and forestry is primarily based on the following main activities:- Forestry conversion;- Use of biomass;- Phase-out of harvested land.The sector is thought to have captured close to 3 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e in 2005, and the country is committed to increase carbon sequestration from the forestry sector to <strong>5 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e per year by 2030</strong>.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Presentation of conditional mitigation options</p>
+<p>Key available projects that are expected to maximize the amount of avoided emissions, while concurrently minimizing the level of required upfront investment have been selected as potential mitigation options to be developed conditionally.These mitigation options identified in this scenario are expected to reduce an additional 15% below BAU emission levels by 2030. By undertaking these actions Angola will achieve the potential conditional target of 50 % emissions reductionbelow BAU emission levels by 2030.For this, the Government of Angola will pursue international support to utilize existing and emerging climate finance mechanisms and will encourage investments in green growth development initiatives. These projects are briefly described below and several of them are already on the agenda or subjected to feasibility assessments.</p>
+<p>The total funds required for the implementation of these projects are roughly <strong>about 14.7billion USD to reach the mitigation target.</strong></p>
+<p><strong>The power sector</strong>:As part of the projectMapping of the Winds and Solar of Angola (Implementing Angolan Ministry: Ministry of Energy and Water. National Directorate of Renewable Energy), which aimed at identifying the most suitable sites for the development of endogenous energy resources,a potential of 8,491MW of renewable sources were identified:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>681 MW for wind energy projects,</li>
+<li>438 MW for solar projects,</li>
+<li>640 MW for biomass projects, and</li>
+<li>6,732 MW hydroelectric projects</li>
+</ul>
+<p>With an investment of <strong>11,346 million USD</strong>.</p>
+<p>Considering that Angola installed generating capacity was 2,388 MW in the first semester of 2015, of which 41.7% is hydroelectric and 58.3% diesel-generated, and that less than 20% of Angola’s population has access to electricity, with most depending on wood or charcoal, the objective is to promote access to renewable energy. The table presents the list of renewable energy projects to be considered under a conditional contribution by the Angola to the international climate regime.This projects are in the early stages of feasibility assessment. Developing this portfolio of renewable power projects will stabilize the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 2030 from the power sector, as these projects enable to respond to the needs of the increasing demand. Considering an investment of 1,138 US$/kW for a large-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 4,500US$/kW for a small-scale hydropower connected to main grid, 1300US$/kW forwind turbines connected to main grid (on- shore) (GACMO), 3,396US$/kW for biomass projectsand 1,500 US$/kW for PV solar.</p>
+<p><strong>Under evaluation</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>3 projects</th>
+<th>190</th>
+<th>Small scale hydropower</th>
+<th>855</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Tômbwa, Namibe province</td>
+<td>100</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>130</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>CaculoCabaça Hydropower Project</td>
+<td>2.172</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>2.472</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Zenza (1+2)</td>
+<td>450 + 120</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>649</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tumulo do Cacador</td>
+<td>450</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>512</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Luime</td>
+<td>330</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>376</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Luquixe 2</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Small scale hydropower</td>
+<td>9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Carianga</td>
+<td>381</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>433.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bembeze</td>
+<td>260</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>295.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Salamba</td>
+<td>47.9</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>54.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Quissonde</td>
+<td>120</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>136.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Quissuca</td>
+<td>121</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>137.7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cuteca</td>
+<td>203</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>231.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cafula</td>
+<td>403</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>458.7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dala</td>
+<td>360</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>409.7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Utiundumbo</td>
+<td>169</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>192.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capunda</td>
+<td>283</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>322.1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Balalunga</td>
+<td>217</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>247.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Calindo</td>
+<td>58</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>66.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cuvera</td>
+<td>62</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>70.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cacombo</td>
+<td>29</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>33.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capitongo</td>
+<td>41</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>46.7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mucundi</td>
+<td>73.5</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>83.7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Calengue</td>
+<td>190</td>
+<td>Large scale hydropower</td>
+<td>216.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pampos de Sonhe</td>
+<td>37</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>48.1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Quitobia</td>
+<td>103</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>133.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Samba caju</td>
+<td>84</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>109.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Uige</td>
+<td>20</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>26</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Maquela do Zombo</td>
+<td>10</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>13</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capande</td>
+<td>23</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>29.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hoque</td>
+<td>23</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>29.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dunga</td>
+<td>103</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>133.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mombollo</td>
+<td>41</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>53.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tundavala</td>
+<td>23</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>29.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Quimone</td>
+<td>103</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>133.9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Huila</td>
+<td>11</td>
+<td>Wind power</td>
+<td>14.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Chipindo</td>
+<td>6</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lubango</td>
+<td>28</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>42</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kuito</td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>7.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>CH Gove</td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>7.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Caála</td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>7.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>WakuKungo II</td>
+<td>76</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>114</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Balém do Dango</td>
+<td>20</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>WakuKungo I</td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>7.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lubango II</td>
+<td>23</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>34.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Capanda</td>
+<td>225</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>337.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>CT Luena</td>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lucapa</td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>7.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>CT Dundo</td>
+<td>7</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>10.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>CH Chicapa</td>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>CT Ondjiva</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Camenongue</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>CTG Fútila</td>
+<td>14</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Leua</td>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Solar power plant</td>
+<td>3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Luanda</td>
+<td>100</td>
+<td>Biomass-MSW</td>
+<td>533.65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Benguela/lobito/catumbela</td>
+<td>20</td>
+<td>Biomass-MSW</td>
+<td>110.89</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Altocatumbela</td>
+<td>150</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>371.15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Chinguar</td>
+<td>60</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>166.33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cuima</td>
+<td>60</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>166.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Biocom</td>
+<td>40</td>
+<td>Biomass – sugar cane</td>
+<td>115.74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lucapa</td>
+<td>30</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>95.45</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Luena</td>
+<td>30</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>95.76</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Luachimo</td>
+<td>30</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>95.67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dala</td>
+<td>30</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>95.74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Chicapa</td>
+<td>30</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>96.56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lumeje</td>
+<td>30</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>95.93</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dinge</td>
+<td>30</td>
+<td>Biomass- wasteforest</td>
+<td>95.41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Total</td>
+<td>8.491</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>11.346</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p><strong>The use of biomass as energy source</strong>: In Angola about 80% of the population, depend on biomass for their everyday energy purposes, i.e. water heating, cooking and lighting the majority of which are living in rural areas and utilizing biomass as firewood. The demand for wood for charcoal is, therefore, also a significant driver of forest degradation and, subsequently, the release of GHG emissions. Biomass consumption (wood-energy and agricultural residues) remains the main source of domestic energy, and energy in small-scale commercial sectors. This intense cutting of trees to produce and supply charcoal to the urban and periurban areas is putting an extreme pressure on the local resources. Two-thirds of the population in Luanda are living in periurban areas, and approximately 270,000 tons of charcoal are utilized in the capital city annually. Reducing the demand for firewood is, therefore, an important strategy to reduce drivers of deforestation and an exhaustion of Angola's natural resources. Considering that about 1 million tons of charcoal may be used annually in the country, the potential emission reduction from the production of charcoal is estimated <strong>at more than 750,000 tCO<sub>2</sub>/year and at approximate cost of around 300 million USD<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup></strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>The agriculture sector</strong>: In addition to efforts to mitigate GHG emissions from the agriculture sector, the country intends to promote the use of biofuels, by producing ethanol and sugar, using the experience from Brazil. The objective is to cultivate and harvest 34 thousand hectares of sugarcane in the province of Malange, to process a capacity of 2.25 million tons of raw material per season. The country intends to produce 23 million liters of ethanol and 170 GW of power through co-generation by 2019. The budget is <strong>between 540 million and 1 billion USD</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>The Forest Carbon Options</strong>: Angola possesses significant opportunities for initiating large- scale afforestation/reforestation activities, which hold several economic, social and environmental advantages while alleviating the pressure on natural forests. Afforestation and Reforestation of degraded forest lands and mangrove habitats have a strong potential for mitigation purposes. Angola is currently undertaking legislative reforms in the forestry sector, while FAO is assisting the Government of Angola in carrying out a national forestry assessment with the aim of producing comprehensive information on the state of forests in the country. Several large scale afforestation initiatives are currently being planned which includes 50 000ha to be planted in the 10 years; 140 000ha of eucalyptus to be planted in Huila province; 60 000ha of eucalyptus to be planted in the Province of Kuando-Cubango and 25 000ha about to be planted in Malange province in the next five years. Considering that the current cost of planting 1000 ha = 6 250 000 USD the approximate cost of these afforestation initiatives <strong>will amount around 2 billion USD</strong>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Presently, the potential income from REDD+ projects in the country is considered to be substantial. Calculating the potential emission reductions from REDD+ activities in Angola demonstrates that there is mitigation potential if deforestation is avoided completely. Assuming that the baseline is entirely based on historical emissions, avoided emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual deforestation in Angola, estimated to be 124,800 ha per year (based on numbers from the period 1990-2010), by 82 tC/ha, which is the approximate amount of tons of carbon stored per ha in the country's forests. Avoiding deforestation, alone, in Angola has the potential to contribute to more than 35 million tons in CO<sub>2</sub> emission reductions every year. The budget required is above 500 million USD.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The Republic of Angola recognizes the roll that Carbon Market can play for the mobilization of resources and promotion of the development and transfers of climate friendly technology.</p>
+<h3><a id="3__ANGOLAS_ADAPTATION_CONTRIBUTION_223"></a>3. ANGOLA’S ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION</h3>
+<p>This Adaptation Intended Contribution is included for the purposes of Information of other Parties and the Public that this is part of the country's intended climate actions, and it does not constitute international obligations of the country.</p>
+<p>The Angolan economy has been hit hard by the impact of climate change expressed as prolonged drought, damaging flash floods, forest fires, reduced crop production, reduced water resources, impacted fishing resources, etc. Many of the economy sectors of Angola have been impacted by climate variability in the last thirty years, namely the Agriculture, Coastal Zone, Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems andBiodiversity, Water resources, Health. However, there are economy sectors which are extremely vulnerable to impacts resulting from the extreme events and which will pose not only serious livelihood and direct health risks but can also affect the economic potential and national food security. The need for adaptation seems thus obvious. The vulnerability increases for higher temperature increases, so adaptation needs will depend on the expected temperature rise.</p>
+<p>The Republic of Angola ratified the UNFCCC in 2000 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007. Angola completed its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2011. In 2012 Angola submitted its Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). Among the priorities identified in the NAPA, two policy measures are noteworthy: revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation; national institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming. Accordingly, Angola has developed in recent years various national plans and strategies which include activities relevant to climate change, including the:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>National Strategy for Climate Change (2008);</li>
+<li>National Afforestation and Reforestation Strategy (2010);</li>
+<li>Strategic Plan of Disaster Risk Management (2011);</li>
+<li>National Action Programme to fight Desertification (2014);</li>
+</ul>
+<p>and, above all, the <em>Strategy of Long-term Development for Angola (2025)</em>. Many of the actions envisaged in these plans and strategies, particularly in the energy sector, are linked to both adaptation and mitigation.</p>
+<h3><a id="Objectives_and_Sectoral_Intervention_for_Adaptation_241"></a>Objectives and Sectoral Intervention for Adaptation</h3>
+<p>Within the context of this INDC, Angola prioritises the implementation of Adaptation measures in the following main sectors:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Agriculture</li>
+<li>Coastal Zone</li>
+<li>Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity</li>
+<li>Water resources</li>
+<li>Health</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Presentation of Unconditional Adaptation options</p>
+<p>Angola acknowledges that climate change adaptation requires unconditional as well as conditional actions in order to reduce the vulnerability of communities against the expected Climate Change impacts. The unconditional actions (current) are listed below and its implementation costs amounts <strong>to around 500 million USD at current price</strong>.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Project Title</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+<th>Sector</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Land Rehabilitation and Rangelands Management in Small Holders Agropastoral Production Systems in Soutwestern Angola (Project RETESA).</td>
+<td>To enhance the capacity of southwestern Angola's smallholder agro-pastoral sector to mitigate the impact of land degradation processes and to rehabilitate degraded lands by mainstreaming SLM technologies into agro-pastoral and agricultural development initiatives.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Land rehabilitation, Agriculture</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 15.397</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: FAO</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Enhancing climate change resilience in the Benguela current fisheries system (regional project: Angola, Namibia and South Africa)</td>
+<td>The project aims to build resilience and reduce vulnerability of the Benguela Current marine fisheries systems to climate change through strengthened adaptive capacity and implementation of participatory and integrated adaptive strategies in order to ensure food and livelihood security.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Fisheries. Agriculture and food security</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 16.520</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: FAO</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Promoting climate- resilient development and enhanced adaptive capacity to withstand disaster risks in Angola’s Cuvelai River Basin</td>
+<td>The project is focused on strengthening the capacity of national and sub-national entities to monitor climate change, generate reliable hydro-meteorological information (including forecasts) and to be able to combine this information with other environmental and socio-economic data to improve evidence- based decision-making for early warning and adaptation responses as well as planning.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Early warning systems. Disaster risk management</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 37.179</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: UNDP</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Integrating climate change into environment and sustainable land management practices</td>
+<td>The project will disseminate sustainable land management and adaptation practices in agro-forestry and land ecology in 350 communities.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Agriculture and food security</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost (US $ million)</strong>: 24.831</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: AfDB</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Addressing urgent coastal adaptation needs and capacity gaps in Angola</td>
+<td>Enhancement of coastal adaptive capacities at the institutional, systemic and community levels; response to urgent needs posed by climate change.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost (US $ million)</strong>: 17.850</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: UNEP</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Disaster risk reduction/ management to support agropastoral communities affected by recurrent droughts and other natural disasters in southern Angola and northern Namibia (Project PIRAN)</td>
+<td>The objective is to strengthen food security and DRR/M, and increase the resilience of agro-pastoral livelihoods by increasing capacity to manage risks related to natural disasters at the level of communities and local institutions. The expected results are: improved agricultural and livestock production, health and animal nutrition, soil and water management and management of early warning systems.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Disaster risk management. Agriculture and food security</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 1.600 (1.180 for Angola) for the first year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: FAO <strong>Donor</strong>: United States of America (USAID/OFDA)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Integrating Climate Resilience into Agricultural and Agropastoral Production Systems through Soil Fertility Management in Key Productive and Vulnerable Areas Using the Farmers Field School Approach</td>
+<td>The project aims to strengthen the climate resilience of the agropastoral production systems in the key vulnerable areas of Angola of the Central Plateau (Bie, Huambo and Malanje). This includes mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into agricultural and environmental sector policies, programmes and practices, building capacity and promoting CCA through soil fertility and sustainable land management (SLM) practices by using the Farmers Field School (FFS) approach.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Agriculture and food security. Capacity building</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 32.143</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: FAO</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">Promotion of Sustainable Charcoal in Angola through a Value Chain Approach</td>
+<td>To reduce the current unsustainable and GHG-intensive biomass production and utilization from Angola's Miombo woodlands via an integrated suite of interventions in the country's charcoal value chain.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Renewable energy. Forestry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 17.884</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing GEF agency</strong>: UNDP</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3">The “Solar Village” Programme</td>
+<td>The “Solar Village” Programme, launched by the Executive under the National Development Plan (PND) 2013-2017, allowed to date the electrification of 48 villages in different regions of the country, benefiting 100,000 families. The goal of the Executive is to produce by 2025 about 100 megawatts of solar power to all rural areas, an investment estimated at $ 150 million.</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Renewable energy.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 150 (to 2025)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing Angolan Ministry</strong>: Ministry of Energy and Water. National Directorate of Renewable Energy.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">Construction of hydroelectric and thermal power plants</td>
+<td>Construction of hydroelectric and thermal power plants (CaculoCabaça, Soyo …) that will generate about five thousand megawatts, during the period 2013/2017.</td>
+<td rowspan="2">Energy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Implementing Angolan Ministry</strong>: Ministry of Energy and Water. National Directorate of Renewable Energy.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">Energy and Water Sector Action Plan 2013-2017</td>
+<td>A characterisation of the two sub-sectors, including infrastructure and the institutional component, which result in commonalities, e.g. the undersizing and operational inefficiency of the systems, the economic-financial imbalance of public enterprises and a lack of skills.</td>
+<td rowspan="2">Energy. Water resources</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Total project cost</strong> (US $ million): 29,170</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Presentation of Conditional Adaptation options</p>
+<p>Adaptation options exist in all sectors, but their context for implementation and potential to reduce climate-related risks differ across sectors. Some adaptation responses involve significant co- benefits, synergies and trade-offs). The adaptation projects identified as priorities in the NAPA are listed in the following Table as well as costing to be expected for each of those options. The estimated cost of implementing the NAPA priority projects <strong>amounts to over 500 million USD</strong> if current inflation rates are applied to 2011 costing.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th></th>
+<th>PROJECT TITLE</th>
+<th>PROJECT SECTOR</th>
+<th>SECTOR COMPONENT(S)</th>
+<th>PROJECT COST (USD)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>1</td>
+<td>Promote alternative renewable energies to avoid deforestation*</td>
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>Renewable energy, Forestry</td>
+<td>3,500,000*</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Promote SLM for increased agricultural yields*</td>
+<td>Agriculture and food security</td>
+<td>Land rehabilitation, Agriculture</td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>Ensure basic access to health services and health monitoring*</td>
+<td>Health</td>
+<td>Health</td>
+<td>3,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>4</td>
+<td>Study the vulnerability of the fisheries sector to climate change and current modifications*</td>
+<td>Coastal zones/Marine ecosystems</td>
+<td>Fisheries, Agriculture and food security</td>
+<td>2,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Extend electricity grid to rural areas*</td>
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>Electricity provision</td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>6</td>
+<td>Revise sectoral laws for proactive adaptation</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>2,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>7</td>
+<td>Create an early warning system for flooding and storms</td>
+<td>Early warning system and disaster risk management</td>
+<td>Early warning system</td>
+<td>3,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>8</td>
+<td>National institutional mechanism for adaptation planning and mainstreaming</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>2,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>9</td>
+<td>Soil erosion control through organic methods</td>
+<td>Terrestrial ecosystems</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>4,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>10</td>
+<td>Diversify crops to less climate sensitive cultures</td>
+<td>Agriculture and food security</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>3,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>11</td>
+<td>Technology needs assessment</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>500.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>12</td>
+<td>Locally available adapted seed varieties</td>
+<td>Agriculture and food security</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>13</td>
+<td>Climate monitoring and data management system</td>
+<td>Early warning system and disaster risk management</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>17,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>14</td>
+<td>Study the implication of climate change on disease patterns for humans and livestock</td>
+<td>Agriculture and food security</td>
+<td>Health</td>
+<td>1,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>15</td>
+<td>Increase water availability through village-level wells and boreholes</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td>Water availability and distribution</td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>16</td>
+<td>Implement water resources integrated management</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td>Water management</td>
+<td>3,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>17</td>
+<td>Map areas of erosion risk</td>
+<td>Terrestrial ecosystems</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>1,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>18</td>
+<td>Implement water-harvesting system in drought-prone areas</td>
+<td>Agriculture and food security</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td>3,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>19</td>
+<td>Improve knowledge of hydrology</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>2,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>20</td>
+<td>Extend water and sanitation network to rural areas</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td>Infrastructure</td>
+<td>10,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>21</td>
+<td>Explore industrial opportunities from climate change</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>1,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>22</td>
+<td>Monitor groundwater</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>3,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>23</td>
+<td>Construct flood protection barriers along major rivers</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td>Disaster risk management</td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>24</td>
+<td>Study impacts of sedimentation and siltation rates on coastal processes</td>
+<td>Coastal zones/marine ecosystems</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>3,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>25</td>
+<td>Improve design and construction of buildings</td>
+<td>Infrastructure</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>1,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>26</td>
+<td>Study impact of climate change on hydroelectricity</td>
+<td>Water resources</td>
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>1,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>27</td>
+<td>Revise building codes to promote retreat from flood plains and coastal zones</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>1,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>28</td>
+<td>Construct sea level protection structure</td>
+<td>Infrastructure</td>
+<td>Coastal zones and marine ecosystems</td>
+<td>10,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>29</td>
+<td>Study impact of climate change on mining</td>
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>500.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>**Total</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>107,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>* Priority project for which a project profile has been developed<br>
+**Not accounting for the inflationary impact of the 2011 costing exercise</p>
+<h3><a id="4__FAIRNESS_AND_AMBITION_333"></a>4. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION</h3>
+<p>Angola is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change and some specific regions of Angola such as the southern regions are already experiencing a regular worsening of droughts and floods, as well as costal degradation and regional and national-level adaptation action plans are in place to address those sectors which have been particularly affected. The estimated global warming of 2°C would imply for Angola severe economic losses for Agriculture sector, a sector that contributes to over 8% of the country GDP and at threat to the stability of food security. The Government of Angola has been diverting own funds to carry out implementation of complementary initiatives addressing these Climate Change impacts.</p>
+<p>In addition, Angola is the third-largest economy in Sub-Saharan Africa and a net exporter of fossil fuels, and by now the second largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria. According to the country's Initial National Communication (INC) report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) released in 2012 (but based on emission inventory statistics from 2005) Angola only contributed approximately with 66.8 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to the atmosphere. This contribution is meagre and represents a small percentage of current global GHG emissions. However, though showing <strong>an insignificant contribution, at 0.1% of the total global emissions, while the per-capita emissions are 4.15 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e in 2005<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup> compared to the global average<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup></strong>.Angola recognises that in order to meet the 2 degree objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation measures. In fact the Government of Angola has enacted a considerable amount of Laws and Policies as well has developed important sectoral studies which gives an idea of how determined the Government Authorities are to take the country to the forefront of African countries reducing their GHG emissions.Angola's approach focuses on avoiding an increase of emissions per capita beyond the current level, while pursuing its development goals.Through this INDC Angola is determined to reduce its emissions trajectory by <strong>nearly 50% below the BAU scenario by 2030</strong>. In selecting the actions outlined above, Angola has prioritised those which fit with the growth priorities set out in its national development plans in particular the Angola 2025 Policy Document. In addition, Angola has captured the synergies between mitigation and adaptation, not only by prioritising those adaptation activities with significant mitigation co-benefits but also by seeking to minimise the carbon footprint of its adaptation portfolio as a whole. Angola is therefore putting forward Mitigation actions as well as Adaptation measures with mitigation benefits amounting over <strong>15,7 billion USD</strong>that align with a low carbon development pathway, which to be fully implemented would require additional international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building.</p>
+<h3><a id="5__MEANS_OF_IMPLEMENTATION_340"></a>5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION</h3>
+<p>Angola's contribution will be implemented following the Government strategy set of pursuing the enforcement/execution of the already enacted laws and policiesso to reduce the gap between the recent vigorous legislative activity and the real implementation of mitigation measures. Within this framework Angola has already engaged with Clean Development Mechanism by submitting a number of important large scale projects. This action will be complemented by the continuation of climate change mitigation/adaptation mainstreaming into the National Plans and Policies as well as the implementation of the National Strategy for the Implementation of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. This framework comprises: generating reports and inventories about GHG emissions in Angola and their impact on the environment and public health; producing programmes and projects with measures to mitigate climate change; developing technical and professional training actions in areas related to climate change; fostering international co-operation within the context of climate change, particularly in terms of transfer of knowledge, experience and technology. Therefore,Angola will address the clear shortness of human and technical capacity to keep abreast with the real situation of GHG emissions in the various sectors for which Angola will require support to implement capacity building and training at various level and sectors.</p>
+<p>The overall preliminary cost of implementing the proposed Mitigation and Adaptation contributions amount to over <strong>15.7 billion USD across sectors up to 2030</strong>. Some of this amount has already been provided by the Government of Angola within the Unconditional Mitigation and Adaptation scenario. Therefore, the implementation of all the Conditional mitigation and adaptation contributions that the country endeavour to deliver will require international support in form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully accomplish the intended contributions.</p>
+<h3><a id="6__SOCIOECONOMIC_BENEFITS_351"></a>6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS</h3>
+<p>The accomplishment of the mitigation and adaptation contributions being proposed in the Angolan INDC will undoubtedly bring important benefit for the wider communities and to the rural communities in particular, namely:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The climate resilience program includes increasing hydropower plants and other renewable energy sources to provide electricity to rural communities and businesses, replacing diesel fuelled off grid generation.</li>
+<li>The implementation of the proposed contribution carries a huge potential of youth job creation in the country either through the local manufacturing/assembly of renewable energy machines/parts or through the forestation and afforestation programmes which demand for labour will be certainly a source of employment for the rural communities.</li>
+<li>The eventual support provided by the international community to Angola will strengthen the technical capacity of the country's human resources through assisted training and capacity building programmes.</li>
+<li>Finally, overall, both the mitigation and the adaptation actions offered as contribution in the Angolan INDC will certainly enhance the adaptive capacity of the rural population and consequently augmenting their resilience to climate change impacts.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><a id="7__GENDER_PERSPECTIVE_362"></a>7. GENDER PERSPECTIVE</h3>
+<p>The underlining policies supporting the implementation of the INDC mitigation and adaptation contributions and the actions to be implemented in this context include cross-cutting issues which are gender sensitive and therefore will take into account women as important decision makers regarding energy consumption in particular. Systematically, mitigation and adaptation measures offered in the Angolan INDC emphasize the importance of their implementation avoiding exacerbation of the impacts of climate change that already have disproportionate adverse effects based solely on gender, in particular in the agriculture, water resources and biomass energy sectors.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>ENERDATA, 2015 <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>JoergenFenhann, UNEP DTU Partnership, e-mail <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#eb819a8d8eab8f9f9ec58f80"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="97fde6f1f2d7f3e3e2b9f3fc">[email&#160;protected]</span></a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p>Personal Communication.Forest Development Institute of Angola (IDF). <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5555e/x5555e08.htm">http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5555e/x5555e08.htm</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p>Ministry of Environment.Angola Initial National Communication.(2011) Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).194 p. <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>GHG time series 1990-2012 per capita emissions for world countries <a href="http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=GHGts_pc1990-2012">http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=GHGts_pc1990-2012</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+<script style="display: none !important;">!function(e,t,r,n,c,a,l){function i(t,r){return r=e.createElement('div'),r.innerHTML='<a href="'+t.replace(/"/g,'')+'"></a>',r.childNodes[0].getAttribute('href')}function o(e,t,r,n){for(r='',n='0x'+e.substr(t,2)|0,t+=2;t<e.length;t+=2)r+=String.fromCharCode('0x'+e.substr(t,2)^n);return i(r)}try{for(c=e.getElementsByTagName('a'),l='/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#',n=0;n<c.length;n++)try{(t=(a=c[n]).href.indexOf(l))>-1&&(a.href='mailto:'+o(a.href,t+l.length))}catch(e){}for(c=e.querySelectorAll('.__cf_email__'),n=0;n<c.length;n++)try{(a=c[n]).parentNode.replaceChild(e.createTextNode(o(a.getAttribute('data-cfemail'),0)),a)}catch(e){}}catch(e){}}(document);</script></body></html>

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+<head>
+ <meta charset="utf-8">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_INDC_of_the_Republic_of_Albania_following_decision_1CP19_and_decision_1CP20_0"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Albania following decision 1/CP.19 and decision 1/CP.20</h1>
+<p>This document presents Albania’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution following decision 1/CP.19 and decision 1/CP.20 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which invited Parties to communicate the UNFCCC Secretariat their INDCs, with the aim to achieve the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC as set out in Article 2 of the Convention.</p>
+<p>Albania is a developing country with a per capita GDP of 10 thousand USD. It’s total greenhouse emissions are relatively low (8,4 M tons in 2009, of which roughly 60% is of the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions) it is aiming to take its fair share from the efforts to avoid dangerous climate change. The country has unique emission profile as its electricity generation is based on renewable source generation at currently, with hydro power providing dominant part of it. Unfortunately, this hydro power capacity is vulnerable to climate change impacts. The unique electricity mix of Albania is positive in the sense that electricity system is on a level of decarbonisation what other countries aim for only on the long term, but it also means that there is limited opportunity for further policies and measures in this sector to reduce emissions. Maintaining the low greenhouse gas emission content of the electricity generation and decoupling growth from increase of greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors are the primary drivers of the country regarding mitigation contribution as its INDC. Having high uncertainty of data regarding non CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases results that Albania is to provide its INDC regarding CO<sub>2</sub>. If data quality of non‐CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases improves, Albania intends to expand its INDC to other greenhouse gases as well.</p>
+<p>The INDC of Albania is a baseline scenario target: it commits to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions compared to the baseline scenario in the period of 2016 and 2030 by 11.5 %. This reduction means 708 kT carbon‐dioxide emission reduction in 2030.</p>
+<p>The emission trajectory of Albania allows to have a smooth trend of achieving 2 tons of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by 2050, which can be taken as a target for global contraction and convergence of greenhouse gas emissions. In the following additional information is provided regarding the INDC in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2"><strong>Mitigation contribution of GHG emissions</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Type</td>
+<td>Baseline scenario target: a reduction in GHG emissions relative projected future emissions</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gases covered</td>
+<td>Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Target year</td>
+<td>2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Baseline</td>
+<td>Business As Usual scenario of emissions projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2016</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors covered</td>
+<td>The INDC covers the following sectors of the greenhouse gas inventory: · Energy · Industrial processes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Planning process</td>
+<td>Planning process of the INDC included the review of available data and modelling work applicable to greenhouse gas reduction pathway as well as consultations with government stakeholders as well as with the public. The scenarios for the INDC were developed taking into consideration draft of the 3rd National Communication of Albania and all available scenario development work related to greenhouse gas emissions. Within the preparation process of the INDC it became clear that significant data uncertainty exist regarding the emissions of greenhouse gases other than CO<sub>2</sub> and in sectors outside of sectors covered by the INDC. Improvements were made on existing modelling work and the scenarios presented are result of this work.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Participation in international market mechanism</td>
+<td>Albania intends to sell carbon credits during the period until 2030 to contribute to cost‐effective implementation of the low emission development pathway and its sustainable development. Albania foresees that for the utilization of international market mechanism is conditional on having effective accounting rules developed under the UNFCCC to ensure the environmental integrity of the mechanisms.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Fairness, equity, ambition, and Means of Implementation</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fairness, equity and ambition</td>
+<td>Albania is a developing country, highly vulnerable to the effects of the climate change. National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0,017 % of global emissions and the net per capita GHG emissions Albania was 2.76 tCO<sub>2</sub>e which is less the a quarter of emissions of high‐income countries. Albania will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and committed to decouple greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embarks on a low emission development pathway. The INDC submitted by Albania is fair and ambitious because it aims to secure limited increase of its greenhouse gas emissions while it the country pursues a strong economic development pathway. Moreover, the pathway allows on long term for the convergence of Albania’s per capita emissions to the 2 ton/capita level.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Means of implementation</td>
+<td>The results of the preparation of the INDC will be reflected in the Third National Communication of Albania and also will form the basis of the Environmental and Climate Change strategy which is in preparation. Development of the strategic directions for energy and transport sectors will take into consideration the INDC. Coordination of activities in relation to the strategy is foreseen to be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment which is the chair of the inter‐ministerial body on Climate Change. Albania also transposes and implements parts of the EU legislation, including legislation on climate change and builds capacity for its implementation which supports its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Albania is a contracting party of the Energy Community Treaty which aims to extend the EU internal energy market to South East Europe and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework. The overall objective of the Energy Community Treaty is to create a stable regulatory and market framework which also includes legislation aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Key Assumptions</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Metric Applied</td>
+<td>The metric used for the GHG emissions is the Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Inventory methodology</td>
+<td>IPCC 2006 Guidelines</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses</td>
+<td>Greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land uses are currently not included in the accounting. Emissions and removals from these sectors can be included in the INDC at a later stage when technical conditions allow for that.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Having relatively high uncertainty regarding emission data in the LULUCF sector and non‐CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouses gas emissions and removals Albania reserves its right to review its INDC until 2020 upon the availably of more accurate data and improved technical conditions regarding land use, land use change and forestry as well as non‐CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases and include it in its nationally determined contribution.</p>
+<p>If the agreement or related COP decisions are amended before their entry into force in such a way that they include rules or provisions that in effect alters the assumptions under which this INDC has been developed, Albania reserves the right to revisit the INDC.</p>
+<p>Albania requests the UNFCCC Secretariat that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and that our INDC is included in the synthesis report to be prepared by the Secretariat.</p>
+</body></html>

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+</head>
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+<h1 id="national-planned-contributions-cpdn-of-andorra-concerning-decision-1-cp.19-and-decision-1-cp20.">National Planned Contributions (CPDN) of Andorra, concerning decision 1 / CP.19 and decision 1 / CP20.</h1>
+<h2 id="preamble">Preamble</h2>
+<p>At the nineteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties held in Warsaw, decision 1 / CP.19, means to continue the implementation of the Durban Platform, was adopted, providing in paragraph 2 (B) that, in view of its determination to adopt, at its twenty-first session (December 2015), a protocol, another legal instrument or a mutually agreed text having legal force, developed under the Convention and applicable To all Parties, and in order for this instrument to enter into force and be applied from 2020, to invite all Parties to initiate or expand internal preparations for their planned nationally determined contributions (CPDN) <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>, without prejudice to The legal nature of the said contributions, with a view to the adoption of a protocol, another legal instrument or a mutually agreed text having legal force, drawn up under the Convention and applicable to all Parties, with a view to achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2 of the Convention and to make it available well before the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (by the first quarter of 2015). Parties willing to do so) in a manner that would enhance the clarity, transparency and understanding of the proposed contributions, without prejudice to the legal nature of such contributions.</p>
+<p>This invitation to all Parties to communicate their determined contributions at the national level in advance of the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (for the first quarter of 2015 by Parties willing to do so) in a manner that Facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of the CPDNs, was reiterated at the Conference of the Parties held in Lima, through paragraph 13 of decision 1 / CP.20.</p>
+<p>Following the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Copenhagen in December 2009 (COP15), the Principality of Andorra has shown its willingness to accede to the Convention. On 2 March 2011, the country acceded to the Convention as a Party not included in Annex I (non-Annex I)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup> .</p>
+<p>In this regard, Andorra is pleased to communicate the planned contributions, determined at the national level, in accordance with decisions 1 / CP.19 and 1 / CP.20.</p>
+<h2 id="description-of-commitment">Description of Commitment</h2>
+<p>Commitments to reduce unabsorbed emissions are the result of Andorra's first biennial report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (December 2014). For 2030, the predicted contributions determined at the national level (CPDN) of Andorra are in line with the evolution of the representative channel of the RCP2.6 concentrations, compatible with the maintenance of the increase in the global temperature below 2°C in the 21st century compared to the values from 1850 to 1900 and consistent with a scenario with strict mitigation measures and the maintenance of global concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> eq. In the range 430-480 ppm. These commitments result in a reduction of equivalent unabsorbed emissions of 37% (193.73 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq) compared to the unabsorbed emissions of the business as usual scenario, based on Andorra's First Biennial Report to the Convention The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (December 2014), by 2030</p>
+<h2 id="engagement-details">
+Engagement details</h2>
+<h3 id="type-of-commitment">
+Type of commitment</h3>
+<p>Absolute reduction from unabsorbed emissions in the Business as usual scenario, based on Andorra's First Biennial Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>.</p>
+<h3 id="reference">Reference</h3>
+<p>Emissions not absorbed from the scenario Business as usual (530.55 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq., For 2030), based on Andorra's first biannual report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014)</p>
+<h3 id="couverture">Coverage</h3>
+<p>Energy and waste sectors according to IPCC 2006 inventory categories</p>
+<h3 id="scope">Scope</h3>
+<p>The following gases, not regulated by the Montreal Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>).</p>
+<h3 id="implementation-period">Implementation Period</h3>
+<p>From 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2030.</p>
+<h3 id="reduction-level">Reduction level</h3>
+<p>Reduction by 37% (193.73 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) Of annual unabsorbed emissions compared to the Business as usual scenario, by 2030. This percentage reduction should be revised in cases where a significant change in the methodology of  (GHG inventory) presented in Andorra's First Biennial Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014).</p>
+<h3 id="cover-emissions">Cover Emissions</h3>
+<p>Energy and waste sectors: 98.8% of total emissions in 1990, 98.5% in 2011</p>
+<p>No contributions from international credits.</p>
+<h2 id="planning-process">
+Planning Process</h2>
+<p>Accession to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as a non-Annex I Party (non-Annex I), on 2 March 2011.</p>
+<p>Approval by the Government of Andorra of the revision of the National Waste Plan (2012-2016), 20 December 2011.</p>
+<p>Presentation by the Government of Andorra of the White Paper on Energy, 19 July 2012.</p>
+<p>Establishment of the structure and working groups to meet the obligations of the UNFCCC, under the coordination of the Ministry of the Environment, on 2 October 2013.</p>
+<p>Approval by the Government of Andorra of Andorra's First Biennial Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014), December 17, 2014.</p>
+<p>Approval by the Government of Andorra of the planned national contributions (CPDN) of Andorra, in accordance with decisions 1 / CP.19 and 1 / CP.20 of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate On Climate Change, on 22 April 2015.</p>
+<h2 id="key-assumptions">Key Assumptions</h2>
+<h3 id="values-of-warming-powers"><em><strong>
+</strong></em>Values of warming powers</h3>
+<p>In order to make Andorra's commitment comprehensible and comparable, values have been reported to carbon dioxide equivalent values using their Global Warming Potential (GWP). The reference PRG values considered are those of the second IPCC assessment report (SAR, GWPs, 100 year time horizon).<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Although not applicable to Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention, the values proposed in decision 24 / CP.19 (revision of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines for annual inventories of Parties included in Annex I to the Convention) Shall be adopted as far as possible.</p>
+<p>Methodology for estimating emissions and removals</p>
+<ol type="a"><li>IPCC Guidelines for 2006.</li>
+<li>Hypothesis adopted in the inventory presented in Andorra's First Biennial Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014).</li></ol>
+<h3 id="approach-to-accounting-for-agriculture-forestry-and-other-land-uses">Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses</h3>
+<p>Natural disturbances or extraordinary events related to carbon sinks will not be considered to assess the achievement of commitments (nationally determined planned contributions, CPDN).</p>
+<h3 id="equitable-and-ambitious">Equitable and ambitious</h3>
+<p>The commitment of the Parties must be in accordance with their responsibility, their capacities and the support received from the international community. In this direction:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Andorra is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a Party not included in Annex I (non-Annex I). At the international level, Andorra is responsible in 2010 for approximately 0.00112% (547.43 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) Of global emissions<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>, which tends to decline, with a reduction between 2000 and 2010 of 21%.</li>
+<li>The country has grown substantially since 1990, with a population growth of + 56% (between 1990 and 2010) and economic growth of + 50% in terms of real GDP over the same period (+ 73% Refers to 1990-2005). This increase has had a direct impact on energy consumption, particularly in the areas of building heating the average temperature of Andorra is 4.9ºC (1950-2010)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>, with an average altitude of 2,044 meters on sea level and road transport - all internal displacements are carried out by means of the national road network<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup>. Compared to 1990 emissions, Andorra increased its emissions by + 28% (2011), comparable to the increase in global emissions + 29% (2010)</li>
+<li>Despite these developments, Andorra's emissions have shown a clear downward trend since 2005 (-9.6% between 2005 and 2010), contrary to what is observed at a global level with an increase of more than 4.3% For the same period (see Figure 1). Annual relative emissions are also below the world average with, for 2010, 4.8513<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup> tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> eq. Per capita, and 211.11 14 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> eq. Per M € (real GDP).<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img src="img/AND-1.png" width="585" height="282" alt="Figure 1. Andorra's contribution (black) and evolution of the global emissions index and country (blue)"><br>
+Figure 1. Andorra's contribution (black) and evolution of the global emissions index and country (blue)</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Although Andorra's responsibility for emissions at the global level is extremely limited, the effects of climate change are already being perceived. The climate has already evolved with an upward temperature trend of around + 0.20ºC / decade for average values and annual rainfall experiencing a drop of at least 45mm / decade (1950-2012). These variations will undoubtedly result in impacts on water resources and on snow cover, the fundamental basis of one of the pillars of the Andorran economy: tourism linked to winter sports. Climate change will undoubtedly have impacts far beyond these areas. Health, natural hazards, hydropower production, agriculture, biodiversity, are clear examples of their vulnerability to the phenomenon</li>
+<li>According to Andorra's First Biennial Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014), the road transport sector is the largest contributor to the GHG inventory of Andorra, with 49.4% of GHG emissions and removals (in absolute values) for all inventory years. The sectors other sectors, liquid fuels (commercial / institutional and residential heating) and forest land that continue as forest land, with 21.6% and 19.2%, respectively, follow the transport sector by far. These three categories account for 90.3% of all inventories in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2011.</li>
+<li>The mitigation policies associated with the sectors mentioned relate to long-term actions, with limited profitability and short-term results.</li>
+<li>For 2030, Andorran's nationally determined planned contributions (CPDN) are in line with the evolution of the representative channel of the RCP2.6 concentrations of the scenario with strict mitigation measures and the maintenance of global concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> eq. In the range of 430-480 ppm (see Table 1 and Figure 2), a necessary condition for maintaining a temperature below 2ºC in the 21st century (compared to the period 1850-1900), with a certain degree of certainty (Likely, 66% -100%).</li>
+<li>At the global level, the conditions necessary to ensure an increase in temperatures below the 2ºC mark in the 21st century (relative to the period 1850-1900) will be maintained for 2050 if the emissions compared to 2010 are reduced by between 41 and 72%, and 78 to 118% in 2100<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Table 1.</strong> Objective scenario to maintain a temperature below 2ºC. <em>(*, estimated on the basis of median values and percentiles 10 and 90 of the 450 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> eq cloud. Figure SPM.11 of the IPCC AR5, synthesis report, SPM<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:1">[3]</a></sup>)</em></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations eq. in 2100 (ppm)</th>
+<th>Subcategories</th>
+<th>Relative position of RCPs</th>
+<th colspan="3">Change in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions eq. compared to 2010 (in%)</th>
+<th>Probability of maintaining a temperature below 2ºC in the 21st century (compared to 1850-1900)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>2030</td>
+<td>2050</td>
+<td>2100</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>450 (430-480)</td>
+<td>Total range</td>
+<td>RCP2.6</td>
+<td>-18*(+4 to -43)*</td>
+<td>-53* (-41 to -72)</td>
+<td>-104* (-78 to -118)</td>
+<td>66-100% (likely)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><img src="img/AND-2.png" width="652" height="354" alt="Figure 2: Set of GHG emissions scenarios 2000-2100. In white and dotted lines, estimation of the global scenario, by transposing at international level the history and the objectives of the INDCs of Andorra (base year, 2010) (modified from the IPCC AR5, synthesis report, SPM"><br>
+Figure 2: Set of GHG emissions scenarios 2000-2100. In white and dotted lines, estimation of the global scenario, by transposing at international level the history and the objectives of the INDCs of Andorra (base year, 2010) (modified from the IPCC AR5, synthesis report, SPM <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3:2">[3]</a></sup>)</p>
+<h2 id="section-2"></h2>
+<h2 id="support-received-from-the-international-community">Support received from the international community</h2>
+<p>No international support to date for the implementation of mitigation or adaptation actions.</p>
+<p>Andorra requested and received in April 2013 the support of an external consultant appointed by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to identify country-specific circumstances, the steps to be taken (documentation, Deadlines, etc.) and possible funding channels. In line with this technical assistance, in early 2014, the country submitted a financing proposal to the Global Environment Facility for the preparation of the first biennial report (BUR1) and the first national communication (NC1), which received no reply to date (March 2015). It should be recalled that paragraph 44 of decision 2 / CP.17 urged the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to provide funds to support non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of their first biennial Updated as soon as possible in 2012 and on the basis of full funding of the agreed costs</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item">In English, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item">The UNFCCC entered into force on May 31, 2011.<a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item">(Miquel C., Armengol J.-L., Dobarro J., Rovira N., 2014) Andorra's first biennial report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Govern of Andorra, Departamento de Medi Ambient. Andorra la Vella, Principality of Andorra, 134 pp.<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref3:1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref3:2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item">IPCC SAR WG1 (1996), Houghton, J.T.; Meira Filho, L.G.; Callander, B.A.; Harris, N.; Kattenberg, A., and Maskell, K., ed., Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56433-6 <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item">Emissions (excluding removals) from Andorra: Andorra's first biennial report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014). Global issues: IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Working Group III (2014)<a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item">The month of January is the coldest month of the year, with a mean negative temperature of -2.1ºC. At the other extreme, the average temperature in July, the hottest month, is 13.8ºC.<a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item">With the exception of helicopter transport, used mainly for sanitary transport and mountain work.<a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn8" class="footnote-item">The value would become 5.86 tons of CO <sub>2</sub> eq./Yr/inhabitant after the revision and purging of the population census statistics.<a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn9" class="footnote-item">Real GDP, base € 1,521.42 million for the year 2000.<a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+<li id="fn10" class="footnote-item">IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩</a>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body>
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+<h1 id="determined-contribution-to-the-national-level-of-andorra"><strong>DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATIONAL LEVEL OF ANDORRA</strong></h1>
+<p><strong>1st NDC: 03/24/2017</strong></p>
+<p><strong>Update 2020 </strong><a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+<h1 id="preamble">PREAMBLE</h1>
+<p>On March 2, 2011 Andorra adhered to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a Party not included in Annex I (nonAnnex I) <a href="#fn2" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a>.</p>
+<p>During the nineteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) held in Warsaw (2013), decision 1 / CP.19 was adopted, <em>entitled Means to continue with the implementation of the Durban platform</em>, established in paragraph 2, point b, that at the twenty-first session (in December 2015), a mutually agreed protocol, legal instrument or text with legal value, developed in accordance with the UNFCCC and applicable to all Parties, would be adopted. In order for this instrument to enter into force and apply from 2020, it invited all Parties to initiate or expand internal preparations to develop their Nationally Determined Expected Contributions (INDCs), without prejudice to the legal nature of such contributions, with a view to adopting a protocol, other legal instrument or a mutually agreed text that has legal value, prepared under the UNFCCC and applicable to all Parties. This, with a view to achieving the objective of the Convention set out in Article 2, and communicating it well in advance of the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (first quarter of 2015 for Parties ready to do so) to improve clarity , transparency and understanding of planned contributions, without prejudice to the legal nature of such contributions.</p>
+<p>In 2014, all Parties were invited to communicate their first NDC prior to COP21, during the first quarter of 2015, in a clear, transparent and understandable manner (paragraph 13 of decision 1 / CP.20 of the 20th Conference of the Parties, Lime).</p>
+<p>Andorra was one of the pioneering Parties to communicate its INDC in 2015, according to which the commitment was to reduce GHG emissions by 37% compared to the <em>Bussines as usual</em> (BAU) scenario, 530.55 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.), For the year 2030.</p>
+<p>During the COP21 negotiation (December 2015), the Parties adopted decision 1 / CP.21, which proposes a new strategy and becomes a necessary instrument for the implementation of processes related to the fight against climate change, the <em><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></em>. This new agreement, <strong>signed by Andorra on April 22, 2016 and ratified by the Andorran Parliament unanimously on November 30, 2016</strong>, has become a universal legal instrument.</p>
+<p>Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are at the core of the Paris Agreement and must enable the long-term goals to be achieved, both to reduce national emissions and to adapt to the effects of climate change. Article 4, paragraph 2 and 9 of this Agreement foresees that each Party prepares, communicates and maintains its NDCs, and that this communication is made every 5 years.</p>
+<p>In this sense, with the signing of the Paris Agreement, Andorra must report every five years on its nationally determined contributions (NDC) to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, this year 2020 being the first update of our NDC.</p>
+<p>The tenth report on the disparity in emissions from UN-Environment (2019) evaluates the latest scientific studies on estimated current and future GHG emissions, comparing it with the admissible emission levels for the world to progress on the path of least cost towards achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement. During the World Summit on Climate Action, which took place during the week of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2019, the objective was to promote the adoption of measures and, above all, to do everything possible for countries to contract the obligation to increase their CDNs in 2020 and aim to achieve zero net emissions before 2050. During said Summit,</p>
+<p>Likewise, <strong>on January 23, 2020, the Andorran Parliament approved the <em>Declaration of the climate and ecological state of emergency</em></strong>, prepared with the active participation of young people, which requests the Government to promote the transition towards carbon neutrality in accordance with the Objective Sustainable Development 13 (Climate Action).</p>
+<p>For all these reasons, this year 2020 is an opportunity for the process to fight climate change because the Parties update our NDCs, maintaining and reinforcing the commitment and planning long-term development strategies to reduce our GHG emissions, taking into account that the Paris Agreement commits us to come as close as possible to limiting the global temperature increase below 1.5ºC at the end of the 21st century.</p>
+<p>In this sense, and through this document, Andorra communicates its contributions determined in 2020 at the national level in accordance with decision 1 / CP.21.</p>
+<table>
+ <tr>
+ <td><p><strong>National circumstances</strong></p>
+ <p>Andorra is a small (468 km<sup>2</sup> ) and mountainous country (located in the Pyrenees, between France and Spain, with a population of 77,543 inhabitants (2019).</p>
+ <p>Due to its location in the middle of the Pyrenees mountain range, it is a rugged terrain, with an average height of 2,044 meters (the minimum height of the country is 850 m in the Valira river valley, and the maximum height is 2,942 m at the top of Coma Pedrosa). The country's waters cross the border with France and Spain, and feed two large European drainage basins: the Ebro in the south and the Garonne in the north.</p>
+ <p>After a period of deforestation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, forests recovered land from abandoned meadows and meadows, and currently approximately 39% of the country's territory is covered by forest mass, while infrastructure and urban areas occupy only 1.7% of the territory.</p>
+ <p>The climate of Andorra is a humid mountain climate of medium latitude with a Mediterranean influence in the southern zone, characterized by a continental Mediterranean climate. This climate gives the country a rich biodiversity with the necessary conditions to adapt to a wide range of different habitats that host a large number of living beings, some of them unique or even endemic species. Temperatures evolve according to the temperature of the northern hemisphere areas, with an annual average of 5.36ºC. Average precipitation is around 950 mm / year (19502017). This climate has already evolved, with a trend in the last 30 years of approximately + 0.13ºC / decade increase in average temperatures (most pronounced change in spring),</p>
+ <p>These climatic variations will have consequences on the different ecosystems, but also on their inhabitants and the economic activities that take place.</p>
+ <p>The Andorran economy is mainly focused on tertiary activities. Services are the most important sector of the Principality's economy: 86.1% of companies and 87.7% of employees. The financial sector plays an important role as the engine of this sector and represents 19.6% of GDP, according to 2017 figures. Tourism is one of the fundamental pillars of the Andorran economy, directly or indirectly responsible for 60% of GDP with approximately 8 million visitors a year. In winter, ski-related products predominate with 2.51 million ski days sold (2017-2018 season) spread over more than 3,200 hectares of skiable area. The snow sector is the mainstay of 2,000 jobs, but it is highly vulnerable to climate change and rising oil prices,</p>
+ <p>The agricultural sector, based on a traditional system of extensive agricultural and livestock management that guarantees a sustainable balance between livestock and agricultural use, only represents 0.54% of the country's GDP (2017), but plays an important role in providing a large number of environmental services, particularly in landscape conservation and fire safety control. The industrial sector is very limited at the country level (5.1% of GDP in 2017).</p>
+ <p>As for the energy sector, Andorra is highly dependent on fossil fuels and imported electrical energy. 76% of the total energy consumed in the country depends on fossil fuels (fully imported). The electricity consumed in Andorra (around 600 GWh / year) is imported mainly from France and Spain. National production reached 18.5% in 2017 (produced from renewable energy sources and the energy recovery of waste).</p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+<h1 id="guiding-principles-of-climate-policy">GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CLIMATE POLICY</h1>
+<p>The policy to combat climate change that determines the national climate regulation and strategy is based on four guiding principles that are integrated into any climate regulation, project or action that develops the country's climate policy. With this will in <strong>September 2018, the Andorran Parliament unanimously approved <em>Law 21/2018, to promote the energy transition and fight against climate change</em></strong>, which includes these principles in its first chapter.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-1.png" width="123" height="60" ALIGN = "right"/>ubsequently, <strong>on April 17, 2019, the Andorran Council of Ministers approved the <em>National Strategic Plan for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations</em></strong>, which complements these objectives established in the national climate regulations.</p>
+<p>The set of these global principles and objectives also represent an opportunity for the development of a new economy, with the creation of new types of employment and new technologies.</p>
+<p>These principles are:</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-2.png" width="101" height="61" ALIGN = "left"/><strong>Sustainability</strong> : the actions that are carried out satisfy the needs of the current generation, without compromising the capacity to satisfy the needs of future generations, applying it in the broadest sense and in all kinds of aspects in the social, environmental and economic spheres. In the actions of the energy sector, specifically, renewable energy sources, the reduction of energy demand, energy efficiency and the reduction of global GHG emissions from this sector are prioritized.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-3.png" width="93" height="54" ALIGN = "left"/><strong>Protection and information</strong> : provide understandable information to citizens that enables conscious consumption habits and decisions to be made. The participation of citizens and agents involved in the elaboration of climate strategies is also a key aspect. To ensure this effective participation, citizens receive the necessary information in a transparent manner. To do this, <em><strong>Law 21/2018, to promote the energy transition and fight against climate change</strong></em>, creates the <em><strong>National Commission on Energy and Climate Change</strong></em>, configured by different actors in the sector, private and public, youth, third sector, etc. . actively participating in the <em><strong>national energy strategy and the fight against climate change</strong></em>. The protection of citizens involves generating territorial equity, a fair distribution of costs and a quality and guarantee of services, especially energy.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-4.png" width="93" height="54" ALIGN = "left"/><strong>Economic growth</strong> : the promotion of economic activities with a high added value is carried out through the application of the best available techniques to create new market or business possibilities. Using the best available technology avoids, or at least minimizes, emissions and impacts on the environment as a whole.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-5.png" width="90" height="52" ALIGN = "left"/><strong>Sovereignty and diversification:</strong> to promote the country's resilience in the face of the changes that occur, sovereignty increases and the different economic sectors diversify. Specifically, in the energy sector, national energy production is increased to reduce risks in the face of changes in the market.</p>
+<p>The <em><strong>National Energy Strategy and the fight against climate change</strong></em>, which consists of 5 action programs and 17 activities, is the tool or roadmap to <strong>achieve neutrality</strong> ; develop a plan for adaptation to climate change to cope with the current and anticipated situation in the future; structure a financing system to carry out the planned actions; sensitize, educate and train the population; carry out research and innovation tasks essential to understand and respond to new environmental and technological challenges.</p>
+<p>The actions included in the strategy are directed at specific sectors such as energy, mobility, agriculture and waste management, among others, as well as different sectors to address more cross-cutting issues such as the promotion of the circular economy, changes in our consumption habits, the application of solutions based on nature, the promotion of research in these areas and the inclusion of new concepts in the education of all citizens.</p>
+<p>The set of these actions always follows the guiding principles discussed above, and has the participation of the <em><strong>National Commission on Energy and Climate Change</strong></em>. This document is reviewed at least every 6 years, so that it will include the commitments of the new NDCs presented in the future, both documents being fed back and periodically reviewed according to international agreements and national regulations.</p>
+<h1 id="contribution-in-mitigation">CONTRIBUTION IN MITIGATION</h1>
+<p><strong>Commitment description and scenarios</strong></p>
+<p>The commitments regarding the reduction of unabsorbed emissions presented in 2015 through the INDC were the result of Andorra's First biannual update report (BUR) to the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (December 2014). According to the commitments presented, in 2030 the planned nationally determined contributions (CPDN) of Andorra were in line with the evolution of the RCP2.6 scenario, compatible with keeping the global increase in temperatures below the 2ºC threshold during the century XXI, based on the values 1850-1900, and consistent with rigorous mitigation measures, as well as the maintenance of global concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> eq. in the range of 430 to 480 ppm.</p>
+<p>These commitments materialized in the reduction of the equivalent emissions not absorbed by 2030, by 37% (193.73 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) In relation to the emissions not absorbed from the BAU scenario, proposed in the First BUR of Andorra to the UNFCCC (December 2014).</p>
+<p>The commitment presented in this update reinforces the actions to achieve the objective defined in the first NDC in the medium term, by 2030, and <strong>pursues carbon neutrality by 2050 in the long term</strong>.</p>
+<h2 id="type-of-commitment-medium-and-long-term-vision">Type of commitment: medium and long-term vision</h2>
+<p><strong>The</strong> quantified reduction in an absolute value relative to unabsorbed emissions <strong>is maintained in the medium term for 2030</strong> with respect to the <em>Business as usual</em> scenario <em>defined in Andorra's First biannual update report to the UNFCCC</em> (2014).</p>
+<p><strong>A long-term commitment for 2050 is included,</strong> seeking carbon neutrality, that is, the balance between emissions and removals by 2050.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-6.png" width="604" height="184" /></p>
+<p>Thus, the <strong>implementation period</strong> for mitigation objectives is divided into two periods, the first in the short and medium term, which runs from 2020 to 2030, and the second, long-term, which runs from 2031 to year 2050.</p>
+<p>The <strong>reduction levels of</strong> the medium-term scenario are specified in 37% (193.73 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) Of the annual emissions not absorbed with respect to the <em>Business as usual</em> scenario , between now and 2030. This percentage will be revised in case of that an important modification be made in the methodology for the elaboration of the national GHG inventory that was presented in the first biannual update report under the UNFCCC (2014).</p>
+<p>By 2050, the level of reduction will be sufficient for GHG emissions to be balanced with the absorptions of these gases, either through national sink capacity or other capture, storage or compensation measures through national mechanisms or international based on the market, reaching an approximate value of 140 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.</p>
+<p>The <strong>actions</strong> that must allow achieving emissions reduction for the 3 key GHG sectors in Andorras in the <strong>medium term</strong> (2030) are:</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Energy sector</strong>, and more specifically actions on the electricity sector, mobility and building. In this sense, it is expected to <strong>reduce energy intensity by a minimum of 20%</strong>, with an increase in <strong>national electricity production</strong> (which will be more than <strong>75% from renewable sources</strong>) of <strong>33% of electricity demand</strong>. More specifically in the subsector of fuel combustion activities, for road transport the fixed <strong>reduction</strong> is <strong>50% of the GHG emissions produced by internal transport</strong>. For this, among some of the planned actions, it is established through the <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change</strong></em>, reducing GHG emissions by increasing the percentage of<strong> electrically powered vehicles in the national car park of passenger cars</strong> to<strong> 20%</strong> for the 2030. As for the building sector, any new construction is designed and executed to achieve a<strong> building with almost zero energy consumption</strong>, as also regulated by the aforementioned Law.</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Agriculture, forestry and land use sector</strong> : it is expected to <strong>maintain</strong> at least the <strong>sink capacity of the</strong> country's <strong>forest mass</strong> in 2017, quantified in -139 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. annual. For this, it is important to have a <strong>good quantification of the sump capacity of our forests as a vitally important nature-based solution</strong>, which is why we have improved our GHG inventory based on an <strong>analysis of land uses through the collection and evaluation of satellite images</strong>. The result of this improvement is analyzed in the BUR to be reported this year 2020.</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Waste sector</strong> : The per capita emissions (taking into account the equivalent population) of GHG from the solid waste subsector will comply with the objectives of the <strong>Circular Economy Law</strong>, currently being drafted. These objectives will be specified in the necessary actions through the <strong>Circular Economy Plan</strong> that the law develops for its correct implementation.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>For the <strong>long-term</strong> commitment (2050), the actions planned for the 3 key GHG sectors are as follows. In addition to these actions, compensation mechanisms will be implemented to achieve the goal if necessary:</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Energy sector, and more specifically actions on the electricity sector, mobility and building</strong>. The <strong>energy intensity will</strong> be <strong>reduced</strong> by a minimum of <strong>30%</strong>, with an increase in <strong>national electricity production</strong> (which will be more than <strong>85% from renewable sources</strong>) of <strong>50% of electricity demand</strong>. More specifically, in the fuel combustion activities subsector, for road transport the reduction is not fixed in the long term, but it will continue with the increase in the percentage of <strong>electrically powered vehicles in</strong> the national car park of <strong>passenger cars to 50%. </strong>As for the building sector, any new construction is designed and executed to achieve a <strong>building with almost zero or positive energy consumption</strong>.</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Agriculture, forestry and land use sector</strong> : around 23% of emissions are absorbed by the forest mass of the territory, so that <strong>an improvement in silvicultural management that incorporates nature-based solutions</strong> must allow not only the scenario foreseen in the medium term, that is to say, that at least the sink capacity of the country's forest mass of the year 2017 (quantified in -139 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. annual) will be maintained, but that the ambition regarding the sink capacity of the forests of the country.</p>
+<p style="margin-left: 40px"><strong>Waste sector:</strong> The per capita emissions (taking into account the equivalent population) of GHG from the solid waste subsector are reduced compared to the medium-term scenario due to the progress of implementation of <strong>the Circular Economy Plan</strong>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The set of planned measures or actions are summarized in the table attached to this NDC.</p>
+<h2 id="fair-and-ambitious-commitment">Fair and ambitious commitment</h2>
+<p>The Parties' commitment is consistent with their responsibilities and according to their capacities, as well as the support received from the international community. In this sense:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Andorra is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a Party not included in Annex I. At the international level, by 2017, <strong>Andorra is responsible for approximately 0.0009496%</strong><a href="#fn3" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a> <strong>of global emissions,</strong> responsibility which tends to decrease (with a reduction between 2000 and 2010 of 21%, and between 2010 and 2017 of 15%).</p></li>
+<li><p>The <strong>GHG emissions of Andorra</strong> have shown a clear downward trend since 2005 <strong>(-23% between 2005 and 2017)</strong>, to the contrary of what is observed worldwide with an increase of over 15% for the same period.</p></li>
+<li><p>The mitigation policies associated with the sectors mentioned are long-term actions, with limited profitability and short-term results.</p></li>
+<li><p>By 2030, the Andorra NDC is in line with the RCP2.6 concentration scenario, a scenario with strict mitigation measures and the maintenance of global concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> eq. in the range of 430-480 ppm (as justified in the first NDCs presented) a necessary condition to maintain a temperature below 2ºC in the 21st century (compared to the period 1850-1900), with a probable degree of certainty (probable, 66% -100%).</p></li>
+<li><p>Globally, to ensure that the increase in temperatures is below the 2ºC barrier at the end of the 21st century (compared to the reference period 1850-1900), the emissions reported in 2010 should be reduced by 41 and 72% by 2050. According to the latest report on the disparity in emissions of 2019 of the United Nations Environment Program, this reduction should be from 2020 of 2.7% per year (7.6 % if instead you want to achieve the objective of not increasing more than 1.5ºC at the end of the 21st century), this <strong>reduction commitment of 2.7% per year is in line with our long-term carbon neutrality commitment for the year 2050 <a href="#fn4" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref4"><sup>4</sup></a> .</strong></p></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding</strong></p>
+<h2 id="reference-values">Reference values</h2>
+<p>In order to correctly monitor the commitment defined in the first NDC and to reinforce this commitment with this new update, the value of unabsorbed emissions from the <em>Business as usual</em> scenario (530.55 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq., by 2030), defined in Andorra's First biannual update report for the UNFCCC.</p>
+<h2 id="scope-of-ghg-mitigation-actions">Scope of GHG mitigation actions</h2>
+<p>Because more than 98% of total GHG emissions (from 1990 to 2017) come from the energy and waste sectors (see evolution of national GHG emissions and removals according to the third BUR presented in the framework of the UNFCCC, graph 1), according to the categories defined in the 2006 GIECC guidelines to carry out the national GHG inventory, the scope of the actions planned to achieve the GHG mitigation objective set in this NDC for Andorra focuses on these 2 sectors.</p>
+<p>Despite the fact that the scope of the national inventory of GHG emissions according to the 2006 GIECC guidelines includes imported electrical energy only for information purposes, it represents more than 23% of the country's energy consumption and approximately 12% of total emissions, according to our calculation of the carbon footprint, so it has been considered pertinent to include the necessary mitigation actions to minimize electricity consumption and GHG emissions in this subsector.</p>
+<p>Likewise, mitigation actions also include actions on the sector that provides the country's sink capacity to absorb GHGs, which is the agriculture, forestry and other land use sectors.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-7.png" alt="Evolution of total GHG emissions (Gg CO2 eq.)" width="585" height="215" /></p>
+<p><em>Graph 1. Evolution of total GHG emissions (Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq presented in the third BUR of andorra (2019)</em></p>
+<h2 id="ghg-coverage">GHG coverage</h2>
+<p>The following greenhouse gases are included in the NDC, in accordance with the inventoried gases and reported in our BURs according to the 2006 GIECC Guidelines and subsequent reviews for conducting national GHG inventories:</p>
+<p>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub> ), methane (CH<sub>4</sub> ), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub> ).</p>
+<p>The GHG emitted by the energy and waste sector represent more than 96% of the total GHG inventoried according to the latest GHG inventory (2017). For accounting purposes, the global warming potentials of the Fifth Report of the GIECC (2014) were considered.</p>
+<h2 id="contribution-of-international-market-based-mechanisms">Contribution of international market-based mechanisms</h2>
+<p>The <em><strong>Law 21/2018 of 13 September, pulse energy transition and climate change</strong></em> creates the <strong>domestic market for voluntary GHG offset,</strong> and although its integration into the international market is not immediately planned, yes It complies with <strong>international standards in order to have an additional tool that incorporates mitigation actions in the diffuse sectors</strong> and, if necessary, in the future it is a complementary measure to comply with the commitments of the NDC.</p>
+<h2 id="planning-process">Planning process</h2>
+<p>For the revision and update of the NDC of the Government of Andorra from the <strong>Office of Energy and Climate Change</strong>, integrated in the Ministry of Environment, Agriculture and Sustainability, the set of national and international regulations and commitments that in recent years have been approved.</p>
+<p>Especially noteworthy is <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change </strong></em><a href="#fn5" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref5"><sup>5</sup></a> . A <strong>Law approved unanimously in Parliament</strong> that was prepared based on a proposal for a Government Law, for which the different Ministries that comprise it participated and contributed their strategic points and considerations, <strong>in accordance with the international commitments that had previously been signed. , such as the UNFCCC (accession on March 2, 2011) and the Paris Agreement (2016).</strong></p>
+<p>For the preparation of the proposed Law that was later approved, other technical reference documents were taken into account:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>The 2012 <strong>Andorra White Paper on Energy</strong></p></li>
+<li><p>The 2016 <strong>Andorra Energy Infrastructure Sector Plan</strong></p></li>
+<li><p>The revised National Waste Plan for the period 2017-2020</p></li>
+<li><p>The <strong>national biodiversity strategy of andorra</strong> (ENBA) for the period 2016-2024</p></li>
+<li><p>Existing regulations on energy efficiency, renewable energy and organization and management of the national energy system.</p></li>
+<li><p>The first NDC approved by Andorra.</p></li>
+<li><p>Communications in compliance with the UNFCCC in Andorra since 2014.</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Thus, this update of the NDC takes into account the goals defined in the medium and long term by Law 21/2018, previously referred to, as well as subsequent strategic commitments of the Government, which are incorporated into the <em><strong>National Energy Strategy and the fight against</strong></em> long-term <em><strong>climate change</strong></em> by 2050.</p>
+<p>The <em><strong>National Energy Strategy and the fight against climate change</strong></em> responds to the commitment to determine a <strong>route to achieve the GHG neutrality goal in 2050</strong> that was taken in PreCOP 25 (October 2019) and that <strong>was formally communicated during the speech in the plenary of COP25 (December 10, 2019) by the Minister of the Environment, Agriculture and Sustainability of the Government of Andorra</strong>, and for this reason it is introduced as such in the update of the NDC for this year 2020.</p>
+<p>For the next NDC update, the participation of the different private and public sector actors through the <em><strong>National Energy and Climate Change Commission</strong></em> and the working groups that depend on it, is a key part of the planning, This participatory body will be active during the process of reviewing the <em><strong>National Energy Strategy and the fight against climate change</strong></em>, which in turn will fuel the next NDC (see Legal and strategic mechanisms for the implementation of the NDC).</p>
+<h2 id="values-considered-for-the-global-warming-potential-of-gases">Values considered for the global warming potential of gases</h2>
+<p>In order to make Andorra's commitment understandable and comparable, the values have been compared to the equivalent carbon dioxide values through its Global Warming Power (GWP). The GWP reference values considered are those of the fifth GIECC assessment report (SAR, GWP, 100-year time horizon <em>)</em>.</p>
+<p>Although not applicable to Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention, the values proposed by decision 24 / CP.19 (revision of the GIECC guidelines for reporting annual inventories) have been adopted to the extent possible. of the Parties included in Annex I of the Convention).</p>
+<h2 id="work-methodology">Work methodology</h2>
+<p>In order to plan the necessary actions to reach the goal of reducing GHG emissions in the medium (2030) and long-term (2050), we start with the basic information on the national GHG inventory and the definition of the scenarios following:</p>
+<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
+<li><p>Hypothesis adopted for the preparation of GHG inventories presented in the biannual information update reports for the UNFCCC. These inventories are carried out according to the Guidelines for the elaboration of GHG inventories of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006 and 2019 <em>Refinements).</em></p></li>
+<li><p>The definition of the <em>Business as usual</em> scenario is made according to the following hypotheses for the 3 key sectors in terms of GHG in Andorra:</p>
+<p>Energy sector: GHG emissions per capita are maintained (taking into account the equivalent population, that is, the average resident and floating population) from 2005 (year of maximum GHG emissions) until 2050.</p>
+<p>AFOLU sector: GHG emissions related to the agriculture and livestock subsector have been maintained since 2000 (an increase in the agricultural area is not foreseen and the capacity of cattle is also at the maximum of its value according to the area and type of livestock of the country, which is extensive), while the GHG sink capacity by the forest mass of the land use sector is considered constant and equal to the average of the estimated GHG absorption capacity for the period 1990-2011.</p>
+<p>Waste sector: The per capita emissions (taking into account the equivalent population) of GHG from the solid waste subsector have been maintained since 1995 (the year in which the first actions to reduce emissions in this subsector began to have their effects, due to the progressive introduction of selective collection and improvement of treatment facilities) until 2050. Regarding emissions per capita (also based on the equivalent population) of the wastewater subsector, it is considered that these, on the other hand, are they remain constant from 2005, the year in which actions to improve the treatment of these waters begin to have effects on GHG emissions.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The rest of the hypotheses used to prepare the scenarios are based on the basic data on the evolution of the resident population, the equivalent population, and GDP evolution. A more detailed description of the BAU scenario is included in the BURs submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat until 2019.</p>
+<p>The medium and long-term <strong>scenarios</strong> are estimated from the BAU scenario, incorporating the set of objectives and measures planned and described in the <em>Type of commitment: medium and long-term vision section. </em>The estimates for the calculation of the <strong>medium-term</strong> scenario were already incorporated in the <strong>first BUR</strong> presented by Andorra (2014), and since <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change,</strong></em> on The one that is based on the objectives of this term for our NDCs, includes as a minimum the actions foreseen by the first BUR, as explained in the <em>Planning process</em> section., the projection of the emissions made in the medium term in the first BUR are kept as such in this document. Regarding the <strong>long-term</strong> emissions scenario , the document that compiles these projections is the one that serves as a roadmap for the actions that are implemented, the <em><strong>national energy strategy and the fight against climate change.</strong></em></p>
+<h2 id="accounting-approach-for-agriculture-forestry-and-other-land-uses">Accounting approach for agriculture, forestry and other land uses</h2>
+<p>Natural disturbances or extraordinary events related to carbon sinks will not be considered in evaluating compliance with NDC commitments. These disturbances so far have not represented significant changes in these sectors, as has been reported in our BURs.</p>
+<h1 id="contribution-in-adaptation">CONTRIBUTION IN ADAPTATION</h1>
+<p>At the international level, the UNFCCC recognizes the vulnerability of all countries to the effects of climate change. Although adaptation processes received less attention than GHG mitigation efforts during the first years of the Convention, since the publication of the third GIECC Evaluation Report (2001), the need to work on adaptation issues gained importance and all the Parties to the Convention agreed that it was of vital importance. In 2010, during COP16, the National Adaptation Plans (NAP) process was established so that the Parties could identify adaptation needs in the medium and long term with the objective of developing strategies and programs to address these needs ( Cancun Adaptation Agreement).</p>
+<p>Under this international framework, in Andorra in 2014 a <strong>participatory process</strong> was carried out <strong>on the adaptation of Andorra to climate change (PAACC)</strong> with the aim of identifying the possible impacts of climate change on the socioeconomic and environmental sectors in the country and thus assessing what were the vulnerabilities of each of them, as well as identifying adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability and cope with these impacts.</p>
+<p>To carry out the PAACC, the impacts of climate change on the Principality's territory were identified from previous scientific work carried out in Andorra and the whole of the Pyrenees within the framework of the cooperation project of the Pyrenean Observatory on climate change (OPCC) <a href="#fn6" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref6"><sup>6</sup></a> . In total, 43 adaptation measures were identified, which are classified according to the type of action and the thematic scope as follows:</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Measurement typology</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Number of measurements</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Thematic</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Planning</strong></td>
+<td>15</td>
+<td>Water resource<br />
+Energy<br />
+Tourism<br />
+Natural risks<br />
+Mobility</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Operational</strong></td>
+<td>10</td>
+<td>Agriculture and livestock<br />
+Health<br />
+Energy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Normative</strong></td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Natural areas / Landscape<br />
+Energy<br />
+Water resource</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Research and studies</strong></td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Natural spaces / Landscape<br />
+Natural risks</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Awareness and education</strong></td>
+<td>3</td>
+<td>Water resource<br />
+Energy<br />
+Natural risks</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Financial instruments</strong></td>
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Tourism<br />
+Natural risks</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Table 1. Adaptation measures identified and prioritized in the PAACC (2014)</p>
+<p>To ensure that the adaptation measures are coherent and adapt to the real and anticipated changes in the territory, the study of the impact and vulnerability in relation to climate change continues, and <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, on boosting the energy transition and climate change</strong></em>, considers that the <strong>priority themes are health, agriculture, energy and tourism.</strong></p>
+<p>The adaptation measures identified in 2014 are reviewed and new measures are incorporated if necessary, consistent with the roadmap established by the <em><strong>National Energy Strategy and the fight against climate change</strong></em>. These measures take into account <strong>nature's ecosystem services</strong> and incorporate <strong>nature- based solutions</strong> to increase the resilience of the territory, especially for the <strong>improvement of sink capacity and the management and minimization of risks related to the effects of climate change in a mountain territory like Andorra.</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-8.png" width="54" height="61" align = "right" />In order to carry out rigorous scientific studies, cross-border cooperation is considered necessary, which is why Andorra continues to promote OPCC <a href="#fn6" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref6"><sup>6</sup></a> , which currently has as one of the objectives in the framework of the ADAPYR <a href="#fn7" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref7"><sup>7</sup></a> project development during the period 2020- 2022 of a <em><strong>Pyrenean Strategy for adaptation to climate change</strong></em>.</p>
+<p>With the support of this cross-border work, the adaptation measures identified in the PAACC in 2014 will be updated in accordance with the priorities established in <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change</strong></em>.</p>
+<p>It should be noted that, as described in national circumstances, Andorra has an important natural heritage. For this reason, and in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, June 5, 1992), in 2016 the <em><strong>Andorran National Biodiversity Strategy</strong></em> (ENBA) for the period 2016-2024 was approved , which integrates the effects of climate change (bioinvasions, loss of species, overexploitation of resources, etc.). It is to be hoped that the implementation of this strategy will allow the adoption of the necessary adaptation measures in the medium term, consistent with the results of the ADAPYR project and other studies carried out in this area.</p>
+<p>Likewise, the improvement of the knowledge of our natural environment and its operation leads us to the <strong>consolidation of a management model of the natural and rural territory that allows us to improve the country's resilience through measures based on nature</strong>.</p>
+<h1 id="implementation-mechanisms-to-reach-the-ndcs-commitments">IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS TO REACH THE NDC'S COMMITMENTS</h1>
+<p><strong>Legal and strategic mechanisms</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-9.png" width="66" height="66" align = "right"/><strong>Unanimous approval in Parliament of <em>Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change</em></strong> and deployment of the corresponding regulations. The 2018 Law included in the legal text the reduction of emissions to the levels of commitment of the first NDC of Andorra (-37% of emissions not absorbed by 2030 with respect to the BAU scenario), and specifically specific measures for the different subsectors in the field of mitigation and adaptation.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-10.png" width="67" height="36" align = "right"/>One of the tools that Law 21/2018, of September 13, to promote the energy transition and climate change provides is the <em><strong>National Energy Strategy and the fight against climate change</strong></em>. This Strategy includes different mitigation, adaptation, innovation and technology training programs, education and awareness, etc. and defines a <strong>more ambitious objective than the Law in terms of reduction commitment, since it includes the goal of climate neutrality by 2050</strong>, as Andorra has already advanced in the preparation of COP 25 and as contemplated in the update of the NDC of this year 2020.</p>
+<p>The strategy and its revisions will be the planning tool that will serve as the basis for subsequent updates of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), as outlined below:</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-11.png" width="535" height="124" /></p>
+<p>This government commitment is also driven by the <em><strong>Declaration of the State of Climate and Ecological Emergency</strong></em>, approved by the Parliament on January 23, 2020, which requests the Government to promote the transition towards carbon neutrality in accordance with the Development Goal. sustainable 13 (Climate action).</p>
+<p>The transport sector represents 59% of GHG emissions, according to data from the year 2017. For this reason, the <em><strong>National Mobility Strategy</strong> </em>is elaborated with the aim of reducing emissions and respecting the hierarchy in the prioritization of transport systems established. in <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change</strong></em> : first, privilege public transport and promote non-motorized or assisted mobility; second, promote electric motorized mobility or from a source low in GHG emissions.</p>
+<p>Prior to the approval of Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change, in 2018, given the need for a change in the energy model, the Government approved the <em><strong>Infrastructure Sector Plan energy sources of Andorra</strong></em> (Decree of 16-05-2018), the urban planning tool to identify and plan the execution of energy infrastructures that must allow the development of the new energy model, following the criterion of reducing GHG emissions and promoting renewable energy . The overall objective of this Sector Plan in energy matters, currently in force, was subsequently included in the aforementioned Law.</p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-12.png" width="577" height="359" /></p>
+<p><strong>Mechanisms in innovation, technology, education and capacity building</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-13.png" width="236" height="66" align = "right" />Technologies are evolving very rapidly and there is an urgent need to adopt the most advanced technologies for decarbonisation and adaptation to the phenomena of climate change; and the application of these requires their subsequent evaluation through the indicators that are defined.</p>
+<p>For all these reasons, the <em><strong>National Energy Strategy and Climate Change</strong></em> incorporates a program of innovation, research and systematic observation, which includes, as Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and change Climate, establishes: the possibility of conducting pilot tests, as well as promoting interaction between the actors of the economic system and the scientific world (Article 8). A key piece in improving management against climate change and other sectors, such as health, as demonstrated in the recent health crisis caused by COVID-19.</p>
+<p>The transition to a low-GHG economy should not only be a technological transition, and therefore it is also working on a social transition that involves education and capacity building.</p>
+<p>Therefore, the <em><strong>national energy strategy and the fight against climate change</strong></em> includes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-14.png" width="66" height="66" align = "right"/>The <em><strong>training towards carbon neutrality</strong></em> of the professional sector, a key sector in the implementation of actions under transition energy (energy efficiency, renewable energy production, etc.). Article 43 of <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, promoting the energy transition and climate change</strong></em>More specifically, it provides that professionals who provide services in the executive field of installation, assembly and construction work, in the context of the energy transition, require specific professional training, with the ultimate goal of ensuring high degree of quality in the services provided and ensuring consumer protection. This law entrusts the Government with the approval and publication of the requirements of the resulting professional training and qualifications, as well as the adaptation and adoption of the appropriate regulations to make these provisions effective.</p></li>
+<li><p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-15.png" width="68" height="66" align = "right"/>The <em><strong>awareness and dissemination towards neutrality in carbon</strong></em> citizenship. Currently, there is already an environmental information and awareness agency ( <a href="https://www.sostenibilitat.ad/"><em><em>Sustainable Andorra</em></em> )</a> from which the information related to climate change is reinforced, with the aim that society has sufficient and adequate information to be able to also decide individually on their habits and lifestyles, on how these influence the whole of society towards carbon neutrality.</p></li>
+<li><p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-16.png" width="66" height="66" align = "right"/>The <em><strong>educational transition</strong></em>. The <em><strong>Law 21/2018, of September 13, pulse energy transition and climate change</strong></em>, entrusts the Government, through the Ministry competent for education to ensure awareness and educating the public school in the country relationship to climate change and planned national action. For this, an analysis of the integration of this subject in the different grades or didactic units of the country's educational systems is carried out.</p></li>
+<li><p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-17.png" width="66" height="66" align = "right"/>The <em><strong>information and protection of the user</strong></em>. As the aforementioned Law provides, the empowerment of citizens as consumers involves informing so that they can make their decisions, as an active agent with opinion and criteria. This empowerment of users allows energy policies to be applied more effectively thanks to the decisions of the public, so it will be this that will drive the energy transition. For this, the information must be clear, understandable and transparent. Specifically, information and user protection are improved with regard to:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>The creation of public registries that allow quick access to information.</p></li>
+<li><p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-18.png" width="66" height="66" align = "right"/>Ensure the quality and reliability of energy supply, as well as identify users who may be in a situation of energy precariousness and provide information to companies and entities in the energy sector on how to act in these cases. These actions are accompanied by a protocol of action by the public administration if necessary to protect the user.</p></li>
+<li><p>On the other hand, information on the social and economic importance of ecosystem services and adaptation needs in the face of future climate scenarios also allows a more approximate positioning to the climate reality of society in light of the management policies that are taken.</p></li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Participation, collaboration and cooperation mechanisms</strong></p>
+<p>To ensure the participation of key actors in strategic energy and climate change policies that lead us to carbon neutrality, the <em><strong>National Commission on Energy and Climate Change</strong></em> is put into operation through regulation <a href="#fn8" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref8"><sup>8</sup></a> approved on February 12, 2020.</p>
+<p>The Commission has a particularly relevant role in evaluating and monitoring the National Energy Strategy and the fight against climate change. This Commission has the participation of representatives of the Public Administration, the private sector, the third sector, professional associations, the research sector, as well as youth through the representatives <strong>of the Andorran National Youth Forum</strong>.</p>
+<p>To broaden participation, the Commission approves the creation of the necessary working subcommittees, which evaluate the proposals and concerns of the various agents in matters that are developed or that are in operation, such as the <em><strong>National Mobility Strategy.</strong>.</em></p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-19.png" width="66" height="65" align="right" />Likewise, to solve common problems and generate knowledge, cooperation is a key and especially important tool for small countries vulnerable to climate change such as Andorra. This is one of the reasons why <strong>cross-border cooperation</strong> with the closest regions, such as France and Spain, continues to be prioritized. Proof of this is the monitoring and participation in <strong>projects of the Pyrenees Working Community</strong> (CTP), such as the <strong>Pyrenean Observatory on Climate Change</strong> (OPCC) or the Medical Emergencies (EM) <strong>Observatory</strong>.</p>
+<p>Other <strong>collaboration and cooperation</strong> mechanisms <strong>with non-transboundary regions</strong> have been in place for years, and through the capitalization and transfer of information, this cooperation allows for progress and improvement in strategies in the field of climate change. <a href="https://unfccc.int/non-annex-I-NCs">Andorra's</a> first <a href="https://unfccc.int/non-annex-I-NCs">National Communication</a> under the UNFCCC describes this cooperation in more detail. As an example, we have the <strong>bilateral protocols of agreement on climate change with the competent Ministry of the Government of Spain (2016) and that of the Government Costa Rica (2016)</strong>, as well as on systematic climate observation with the French <strong>state meteorological agency (Météo-France) since 2012</strong>, and other multilateral agreements such as collaboration with the <strong>Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices</strong>.</p>
+<p>Regarding international cooperation, it should be noted that each year, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs develops a <strong>plan for development aid</strong>, which is based on the strategic, sectoral and geographic priorities of Andorra and on the 17 SDGs established by The United Nations. The strategic priorities of government cooperation are based on the following 3 main axes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Education</p></li>
+<li><p>Vulnerable groups</p></li>
+<li><p>The environment and the fight against climate change, with special attention to issues related to water.</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>During the period 2013-2015, 12% of the total budget of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was allocated to cooperation projects or programs specifically focused on the environment and the fight against climate change, for the most recent period 2016-2019 will be available of data coming soon, but support <strong>for the United Nations Environment Program and the International Organization of La Francophonie (OIF)</strong> for environmental projects has continued as in the previous period.</p>
+<p>Andorra is also part of several international groups or alliances, such as <strong>the Group of Friends of the Mountains</strong>, which it created with Kyrgyzstan, whose <strong>priority is climate change within the framework of international organizations such as the United Nations or FAO</strong>.</p>
+<p>Within the framework of the plan for aid to sustainable development, with regard to cooperation with Andorran NGOs, 2 projects are currently subsidized each year that prioritize environmental aspects, whether energy, optimization of water resources, etc.</p>
+<p>No international support has been received to date for the implementation of mitigation or adaptation actions.</p>
+<p>Andorra requested, and received in April 2013, the support of an external consultant appointed by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to identify the specific circumstances of the country, the steps to be followed (documentation, deadlines, etc. ) and possible financing channels. In line with this technical assistance, in early 2014, the country submitted a financing project to the Global Environment Facility for the preparation of the first biennial report (BUR1) and the first national communication (NC1), which received no response.</p>
+<p><strong>Financial mechanisms</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-20.png" width="66" height="66" align = "right"/>In order to carry out all the actions planned for decarbonisation towards carbon neutrality, as well as the actions necessary to ensure a good adaptation to the planned changes, a <strong>Green Fund</strong> has been created . This Fund is incorporated into the draft of the General Budgets of the</p>
+<p>Government, and is fed by the finalist taxes that can be determined for this purpose, as well as the complementary budgetary allocations provided by the general state budget laws, as well as the donations and contributions that it receives and other possible income.</p>
+<p>In this sense, carbon taxes will be regulated in the medium term, which will also feed into the Green Fund.</p>
+<p>On the other hand, a voluntary carbon credit market is created, which promotes the adoption of innovative initiatives in the field of mitigation in diffuse sectors and is a support tool for organizations, entities or companies, within the framework of corporate or corporate social responsibility, since it facilitates the understanding of the carbon footprint and the adoption of policies to combat climate change in the operation of these organizations.</p>
+<h1 id="annexed">Annex</h1>
+<p>The objectives and mitigation measures considered for the two horizons foreseen in the main key sectors related to GHG emissions are detailed below.</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Sector</strong></th>
+<th><strong>SDG</strong></th>
+<th></th>
+<th><strong>Medium term (2030)</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Long-term (2050)</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="9">Energy</td>
+<td style="width:80px" rowspan="9">
+   <p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-21.png" width="66" height="66" /></p>
+   <p><img src="img/AND-NDC2-14.png" width="66" height="66" /></p>
+   <p>
+   <img src="img/AND-NDC2-22.png" width="66" height="66" /></p>
+   <p>
+   <img src="img/AND-NDC2-15.png" width="66" height="66" /></p>
+   <p>
+   <img src="img/AND-NDC2-17.png" width="66" height="66" /></p>
+   <p>
+   <img src="img/AND-NDC2-9.png" width="66" height="66" /></p></td>
+<td rowspan="2">Mobility</td>
+<td>Increase the percentage of <strong>electrically powered vehicles in</strong> the national car park of <strong>passenger cars to 20%</strong>.</td>
+<td>Increase the percentage of <strong>electrically powered vehicles in</strong> the national car park of <strong>passenger cars to 50%</strong>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Halve</strong> the <strong>emissions</strong> resulting from the <strong>internal transport</strong>.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="2">Edification</td>
+<td colspan="2">Continue to promote the <strong>rehabilitation of homes to make them more efficient</strong>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><p>Any <strong>building</strong> of new construction from the January 1, 2020 should be <strong>consuming almost zero energy</strong>.</p>
+<p>Incorporate an <strong>energy manager</strong> before the end of 2020.</p>
+<p>Carry <strong>out energy audits</strong> before 2022 in <strong>all heated Administration buildings</strong>.</p></td>
+<td>Placing <strong>renewable energy in all Administration buildings</strong>, thus reducing the consumption of electricity and heating in public establishments.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="5">Electricity</td>
+<td>Increase <strong>national electricity production</strong> to <strong>33%</strong> of electricity demand.</td>
+<td>Increase <strong>national electricity production</strong> to at least <strong>50%</strong> of electricity demand.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>National electricity production</strong> with more than <strong>75%</strong> from <strong>renewable sources</strong>.</td>
+<td>That the <strong>national electrical production</strong> comes from <strong>80% of renewable energies</strong>, thus promoting hydro, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><p><strong>Infrastructures</strong> necessary for the transport of energy and increasing the capacity for importing electrical energy according to the guidelines of the FEDA 2016-2026 Electric Infrastructure Master Plan.</p>
+<p>That GHG emissions are reduced by at least 32% in terms of electrical energy and a 7% reduction in thermal energy.</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Improve the <strong>energy efficiency of public lighting</strong> with regulation through regulations.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Reduce</strong> the <strong>energy intensity</strong> a minimum of <strong>20%</strong>.</td>
+<td><strong>Reduce</strong> the <strong>energy intensity</strong> a minimum of <strong>30%</strong>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td rowspan="2">Agriculture and land uses</td>
+<td><img src="img/AND-NDC2-17.png" width="66" height="66" /></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>Promote the diversification of agricultural production and the consumption of local products.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><img src="img/AND-NDC2-9.png" width="66" height="66" /></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><strong>Maintain</strong> at least the territory's <strong>sink capacity</strong> compared to 2017 (-139 Gg CO2 eq / year).</td>
+<td>Maintain at least the <strong>sink capacity</strong> of the territory compared to the year 2017 (-139 Gg CO2 eq / year) and to <strong>promote the increase</strong> of this <strong>through projects of the voluntary market</strong> carbon <strong>and</strong> implementing actions adaptive forestry, prioritizing <strong>based measures nature</strong>. The thermal demand of local administrations should be covered primarily by biomass, which develops adaptive forestry projects that improve the yield of forest sump capacity.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Waste</td>
+<td colspan="2"><img src="img/AND-NDC2-14.png" width="66" height="66" /> <img src="img/AND-NDC2-22.png" width="66" height="66" /> <img src="img/AND-NDC2-17.png" width="66" height="66" /></td>
+<td>Have the <strong>circular economy</strong> to set measurable targets and allow the development of the Circular Economy Plan include improving the carbon footprint of the planned actions.</td>
+<td>Advanced and revised <strong>implementation of the Circular Economy Plan</strong>.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr />
+<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
+<li id="fn1"><p>As indicated in article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the NDC must show the progression with respect to the previous NDC, therefore in this document the information regarding the progression is highlighted in blue text. <a href="#fnref1">↩</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn2"><p>The UNFCCC entered into force on May 31, 2011 <a href="#fnref2">↩</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn3"><p>Unabsorbed emissions from Andorra from the third biannual update Report (BUR, 2019) and global total emissions according to the 2019 Report on the disparity in emissions of the United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi (55.3 Gt CO2 eq .) <a href="#fnref3">↩</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn4"><p>A reduction in GHG emissions that reaches the value of the country's sink capacity (approximately from 600 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq to 140 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq) represents a 77% reduction in GHG emissions over a 32-year period ( 2018-2050), so that the average annual reduction is 2.4%. <a href="#fnref4">↩</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn5"><p><a href="https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/030057/Pagines/CGL20180928_13_54_03.aspx"><em><em>Law 21/2018, promoting the energy transition and climate change</em></em></a><a href="#fnref5"> ↩</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn6"><p>The <a href="https://www.opcc-ctp.org/es/contenido/presentacion-opcc"><em><em>OPCC</em></em></a> is a cross-border territorial cooperation initiative on climate change of the Pyrenees Working Community (CTP), which aims to monitor and understand the phenomenon of climate change in the Pyrenees to help the territory adapt to its impacts. <a href="#fnref6">↩</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn7"><p>Interreg VA Program for Territorial Cooperation between Spain, France and Andorra. <a href="#fnref7">↩</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn8"><p><a href="https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/032014/Documents/GR20200213_11_00_31.pdf"><em><em>Decree of 12-2-2020 approving the Regulation of internal operation and composition of the National Commission of Energy and Climate Change (CNECC)</em></em></a><a href="#fnref8"> ↩</a></p></li>
+</ol>
+</body>
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+<h2><a id="SUBMISSION_BY_THE_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES_0"></a>SUBMISSION BY THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES</h2>
+<p>22 October 2015</p>
+<h1><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates_4"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the United Arab Emirates</h1>
+<p></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>In the post-2020 period the United Arab Emirates will continue to expand its ambitious actions to limit emissions and improve resilience through economic diversification, in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. The UAE’s actions are based on a strategy of economic diversification that will yield mitigation and adaptation co- benefits, consistent with the approach adopted under Decision 24/CP.18.<br>
+To this end, the UAE will pursue a portfolio of actions, including an increase of clean energy to 24% of the total energy mix by 2021.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3><a id="Accompanying_information_10"></a>Accompanying information</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="General_Approach_12"></a>General Approach</h4></p>
+<p>The Government of the United Arab Emirates is fully committed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiating process, with a view of finalising a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties by the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21), in line with achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in Article 2.</p>
+<p>The UAE welcomes the inclusive structure of the INDC model, which is consistent with a recognition of the special circumstances of developing countries with high dependence on fossil fuel production - an issue which was recognized by the COP in Decision 24/CP.18 on economic diversification. The UAE’s actions are based on a strategy for economic diversification that will yield co-benefits in terms of both mitigation and adaptation.</p>
+<p>The proposed approach shall not modify the objectives of the Convention, or the mobilization of climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building, which support action by developing countries on adaptation and mitigation.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="National_Circumstances_and_Implementing_Policies_and_Frameworks_20"></a>National Circumstances, and Implementing Policies and Frameworks</h4></p>
+<p>The UAE was established in 1971. In the 44 years since, the country has undergone significant societal and economic transformation.</p>
+<p>Hydrocarbon production has made a significant contribution to the country’s social and economic prosperity. However, government strategy has focused on the diversification of the national economy and increased investment in other sectors, including clean energy, advanced manufacturing industries, tourism, information technology, transportation, ports, freight, aviation and space technology.</p>
+<p>The UAE has set a series of goals for national development in its Vision 2021. In line with Vision 2021, the government has set forth the ‘Green Growth Strategy’, which is a roadmap for economic growth and social development rooted in sustainable initiatives.</p>
+<p>Vision 2021 is also complemented by the National Innovation Strategy, which aims to place innovation, science and technology at the center of a knowledge-based, highly productive and competitive economy.</p>
+<p>Abu Dhabi’s Economic Vision 2030, as well as Dubai’s Plan 2021 and the Dubai Integrated Energy Strategy 2030 (including the Demand Side Management Strategy), lead the drive towards economic diversification and sustainable development in their respective emirates.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Economic_Diversification_with_Mitigation_Cobenefits_32"></a>Economic Diversification with Mitigation Co-benefits</h4></p>
+<p>The UAE’s population has more than tripled since 1995, and will continue to grow, putting increased pressure on the supply of energy and water. The UAE has therefore made the strategic decision to diversify its energy mix, increase efficiency, and continue to use world-class performance standards and the best available technologies in its energy intensive industries and its oil and gas sectors.</p>
+<p><em>Clean Energy Target</em></p>
+<p>The UAE set the region’s first renewable energy targets, at a time when there was widespread doubt about renewable energy’s viability and value. Since then, the country’s deployment of renewable energy has had a significant normalizing effect for the technology in the region. This is now joined by a compelling financial case, with recent results in the UAE recording the lowest cost for solar globally.</p>
+<p>The UAE has set a target of increasing clean energy contribution to the total energy mix from 0.2% in 2014, to 24% by 2021. This will be achieved through renewable and nuclear energy, and is underpinned by detailed emirate level targets and policies.</p>
+<p><em>Improvements in Energy Intensive Industries and the Oil and Gas Sector</em></p>
+<p>The UAE’s energy intensive industries and oil and gas sectors will continue to use innovative technologies to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.</p>
+<p>The UAE’s oil companies are among the most efficient globally. The UAE’s national oil company was the first in the region to promote the reduction of gas flaring, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In energy intensive industries, overall performance indicators will be improved through carbon abatement measures and increased resource efficiency.</p>
+<p>The UAE is also developing the region’s first commercial-scale network for carbon capture, usage and storage. The project notably captures and compresses emissions at a steel manufacturing facility, which will be compressed and transported to oil fields, where it will be used to enhance oil recovery and ultimately be stored underground providing one of the first viable mechanisms to decarbonize essential energy intensive industries.</p>
+<p><em>Energy and Water Efficiency</em></p>
+<p>In addition to supply side targets, the UAE is undertaking comprehensive policies to reduce energy and water demand and promote the prudent use of resources, through the following actions:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Tariff reform:</strong> The UAE recognizes the value of energy and water tariff reform in reducing inefficiencies and promoting low-carbon development, as well as addressing energy security concerns. To this end, utility authorities in the UAE have introduced a number of initiatives and policies, and revised the country’s tariffs over the years and gradually adjust the tariffs for commercial and industrial customers, so as to reflect the cost of generation by 2021.</li>
+<li><strong>Building and efficiency standards:</strong> the UAE is comprehensively targeting emissions from its building sector, which account for a significant percentage of the country’s electricity and water consumption, through green building regulations, efficiency standards, retrofit programs and support structures for energy service companies across the UAE.</li>
+<li><strong>Demand side management:</strong> the UAE has launched a number of initiatives based on consumer awareness and demand management, including new formats for water and electricity bills, which give residents detailed consumption and subsidy information.</li>
+<li><strong>District cooling:</strong> air-conditioning accounts for a significant share of energy consumption, given the UAE’s harsh climate. Comprehensive infrastructure investments are being undertaken to move towards district cooling and improve efficiency as compared to decentralized cooling.</li>
+<li><strong>Appliance efficiency standards:</strong> the UAE introduced the region’s first efficiency standards for air-conditioning units, eliminating the lowest- performing 20% of units on the market, and is introducing efficiency standards for refrigeration and other appliances. The UAE has also established an indoor lighting standard that introduces energy efficient lighting products and phases-out inefficient lighting products in the UAE market.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Transport and Infrastructure</em></p>
+<p>Infrastructure development is critical to the UAE’s plans for economic diversification and the country has made infrastructure development a key priority area. The government is investing heavily in world-class traffic and transport systems. For example, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi has adopted a comprehensive urban structure framework plan, to optimize the city’s development up to 2030.</p>
+<p>The UAE is undertaking the following investments and initiatives, which will have significant mitigation co-benefits in addressing the transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions, including:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the introduction of a new fuel pricing policy, which will put the UAE in line with global prices. This reform aims to support the national economy, lower fuel consumption, and protect the environment;</li>
+<li>a federal freight rail network crossing the country and eventually integrated into the GCC network;</li>
+<li>the Emirate of Abu Dhabi has also set targets to shift 25% of government vehicle fleets to compressed natural gas; and</li>
+<li>the Emirate of Dubai has invested in a multi-billion dollar light-rail and metro system, which will continue to add new lines.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The UAE continues to improve the emission standards for new motor vehicles, in accordance with European emission standards, as well as through the introduction of standard labels. These initiatives target both improvements in fuel economy and reduction in local air pollution.</p>
+<p>The UAE will also introduce comprehensive regulations for electric vehicles, so as to facilitate their uptake domestically.</p>
+<p><em>Waste Sector</em></p>
+<p>The UAE will increase the amount of treated waste, and waste diverted from landfill, through a number of key initiatives, including:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>developing a federal law to regulate and oversee waste management;</li>
+<li>defining a federal roadmap for integrated waste; and,</li>
+<li>developing a federal database to gather and collect information regarding waste.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4><a id="Adaptation_Actions_with_Mitigation_Cobenefits_81"></a>Adaptation Actions with Mitigation Co-benefits</h4></p>
+<p>The UAE, along with other countries in the region, will be affected severely by a changing climate. For these reasons, the UAE sees adaptation as equally important as mitigation.</p>
+<p>The UAE aims to mainstream climate change adaptation in its environment management activities through initiatives such as the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan, as well as through developing a national policy on climate change adaptation.</p>
+<p><em>Water Management</em></p>
+<p>Possibly the most threatening impact of climate change to the UAE will be stress on water resources. Even small long-term variations in temperature and precipitation are expected to have adverse effects, due to the fragile nature of the country’s natural resources. In the absence of fresh water supply, desalination and waste water reclamation are some of the critical means to ensure water availability in the UAE.</p>
+<p>The UAE is undertaking the following key initiatives in relation to water management:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Water Conservation:</strong> the UAE is in the process of establishing a strategic federal framework for the sustainable management of all water resources in the country. The strategy is based on an integrated approach that aims to meet future water demand through a mix of new water infrastructure and improving the efficiency of existing water supplies.</li>
+<li><strong>Desalination:</strong> the UAE is moving towards more efficient forms of desalination, and is investing in research and development of new technologies, including renewable energy to power desalination plants</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Wetlands, Coastal and Marine Environment Conservation (Blue Carbon)</em></p>
+<p>The coastal and marine environments of the UAE are diverse and include mangrove forests, saltmarshes, sabkha, intertidal mudflats with cyanobacterial mats and extensive sub-tidal sea grass meadows.</p>
+<p>The UAE has developed and implemented a number of strategies and plans, which aim to improve understanding of wetlands, including coastal carbon systems, and will also assist in minimizing anthropogenic impacts. The UAE is also undergoing significant restoration and plantation efforts of both mangroves and sea-grass, supporting ecosystem-based adaptation as well.</p>
+<p>In 2013, the UAE initiated the Blue Carbon Demonstration Project, which provided decision-makers with a stronger understanding of the carbon sequestration potential in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In 2014, the project’s scope was expanded to cover the entire country, and is known as the UAE’s National Blue Carbon Project.</p>
+<p><em>Food Security</em></p>
+<p>The UAE imports more than 90 per cent of its food. With continuing population growth, and an environment with scarce renewable-water and agriculture potential, the UAE’s food imports are expected to more than double by 2030. This reliance represents a major challenge for the UAE. In an effort to improve food security, the UAE has been diversifying its sources of food and investing in agriculture projects and technologies. The UAE has also developed a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, as well as the UAE Sustainable Fisheries Programme, which aims to rebuild fish stocks.</p>
+<p>The UAE welcomes and encourages food security research and development, such as modeling to assess the impact of climate change on the agricultural productivity of the major food exporting countries on which the UAE currently relies, and incentivizes technology to increase productivity and resilience.</p>
+<p><em>Innovation and Research & Development</em></p>
+<p>The UAE has invested heavily in world-class graduate education for sustainable energy development, establishing Masdar Institute for Science and Technology in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Dubai Centre of Excellence for Innovative Energy and Water Solutions and the Solar Innovation Center under Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai.</p>
+<p>Moreover, the UAE has established the Local, National, Regional Climate Change Assessment Programme, which contributes to addressing the data challenges across the wider region, as relating to climate change adaptation and vulnerability issues.</p>
+<p>The Zayed Future Energy Prize further supports innovation, and is one of the most prestigious recognitions in the field of clean energy development.</p>
+<p><em>Education, Training and Public Awareness</em></p>
+<p>The UAE has developed and implemented a National Environmental Education & Awareness Strategy, which sets six strategic objectives that aim to strengthen education, empowerment and engagement of stakeholders and major groups.</p>
+<p>The UAE has also begun reforming school curriculums to improve science and training, including around climate change. Outside of academics, UAE government entities have launched public awareness campaigns, including “Waterwise” and “Powerwise”, ���Heroes of the UAE”, the “Sustainable Schools” and “Sustainable Campus” initiatives as well as the “Ecological Footprint Initiative”.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Monitoring_reporting_and_verification_124"></a>Monitoring, reporting and verification</h4></p>
+<p>Monitoring, reporting and verification will proceed as per the arrangements agreed at COP 16 in Cancun and COP 17 in Durban.</p>
+<p>The UAE has launched a process to develop a full national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. The UAE is also undertaking a process to improve its air quality measuring and reporting, in terms of pollution and the negative effects it may have on human health.</p>
+<p>The domestic actions communication in this INDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 paragraph 1, Article 4 paragraph 7, Article 10 paragraph 2(a), Article 12 paragraph 1(b) and Article 12 paragraph 4.</p>
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+<h1>Second Nationally Determined Contribution of the United Arab Emirates</h1>
+<p>December 2020</p>
+<p>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015, in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. With this submission, the UAE is submitting a new NDC that reflects enhanced ambition with the inclusion of an economy-wide emission reduction target, in response to guidance set forth in Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+<p>The UAE intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the year 2030 by 23.5%, relative to the BusinessAs-Usual (BAU) scenario. Consistent with the approach adopted under Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, the UAE’s climate ambition is underpinned by the country’s steady economic diversification which is yielding co-benefits for both climate mitigation and adaptation.</p>
+<p>The UAE stands firm in its commitment to the Paris Agreement, and is determined to pursue climate mitigation and adaptation objectives in line with its national circumstances and capabilities.</p>
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Emission reduction</strong></td>
+<td><p>Reduction of 23.5% in GHG emissions for the year 2030, relative to BAU.</p>
+<p>BAU scenario emissions in 2030 stand at about 310 million tonnes, assuming a moderate annual economic growth rate based on historical growth trends.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Type</strong></td>
+<td>Absolute, economy-wide emission reduction target relative to BAU</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Scope and coverage, consistent with IPCC guidelines</strong></td>
+<td><p>Key sectors covered: Energy, Industry Processes and Product Use, Waste, Agriculture, Land Use Change &amp; Forestry</p>
+<p>Greenhouse gases covered: Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Timeframe and period of implementation</strong></td>
+<td>From the start of 2021 to the end of 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>BAU and NDC Target scenarios</strong></td>
+<td><p>BAU scenario starts in year 2016 and takes into account mitigation measures implemented by the UAE by the end of 2016.</p>
+<p>NDC Target scenario represents a deviation from the BAU, accounting for implemented and planned mitigation measures for the period 2017-2030.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><p><strong>The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable</strong></p></td>
+<td>While the UAE intends to primarily rely on domestic efforts to fulfill its NDC objectives, it may consider using voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to partially fulfill these objectives.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2>1. UAE’s NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE </h2>
+<p>Since the submission of its first NDC in 2015, the UAE has continued building a competitive and innovation-driven economy. While the UAE’s modern and technologically-sophisticated oil and gas sector continues to play a key role in its socio-economic growth, the UAE is steadily pursuing its agenda of economic diversification, with a focus on green, low-carbon development.</p>
+<p>During the last few years, the UAE has taken decisive action to mitigate climate change and adapt to its imminent impacts, setting a long-term climate and energy policy pathway for the country. In 2017, the UAE adopted the National Climate Change Plan 2017-2050 which sets a framework for management of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, climate change adaptation, and private sector-driven innovative economic diversification. The harsh, arid environment of the UAE makes it particularly vulnerable to climate impacts, and therefore, the country is implementing a National Adaptation Program that identifies sectoral risks and defines action plans for enhancing climate resilience.</p>
+<p>Climate and energy security considerations have also led to the adoption of UAE’s National Energy Strategy 2050 which targets to increase the share of clean energy, including renewables and nuclear, to 50% of the installed power capacity mix by 2050, and reduce final energy demand by 40% by 2050. These targets are underpinned by the UAE Green Agenda 2030 that is enabling the public and private sectors to implement a shared vision of a competitive and sustainable economy.</p>
+<p>As a federation of seven Emirates, the UAE develops and implements its climate and energy policies with the engagement of a range of actors, in line with the legal and executive jurisdictions and roles laid down in the UAE’s Constitution. The UAE Council on Climate Change and Environment, an inter-ministerial, inter-Emirate governance body ensures alignment across federal and Emirate-level policies and interventions. At the federal level, the UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment and the UAE Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure are two key entities engaged in the implementation of climate and sustainable energy plans. Concerted efforts are being made at the level of the UAE’s seven Emirates to enhance quality of life and protect the environment.</p>
+<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated a set of unprecedented socio-economic challenges for all countries of the world. As the UAE addresses the public health crisis and sets the economy on a path of recovery, uncertainty on the fallout of the crisis remains. It is notable that the pandemic’s potential implications for economic growth and investment, and therefore emission trajectories, are not fully known and thus unaccounted for in this submission.</p>
+<p>As a young, progressive nation, the UAE is invested in building climate action into both its near-term and long-term plans. This commitment is evidenced in UAE Vision 2021 which coincides with the country’s 50th anniversary and includes ‘Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure’ as one of its six pillars, and in UAE’s Centennial Plan 2071 which underscores sustainable development and fosters scientific innovation.</p>
+<h2>ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION INITIATIVES WITH MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS </h2>
+<p>UAE’s interventions with regard to economic diversification and climate change mitigation span the breadth of sectors that characterize the UAE’s economy and emissions profile, with due consideration to sectoral activities of greater economic significance and those with the highest emissions. These measures often also contribute to reduction in pollutant emissions thus improving air quality and public health.</p>
+<h3>2.1 Power – Supply </h3>
+<p>With heavy reliance on natural gas for production of power, the UAE has built an electricity supply profile with a relatively low carbon footprint vis-à-vis supply systems dependent on other fossil fuel sources. At the same time, clean energy infrastructure assets and services are rapidly growing in the UAE, enhancing the country’s energy supply security and decreasing the environmental impact of the energy sector. Building on the 2021 clean energy target of 24% included in the UAE’s first NDC, the National Energy Strategy 2050 sets a longer-term pathway for the power sector. The Strategy envisages a 50% share of clean energy (renewables and nuclear) in the installed power capacity mix by 2050.</p>
+<p>The abundance of solar radiation in the UAE coupled with a conducive regulatory framework and innovative business models has led to the development of both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power projects with record-breaking low electricity prices. The UAE is also investing in nuclear energy with the development of the four-reactor Barakah nuclear power plant. Installed clean power capacity, including solar and nuclear, is on track to reach 14 gigawatts (GW) by 2030, from just above a 100 megawatts (MW) in 2015 and 2.4 GW in 2020. To date, upwards of US$40 billion has been invested in the development of clean energy power in the UAE.</p>
+<p>In addition to grid-based clean power, distributed electricity generation, rooftop solar photovoltaic in particular, is being promoted in the Emirate of Dubai through the adoption of a net-metering program. More than 1,350 photovoltaic installations, amounting to a total capacity of 125 MW have been connected to the grid across residential, commercial and industrial buildings. In order to facilitate grid connection of diverse sources of supply and enhance grid stability, UAE utilities have also been making advances in deployment of energy storage technologies. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is home to the world’s largest virtual battery plant with a capacity of 108 MW. The batteries are distributed across 10 sites but can be controlled as a single plant, securing supply for emergencies and allowing for peak shaving. A 250 MW pumped storage hydropower project is also being developed in the Hatta mountains in Dubai wherein water will be pumped to an upper reservoir when surplus solar power is available; the stored water will then be used to generate electricity to meet demand during evening peak hours or when needed.</p>
+<h3>2.2 Power – Demand </h3>
+<p>The UAE is taking steps to increase the efficiency of energy consumption through regulatory measures, pricing signals as well as technology deployment. The country has set a federal target to reduce energy consumption by 40% for the year 2050. In support of achieving this target, the Emirates have set ambitious plans for reducing energy consumption and energy efficiency initiatives are being implemented across demand sectors.</p>
+<p>Locally-relevant green building regulations and rating schemes for new buildings have been adopted across UAE’s Emirates. These regulations have helped create a local market for sustainable building materials and technologies while increasing awareness of green building features among industry professionals. In addition, to target existing buildings, a federal-level program has been implemented to retrofit government buildings. Abu Dhabi’s Building Retrofit program, similarly, targets retrofitting of government buildings and will be rolled out in due course to nongovernment buildings. Dubai has set a target to retrofit 30,000 buildings in the Emirate by 2030. Ras Al Khaimah’s Retrofit Program aims to retrofit 3,000 buildings by 2040.</p>
+<p>Periodic tariff reforms for residential, commercial and industrial power consumption are being introduced across Emirates to advance cost-reflective pricing and encourage energy conservation. Utilities and regulatory bodies are driving a further shift in energy consumption behavior through education and awareness programs. Standards and labels being a proven enabler of demand management and informed consumer choices, UAE has an established Energy Efficiency Standardization and Labeling Program which covers a range of household goods and appliances including washing machines and dryers, household refrigerators, water heaters, lighting appliances and air conditioners. Given that district cooling is significantly more efficient than conventional cooling technologies, the former is being deployed in high-density areas.</p>
+<h3>2.3 Oil &amp; Gas </h3>
+<p>In its effort to harness its rich hydrocarbon resources while capitalizing on strategic opportunities offered by technology, UAE’s oil and gas industry has been at the forefront of adopting efficient and climate-friendly industry practices. In 2020, the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), UAE’s largest oil and gas producer, announced a target to decrease its GHG emissions intensity by 25% by 2030. This target is supported by a set of comprehensive sustainability goals including renewed ambition on resource efficiency, zero-flaring policy, and carbon capture, utilization and storage.</p>
+<p>The UAE has developed the region’s first commercial-scale network for carbon capture, use and storage. Inaugurated in 2016, the Al Reyadah project, captures CO<sub>2</sub> at an Emirates Steel facility, and compresses, dehydrates and transports it through a pipeline for injection into oil wells for enhanced oil recovery applications. The project’s current installed capacity to capture, transport and inject CO<sub>2</sub> is up to 800,000 tonnes per year. Building on the success of Al Reyadah, plans are underway to expand carbon capture capacity in the country.</p>
+<p>Having adopted a zero routine flaring policy in its operations, the country’s oil and gas companies are regional leaders in flaring avoidance design and operation. ADNOC has designed and operated its facilities to utilize the recovered gas in normal operations through recovery compressors or by adding value to its downstream chain. This is accomplished by operating one of the largest gas processing plants in the world and establishing the first LNG production company in the region.</p>
+<p>In addition, the use of state-of-the art techniques like optical imagery, infra-red capabilities and Leak Detection and Repairs (LDAR) has allowed the UAE oil and gas sector to monitor and manage fugitive emissions across the value chain, and the sector continues to build on these successes.</p>
+<p>The UAE’s oil and gas sector is also undertaking initiatives to power production facilities with cleaner energy, increase the efficiency of energy and water use, conserve freshwater resources, and recycle and re-use water.</p>
+<h3>2.4 Non-Energy Emission-Intensive Industries </h3>
+<p>UAE’s key heavy industries include aluminium, iron and steel, cement and chemicals, with each pursuing relevant green industry initiatives. The aluminium industry, reliant on natural gas for the generation of electricity for manufacturing needs, has set emissions intensity targets that cover the complete range of industrial processes: power production, smelting and casting. The use of state-of-art gas turbine technology, better maintenance of plants and equipment, and operational efficiency, are yielding emission savings for the sector. A key player in the UAE’s aluminium industry is Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA), one of UAE’s largest companies and amongst the world’s largest aluminium producers. In 2019, EGA’s carbon intensity associated with smelting was 38% lower than the global industry average while its PFC emissions were more than 91% below the global industry average. EGA has a strong track-record of in-house research and development: the company has been using home-grown technology in smelter expansion and retrofitting of older production lines, enabling minimization of energy consumption and GHG emissions per tonne of aluminium produced.</p>
+<p>The cement sector, where the largest emissions come from clinker production, is shifting to alternative fuels, including refuse derived fuel, for powering furnaces and generators. In the steel industry, technology interventions are being made to increase efficiency of energy use in reheating of steel billets, heating of metal scrap in electric arc furnaces as well as casting. Further, Emirates Steel is engaged in capture and utilization of CO<sub>2</sub> generated during the iron reduction process, as part of the Al Reyadah project with ADNOC.</p>
+<h3>2.5 Transport </h3>
+<p>Aimed at supporting the economy and encouraging smart mobility choices, in 2015, the UAE introduced far-reaching fuel pricing reform, linking gasoline and diesel prices to international market prices. Since then, the UAE has made further advances in supporting sustainable transport, and providing clean transport infrastructure and services. During the next decade, the UAE looks to capitalize on the opportunities being opened up by advances in electrification and automation of mobility.</p>
+<p>According to fuel quality standards being currently implemented in the UAE, diesel consumed in the country must comply with 10 ppm sulphur content and Euro 5 standards. In terms of technology standards, new motor vehicles in the UAE are compliant with Euro 4 emission performance standards and a gradual move to Euro 5/6 is planned.</p>
+<p>Standards for electric, hydrogen and autonomous vehicles are under development.</p>
+<p>As part of its shift to cleaner vehicle technologies, the UAE has taken up wide-scale conversion of conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles to Compressed Natural Gas, with a particular focus on taxis, buses, government vehicles and commercial vehicles. In addition, regulations and incentive schemes, have been put in place to power a larger share of road transport with electricity. The Dubai Green Mobility Strategy targets a 2% share of electric and hybrid cars in Dubai’s road fleet by 2030, and a 30% share in Dubai’s government-procured vehicles by the same year. The country has seen a rapid expansion of charging infrastructure, and plans are afoot to further increase the number of vehicle charging stations across Emirates.</p>
+<p>While making road transport smarter, the UAE is steadfast in its commitment to build a railway network in the country to provide faster and cleaner mobility options. The 1,200 km-long Etihad Rail network is being built in stages, with the 264 km Stage One route operational for freight movement since January 2016. A single train journey on this line removes approximately 300 trucks from the road, reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 70-80%. Stage Two of Etihad Rail is slated to begin operations in 2023 and will extend over 605 km. On completion, the network will link all major UAE industrial ports and trading centers.</p>
+<p>Further, in the Dubai Metro network, the UAE has a world-class rapid transit rail system. The Dubai Metro is now complemented by a short-range tram network, providing sustainable transport options to residents and tourists alike. Further expansion of the metro network is underway. Complemented by bus service enhancements, this will increase the share of public transport in passenger journeys.</p>
+<h3> 2.6 Waste Management </h3>
+<p>The UAE has been taking proactive steps for increased waste management and treatment through regulation, technology and consumer awareness. Circular economy initiatives are being implemented to transform waste from an environmental burden to an asset with economic value. A federal public-private partnership, the Circle Coalition, established in 2019 is working to develop a circular economy model to combat the issue of plastic and packaging waste pollution in the country. The UAE was also amongst the first signatories to the ‘Scale 360’ initiative of the World Economic Forum, a partnership that is focused on fast-tracking the circular economy through nationally-led innovation challenges.</p>
+<p>Regulations and incentive programs have been put in place across Emirates for minimization of waste, and increased reuse and recycling; waste segregation, transfer and tracking; and recovery, treatment and disposal. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi has adopted the Single Use Plastic Policy 2020 that aims to make Abu Dhabi free of single-use plastic bags by end of 2021. Diversion of waste away from landfills is a key waste management objective and related federal and Emirate-level targets have been put in place. For instance, the Emirate of Sharjah has set an ambitious target to reduce waste to landfill to zero by 2021, and processing and recycling is being prioritized to enable the achievement of the target. In keeping with the approach of reducing waste diverted to landfills and deriving value from municipal solid waste, waste-to-energy projects are being developed across the UAE. The under-development Dubai Center for Waste Processing, with the capacity to process 1.9 million tonnes of municipal solid waste and an installed power capacity of 200 MW, is expected to be operational by 2024.</p>
+<h3> 2.7 Water Resources Management </h3>
+<p>The UAE is following an integrated water management approach that is geared towards prudent use of water, and minimization of environmental and social risks. The country’s first NDC referenced UAE’s efforts towards developing a federal framework for sustainable management of water and the country has now successfully adopted the UAE Water Security Strategy 2036. The Strategy aims to ensure continued and sustainable access to water, and addresses all components of the water supply chain: supply, demand and emergency preparedness. The strategy’s objectives are to reduce potable water consumption by 20% and increase reuse of treated water to 95% by 2036.</p>
+<p>With limited freshwater resources, desalination is the largest source of potable water in the UAE. The UAE has traditionally relied on power and water co-generation plants for the production of desalinated water. In order to reduce the environmental impact of desalination, and to address inefficiencies in co-generation due to operational attributes and seasonal variation in demand for power and water, the UAE is developing and scaling up independent water projects based on reverse osmosis (RO) technology and making efforts to expand the share of renewable energy in desalination. The country targets to increase the share of RO-based desalinated water to over 50% of the potable water supply mix by 2036. The Taweelah RO-based desalination plant in Abu Dhabi, expected to be operational by 2022 with a maximum production capacity of 909,200 cubic meters of water per day, targets to utilize the lowest amount of energy per volume unit of desalinated water produced. Amongst Dubai’s RO plants, the Hassyan Sea Water RO Plant based on the Independent Water Producer model is a notable addition, with a planned capacity of over 1 million cubic meters of water per day by 2030.</p>
+<p>Initiatives are also being implemented to reduce water losses and lower the consumption of water. Along with promulgation of green building and product standards, building retrofit initiatives, and introduction of water tariff reform, government authorities have been implementing awareness campaigns to push for behavioral change amongst both residential and commercial consumers.</p>
+<p>Further, the wastewater treatment and sanitation sector in UAE has witnessed significant advances over the last few years with the expansion of wastewater treatment capacity. The use of treated water, for purposes such as irrigation and district cooling, is also steadily increasing.</p>
+<h3>2.8 Tourism &amp; Mega-Events </h3>
+<p>The UAE receives a large number of business and leisure travelers every year. The country also hosts a range of international events, including sporting events, exhibitions and conferences. As tourism opportunities grow, mitigation of emissions, building of resilience to climate impacts and promotion of sustainable tourism practices are central to the sector’s development in the UAE.</p>
+<p>Through standards, technical guidelines and capacity building programs, hotels in the UAE are being encouraged to reduce their operations’ impact on the environment. Dubai’s Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing has laid down a set of sustainability guidelines that hotels are required to comply with, along with monthly reporting of their carbon emissions; these requirements will be mandated starting July 2021.</p>
+<p>In addition, the UAE government is working with relevant stakeholders to design eco-tourism opportunities that are centered on both conservation of nature as well as deriving value from it. A multi-phase national eco-tourism program, ‘The UAE’s Natural Wonders,’ was launched in 2018 to raise awareness about the country’s nature reserves and protected areas.</p>
+<p>To cater to a range of international events, the UAE has built world-class exhibition centers and arenas with due consideration to sustainable design and operation. In 2019, the UAE hosted the Special Olympics World Games in Abu Dhabi. In addition to offsetting the event’s emissions, there were efforts made to power the Games with clean energy sources and to provide sustainable transport options.</p>
+<p>With the UAE set to host the next World Expo in 2021, the Expo 2020 Dubai is slated to be a sustainable mega-event. Particular attention is being paid to sourcing of clean energy, water conservation, effective waste management, and use of sustainable building materials in accordance with green design. In line with the Expo’s theme, ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’, the Sustainability Pavilion of the Expo will showcase innovative environmental solutions. It is notable that the Expo site is being built as a smart development that will translate into sustainable legacy infrastructure for residential and commercial purposes.</p>
+<h2>3. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE RISKS </h2>
+<p>The UAE is taking decisive action to enhance resilience given the Arabian Gulf region’s vulnerability to climate change impacts. In keeping with the ambition articulated in the first NDC and the goals set by the National Climate Change Plan, the UAE has developed a Climate Adaptation Program which is geared towards increasing climate resilience by minimizing risks and improving adaptive capacity. The Program entails the following: risk and vulnerability assessment, and adoption of immediate, low-cost measures; mainstreaming of adaptation planning in development policy; and monitoring and evaluation to ensure implementation of evidence-based adaptation measures. The UAE acknowledges the importance of integrating its adaptation plans and activities with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction thus reducing disaster risk and associated loss of life, health, livelihoods and assets.</p>
+<p>The UAE has conducted a systematic and participatory climate risk assessment as a basis for planning adaptation measures in four priority sectors: energy, infrastructure, health and environment. The climate risk assessment framework followed identifies potential sectoral impacts of climate change, evaluates impacts for their expected magnitude and likelihood, assesses and prioritizes risks, and accordingly identifies adaptation measures. For each sector, in addition to measures being currently implemented, actionable adaptation plans are being developed to respond to identified high-priority risks. Measures being implemented and planned include physical safeguards such as engineered structures, technology systems and ecosystem based assets; risk management initiatives covering regulations, financial mechanisms and early warning systems; knowledge development including data collection, research and capacity-building; and enablers including broader policies that may not directly target adaptation but provide enabling conditions for enhanced resilience. The UAE government is also enhancing national capacity on climate risk insurance, working closely with the private sector.</p>
+<h3>3.1 Energy </h3>
+<p>While UAE’s energy sector is the single largest GHG emitter, the sector is itself significantly impacted by climate change. The sector’s assets and activities face threats from supply and consumption changes as well as extreme weather events. Some impacts that pose a high level of risk given their magnitude and likelihood include energy efficiency losses in power plants when temperatures exceed standard design criteria, reduced power output due to warmer cooling water in plants, and deterioration of power facilities leading to reduced reliability and increased maintenance costs. It is also expected that with higher temperatures, there will be an increase in energy demand for cooling. The energy sector is also vulnerable to direct climate impacts such as damage to coastal power infrastructure due to sea level rise and extreme salinity episodes.</p>
+<p>To build the energy sector’s resilience in the face of climate impacts, UAE’s energy regulators and utilities are factoring in climate-related impacts in their current operations and future strategies. The Dubai Electricity and Water Authority has developed a climate impact assessment model to assess the physical and financial impact of climate change on its assets and operations and has built a climate resilience plan. In order to address potential increase in power demand due to extreme temperatures, the UAE is expanding clean energy based installed capacity and implementing energy efficiency measures. Particular attention is being paid to increasing efficiency of cooling appliances and deploying district cooling where feasible. Green building standards, appliance labels and standards, and awareness programs, are enabling energy conservation in the residential and commercial sectors.</p>
+<p>Modernization of existing plants and sub-stations is being undertaken. The country is focusing on the development of smart infrastructure – power plants, grids and meters; and the upgrade and modernization of existing infrastructure assets, to enhance speed of response in the face of uncertainty. Power system integration and automation is being pursued to both increase efficiency and institute smart controls. Utilities are working to utilize artificial intelligence and data analytics to enhance power system performance.</p>
+<h3>3.2 Infrastructure </h3>
+<p>The UAE’s infrastructure, comprising of buildings, transport links, water supply, sanitation and waste management, and coastal and offshore infrastructure, is an essential enabler of economic development. Considering infrastructure’s long service life-span, significant economic value and importance for community life, the UAE is preparing for the unavoidable impacts of climate change on the infrastructure cycle — design, location, construction, operation and maintenance, in order to build long-term socio-economic resilience.</p>
+<p>About 85% of the country’s population and more than 90% of its infrastructure is located in low-lying coastal areas. Damage to coastal and offshore infrastructure due to rising temperatures and changes in seawater acidity and salinity is, therefore, of particular policy and planning relevance for the UAE. Other critical impacts include, but are not limited to, increased infrastructure maintenance costs, loss of business opportunities due to transport disruptions, and reduced reliability of buildings and transport infrastructure.</p>
+<p>Supplemented by coastal zoning and monitoring, urban masterplans that lay guidelines for operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure, and design and construction of planned infrastructure, are serving as a foundation for effective adaptation plans for the UAE infrastructure sector. Across the UAE, green building design and construction is being promoted, minimum requirements for protection of new coastal developments from sea level rise are being set, existing buildings and facilities are being refurbished, and flood monitoring and management systems are being enhanced. Public infrastructure is being continuously upgraded and enhanced to harness benefits of new technologies and practices. Fog detection and warning systems are in use, and efforts are being made to incorporate climate-induced hazards in road safety plans.</p>
+<p>Even while the UAE climate proofs its infrastructure and communities, relevant contingency and disaster response plans are being put in place to ensure preparedness for emergencies and to maintain continued access to infrastructure services.</p>
+<h3>3.3 Public Health </h3>
+<p>The effects of climate change on human health occur in varying degrees of scale and complexity – either with direct exposure to extreme weather events or indirectly through climate change’s impact on air quality and water supply. According to the national climate risk assessment undertaken by the UAE, reduced productivity of outdoor workers due to heat stress is a high-magnitude, highly likely impact that the UAE will face, with morbidity and/or mortality from heat stroke following close behind. Given the temperatures and humidity levels that characterize the desert climate of the country, heat stress is a concern that public health authorities are already grappling with.</p>
+<p>The UAE is preparing to deal with climate-related health challenges, and making significant progress in taking preventive measures and providing high-quality healthcare. A mid-day break has been stipulated for all outdoor laborers during peak summer. The measure has been introduced to reduce heat exhaustion, heat stress, heat stroke and related illnesses. The Abu Dhabi government has also introduced a ‘Safety in Heat’ program that is aimed at reducing heat exposure at the workplace; concomitantly, a Thermal Work Limit heat stress index is being used to gauge suitability of working conditions.</p>
+<p>In July 2019, the UAE National Framework for Action on Climate Change and Health 2019-2021 was launched by the UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention in partnership with the World Health Organization. The Framework sets out UAE’s strategic response to public health challenges posed by climate change. It considers high-priority risks that emerged from the risk assessment exercise undertaken as part of the National Adaptation Program while laying the ground for continued assessments and capacity building amongst relevant stakeholders. Under the Framework, a National Committee on Climate Change and Health has been established to coordinate the development of a UAE policy and action plan on health and climate change, and to steer the design and implementation of the country’s public health response to climate change. Modalities are also being established for effective coordination between public health and climate stakeholders, and to train health personnel to deal with risks posed by climate change.</p>
+<p>The UAE is also proactively enhancing regulations and policies on key environmental health services and determinants including water and air quality, food systems and waste management, to protect public health while addressing climate change. The country will strengthen surveillance of infectious diseases and their link to climate and environment-related factors amid the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
+<h3>3.4 Environment </h3>
+<p>The UAE has been working to conserve and protect its natural heritage through the promulgation of relevant environmental regulations, development of protected areas, and promotion of sustainable best practices in economic activities reliant on the environment (such as fishing and farming). As climate pressures mount, the country is invested in enhancing its understanding of how climate change is affecting availability of natural resources such as freshwater, and threatening species and their habitats, while addressing these risks with the engagement of relevant stakeholders.</p>
+<p>Conserving and sustainably utilizing groundwater resources and aquifers is a key policy objective of the UAE, and the UAE Hydrological Map Initiative is an enabler for this objective. The Initiative assesses available surface water and groundwater resources for the construction of dams and water facilities. Rainwater harvesting in dams along with artificial injection technology is being used to enhance available water resources.</p>
+<p>Increased frequency of coral bleaching events, and loss of coastal and terrestrial wetlands as well as associated biodiversity and ecosystem services, have been identified as high-risk climate impacts on the UAE’s environment. Given the vulnerability of coral reefs to climate impacts, the UAE has taken significant steps to protect and rehabilitate reefs. Monitoring of coral reefs, deployment of artificial reefs, and rehabilitation and cultivation of reefs is being undertaken at various locations. Over 3000 coral fragments have been transplanted, and it is expected that over 10,000 more will be transplanted in the next 10 years. The Fujairah Cultured Coral Reef Gardens project was initiated in 2019 and targets the cultivation of 1.5 million coral reef colonies over five years. The UAE has deployed 4500 artificial reefs across marine and coastal zones, and these are being monitored for improved marine life and fish stocks. Additionally, natural rock barriers are being installed in coastal areas across the UAE in order to recreate natural habitats and breeding grounds for marine creatures.</p>
+<p>The National Biodiversity Strategy and the National Strategy for Coastal and Marine Environment, along with the UAE’s international commitments on environment, have been guiding the UAE’s initiatives on environment conservation and nature-based climate solutions. The National Biodiversity Strategy lays down the framework for the development of a network of protected and effectively managed ecosystems, taking into account the linking of important areas of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This has entailed biodiversity surveys; issuance of relevant legislations and guidelines; programs to plant and protect native trees; initiatives to protect terrestrial, marine and freshwater fauna; and designation of new protected areas. Currently, UAE’s 49 protected areas occupy 15.5% of its total territory. The country is currently developing a smart map of UAE’s natural capital and identifying biologically rich ecosystems as well as the services they provide.</p>
+<h2> 4. ADAPTATION ACTIONS WITH MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS </h2>
+<p>While mitigation of emissions and adaptation to risks both remain an integral part of climate action, interventions in some sectors are yielding results for both objectives. The UAE’s efforts to enhance adaptive capacity through coastal ecosystems management, and food and agriculture policies, are leading to mitigation benefits as well. These dual benefits only underscore the importance of the country’s initiatives in these areas of socio-economic and environmental significance.</p>
+<h3>4.1 Conservation of Blue Carbon Ecosystems </h3>
+<p>UAE’s coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass beds, provide a range of ecosystem services. In the context of climate change, these ecosystems serve both adaptation and mitigation needs. The UAE is recognized amongst the few countries that have, through a range of restoration and conservation efforts implemented since the 1970s, proactively expanded its mangrove forest cover. Following the success of the Abu Dhabi Blue Carbon Demonstration Project that made significant contribution to the understanding of blue carbon stocks in the UAE, the value of these stocks has been incorporated into federal and Emirate level policies. The UAE government is undertaking further field research to determine mangrove soil carbon sequestration rates using radiometric dating techniques. The findings will aid development of emission inventories and inform coastal management.</p>
+<p>Annually, mangroves sequester 1,073,696 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> in the UAE. To enhance natural carbon sinks, the UAE intends to plant 30 million mangrove seedlings by 2030. Further, as part of its efforts to improve implementation of in-situ conservation and to build a network of protected areas between 2021 and 2025, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi targets the inclusion of a minimum of 20% of marine Blue Carbon habitats within Protected Areas.</p>
+<h3>4.2 Agriculture &amp; Food Security </h3>
+<p>In order to address the challenges climate change poses for food production, the UAE is adopting sustainable and climate-smart agriculture methods, reducing food waste and diversifying sources of food imports. UAE’s National Food Security Strategy 2051, adopted in 2018, aims to ensure access to safe and sufficient food all year round, prioritizing sustainable agricultural and consumption practices and thus promoting resilience, productivity, soil and water conservation, food diversification and food waste reduction.</p>
+<p>Responding to the water-energy-food nexus that characterizes the desert environment of the Arabian Gulf region, the UAE government is working closely with research institutes and farmers to promote adoption of modern farming solutions and technologies, such as optimized greenhouse design, hydroponics and vertical agriculture. The Agriculture 4.0 initiative, set for implementation from 2020 to 2022, for example, aims to upgrade traditional farms with technology-enabled operating models that optimize production while abiding by the water budget set by the UAE Water Strategy 2036.</p>
+<p>Through public-private partnerships, the UAE has invested in several vertical farming projects. One prominent example is the world’s largest vertical farming facility being built by Emirates Flight Catering and Crop One which will cover 12,077 square meters and produce output equivalent to 3.6 million square meters of farmland, using 99% less water than regular outdoor fields.</p>
+<p>In conjunction with technology-based enhancement in domestic agriculture, the UAE has taken a comprehensive approach to reducing food waste by engaging local residents, government organizations and businesses in initiatives to reduce, and encourage treatment of, food waste. The nationwide Food Waste Pledge launched in 2018 encourages the UAE’s hospitality sector to adopt efficient food production practices. The UAE aims to cut food waste by half by 2030.</p>
+<h2>5. DOMESTIC ENABLERS </h2>
+<p>The UAE’s climate engagements are guided and supported by cross-cutting enablers including finance, markets, technology innovation as well as public awareness and youth engagement. The UAE Green Agenda 2030 sets a sustainable growth pathway for the country to become a global hub for the low-carbon green economy, and serves as an overarching framework that promotes green industries and jobs as well as green finance. Capacity-building across public and private entities is a key component of climate and green development initiatives in the country.</p>
+<h3> 5.1 Sustainable Finance </h2>
+<p>The UAE’s efforts to build a competitive, green economy have placed sustainable finance at the forefront, with the aim to effectively channel investment. At the federal level, a Sustainable Finance Framework is being developed to guide stakeholders towards mobilizing and scaling up private capital for sustainable investments. The Abu Dhabi Global Market Sustainable Finance Agenda was published in January 2019, setting a roadmap to develop a sustainable finance hub in the UAE. This was followed by the adoption of United Arab Emirates' Guiding Principles in Sustainable Finance, a voluntary framework to encourage UAE’s financial firms to incorporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations in their business. With the objective of instituting a dynamic sustainable finance sector in the UAE and supporting UAE’s transition towards a green economy, more than 70 government and private entities have adopted the Abu Dhabi and Dubai Finance Declarations.</p>
+<p>The country is seeing a range of green finance instruments and initiatives being developed and adopted. For example, the Dubai Green Fund established in 2016 provides loans to companies in the clean energy sector at reduced rates. Green bonds have emerged as an instrument to power sustainability projects with leading UAE corporations issuing green bonds/sukuks. In 2020, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi launched a Green Bond Program – a joint initiative by the Department of Energy – Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi Global Market and Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange, that aims to develop a transparent framework for green bonds to ensure impact and promote investor confidence.</p>
+<h3>5.2 Technology Development &amp; Innovation </h2>
+<p>The UAE has established scientific research centers and programs focused on climate and energy innovations, and continues to test and adopt new sustainable technologies and practices.</p>
+<p>The country has pioneered low-cost solar power in the region, and has developed knowledge and solutions which can be deployed in other countries. The Dubai Electricity and Water Authority has developed a world-class research and development center that focuses on solar testing and certification, energy efficiency and smart grids. With heightened interest in hydrogen as a fuel of the future, a public-private solar-powered electrolysis facility is being built in Dubai to test and demonstrate an integrated plant that will produce and store green hydrogen, and then deploy it for re-electrification, mobility or other industrial uses. In line with its commitment to international cooperation, the UAE is a member of Mission Innovation, an inter-governmental initiative announced at the Paris COP in 2015, wherein participating countries committed to doubling clean energy research and development by 2021.</p>
+<p>The UAE is also leveraging artificial intelligence across vital industries to spur innovation. The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2031, adopted in 2017, aims to enhance productivity and performance in key economic sectors, including clean energy, water resource management and environment. In 2018, the UAE government launched the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in collaboration with Khalifa University of Science and Technology and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The laboratory uses artificial intelligence to optimize the use of renewables in the UAE by mapping optimal solar power locations across the country – in addition to tracking air pollutants and monitoring water quality.</p>
+<p>In keeping with the aviation industry’s commitment to advance sustainable technologies and practices, the Sustainable Bioenergy Research Consortium was established in 2011. The flagship project of the Consortium, the Seawater Energy and Agriculture System, is a first-of-its-kind research facility to grow both food (fish and shrimp) and fuel (salt-tolerant halophyte plants) using desert land irrigated by sea water. In 2019, biofuel from this facility was combined with traditional jet fuel to power the first commercial flight using locally produced halophyte-based fuel.</p>
+<p>To enable the development of innovative solutions that support UAE’s green transition, the country has launched several programs that encourage local and international entrepreneurs and innovators. These programs include the Mohammed Bin Rashid Innovation Fund focused on technology and business innovations; the Climate Innovations Exchange for sourcing and funding of climate solutions and technologies; and the Solar Decathlon Middle East that focuses on innovations in sustainable solar homes.</p>
+<h3>5.3 Youth &amp; Women in Climate Action </h3>
+<p>The UAE is continuing to invest heavily in youth development and their engagement on climate issues. The government launched the Emirates Youth Climate Strategy in 2018 to develop youth capacity to meet the challenges of climate change, and promote youth participation in climate action. Youth Circle events on climate and sustainability, and eco-tourism camps, are being organized periodically. The Masdar Youth for Sustainability Platform, launched in 2020, supports the UAE’s knowledge-economy transformation by enabling young people to become active environmental leaders through mentorship and engagement opportunities. Additionally, more than 180 young citizens have graduated from Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s ongoing Carbon Ambassadors Program since its inception in 2014. The Program focuses on building youth capacity on climate, sustainable energy and natural resource management.</p>
+<p>Similarly, efforts have been made to engage women in climate decision-making and governance, and women now find high representation in the UAE climate and energy community. Amongst initiatives targeted at promoting women’s participation in climate action, Mubadala’s Women in Sustainability, Environment and Renewable Energy (WiSER) is building on its success in bringing together women professionals in climate, energy and sustainability, by facilitating growth for women professionals through training and networking opportunities.</p>
+<h2>6. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION </h2>
+<p>The Paris Agreement lays down provisions to facilitate capacity building and technology transfer as well as access to climate finance at national, regional and international levels. The UAE acknowledges the challenges of climate change within its own boundaries as well as the challenges being faced by fellow developing countries, some of whom are already experiencing extreme climatic conditions and events. The country, therefore, welcomes technical assistance made available to developing country parties under the Convention. The UAE supports the international community’s endeavor to transfer and widely deploy advanced technologies crucial to reduce GHG emissions and increase adaptive capacity in developing countries.</p>
+<p>In order to promote a shared international effort guided by Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and related modalities, the UAE supports the development and operationalization of market mechanisms aimed at emission reductions. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been a driver of sustainability projects in the UAE, with the country currently host to 15 CDM projects.</p>
+<p>The UAE welcomes international cooperation in renewable energy advancement, cleaner hydrocarbons, hydrogen fuel, industrial energy efficiency, green mobility, waste management and sustainable agriculture. In furthering bilateral and multilateral collaboration on technology development and deployment, the UAE has championed infrastructure and energy projects. These efforts have been pursued through formal channels including, but not limited to, the UAE-Pacific Partnership Facility for Pacific island countries, the UAE-Caribbean Renewable Energy Fund, and the joint project facility by IRENA and Abu Dhabi Fund for Development that supports renewable energy projects in developing countries. Alongside, the UAE private sector has been investing in international renewable energy ventures. The UAE has invested in renewable energy projects with a total value of over US$16.8 billion across 70 countries.</p>
+<h2>7. CONSIDERATION OF AMBITION &amp; FAIRNESS </h2>
+<p>The UAE is determined to both contribute to reducing global emissions and building climate resilience. The UAE’s climate initiatives are informed by its development and economic diversification agenda as well as its commitment to the pursuit of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the goals of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+<p>The UAE’s Second NDC includes an absolute, economy-wide emissions reduction target, building upon the clean energy target included in the earlier submission. It highlights the country’s plans up to 2030, with the year 2016 designated the base year given the completeness of source and sink datasets available for the year. To further clarity and transparency, the NDC includes the total BAU scenario emissions expected in the year 2030.</p>
+<p>The country’s ambition is evidenced in its commitment to an emissions pathway that aims to deliver significant emission reductions vis-à-vis BAU, over the next decade. Consideration of fairness and ambition of UAE’s NDC must be informed by the definition of UAE’s BAU emissions scenario which includes measures implemented up to the year 2016 thus setting a high benchmark for future action. The country’s 2030 target is based on a progressive, crosssectoral clean development effort.</p>
+<p>The UAE’s status as an economy that is developing and diversifying its sources of revenue presents unique opportunities and challenges. The country’s plans aim to harness a wide range of technologies to support the achievement of its goals. This will call for increased investments in technology development and deployment, regulatory changes and capacity building across sectors.</p>
+<p>It is notable that despite the far-reaching socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, the UAE is committing itself to an ambitious climate mitigation and adaptation pathway. The pace of economic recovery will inform UAE’s ongoing review of its climate and energy goals.</p>
+<p>Moreover, UAE’s desert climate, marked by high temperatures and humidity, poses distinct constraints for both mitigation and adaptation. Energy consumption for cooling remains a significant contributor to emissions, and high temperatures place people, ecosystems and infrastructure close to heat thresholds. Despite these challenges, the country is resolutely implementing measures for climate mitigation and adaptation.</p>
+<p>The UAE’s commitments are in line with the requirements set forth in Articles 4.3 and 4.4 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21. To the extent relevant, this submission takes into account guidance set forth in Decision 4/CMA.1.</p>
+<p>In keeping with Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, the UAE will continue to explore pathways to further enhance its emission reduction objectives in line with climate science and global ambition.</p>
+<h2>8. MEASUREMENT &amp; REPORTING OF PROGRESS ON NDC IMPLEMENTATION </h2>
+<p>The UAE maintains and periodically updates its GHG Emissions Inventory, accounting for emission sources and sinks. It domestically tracks sectoral mitigation efforts and their impacts in accordance with defined monitoring and evaluation requirements.</p>
+<p>The UAE acknowledges the significance of developing a framework for Monitoring, Reporting and Verification that tracks the mitigation outcomes of policies and initiatives reflected in this NDC. Periodic reviews will be undertaken to ensure initiatives’ alignment with national development priorities and global climate goals.</p>
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+<h1><a id="Republic_of_Argentina_0"></a>Republic of Argentina</h1>
+<h1><a id="First_Revision_of_its_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_1"></a>First Revision of its Nationally Determined Contribution</h1>
+<h3><a id="1_Background_3"></a>1. Background</h3>
+<p>In accordance with the Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, and taking into account the principles, dispositions and structure of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change), the Republic of Argentina has presented on October 1st, 2015 its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). As from the achievements reached during the twenty first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21), in particular the Paris Agreement, the country decided to make a first effort of revision of its INDC, effort that shall continue for the next years. Argentina has signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, submitting the ratification document on September 21st, 2016; therefore this present reviewed contribution shall replace the first version of its NDC (National Determined Contribution) according to paragraph 22nd of the Decision 1/CP.21.<br>
+The efforts of Argentina together with all those of the Parties to the UNFCCC are oriented to achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its article 2, as well as the purpose of the Paris Agreement. Argentina understands that, while it moves forward in the resolution of technical aspects related to the communication of the contributions pursuant to the mandate given by the Decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 28, and in view of the rapid come into force of the Paris Agreement, this is an opportunity to review its contributions to the global efforts on the fight against climate change. Such review is based on what is set out on article 4, paragraph 11 of the Paris Agreement focused on increasing the level of ambition and providing more clarity, transparency and understanding to the contribution, according to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 27. The efforts of the Parties that were communicated through the NDCs involve both elements of mitigation and adaptation and means of implementation according to article 3 of the Paris Agreement. In this sense, Argentina submits its reviewed NDC, composed of mitigation and adaptation elements, which as well involve implementation means that are needed to increase the proposed ambition.<br>
+The reviewed NDC is presented in two different parts. Section 2 presents a new goal of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions resulting from mitigation measures planned to the 2030, as well as the plan for the next years in adaptation and of implementation means. These constitute Argentina’s new goal towards 2030. In section 3, in order to contextualize the assumed goal, additional information is provided on its attributes, regarding projected reductions through conditional measures that could be implemented on the near future, and also on the path expected to achieve the goal. This information is submitted solely for information purposes and does by no means integrate the goal; this is information to facilitate its understanding by providing transparency and clarity.</p>
+<h3><a id="2_Revision_of_the_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_of_Argentina__2016_8"></a>2. Revision of the Nationally Determined Contribution of Argentina - 2016</h3>
+<p><strong>Argentina shall not exceed a net emission of 483 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO<sub>2</sub>eq) by the year 2030</strong>.The goal shall be achieved through several implementation means throughout the economy, focusing on energy sectors, agriculture, forests, transport, industry and waste.<br>
+Argentina presents an adaptation communication according to articles 7.10 and 7.11 of the Paris Agreement, which includes <strong>national circumstances, vulnerability and climate change impact, efforts done and in process, as well as concrete needs</strong> that come up from the national process within the framework of the Climate Change National Cabinet. Likewise, within the framework of article 7.9 of Paris Agreement, Argentina is preparing the design and implementation of a National Adaptation Plan (PNA) before 2019.</p>
+<h3><a id="3_NDC_additional_information_12"></a>3. NDC additional information</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="31_Mitigation_goal_characteristics_13"></a>3.1 Mitigation goal characteristics</h4></p>
+<p>The following information is included in order to optimize the understanding of consistency, comparability, technical viability and policy of the mitigation goal.<br>
+<strong>Scope and Coverage</strong>: The whole national territory <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> including the following sectors: energy<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup> , industrial processes, agriculture, cattle, land use change, silviculture and waste. Moreover, it includes all the Greenhouse Gases regarded under the Convention: Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>); Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>).<br>
+<strong>Methodological approach</strong>: An inventory-based approach for the estimation and accounting of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and the removal of carbon dioxide pursuant to the methodological guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of 2006.<br>
+<strong>Metric</strong>: The Global Warming Potential (GWP-100) is used as metric using the values of the IPCC SAR, notwithstanding the possibility of using other metrics in the future.<br>
+<strong>Uncertainty</strong>: The monitoring of reductions in the agriculture, livestock, land use change and silviculture sectors is more uncertain than the other sectors and therefore the projected emissions, reductions, and absorptions by such sectors shall be monitored and eventually reviewed with more frequently. In addition it is planned to enforce the forest monitoring system. Another source of uncertainty is given by the projections of economic growth to the year 2030 and its associated emissions, through which planned emissions reduction are estimated.<br>
+<strong>Improvements to the contribution submitted in 2015</strong>: As result of the INDC revision submitted in 2015, Argentina improved its contribution by planning unconditional mitigation measures that manage to lower their target to 2030 from 570 to 483 million tCO<sub>2</sub>eq. The difference of 87 million tCO<sub>2</sub>eq- between the original contribution and the reviewed one derives from two principal aspects. Firstly, the change to IPCC 2006 methodology allows the improvement of the inventory quality by avoiding therefore the overestimation of the agricultural emissions, giving a difference of 79 million tCO<sub>2</sub>eq. Secondly, the revision of more than 50 unconditional measures and the incorporation of new ambitious measures to the national contribution imply 8 million tCO<sub>2</sub>eq of additional reduction.<br>
+<strong>Conditional Measures</strong>: Argentina has also calculated the impact of conditional measures, which if jointly implemented could bring emissions to 369 million tCO<sub>2</sub>eq for 2030. These measures don’t integrate the contribution, but define a future work which shall advance together with international community in order to solve the aspects that lay the foundation of its conditionality in order to include them in a new NDC to be presented in the future. The conditionality of the measures have several origins and can be briefed in aspects referred to: a) international funding; b)the support to the transference, innovation and development of technologies (for example; toaccurately measure and monitor the reductions and captures obtained); c) the support to thecreation of capacities to spread good practices and effectively implement the proposed measures. If all conditional measures were implemented jointly to the unconditional ones, Argentina would reduce a total of 223 million tCO<sub>2</sub>eq with respect to the 2030 baseline scenario.</p>
+<p>Image 1. Emissions trajectories on the BAU, unconditional and conditional measures scenarios. Argentina 2016<br>
+<img src="img/ARG-1.png" alt="Image 1. Emissions trajectories on the BAU, unconditional and conditional measures scenarios. Argentina 2016"></p>
+<p>Source: Based on the Second Biennial Update Report of the Greenhouse Gases Inventory (GHGs) of Argentina (2016) and projections of emissions to 2030.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="32_Fair_and_ambitious_contribution_30"></a>3.2 Fair and ambitious contribution</h4></p>
+<p>In order to do an objective evaluation of the justice and ambition of Argentina’s reviewed contribution, the following data sources were taken into account: (i) The update of the GHGs inventory recently finished by the Argentine Republic for the year 2014 and (ii) the Emissions Gap Report of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) for 2016. Based on such studies the following indexes were taken into account in order to measure, in relative terms, the values of the following reviewed NDC:<br>
+(a) <strong>The participation of Argentina in global emissions compared to its participation in the efforts offered for global reduction at present</strong>: The participation<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup> of the Argentine Republic in the globalemissions of GHGs in 2014 was of 0.7% of the total global emissions<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup> . Argentina’s reviewed mitigation contribution represents a participation of 2.8% of the country over the total amount of unconditional reductions informed by the Parties of UNFCCC (sum of submitted contributions)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>. In such sense, Argentina`s reviewed contribution, compared to the unconditional contributions of the rest of the countries, is four times its current participation in the global emissions, thus showing its ambitious level.<br>
+(b) <strong>Argentina’s participation in the global emissions compared to its participation in the needed efforts to achieve the goal of 2ºC in the future</strong>: If all the unconditional measures accounted in the present NDC were implemented, the contribution of the Argentina to the needed global effort for the year 2030 in order to achieve the goal of maintaining the temperature increase below 2ºC regarding preindustrial levels<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup> would be very close to the proportion of its current emissions(0,6%<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup> of the reductions compared to 0,7% of the emissions). This indicator shows the justice ofthe presented goal, and the reasonability of the decision of continuing with the revision process ofthe mitigation measures that compose the NDC, in order to adequately contribute to the global effort needed to achieve the climate goals of the Agreement, identifying new actions which shall be duly informed as part of the national contribution presented before the UNFCCC.<br>
+(c) <strong>Argentina’s participation in global emissions, compared to its participation in the needed efforts to achieve the goal of 2ºC in the future if it were to implement all conditional planned measures</strong>: If all conditional measures included in the NDC were implemented, the contribution of Argentina to the needed global effort for 2030 of achieving the goal of keeping the temperature below 2ºC regarding preindustrial levels<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup> will almost duplicate its proportion of current emissions (1,3% of the reductions compared to the 0,7% of the emissions). That would demonstrate its capacity of contributing with the necessary global ambition through the implementation of the identified conditional measures<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="33_Adaptation_component_40"></a>3.3 Adaptation component</h4></p>
+<p>Argentina is including in its contribution aspects linked to adaptation, pursuant to section 7.10 and 7.11 of Paris Agreement. It’s worth mentioning that, pursuant to section 7.9 of the Paris Agreement, Argentina shall develop and implement a PNA for the year 2019. The PNA, which will have subnational and sectorial chapters, shall serve to prioritize adaptation actions at national level, and to generate a conceptual and institutional framework that shall allow the design and implementation of the local adaptation plans by other actors.</p>
+<p><h5><a id="331_Climate_Change_national_circumstances_vulnerability_and_impacts_48"></a>3.3.1 Climate Change national circumstances, vulnerability and impacts</h5></p>
+<p>With a total estimated of 43,590,000 population to the year 2016, spread over 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina has a 92%<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup> population that lives in urban zones, figure that is over the regional and global average. At the same time, the country has a huge biodiversity, with different geomorphological, climatic and edaphic characteristics, situation that brings 18 ecoregions, from which 8 have been classified as high priority for conservation. Recent studies showed that during the period 1960-2010 the average temperature in most of Argentina increased around 0.5ºC, reaching almost 1ºC in some areas of the Patagonia, and registering an increase of the days with heat waves and a reduction in the days with frost<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11">[11]</a></sup> . Regarding rainfall, the largest increases occurred in the East of the country, causing floods of a large socio-economic impact. In semiarid areas, it was registered a reduction on the rainfalls in the mountain areas and a reduction in the flow of the rivers in the Cuyo region.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn12" id="fnref12">[12]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Regarding the potential impacts of climate change for the rest of the XXI century, it is important to note that a rise on the average temperature between 0.5 and 1°C in almost all the country around the middle of the century is forecasted. That would imply an acceleration of the warming observed on the last 50 years. Regarding the average rainfall, large variations aren’t expected for the upcoming decades. Nevertheless, consistent with what has been recently observed, an increase on the frequency of intense rainfall events is forecasted. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13">[13]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Throughout the whole century, an acceleration of the desertification processes is expected, with less efficiency on the use of water on the ecological systems, lower productive capacity, soil and nutrient losses and displacement or reduction on the distribution of some species. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn14" id="fnref14">[14]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Almost all the glaciers on the Patagonic Andes located between 37-55 °S have been retreating during the last decade because of temperature increase and less rainfall in some cases. It is also important to note that larger changes on the composition and dynamic of the region ecosystems are expected, mainly because of more intense and/or prolonged drought periods. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn15" id="fnref15">[15]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Regarding the maritime coast of the country where numerous activities take place and implying a highly dynamic system, climate change could affect it because of an increase on the water temperature, changes on the circulation of sea currents and a rise on the average level of the sea.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn16" id="fnref16">[16]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The vulnerability regarding climate change becomes highly relevant regarding the agricultural activity because of its prominent place on the economic development of the country and its fundamental role on the production and supply of food on a global scale. The intensification of extreme events (intense rainfall, floods, droughts and heat waves) widens the year-to-year variability of production and compromises the stability of the system, producing a high negative impact, both economic and social. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn17" id="fnref17">[17]</a></sup></p>
+<p>When looking at the energy system, the electricity and natural gas demand may be affected significantly because of climate change as there may be changes on the extreme thermic conditions. The high electric demand may cause severe problems to the distribution network on highly-populated urban centers. The hydroelectric generation could also face significant impacts because of the river streams, as well as the infrastructure of the transport network because of severe winds. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn18" id="fnref18">[18]</a></sup></p>
+<p>The risk of the transmission of dengue fever and other diseases caused by the same vector is elevated all year long in the north and northeast of Argentina, while in the center of the country the risk is focused on summer. Because of global warming, intensification on the transmission ofdiseases on the current endemo-epidemic areas is expected. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn19" id="fnref19">[19]</a></sup><br>
+For the tourism sector, it is expected that the general demand won’t be affected by climate change on the near future. Nevertheless, it is likely that some destinations will be affected, with tourists travelling to other areas according to their seasonality. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn20" id="fnref20">[20]</a></sup></p>
+<p><h5><a id="332_Current_efforts_and_adaptation_needs_75"></a>3.3.2 Current efforts and adaptation needs</h5></p>
+<p>The process of creating a PNA has started within the National Climate Change Cabinet. The plan will be based on the priorities identified by all sectors, jurisdictions (represented by the FederalCouncil of the Environment –COFEMA- and the participation of municipal representatives) andrelevant actors of the civil society, academia and the private sector.<br>
+During 2016, adaptation meetings with representatives from the national government were carried out (with the participation of the Ministries of Agro-Industry, Energy, Health, Science, Technology and Productive Innovation, Defense, Security, Finance and Public Finance, Interior andTransportation). A process to review the current policies and programs of public and private investment on adaptation has started, with meetings on the Extended Cabinet with the participation of all relevant actors.<br>
+On this first phase of the review process that will continue in the future, a set of initial needs regarding adaptation were identified:<br>
+-Investigation and development area</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Widening of the monitoring networks, strengthening of the early alert systems and the health climate services, food security, water, energy and reduction of the disaster risks</li>
+<li>Boosting the investigation and development (I+D) and technologies projects as well as the good productive practices.</li>
+<li>Mapping the vulnerabilities and climate risks as a diagnosis tool of the state of play and support of the management of adaptation to climate change.</li>
+<li>Economic quantification of the climate change impacts and the implementation of adaptation measures.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>-Institutional strengthening area</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Capacity building on human resources and improvement on the inter-institutional coordination for planning and management on adaptation to the climate change.</li>
+<li>Creation of multidisciplinary teams to support the diverse ongoing or planned initiatives, with the objective of supporting the processes of land management.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>-Priority activities to reduce vulnerability</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Using finance instruments or market risk transfer and production of the agricultural sector</li>
+<li>Development of structural and non-structural works to prevent floods, droughts and heat waves.</li>
+<li>Strengthening of initiatives that support the recovery and rehabilitation of lands, including the adaptation based in ecosystems.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>-Awareness and education</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Creation of citizen awareness and move forward on the communication strategy such as broadcast channels, quality of messages and adaptation to the new technologies</li>
+<li>Development of formal and non-formal education programs on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to the climate change.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>After the creation of the Direction of Adaptation in December 2015, Argentina has started to workon some of these needs such as the development of a virtual platform to visualize climate risks, a step between the diagnosis and the decision making process. With the objective of strengthening the information and knowledge systems, sectorial studies are being carried out on impact, vulnerability and adaptation that will contribute to the planning and implementation of measures and policies of adaptation on a local, provincial and national level. In that regard, it’s important to highlight that the country is currently implementing two adaptation projects on the agricultural sector (for a total US$9.936.817) with funds provided by the Adaptation Fund. Those projects allow funding concrete measures on adaptation for highly-vulnerable communities. In that regard, the projects are linked: in the Northeast of Argentina, with the adaptation and resilience of family agriculture to climate change impacts and its variability, and in the Southwest of Buenos Aires province, with climate resilience and sustainable land management.<br>
+The upcoming table summarizes the initiatives and actors identified in 2016 by the National Climate Change Cabinet. It can be considered the ground work for the development of the National Adaptation Plan.</p>
+<p><strong>Figure 2: Measures and proposing institutions<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn21" id="fnref21">[21]</a></sup></strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">Adaptation</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Proposals discussed on the adaptation table of the national cabinet</th>
+<th>Contributions by actors</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Generation of climate information. Research and development</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: MinCyT, Agro-industry, MAyDS</li>
+<li>Provinces: Tierra del Fuego, San Juan</li>
+<li>NGOs/associations:AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Vulnerability analysis, identification of climate risks and planning</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: YPF, Transport</li>
+<li>Provinces: CABA, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego</li>
+<li> Universities: UNGS – UMET</li>
+<li>NGOs/associations: Dialogo Ciudadano, CIPPEC, CISP, CEADS</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Strengthening and widening of the early alert systems and monitoring networks</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: SMN, MAyDS, Agro-industry, MinCyT</li>
+<li>Provinces: CABA, Jujuy, Corrientes, La Rioja, Tierra del Fuego, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero</li>
+<li> NGOs/associations: AVINA, ACDI, ProAdapt</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Integral land management</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: APN, MAyDS, Agro-industry.</li>
+<li>Provinces: Chaco, CABA, Corrientes, Córdoba, Formosa, La Rioja, Santa Fe, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Río Negro, Jujuy, Salta, Entre Ríos, Mendoza</li>
+<li>Municipalities/communes: Crespo, Las Flores, Guaminí, Herrera, Armstrong, Chañar Ladeado, Malabrigo, Camilo Aldao, Daireaux, Moreno, Caseros, Paraná, Ciudad de Mendoza, Potrero de Los Funes.</li>
+<li>NGOs/associations: Fundación Vida Silvestre, CISP</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Vulnerability reduction</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: Agroindustry, Transport, Energy, MAyDS, SMN, MINCYT</li>
+<li>Provinces: Salta, Tierra del Fuego, Buenos Aires, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, Mendoza, Misiones, Córdoba, Jujuy, Entre Ríos</li>
+<li>Private sector: UpGrid</li>
+<li>NGOs/associations: Fundación C40</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Identification and promotion of good practices and tools for adaptation</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: Agro- industry, MAyDS</li>
+<li>Provinces: Río Negro, Jujuy</li>
+<li>NGOs/associations: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt, CTA-A, Fundación C40</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Institutional strengthening and capacity building</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: MinCyT, SMN, MAyDS</li>
+<li>Provinces: Jujuy, Misiones, Chaco, Córdoba, CABA, Tierra del Fuego, Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Tucumán, San Juan</li>
+<li>Municipalities/communes: Daireaux, Totoras</li>
+<li>Universities: USAL</li>
+<li>NGOs/associations: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Education and communication</td>
+<td><ul><li>National public agencies: SMN</li>
+<li>Provinces: CABA, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán</li>
+<li>Universities: UNGS – UMET</li>
+<li>NGOs/associations: AVINA+ACDI+ProAdapt, ONG Proyectar- Fundación Nehuen – Bioproyectual, CIPPEC</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="34_Improvements_on_the_institutionalism_of_climate_change_121"></a>3.4 Improvements on the institutionalism of climate change</h4></p>
+<p>After the change of administration at the end of 2015, climate change has taken a new dimension through a strategic approach, with a strong political support and a new commitment, considering the global needs to tackle one of the largest challenges the humanity now faces.<br>
+The Environment and Sustainable Development Ministry was created in December 2015, strengthening the institutional structure for climate change governance, with a Secretary, an Under-Secretary and a National Direction with specific competence on the issue. Starting on March 2016, the National Cabinet of Climate Change became fully functional (Decree 891/2016), grouping 12 ministries. This decision allowed having an instance of participation, review and high level political validation to agree on measures over which the reviewed NDC was built upon. The cabinet coordinates its work in thematic sectorial meetings (energy, agriculture and forests, waste, transport and industry) as well as in transversal meetings (awareness and education, adaptation and finance). It also includes a formal instance of participation for the provinces through COFEMA and non-governmental organisms (NGOs), work associations, private, academic and scientific sectors and municipalities through the Extended Table of the National Cabinet of Climate Change.<br>
+The Cabinet agreed to present the result of the work carried out throughout the year as a revised contribution, without interrupting the pending tasks to continue increasing the ambition and improving the inventory and monitoring systems, to be presented in the future under the form of a new NDC.<br>
+The current revision of the contribution incorporates the results of the review of the measures of the national contribution, as well as the results of the 2014 second Biennial Update Report (BUR), done with the IPCC 2006 methodology. That allowed improving the methodological consistency of the NDC by showing, among other things, the particularities of the agricultural practices used in Argentina.<br>
+At the same time, the government worked alongside the National Congress for the fast approval of the Paris Agreement, accomplishing a wide support by the majority of the lawmakers of all the political parties (Law 27.270 passed on September 1st 2016). By depositing the ratification instrument on September 21, 2016, Argentina contributed to the rapid entry into force of the Agreement.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="35_Use_of_markets_127"></a>3.5 Use of markets</h4></p>
+<p>On its article 6 paragraphs 2 and 4, the Paris Agreement makes a reference to a cooperative focus that involves the use of mitigation results transferred internationally, as well as mentioning the establishment of a mechanism to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gasses among the parties of the Agreement. In this regard, any transfer of units of emissions reductions reached in the Argentine territory must have the authorization of the national government. All emissions reductions in the national territory will be accounted for the accomplishment of the goal of the NDC, except a disposition that specifically says otherwise.</p>
+<h3><a id="Acronyms_130"></a>Acronyms</h3>
+<p>COP21: Twenty-first Conference of the Parties<br>
+UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<br>
+INDC: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution<br>
+NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution<br>
+tCO<sub>2</sub>eq: Tons of carbon dioxide equivalents<br>
+PNA: National Adaptation Plan<br>
+IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<br>
+GWP: Global Warming Potential<br>
+UNEP: United Nations Environment Program<br>
+GHG: Greenhouse gasses<br>
+COFEMA: Federal Council of the Environment<br>
+NGOs: Non-governmental organizations<br>
+BUR: Biennial Update Report</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>The Argentine Republic expresses that information regarding Malvinas Islands, South Georgia and SouthSandwich Islands and surrounding maritime areas, is not included as that said part of its national territory issubject to illegal occupation from The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland and is subject ofdispute of sovereignty recognized by successive resolutions of the United Nations and declarations by otherinternational forums and organizations, thus Argentina is in fact prevented from to access that part of the territory. <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>Emissions related to aviation and international maritime transport activities are not included <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p>Second Biennial Report Update of the GHGs Inventory of the Argentine Republic, corresponding to the year 2014, pursuant to the methodologic guides of the IPCC 2006. <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p>Global emissions: 52700 MtCO<sub>2</sub>eq. (2014). Source: The Emissions Gap Report (UNEP, 2016). <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p>The 2,8% is calculated based on the relation between the reduction informed by Argentina in this reviewed mitigation contribution (109 MtCO<sub>2</sub>eq.) and the added value of reductions proposed by the Parties in its INDCs (3900 MtCO<sub>2</sub>eq.) obtained from the report “The emissions gap report” (UNEP, 2016) <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>17600 MtCO eq. Source: The Emissions Gap Report (UNEP2016). <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p>The average of 0.6% rises from the relation between the reviewed unconditional mitigation contribution proposed by Argentina (109 MtCO<sub>2</sub>eq.) which includes all the unconditional measures, and the needed reductions (17600 MtCO<sub>2</sub>eq.) estimated by UNEP in order to achieve the temperature goal of Paris Agreement. Source: The Emissions Gap Report (UNEP2016). <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p>17600 MtCO eq. Source: The Emissions Gap Report (UNEP, 2016). <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p>The average of 1.3% rises from the relation between the reviewed conditional mitigation contributionproposed by Argentina (223 MtCO<sub>2</sub>eq.) which includes every conditional and unconditional measures, and the necessary reductions (17600 MtCO<sub>2</sub>eq.) estimated by UNEP in order to achieve the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p>World Bank. World Development Indicators. Urban population in Argentina. Available at <a href="http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS">http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS</a>. <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p>Third National Communication, p.99. (<a href="http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/argnc3s.pdf">http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/argnc3s.pdf</a>). <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn12" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.101 <a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn13" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.105 <a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn14" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.113 <a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn15" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.120 <a href="#fnref15" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn16" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.125 <a href="#fnref16" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn17" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.127 <a href="#fnref17" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn18" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.131 <a href="#fnref18" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn19" class="footnote-item"><p>Third National Communication, p.137. (<a href="http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/argnc3s.pdf">http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/argnc3s.pdf</a>). <a href="#fnref19" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn20" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p.140. <a href="#fnref20" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn21" class="footnote-item"><p>Acronyms. MinCyT: Science, Technology and Productive Innovation Ministry. MAyDS: Environment andSustainable Development Ministry. ACDI: Cultural Association for the Integral Development. UNGS: GeneralSarmiento National University. UMET: Metropolitan University for the Education and Work. CIPPEC: Centerfor Implementation of Public Policies for Equity and Growth. CISP: Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppodei Popoli. CEADS: Argentine Business Council for the Sustainable Development. SMN: National WeatherService. USAL: Salvador University. <a href="#fnref21" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body></html>

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+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset = "utf-8">
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1> Argentina's NDC </h1>
+  <h1> Update of Argentina's net emissions goal to 2030 </h1>
+  <p> Presidency </p>
+  <p> Update of Argentina's net emissions goal to 2030 </p>
+  <h2> October 2021 </h2>
+  <p> Buenos Aires, October 2021 </p>
+  <p> Subject: Update of the net emissions goal to 2030 of the Argentina's Second NDC) </p>
+  <p> Argentina has signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, submitting the ratification document on September 21st, 2016. Therefore, the reviewed contribution presented in November 2016 replaced the intended National Determined Contribution (iNDC) according to paragraph 22nd of the Decision 1 / CP .21. </p>
+  <p> In December 2020, aligned to the request of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, our Second NDC was submitted, committing to the goal of not exceeding the net emission of 359 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2030 . The proposed goal is absolute, unconditional and applicable to all sectors of the economy, in compliance with article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement. </p>
+  <p> Argentina remains fully committed to ambitious national and global climate action to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, and has put the environmental and climate agenda at the center of its public policies priorities. </p>
+  <p> Based on the best science available and recognizing the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances, during the 2021 Leaders' Summit on Climate, our president Alberto Fernández announced an upgrade in the mitigation ambition of 2 percentage points. That represents a reduction in the limit to emissions of 27.7% compared to the First NDC submitted in 2016. </p>
+  <p> The aim of this letter is to formally inform the UNFCCC secretariat that Argentina's updated goal is to not exceed the net emission of 349 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2030. This is the only modification made to the Second NDC submitted in December 2020. </p>
+  <p> In terms of transparency, this submission includes the new text for goals chapter 5 "Goals" and a retrofitted version of title 6.2 from chapter 6 of our Second NDC "Information necessary for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding" in compliance with paragraph 4.8 of the Paris Agreement and with the provisions of paragraph 7 of decision 4 / CMA.1. </p>
+  <p> Goal </p>
+  <p> The Argentine Republic will not exceed the net emission of 349 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in the year 2030, applicable to all sectors of the economy. By 2030, Argentines will have knowledge of the adverse effects of climate change, the corresponding adaptation measures, and will have built capacities that allow them to respond in solidarity to the urgent challenge of protecting the planet. The climate policy of the Argentine Republic will have managed to increase the adaptation capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce the vulnerability of the different social, economic and environmental sectors, through measures that will prioritize communities and social groups in vulnerable situations and will incorporate the gender approach and intergenerational equity. All of this will be with a view to contributing to sustainable development, building a more equitable, just and caring society and achieving a response to climate change that is adequate and compatible with the objectives of the Paris Agreement. </p>
+  <p> The Argentine Republic's contribution to global efforts, based on the best available science, is both ambitious and equitable. However, it is relevant to note that both the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement establish that developed country Parties should take the initiative in combating climate change and its adverse effects through the provision and mobilization of financial resources. new and additional, including resources for technology transfer. </p>
+  <p> In this sense, the Argentine Republic reaffirms the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities, as referenced in Principle 7 of the 1992 Rio Declaration, Articles 3 and 4 of the UNFCCC and the preamble of the Paris Agreement. This principle is, in turn, taken up and reaffirmed by its climate change law. </p>
+  <p> In this sense, the policies and actions required to achieve the goal of this contribution will be implemented without prejudice to the use of the financial mechanisms provided by the Convention. Although the implementation of this Second NDC is not contingent on international support, Argentina understands that the support that developed countries can provide to fulfill their national ambition will generate significant global benefits. </p>
+  <h3> Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of the Second NDC of the Argentine Republic </h3>
+  <p> 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (with indication, if applicable, of a base year): </p>
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> a) Reference years, base years, reference periods or other starting points; </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> The Second NDC of the Argentine Republic presents an absolute target applicable to all sectors of the economy for 2030, so it does not use a reference year or period. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the corresponding reference years, base years, reference periods or other starting points and, as appropriate, in the reference year; </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> The Second NDC has an absolute goal, so there is no benchmark indicator. The NDC progress monitoring indicator will be the annual net emissions reported in subsequent National GHG Inventories. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> c) In the case of the strategies, plans and measures referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement or of the policies and measures that integrate the contributions determined at the national level when paragraph 1 b) above does not apply, the Parties shall provide other relevant information; </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> Does not apply to the Argentine Republic. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> d) Target relative to the benchmark indicator, expressed numerically, for example, as a percentage or amount of the reduction; </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> It does not apply to the Argentine Republic, since an absolute goal is presented for 2030, applicable throughout all sectors of the economy. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> e) Information on the data sources used to quantify the reference points; </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> It does not apply to the Argentine Republic, since an absolute goal is presented for 2030, applicable throughout all sectors of the economy. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> f) Information on the circumstances in which the Party may update the values of the benchmarks. </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> The INGEI of the Argentine Republic will be updated based on the continuous improvement process in estimating GHG emissions and removals. It will include, among others, methodological updates, calculation of categories not included so far, improvements in the activity data and in the parameters used, such as, for example, in the Global Warming Power (GWP) values of the different gases. These improvements will be reflected in subsequent IBA, CN and future Biennial Transparency Reports (IBT). Updating the information will make it possible to improve the accuracy and quality of the estimate and to reflect transparently in the INGEI the country's mitigation efforts. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan = "2">
+        <p> 2. Terms and / or periods of application: </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> a) Term and / or period of implementation, including start and end dates, in accordance with any other relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement ( CP / RA) (CMA); </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> The application period is from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2030. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> b) Whether it is a single-year goal or a multi-year goal, as appropriate. </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> The Second NDC of the Argentine Republic presents a single goal for 2030 and includes, for information, an indicator of the expected emissions (372 MtCO2e) in the medium term in 2025, which is not part of the goal of this NDC. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan = "2">
+      <p> 3. Scope and coverage: </p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> a. Goal overview; </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> The Argentine Republic will not exceed the net emission of 349 MtCO2e in the year 2030. </p>
+        <p> This is an absolute and unconditional goal for 2030, which covers the entire national territory <a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> and all sectors of the economy. </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p> b. Sectors, gases, categories and reservoirs covered by the nationally determined contribution, which, where appropriate, comply with the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p> The goal reaches the entire national territory <a href="#fn2" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref2"> <sup> 2 </sup> </a>, considering all categories of sources of emission and sink reported in IBA 3, submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2019 <a href="#fn3" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref3"> <sup> 3 </sup> </a> , with its corresponding National Inventory Report (INI), estimated according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. It also includes emissions and absorptions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and perfluorocarbons (PFC). </p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> c. How the Party has taken into account paragraph 31 c) and d) of decision 1 / CP.21; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The goal will be applied to all the categories and gases reported in the last IBA 3 and its corresponding INI, where all the sectors, categories and subcategories of sources and sinks that occur in the country and for which they are got information. </p>
+            <p> Tables 14 to 17 of IBA 3 (pages 109 to 113) describe the completeness, methodology and source of data by sector of the INGEI; in table 18 (page 117), the categories not estimated with their corresponding explanation; finally, in table 19 (page 119), those included in other categories. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> d. Secondary mitigation benefits resulting from adaptation measures and / or economic diversification plans of the Parties, with a description of the specific projects, measures and initiatives that are part of the adaptation measures and / or diversification plans. - economic fication of the Parties. </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> For more information on mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation measures, see section 7.2.3, National adaptation measures - Sectoral Measures. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan = "2">
+            <p> 4. Planning processes: </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan = "2">
+            <p> a) Information on the planning processes that the Party has undertaken to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party's implementation plans, including, as appropriate: </ p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> i. National institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, with a gender perspective; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> On the planning and implementation process, see the Governance subsection and the Steering Axes section (pages 17 and 25, respectively). </p>
+            <p> The absolute goal of this Second NDC of Argentina will be achieved through the implementation of a series of mitigation and adaptation actions throughout the economy, generated through the different work instances of the GNCC . This will allow the internalization of international commitments in local climate planning, in accordance with the terms and instruments established by the climate change law. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan = "2">
+            <p> ii. Contextual issues, including, but not limited to, as appropriate: </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> ii. to. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> Refer to the National Circumstances section and Guiding Principles (pages 12 and 25, respectively). </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> ii. b. Best practices and experiences related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The institutionalization of governance for the construction of climate policy in the Republic of Argentina was fundamental for the development of a Second NDC, which was agreed between institutions and federally. In this sense, the joint planning framework of climate policy through the GNCC provides continuity and stability to climate action in the short, medium and long term. Likewise, it is worth highlighting the efforts made to strengthen the capacities of government agents and the general public, in order to generate a more substantive participation in the preparation of the Second NDC. In this way, this consensual and federal version of the NDC could be achieved. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> ii. c. Other aspirations and contextual priorities recognized at the time of accession to the Paris Agreement; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> For the preparation of this NDC and for its future domestic implementation, the Guiding Axes, defined nationally in Section 4, have been taken into account. See page 25. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> b) Specific information applicable to the Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have agreed to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that have agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16 to 18, of the Paris Agreement; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> Does not apply to the Argentine Republic. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> c) To what extent the Party has based the preparation of its nationally determined contribution on the results of the global balance sheet, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The Argentine Republic participated in the Talanoa Dialogues in 2018, and it is expected that the Second NDC of the Argentine Republic will be considered as an input towards the first World Balance, the results of which will be presented in 2023. The su- The NDCs will be fed both from subsequent national reports (IBA or IBT) and from the results of the World Balance. The relevance of this novel mechanism of progressive increase in ambition, proposed by article 14 of the Paris Agreement to contribute to achieving the fulfillment of the objectives of mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation, and thus being able to be up to date, is highlighted. height of the challenge of the climate crisis facing our planet. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan = "2">
+      <p> d) Each of the Parties with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement consisting of adaptation measures and / or economic diversification plans that result in secondary mitigation benefits, in accordance with The provisions of Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement must present information on: </p>
+      </td>
+      </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> i. How the economic and social consequences of the response measures have been taken into account when preparing the nationally determined contribution; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The importance of the response measures leading to a just transition has been evaluated, incorporating it as a guiding principle. In this sense, it is considered important to address the specific needs and concerns of developing countries derived from the economic and social impact of the application of response measures, in line with article 4.8 of the UNFCCC and article 4.15 of the Agreement. from Paris. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> ii. The specific projects, measures and activities that will be carried out to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also produce mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, inter alia, key sectors such as energy resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; as well as economic diversification measures, which can cover, among others, sectors such as industry and manufacturing, energy and mining, transport and communications, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fishing . </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> Not evaluated in the Second NDC of the Argentine Republic. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan = "2">
+      <p> 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those used to estimate and account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, where appropriate, anthropogenic removals: </p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+      <p> a. The assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party's nationally determined contribution, in accordance with decision 1 / CP.21, paragraph 31, and the guidance on the rendering of accounts approved by the CP / RA (CMA); </p>
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      <p> The Second NDC of the Argentine Republic will follow, for the accounting of its goal, an inventory-based approach for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide removals, in accordance with the IPCC Guidelines of 2006 and in accordance with the requirements of Decision 4.CMA / 1. </p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> b. The assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for the application of policies and measures or strategies in the contribution determined at the national level; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The follow-up of the implementation of the goal of this Second NDC will be carried out through the INGEI, reported in the subsequent IBAs, CN and future IBTs. The robustness and transparency of the INGEI and the domestic monitoring of mitigation measures will be carried out through the National Information System on Climate Change, created through article 17 of the climate change law. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The Argentine Republic uses the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories in order to estimate all the categories that occur in the country and for which information was obtained. In this way, the principles of quality for the production of inventories proposed by the IPCC regarding completeness, transparency, coherence, comparability and accuracy are complied with. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> d. IPCC methodologies and measurement systems used to estimate emissions and the anthropogenic absorption of greenhouse gases; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> For the Second NDC, the Global Warming Potential (GWP-100) is used with the values of the Second IPCC Assessment Report as a metric, without prejudice to being able to update it in the future, in accordance with Decision 18 / CMA.1 (paragraph 37) and in line with what is detailed in section 1.f. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+    <td colspan = "2">
+      <p> e. Assumptions, methodologies and specific approaches for each sector, category or activity, consistent with the guidance of the IPCC, as appropriate, including, where appropriate: </p>
+    </td>
+    </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> i. Ei. The approach used to address emissions and subsequent absorption, resulting from natural disturbances on exploited lands; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> It does not apply to the Argentine Republic, since they were not estimated in the INGEI reported in the IBA 3. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> ii. The approach used to account for emissions and absorption resulting from harvested wood products; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> It does not apply to the Argentine Republic, since they were not estimated in the INGEI reported in the IBA 3. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> iii. The approach used to address the effects of the age structure of forests. </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> It does not apply to the Argentine Republic, since they were not estimated in the INGEI reported in the IBA 3. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan = "2">
+        <p> f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used to understand the contribution determined at the national level and, if applicable, estimate the corresponding emissions and removals, indicating: </p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+        <p> i. How the benchmarks, baselines and / or benchmarks are constructed, including, where appropriate, specific benchmarks for each sector, category or activity, noting, for example, key parameters, assumptions, the definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; </p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+      <p> Although Argentina's Second NDC was not constructed from baselines or reference levels, the assumptions and methodological approaches used to understand the Determined Contribution at the National Level and estimate the corresponding emissions and removals, in order to guarantee the transparency of the document. </p>
+      <p> Within the framework of the GNCC, the work to project emissions and removals was coordinated by the Secretariat for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Innovation and carried out in conjunction with the technical staff of the enforcement agencies, who provided the modeling of the explanatory variables. These are key variables that account for the greatest changes in the level of GHG emissions in the different sectors of the country. These include population, gross domestic product, energy supply and demand, cattle stocks, agricultural production, and land use change. </p>
+      <p> The projection of emissions and removals for 2030 was carried out using a simplified model consistent with the methodology and sources of emissions and removals estimated in the INGEI 2016, reported in IBA 3 in December 2019. In the INI of the IBA 3, reported in March 2020, contains the details of the methodology and the emission factors used in the modeling. To obtain the projections, various technical workshops were held to increase the ambition of the trajectories and maintain coherence and consistency between the different sectors. Each sector of the INGEI was modeled separately, and then the results were integrated and aggregated by the technical team of the National Directorate of Climate Change. </p>
+      <p> In the case of the variables related to the energy sector, the same energy demand and supply models used for national energy planning were used. A growing demand for consumption by the population was contemplated, with energy efficiency measures in all sectors, a significant increase in the percentage of renewable energy and distributed generation, and a higher production of natural gas in absolute and relative terms. regarding oil production. In the transportation subsector, active policies were taken into account to increase the efficiency and use of natural gas and electricity. In turn, cutting with biofuels was included. </p>
+            <p> For the PIUP sector, a slight increase in emissions is expected, given the growth of GDP. Compliance with the Kigali amendment for hydrofluorocarbon gases was contemplated. Regarding waste, a growth is projected in the percentage of urban solid waste disposed of in sanitary landfills, as well as in the capture of the methane that it originates. These measures would make it possible to maintain relative constancy in the sector's emissions. </p>
+            <p> In the livestock subsector, a slight increase in emissions was seen, mainly driven by higher bovine, poultry and pig production. In the case of bovine livestock, an increase in production efficiency was contemplated. For agriculture, an increase in emissions is also expected due to increased production as a result of the use of fertilizers and improved crop yields. </p>
+            <p> The decrease in emissions from the Forestry and Other Land Uses subsector stems from a strong boost to forest plantations and a drastic reduction in deforestation. </p>
+            <p> A unified economic growth percentage was used for all sectors, which is consistent with the country's recovery and a sustained increase in population. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> ii. For NDCs containing non-greenhouse gas components, information on the assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as appropriate; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> Does not apply to the Argentine Republic. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions that are not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how climate forcers are estimated; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> Does not apply to the Argentine Republic. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> iv. Additional technical information, if necessary; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> Does not apply to the Argentine Republic. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+      <p> g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. </p>
+</td>
+<td>
+      <p> The Argentine Republic reserves its national position and decision-making in relation to the possible use of any market mechanism that may be established under the Paris Agreement, until negotiations on Article 6 are concluded. of the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC. Until then, any operation that involves emission reduction units achieved in Argentine territory, both public and private, must be registered and have the express authorization of the National Government and, unless expressly provided otherwise, all emission reductions in the national territory will be counted towards the achievement of the NDC goal. </p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan = "2">
+      <p> 6. How the Party considers its nationally determined contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances: </p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> a. How the Party considers its nationally determined contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The Argentine Republic understands that an approach to the concepts of equity, justice and ambition must be made in light of its national circumstances and on the basis of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> b. Fairness considerations, including a reflection on fairness; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The equity, justice and ambition of this Contribution are analyzed from various perspectives, understanding that there is no single indicator that can accurately reflect a globally equitable, fair and ambitious distribution of the efforts of the Parties. </p>
+            <p> In the case of Argentina, the factors that explain the profile and trend of its emissions and removals do not respond to merely population or economic aspects, so the emission intensity indicators do not fully address equity, justice and ambition of the country's efforts. </p>
+            <p> Likewise, as a developing country and vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, the Argentine Republic has the responsibility to promote actions and policies to achieve a sustainable, inclusive and balanced development model, in such a way that it guarantees not to leave anyone back and is consistent with the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals. </p>
+      <p> Although the country's emissions have increased in absolute terms compared to 1990, there is a decrease in the historical trend of recent years, after reaching a peak in 2007. This represented a maximum share of 0.95 % <a href="#fn4" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref4"> <sup> 4 </sup> </a> with respect to total global emissions for the same period. </p>
+      <p> On the other hand, if we take 2005 as a reference, a reduction in net emissions is observed <a href="#fn5" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref5"> <sup> 5 </sup> </a> of 4.3% in 2010 and of 9.6% in 2016. </p>
+      <p> Given that policies and measures to respond to climate change must take into account the circumstances of each country and be articulated with national development priorities, it is considered that the Second NDC of the Argentine Republic is fair, equitable and ambitious, since: </p>
+      <ul>
+        <li>
+          <p> It will maintain by 2030 a level of emissions similar to those reported in IBA 3 (2019); </p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p> Through its goal, it will maintain a participation percentage of less than 0.9% with respect to global emissions, according to the projection of the Emissions Gap Report 2019 <a href = "# fn6" class = "footnoteRef" id = " fnref6 "> <sup> 6 </sup> </a>. In this way, the share of Argentine emissions would remain below the maximum reached in 2007; </p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p> presents an absolute and unconditional goal applicable to all sectors of the economy, in compliance with article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement; </p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p> incorporates an adaptation component, including a specific goal; </p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p> In its construction, efforts have been made to achieve a balanced approach between the components of mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation and to establish synergies between them; </p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p> it incorporates improvements in terms of transparency when presenting the Information necessary for Clarity, Transparency and Comprehension, in compliance with paragraph 4.8 of the Paris Agreement and with the provisions of paragraph 7 of Decision 4 / CMA 1, together with the Second Adaptation Communication. </p>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+      <p> Argentina, in addition to considering the three central dimensions of mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation, understands that the concepts of ambition, justice and equity imply the need for plans and policies to be inclusive and take into account transversal contributions that allow promoting synergies in climate action. In line with this, the Second NDC advances in the design of a transversal approach to the gender dimension throughout the sectors, as well as notions aimed at guaranteeing the just transition of the workforce. Likewise, it is proposed to deepen the role of education as a motor of social change and to consolidate a robust link with the scientific and technological system as a source of knowledge and possible tools to tackle climate change. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The Second NDC of the Argentine Republic represents an improvement compared to the update of the first NDC of 2016 since it presents an absolute goal that is 27.7% more ambitious and unconditional. </p>
+            <p> Likewise, the current goal was estimated using a model based on INGEI 2016, reported in IBA 3, which represents a substantial improvement compared to INGEI 2014, corresponding to IBA 2 and used as the basis for estimating the goal. previous. This improvement in the quality of the inventories consists of a significant increase in the area represented, improvements in the calculation method and the emission factors used, greater coherence in the time series, a greater number of sources and sinks included - for example, emissions associated with the use of lubricants, greases and paraffin waxes, and of products as substitutes for substances that deplete the ozone layer—, among others <a href = "# fn7" class = "footnoteRef" id = "fnref7 "> <sup> 7 </sup> </a>. </p>
+            <p> In turn, it represents an improvement in terms of the transparency of the information included when reporting, according to the requirements of the Katowice guidance of Decision 4 / CMA.1 on Clarity, Transparency and Comprehension ( ICTU). </p>
+            <p> Finally, this Second NDC incorporates new sections of Guiding Axes, Means of Implementation and Monitoring and Evaluation, which facilitate the understanding of the goal in light of the country's national circumstances. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> The Second NDC of the Argentine Republic presents an absolute goal for all sectors of the economy. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p> e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. </p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p> Does not apply to the Argentine Republic. </p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan = "2">
+  <p> 7. The way in which the contribution determined at the national level contributes to the achievement of the objective of the Convention, stated in its article 2: </p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  <p> a. The way in which the contribution determined at the national level contributes to the achievement of the objective of the Convention, set forth in its Article 2; </p>
+</td>
+<td>
+  <p> The Second NDC of the Argentine Republic, as detailed in sections 6.a and 6.b, is fair and ambitious, and reflects that the country's efforts are in line with the inputs and recommendations provided by the science, with collective efforts to achieve the objective of the Convention enunciated in its article 2 and with the purpose of the Paris Agreement, in the light of national capacities and circumstances. Likewise, it reflects national priorities for sustainable development in the long term, depending on the means of implementation necessary to implement it. </p>
+  <p> Finally, in line with this objective and in accordance with the invitation of the Paris Agreement in its article 4.19 and in decision 1 / CP.21, paragraph 35, the Argentine Republic will present its Strategy of Long-Term Development with Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions. </p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+  <h4> Argentina Presidency </h4>
+  <div class = "footnotes">
+  <hr />
+  <ol>
+  <li id = "fn1"> Due to the illegal occupation by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, it is not possible to include information regarding emissions and removals of these territories. <a href="#fnref1"> ↩ </a> </li>
+  <li id = "fn2"> Except, as stated, the Falkland Islands, Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. <a href="#fnref2"> ↩ </a> </li>
+  <li id = "fn3"> Reports are available at https://unfccc.int/BURs. <a href="#fnref3"> ↩ </a> </li>
+  <li id = "fn4"> Argentina's emissions in 2007 reported in the IBA were 441.44 MtCO2e, and, converted, using the GCP 4AR instead of 2AR to facilitate comparability with global EGR emissions, were 455.84 MtCO2e. Global emissions for 2007, according to the Emission Gap Report 2019 were 48,100 MtCO2e <a href="#fnref4"> ↩ </a> </li>
+  <li id = "fn5"> Third Biennial Update Report of the Argentine Republic to the UNFCCC (SGAyDS, 2019) <a href="#fnref5"> ↩ </a> </li>
+  <li id = "fn6"> According to the Emission Gap Report 2019, table 2.2, page 11 <a href="#fnref6"> ↩ </a> </li>
+  <li id = "fn7"> Table 46 of IBA 3 details the main improvements between IBA 2 and IBA 3 referred to by sector and category. <a href="#fnref7"> ↩ </a> </li>
+  </ol>
+</body>
+</html>

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+<p>Protocol Decision No 41, 10 September, 2015<br>
+Government of the Republic of Armenia</p>
+<h1><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_of_the_Republic_of_Armenia_under_the_UN_Climate_Change_Framework_Convention_4"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Armenia under the UN Climate Change Framework Convention</h1>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>The Republic of Armenia ratified the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in May 1993 as a developing country not included in Annex I to the Convention. In December 2002, Armenia ratified the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The geographical location of the Republic of Armenia (landlocked mountainous country with vulnerable ecosystems), and the country’s need to ensure its national security, necessitates the prioritization of climate change adaptation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The Republic of Armenia stated its position on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions in subsequent national communications to the UNFCCC and in the Republic of Armenia’s Statement on Association with Copenhagen Accords:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>In relation to low carbon development Armenia describes the term ‘fairness’ by applying the UNFCCC definition of ‘common, but differentiated responsibility’, which considers the different levels of historical responsibility among countries in contributing to the increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere, leading to climate change.</li>
+<li>The climate change mitigation actions should not reverse the social and economic trends, but contribute to the socioeconomic development of the Republic of Armenia. These actions must be based on an ‘ecosystem approach’, which is preferred by the Republic of Armenia, since it allows to maximize the synergies between mitigation and adaptation actions in most sectors of the economy, facilitating fair regional cooperation and contributing to solidarity.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC):</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><a id="1_INDC_underlying_principles_15"></a>1. INDC underlying principles</h3>
+<ol>
+<li>Limit global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to such a level that the global average temperature does not exceed 2°C</li>
+<li>Ensure distribution of the GHG emissions limitation burden between countries based on the principle of equity, taking into account the rights of present and future generations to use resources, and the equal rights of humans to impact the climatic system.</li>
+<li>Apply an ecosystem-based approach to mitigation and adaptation actions, giving preference to balanced and combined actions.</li>
+<li>The Republic of Armenia stays in the status of non-Annex I developing country under the UNFCCC , and is prepared to undertake certain quantitative contribution to limit its GHG emissions growth based on the above mentioned principle of equity, and subject to adequate financial, technological and technical support.</li>
+<li>The INDC shall be based on the principle of ‘Green economy’ and be compatible with the social and economic development goals of the Republic of Armenia.</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><a id="2_Mitigation_of_climate_change_22"></a>2. Mitigation of climate change</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="1_Applied_definitions_23"></a>1) Applied definitions</h4></p>
+<p>a. GHG emissions limiting volume - the total volume of GHG emissions, which ensures the limitation of an increase in the average global atmosphere temperature to below 2°C, according to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report this is equal to 1.000 giga tons (Gt) carbon dioxide equivalent.</p>
+<p>b. GHG neutral emissions volume - the total annual volume of GHG emissions, which can be fully absorbed by the earth’s ecosystems (ocean, land vegetation, soil) and be irreversibly accumulated in the ecosystems (around 11 Gt/year) carbon dioxide equivalent.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="2_Calculation_basis_28"></a>2) Calculation basis</h4></p>
+<p>a. The ‘GHG limitation quantitative indicator’ is calculated based on the per capita emissions of the global population,<br>
+b. For global population consider the fixed estimate as of 1990, equal to 5.3 billion people (3.35 million was the Republic of Armenia’s population in 1990),<br>
+c. The per capita emissions limiting volume on the global levels equal to 189 tons/ per capita (1.000 Gt/5.3 billion people)<br>
+d. To set the total aggregate quantitative contribution of the Republic of Armenia under INDC equal to <strong>633 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent</strong> (189 tons per capita x 3.35 million people) for the period of 2015-2050 or an annual average of 5.4 tons per capita. In 2010, Armenia’s GHG emissions comprised 2.14 tons per capita.</p>
+<p>The Republic of Armenia strives to achieve ecosystem neutral GHG emissions in 2050 (2.07 tons/per capita annual) with the support of adequate (necessary and sufficient) international financial, technological and capacity building assistance.</p>
+<p>In case of non-exceeding its total emissions quota (633 million tons) set for the period of 2015-2050 Armenia can credit non-utilized reduction to ‘carbon market’, or transfer it to the balance of emissions limitation envisaged for the period of 2050-2100.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="3_Timeframe_39"></a>3) Timeframe</h4></p>
+<p>The timeframe for the INDC is 2015-2030, including:</p>
+<p>a) 2015-2019 - the period of voluntary preparatory contributions. Accept those contributions, beyond the INDC start date in 2020, as «ambitious actions» in accordance with the development index of the Republic of Armenia, stated by forecast “mitigation measures” scenario of the Third National Communication to UNFCCC". The scenario includes commitments undertaken by the city authorities of the country under the Covenant of Mayors.<br>
+b) 2020-2050 - the period of contribution under the new UNFCCC agreement.<br>
+c) 2030 - interim review of the mitigation regime, taking into account possible changes of indexes mentioned uner Para 2, points 2) a and b.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="4_The_main_sectors_included_in_the_mitigation_contribution_are_46"></a>4) The main sectors included in the mitigation contribution are:</h4></p>
+<p>a. Energy (including renewable energy and energy efficiency)<br>
+b. Transport (including development of electrical transport)<br>
+c. Urban development (including buildings and construction)<br>
+d. Industrial processes (construction materials and chemical production)<br>
+e. Waste management (solid waste, waste water, agricultural waste)<br>
+f. Land use and Forestry (afforestation, forest protection, carbon storage in soil)</p>
+<p>Consider 20.1 per cent as an optimal forest cover indicator of the territory of the Republic of Armenia according to the Armenia`s First National Communication to UNFCCC (1998) and Government Decision No 1232 of 21 July 2005 “On Adoption of the National Forest Program of the Republic of Armenia”. To achieve that indicator by 2050 and consider the obtained organic carbon absorptions and accumulations in the INDC and expand the impact period up that measure till 2100.</p>
+<p>Ensure organic carbon conservation, accumulation and storage in all categories of lands through comprehensive measures and include achieved balance in the INDC.</p>
+<p>Apply the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) format: as well as national and international Measuring Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for implementation of INDC mitigation component.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="5_Greenhouse_gases_considered_61"></a>5) Greenhouse gases considered:</h4></p>
+<p>Define that considered greenhouse gases are:<br>
+a. Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>),<br>
+b. Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>),<br>
+c. Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O),<br>
+d. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</p>
+<p>The emissions and absorption of mentioned gases are calculated in CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent, according to the “global warming potential” defined by IPCC Second Assessment Report".</p>
+<h3><a id="3_Adaptation_to_climate_change_70"></a>3. Adaptation to climate change</h3>
+<p>Basis and approaches to adaptation:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Adaptation strategy and contributions are based on the requirement of the UNFCCC Article 2 “Objective”, which stipulates to restrain climate change within timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. Thus, the natural ecosystems adaptation approach in INDC is considered pivotal for Armenia’s adaptation strategy and actions (contributions), and a basis for the development of the national adaptation plan.</li>
+<li>The Republic of Armenia embraces the ecosystem approach for adapting to climate change. The approach is in harmony with the environmental policy of the country, can ensure synergy with other international environmental conventions and treaties, will lay the ground for inter-sectoral coordination, and will support establishment of cross-border cooperation and solidarity environment.</li>
+<li>Adaptation activities will be prioritized based on the most vulnerable sectors to climate change:<br>
+a. Natural ecosystems (aquatic and terrestrial, including forest ecosystems, biodiversity and land cover)<br>
+b. Human health<br>
+c. Water resource management<br>
+d. Agriculture, including fishery and forests<br>
+e. Energy<br>
+f. Human settlements and infrastructures<br>
+g. Tourism</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><a id="4_Technology_transfer_83"></a>4. Technology transfer</h3>
+<p>Ensure adequate technological assistance and create a favorable environment for technology development and transfer.</p>
+<p>Establish institutional mechanisms to overcome barriers for the introduction of innovative technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation, including strengthening the system of legal protection of intellectual property right.</p>
+<p>Ensure an open and transparent system of technology introduction and transfer as a contribution to the INDC, such as through the cooperation and experience exchange with “Climate Technology Center and Network” (CTCN) and through the establishment of a similar mechanism in the country (ArmCTCN).</p>
+<h3><a id="5_Capacity_strengthening_90"></a>5. Capacity strengthening</h3>
+<p>Strengthen the operations of Intergovernmental Council on Climate Change, established by the Decision No 955 of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia of 02 October 2012 and its Working Group.</p>
+<p>Establish consistent process for professional training and education on climate change-related issues, as well as enhance cooperation at the international and regional levels.</p>
+<h3><a id="6_Finance_95"></a>6. Finance</h3>
+<p>Develop an appropriate legislative and institutional framework for adequate financial assistance. For this purpose a targeted financial mechanism consisting of two components should be created to finance climate change mitigation and adaptation projects:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>The first - internal (domestic) climate revolving civil fund, to be replenished on permanent base by allocations from environmental fees, ecosystem service fees, including “carbon taxing”.</li>
+<li>The second - external (international) financial mechanisms with resource provision following the principle of additionality, such as the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund, the Global Environmental Facility, bilateral and multilateral funds, and other sources.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The emerging financial mechanism will:<br>
+a. Create realistic and operational grounds for establishment and development of the reliable public-private partnerships (PPP),<br>
+b. Ensure the right of future generations to ‘use climate resources’.</p>
+<h3><a id="7_Transparency_104"></a>7. Transparency</h3>
+<p>Transparency of mitigation and adaptation actions will be ensured through:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>The introduction of national and international MRV system,</li>
+<li>Open and accessible information system, participatory process.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The open and transparent cooperation between public service providing bodies and civil society organizations ensured through establishing and strengthening effective legal incentives.</p>
+</body></html>

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+  <h1>NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT</h1>
+<p>DECISION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA</p>
+<p>«22» April 2021 N 610 - L</p>
+<p>ON APPROVAL OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO PARIS AGREEMENT </p>
+<p>Based on the Article 146 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia and taking into consideration paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 8 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the Government of the Republic of Armenia decides to:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li><p>Approve the Nationally determined contribution 2021-2030 of the Republic of Armenia to the Paris Agreement.</p></li>
+<li><p>This decision enters into force the next day following its official publication.</p></li>
+</ol>
+<p>Annex to the Government Decision N 610 – L, 22 April 2021</p>
+<h2>NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021-2030 OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TO THE PARIS AGREEMENT</h2>
+<ol type="1">
+<li><p>The Republic of Armenia ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in May 1993. In December 2002, Armenia ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and in February 2017, it ratified the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. In May 2019, the Republic of Armenia ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, undertaking a commitment to phase down HFCs<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1" role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a>. Armenia remains committed to multilateral process addressing the climate change.</p></li>
+<li><p>The Republic of Armenia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in September 2015. The INDC started with a preparatory period 2015-2019, following with a next phase from 2020, with a horizon to 2050.</p></li>
+<li><p>With the ratification of the Paris Agreement in February 2017, the INDC of Armenia became its nationally determined contribution (NDC) for the period of 2015 – 2050.</p></li>
+<li><p>The Republic of Armenia is a developing country and, as a developing country Party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is not included in the Annex I to the Convention. Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement provides that developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reductions targets, and that developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.</p></li>
+<li><p>In its 2015 INDC, Armenia undertook to pursue economy-wide mitigation measures, striving to achieve per capita net emissions of 2.07 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq in 2050, subject to adequate international financial, technological and capacity-building support.</p></li>
+<li><p>By 2030, Armenia is going to double its share of renewables in energy generation on the path to achieve climate neutrality in the second half of this century.</p></li>
+<li><p>Armenia is a land-locked country with vulnerable mountainous ecosystems, already facing negative impacts of climate change and water scarcity. Therefore, adaptation policies and measures are of paramount importance for Armenia’s ability to achieve its social and economic development goals.</p></li>
+<li><p>This submission constitutes the update of the INDC, which was submitted in 2015, following guidance provided by decision 4/CMA.1, decision 9/CMA.1 and decision 18/CMA.1. It provides up-front information on the emission reductions to be achieved by 2030 and on adaptation measures to be undertaken as part of the NDC, together with information on “action and support”.</p></li>
+<li><p>The NDC is based on the principle of green economy and is compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflected in social and economic development goals of the Republic of Armenia.</p></li>
+<li><p>In its updated NDC, the Republic of Armenia adopts a ten-year NDC implementation period (2021-2030) unlike its INDC, which proposed a timeframe of 2015-2050. Armenia maintains its 2050 mitigation goal of reducing its GHG emissions to at most 2.07 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq/capita, to be reflected in its Long Term - Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS). The new mitigation target to be achieved in 2030 equals 40 per cent reduction below 1990 emissions levels.</p></li>
+</ol>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th colspan="3">
+<p><strong>QUANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON THE REFERENCE POINT</strong></p>
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>1.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Reference year</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p>1990</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>2.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Quantifiable information on the reference indicators</strong></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>
+40 per cent reduction from 1990 emission levels by 2030
+</li>
+<li>
+Total GHG emissions 1990: 25,855, Gg CO<sub>2</sub>eq
+</li>
+<li>
+Net GHG emissions 1990: 25,118, Gg CO<sub>2</sub>eq, (NIR 1990-2017)
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>3.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Sources of data used in quantifying the reference points</strong></td>
+<td>
+<ul><li>Historical data are quoted from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of the Republic of Armenia for 1990-2017, Yerevan 2020.</li>
+<li>Calculations of the 2030 emissions target are based on:</li>
+<ul><li>1990-2017 GHG Inventory data;</li>
+<li>The main provisions of the new "Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”<a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2" role="doc-noteref"><sup>2</sup></a>, providing for more ambitious development of renewable energy and further lifetime extension of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant. The measures provided in the new Strategy have been prioritized in the Programme of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, adopted in 2019, justifying projections of GHG emissions from the Energy Sector;</li>
+<li> Emissions targets for IPPU, Agriculture and Waste sectors are based on the projections and assumptions provided in 4th National Communication.</li></ul></ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>4.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>The circumstances under which the Republic of Armenia may update the values of reference indicators</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p>The values of reference indicators may be updated in the event of further improvements made to the National GHG Inventory such as higher tier approaches for sub-categories, including data for new sub-categories, updates to country-specific emission factors or other improvements resulted from the quality assurance of GHG Inventory, inter alia, identified within the Technical Analysis of the NIRs.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><strong>TIMEFRAMES AND/OR PERIODS OF IMPLEMENTATION</strong></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>5.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Timeframe</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p>1 January 2021 – 31 December 2030</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>6.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Number of targets</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p>Single year target (2030)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><strong>SCOPE AND COVERAGE</strong></p>
+</td>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>7.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>General description of the target</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p>Economy-wide</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>8.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>GHG covered</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p>1.Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</p></li>
+<p>2.Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)</p></li>
+<p>3.Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</p></li>
+<p>4.F-gases (HFCs, SF<sub>6</sub>)</p></li>
+<p>These gases are compiled in the National GHG Inventory.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>9.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Sectors covered</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p><strong>Sectors included in the mitigation contribution:</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Energy (Energy Production and Use)</li>
+<li>Industrial Processes and Product Use (Mineral Industry and F-gases)
+<li>Agriculture (Enteric Fermentation, Direct and Indirect N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions from managed soils)
+<li>Waste (Solid Waste management, Wastewater)</li>
+<li>Forestry (afforestation, forest protection) and Other Land Use.</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><strong>PLANNING PROCESSES</strong></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>10.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Planning processes and implementation plans</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p><strong>Planning processes</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Coordination of the NDC preparation and monitoring of its implementation is a task of the Inter-agency Coordinating Council on Climate Change, established by the Decision No 955 of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia of 02 October 2012. The Council is composed of representatives of 10 ministries, three State agencies adjunct to the Government and two independent bodies, namely the Armenian Public Services Regulatory Commission and Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia.</li>
+<li>Public consultation process of the NDC update has been carried out in line with the government procedures, including involvement of the civil society, in a gender-responsive manner, and followed by a parliamentary debate.
+<li>The implementation of the NDC will be supported on subnational level by involving local communities and encouraging all stakeholders to take action, including NGOs, taking into account the needs of youth, vulnerable groups, in a gender-responsive manner.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered:</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Armenia GHG emissions come primarily from the energy sector (electricity and heat generation, other stationary and mobile combustion including in transport and residential sectors, fugitive emissions from natural gas system). In 2018, total primary energy supply (TPES) in Armenia amounted to 3.15 million toe or 1.1 toe/capita;</li>
+<li>Armenia has practically no domestic resources of fossil fuels and highly depends on fossil fuel imports. In 2018, 28.4 per cent of TPES was covered by indigenous resources: nuclear energy, hydro energy, biofuels, and small share of solar and wind energy;</li>
+<li>Natural gas accounted for 64.9 per cent of Armenia’s TPES in 2018 (2.04 million toe), followed by oil products: 10.2 per cent (0.3 million toe). Energy efficiency, energy conservation and renewable energy development are key priorities for the country’s energy security and key drivers of low carbon development;</li>
+<li>In 2018, Armenia produced 0.67 million toe electricity, of which 43.3 per cent came from natural gas fired thermal power plants, 29.8 per cent came from hydro power plants, 26.6 percent came from nuclear power plant and 0.3 per cent from wind and solar plants. Since 1990, Armenia gradually and completely phased out fuel oil (mazut) from the electricity mix. The government of Armenia does not subsidize the use of fossil fuels;</li>
+<li>  Total final consumption of energy in 2018 was 2.15 million toe. Households are the largest consumers of final energy (33.1 per cent). Transport is the second largest final energy consuming sector (33.0 per cent);</li>
+<li> Armenia is a small, landlocked country, it is responsible for 0.02 per cent of global GHG emissions. In 2017, total GHG emissions amounted to 10,624 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>eq and net GHG emissions amounted to 10,180 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>eq (NIR 2017);</li>
+<li>Armenia is an upper-middle income country with a small population, yet Armenia is assuming its responsibility and is ready to do its fair share in terms of emission reductions. In line with the outcomes of the Talanoa Dialogue of 2017-2018, Armenia is prepared to increase its ambition and in time go climate neutral with the help of international donors;</li>
+<li>Long-term planning until 2050 will be undertaken as part of preparation of Armenia’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy, with a view to the government adopting this document in 2021. Armenia anticipates being able to access adequate financial, technological, and capacity building support to mitigate and adapt to climate change;</li>
+<li>The main considerations taken into account by the government when updating the NDC were to maintain the growth of national economy, poverty reduction, environment protection,achievement of sustainable development goals, while increasing national energy security and ensuring affordable and clean energy supply.</li></ul>
+<p><strong>Implementation plans</strong></p>
+<p>Implementation of the 2021-2030 NDC is safeguarded by the national and sectoral strategies and their implementation programmes, such as:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Republic of Armenia 2014-2025 Strategic Program of Perspective Development<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref"><sup>3</sup></a> outlines actions to maximize the use of domestic energy resources, focusing on renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency;</li>
+<li>Programme of the Government of Armenia<a href="#fn4" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref4" role="doc-noteref"><sup>4</sup></a> (2019) puts emphasis on the development of nuclear energy, renewable energy sources, introduction of energy efficient and new technologies for ensuring energy security and providing affordable and reliable energy supply as well as for mitigating and preventing problems resulting from climate change, pursuant to the commitments under international agreements, the development and implementation of a sustainable policy for promoting green economy and achieving longterm sustainable development goals;</li>
+<li>Provisions of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement Roadmap<a href="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref5" role="doc-noteref"><sup>5</sup></a> with 12 actions on climate change and 34 energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy security actions;</li>
+<li>"Strategic Program for the Development of the Energy Sector of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040)”<a href="#fn6" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref6" role="doc-noteref"><sup>6</sup></a>, which safeguards national priority of energy security based upon nuclear energy, modern gas fired generation plants, development and expansion of economically viable and technically available renewable energy sources, mostly solar energy.</li>
+<li>Particularly, after realizing small hydro potential, mostly after 2000, the focus is shifted to solar energy and wind. Armenia is developing solar energy capacity from current 59.5<a href="#fn7" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref7" role="doc-noteref"><sup>7</sup></a> MW to 1000 MW before 2030, to increase both, green energy share and energy security (at least 15 per cent in 2030 in power generation mix);</li>
+<li>A national Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programme 2021-2030, which will define new sectoral targets<a href="#fn8" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref8" role="doc-noteref"><sup>8</sup></a>;</li>
+<li>Transport Strategy: increased efficiency of public transport, use of renewable energy, stimulation and support in uptake of electric vehicles;</li>
+<li>Agriculture strategy (2020-2030)<a href="#fn9" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref9" role="doc-noteref"><sup>9</sup></a>: improved nitrogen fertilizer management and development of organic farming, sustainable intensification of animal breeding through improved species, breeds, improved irrigation system, promotion of digital agriculture and technological innovation;</li>
+<li>Solid Waste Management System Development Strategy for 2017-2036<a href="#fn10" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref10" role="doc-noteref"><sup>10</sup></a>;</li>
+<li>National Forestry Programme (2021): increase of forest cover to 12.9 per cent of the territory of Armenia by 2030;
+Sectoral policy for forestry and sectoral policy for agriculture ensure organic carbon conservation, accumulation and storage in all categories of lands through comprehensive measures. Balance achieved will be accounted for in the NDC.</li></ul>
+<p><strong>Financing</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>The financing needs assessment is part of the National Implementation Plan for 2021-2030 NDC, which is under preparation;</p>
+<li>Armenia seeks to develop a debt-for-climate innovative financial swap mechanism, which aims at leveraging additional finance into climate action and suggests innovating not only the technical aspects of the debt-for-climate transaction, but the prioritization and value of commitments undertaken by countries across the world on a bilateral and multilateral level.</li>
+<li>Ministries and state agencies responsible for the implementation of sectoral strategies: Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, Statistical Committee, Public Services Regulatory Commission, Urban Development Committee, Cadaster Committee.</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>11.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p><strong>Voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</strong></p></td>
+<td>
+<p>The NDC commitment will be met through domestic actions, although donor support will be indispensable in order to ensure its implementation.</p>
+<p>In order to promote and contribute to mitigation outcomes over and above its domestic efforts, Armenia intends to participate in market and nonmarket mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, subject to relevant provisions having been adopted by Parties to the Agreement, namely in cooperative approaches enabling the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) under Article 6.2 by other Parties towards their NDCs, in project mechanisms under Article 6.4, providing additional mitigation outcomes to support the achievement of NDC goals by other countries, and in non-market approaches under Article 6.8 of the agreement. Armenia is already cooperating with the European Union and its Member States to promote measures at domestic, regional and international level, including with regard to market and non-market mechanisms for addressing climate change.<a href="#fn11" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref11" role="doc-noteref"><sup>11</sup></a></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><strong>ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE</strong></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>12.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Adaptation to climate change</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p><strong>In the planning processes, the following national circumstances have been considered</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Armenia is a land-locked, mountainous country with altitudes ranging from 375 to 4090 meters above sea level and has six climate zones: dry subtropical, semi dessert, steppe, forest, alpine and cold high mountainous;</li>
+<li>The climate of Armenia is rather dry with annual precipitations of 592 mm, some regions are arid, while the highest levels of precipitation are observed in the mountains. Within the period of 1935-2016 the total precipitation decreased by about 9 per cent (with faster decrease after 1996) which necessitates corresponding adaptation measures in agriculture and better water management;</li>
+<li>The average air temperature has significantly increased compared to the 1961-1990 annual average: by 1.03°C during 1929-2012, and during 1929-2016 this increase made 1.23°C.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Basis and approaches to adaptation</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Adaptation strategy and contributions are based on the requirement of the UNFCCC Article 2 “Objective”, which is to restrain climate change within timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. Thus, the natural ecosystems adaptation approach in NDC is considered pivotal for Armenia’s adaptation strategy and actions (contribution), and a basis for the development of the National Adaptation Plan 2021-2030.</li>
+<li>General objective of the NAP process is to promote reduction and management of climate risks in Armenia by addressing the impacts of climate change, taking advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages and building mechanisms enabling adaptation of natural, human, production and infrastructure systems. Adaptation activities will be prioritized based on sectors’ vulnerability to climate change:</li>
+<ul><li>
+Natural ecosystems (aquatic and terrestrial, including forest ecosystems, biodiversity and land cover)</li>
+<li>Human health</li>
+<li>Water resource management</li>
+<li>Agriculture, including fishery and forests</li>
+<li>Energy</li>
+<li>Human settlements and infrastructures</li>
+<li>Tourism.</li></ul>
+<li>The Republic of Armenia embraces the ecosystem approach for adapting to climate change. The ecosystem-based approach to adaptation is in harmony with the environmental policy of the country, linked to the Long-Term Strategy to 2050 and to Armenia development priorities.</li>
+<li>Ecosystem based Adaptation is expected to become part of policy mix in each sector, as reflected in Sectoral Adaptation Plans (SAPs). This ensures that mechanisms and policies supporting improved biodiversity and ecosystem services, income generation, poverty reduction, adoptive development or resilience of infrastructure and carbon emission mitigation co-benefits are integrated into sectoral and sub-national activities to reduce the country’s overall vulnerability to climate change.
+<li>The NAP will undergo periodic review and revision in 5-year cycles, in conjunction with updates to the National Communications, submission of adaptation communications and other relevant Measuring Reporting and Verification processes under the Convention and the Paris Agreement, providing the information necessary to track progress on the implementation and achievement of policies and measures.</li></ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><strong>ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS</strong></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>13.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p><strong>Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC</strong></p></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Methodologies for estimating emissions are based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories.</li>
+<li>The IPCC 2006 Inventory Software, developed for these Guidelines, was used for data entry, emission calculation, results analysis and conclusions.</li>
+<li>Global Warming Potential was used on a 100year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report (“1995 IPCC GWP Values”) as a basis for conversion of CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, F-gases emissions to CO<sub>2</sub>eq.
+<li>GHG emissions and removals were estimated using tier 1, 2 and 3 methodologies from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. In the case of key categories, tier 2 and 3 methodologies were mainly applied. Tier 3 methods were used for estimating CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from electricity generation and cement production. Tier 2 methods were used for estimating emissions from stationary and mobile combustion of natural gas, fugitive CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from natural gas, HFC emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning (method 2A), CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management of cattle, buffalo and sheep, net CO<sub>2</sub> removals from forest land remaining forest land, and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from solid waste disposal.</li>
+<li>Detailed information on each category is provided in the NIR2017, including an overview of emissions share; a description of methodology used; sources of data used; uncertainty analysis; consistent time-series; source-specific quality assurance/quality control; source-specific recalculations; and source-specific recommendation and planned improvements.</li>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>14.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Transparency</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p><strong>Transparency of mitigation and adaptation actions will be ensured through:</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>The introduction of national MRV system reflecting modalities, procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement (Decision 18/CMA.1);</li>
+<li>Biennial development of National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory;</li>
+<li>Development and submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat of National Communications and Biennial Update Reports/ Biennial Transparency >Reports (from 2024);</li>
+<li>Maintaining participatory process in the NDC review and public consultation mechanism during preparation of next NDCs, in a genderresponsive manner;</li>
+<li>Open and accessible information system ensured through strengthening cooperation between public service providers and civil society organizations.</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><strong>WHY THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA CONSIDERS THAT ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION IS FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN THE LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES</strong></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>15.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>To what extent the NDC of the Republic of Armenia is fair and ambitious considering the national circumstances</strong></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>The target of the 2020NDC, compared to the 2015INDC has been brought in line with the latest data on GHG emissions and capabilities of the country, taking into account a 10-year timeframe aligned with that of the majority of Parties to the Paris Agreement, as well as aligned with preparations to the global stock take.</li>
+<li>Armenia’ s current emissions are below 0.02 per cent of total global emissions.</li>
+<li>In 1993 relative to 1990 the GDP shrank by 53.1 per cent due to the collapse of the economic system of the Soviet Union. From 1994 onwards, GDP growth rebounded. In the period of 19942018, average GDP growth amounted to 6.2 per cent, with exception of 2009, when the GDP fell by 14.1 per cent.</li>
+<li>The economic recovery in Armenia was accompanied with significant progress towards low carbon development. In 2017 compared to 1990, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (constant 2010 prices) fell 4.7 times and made 0.86 Gg CO<sub>2eq.</sub> /million USD. GDP energy intensity also dropped 4.7 times from 1990 to 2017 and made 0.27 toe/1000 USD. This is due to structural changes in the economy, the widespread use of renewable energy resources, the use of low-carbon technologies, and the implementation of EE measures, which are an evidence of Armenia's low-carbon development trends.<a href="#fn12" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref12" role="doc-noteref"><sup>12</sup></a>
+<li>Armenia plans to continue growing as lowcarbon, modern economy, and to contribute to the long-term global goal of the Convention and of the Paris Agreement in line with its capability and respective capacity.</li>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>16.</p>
+</td>
+<td><strong>How the NDC of the Republic of Armenia contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2</strong></td>
+<td>
+<p><strong>NDC of the Republic of Armenia has been formulated based on the assumption that it will contribute to:</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
+<li>Furthering the objective of the Convention, while guided by its principles, including the principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of specific national circumstances;</li>
+<li>Applying an ecosystem-based approach to mitigation and adaptation actions, giving preference to balanced and combined actions.</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<section class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="fn1" role="doc-endnote"><p>From year 2033, the ban will be enacted on the import of HFCs to the Republic of Armenia from the countries that are not Parties to Kigali Amendment, export to the said countries, as well as the transit transfer of HFCs through the territory of the Republic of Armenia to the said countries.<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn2" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 2021<a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn3" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Government Decision No 442-L of 27 March 2014<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn4" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Government Decision No 65-A of 08 February 2019<a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn5" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Prime Minister Decision No 666-L of 01 June 2019<a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn6" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Government Decision No 48-L of 14 January 2021<a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn7" role="doc-endnote"><p>As of 1<sup>st</sup> July 2020<a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn8" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Government Decision No 650-L of 16 May 2019 envisaged development and adoption of national programme<a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn9" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Government Decision No 886-L of 19 December 2019<a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn10" role="doc-endnote"><p>RA Government Protocol Decision No 49 of 08 December 2016<a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn11" role="doc-endnote"><p>The scope of this bilateral cooperation is outlined in Chapter IV of the EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Anhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and in its Annex IV<a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn12" role="doc-endnote"><p>Armenia’s 4<sup>th</sup> National Communication to UNFCCC<a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>

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+<h1><a id="ANTIGUA_AND_BARBUDA_0"></a>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA</h1>
+<h1><a id="INTENDED_NATIONALLY_DETERMINED_CONTRIBUTION_INDC_1"></a>INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC)</h1>
+<h2><a id="Communicated_to_the_UNFCCC_on_15th_October_2015_2"></a>Communicated to the UNFCCC on 15th October, 2015</h2>
+<h3><a id="Introduction_3"></a>Introduction</h3>
+<p>The Government of Antigua and Barbuda is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad‐Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at COP21 in Paris, a new legally binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) appropriate to all Parties, which will come into effect and be implemented from 2020 onwards.</p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), in accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, towards achieving the objective of the Convention to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations to “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (Article 2), and towards the Convention’s commitment for all Parties to take “measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change” (Article 4).</p>
+<p>As agreed in Decision 1 CP/20 para 11, “Small island developing states may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions.” Mitigation and adaptation targets in this INDC are presented in an up‐front format to facilitate clarity and transparency, and are a mix of conditional and unconditional contributions, contingent upon receiving international support for technology transfer, capacity‐building and financial resources.<br>
+Antigua and Barbuda reserves the right to revise this INDC prior to finalization and/or ratification under a new global climate agreement.</p>
+<h3><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_INDC_11"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Conditional_Adaptation_Targets_12"></a>Conditional Adaptation Targets</h4></p>
+<ol>
+<li>By 2025, increase seawater desalination capacity by 50% above 2015 levels.</li>
+<li>By 2030, all buildings are improved and prepared for extreme climate events, including drought, flooding and hurricanes.</li>
+<li>By 2030, 100% of electricity demand in the water sector <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> and other essential services (including health, food storage and emergency services) will be met through off‐grid renewable sources.</li>
+<li>By 2030, all waterways are protected to reduce the risks of flooding and health impacts.</li>
+<li>By 2030, an affordable insurance scheme is available for farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners to cope with losses resulting from climate variability.</li>
+</ol>
+<p><h4><a id="Conditional_Mitigation_Targets_19"></a>Conditional Mitigation Targets</h4></p>
+<ol>
+<li>By 2020, establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles and appliances.</li>
+<li>By 2020, finalize the technical studies with the intention to construct and operationalize a waste to energy (WTE) plant by 2025.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup></li>
+<li>By 2030, achieve an energy matrix with 50 MW of electricity from renewable sources both on and off‐grid in the public and private sectors.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup></li>
+<li>By 2030, all remaining wetlands and watershed areas with carbon sequestration potential are protected as carbon sinks.</li>
+</ol>
+<p><h4><a id="Unconditional_Targets_24"></a>Unconditional Targets</h4></p>
+<ol>
+<li>Enhance the established enabling legal, policy and institutional environment for a low carbon emission development pathway to achieve poverty reduction and sustainable development.</li>
+<li>By 2020, update the Building Code to meet projected impacts of climate change.</li>
+</ol>
+<p><h4><a id="Support_for_Implementation_28"></a>Support for Implementation</h4></p>
+<p>The conditional adaptation and mitigation targets presented in this INDC are contingent upon Antigua and Barbuda receiving international support for capacity building, technology transfer and financial resources, including through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Adaptation Fund and multilateral agencies and bilateral agreements. The cost of implementing the adaptation targets is estimated at approximately $20M USD per year for the next ten years, and the cost of implementing the mitigation targets is estimated at approximately $220M USD, however these figures require further analysis.</p>
+<p>National contributions include establishing an enabling legal, policy and institutional environment to facilitate an efficient and effective transfer of resources to support implementation and achievement of the INDC targets. This enabling environment includes enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2015 and the Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) of 2015, in addition to policies in energy and the environment such as the National Energy Policy and the Sustainable Energy Action Plan. National efforts have contributed to an enabling financing environment through the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund), which was established under national environmental law. The Fund’s executing agency, the Department of Environment, has achieved accreditation to the Adaptation Fund as a National Implementing Entity, and the Department is seeking direct access to the GCF.</p>
+<h3><a id="INFORMATION_TO_FACILITATE_CLARITY_AND_TRANSPARENCY_32"></a>INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY AND TRANSPARENCY</h3>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">Parameter</th>
+<th>Information</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Period of implementation</td>
+<td>Pre 2020 and 2020 – 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Type of commitment</td>
+<td>We recognize that contributions from developed countries may be absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets relative to a base year, and that contributions from developing countries may be policies, measures and actions departing from business as usual. As a developing country, a small island developing state, and one of the lowest emitters in the world, Antigua and Barbuda presents conditional and unconditional policies, measures and actions (non-GHG target).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Reference point</td>
+<td>Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals (Gg) for 2006</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="4"><strong>Scope and coverage</strong></td>
+<td>Emissions impact</td>
+<td>Contributions will reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, reduce the cost of energy and help alleviate poverty through increasing access to affordable and sustainable energy.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors</td>
+<td>Sectors addressed in the adaptation and mitigation targets include: Energy, Health, Tourism, Agriculture, Waste, Water, Transportation, Forestry and Land Use Change.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)</td>
+<td>The national GHG inventory covers Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Geographical boundaries</td>
+<td>Entire country</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet target</td>
+<td>Antigua and Barbuda considers the establishment of an international market mechanism as an important complementary option to reduce total costs associated with limiting GHG emissions and to assist global efforts limiting temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Antigua and Barbuda acknowledges the potential for a renewed and reformed Clean Development Mechanism to fulfill this roll through its existing structure. The final mechanism should be a robust system that guarantees transparency and environmental integrity, and delivers real, permanent and verified emissions reductions and ensures that double counting is avoided.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Planning___process_47"></a>Planning process</h4></p>
+<p>This initial draft INDC was developed through a Cabinet mandate, where the Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda also reviewed the adaptation and mitigation targets. The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), was the primary drafting and review committee in the development of this initial INDC. The TAC is an inter-agency, multi-stakeholder advisory committee that includes fifteen government agencies, three NGOs and community interest groups, and one private sector coalition representative.</p>
+<p>Additional consultations were arranged with public, private, and civil society stakeholders, through meetings, workshops, public awareness and online publication.</p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the importance of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on transparency, access and accountability in environmental matters through participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant levels, as well as to involve the community by encouraging public awareness and participation by making information readily available.</p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is a working document and will be updated periodically, as appropriate. This initial draft INDC will be supported by a technical road map and additional technical assessments to facilitate the drafting of policies, regulations, and standards for implementation.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Assumptions____and_Methodological__Approaches_56"></a>Assumptions and Methodological Approaches</h4></p>
+<p>The full implementation of Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is made on the assumption of an ambitious and equitable multilateral agreement being reached among Parties that provides the means of implementation to enable Antigua and Barbuda to access international support through climate finance, and an agreement that stimulates investments, technology transfer and capacity building.</p>
+<p>The methodologies used to estimate GHG emissions in relevant sectors correspond to the 2006 IPCC Guidance for Conducting National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and assume Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a residence period in the atmosphere of 100 years pertaining to the Second Assessment report of the IPCC.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Consideration__on__Fairness____and_Ambition_61"></a>Consideration on Fairness and Ambition</h4></p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda’s INDC is fair, ambitious, and science-based, and is therefore a responsible contribution toward the global efforts of meeting the objectives of the UNFCCC to limit the average temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in vulnerable countries.</p>
+<p>The ambitious adaptation and mitigation targets presented in this INDC represent a national commitment towards addressing the global climate change challenge. Antigua and Barbuda’s emissions are negligible in a global context (less than 0.002%), and as a small island developing state (SIDS) the country is highly vulnerable to climate trends and impacts. Antigua and Barbuda aspires to increase national resilience to climate change through implementing integrated mitigation and adaptation actions.</p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda reaffirms its commitment to the AOSIS position that, “Research clearly shows that unless we act immediately, the opportunity to keep global warming below the crucial 1.5 degree Celsius threshold could be irrevocably lost.” The country believes in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR) to address the global climate challenge.</p>
+<h3><a id="ACCOMPANYING____INFORMATION_ON__ANTIGUA_AND_BARBUDAS___INDC_68"></a>ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA’S INDC</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="General____Information_69"></a>General Information</h4></p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda is a small island developing state (SIDS) in the Caribbean Sea with a population of 90,000, of which 1,200 people reside in Barbuda. The country’s economy is heavily dependent on natural resources, low-lying coastal zones, and favorable climate conditions to support the tourism sector, which accounts for about 80% of output gross domestic product (GDP), about 70% of direct and indirect employment and 85% of foreign exchange earnings. Antigua and Barbuda is exposed economically, environmentally and socially to projected climate change impacts. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Climate models for the Caribbean highlight the need for downscaled climate data. Temperature projections from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) indicate more rapid increases in temperatures over Antigua and Barbuda compared to the Global Climate Model (GCM), as the improved spatial resolution in the RCM allows the land mass of the larger Caribbean islands to be represented, whilst the region is represented only by ‘ocean’ grid boxes at GCM resolution. RCM projections indicate increases of 2.4 ̊C to 3.2 ̊C in mean annual temperatures by the 2080s.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup> Analysis of climate change for the island also projects accelerated coastal erosion and inundation, lower average annual rainfall, increased rainfall intensity causing flooding and a likely increase in tropical storm intensity.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Accompanying___Information_on__Adaptation_Actions_75"></a>Accompanying Information on Adaptation Actions</h4></p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda’s development strategy is guided by a national physical development plan, a requirement under the Physical Planning Act of 2003, and is periodically updated. In 2012, Cabinet approved the Sustainable Island Resource Management and Zoning Plan (SIRMZP) to serve as the updated national physical development plan, which presents a forward-looking strategic, national spatial development framework that addresses current development issues, and provides a platform for feasible private and public sector development initiatives, reflecting local cultural values and aspirations over the next twenty years. Complementing the SIRMZP strategy, the adaptation targets presented in this INDC are incremental efforts to the national physical development plan as the targets elevate ambition beyond development, to build resilience through adaptation interventions in preparation for projected climate impacts.</p>
+<p>Since the year 2001, Antigua and Barbuda has been up to date with its commitments to report to the UNFCCC and is now in the process of preparing its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, to be presented by the end of 2015. Antigua and Barbuda has presented two National Communications, the first in 2001 and the second in 2011, which highlight climate change present and future impacts. The National Communications elaborate in detail the impact that climate change will have on weather- and climate-sensitive sectors. Antigua and Barbuda is currently developing its biennial update report (BUR), which will be submitted to the UNFCCC by the end of 2016.</p>
+<p>Drought is a major concern for the country. Historically, the water sector in Antigua and Barbuda has been vulnerable to shortages as a result of droughts every 5 to 10 years coupled with contamination from saltwater intrusion that threatens groundwater supplies. Some wells have already been capped to address the issue of saltwater intrusion. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Climate impacts will exacerbate freshwater scarcity. Antigua and Barbuda lie in a zone that is expected to receive 30-50% less average annual rainfall by 2090 compared to late 20th century norms. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup> In the Caribbean, sea level rise has been observed at between 1.5 and 3 mm per year, which will increasingly put inland freshwater resources at risk of saline intrusion.</p>
+<p>Adaptation in the water sector is of national priority. Desalination reliance has already grown to account for 60% of national water supply, and this is the most viable option for enhancing freshwater resources.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup> During times of drought, desalination can account for up to 90% of freshwater supply. Antigua and Barbuda have the goal to, <strong>by 2025, increase seawater desalination capacity by 50% above 2015 levels</strong>, from approximately 5.4 million to over 8 million US gallons per day (GPD) to counteract freshwater scarcity in Antigua and Barbuda.</p>
+<p>Given that desalination is the primary adaptation solution to Antigua and Barbuda’s freshwater challenges, and that its ability to meet demand is contingent on a stable and uninterrupted energy supply, implementing resilience in energy systems for water resources is a critical adaptation measure. Off-grid renewable energy resources can enhance resilience in the water sector. <strong>By 2030, 100% of electricity demand in the water sector and other essential services (including health, food storage and emergency services) will be met through off-grid renewable sources</strong> to enhance resilience to drought and hurricanes.</p>
+<p>The need for adaptation in the water sector is not limited to freshwater supply. In recent years, the impact of floods in Antigua and Barbuda have become particularly acute, in part due to climate variability affecting the frequency and severity of storms and rainfall extremes, and to development that has increased impervious surface cover and constricted drainage. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup> The health sector is exposed to climate impacts through vector borne diseases and the spread of waterborne illnesses, where trends suggest increases in Antigua and Barbuda.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup> <strong>By 2030, all waterways will be protected to reduce the risks of flooding and health impacts.</strong></p>
+<p>Climate models projecting hurricane trends have generally determined that there will be an increase in intensity, if not frequency, of hurricanes in the Atlantic and Caribbean.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11">[11]</a></sup> As such, hurricanes will pose an increasing threat to Antigua and Barbuda’s economy. Over 15 years, between 1995 and 2010, six hurricanes resulted in economic losses and damages on the twin island state totaling US $335 million (Hurricane Luis in 1995, Hurricane Georges in 1998, Hurricanes Jose and Lenny in 1999, Hurricane Omar in 2008, and Hurricane Earl in 2010).<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn12" id="fnref12">[12]</a></sup> Physical infrastructure in Antigua and Barbuda must be adapted to the dynamic threats of water scarcity, heavy rainfall events, and more intense storms and hurricanes. <strong>By 2030, all buildings will be improved and prepared for extreme climate events, including drought, flooding and hurricanes.</strong></p>
+<p>Physical adaptation measures will not always be enough to prevent significant loss and damage to the infrastructure and economy of Antigua and Barbuda. As a coastal economy, one-meter sea level rise (SLR) would impact 10% of major tourism resorts, all seaports, and 2% of major road networks in Antigua and Barbuda. The fisheries sector sustains significant losses during hurricanes, and will be negatively impacted by ocean acidification, SLR, and increasing sea surface temperatures. The recent annual influx of Sargassum seaweed to Antigua and Barbuda’s windward shores, which may be a result of climatic factors, is an unanticipated slow onset event with significant economic repercussions in tourism and fisheries. The agricultural sector is also particularly vulnerable to climate impacts. A drought in 2010 resulted in an overall loss of crops by 15%, with some crops sustaining losses up to 50%, while later that year excessive rain incurred losses to the crop sector totaling US $1 million.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13">[13]</a></sup> A loss and damage mechanism is integral to building resilience to climate change in Antigua and Barbuda. <strong>By 2030, an affordable insurance scheme will be available for farmers, fishers, and residential and business owners to cope with losses resulting from climate variability.</strong></p>
+<p><h4><a id="Accompanying___Information_on__Mitigation__Actions_94"></a>Accompanying Information on Mitigation Actions</h4></p>
+<p>Without any known fossil fuel resources, Antigua and Barbuda relies almost exclusively on imported fossil fuels for energy: heavy fuel oil in electricity generation; gasoline and diesel in transport; and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. This has resulted in relatively high emissions and extremely high fuel costs. In 2006, Antigua and Barbuda’s national emissions totaled 945.5 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>, of which 92% were derived from fuel combustion in the energy sector.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn14" id="fnref14">[14]</a></sup> In addition, the cost of fossil fuel imports, valued at US $165.4 million in 2013, or equivalent to 13.7% of the country’s GDP, is a financial burden on the country’s economy. The cost of electricity has risen to over US $0.40 per kWh,<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn15" id="fnref15">[15]</a></sup> and consumers in Antigua and Barbuda pay among the highest electricity prices in the world. High electricity rates inhibit adaptation strategies, such as energy intensive seawater desalination; the provision of essential services; small businesses and low- and middle-income households; and economic growth.</p>
+<p>However, in recent years, Antigua and Barbuda has made important strides in its sustainable energy policy. A National Energy Policy (NEP) was approved in November 2011, serving as the main policy for renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) development. The NEP sets out the national approach to achieving its vision that, “By 2030 Antigua and Barbuda will meet the needs of the present generation while safeguarding the environment and enabling future generations to meet their own energy needs. All citizens and residents will have access to affordable, efficient, socially responsible and reliable forms of energy”. This strategic plan proposes to exploit local energy resources and reduce fossil fuel dependence.</p>
+<p>In March 2013, Antigua and Barbuda released a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP), to foster energy conservation and efficiency, diversification of energy sources, sustainable energy consumption and generation as well as the utilization of renewable energy sources. In 2015, Parliament enacted the Renewable Energy Act of 2015, to establish a legal, economic and institutional basis to promote the use of renewable energy resources. Towards this end, Antigua and Barbuda will, <strong>by 2030, achieve an energy matrix with 50 MW of electricity from renewable sources both on and off-grid in the public and private sectors.</strong></p>
+<p>Domestic and industrial waste is a growing environmental concern in Antigua and Barbuda, whereas technological assistance could reverse this trend and create new opportunities. A preliminary review of annual waste streams to the sanitary landfill suggests that some 80,000 tonnes annually of feedstock could be available for conversion to energy if an appropriate facility were available, mitigating CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. Antigua and Barbuda’s goal is to, <strong>by 2020, finalize technical studies with the intention to construct and operationalize a waste to energy (WTE) plant by 2025.</strong></p>
+<p>In 2006, land use change and forestry contributed 7% of national emissions. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn16" id="fnref16">[16]</a></sup> Land use change can be mitigated through removal of GHG emissions by carbon sinks. The Environmental Protection and Management Act of 2015 establishes the legal backing such that, “Where the area is protected as a carbon sink it shall follow the principles developed by the UNFCCC.”<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn17" id="fnref17">[17]</a></sup> <strong>By 2030, all remaining wetlands and watershed areas with carbon sequestration potential will be protected as carbon sinks.</strong></p>
+<p>In 2014, the transport sector consumed over one quarter of the country’s fossil fuel imports, 20% of which were gasoline and 11% diesel.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn18" id="fnref18">[18]</a></sup> The NEP addresses this emissions sector by inter alia recommending the use of vehicles with higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions, and support for hybrid, flex-fuel for electric vehicles as national targets. Antigua and Barbuda aims to, <strong>by 2020, establish efficiency standards for the importation of all vehicles and appliances.</strong></p>
+<p><h4><a id="Consideration__of__INDC____MitigationAdaptation___Cobenefits_107"></a>Consideration of INDC Mitigation/Adaptation Co-benefits</h4></p>
+<p>National circumstances highlight the country’s exposure and vulnerability to climate impacts, and the ways in which mitigation actions, namely on and off-grid renewable energy, can increase resilience in critical sectors such as energy, water, health, and emergency services. Similarly, mitigation actions can have adaptation co-benefits. For example, expanding the protection of wetlands and watersheds to sink GHG emissions also serves as an adaptation strategy by enhancing water retention and reducing the risks of climate impacts, namely flooding and storm surge. Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation in the area of low carbon development as an efficient and cost-effective strategy for sustainable development.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Additional_Information_on__Support_for_Implementation_110"></a>Additional Information on Support for Implementation</h4></p>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda requires international support from multilateral and bilateral sources, including through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the GEF and the Adaptation Fund, for capacity building, climate finance and technology transfer to be able to strengthen its current programs, policies and regulations, to develop and implement new initiatives, and to fully assess and address the impacts of climate change, as defined in the adaptation and mitigation targets. Additional activities requiring support for implementation include, inter alia:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Technology, human resources and financial capacity assessment;</li>
+<li>Support for the development of a Technology Strategy and Road Map that includes repurposing, decommissioning, and disposing of stranded assets;</li>
+<li>Comprehensive assessment of the national costs of adaptation and mitigation;</li>
+<li>Elaboration of a National Adaptation Plan;</li>
+<li>Enhancing Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) processes;</li>
+<li>Development of standardized baselines to assess and monitor the impacts of implementing INDC adaptation and mitigation initiatives;</li>
+<li>Support for data collection, storage and management; and</li>
+<li>Support for education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation throughout implementation of the INDC targets.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Antigua and Barbuda expresses that this INDC is provisional and an updated version will be submitted upon the completion of the Technology Strategy and Road Map and following ratification of the Paris Agreement in December 2015.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>The water sector includes water generation (seawater desalination), distribution and usage, to ensure water delivery when grid electricity may be interrupted. Based on an informal assessment, water distribution and usage is equal to approximately 15% of GHG emissions in the electricity sector. <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>This waste to energy target is not considered part of the 50 MW renewable energy target. <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p>This target includes distributive renewable energy capacity to be used as backup energy by the commercial sector and some residences. The assumption is that the commercial sector has full backup capacity of approx. 20 MW to continue business when electricity via the grid may be interrupted. Backup electricity generation is currently fossil fuel‐based. <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p>The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2015. Draft Vulnerability Impact and Adaptation Analysis in the Caribbean (VIAAC): National Vulnerability Analysis for Antigua and Barbuda. Prepared with funding from UNEP-ROLAC. <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p>The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA): Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda. Prepared with funding from DFID and AusAID, p. 14. <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 36.; Environment Solutions Limited (ESL), 2014. National Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan to Address Climate Change in the Water Sector in Antigua and Barbuda: Final Report. An initiative of the ACP Group of States funded by the EU, November 30: p. 11. <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p>The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2015. Draft National Vulnerability Analysis for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 9. <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p>ESL, 2014. National Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, p. 174. <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p>UN-HABITAT, 2011. Antigua and Barbuda: National Urban Profile, p. 23. <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p>The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 189. <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p>Ibid, p. 28. <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn12" class="footnote-item"><p>The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2015. National Vulnerability Analysis for Antigua and Barbuda, p. 44. <a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn13" class="footnote-item"><p>The CARIBSAVE Partnership, 2012. Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. xxv. <a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn14" class="footnote-item"><p>Government of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB), 2013. National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases for Antigua and Barbuda: Inventory Year 2006. Draft Report, p. 4. <a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn15" class="footnote-item"><p>Samuel, H. A., 2014. Antigua & Barbuda Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) Background Paper, Working Draft for discussion at RRA Experts & Stakeholders Workshop. IRENA, p. 6. <a href="#fnref15" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn16" class="footnote-item"><p>GoAB, 2013. National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases, p. 4. <a href="#fnref16" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn17" class="footnote-item"><p>GoAB, 2015. Antigua and Barbuda Environmental Protection and Management Act of 2015, Section 53(8). <a href="#fnref17" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn18" class="footnote-item"><p>Samuel, H. A., 2014. RRA Background Paper IRENA, p. 9. <a href="#fnref18" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body></html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html><html>
+<head>
+ <meta charset="utf-8">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h2><a id="AUSTRALIA_0"></a>AUSTRALIA</h2>
+<h1><a id="Australias_Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_to_a_new_Climate_Change_Agreement__August_2015_2"></a>Australia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to a new Climate Change Agreement | August 2015</h1>
+<h3><a id="I_Australias_commitment_7"></a>I. Australia’s commitment</h3>
+<p>Australia wants the United Nations climate change conference in Paris to deliver a strong and effective new global climate change agreement, applicable to all UNFCCC Parties.</p>
+<p>Australia has a strong record of meeting our commitments, and we are on track to meet our 2020 target. Our direct action policy, including the Emissions Reduction Fund, is supporting businesses and the community to reduce emissions, while improving productivity and sustaining economic growth.</p>
+<p>Australia will continue to play our part in an effective global response to climate change. Under a Paris Agreement applicable to all, Australia will implement an <strong>economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030</strong>. The details of Australia’s contribution are set out in the attachment to aid transparency, clarity and understanding.</p>
+<p>Australia’s target is unconditional based on assumptions set out in the attachment. We will implement the 28 per cent target should circumstances allow, taking into account opportunities to reduce emissions and factors such as the costs of technology. Australia reserves the right to adjust our target and its parameters before it is finalised under a new global agreement should the rules and other underpinning arrangements of the agreement differ in a way that materially impacts the definition of our target.</p>
+<h3><a id="II_A_fair_and_ambitious_contribution_to_deliver_the_Conventions_objective_16"></a>II. A fair and ambitious contribution to deliver the Convention’s objective</h3>
+<p>Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution is an ambitious, fair and responsible contribution to global efforts toward meeting the objective of the UNFCCC with the goal of limiting global average temperature rise to below two degrees Celsius.</p>
+<p>The target is a significant progression beyond Australia’s 2020 commitment to cut emissions by five per cent below 2000 levels (equivalent to 13 per cent below 2005 levels). The target approximately doubles Australia’s rate of emissions reductions, and significantly reduces emissions per capita and per unit of GDP, when compared to the 2020 target. Across a range of metrics, Australia’s target is comparable to the targets of other advanced economies. Against 2005 levels, Australia’s target represents projected cuts of 50 to 52 per cent in emissions per capita by 2030 and 64 to 65 per cent per unit of GDP by 2030.</p>
+<p>The target represents serious and ambitious effort for Australia. This effort takes account of Australia’s unique national circumstances, including a growing population and economy, role as a leading global resources provider, our current energy infrastructure, and higher than average abatement costs. The target places Australia on a stable pathway towards longer term emissions reductions in the context of future global action and technological innovation.</p>
+<h3><a id="III_Planning_processes_towards_achieving_Australias_target_28"></a>III. Planning processes towards achieving Australia’s target</h3>
+<p>Australia’s Emissions Reduction Fund supports Australian businesses to reduce emissions while improving productivity. The first auction under the Fund was held in April 2015, and successfully purchased over 47 million tonnes of abatement at an average price of AU$13.95. The Government is finalising a safeguard mechanism to ensure emissions reductions purchased under the Fund are not offset by significant rises in emissions elsewhere in the economy. Australia has additional policy measures in place to promote the deployment of renewable energy and improve energy efficiency. Under Australia’s Renewable Energy Target scheme, over 23 per cent of Australia’s electricity will come from renewable sources by 2020.</p>
+<p>The Australian Government is working to build climate resilience and support adaptation to climate change. Australia will develop a National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy during 2015.</p>
+<p>The Australian Government is commencing the development of a range of policies that will reduce emissions into the post-2020 period, including a National Energy Productivity Plan with a National Energy Productivity Target of a 40 per cent improvement between 2015 and 2030, the investigation of opportunities to improve the efficiency of light and heavy vehicles, and the enhanced management of synthetic greenhouse gas emissions under ozone protection laws and the Montreal Protocol.</p>
+<p>Building from these measures, the Australian Government will in 2017-2018 undertake consultation to determine further post-2020 domestic emissions reduction policies. The Government will ensure that policies used in the post-2020 period are efficient and complementary with one another, and are appropriately calibrated towards achieving Australia’s 2030 target. As a part of this process, the Government will consider a potential long term emissions reduction goal for Australia, beyond 2030, taking into account international trends and technology developments.</p>
+<h3><a id="Attachment_Australias_intended_nationally_determined_contribution_43"></a>Attachment: Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution</h3>
+<p><strong>Target</strong>: 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><em>Reference point</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Base year</strong></td>
+<td>2005</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><em>Time frames</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Period covered</strong></td>
+<td>2021 - 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><em>Scope and Coverage</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Target type</strong></td>
+<td>Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction by 2030, to be developed into an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Gases covered</strong></td>
+<td>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>); Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>); Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF<sub>3</sub>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Sectors covered</strong></td>
+<td>Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, land-use change and forestry; Waste</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>% of base year emissions covered</strong></td>
+<td>100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><em>Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Metrics</strong></td>
+<td>Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Emissions estimation methodology</strong></td>
+<td>Australia intends to apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods, or as otherwise agreed.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Accounting approach</strong></td>
+<td>Australia intends to account based on UNFCCC inventory reporting categories using a net-net approach. Australia will apply IPCC guidance for treatment of natural disturbance and variation. <br>Australia’s INDC assumes that accounting provisions under the Paris agreement will: <ul><li>Preserve the integrity of the agreement by ensuring claimed emissions reductions are genuine and are not double counted; and</li>
+<li>Recognise emissions reductions from all sectors.</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Australia reserves the right to adjust our target and its parameters before it is finalised under a new global agreement should the rules and other underpinning arrangements of the agreement differ in a way that materially impacts the definition of our target.</p>
+</body></html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+</head>
+  <title>AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1><a>AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION</a></h1>
+  <p>COMMUNICATION 2022</p>
+  <h3>© Commonwealth of Australia 2022 Creative Commons</h3>
+  <h3>Attribution 4.0 International Licence CC BY 4.0</h3>
+  <p>Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia.</p>
+  <p>All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos, any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication, and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms.</p>
+  <p>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.</p>
+  <p>The full licence terms are available from https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</p>
+  <p>Content contained herein should be attributed as:</p>
+  <p>Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Communication 2022,</p>
+  <p>Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources.</p>
+  <h3>Disclaimer</h3>
+  <p>The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Commonwealth of Australia, its officers, employees, or agents disclaim any liability, including liability for negligence, loss howsoever caused, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The reader should rely on their own inquiries to independently confirm the information and comment on which they intend to act. This publication does not indicate commitment by the Australian Government to a particular course of action.</p>
+      <h2>I. Australia’s strengthened climate ambition</h2>
+      <p>This submission communicates Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+      <p>In this updated NDC, Australia is increasing the ambition of its 2030 target, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030.</p>
+      <p>Australia also reaffirms its target to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Both targets are economy-wide emissions reduction commitments, covering all sectors and gases included in Australia’s national inventory.</p>
+      <p>Australia’s new 2030 target is a significant increase in ambition. It is a 15 percentage point increase on the upper end of the previous 2030 target of 26 – 28% below 2005 levels – or half as much again as the previous target. The revised 2030 commitment is both a single-year target to reduce emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 and a multi-year emissions budget from 2021-2030.</p>
+      <p>The updated 2030 target puts Australia on track to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.</p>
+      <p>It reflects the Australian Government’s resolve to urgently step up action and work alongside global partners to tackle the climate crisis, achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, and keep 1.5°C within reach. Our aspiration is that the commitments of our industry, states and territories and the Australian people will yield even greater emissions reductions in the coming decade.</p>
+      <p>Australia will not carry over any overachievement on its 2020 target or its Kyoto Protocol targets to meet its Paris Agreement targets.</p>
+      <p>The Australian Government is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to net zero. Australia’s new 2030 target is based on the modelled impact of these policies. The Australian Government is working to urgently implement these policies to maximise their emissions reduction impact and economic benefits and to provide Australian industry with a comprehensive and consistent policy framework. Australia’s new policies include:</p>
+      <ul>
+        <li>
+          <p>A $20 billion investment in Australia’s electricity grid to unlock greater penetration of renewable energy and accelerate decarbonisation of the grid.</p>
+          <ul>
+            <li>
+              <p>Complemented by an additional $300 million to deliver community batteries and solar banks across Australia.</p>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+        <li>
+          <p>Investment of up to $3 billion from the new National Reconstruction Fund to support renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies, broadening Australia’s industrial base, bolstering regional economic development, and boosting private investment in abatement.</p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p>A Powering the Regions Fund to support the development of new clean energy industries and the decarbonisation priorities of existing industry.</p>
+          <ul>
+            <li>
+              <p>The Fund will also prioritise building the workforce skills and capability required for the clean energy transition. The Australian Government will invest a further $100 million to train 10,000 New Energy Apprentices in the jobs of the future and establish a $10 million New Energy Skills Program to provide additional training pathways.</p>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p>The introduction of declining emissions baselines for Australia’s major emitters, under the existing Safeguard Mechanism, providing a predictable policy framework for industry, consistent with a national trajectory to net zero and supporting international competitiveness.</p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p>Australia’s first National Electric Vehicle Strategy, to reduce emissions and accelerate the uptake of electric vehicles, including by establishing a new Driving the Nation Fund and doubling the Commonwealth’s investment in charging and refuelling infrastructure to $500 million. The Australian Government will also introduce an electric car tax discount and establish a real-world emissions testing program to help consumers make more informed choices about the fuel efficiency of their vehicles.</p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p>The application of new standardised and internationally-aligned reporting requirements for climate risks and opportunities for large businesses.</p>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          <p>A commitment to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies).</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+          <p>These new measures will build on existing emissions reduction and low emissions technology accelerator policies and programs including the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, crediting under the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011, and a range of investments to accelerate and facilitate low emissions and clean energy technologies, such as green hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminium, to bring their costs down to make them competitive with higher emitting alternatives.</p>
+          <p>The Australian Government will introduce a new annual statement to Parliament on climate policy, progress against national targets and international developments and will seek to formalise its targets in legislation. The annual statement and other climate policy will be informed by Australia’s Climate Change Authority, which the Government will restore as an independent source of advice.</p>
+          <p>Australia is committed to working closely with our Pacific family to achieve an ambitious international response to the climate crisis, including talking with them about jointly hosting a future UNFCCC Conference of the Parties meeting.</p>
+          <p>As a federation, Australian States, Territories and local government also implement significant policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support clean energy technologies. Australian households, communities and businesses are increasingly playing their part in addressing climate change and embracing the opportunities presented by the transition to net zero.</p>
+          <p>The details of Australia’s new 2030 target, and its 2050 net zero target are provided in Table 1. Australia will track progress towards both targets in its Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement, on the basis of national emissions reported in its annual National Inventory Report. Australia will also provide detailed information on each of its policies and measures in its Biennial Transparency Reports.</p>
+      <h2>II. Australia’s action to advance adaptation and resilience</h2>
+  <p>Climate change is already having significant impacts in Australia and our region. The Australian Government is taking concerted action to adapt to climate change and ensure the resilience and disaster readiness of our communities and natural environment in the context of its impacts.</p>
+  <p>This includes:</p>
+  <ul>
+    <li>
+      <p>Leading the development of an urgent climate risk assessment of the implications of climate change for national security, which will be an enduring feature of Australia’s climate action.</p>
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      <p>Making sure Australia is disaster ready by spending up to $200 million every year on disaster preparation and resilience projects.</p>
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      <p>Protecting Australia’s unique environment by fixing Australia’s urban rivers and catchments, and doubling the number of Indigenous Rangers, recognising the importance of employing Indigenous People’s knowledge and experience to address the climate crisis.</p>
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      <p>Investing in the health and resilience of our ocean ecosystems, including by strengthening the management of our national network of Marine Parks and spending an additional $194.5 million on top of existing investments to protect the Great Barrier Reef.</p>
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      <p>Establishing a Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, so that climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as the climate and biodiversity crises, can be addressed holistically.</p>
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+  <p>Australia looks forward to making even stronger contributions to global climate science and sharing our expertise, experiences and skills across the globe toward stronger adaptation and resilience outcomes.</p>
+  <h3>Table 1: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution</h3>
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="4">
+        <p>Quantifiable information on the reference point</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">
+        <p>Commitment</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="2">
+        <p>43% below 2005 levels by 2030</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2">
+        <p>Net zero emissions by 2050</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>Implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Implemented as a point target</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Reference year or other starting point</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Emissions budget for the period 2021-2030.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Base year: 2005</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s net emissions in the most recently available year, published in the annual National Inventory Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Quantifiable information on the reference indicators</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The indicative value of the emissions budget is 4381 million tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-e, corresponding to the 43% target.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The indicative value of the 2005 base year is 621.1 million tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-e net national emissions, as reported in the National Inventory Report submitted on 27 May 2022 (Table A3.1, Annex 3, Volume 3).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s net emissions in 2020, were 497.7 million tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-e, as reported in the National Inventory Report submitted on 27 May 2022 (Table A3.1, Annex 3, Volume 3).</p>
+        <p>According to the latest Quarterly Update of Australia’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, emissions in the year to December 2021 were 488.0 million tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-e.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Value of target relative to the reference indicator</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s 2030 target is a 43% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030, implemented as an emissions budget (reference indicator) covering the period 2021-2030.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s 2030 target is a 43% reduction below 2005 levels (reference indicator) by 2030, implemented as a single-year point target.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Net zero emissions by 2050.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Data used in quantifying the reference point</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="2">
+        <p>Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s emissions projections, and in its annual National Inventory Report, up until the end of the period. Following the end of the period quantification will be based on data reported in the National Inventory Report for the year 2030.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s annual National Inventory Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2">
+        <p>1.1.6</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2">
+        <p>Updates to the values of the reference indicators</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Estimates apply the 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2">
+        <p>The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements, and updates to Australia’s projections.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="4">
+        <p>Time frames</p>
+      </td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.2.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Time frame for implementation</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>2021 – 2030</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>2021 – 2030</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>2021 – 2050</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.2.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Single-year or multi-year target</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Multi-year budget</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Single-year</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Single-year</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="4">
+        <p>Scope and coverage</p>
+      </td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>General description of the target</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction, as an emissions budget covering 2021-2030.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Absolute economy-wide emissions target expressed as a single-year target.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Absolute economy-wide emissions target expressed as a single-year target.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>); Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>); Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF<sub>3</sub>).</p>
+        <p>All sectors, categories and carbon pools, as defined by the IPCC 2006 guidelines, and additional sources reported in the annual National Inventory Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Complete and continuous coverage</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Australia has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. No source, sink, or activity that was included in Australia’s 2020 target under the Convention has been excluded.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Mitigation co-benefits</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting</p>
+      </td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2">
+        <p>1.4.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2">
+        <p>Accounting for emissions and removals</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia assesses progress towards its 2030 target by comparing cumulative net emissions over the period 2021–2030 with the emissions budget for the period.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia will account for its 2030 single-year target on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Report for the year 2030, submitted under the Paris Agreement.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia will account for its 2050 commitment on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Report for the year 2050, submitted under the Paris Agreement.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Australia will make corresponding adjustments for any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, should the Australian Government authorise any for use towards NDCs.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>IPCC methodologies and metrics used and existing approaches</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed by the CMA.</p>
+        <p>The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC will be those reported in the Inventory, which will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Natural disturbances</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Australia will address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in accounting for its NDC. The carbon stock changes from natural disturbances are included in the national emissions totals, as described in Australia’s National Inventory Report (May 2022) consistent with approaches set out in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and the IPCC 2019 Refinement. Australia will continue to provide information on its approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in its annual National Inventory Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Harvested wood products</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Australia will use a stock-change approach consistent with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines to estimate emissions from Harvested Wood Products, consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and paragraph 56 of the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1. The methodology will be described in detail in Australia’s annual National Inventory Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.6</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Effects of age-class structure in forests</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.7</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including:</p>
+        <p>Construction of the reference indicators</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The emissions budget for the 2030 target is calculated using a straight-line trajectory which takes a linear decrease from 2020 to 2030. This trajectory begins from Australia’s 2020 target (5% below 2000 levels), and finishes at 43% below 2005 levels in 2030. The area under the trajectory for the period 2021–2030 is the emissions budget for the 2030 target.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The reference indicator for the 2030 single-year target is net national greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2005, as published in the National Inventory Report annually. The definitions, data sources and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the National Inventory Report.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The reference indicator for the 2050 commitment is net national greenhouse gas emissions in the most recently available year, as published in the National Inventory Report annually. The definitions, data sources and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the National Inventory Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.8</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Non greenhouse-gas components</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.9</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Climate forcers, as applicable</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.10</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Further technical information, as necessary</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.11</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="3">
+        <p>Should Australia decide to use cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement towards achievement of its NDC or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its Biennial Transparency Reports and consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <h3>Table 2: Fair and Ambitious Contribution, Contribution to Article 2, Planning Processes Information and Article 4.</h3>
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="2">
+        <p>How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>A fair and ambitious contribution</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution represents a significant increase in Australia’s ambition and reflects a strong commitment to urgent ambitious action on climate change.</p>
+        <p>Australia’s enhanced NDC is underpinned by a robust policy framework that will deliver on our emissions reduction commitments while driving economic growth, making electricity more affordable and creating new jobs. Australia is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies that will drive the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future to achieve our 2030 target and support Australia’s transition to net zero.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s plan to achieve its 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets has the wellbeing and prosperity of all Australians, including regional communities, at its core. It recognises the global transition to a clean energy economy is underway, creating impacts and opportunities for Australia’s industries. The Australian Government will support and partner with communities and industry on decarbonisation priorities, the development of new clean energy industries and skills and training programs to support workforce development. This will ensure that Australia is well-positioned to capitalise on clean economy opportunities to drive growth and support job creation.</p>
+        <p>The Australian Government has committed to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero emissions by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies). Emissions reductions across non-Defence (Australian Public Service) agencies is a strong commitment to lead by example on emissions reductions and contribute to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy.</p>
+        <p>The Australian Government will also improve integrity in decision-making around climate change with a new annual statement to Parliament as a matter of transparency and accountability. This will report on climate policy and progress towards national targets. The Government will also restore the role of Australia’s Climate Change Authority as an independent source of advice.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s updated NDC is a progression on our previous 2030 target and a significant increase in ambition, committing Australia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 — half as much again as the previous target of 26 – 28% — and achieve net zero emissions by 2050.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s 2030 and 2050 targets are economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="2">
+        <p>How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.2.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Both targets will also be achieved in a manner which will ensure economic growth and will be complemented by measures to advance adaptation, ensure security of food production and to enable sustainable economic development.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.2.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.</p>
+        <p>The Australian Government is implementing a series of new policies across the economy to support the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future. These measures will support the achievement of the 2030 target and put Australia on the path to net zero emissions by 2050.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Planning Processes:</p>
+      </td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate:</p>
+          <p>Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level.</p>
+        <p>The Australian Government will improve integrity in decision-making around climate change through annual statements to Parliament on climate policy, including progress against national targets, and by restoring Australia’s Climate Change Authority. This will provide transparency and ensure accountability on climate action.</p>
+        <p>The Australian Government is implementing a broad suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to a net zero economy, and is improving and strengthening existing policies.</p>
+        <p>The Australian Government will build on the 2019 King Review, by undertaking a review into Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs) to ensure their integrity and consistency with agricultural and other objectives, and contribution to environmental, economic and other benefits like biodiversity. The Australian Government will also improve the Safeguard Mechanism by introducing mandatory emissions baselines for facilities already covered by the Mechanism over time. This will align policy with recommendations from the private sector and will provide a supportive policy framework that will encourage industry investment in low emissions technologies.</p>
+        <p>Australia provides information on its climate change policies and measures in each Biennial Report and National Communication and will continue to provide updated information through each Biennial Transparency Report.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</p>
+          <p>National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s unique national circumstances shape its response to climate change. Australia’s system of government, vast size, diverse landscapes, predisposition to climate variability, resource-based economy and small but growing population living mostly in coastal regions pose challenges and opportunities to managing the impacts of climate change.</p>
+        <p>Australia operates under a federal system of government in which legislative powers are distributed between the Commonwealth, the six states and two territories. Under this system, the Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level. National targets and federal emissions reductions policies are complemented by targets and measures implemented at the State and Territory level, which make a leading contribution to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy.</p>
+        <p>Climate change holds serious ramifications for all Australians, playing a part in extreme weather events and their intensity and frequency. The Australian Government’s policy measures recognise these impacts and provide the framework to support Australians on the pathway to net zero transition. These policies will accelerate decarbonisation of industry and support the development of new clean energy industries through investment to drive renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies.</p>
+        <p>Australia is transforming its electricity market, from an electricity grid dominated by large scale, fossil fuel-fired generators to a grid with increasing penetration of renewables, storage and demand management technologies.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Australia’s NDC follows the rules for transparency and understanding set out in decision 4/CMA.1. A range of Commonwealth Government agencies were involved in the development of the NDC, reflecting shared policy responsibility.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Information applicable to Parties acting jointly</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.6</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Global stocktake consideration</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Not applicable. The first global stocktake will occur in 2023. Australia will take its outcomes into account in the preparation of future NDC communications.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.7</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/ or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co – benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</p>
+      <p>Economic and social consequences of response measures</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.8</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <h3>Table 3: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, decision references.</h3>
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2">
+        <p>Numbers and terms used in tables 1-2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Corresponding paragraph of decision 4/CMA.1, Annex I</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Quantifiable information on reference point</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year):</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Reference year or other starting point</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s);</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Quantifiable information on the reference indicators</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(1c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Value of target relative to the reference indicator</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(1d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Data used in quantifying the reference point</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(1e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s);</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.1.6</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Updates to the values of the reference indicators</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(1f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Time frames</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(2) Timeframes and/or periods for implementation:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.2.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Time frame for implementation</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(2a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA);</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.2.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Single-year or multi-year target</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(2b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Scope and coverage</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(3) Scope and coverage:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>General description of the target</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(3a) General description of the target;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(3b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Complete and continuous coverage</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(3c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.3.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Mitigation co-benefits</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(3d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5) Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Accounting for emissions and removals</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approaches</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate;</p>
+        <p>(5d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Natural disturbances</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5e) Sector-, category – or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable;</p>
+        <p>(5ei) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Harvested wood products</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5eii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.6</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Effects of age-class structure in forests</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5eiii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.7</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including:</p>
+        <p>Construction of the reference indicators</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:</p>
+        <p>(5fi) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category – or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.8</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Non greenhouse-gas components</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5fii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.9</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Climate forcers, as applicable</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5fiii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.10</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Further technical information, as necessary</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5fiv) Further technical information, as necessary;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>1.4.11</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(5g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(6) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>A fair and ambitious contribution</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(6a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(6b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(6c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(6d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.1.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(6e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(7) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.2.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(7a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.2.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(7b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Planning Processes</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4) Planning Processes:</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.1</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate:</p>
+        <p>Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans including, as appropriate:</p>
+        <p>(4ai) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.2</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</p>
+        <p>National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4aii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</p>
+        <p>(4aiia) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.3</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4aiib) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.4</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement;</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4aiic) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.5</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Information applicable to Parties acting jointly</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, n/a 16 paragraphs 16 18, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.6</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Global stocktake consideration</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.7</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co – benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</p>
+        <p>Economic and social consequences of response measures</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</p>
+        <p>(4di) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution;</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>2.3.8</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Projects, measures and activities for mitigation co – benefits</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>(4dii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits, including information n/a 17 on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+</body>
+</html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charset="utf-8"></head><body id="preview">
+<h1><a id="SUBMISSION_BY_LATVIA_AND_THE_EUROPEAN_COMMISSION_ON_BEHALF_OF_THE_EUROPEAN_UNION_AND_ITS_MEMBER_STATES_0"></a>SUBMISSION BY LATVIA AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES</h1>
+<p>Riga, 6 March 2015</p>
+<h2><a id="Subject_Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_of_the_EU_and_its_Member_States_6"></a>Subject: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the EU and its Member States</h2>
+<h3><a id="Introduction_8"></a>Introduction</h3>
+<ol>
+<li>The EU and its 28 Member States are fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiating process with a view to adopting a global legally binding agreement applicable to all Parties at the Paris Conference in December 2015 in line with the below 2°C objective.</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><a id="Intended_nationally_determined_contribution_INDC_of_the_EU_and_its_Member_States_14"></a>Intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) of the EU and its Member States</h3>
+<ol start="2">
+<li>
+<p>The Lima Conference confirmed the Warsaw decision that all Parties ready to do so should communicate their INDC in the first quarter of 2015 in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The EU and its Member States wish to communicate the following INDC. The EU and its Member States are committed to a <strong>binding target of an at least 40% domestic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990</strong>, to be fulfilled jointly, as set out in the conclusions by the European Council of October 2014. In line with the Lima Call for Climate Action, in particular its paragraph 14, the following <em>quantifiable information</em> is hereby submitted:</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><a id="ANNEX_20"></a>ANNEX</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_of_the_EU_and_its_Member_States_21"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the EU and its Member States</h4></p>
+<table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Parties
+ </td>
+ <td>EU and its Member States (Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom) acting jointly
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Type
+ </td>
+ <td>Absolute reduction from base year emissions.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Coverage
+ </td>
+ <td>Economy-wide absolute reduction from base year emissions.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Scope
+ </td>
+ <td>All greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol: Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<ul>
+ <li>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)</li>
+ <li>Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</li>
+ <li>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</li>
+ <li>Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)</li>
+ <li>Sulphur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>)</li>
+ <li>Nitrogen trifluoride (NF<sub>3</sub>)</li></ul>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Base Year
+ </td>
+ <td>1990.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Period
+ </td>
+ <td>1 January 2021- 31 December 2030.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Reduction Level
+ </td>
+ <td>At least 40% domestic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>% of Emissions Covered
+ </td>
+ <td>100%.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Agriculture, forestry and other land uses
+ </td>
+ <td>Policy on how to include Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry into the 2030 greenhouse gas mitigation framework will be established as soon as technical conditions allow and in any case before 2020.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Net Contribution of International Market Based Mechanisms
+ </td>
+ <td>No contribution from international credits.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Planning Process
+ </td>
+ <td>Domestic legally-binding legislation already in place for the 2020 climate and energy package. The existing legislation for land use, land-use change and forestry (EU Decision 529/2013) is based on the existing accounting rules under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Legislative proposals to implement the 2030 climate and energy framework, both in the emissions trading sector and in the non-traded sector, to be submitted by the European Commission to the Council and European Parliament in 2015-2016 on the basis of the general political directions by the European Council, taking into account environmental integrity.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Fair and ambitious
+ </td>
+ <td>The target represents a significant progression beyond its current undertaking of a 20% emission reduction commitment by 2020 compared to 1990 (which includes the use of offsets). It is in line with the EU objective, in the context of necessary reductions according to the IPCC by developed countries as a group, to reduce its emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990. Furthermore, it is consistent with the need for at least halving global emissions by 2050 compared to 1990. The EU and its Member States have already reduced their emissions by around 19% on 1990 levels while GDP has grown by more than 44% over the same period. As a result, average per capita emissions across the EU and its Member States have fallen from 12 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. in 1990 to 9 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. in 2012 and are projected to fall to around 6 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. in 2030. The emissions in the EU and its Member States peaked in 1979.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td colspan="2">Key Assumptions
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Metric Applied
+ </td>
+ <td>Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Methodologies for Estimating Emissions
+ </td>
+ <td>IPCC Guidelines 2006 and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses
+ </td>
+ <td>Comprehensive accounting framework, activity or land- based approach, for emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td colspan="2">Coverage
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Sectors/Source Categories
+ </td>
+ <td><ul>
+ <li>Energy
+ <ul>
+ <li>Fuel Combustion
+ <ul>
+ <li>Energy industries</li>
+ <li>Manufacturing industries and construction</li>
+ <li>Transport</li>
+ <li>Other sectors</li>
+ <li>Other</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Fugitive emissions from fuels
+ <ul>
+ <li>Solid fuels</li>
+ <li>Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>CO<sub>2</sub> transport and storage</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Industrial processes and product use
+ <ul>
+ <li>Mineral industry</li>
+ <li>Chemical industry</li>
+ <li>Metal industry</li>
+ <li>Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use</li>
+ <li>Electronic industry</li>
+ <li>Product uses as substitutes for ODS</li>
+ <li>Other product manufacture and use</li>
+ <li>Other</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Agriculture
+ <ul>
+ <li>Enteric fermentation</li>
+ <li>Manure management</li>
+ <li>Rice cultivation</li>
+ <li>Agricultural soils</li>
+ <li>Prescribed burning of savannas</li>
+ <li>Field burning of agricultural residues</li>
+ <li>Liming</li>
+ <li>Urea application</li>
+ <li>Other carbon-containing fertilisers</li>
+ <li>Other</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Waste
+ <ul>
+ <li>Solid waste disposal</li>
+ <li>Biological treatment of solid waste</li>
+ <li>Incineration and open burning of waste</li>
+ <li>Wastewater treatment and discharge</li>
+ <li>Other</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry set out in Decision 529/2013/EU
+ <ul>
+ <li>Afforestation, reforestation</li>
+ <li>Deforestation</li>
+ <li>Forest management</li>
+ <li>Cropland management</li>
+ <li>Grazing land management</li>
+ <li>Or equivalent land-based accounting using UNFCCC reporting categories</li>
+ <li>Other categories/activities elected by the EU and its Member States as Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and its Doha Amendment.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<h3><a id="Follow_up_107"></a>Follow up</h3>
+<ol start="4">
+<li>
+<p>The EU and its Member States urge all other Parties, in particular major economies, to communicate their INDCs by the end of March 2015 in a manner that facilitates their clarity, transparency and understanding.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The EU and its Member States request the UNFCCC Secretariat to publish the INDC of the EU and its Member States on its website and to take it into account when preparing the synthesis report on the aggregate effect of the INDCs communicated by Parties.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The EU and its Member States look forward to discussing with other Parties the fairness and ambition of INDCs in the context of the below 2°C objective, their aggregate contribution to that objective and on ways to collectively increase ambition further.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<hr>
+</body></html>

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+ <meta charset="utf-8">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>Update of the NDC of the European Union and its Member States</h1>
+<p><strong>SUBMISSION BY GERMANY AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES</strong></p>
+<p>Berlin, 17 December 2020</p>
+<p><strong>Subject: The update of the nationally determined contribution of the European Union and its Member States</strong></p>
+<p>This submission consists of three parts: the Introduction, the updated and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the Information provided to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of the NDC.</p>
+<h2 id="in-troduction">I. INTRODUCTION </h2>
+<p><em>Background on the development of the EU’s enhanced NDC</em></p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>
+<p>The European Union and its Member States submitted their intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) on 6 March 2015, together with an annex containing quantifiable and qualitative information on the INDC, in line with decisions taken at the 20th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Lima.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The EU’s INDC became its NDC when the EU ratified the Paris Agreement in October 2016.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In December 2019, the European Council (heads of state or government of the EU Member States, the European Council President and the President of the European Commission) endorsed the objective of achieving a climate-neutral EU by 2050, in line with the Paris Agreement<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1" role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a>. On 5 March 2020, the Council of the European Union adopted a long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy of the EU and its Member States, reflecting this climate neutrality objective and submitted this to the UNFCCC Secretariat.<a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2" role="doc-noteref"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In July 2020, the European Council agreed that "the exceptional nature of the economic and social situation due to the COVID-19 crisis requires exceptional measures to support the recovery and resilience of the economies of the Member States. The plan for European recovery will need massive public and private investment at European level to set the Union firmly on the path to a sustainable and resilient recovery, creating jobs and repairing the immediate damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic whilst supporting the Union's green and digital priorities."<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>At the same meeting, EU leaders agreed that the EU budget (the Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 (MFF)), reinforced by a European Union recovery instrument referred to as the Next Generation EU (NGEU), will be the main European tool for this effort. "Climate action will be mainstreamed in policies and programmes financed under the MFF and NGEU. An overall climate target of 30% will apply to the total amount of expenditure from the MFF and NGEU and be reflected in appropriate targets in sectoral legislation. They shall comply with the objective of EU climate neutrality by 2050 and contribute to achieving the Union's new 2030 climate targets, which will be updated by the end of the year. As a general principle, all EU expenditure should be consistent with Paris Agreement objectives."<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>EU leaders agreed further that "EU expenditure should be consistent with [...] the "do no harm" principle of the European Green Deal. An effective methodology for monitoring climate-spending and its performance, including reporting and relevant measures in case of insufficient progress, should ensure that the next MFF as a whole contributes to the implementation of the Paris Agreement. The Commission shall report annually on climate expenditure.”<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>EU leaders agreed further that “[i]n order to address the social and economic consequences of the objective of reaching climate neutrality by 2050 and the Union's new 2030 climate target, a Just Transition Mechanism, including a Just Transition Fund, will be created."<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3" role="doc-noteref"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In this context, on 11 December 2020 the European Council endorsed a new, significantly more ambitious EU climate target for 2030.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Following the Withdrawal Agreement between the EU and the UK, and the Transition Period that will end on 31 December 2020, the United Kingdom will no longer be part of the European Union NDC from that date. Whereas the EU's original NDC submission was applicable also to the United Kingdom, this update is applicable to the EU and its 27 Member States.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>With this submission, the EU updates and enhances its NDC in good time for COP26, and at the same time it prepares for implementing its <em>Next Generation EU</em> plan for sustainable and resilient recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. Ambitious climate action is not just a way to confront the climate crisis and the biodiversity crisis, but is also a growth strategy that is a winning strategy, not just for Europe itself but also globally. As the Council of the European Union has highlighted, nature-based solutions play an important role to solve global challenges such as biodiversity loss and ecosystems degradation, poverty, hunger, health, water scarcity and drought, gender inequality, disaster risk reduction and climate change.<a href="#fn4" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref4" role="doc-noteref"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p><em>Information on how the EU has taken action to implement its initial NDC since ratifying the Paris Agreement</em></p>
+<ol start="11" type="1">
+<li>
+<p>Since ratifying the Paris Agreement, the EU has enacted an ambitious, binding, legislative framework to deliver on its initial NDC. The combined effect of the EU policies currently in force under this framework will deliver at least the reductions pledged in the EU’s initial NDC.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The main domestic policies adopted since ratifying the Paris Agreement are summarised in the following paragraphs. Further details on policies relevant to the implementation of the NDC are provided in the ICTU set out in the annex to this submission.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>These policies will be reviewed in light of the enhanced NDC set out in Section II, and the ICTU will be revised accordingly.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Emissions reduction targets under current EU legislation are divided between the sectors covered by the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS), non-ETS sectors under the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR), and land-use related emissions and removals addressed by the regulation on emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The EU ETS, which has been operational since 2005, puts a price on carbon by setting a cap on the maximum number of emission allowances. While the majority of emission allowances are auctioned, sectors at risk of carbon leakage receive a share of their allowances for free, based on benchmarks that reward the most efficient installations in each sector.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>To deliver on its initial NDC, the EU has reviewed and amended its legislation regarding the EU ETS<a href="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref5" role="doc-noteref"><sup>5</sup></a>. This will accelerate the annual decreases in the cap from 1.74 % to 2.2 % from 2021 onwards and will also apply in respect of aviation. A new Market Stability Reserve within the ETS is addressing any build-up of surpluses that would undermine the orderly functioning of the EU ETS market, and allowances held in the reserve above a certain level shall, from 2023, no longer be valid.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Under the ESR, the EU has agreed legislation that sets individual binding targets for Member States for greenhouse gas emissions not covered by the EU ETS.<a href="#fn6" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref6" role="doc-noteref"><sup>6</sup></a> The targets are differentiated in order to address fairness and take into account cost efficiency.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Emissions from aviation are currently addressed by EU legislation and will be partially addressed by international measures under ICAO. Emissions from aviation are included in the EU ETS; however, currently, the scope of the EU ETS is limited to flights within the European Economic Area.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The EU also adopted a new regulation on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from LULUCF<a href="#fn7" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref7" role="doc-noteref"><sup>7</sup></a> that sets a binding commitment for each Member State to ensure that accounted emissions from land use are at a minimum compensated by an equivalent accounted removal of CO₂ from the atmosphere through action in the sector.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Furthermore, ambitious targets for improving energy efficiency and for increasing renewables in the EU energy mix have been agreed. The efficiency of the EU’s final and primary energy consumption will be improved by at least 32.5% by 2030 as compared to an historic baseline.<a href="#fn8" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref8" role="doc-noteref"><sup>8</sup></a> A new target for increasing renewable energy in final energy consumption has been set to reach at least 32% by 2030<a href="#fn9" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref9" role="doc-noteref"><sup>9</sup></a>, which will represent almost a doubling from 2017 levels.<a href="#fn10" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref10" role="doc-noteref"><sup>10</sup></a> These targets lead to greater greenhouse gas emissions reductions than previously foreseen.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>New, binding targets will reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from road transport. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per kilometre from passenger cars sold in the EU must be reduced, on average by 37.5% from 2021 levels by 2030, and new vans on average by 31% from 2021 levels by 2030.<a href="#fn11" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref11" role="doc-noteref"><sup>11</sup></a> CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per kilometre from new large lorries must be reduced on average by 30% from 2019/2020 reference period levels. As part of a mandated review in 2022, targets may be revised and/or extended to smaller lorries, buses, coaches and trailers.<a href="#fn12" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref12" role="doc-noteref"><sup>12</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Progress has been made in further reducing emissions of non- CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases as well. Waste legislation was reviewed, tightening landfilling and recycling targets and increasing the circularity of the EU economy.<a href="#fn13" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref13" role="doc-noteref"><sup>13</sup></a> EU fossil fuel production and consumption will continue to decrease, resulting in fewer associated fugitive non-CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In preparation for the implementation of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances, the EU enacted, in 2015, regulations that will reduce emissions from F-gas emissions by 66% by 2030 compared with 2014 levels. This is achieved by limiting the total sales of the most important F-gases, banning the use of F-gases in many new types of equipment, and preventing emissions of F-gases from existing equipment.<a href="#fn14" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref14" role="doc-noteref"><sup>14</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action<a href="#fn15" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref15" role="doc-noteref"><sup>15</sup></a>improves the governance of EU climate and energy policy by putting in place a reliable EU-wide reporting and monitoring framework for the period 2021 to 2030. Member States have prepared Integrated National Energy and Climate Plans for the period 2021 to 2030 that include their national contributions to achieve the combined energy and climate targets as well as related commitments under the Paris Agreement.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Combined, these policies will deliver by 2030 an at least 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as compared to 1990 levels.<a href="#fn16" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref16" role="doc-noteref"><sup>16</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The European Council, on 11 December 2020, invited the Commission to assess how all economic sectors can best contribute to the 2030 target and to make the necessary proposals. As part of the European Green Deal, a new EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change will also be presented by the European Commission in 2021.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<h2 id="n-ationally-determined-contribution-n-dc">II. NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) </h2>
+<ol start="27" type="1">
+<li>
+<p>The EU and its Member States wish to communicate the following NDC. The EU and its Member States, acting jointly, are committed to a binding target of a net domestic reduction of at least 55% in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990.</p>
+<p>This NDC and accompanying information contained in the Annex replaces the 6 March 2015 submission of the EU and its Member States contained in the UNFCCC interim NDC registry and will, as of the date of the receipt of this submission by the Secretariat, be considered to be the current NDC maintained by the EU and its Member States under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<h2 id="in-formation-n-ecessary-for-clarity-transparency-and-understanding-ictu-of-the-eu-n-dc">III. INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING (ICTU) OF THE EU NDC </h2>
+<ol start="28" type="1">
+<li>
+<p>In 2018, in Katowice, at the conclusion of the first session of the COP serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA1), Parties adopted guidance on information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding as applicable to their NDCs, and strongly encouraged Parties to provide this information in relation to their first NDC, including when updating or communicating it by 2020.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The Annex to this submission updates the information provided by the EU and its Member States together with its INDC. It describes EU policies that have been agreed since the EU’s ratification of the Paris Agreement and are in force at the time of this submission. This information will be revised in light of the enhanced NDC set out in Section II, and subsequent EU policies adopted to achieve that NDC.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<h2>
+<p><strong>ANNEX</strong></p>
+<p><strong>INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES FOR THE TIMEFRAME 2021-2030</strong></p>
+</h2>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th colspan="3">
+<strong>Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of the EU NDC</strong>
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<em>Para</em>
+</td>
+<td><em>Guidance provided by CMA 1</em></td>
+<td><em>   ICTU applicable to the EU’s NDC</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<strong>1</strong>
+</td>
+<td><strong>Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year):</strong></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(a)
+</td>
+<td>Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s);</td>
+<td>1990</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(b)
+</td>
+<td>Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year;</td>
+<td>Quantification of the reference indicator will be based on national totals reported in the National Inventory Report by the European Union, and may be updated due to methodological improvements to the GHG inventory.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(c)
+</td>
+<td>For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information;</td>
+<td>Not applicable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(d)
+</td>
+<td>Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction;</td>
+<td>Economy-wide net domestic reduction of at least 55% in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<p>(e)</p>
+</td>
+<td>Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s);</td>
+<td>Quantification of the reference indicator will be based on data reported in the National Inventory Report by the European Union.</td>
+<td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>(f) </td>
+  <td>Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.</td>
+<td>Values may be updated due to methodological improvements to the GHG inventory.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><strong>2</strong</td>
+  <td colspan="2"><strong>
+Time frames and/or periods for implementation:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(a)
+</td>
+<td>Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the
+Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA);</td>
+<td>01 January 2021 – 31 December 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(b)
+</td>
+<td>Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.</td>
+<td>Single year target, 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<strong>3</strong>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Scope and coverage:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>(a)</td>
+<td>
+ General description of the target; </td>
+<td>
+<p>  The target is an economy-wide net reduction from base year emissions, of at least 55% greenhouse gas reductions, without contribution from international credits.</p>
+<p><strong>Geographical scope:</strong> EU and its Member States (Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden)<a href="#fn17" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref17" role="doc-noteref"><sup>17</sup></a></p>
+<p>The following information in this section is subject to revision in light of the enhanced target. Legislation adopted by the EU to date sets out how the EU and its Member States shall be responsible for achieving a greenhouse gas emissions reduction of at least 40% across the different sectors of the economy. This legislation includes:</p>
+<p>Directive (EU) 2003/87/EC as last amended by Directive 2018/410 on reductions to be achieved in the sectors covered by the EU emissions trading system;</p>
+<p>Regulation (EU) 2018/ 842 regarding individual binding targets for Member States greenhouse gas emissions outside the EU emissions trading system scope;</p>
+<p>Regulation (EU) 2018/841 on the inclusion and accounting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the EU framework.</p>
+<p>Additional legislation and mitigation measures, at EU level and in Member States, contribute to the reductions needed to meet this target. Examples at EU level are given in section 4 a i (domestic institutional arrangements).</p>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+(b) </td>
+  <td>
+    Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines;</td>
+<td>
+<p>Further details will be provided in accordance with IPCC guidelines in the Biennial Transparency Reports by the European Union,</p>
+<p><strong>Sectors covered:</strong></p>
+<p>Energy</p>
+<ul><li>
+Under the initial NDC, civil aviation is included, calculated including emissions from outgoing flights that start in the EU, on the basis of fuels sold in the EU. This information is subject to revision in light of the enhanced target.</li>
+<li>Under the initial NDC, domestic waterborne navigation is included as in the GHG inventories. This information is subject to revision in light of the enhanced target.</li>
+<li>Other energy sub-sectors are covered as in GHG inventories</li></ul>
+<p>Industrial processes and product use (as in GHG inventories)</p>
+<p>Agriculture (as in GHG inventories)</p>
+<p>Waste (as in GHG inventories)</p>
+<p>Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) (see Section 5e for further information on this sector)</p>
+<p><strong>Gases:</strong></p>
+<p>Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</p>
+<p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)</p>
+<p>Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</p>
+<p>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</p>
+<p>Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)</p>
+<p>Sulphur hexafluoride ((SF<sub>6</sub>)</p>
+<p>Nitrogen trifluoride (NF<sub>3</sub>)</p>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(c)
+</td>
+<td>
+How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources and sinks, and why any categories are excluded)</td>
+<td>Since the EU NDC is economy-wide, it complies with this provision.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(d)
+</td>
+<td>Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<strong>4</strong>
+</td colspan2>
+<td><strong>Planning processes:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(a)</td>
+<td>
+Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:</td>
+<td> The enhanced target is based on an extensive impact assessment<a href="#fn18" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref18" role="doc-noteref"><sup>18</sup></a>, as well as prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the stakeholder input, collected via public consultation<a href="#fn19" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref19" role="doc-noteref"><sup>19</sup></a>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>(i)</td>
+<td>
+ Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner;</td>
+<td><p>
+Legislation and institutional arrangements adopted to date by the EU are summarised below. The following information in this section is subject to revision in light of the enhanced target.</p>
+<p>In keeping with EU legislative procedure, all legislative acts are subject to a public consultation, before adoption by the Council of the European Union and European Parliament.</p>
+<p>The governance arrangements, planning and monitoring mechanisms are set out in Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action and the European Climate Law<a href="#fn20" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref20" role="doc-noteref"><sup>20</sup></a>. This includes an enhanced governance system related to integrated planning, reporting and monitoring in climate and energy policy fields, including with respect to climate and energy targets, policies, measures and projections, and provisions for multi-level public participation as well as public consultations to be held by Member States in the preparation of the integrated national energy and climate plans that implement their policy targets up to 2030.</p>
+<p>These legal acts include review clauses in line with the five-year-cycle under the Paris Agreement.</p>
+<p>The EU has adopted a comprehensive set of domestic legally-binding legislation implementing all aspects of the EU’s initial NDC to achieve at least 40% GHG reduction. The key pieces of legislation are those mentioned in Section 3a concerning the EU emissions trading system, binding targets for Member States and LULUCF.</p>
+<p>Other legislation has been revised and strengthened to contribute to the achievement of the initial NDC target including Directives (EU) 2018/2001 and 2018/2002 on renewable energy and energy efficiency, Directive (EU) 2018/844 on energy performance of buildings, Regulations (EU) 2019/631 and (EU) 2019/1242 setting CO<sub>2</sub> emission standards for new passenger cars, light commercial and heavy-duty vehicles, Directive (EU) 2019/1161 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles, Directives (EU) 2018/850, 2018/851 and (EU) 2018/852 improving waste management and furthering a more circular economy, and Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 to reduce fluorinated greenhouse gases in the EU.</p>
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+(ii) </td>
+<td>Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</td>
+<td> The EU NDC is prepared in the context of the EU’s commitment to gender equality and cross-cutting priorities, as articulated in commitments such as:</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a</td>
+<td>National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication;</td>
+<td rowspan="3"><ul><li>
+  the European Pact on Gender Equality<a href="#fn21" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref21" role="doc-noteref"><sup>21</sup></a>; </li>
+  <li>
+  the commitment to create and maximise synergies between the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainable development<a href="#fn22" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref22" role="doc-noteref"><sup>22</sup></a>; </li>
+  <li>the EU’s support for adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)<a href="#fn23" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref23" role="doc-noteref"><sup>23</sup></a>; </li>
+  <li>integrating the dimensions of human rights and gender equality by Member States into their national plans, strategies under the EU Energy Union Governance Regulation<a href="#fn24" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref24" role="doc-noteref"><sup>24</sup></a>.</li>
+</ul></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+b</td>
+<td>Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>c</td><td>
+Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>(b)</td>
+<td>
+Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>
+<p>The EU and its Member States hereby notify the secretariat of the intention to act jointly under article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement under the legislation set out in section 3(a) above, which describe how the EU and its Member States shall be responsible for achieving this NDC.</p>
+<p>The following information in this section is subject to revision in light of the enhanced target.</p>
+<p>The respective emissions reductions in force at time of this submission are as follows.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Under Directive (EU) 2018/410 the EU Emissions Trading System: EU will reduce its emissions from the sectors covered by this legislation by 43% from 2005 levels by 2030;</li>
+<li>Under Regulation (EU) 2018/842, each EU Member State will reduce its emissions from sectors outside the EU ETS from 2005 levels by 2030 in accordance with the following percentage: Belgium 35%, Bulgaria 0%, Czech Republic 14%, Denmark 39%, Germany 38%, Estonia 13%, Ireland 30%, Greece 16%, Spain 26%, France 37%, Croatia 7%, Italy 33%, Cyprus 24%, Latvia 6%, Lithuania 9%, Luxembourg 40%, Hungary 7%, Malta 19%, Netherlands 36%, Austria 36%, Poland 7%, Portugal 17%, Romania 2%, Slovenia 15%, Slovakia 12%, Finland 39%, Sweden 40%.</li>
+<li>Under Regulation (EU) 2018/841 on the inclusion and accounting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the EU framework, for the periods from 2021 to 2025 and from 2026 to 2030, each Member State shall ensure that emissions do not exceed removals, calculated as the sum of total emissions and total removals on its territory in all of the land accounting categories combined, as accounted in accordance with this Regulation.</li>
+</ul>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(c)
+</td>
+<td>How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>Not applicable since Global Stocktake has not taken place.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+(d)</td>
+<td>Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</td>
+<td rowspan="3">Not applicable.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>(i)</td>
+  <td>
+How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>(ii)</td>
+<td>Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<strong>5</strong>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<strong>Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:</strong>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>(a)</td>
+<td> Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA;</td>
+<td><p>Current approach is in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the IPCC (see 5(d), below).</p>
+  <p>It is foreseen that, at the latest by 31 December 2024, the approach will be in accordance with the accounting guidance for NDCs contained in Annex II of decision 4/CMA.1.</p></td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(b)
+</td>
+<td>Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution;</td>
+<td>Not applicable. EU NDC is an absolute, economy-wide reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+(c)
+</td>
+<td>If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate;</td>
+<td>See 5 (d), below.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(d)
+</td>
+<td>IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals;</td>
+<td><p><strong>Methodologies:</strong> IPCC Guidelines 2006.</p>
+<p><strong>Metrics:</strong> Global Warming Potential on a 100 timescale in accordance with IPCC’s 5<sup>th</sup> Assessment Report.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(e)
+</td>
+<td>Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable:</td>
+<td><p>Information in Section 5(e)(i-iii) and 5(f)(i) refers to the policy framework in force at the time of this submission. This is subject to revision in light of the enhanced target.</p>
+<p>The EU’s LULUCF policy framework builds on IPCC guidance, TACCC principles and existing accounting rules, updating and improving them for the period from 2021 to 2030. The policy framework identifies net accounted emissions and removals, contributing to the aim of enhancing the EU’s net land sinks in the long-term.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(i)
+</td>
+<td>Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands;</td>
+<td>Member States may use provision for natural disturbances on afforested land and managed forest land as set out in Art 10 and Annex VI of Regulation (EU) 2018/841.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(ii)
+</td>
+<td>Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products;</td>
+<td>The EU uses the Production Approach as defined in IPCC Guidelines; see also Art 9 and Annex V of Regulation (EU) 2018/841.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(iii)</td>
+<td> Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; </td>
+<td>  Projected reference levels for Managed Forest Land (Forest Land remaining Forest Land) take into consideration age-class structure of forest so that changes in management practices are accounted; see also Art 8 and Annex IV of Regulation (EU) 2018/841.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(f) </td>
+<td>Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, N/A estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:</td>
+<td>N/A</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  (i)</td>
+<td> How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used;</td>
+<td>
+<p>The following information in this section is subject to revision in light of the enhanced target.</p>
+<p>These elements of the EU’s approach have been developed in accordance with IPCC 2006 guidelines for GHG inventories; consistent with decision 18/CMA.1</p>
+<p>Accounting for emissions and removals from LULUCF follows specific rules depending on the land accounting category in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/841. Afforested Land and Deforested Land use baseline zero (gross-net accounting). Managed Grassland, Managed Cropland and Managed Wetland use as baseline the average emissions between 2005 and 2009 (net-net accounting). Managed Forest Land uses as baseline a Forest Reference Level based on continuation of Forest Management Practices between 2000 and 2009 and taking into account the age-class structure of forests, projected through the compliance period. The mere presence of carbon stocks is excluded from accounting.</p>
+<p><strong>LULUCF Categories:</strong> Emissions and removals occurring on reported categories of forest land, cropland, grassland, and wetland, including land use change between these categories, and between these categories and settlements and other land.</p>
+<p><strong>LULUCF Pools</strong>: Above-ground biomass; Below-ground biomass; Litter; Dead wood; Soil organic carbon; Harvested wood products</p>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+(ii)</td>
+<td>For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable;</td>
+<td>Not applicable. EU NDC is an absolute, economy-wide reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+(iii)
+</td>
+<td>For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated;</td>
+<td>Not applicable. EU NDC includes only forcers covered by IPCC guidelines (see Section 3 b).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(iv)
+</td>
+<td>Further technical information, as necessary;</td>
+<td>Not applicable.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(g)
+</td>
+<td>The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.</td>
+<td><p>The EU’s at least 55% net reduction target by 2030 is to be achieved through domestic measures only, without contribution from international credits.</p>
+<p>Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein have been participating in the EU ETS since 2008, and an agreement linking the EU and Swiss emissions trading systems entered into force in 2020. The EU is continuing to explore the possibilities to link the EU ETS with other mature and robust emissions trading systems.</p>
+<p>The EU will account for its cooperation through the EU ETS with these and any other Parties in a manner consistent with the guidance adopted by CMA1 and any further guidance agreed by the CMA.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<strong>6</strong>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(a)</td>
+<td> How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances;</td>
+<td>
+<p>The EU’s enhanced NDC represents a significant progression beyond both its current undertaking of a 20% emissions reduction commitment by 2020 compared to 1990, and its NDC submitted at the time of ratifying the Paris Agreement. Both the initial NDC and this update require significantly higher emissions reductions than were projected as business as usual at the time of their adoption.</p>
+<p>This will ensure the EU continues to be the most greenhouse gas efficient major economy.
+<p>By the end of 2019, the EU and its Member States have already reduced their emissions by around 26% on 1990 levels while GDP has grown by more than 64% over the same period.</p>
+<p>As a result, average per capita emissions across the EU and its Member States have fallen from 12 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-eq in 1990 to 8.3 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. This has also made the EU already today the most greenhouse gas efficient major economy<a href="#fn25" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref25" role="doc-noteref"><sup>25</sup></a>.</p>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(b)</td>
+<td>
+ Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; </td>
+ <td>The IPCC Special Report on global warming of 1.5°C shows that pathways limiting warming to 1.5°C typically achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions at global level in the second half of this century. This enhanced NDC is in line with the EU’s agreed objective of achieving a climate-neutral EU by 2050. The EU therefore considers the enhanced NDC to be a fair contribution towards the global temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>(c)</td>
+<td>How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>With this enhancement, the EU NDC represents a progression of ambition compared to both its 2020 commitment and its initial NDC submission. See 6a</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+(d) </td>
+<td>How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement </td>
+<td>The EU complies with this provision by having an economy-wide absolute target</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td>
+(e)
+</td>
+<td>How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.</td>
+<td>Not applicable, as applicable only to LDCs and Small Island Developing States</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>7 </strong></td>
+<td colspan="2"> <strong>
+How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+    (a)</td>
+  <td>How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2;</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">The EU considers its enhanced NDC to be in line with the objective of the UNFCCC and long term goal of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, as explained in 6a and 6b.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td> (b) </td>
+  <td>How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.</td>
+  <tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<section class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="fn1" role="doc-endnote"><p>European Council conclusions 12 December, 2019, EUCO 29/19<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn2" role="doc-endnote"><p>The EU long-term strategy, reflecting the climate neutrality objective is available on the UNFCCC website:</p>
+<p>https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-strategies
+<a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn3" role="doc-endnote"><p>European Council conclusions 17-21 July, 2020, EUCO 10/20<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn4" role="doc-endnote"><p>Council Conclusions 19 December 2019, 15272/19<a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn5" role="doc-endnote"><p>Directive (EU) 2018/410 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments, and Decision (EU) 2015/1814<a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn6" role="doc-endnote"><p>Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013<a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn7" role="doc-endnote"><p>Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU<a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn8" role="doc-endnote"><p>Directive (EU) 2018/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 amending Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency<a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn9" role="doc-endnote"><p>Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources<a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn10" role="doc-endnote"><p>In 2017, the EU reached a share of 17.52% of renewable energy as per European Commission Renewable Energy Progress Report 2019 (COM(2019) 225 final)<a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn11" role="doc-endnote"><p>Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO<sub>2</sub> emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011.<a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn12" role="doc-endnote"><p>Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 setting CO<sub>2</sub> emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles and amending Regulations (EC) No 595/2009 and (EU) 2018/956 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 96/53/EC<a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn13" role="doc-endnote"><p>Directive (EU) 2018/850, Directive (EU) 2018/851, Directive (EU) 2018/852 requiring for instance that by 2030, 70% of all packaging waste and, by 2035, 65% of municipal waste should be recycled, while reducing landfilling of municipal waste to 10%.<a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn14" role="doc-endnote"><p>Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006<a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn15" role="doc-endnote"><p>Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC,2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council<a href="#fnref15" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn16" role="doc-endnote"><p>An EU-wide assessment of National Energy and Climate Plans. European Commission COM(2020) 564<a href="#fnref16" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn17" role="doc-endnote"><p>Including EU outermost regions (Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, Reunion, Saint Martin (France), Canary Islands (Spain), Azores and Madeira (Portugal))<a href="#fnref17" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn18" role="doc-endnote"><p>Staff Working Document SWD (2020) 176<a href="#fnref18" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn19" role="doc-endnote"><p>https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12265-2030-Climate-Target-Plan/public-consultation<a href="#fnref19" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn20" role="doc-endnote"><p>Amended proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (European Climate Law). COM(2020) 563 (currently undergoing the EU internal legislative process)<a href="#fnref20" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn21" role="doc-endnote"><p>Council conclusions of 7 March 2011 on European Pact for Gender Equality (2011-2020)<a href="#fnref21" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn22" role="doc-endnote"><p>Council conclusions of 9 April 2019, <em>Towards an ever more sustainable Union by 2030</em><a href="#fnref22" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn23" role="doc-endnote"><p>Council conclusions of 15 May 2017 on Indigenous Peoples<a href="#fnref23" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn24" role="doc-endnote"><p>Regulation (EU) 2018/1999<a href="#fnref24" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn25" role="doc-endnote"><p>Historical data presented in this section refers to the 28 Member States of the EU up to 1 February 2020. Following the Withdrawal Agreement between the EU and the UK, and the Transition Period that will end on 31 December 2020, the UK contribution to the 2020 target will be reported up to the end of 2020. The most GHG efficient major economy finding is based on findings (for EU28) from den Elzen <em>et al.</em> (2019) Are the G20 economies making enough progress to meet their NDC targets? Energy Policy 126 <span class="underline"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.11.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.11.027</a>.</span><a href="#fnref25" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>

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+</head>
+<body>
+<h2><a id="INFORMATION_0"></a>INFORMATION</h2>
+<h1><a id="To_the_United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change_UNFCCC_on_the_Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_INDC_of_the_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_1"></a>to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Azerbaijan</h1>
+<p>As a developing country, Republic of Azerbaijan believes that the climate change is a potential threat for humanity and supports the adoption of a new Global Agreement on climate change to be applied to all Parties in the 21st Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC to be held in Paris late 2015.</p>
+<p><strong>By 2030 the Republic of Azerbaijan targets 35% reduction in the level of greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990/base year as its contribution to the global climate change efforts.</strong></p>
+<h3><a id="Approaches_and_principles_applied_for_defining_the_contributions_7"></a>Approaches and principles applied for defining the contributions:</h3>
+<p><strong>Compliance with national conditions and historical responsibility</strong></p>
+<p>By communicating its INDC to the UNFCCC, Azerbaijan confirms the importance of a new agreement in the field of climate change and expresses its solidarity with the countries that are most vulnerable to climate change.</p>
+<p>Azerbaijan believes that the exchange of information between the Parties on the INDC will assist in streamlining joint efforts aimed at the prevention of global temperature increase above 2°C as it is stated in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), as well as further promote the principles of justice by taking into account the potential and national circumstances of the Parties and their capacity.</p>
+<p>When Azerbaijan was part of the former Soviet Union environmental concerns were neglected for the sake of industrial development.</p>
+<p>The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict resulted in the occupation of 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan by Armenia and the inflow of a million refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). In addition, the conflict inflicted heavy damage on the environment of Azerbaijan. 1.7 million hectares of land that currently remain under Armenian occupation are comprised of 595.6 thousand hectares of agricultural land, 247.4 thousand hectares of forest area and 10.1 thousand hectares of farmland. 247.352 hectares of forest area, including 13197.5 hectares of rare and valuable forests, 152 natural monuments and 5 geological objects located in the occupied territories have been destroyed. Large scale arsons regularly committed by the Armenian military forces in the occupied territories seriously damage environment and livelihoods in adjacent districts as well as in the entire region. The inflicted damage amounts to billions of US dollars.</p>
+<p><strong>The principle of justice and ambition, obstacles and risks</strong></p>
+<p>As a developing country Azerbaijan is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. National greenhouse gas emissions account for only 0.1% of global emissions, while per capita gas emissions for 2010 equal 5.4 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent.</p>
+<p>Despite the existing challenges, as a developing country Azerbaijan, has already provided its contribution to the global efforts to cope with climate change and has chosen its development direction towards low emission development that requires more financial resources. Therefore, the submitted INDC presents a highly <strong>ambitious commitment.</strong></p>
+<p>The increase of the population of Azerbaijan by approximately 1.1% or 100 thousand people per year projected in the official national statistics will increase the demand for energy and other natural resources. This represents one of the main challenges for the reduction of GHG emissions.</p>
+<p>In addition, constraints for the implementation of the present INDC and specific risks for the country could be listed as follows:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The remaining occupation of the 20 % of the territory of Azerbaijan and consequently problems of one million refugees and IDPs, massive plunder of natural resources and other wealth, as well as extermination of flora and fauna in the occupied territories;</li>
+<li>Declining prices of oil in the global markets.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><a id="The_Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_of_Azerbaijan_30"></a><strong>The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Azerbaijan</strong></h3>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Base year</td>
+<td>1990</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Emissions per base year</td>
+<td>Total emission 73.331 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (<em>excluding LULUCF</em>);<br>Net emission 69.641 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (<em>including LULUCF</em>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Time framework</td>
+<td>2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Covered sectors</td>
+<td>Energy, Agriculture, Waste, LULUCF</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Covered gases</td>
+<td>CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, HFC, CF<sub>4</sub></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Considered emissions reduction</td>
+<td><p>35% reduction at total emissions level compared to the base year. </p>
+<p>Total emissions reduction for 2030 compared to the base year: </p>
+<p>25.666 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (<em>excluding LULUCF</em>)<br>
+24.374 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (<em>including LULUCF</em>)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Methodology used for GHG inventory</td>
+<td>In the course of GHG inventory, the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Adaptation element</td>
+<td>In order to reduce vulnerability of Azerbaijan towards climate change impacts, it is considered to develop relevant adaptation measures for decreasing or minimizing the losses that may occur at national, local and community levels per sector.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3><a id="Mitigation_42"></a>Mitigation</h3>
+<p><strong>Energy sector</strong></p>
+<p>Development of legislative acts and regulatory documents on energy, the implementation of awareness activities on energy efficiency, the replacement of existing technologies in electricity and thermal energy production with modern technologies, the reconstruction of the distribution networks and transmission lines, the implementation of isolation works and application of modern lighting systems.</p>
+<p><strong>Oil and gas sector</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Application of new and modern environmental-friendly technologies in the oil and gas processing, production of fuel in line with EURO-5 standards in a new refinery complex by 2019 and strengthening the capacity of the staff;</li>
+<li>Modernization of gas pipelines, gas distribution system and other measures to decrease losses up to 1% by 2020 and ensure the volume of reduction in compliance with international standards by 2050;</li>
+<li>Based on adopted strategy, accumulation of gases emitted to the atmosphere during oil-gas production, prevention of gas leakages during oil-gas processing and at distribution networks.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Residential and Commercial Sectors</strong><br>
+Massive use of control and measurement devices in electrical, heat energy and natural gas systems, application of energy-efficient bulbs, use of modern energy-saving technologies in heating systems, as well organization of public awareness programs on energy use.</p>
+<p><strong>The use of alternative and renewable energy sources</strong><br>
+Development and application of technical and normative legal documents on the use of alternative and renewable energy sources based on conducted assessment, acceleration of works to supply of renewable energy for the heating system for the population, enhancement of use of innovative technologies, construction of small hydro power plants (HPPs) on small rivers, irrigation canals and water basins, as well as, use of biomass, solar power, electric and heat energy, wind power, heat pumps and geothermal energy in all sectors of economy.</p>
+<p><strong>Transport sector</strong><br>
+Use of environmentally friendly forms of transport, enhancement of the use of electric vehicles at public transportation, electrification of railway lines and the transition to alternative current system in traction, improvement and expansion of the scope of intellectual transport management system, development of metro transport and increase of a number of metro stations, elimination of traffic jams due to the construction of road junctions and underground and surface pedestrian crossings.</p>
+<p><strong>Agricultural sector</strong><br>
+Collect methane gas from manure of livestock and poultry, use of alternative sources of energy and modern technologies.</p>
+<p><strong>Waste sector</strong><br>
+Develop modern solid waste management system at big cities of the country.</p>
+<p><strong>Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector</strong><br>
+Plant new forest areas, water and land protecting forest strips (windbreaks), urban and roadside greenery as well as further improve the management of pastures and agricultural lands.</p>
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+<h2 id="republic-of-burundi">REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI</h2>
+<h1 id="intended-nationally-determined-contribution-indc-burundi">INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) / BURUNDI</h1>
+<p>September 2015</p>
+<h3 id="national-context">1. NATIONAL CONTEXT</h3>
+<p>Burundi is a landlocked country at the heart of Africa’s Great Lakes Region, located between the meridians 29°00’-30°25 East and parallels 2°20°-4°25’ South. It has an area of 27,834 km² and belongs to two major river basins: the NileBasin, accounting for 13,800 km² of the country’s territory, and the CongoBasin, covering 14,034 km². Its mostly rural population, with an urbanization rate of around 10.4%, was estimated at 8,053,574 at the time of the 2008 census, with an average density of 310 inhabitants/km².</p>
+<p>The Burundian economy is dominated by the primary sector, which accounts for nearly half of its gross domestic product (GDP) and close to 80% of its export income; the secondary sector (industry and handicraft) represents just 17-18% of GDP, and the tertiary sector, only about one third of GDP. The current production structure, dominated by subsistence farming, makes the economy very vulnerable and fragile due to its dependency on climate conditions.</p>
+<p>Electrical power consumption in Burundi, amounting to 25 kWh/person/year, represents just 4% of the energy balance.</p>
+<p>In Burundi, activities relating to climate change were marked in particular by the development and publication of the first and second national communications under the UNFCCC. At the same time, Burundi also prepared its National Adaptation Programme of Action to climate change (NAPA). The actions identified in the NAPA covered the key sectors of the Burundian economy. As various sectoral adaptation and vulnerability assessment studies have shown, climate change affects every sector of the country’s economy, particularly agriculture.</p>
+<p>The prospects for sustainable ecological growth were defined through Burundi Vision 2025 and translated into a short term action plan as part of the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategic Framework covering the period of 2012-2015. In the medium to long term, the Government plans to engage in a transition toward a green economy. Burundi Vision 2025 makes a firm commitment to prioritizing the country’s protection and rational management of the environment such that Burundians can live in a protected, properly managed setting.</p>
+<p>The Government has stated its<strong>vision</strong> of the fight against climate change as follows: "<em><strong>A State that promotes development that is resilient to the harmful effects of climate change</strong></em>".</p>
+<p>At the institutional level, the Ministry of Water, the Environment, Land Management and Urban Planning, with its departments and personalized institutionssuch asIGEBU and OBPE, handles matters relating to climate change. For the fulfilment of its mission, the Ministry enjoys the support of frameworks for dialogue such as the National Environment Commission, the Sectoral Group on Water, Sanitation and the Environment (GSEAE), the National Water Partnership (PNE-Bu), and the National Platform for Risk Prevention and Disaster Management.</p>
+<p>In the framework of its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), Burundi intends to reaffirm its determination to contribute to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to strengthen its resilience to climate change while continuing to meet its own development challenges.</p>
+<h3 id="adaptation">2. ADAPTATION</h3>
+<p><h4 id="climate-change-impacts-and-vulnerability">2.1. Climate change impacts and vulnerability</h4></p>
+<p>Studies conducted for the initial national communication on climate change and the evolution of climate parameters in Burundi through 2050, based on the general circulation model, show that the average annual temperature will increase by 1°C to 3°C. Rainfall will rise by roughly 10%, and the precipitation regime will be disrupted such that there will only be two seasons remaining, each lasting six months: a rainy season from November to April, followed by a dry season.</p>
+<p>These climate changes will engender a large number of risks associated with the following phenomena: (i) season creep; (ii) flooding of swamps and lowlands; (iii) land degradation and loss of soil fertility; (iv) shortage of groundwater resources; (v) extreme weather events (hail, violent showers, heavy winds, etc.); (vi) changes to the growing seasons of crops and forests; and (vii) unpredictable movements of pests.</p>
+<p>According to an integrated analysis of Burundi’s vulnerability, conducted as part of the ACCES (Climate Change Adaptation for Soil and Water Resources Conservation) Project, it was found that the country’s “hotspots of vulnerability” are located in the north and northwest. The slope of the ridge (and not the ridge itself) leading to the Imbo Plain to the west, the topographical structures to the north and the central plateau are the regions most vulnerable to erosion. The main causes are the highly variable relief and the pronounced sensitivity of those regions to climate variability.</p>
+<p>Table 1: Major impacts relating to climate change in Burundi (Source: NAPA 2007)</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Sector</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Impacts</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Water</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Drying up of lakes and other waterways, and disappearance of aquatic flora</li>
+<li>Deterioration of surface water quality </li>
+<li>Increased rainwater erosion and silting of certain rivers</li>
+<li>Decline in production by hydroelectric power plants</li>
+<li>Increased competition for the use of unpolluted groundwater resources</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>More frequent shutdowns of certain active hydroelectric power plants because of exceeding operating thresholds due to insufficient rainfall and prolonged drought</li>
+<li>Complete silting of certain dams due to heightened erosion caused by more abundant precipitation leading to the complete shutdown of a few hydroelectric power plants, the most endangered among them being the Marangara, Buhiga and Kayenzi plants</li>
+<li>More frequent flooding of electricity production infrastructure like in Mugere, leading to production shutdowns for longer periods of time</li>
+<li>Increased runoff from land degradation in the hydroelectric power plants’ watersheds</li>
+<li>Major fluctuations in electricity production due to stresses on the water supply system and changes in rainfall patterns</li>
+<li>A larger deficit in the electricity sector leading to real electrical power supply problems in the country’s various socioeconomic domains</li>
+<li>Widespread scarcity of firewood and wood charcoal due to heightened, combined pressure from human activities, rising temperatures and changes to biomass growth rates</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Agriculture and livestock farming</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Declines in harvests, cattle, goats, sheep and poultryaggravated by more prolonged, more frequent drought with likelihoods of occurrence of between 40% and 60%</li>
+<li>Meat and dairy production yields will be even more heavily affected and reduced, along with fish production in the event of drought</li>
+<li>Lightning appearing during tornadoes will increase, causing additional livestock deaths in mountainous areas</li>
+<li>Decline in the quality and quantity of pastureland</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Health</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Increased number of cases of malaria</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Landscapes</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Risk of more frequent, larger scale flooding of lowlands</li>
+<li>Escalation of soil erosion along groundwater trenches in the watersheds of the MirwaMountains</li>
+<li>The levels of Lakes Cohoha, Rweru, Rwihinda and Kanzigiri in the Bugesera Depression could further decrease with the intensification of drought, with their waters retreating at above 400 m, which has already been seen toward the centres of those lakes and puts some of the shallower ones at risk of completely disappearing</li>
+<li>The level of Lake Tanganyika will rise due to heavy precipitation</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Terrestrial ecosystems (forests)</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Disappearance of the subalpine zone starting at an elevation of 2,450 m</li>
+<li>Disappearance of certain plant species and aggravation of erosion and bush fires</li>
+<li>Degradation of the groves in Bugesera and forests of Hyphaene palm trees on the Ruzizi Plain, with an increased vulnerability to bush fires</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="adaptation-needs">2.2. Adaptation needs</h3>
+<p>To reduce Burundi’s vulnerability and boost its resilience, the country’s needs have been identified. These relate to human, institutional, technical and financial capacity- building, as well as technology transfers.</p>
+<p><h4 id="a-human-and-institutional-capacity-building-needs">a) Human and institutional capacity-building needs</h4></p>
+<p>The country needs to:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Inform, educate and communicate about the climate, climate risks and adaptation technologies (development of the population’s reactivity);</li>
+<li>Strengthen the aptitudes of actors (especially women and farmers) in new technical processes, in the interest of intensified, sustainable production methods (new crop systems and techniques);</li>
+<li>Encourage technology transfers between research institutes and agro-sylvo-pastoral actors;</li>
+<li>Support institutions in defining adaptation priorities by socioeconomic sector and foster inter-sectoral consistency, namely during the development of the National Adaptation Plan.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4 id="b-technical-needs">b) Technical and technology transfer needs</h4></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Need</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Objectives and Description</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Key measure: Development of access to water while enhancing the efficiency of its use</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Water resources control and management</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Develop, rehabilitate and manage hydroagricultural developments</li>
+<li>Produce developments for rain-fed crops</li>
+<li>Develop small and large scale irrigation and improve its efficiency in order to reduce water consumption</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Key measure: Promotion of intensified water-efficient agriculture</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Intensification and diversification of agricultural production</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Intensify and diversify agricultural production by simplifying access to inputs (fertilizer, subsistence crop seeds, drought-resistant fodder and crop protection products) and to agricultural equipment</li>
+<li>Develop an agro-ecological approach (soil fertility management practices, use of manure and compost, development of agroforestry, and water and soil conservation)</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Key measure: Security for animal and fishing production, and promotion of associations</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Security for livestock farming and support for the association of agriculture and livestock</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Enable the diversification of activities (breeding of multiple species of animals, combination of agriculture and livestock, sale of harvest transport services, fodder crops, etc.)</li>
+<li>Facilitate the genetic diversity of different animals</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Support for the exploitation of fishing resources</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Develop the exploitation of fishing resources while conserving resources (stocking bodies of water with fish, development of rain-fed fish farming and application of zones closed to grazing)</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Key measure: Support for facilities that use renewable energy sources</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Improvement of the population’s well-being</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li><strong>Improve agricultural and livestock production activities (drainage, conservation, drying and cold chain) including the use of renewable energy sources (hydraulic, solar and wind)</strong></li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Key measure: Communications on climate risks and adaptation scenarios</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Knowledge of spatial and temporal changes to the environment</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Track weather forecasts and the climate</li>
+<li>Prevent and fight bio-aggressors</li>
+<li>Use information networks to identify areas ravaged by disease and/or with major water and pastureland resources</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="national-priorities-for-adaptation-to-climate-change">2.3. National priorities for adaptation to climate change</h4></p>
+<p>Specifically concerning adaptation to climate change, the priorities are outlined in the following documents:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA, 2007);</li>
+<li>National Climate Change Policy (2012);</li>
+<li>National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change (2012).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Table 2: Sectoral policies and strategies in place for adaptation to climate change</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Sector</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Current Policy and Strategy Document</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Priorities</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Water</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>National Water Resources Management Policy and Action Plan (2001)</li>
+<li>Water Code (Law 1/02 of 26/03/2012 enacting the Water Code in Burundi)</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Water control with a view to increasing agricultural and livestock production</li>
+<li>Human resources capacity-building in the field of water</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Sectoral Strategy for the Energy Sector in Burundi (2011)</li>
+<li>Law 1/13 of 23 April 2015 reorganizing the electricity sector in Burundi</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Hydroelectrical production through developments adjusted to align with the successive growth phases of the Burundian economy</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Forestry</td>
+<td>National Forestry Policy of Burundi (2012)</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Development and rational management of forest resources: raising the forest cover rate to 20% by 2025</li>
+<li>Promotion of forest resources</li>
+<li>Human and institutional capacitybuildin</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Agriculture & Livestock</td>
+<td><ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
+<li>National Agricultural Strategy, 2008-2015 (2008)</li>
+<li>National Sustainable Land Use Strategy (2007)</li>
+<li>National Action Programme to Fight Land Degradation (2005)</li>
+</ol></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Increase in agricultural production and productivity and development of sustainable production systems than can re-establish food selfsufficiency in the short and medium terms</li>
+<li>Management and sustainability capacity-building in the agricultural sector in order to transform subsistence farming into profitable market agriculture managed by professionals</li>
+<li>Introduction of smart agricultur</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="priority-adaptation-programmes">2.4. Priority adaptation programmes</h4></p>
+<p>The following programmes were identified as part of the National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change (2012):</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Programme name</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Components</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Climate risk adaptation and management</td>
+<td><p>Integrated water resources management by a small hydrological unit</p>
+<p>Integrated management of climate risk and forecasts over time (by means of probabilities and forward-looking studies) so as to be able to take action in advance</p>
+<p>Protection of aquatic and land-based ecosystems</p>
+<p>Coaching of the population to develop their resilience to climate change</p>
+<p>Development of institutional and operational capacities to coordinate programmes that are resilient to climate change</p>
+<p>Research on the vulnerability and adaptation of socioeconomic sectors to climate change</p>
+<p>Establishment of functional monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for climate change, as well as knowledge management and information mechanisms</p>
+<p>Research and extension of drought-resistant forest species</p>
+<p>Promotion of climate-smart agriculture (agrometeorology)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Capacity-building, knowledge management and communication</td>
+<td><p>Enhancement of data and information management and distribution mechanisms</p>
+<p>Reinforcement of climate change impact tracking systems by means of observations and investigations</p>
+<p>Improvement of scientific and technological research on adapting to climate change, supported by climate observations</p>
+<p>Improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework for handling climate change as part of investment programmes and the promotion of public-private partnerships</p>
+<p>Strengthening of the information and data communication and exchange system</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="current-initiatives-to-support-adaptation">2.5. Current initiatives to support adaptation</h4></p>
+<ul>
+<li>ACCES (Climate Change Adaptation for Soil and Water Resources Conservation) Project, financed by the Special Fund for Energy and Climate</li>
+<li>Watershed Management and Climate Resilience Improvement (PABVARC) Project</li>
+<li>Communication and Early Warning Strategy for Adaptations to Climate Change</li>
+<li>Integration of smart agriculture into the National Agricultural Investment Programme (NAIP)</li>
+<li>National Action Plan (currently being drafted)</li>
+<li>Various GEF small grants projects</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="mitigation">3. MITIGATION</h3>
+<p>In terms of mitigation, the desired INDC for Burundi should make it possible to meet the sustainability objectives defined in national policies and strategies.</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th></th>
+<th></th>
+<th><strong>Expected rate of reduction</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="2">Type of contribution</td>
+<td>Unconditional contribution</td>
+<td>Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 3% compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario for 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Conditional contribution</td>
+<td>Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, beginning in 2016, compared to the business-as-usual scenario for 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="2">Baseline year</td>
+<td>2005</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="2">Target year</td>
+<td>2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="2">Total reduction in emissions by 2030</td>
+<td>1,958 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>e for the unconditional objective and 14,897 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>e for the conditional objective</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="business-as-usual-scenario-and-emissions-reduction-objectives">3.1. Business-as-usual scenario and emissions reduction objectives</h4></p>
+<p>The table below presents the emissions for the baseline year and the business-as- usual (BAU) scenario, the emissions for the unconditional objective and the emissions for the conditional objective, whose implementation will depend on the financial support of the international community.</p>
+<p><h5 id="a-unconditional-objective">a) Unconditional objective</h5></p>
+<p>Under the National Reforestation Programme, Burundi has undertaken to increase its carbon dioxide gas well through 4,000 hectares of annual reforestation over the course of 15 years, beginning in 2016.</p>
+<p>In the <em>energy sector</em>, Burundi is in the process of building three hydroelectric power plants. This programme will increase the country’s electrification rate to 35%.</p>
+<p><h5 id="b-conditional-objective">b) Conditional objective</h5></p>
+<ul>
+<li><em>Forestry:</em>(i) reforestation of 8,000 ha/year during 15 years, beginning in 2016; (ii) replacement of 100% of traditional charcoal kilns and traditional home ovens by 2030;</li>
+<li><em>Agriculture:</em> gradual replacement of 100% of mineral fertilizers with organic fertilizer by 2030.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Table 3: Emissions by mitigation objective</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>OBJECTIVE</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Percentage</strong></th>
+<th><strong>CO<sub>2</sub>e emissions (Gg)</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Unconditional objective (2030) %</td>
+<td>3%</td>
+<td>1,958</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Conditional objective (2030) %</td>
+<td>20%</td>
+<td>14,897</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Unconditional objective (2025) %</td>
+<td>2%</td>
+<td>1,305</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Conditional objective (2025) %</td>
+<td>17%</td>
+<td>9,897</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Unconditional objective (2020) %</td>
+<td>1%</td>
+<td>653</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Conditional objective (2020) %</td>
+<td>11%</td>
+<td>4,897</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="mitigation-objectives">Mitigation objectives for 2030</h4></p>
+<p><img src="img/BDI-1.png" width="600"/></p>
+<p><h4 id="scope-and-scale-of-the-contribution">3.2. Scope and scale of the contribution</h4></p>
+<p>Table 4: Scope and scale of the contribution</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Sector</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Gas(es)</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Sub-sector(s)</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Geographic scope</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O</td>
+<td>Fuel combustion activities</td>
+<td>Nationwide</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Agriculture & livestock</td>
+<td>CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O</td>
+<td>Agricultural soils</td>
+<td>Nationwide</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Land use and forestry</td>
+<td>CO<sub>2</sub></td>
+<td>Forestland</td>
+<td>Nationwide</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="assumptions-and-methodology">3.3. Assumptions and methodology</h4></p>
+<p>The choice of assumptions is guided by the development planning orientations defined in Burundi Vision 2025 and the national operationalization policies and strategies for the Vision.</p>
+<p>The GHG inventories were performed on five modules identified by the IPCC: Industrial Processes, Energy, Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), as well as the Waste module.</p>
+<p>100 years of GWP values were used for the conversion to CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents (IPCC Assessment Report). These numbers were 21 for CH<sub>4</sub> and 310 for N<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
+<p>The policy documents thattake GHG emissions generating activities into consideration - and that were used to formulate the assumptions and objectives - appear in Table 5.</p>
+<p>Table 5: Documents used to formulate assumptions and objectives</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Sector</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Current Policy and Strategy Documents</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>Sectoral Strategy for the Energy Sector in Burundi (2011) <br>National Environment Strategy (SNEB, 1997)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Land use and forestry</td>
+<td>National Forestry Policy of Burundi (2012)<br> National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity (2013-2020)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Agriculture</td>
+<td>National Agricultural Strategy, 2008-2015 (2008) <br>National Sustainable Land Use Strategy (2007) <br>National Action Programme to Fight Land Degradation (2005)<br> National Strategy and Action Plan to Fight Soil Degradation (2011-2016)<br> National Agricultural Investment Plan (2012-2017)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td></td>
+<td>Vision Burundi 2025 Strategic Framework for Growth (2012)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>All sectors</td>
+<td>First and second national communications on climate change (2001 and 2010)<br> National Adaptation Planof Action to climate change (2007)<br> Summary report on greenhouse gas inventories (2009)<br> Summary report on GHG emissions mitigation studies (2009)<br> National Climate Change Policy (2013)<br> National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change (2013)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="emissions-compensation">3.4. Emissions compensation</h4></p>
+<p>In terms of compensation for any loss of revenue or for the restriction of certain economic activities due to the implementation of the INDC programme, Burundi will rely on international greenhouse gas emissions compensation mechanisms and on current national legislation.</p>
+<p>In terms of forestry in particular, the plan is to promote the development of ecosystem services.</p>
+<p><h4 id="verificationcounting-methods">3.5. Verification/counting methods</h4></p>
+<p>Concerning carbon counting and verification methods, Burundi will conform to the IPCC’s guidelines.</p>
+<p><h4 id="ambitious-equitable-nature-of-the-planned-contribution">3.6. Ambitious, equitable nature of the planned contribution</h4></p>
+<p>Limiting the rise in GHG emissions presents a major challenge for Burundi, in view of its national context. Economically, Burundi is ranked a least developed country (LDC), with per capita GDP ofUS $282 (in 2012).</p>
+<p>Burundi also has significant structural vulnerability due in particular to the country’s landlocked status and its exposure to weather and natural hazards. According to United Nations statistics, Burundi’s economic vulnerability index is 56.81 compared with an average of 45.7 in 2012 across all of the least developed countries. Faced with these development challenges, Burundi’s contribution is an ambitious one, as it plans for a 3% reduction in its emissions by 2030 for the unconditional scenario, and by 20% by that same year for its conditional objective.</p>
+<h3 id="contribution-implementation-methods">4. CONTRIBUTION IMPLEMENTATION METHODS</h3>
+<p><h4 id="institutional-arrangements-for-implementation">4.1. Institutional arrangements for implementation</h4></p>
+<p>The Government of Burundi will implement the INDC through the Ministry of the Environment, which is the government institution in charge of ensuring the implementation of international conventions relating to the environment. It will used its customized departments and institutions like IGEBU and the OBPE, which handle questions associated with climate change, but also frameworks for dialogue such as the National Environment Commission, the Sectoral Group on Water, Sanitation and the Environment (GSEAE), the National Water Partnership (PNE-Bu), and the National Platform for Risk Prevention and Disaster Management.</p>
+<p><h4 id="capacity-building">4.2. Capacity-building</h4></p>
+<p>Despite the non-negligible step already taken to create and build capacities, national experts are still insufficient and have not yet acquired significant proficiency in the tools and methodologies available to produce GHG emissions inventories, climate change vulnerability and adaptation studies, and GHG emissions mitigation studies, as well as solid proficiency in the procedures used to compile financing applications for the available funding mechanisms. As a result, capacity-building will be needed to offset the following:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Insufficient climate data due to outdated facilities;</li>
+<li>Insufficient scientific personnel able to satisfactorily run programmes and research topics linked to climate change;</li>
+<li>Difficulty training technical and scientific personnel on-site or abroad due to the non-existence of training institutions specializing in climate in Burundi and limited cooperation with the outside world;</li>
+<li>Insufficient quality and quantity of domestic technical expertise.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4 id="technology-transfer-needs">4.3. Technology transfer needs</h4></p>
+<p>Burundi does not have the technical resources to do research and development in the field of climate change and has no national programme on the subject. As part of the INDC’s implementation, Burundi’s technology transfer actions will pertain to:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Promoting research and development, adopting new technologies, and harnessing them for the national context;</li>
+<li>Reinforcing the operations of certain organizations and institutions involved in climate change;</li>
+<li>Skills training, education and international cooperation.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4 id="consideration-of-gender-youth-and-vulnerable-groups">4.4. Consideration of gender, youth and vulnerable groups</h4></p>
+<p>Gender, youth and vulnerable groups are concerns that have not always been taken into account in Burundi’s national and sectoral socioeconomic development plans. In its Vision 2025, the Government of Burundi considers these to be cross-cutting issues to be incorporated into all development programmes. The same will apply to implementation of the INDC.</p>
+<p><h4 id="need-for-financial-support">4.5. Need for financial support</h4></p>
+<p>As was underscored above, most of the climate change adaptation actions identified in previously developed national and sectoral action plans have not yet been implemented for want of the financial means to do so. The table below summarizes the financial needs for implementation of the INDC in the form of programmes.</p>
+<p>Table 6: Programmes and costs associated with implementation of the INDC (Source: National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change, 2012)</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th><strong>Programme Name</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Components</strong></th>
+<th><strong>Cost (in US$K)</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Climate risk adaptation and management</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Integrated water resources management by a small hydrological unit</li>
+<li>Protection of aquatic and land-based ecosystems</li>
+<li>Coaching of the population to develop their resilience to climate change</li>
+<li>Development of institutional and operational capacities to coordinate programmes that are resilient to climate change</li>
+<li>Research on the vulnerability and adaptation of socioeconomic sectors to climate change</li>
+<li>Establishment of functional monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for climate change, as well as knowledge management and information mechanisms</li>
+<li>Research and extension of drought-resistant forest specie</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td>3,719</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and low carbon developments</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Development of hydroelectricity</li>
+<li>Decentralized rural electrification through the use of photovoltaic systems</li>
+<li>Energy efficiency in production, transport, distribution and consumption (reduction of losses, low energy light bulbs and energy saving equipment)</li>
+<li>Peat carbonization, and densification and carbonization of coffee husks, rice hulls and sawdust</li>
+<li>Distribution and dissemination of improved ovens</li>
+<li>Intermittent drainage in rice cultivation</li>
+<li>Composting of waste from the defoliation of sugar cane plantations</li>
+<li>Recovery of the fermentable fraction of urban waste that can produce compost and biogas</li>
+<li>REDD pilot programme</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td>1,446,118</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Promotion of research & development and technology transfers</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Development of small scale hydro-power (Pico hydro, water wheels, etc.)</li>
+<li>Resumption of research and development, distribution and extension of renewable energies (biogas, wind power and gasification)</li>
+<li>Urban waste recovery techniques</li>
+<li>Urban transit with low GHG emissions</li>
+<li>Adaptation of agriculture to climate change</li>
+<li>Waste recovery techniques for agriculture, forestry and livestock farming</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td>25,787</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Capacity-building, knowledge management and communication</td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Improvement of sustainable forest and reforestation management methods and techniques</li>
+<li>Enhancement of data and information management and distribution mechanisms</li>
+<li>Reinforcement of climate change impact tracking systems</li>
+<li>Improvement of scientific and technological research on mitigating and adapting to climate change</li>
+<li>Design and set-up of a national REDD monitoring, reporting and verification mechanism, plus other actions relating to climate change</li>
+<li>Improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework for handling climate change as part of investment programmes and the promotion of public-private partnerships</li>
+<li>Strengthening of the information and data communication and exchange system</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td>3,465</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Reforestation and agroforestry<a href="#fn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Reforestation of terrains on steep slopes</li>
+<li>Colonization of terrains on mild slopes through agroforestry</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td>10,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Extension of improved kilns<a href="#fn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Training of charcoal producerson building and using improved kilns</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td>1,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Extension of improved domestic and artisanal ovens<a href="#fn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Training of craftsmen on producing improved ovens (metal and pottery)</li>
+<li>Awareness raising and promotion of improved ovens for the home and crafts industries (brickworks, tile factories, restaurants, etc.)</li>
+</ul></td>
+<td>3,000</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="annex-list-of-acronyms-and-abbreviations">ANNEX: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations</h3>
+<p>ACCES: Climate Change Adaptation for Soil and Water Resources Conservation Project<br />
+CC: Climate change<br />
+CDM: Clean Development Mechanism<br />
+CO<sub>2</sub>e: Carbon dioxide equivalent<br />
+GDP: Gross domestic product<br />
+Gg CO<sub>2</sub>e: Gigagram of carbon dioxide equivalent<br />
+Gg: Gigagram<br />
+GHGI: Greenhouse gas inventory<br />
+GSEAE: Sectoral Group on Water, Sanitation and the Environment<br />
+IGEBU: Geographic Institute of Burundi<br />
+INDC: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution<br />
+INECN: National Institute for the Environment and Nature Conservation<br />
+IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<br />
+LULUCF: Land use, land use change and forestry<br />
+MEEATU: Ministry of Water, Environment, Land Management and Urban Planning<br />
+NAPA: National Adaptation Programme of Action<br />
+OBPE: Burundian Office for the Protection of the Environment<br />
+SFPR: Strategy Framework for Poverty Reduction<br />
+UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>Communal forest management plan (MEEATU/PPCDR, 2013). <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a><a href="#fnref1:1">↩</a> <a href="#fnref1:2">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>

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+</head>
+<body>
+<h1><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contributions_INDC_3"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)</h1>
+<p>September, 2015<br>
+Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF)<br>
+Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh</p>
+<h2><a id="Bangladeshs_Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contributions_8"></a>Bangladesh’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions</h2>
+<h3><a id="1__National_context_12"></a>1. National context</h3>
+<p>Bangladesh is a highly climate vulnerable country whose emissions are less than 0.35% of global emissions<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>. Without ambitious action to limit greenhouse gases internationally, the future costs of adapting to climate change will be much higher than they are today. If the world fails to take ambitious action, the costs to Bangladesh of climate change could amount to an annual loss of 2% of GDP by 2050 and 9.4% of GDP by 2100<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. Bangladesh therefore wants to play its part in the global collective action to reduce future emissions as part of a robust and ambitious international agreement.<br>
+Consequently, Bangladesh is adopting a two-fold strategy against climate change. The main focus of Bangladesh’s activities is on increasing our resilience to the impacts of climate change - which are already affecting the livelihoods of much of our population and will continue to do so in the future. For example, extreme temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, drought, tropical cyclones, rising sea levels, tidal surges, salinity intrusion and ocean acidification are causing serious negative impacts on the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in Bangladesh, and are gradually offsetting the remarkable socio-economic development gained over the past 30 years, as well as jeopardising future economic growth. However at the same time, Bangladesh is also working to achieve lower- carbon as well as more resilient development. With this in mind, this INDC aims to put forth mitigation actions that Bangladesh can take to tackle its growing emissions and to play its role in global efforts to limit temperature rise to two degrees or preferably 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels.</p>
+<p>With respect to Bangladesh’s contribution to global efforts to counter climate change, this INDC sets out a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country’s GHG emissions. These mitigation actions will play a key role in realising the move to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy and to becoming a middle-income country by 2021 whilst ensuring that it will not cross the average per capita emissions of the developing world. The INDC includes both unconditional and conditional emissions reduction goals for the power, transport, and industry sectors, alongside further mitigation actions in other sectors, which Bangladesh intends to carry out. Bangladesh intends to implement its conditional emissions reduction goal subject to appropriate international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. The foundation of this INDC is Bangladesh’s existing strategies and plans, in particular the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), Renewable Energy Policy 2008, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (E&CC Master Plan), the forthcoming National Adaptation Plan, the National Sustainable Development Strategy, the Perspective Plan (Vision 2021) and the Sixth (and forthcoming seventh) Five Year Plan, the National Disaster Management Plan and the Disaster Management Act. In addition, it incorporates the outcome of further analysis and consultation to enhance our existing plans, and to analyse future GHG emissions trends and mitigation and adaptation options.</p>
+<p>The INDC of Bangladesh consists of the following elements:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Mitigation contribution:
+<ul>
+<li>An unconditional contribution to reduce GHG emissions by 5% from Business as Usual (BAU) levels by 2030 in the power, transport and industry sectors, based on existing resources.</li>
+<li>A conditional 15% reduction in GHG emissions from BAU levels by 2030 in the power, transport, and industry sectors, subject to appropriate international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.</li>
+<li>A number of further mitigation actions in other sectors which it intends to achieve subject to the provision of additional international resources.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Adaptation component:
+<ul>
+<li>An outline of what Bangladesh has already done on adaptation and what the next steps are, including the long-term vision for adaptation in Bangladesh and synergies with mitigation measures.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>INDC implementation:
+<ul>
+<li>Proposals for governance and coordination of INDC implementation and an outline of key next steps.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Support for INDC implementation:
+<ul>
+<li>A qualitative description of Bangladesh’s support needs and an outline of plans to further quantify this, along with some examples of indicative costs of taking action on mitigation and adaptation.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Bangladesh reserves the right to revise its intended national target and contribution at any point of time and considers its INDC to be a living document that should be integrated with changed/modified national development goals and targets.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3><a id="2__Mitigation_39"></a>2. Mitigation</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="21_Business_as_usual_emissions_40"></a>2.1. “Business as usual” emissions</h4></p>
+<p>As part of the process of preparing this INDC, Bangladesh has updated its projections of future greenhouse gas emissions including the development of a “Business As Usual” (BAU) scenario and analysis of mitigation potential in three key sectors. Emissions in the “Land use, land-use change and forestry” (LULUCF) sector were not modelled due to difficulties in obtaining the necessary data. Further details of the analysis will be published on the Ministry of Environment and Forests’ website.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="22__Mitigation_contribution_43"></a>2.2. Mitigation contribution</h4></p>
+<p>Bangladesh’s mitigation contribution covers the power, transport and industry sectors. Under a BAU scenario, GHG emissions in Bangladesh in these sectors are expected to represent 69% of total emissions by 2030 (excluding LULUCF), an increase of 264% by 2030, from 64 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2011 to 234 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2030.</p>
+<p>The contribution Bangladesh is willing to make is set out below.<br>
+<strong>Table 1: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions - Mitigation</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Unconditional contribution</b></td>
+<td>Contribution assuming no additional international support</td>
+<td>Bangladesh will reduce its GHG emissions in the power, transport, and industry sectors by 12 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e by 2030 or 5% below BAU emissions for those sectors.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Conditional contribution</b></td>
+<td>Contribution assuming additional international support</td>
+<td>Bangladesh will reduce its GHG emissions in the power, transport, and industry sectors by 36 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e by 2030 or 15% below BAU emissions for those sectors.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>These contributions are illustrated graphically below.</p>
+<p><strong>Figure 1: Projection of GHG emissions (MtCO<sub>2</sub>e) on power, transport and industry sectors from 2011 to 2030</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/BGD-1.png" alt=""></p>
+<p>The reduction will occur as illustrated in following Table 2.</p>
+<p><strong>Table 2: Projected emissions reductions in the power, transport and industry (energy) by 2030</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Sector</th>
+<th>Base year (2011) (MtCO<sub>2</sub>e)</th>
+<th>BAU scenario (2030) (MtCO<sub>2</sub>e)</th>
+<th>BAU change from 2011 to 2030</th>
+<th>Unconditional contribution scenario (2030) (MtCO<sub>2</sub>e)</th>
+<th>Change Vs BAU</th>
+<th>Conditional contribution scenario (2030) (MtCO<sub>2</sub>e)</th>
+<th>Change Vs BAU</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Power</td>
+<td>21</td>
+<td>91</td>
+<td>336%</td>
+<td>86</td>
+<td>-5%</td>
+<td>75</td>
+<td>-18%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Transport</td>
+<td>17</td>
+<td>37</td>
+<td>118%</td>
+<td>33</td>
+<td>-9%</td>
+<td>28</td>
+<td>-24%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Industry (energy)</td>
+<td>26</td>
+<td>106</td>
+<td>300%</td>
+<td>102</td>
+<td>-4%</td>
+<td>95</td>
+<td>-10%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>TOTAL</td>
+<td>64</td>
+<td>234</td>
+<td>264%</td>
+<td>222</td>
+<td>-5%</td>
+<td>198</td>
+<td>-15%</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This contribution is based on analysis carried out throughout 2015 using the best available data. However data quality and availability is an issue in Bangladesh. If new and more robust data comes to light in the future, or if assumptions change (e.g. projections of population or economic growth) the Government will update its analysis accordingly. This will be coordinated with the next update of the BCCSAP and also embedded within the National Communication and Biennial Update Report reporting cycle.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="23__Mitigation_actions_71"></a>2.3. Mitigation actions</h4></p>
+<p>This section sets out some of the mitigation actions that the Government of Bangladesh is currently implementing and examples of the kinds of measures that could be implemented in the future to meet the contributions set out in section 2.2 above.</p>
+<p><h5><a id="231__Mitigation_objectives_74"></a>2.3.1. Mitigation objectives</h5></p>
+<p>Bangladesh’s strategy on mitigation is set out in the BBCSAP. This sets out 7 programmes on mitigation:</p>
+<p><strong>Table 3: Mitigation programmes from the BCCSAP</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Programme</th>
+<th>Objective</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Improved energy efficiency in production and consumption of energy</td>
+<td>Ensure energy secure and low-carbon development of the economy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gas exploration and reservoir management</td>
+<td>Enhance energy security and ensure low-emission development</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Development of coal mines and coal-fired power station(s)</td>
+<td>Maximising coal output and managing coal fired power stations in a carbon-neutral way</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Renewable energy development</td>
+<td>Maximising the use of renewable energy sources to lower GHG emission and ensuring energy security</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lower emissions from agricultural land</td>
+<td>Raise productivity of agricultural land and lower emissions of methane</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Management of urban waste</td>
+<td>Ensure liveable cities while lowering GHG (methane) emissions</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Afforestation and reforestation programme</td>
+<td>Provide support to scale up afforestation and reforestation</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h5><a id="232__Existing_mitigation_actions_88"></a>2.3.2. Existing mitigation actions</h5></p>
+<p>Bangladesh already has a number of activities and targets that are driving action to reduce GHG emissions, and that will help it meet the unconditional contribution set out in section 2.2, including:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A target to reduce energy intensity (per GDP) by 20% by 2030 compared to 2013 levels (E&CC Master Plan)</li>
+<li>An Energy Management Programme, including establishment of Energy Management Systems and energy audits for industry by accredited energy auditors</li>
+<li>An Energy Efficiency labelling programme to promote sales of high efficiency products in the market</li>
+<li>Energy Efficiency measures for buildings, such as heat insulation and cooling measures, and a revised code on energy efficiency of new buildings</li>
+<li>The Solar Homes Programme, providing off-grid electricity access to rural areas</li>
+<li>A target to deliver 5% of energy from renewable sources by 2015, and 10% by 2020 (2008 Renewable Energy Policy)</li>
+<li>More than 1.5 million Improved Cook Stoves (ICS) and 4.0 million Solar Home Systems have already been distributed across the country</li>
+<li>Improving kiln efficiency in the brick making industry, composting of organic waste and waste biomass-based thermal energy generation</li>
+<li>Construction of Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) by the Government of Bangladesh and utilities companies</li>
+<li>Under the Solar roof-top program around 14 MW of solar has been installed on the vacant roof-tops of Government and private buildings</li>
+<li>The country has set aggressive target to scale up the potentials of Solar Irrigation Pumps, Solar mini and nano grids to address the energy access issue of off-grid population</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h5><a id="233_____Additional_mitigation_actions_in_power_industry_and_transport_101"></a>2.3.3. Additional mitigation actions in power, industry and transport</h5></p>
+<p>Bangladesh will also need to implement additional mitigation actions in order to meet the conditional contribution set out in section 2.2. Examples of these are set out in Table 4. More analysis will be taken in future to consider these options in more detail, based on the availability of funding support and internal capability, including as part of a proposed INDC implementation roadmap (see section 4), before decisions are taken.</p>
+<p><strong>Table 4: Possible mitigation actions to deliver the conditional contribution</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Sector</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+<th>Objectives of the activity by 2030</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Power</td>
+<td><ul><li>Ensure all new coal generation uses super-critical technology</li>
+<li>Increased penetration of wind power</li>
+<li>Implement grid-connected solar plant to diversify the existing electricity generation mix</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>100% of new coal based power super-critical plants technology by 2030</li>
+<li>400 MW of wind generating use capacity by 2030</li>
+<li>1000 MW of utility-scale solar power plant</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Transport</td>
+<td><ul><li>Modal shift from road to rail, delivered through a range of measures, including underground metro systems and bus rapid transit systems in urban areas. Co-benefits will include reduced congestion, improved air quality and improved traffic safety.</li>
+<li>Reduced congestion and improved running of traffic. This will be achieved by a number of measures, including building of expressways to relieve public congestion and transport measures.</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>To achieve a shift in passener traffic from road to rail of up to around 20% by 2030 compared to the business as usual.</li>
+<li>15% improvement in the efficiency of vehicles due to more efficient running.</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Industry (energy-related)</td>
+<td><ul><li>Carry out energy audits to incentivise the uptake of energy efficiency and conservation measures in the main industrial sectors based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Masterplan</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>10% energy consumption reduction in the industry sector compared to the business as usual</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h5><a id="234__Additional_mitigation_actions_in_other_sectors_111"></a>2.3.4. Additional mitigation actions in other sectors</h5></p>
+<p>As explained above, sectors other than power, transport, and industry were not included in the quantified contributions as a robust data-set is not as readily available for these other sectors, making quantification of mitigation potential more challenging. Yet, Bangladesh will carry out more work in future, under the umbrella of the BCCSAP, to improve analysis in other sectors. And Bangladesh will also continue to consider mitigation actions in these sectors, despite their contribution currently not being quantified in the INDC. Examples of potential measures in other sectors are set out below:</p>
+<p><strong>Table 5: Possible conditional action-based contributions</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Sector</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+<th>Objectives of the activity by 2030</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Households</td>
+<td><ul><li>Put in place policy mechanisms to incentivise the uptake of improved (more efficient) gas cookstoves</li>
+<li>Support the replacement of biomass with LPG for cooking purposes</li>
+<li>Promoting policies to induce greater level of energy efficiency and conservation in the household sector based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Masterplan</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>70% market share of improved biomass cookstoves, reaching 20 million households in 2030</li>
+<li>40% market share of improved gas cookstoves</li>
+<li>10% market switch from biomass to LPG for cooking compared to the business as usual</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Commercial buildings</td>
+<td><ul><li>Promote policies to induce greater level of energy efficiency and conservation in the commercial sector based on the Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master plan</li>
+<li>Incentivise rainwater harvesting in commercial buildings as a form of water and energy conservation</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>25% reduction of overall energy consumption of the commercial sector compared to the business as usual</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Agriculture (non-energy related)</td>
+<td><ul><li>Increase mechanisation in agriculture leading to a reduction in numbers of draft cattle (and therefore lower methane emissions)</li>
+<li>Increase the share of organic manure in the used fertilizer mix</li>
+<li>Scale up rice cultivation using alternate wetting and drying irrigation</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>50% reduction in draft animals compared to the business as usual</li>
+<li>35% increase in organic fertiliser share compared to the business as usual</li>
+<li>20% of all rice cultivation uses alternate wetting and drying irrigation</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Waste</td>
+<td><ul><li>Increase composting of organic waste</li>
+<li>Promote landfill gas capture and power generation</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>50% of the managed waste fraction is diverted from landfill to composting</li>
+<li>70% of landfill gas captured and used for electricity generation</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Land use, land use change and forestry</td>
+<td><ul><li>Continuation of coastal mangrove plantation</li>
+<li>Reforestation and afforestation in the reserved forests</li>
+<li>Plantation in the island areas of Bangladesh</li>
+<li>Continuation of Social and Homestead forestry</li></ul></td>
+<td><ul><li>Not quantified.</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="24_Information_to_facilitate_clarity_transparency_and_understanding_125"></a>2.4. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding</h4></p>
+<p>This section provides more detail on the contributions set out in section 2.2 and the analysis that was carried out to inform them.</p>
+<p><strong>Table 6: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><b>Time frames and/or periods for implementation</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Timeframe for implementation</td>
+<td>The timeframe for implementation of the INDC is 2020-2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><b>Scope and coverage</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Scope of gases included in the contribution</td>
+<td>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors covered by the contribution</td>
+<td>The contribution covers the power sector, and energy use in the transport and industry sectors. Other sectors are not included in the quantified contribution, but are included as action-based conditional contributions.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Geographies covered by the contribution</td>
+<td>The contribution covers all of Bangladesh.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><b>Assumptions and methodological approaches</b></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Methodology for estimating current and future emissions</td>
+<td>The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Good Practise Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used to calculate current and future GHG emissions. GHG projections were developed to be consistent with Bangladesh’s aim of becoming a middle-income country by 2021. The exact approach to estimating GHG emissions was tailored for each sector according to the availability of data. For example, GHG emissions from road transport were calculated in a relatively disaggregated manner, by combining data on numbers of vehicles, distances travelled and the fuel efficiencies of the vehicles. Similarly, GHG emissions from electricity use in households were calculated in a detailed bottom-up manner, using data on projected numbers of electrical appliances and their efficiencies. On the other hand, GHG emissions from industry were calculated using aggregated energy demand data per industrial sub-sector and forecasts of future industrial output. Future emissions were modelled using the LEAP model, with emissions being calculated from the relevant activity data and emissions factors.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Global warming potentials</td>
+<td>The carbon dioxide equivalent has been calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials in accordance with the Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Approach for land-based emissions</td>
+<td>Data was not available to allow for detailed analysis of future GHG emissions and mitigation potential in the LULUCF sector. Further work will be needed to quantify this accurately (see section 4 on INDC implementation).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Synergies and co - benefits</td>
+<td>The shortlist of mitigation options analysed for the INDC was created from a longer list by applying certain criteria, one of which was co-benefits. All the measures are expected to therefore have some co-benefits. These include improved air quality (e.g. from increased renewables or reduction in traffic congestion), improved road safety (from modal shift to public transport and reduced traffic congestion), economic benefits from developing green jobs, cost savings to families (e.g. from lower running costs of cars and from energy efficient appliances) and improved access to energy (e.g. from localised biogas production). For more information on mitigation-adaptation synergies, see section 3.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Net contribution of International Market Based Mechanism</td>
+<td>Bangladesh does not rule out the use of international market- based mechanisms in line with agreed modalities and accounting rules.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="25_Fair_and_ambitious_goal_142"></a>2.5. Fair and ambitious goal</h4></p>
+<p>Bangladesh is a Least Developed Country (LDC) whose emissions are less than 0.35% of global emissions. However, Bangladesh recognises that in order to meet the 2 degrees objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation in line with the IPCC conclusion that meeting 2 degrees requires global reductions to reduce by 40 to 70% global anthropogenic GHG emissions reductions by 2050 compared to 2010. Bangladesh’s approach is driven by the long-term goal announced by its Prime Minister that its per capita GHG emissions will not exceed the average for developing countries. Therefore, Bangladesh’s approach focuses on putting itself on a pathway which will avoid an increase of emissions per capita beyond this level, while pursuing national development goals.</p>
+<p>Despite its current status as a LDC and its currently small share of past and current global GHGs, Bangladesh is still putting forward actions which will allow the country to embark on a low carbon development pathway, keeping in mind the global climate change agenda. This INDC represents the first time that Bangladesh has made an international undertaking to take action on mitigation and therefore fulfils the requirements of the Lima Call for Climate Action to go beyond existing efforts. The actions needed to deliver on these commitments will require international support in the form of <strong><em>finance</em></strong>, <strong><em>technology transfer</em></strong> and <strong><em>capacity building</em></strong>. Bangladesh will also provide a relevant contribution with regards to national financial resources, staff time and strong integration of development and mitigation activities.</p>
+<p>In selecting the actions set out above, Bangladesh has prioritised those which fit with the growth priorities set out in our national development plans. In addition, Bangladesh has captured the synergies between mitigation and adaptation, not only by prioritising those adaptation activities with significant mitigation co-benefits, but also by seeking to minimise the carbon footprint of adaptation portfolio as a whole. The INDC contains a mix of measures that have already been taken forward under its own resources, thus demonstrating that Bangladesh is not content to wait for international support to take action on climate change.</p>
+<h3><a id="3__Adaptation_149"></a>3. Adaptation</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="31__Country_situation_on_vulnerability_150"></a>3.1 Country situation on vulnerability</h4></p>
+<p>Bangladesh, one of the world’s most disaster-prone climate vulnerable countries, has faced dozens of major disasters over its short history as a nation. Located on the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh is particularly susceptible to seasonal cyclones, acting as a funnel for heavy precipitation from the Indian Ocean and creating extreme weather events. The country sits on the flood plain of several major rivers, which drain from the mountainous regions of the Himalayas, making seasonal flooding another hazard often coinciding with the cyclone season. Current research and studies suggest that flood, tropical cyclones, storm surge and drought are likely to be more frequent and severe in the years to come. The Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI-2011) calculated the vulnerability of 170 countries to the impacts of climate change over the next 30 years<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>, which reveals that Bangladesh is the most vulnerable country to climate change.</p>
+<p>Climate change adaptation is a key priority and the country has already undertaken initiatives to mainstream adaptation into national development such as in the water, health, forestry, agriculture and more prominently in the infrastructure sectors. Bangladesh is already experiencing a host of climate impacts, including floods, storm surges, drought and river bank erosion. For example, floods in 2007 inundated 32,000 sq. km, leading to over 85,000 houses being destroyed and almost 1 million damaged, with approximately 1.2 million acres of crops destroyed or partially damaged, 649 deaths and estimated damage over $1 billion. Climate change will drastically hamper economic growth of the country. For instance, the Asian Development Bank estimated that Bangladesh may experience a 2% GDP annual loss by 2050 because of climate change.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="32__Adaptation_goal_155"></a>3.2 Adaptation goal</h4></p>
+<p>The primary goal for adaptation is to protect the population, enhance their adaptive capacity and livelihood options, and to protect the overall development of the country in its stride for economic progress and wellbeing of the people.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="33__Adaptation_action__past_and_present_158"></a>3.3 Adaptation action - past and present</h4></p>
+<p>Over the last three decades, the Government of Bangladesh has invested over $10 billion (at constant 2007 prices) to make the country more climate resilient and less vulnerable to natural disasters. Flood management embankments, coastal polders and cyclone shelters have been built, and important lessons learnt on how to implement such projects successfully in the dynamic hydrological conditions of Bangladesh and with active participation of communities.</p>
+<p>To enhance climate change adaptation activities in all key policies and sectors, Bangladesh has recently established two innovative funds: the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) from the Government’s own budget and the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilient Fund (BCCRF) with the support of development partners. Bangladesh submitted the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2005 (revised in 2009) and prepared a climate change action plan (the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan in 2009).</p>
+<p><h4><a id="34__Expectations_for_future__near_term_plans_and_action_163"></a>3.4 Expectations for future - near term plans and action</h4></p>
+<p>Considering the vulnerabilities, the government has identified the following areas of interventions to address adverse impacts of climate change:</p>
+<p><strong>Key Areas to address adverse impacts of climate change</strong></p>
+<ol>
+<li>Food security, livelihood and health protection (incl. water security)</li>
+<li>Comprehensive disaster management</li>
+<li>Coastal Zone Management including Salinity Intrusion control</li>
+<li>Flood Control and Erosion protection</li>
+<li>Building Climate Resilient Infrastructure</li>
+<li>Increased Rural Electrification</li>
+<li>Enhanced Urban Resilience</li>
+<li>Ecosystem based adaptation (including forestry co-management)</li>
+<li>Community based conservation of wetlands and coastal areas</li>
+<li>Policy and Institutional Capacity Building</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Based on the above-mentioned areas the following broad adaptation actions are prioritized for the country:</p>
+<p><strong>Adaptation Priorities for Bangladesh</strong></p>
+<ol>
+<li>Improved Early warning system for tropical cyclone, flood, flash flood and drought</li>
+<li>Disaster preparedness and construction of flood and cyclone shelters</li>
+<li>Tropical cyclones and storm surge protection</li>
+<li>Inland monsoon flood-proofing and protection</li>
+<li>Climate resilient infrastructure and communication</li>
+<li>Climate resilient housing</li>
+<li>Improvement of Urban resilience through improvement of drainage system to address urban flooding</li>
+<li>River training and dredging (including excavation of water bodies, canals and drains)</li>
+<li>Stress tolerant (salinity, drought and flood) variety improvement and cultivation (including livestock and fisheries)</li>
+<li>Research and knowledge management</li>
+<li>Adaptation on local-level perspectives etc.</li>
+<li>Adaptation to climate change impacts on health</li>
+<li>Biodiversity and ecosystem conservation</li>
+<li>Capacity Building at Individual and institutional level to plan and implement adaptation programmes and projects in the country</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Bangladesh has already developed considerable infrastructure and capability to address these climate change-induced vulnerabilities through disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. In order to accelerate the present domestic initiatives to adapt to climate change and secure lives and livelihoods of people, the Government has allocated nearly $ 400 million to Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). As of June 2015 BCCTF has funded over 236 projects of which 41 have already been implemented. The projects undertaken so far from BCCTF include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Construction of embankments and river bank protective works</li>
+<li>Building cyclone resilient houses, excavation /re-excavation of canals</li>
+<li>Construction of water control infrastructures including regulators/sluice gates</li>
+<li>Waste management and drainage infrastructure</li>
+<li>Introduction and dissemination of stress tolerant crop varieties and seeds, afforestation</li>
+<li>Installation of solar panels.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Please see details on the country’s achievement in the field of climate change adaptation in Annex 1</p>
+<p>A significant number of development programmes are implemented under the revenue budget, and the allocation for BCCTF also comes from the revenue budget (FY-2013/14), so the total allocation to development activities amounts to about 32 percent of the national budget. An updated BCCTF project list is provided on the Fund’s website<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p>A good number of climate change adaptation projects have been further developed for implementation by different ministries and departments like Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), Water Development Board, Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA), Ministry of Disaster Management, Road and Transport Highways Division, Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges. Please see the detailed project list in Annex 1.</p>
+<p>Furthermore, Bangladesh has prepared a roadmap towards formulating a comprehensive National Adaptation plan (NAP) with a view to reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience. The NAP is expected to facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities in a coherent manner, in particular development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate.</p>
+<p>Bangladesh is considered one of the leading countries in managing disasters, and many good lessons and practices gathered over the years are being replicated in the context of CCA.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="35__Barriers_and_needs_221"></a>3.5 Barriers and needs</h4></p>
+<p>Bangladesh acknowledges that climate change action requires a holistic approach and further acknowledges that many activities will deliver both adaptation and mitigation benefits. For example, Bangladesh’s national afforestation programme has led to significant afforestation in newly accreted lands along the coast in the Bay of Bengal as well as reforestation in the adjacent denuded hills. About 195,000 hectares of mangrove plantations have been raised so far and these new plantations are also playing an important role in carbon sequestration. More analysis needs to be carried out on future GHG emissions and mitigation options for the LULUCF sector and when this is done, further consideration will be given to mitigation-adaptation synergies in this sector.</p>
+<p>Needless to mention, domestic/national initiatives to address climate change vulnerabilities from our own resources are far from inadequate compared to what is required to address vulnerabilities of 160 million of the national population. Resources are required from international mechanisms to ensure climate resilient development of the country. This will assist in developing a comprehensive programme for adaptation and the NAP will form the core element of this progamme.</p>
+<p>Bangladesh acknowledges that monitoring and evaluation of adaptation policies and programmes is crucial to ensure that resources are well utilized to increase the overall resilience of our people. The objective is to mainstream adaptation initiatives in a National Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system that is being planned.</p>
+<h3><a id="4_INDC_development_and_implementation_230"></a>4. INDC development and implementation</h3>
+<p>This INDC has been prepared through consultation and dialogue with the Government’s Advisory and Technical Committees, which include a range of stakeholders including line ministries, Planning Commission, technical departments, professionals, experts, and the private sector.</p>
+<p>With obvious reason the INDC implementation will be carried forward under the framework of updated and meaningful implementation of the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) and other key policies/plans. The BCCSAP is a ten-year programme running from 2009 to 2018, to build the capacity and resilience of the country to meet the challenge of climate change. An INDC implementation roadmap will be produced in 2016. This will review the current situation with respect to implementation of the BCCSAP, identify gaps and support needs, review barriers to implementation and present proposals for INDC implementation next steps.</p>
+<p>Specific activities to be carried out in the development of the INDC implementation roadmap include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>List potential mitigation interventions that could be studied in more detail and developed into NAMAs, along with recommendations on possible delivery levers (e.g. incentives, standards, fiscal levers etc).</li>
+<li>Carry out a review of Bangladesh’s current climate finance landscape, support needs and the international funding landscape, along with an assessment of climate finance readiness and gaps. Produce recommendations on an appropriate climate finance strategy for Bangladesh.</li>
+<li>Carry out a gap analysis of existing data sharing and reporting structures and processes and make initial recommendations on the appropriate form and structure of a national MRV system.</li>
+<li>Integration of the Climate Fiscal Framework (CFF) in the national planning and budgeting process to determine and disburse suitable yearly allocation for the implementation of mitigations and adaptation projects/programmes in this stipulated time-frame.</li>
+<li>Carry out a gap analysis of existing institutional framework and recommend institutional strengthening for effective access of international climate finances including Green Climate Fund</li>
+<li>Make recommendations on appropriate institutional structures for INDC implementation and coordination.</li>
+<li>Set out a clear roadmap and timetable for actions across the key elements of INDC implementation, grouping into short, medium and long-term actions.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>INDC implementation will be taken forward by existing governance arrangements under the BCCSAP, with coordination being managed by the climate change secretariat in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, reporting to the Advisory Committee and the National Environment Committee (chaired by the Prime Minister). Specific implementation activities will be carried out by the appropriate line ministries and agencies with fiscal support under the fiscal framework of the Government. A comprehensive and robust INDC implementation framework will be developed in line with the existing CFF and other climate change related bodies.</p>
+<h3><a id="5__Support_for_INDC_implementation_247"></a>5. Support for INDC implementation</h3>
+<p>Significant resources will be needed to support the implementation of Bangladesh’s INDC, including finance, technology transfer and capacity building support. This section gives examples of the kinds of costs facing Bangladesh, both for adaptation and mitigation, and a brief summary of the existing institutional frameworks on climate finance.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="51__Adaptation_costs_249"></a>5.1. Adaptation costs</h4></p>
+<p>Being amongst the countries worst affected by climate change, much of the required resource will be focused on adaptation and improving climate resilience. The BCCSAP sets out the type of investments needed to address climate impacts, early warning systems, improved irrigation and water management, improved operation and maintenance and upgrading of coastal embankments and polders and upgrading of flood protection embankments/drainage systems<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p>It was estimated by the World Bank<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup> in 2010 that by 2050, adaptation costs of tropical cyclones and storm surges will be $5516<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup> million and the annual recurrent cost will be $112 million, whereas for inland monsoon flooding the cost will be $2671 million and the annual recurrent cost will be $54 million. Just taking these two sectors into consideration, the cost is estimated to be around $6.59 billion by 2030.</p>
+<p>Bangladesh has already implemented some key adaptation activities as urgent and immediate needs of the country. Implementation of identified adaptation measures are very critical to increase the resilience of the country to climate change. It was estimated that Bangladesh will need to invest $40 billion from 2015 to 2030 in order to implement identified adaptation measures (detail in section 3) to address adverse impacts of climate change. This figure includes the actions included in the NAPA, BCCSAP as well as new adaptation needs for the period 2015-2030 based on the current NAP Roadmap and the 7th Five Year Plan. Some examples of specific adaptation-related costs are set out below:</p>
+<p><strong>Table 7: Estimated costs of key adaptation measures</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Adaptation measure</th>
+<th>Estimated investment required (billion USD, 2015-2030)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Food security and livelihood and health protection (incl. water security)</td>
+<td>8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Comprehensive disaster management</td>
+<td>10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Salinity intrusion and coastal protection</td>
+<td>3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>River flood and erosion protection</td>
+<td>6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Building climate resilient infrastructure</td>
+<td>5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Rural electrification</td>
+<td>3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Urban resilience</td>
+<td>3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ecosystem based adaptation (incl. forestry co-management)</td>
+<td>2.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Community based conservation of wetlands and coastal areas</td>
+<td>1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Policy and institutional capacity building</td>
+<td>0.5</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="52__Mitigation_costs_275"></a>5.2. Mitigation costs</h4></p>
+<p>Further work will be needed to assess the scale and scope of investment needs for mitigation activities (see section 4 on INDC implementation). But examples of the kinds of investment required (2011-2030) to implement key mitigation measures are set out below:</p>
+<p><strong>Table 8: Estimated costs of key mitigation measures</strong></p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Mitigation measure</th>
+<th>Estimated investment required (billion USD, 2011-2030)</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Switching to 100% super-critical coal power generation</td>
+<td>16.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Developing utility-scale solar energy</td>
+<td>1.3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Scaling up wind energy</td>
+<td>0.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Repowering steam turbine with CCGT</td>
+<td>0.63</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Expanding the Solar Homes Programme</td>
+<td>1.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Other solar</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Solar Irrigations Pumps</td>
+<td>0.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Solar Mini-grids</td>
+<td>0.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Solar Nano-grids</td>
+<td>0.27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pico-solar</td>
+<td>0.1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Scaling up biomass production from sugar</td>
+<td>0.2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Building an Elevated Express Highways in Dhaka for decongestion of the main urban traffic arteries</td>
+<td>2.65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dhaka mass rapid transit system</td>
+<td>2.7</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This is expected to ensure better synergy among financing intermediaries to leverage investments that are greater than the sum of their parts. Effective access to international climate finances is critical for implementation of the Bangladesh INDC to address adverse impacts of climate change for sustaining economic growth and thereby aiding to achieve middle-income country status by 2021.</p>
+<h3><a id="Annex1__Adaptation_projects_and_achievements_301"></a>Annex1 - Adaptation projects and achievements</h3>
+<p><strong><em>List of adaptation projects</em></strong></p>
+<p><strong>LGED:</strong><br>
+Haor Infrastructure and livelihood Improvement Project (HILIP) including Climate Adaptation and Livelihood Protection (CALIP) - <a href="http://www.lged.gov.bd/ProjectHome.aspx?projectID=274">http://www.lged.gov.bd/ProjectHome.aspx?projectID=274</a><br>
+Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP), LGED Part - <a href="http://www.lged.gov.bd/ProjectHome.aspx?projectID=33">http://www.lged.gov.bd/ProjectHome.aspx?projectID=33</a></p>
+<p><strong>Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB):</strong><br>
+<a href="http://www.bwdb.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=120">http://www.bwdb.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=120</a></p>
+<p><strong>Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA):</strong><br>
+<a href="http://www.biwta.gov.bd/website/?page_id=9">http://www.biwta.gov.bd/website/?page_id=9</a></p>
+<p><strong>Road and Transport Highways Division, Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges:</strong><br>
+The list of projects is divided into three sections.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Foreign funded projects: <a href="http://www.rthd.gov.bd/foreign_project.php">http://www.rthd.gov.bd/foreign_project.php</a></li>
+<li>Mega Projects: <a href="http://www.rthd.gov.bd/elibrary.php">http://www.rthd.gov.bd/elibrary.php</a></li>
+<li>Fast track projects: <a href="http://www.rthd.gov.bd/fast_track_project.php">http://www.rthd.gov.bd/fast_track_project.php</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Bangladesh Climate Change Trust:</strong><br>
+<a href="http://www.bcct.gov.bd/images/180814/Updated%20Project%20List%2017.11.pdf">http://www.bcct.gov.bd/images/180814/Updated Project List 17.11.pdf</a></p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 2.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2014)". World Resources Institute <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/bangladesh-could-see-climate-change-losses-reach-over-9-gdp-report">http://www.adb.org/news/bangladesh-could-see-climate-change-losses-reach-over-9-gdp-report</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://maplecroft.com/about/news/ccvi.html">http://maplecroft.com/about/news/ccvi.html</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://www.bcct.gov.bd/images/180814/Updated%20Project%20List%2017.11.pdf">http://www.bcct.gov.bd/images/180814/Updated Project List 17.11.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p>See box 7 of the BCCSAP. <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>World Bank. 2010. Main report. Washington, DC: World Bank. <a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/01/16420806/bangladesh-economic-adaptation-climate-change-vol-1-2-main-report">http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/01/16420806/bangladesh-economic-adaptation-climate-change-vol-1-2-main-report</a> <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p>$ signifies USD throughout the document <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
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+  <h1>Bangladesh's NDC</h1>
+<h1>Introduction</h1>
+<p>The Paris Agreement (PA) was adopted by COP21 in 2015, and subsequently signed and ratified by 191 Parties. The sole aim is to change the current course towards combating climate change, harboring sustainable development pathway by limiting global warming within 1.5 - 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. One of the key elements of the PA is the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) previously referred to as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) before the ratification of PA. Bangladesh submitted its INDC to UNFCCC on 25 September 2015, for three sectors (Power, Industry and Transport). Subsequently, Bangladesh prepared the NDC Implementation Roadmap and Action Plan in 2018.</p>
+<p>Bangladesh&rsquo;s INDC proposed for 12 million tons (5%) unconditional reduction in GHG emission from Business as Usual (BAU) scenario by 2030 and a further 24 million tons (10%) conditional reduction in GHG emission with support from the international community taking the base year 2011.</p>
+<p>As part of the global initiative, Bangladesh is updating the NDC incorporating additional sectors following IPCC guidelines. The updated NDC covers Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and other Land use (AFOLU) and Waste. For the NDC update, 2012 has been considered as the base year following the Third National Communication of Bangladesh, which details a comprehensive national GHG emission inventory for 2012.</p>
+<p>In this NDC update, information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bangladesh&rsquo;s NDC in line with the guidelines set out in Katowice decisions (COP24/CMA1) is presented in the form of template in the last part of this document.</p>
+<p>The NDC update aims to further mitigation actions that Bangladesh may take to tackle its growing emissions and play its role in global efforts. The NDC calls for a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country&rsquo;s GHG emissions. These actions will play a key role in realizing the move to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy and becoming a middle-income country whilst ensuring that it will not cross the average per capita emissions of the developing countries.</p>
+<h1>Base Year and Future Emission Scenario</h1>
+<p>As part of the global initiative, Bangladesh is updating its NDC. This updated NDC covers Energy (Power, transport, energy use in industry, residential, commercial, agriculture and brick manufacturing, F-gases and Fugitive emission), Industrial Processes &amp; Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and other Land use (AFOLU) and Waste sectors. In this aspect, the NDC is incorporating additional sectors according to IPCC guidelines to ensure comprehensive coverage. So, the Updated NDC tries to represent an economy-wide GHG emission reduction taking in to account lack of required information under AFOLU. The updated NDC is prepared following a structured process involving stakeholders from relevant ministries and agencies. The required data has been collected through IPCC suggested structured template from the agencies on present condition and future plans and projects relevant to GHG emission reduction. Following this, the initial scenario analysis outcomes have been validated with the relevant ministries and agencies in a validation workshop. The possible mitigation measures have been finalized based on discussion on the validation process.</p>
+<h2>Base Year Scenario</h2>
+<p>For the NDC update, 2012 has been considered for the base year following the Third National Communication of Bangladesh, detailing a comprehensive national GHG emission inventory for 2012. Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste Sectors are considered for GHG emission inventory preparation.</p>
+<p>Power, Transport and Industry are three major sub-sectors under the Energy Sector, while Brick manufacturing, Residential and commercial buildings (energy use), Energy use in Agriculture activities (pumps, tractors, harvester etc.) and fish farms, F-gases (HCFC use) in air conditioning and refrigeration and Fugitive emission from gas transmission and distribution systems, flaring in oil/ gas fields etc. are considered as other sub-sectors of the Energy Sector.</p>
+<p>The Power sub-sector includes emissions from electricity generation activities from coal, gas, furnace oil-based power plants and different renewable energy sources such as solar home system, solar park, solar mini &amp; micro grid, rooftop solar and net metering, solar irrigation, hydro, wind, biomass and biogas. Transport sub-sector comprises fuel combustion emission from the road, rail and inland water transport. Industry sub-sector covers energy use in industry covering fuel and electricity use in industrial activities.</p>
+<p>The IPPU sector covers industrial process based emissions from cement clinker production and urea fertilizer production. The AFOLU (agriculture) sub-sector covers methane emission from cultivated rice fields, nitrous oxide emission from nitrogen-based fertilizer, methane emission from enteric fermentation of livestock and methane and emission from manure management. The AFOLU (forestry) sub-sector covers emissions from forest areas and carbon stock in Bangladesh. The Waste sector covers methane emission from solid waste disposal and domestic wastewater.</p>
+<p>For the base year, total GHG emission accounts for 169.05 million tons CO2 equivalent (MtCO2e). Energy Sector holds the higher contribution to the total GHG emission which is 93.09 Mt CO2e or 55.07% of the total, followed by AFOLU (27.35% of total), Waste (14.26% of total) and IPPU (3.32% of total) Sectors.</p>
+<p>Power, Transport, Industry, Household and Brick Kilns are five major sub-sectors which contributes most (total 82.62 Mt CO2e) to the Energy Sector emission. At the same time, Commercial, Agriculture, Fugitive and F-Gases sub-sectors generate the remaining. Similarly, the Agriculture sub-sector under the AFOLU Sector generates the highest 45.87 MtCO2e, about 27.13% of the total GHG emission for the base scenario. According to IPCC guidelines for Forestry sub-sector, Bangladesh has established a Forest Reference Level (FRL) for the historical reference period 2000-2015. The estimated emission from the forestry sector is 1.19 MtCO2e/year, and the estimated removal is 0.81 MtCO2e/year. The net change, FRL, is 0.37 MtCO2e/year. Waste and IPPU Sector generates 24.11 and 5.61 MtCO2e emission respectively.</p>
+<p>The following table 1 presents the sector-wise GHG emission for the Base year scenario.</p>
+<h3>Table 1: GHG emission in Base Year (2012)</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>UNFCCC Sector</p>
+</td>
+<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Sub-Sector</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>GHG Emission</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Base year 2012</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Million Ton CO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>In Percentage</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="10">
+<p>Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Power</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>20.98</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>12.41</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Transport</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>16.77</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>9.92</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Industry (energy)</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>16.47</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>9.74</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Other energy sub sectors:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Households</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>16.67</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>9.86</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Commercial</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.45</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.27</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.73</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.61</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Brick Kilns</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>11.73</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>6.94</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Fugitive</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>4.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.58</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>F Gases</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.92</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.73</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Total Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>93.09</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>55.07</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>IPPU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Cement and Fertilizer</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5.61</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3.32</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p>AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture and Livestock</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>45.87</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>27.13</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.22</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Total AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>46.24</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>27.35</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Waste</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Municipal Solid Waste and wastewater</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>24.11</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>14.26</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Total Emission</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>169.05</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The base year GHG emission scenario for 2012, has been updated with additional information for Fugitive emission from leakages in the gas distribution network, F-gases, gas and electricity use in households. This information was not included in the TNC. So, there is an increase in total emission from 152.27 MtCO2e to 169. 05 MtCO2e.</p>
+<h2>Business As Usual Scenario</h2>
+<p>The BAU scenario is prepared considering the contribution of emission sources and information that has been collected from the relevant agencies of different ministries following the IPCC 2006 reporting guidelines. The BAU scenario does not contain any mitigative measures. The BAU scenario has been modeled following the use of conventional technology and national projections of development.</p>
+<p>Critical assumptions for modelling GHG emission for BAU scenarios are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>In the energy sector, BAU is prepared following the Power Sector Master Plan (2016) with additional modifications of plans from the Ministry of Power and mineral resources; Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (2015) for industry, residential and commercial; previous trend-based projection for Transport; Brick sector roadmap and Department of Environment information on Brick manufacturing, National Cooling Action Plan and Montreal protocol targets for F-gases.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In the IPPU sector, previous trends and demand-based projections have been made.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In AFOLU sector, BAU is prepared following rice cropping area and livestock population projection for 2030 from relevant Ministries and agencies; Forestry related emission is taken from Bangladesh&rsquo;s Forest Reference Level (FRL) and kept as constant. No mitigation scenario analysis was carried out for Other Land Use.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>BAU is prepared based on the extrapolation of waste generation using urban population estimates (UN data) and waste generation rate (Third National Communication) in the Waste sector.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Total GHG emission is found to be increased from 169.05 Mt CO2e in 2012 to 409.4 Mt CO2e in 2030 under the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario with an increase of 2.4 times than base year. The following table 2 presents the sector-wise distribution of the GHG emission for the BAU scenario in 2030.</p>
+<p>The sector-wise emissions under BAU scenario by 2030 are 312.54 Mt CO2e (76.34% of total) in Energy, 10.97 Mt CO2e (2.68% of total) in IPPU, 55.01 Mt CO2e (13.44% of total) in AFOLU and 30.89 Mt CO2e (7.55% of total) in Waste Sectors.</p>
+<p>The highest contribution (24.91% of total) of GHG emission is found for Industry (energy) sub- sector followed by Power (23.24% of total) and Transport (8.86% of total) under the Energy Sector.</p>
+<h3>Table 2: GHG emission in BAU scenario (2030)</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>UNFCCC Sector</p>
+</td>
+<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Sub-Sector</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>GHG Emission</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>BAU 2030</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Million Ton CO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>In Percentage</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="10">
+<p>Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Power</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>95.14</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>23.24</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Transport</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>36.28</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.86</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Industry (energy)</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>101.99</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>24.91</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Other energy sub-sectors:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Households</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>30.41</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.43</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Commercial</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3.35</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.82</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.16</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.48</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Brick Kilns</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>23.98</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5.86</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Fugitive</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.31</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.03</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>F Gases</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.92</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.71</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Total Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>312.54</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>76.34</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>IPPU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Cement and Fertilizer</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.97</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.68</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p>AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture and Livestock</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>54.64</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>13.35</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.09</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Total AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>55.01</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>13.44</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Waste</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Municipal Solid Waste and wastewater</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>30.89</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.55</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Total Emission</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>409.41</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h1>Mitigation Action</h1>
+<p>The mitigation scenario analysis and assessment of achievable but ambitious unconditional and conditional GHG mitigation measures by 2030 for the NDC update has been prepared following IPCC guidelines and stakeholder consultation. In the unconditional part of NDC, only those mitigation measures were considered which would be implemented based on current local-level capacity, and financed through internal resources. Contingent upon international funding and technological support, the conditional emission reduction will be implemented. The following sections present the updated unconditional and conditional contributions.</p>
+<h2>Unconditional Contribution</h2>
+<p>In the unconditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by <strong>27.56 Mt CO</strong>2<strong>e (6.73%) below BAU in 2030 </strong>in the respective sectors. 26.3 Mt CO2e (95.4%) of this emission reduction will be from the Energy sector while 0.64 (2.3%) and 0.6 (2.2%) Mt CO2e reduction will be from AFOLU (agriculture) and waste sector respectively. There will be no reduction in the IPPU sector.</p>
+<h2>Conditional Contribution</h2>
+<p>In the conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by <strong>61.9 Mt CO</strong>2<strong>e (15.12%) below </strong><strong>BAU in 2030 </strong>in the respective sectors. This reduction is in addition to the proposed reductions in unconditional scenario. The conditional mitigation measures will be implemented by Bangladesh, only if there is external financial/technology support. The conditional scenario has 59.7Mt CO2e (96.46%) emission reduction from the Energy sector, while 0.4 (0.65%) and 1.84 (2.97%) Mt CO2e reduction will be from AFOLU (agriculture) and Waste Sector respectively. There will be no reduction in the IPPU Sector. Table 3 presents the GHG reduction under unconditional and conditional scenarios.</p>
+<h3>Table 3: GHG emission reduction scenario</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>UNFCCC</p>
+<p>Sector</p>
+</td>
+<td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Sub-sector</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>GHG Emission</p>
+<p>Scenario</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="8" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>GHG Reduction by Mitigation (2030)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>BAU 2030</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Unconditional</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="3" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Conditional</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Combined</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>MtCO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>In %</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>MtCO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Reduction</p>
+<p>MtCO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>In %</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>MtCO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Reduction</p>
+<p>MtCO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>In %</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Reduction</p>
+<p>MtCO2e</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>In %</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="10">
+<p>Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Power</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>95.14</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>23.24</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>87.13</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.01</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>29.06</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>51.4</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>35.73</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>57.72</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>43.74</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>48.9</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Transport</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>36.28</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.86</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>32.89</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3.39</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>12.30</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>26.56</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>6.33</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.23</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>9.72</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.86</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Industry (energy)</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>101.99</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>24.91</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>95.33</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>6.66</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>24.17</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>94.31</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.02</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.65</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.68</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.58</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Other energy sub sectors:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Households</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>30.41</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.43</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>28.78</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.63</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5.91</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>24.77</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>4.01</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>6.46</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5.64</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>6.3</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Commercial</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3.35</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.82</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.94</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.41</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.49</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.51</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.43</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.69</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.84</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.94</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.16</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.48</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>9.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.79</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.87</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.13</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.03</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.05</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.82</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.92</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Brick Kilns</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>23.98</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5.86</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>20.7</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3.28</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>11.90</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>12.82</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.88</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>12.73</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>11.16</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>12.47</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Fugitive</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.31</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.03</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.31</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>4.03</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>4.28</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>6.91</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>4.28</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>4.78</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>F Gases</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.92</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.71</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.78</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.14</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.76</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.03</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.75</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.21</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.89</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3.23</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Total</p>
+<p>Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>312.54</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>76.34</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>286.23</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>26.31</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>95.46</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>226.56</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>59.71</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>96.46</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>85.98</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>96.1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>IPPU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Cement and Fertilizer</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.97</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.68</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.97</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10.97</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p>AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture and Livestock</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>54.64</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>13.35</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>54</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.64</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.32</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>53.6</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.4</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.65</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.04</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.16</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.09</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Total</p>
+<p>AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>55.01</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>13.44</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>54.37</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.64</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.32</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>53.97</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.4</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.65</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.68</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.16</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Waste</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>MSW and wastewater</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>30.89</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.55</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>30.28</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.61</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.21</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>28.44</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.84</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.97</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.45</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.74</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Total Emission</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>409.41</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>381.85</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>319.94</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>Total Reduction</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>27.56</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>6.73</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>61.9</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>15.12</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>89.47</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p>21.85</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="12" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p><em>Note: INDC (2015) proposed 12 </em>MtCO2e <em>(5%) reduction in unconditional and a further 24 </em>MtCO2e <em>(10%) reduction in conditional scenario</em></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="12" bgcolor="#BCD5ED">
+<p><em>Note: NDC (2020) proposed 27.56 </em>MtCO2e <em>(6.73%) reduction in unconditional and an additional 61.91 </em>MtCO2e <em>(15.12%) reduction in conditional scenario.</em></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>This contribution is based on the analysis carried out in 2020-21 using the best available data. However data quality and availability is an issue in Bangladesh. If new and more robust data comes to light in the future, or if assumptions change (e.g. projections of population or economic growth) the government will update its analysis accordingly. This will be coordinated with the National Communication and Biennial Update Report reporting cycle.</p>
+<h1>Potential Actions</h1>
+<h2>Unconditional Contribution</h2>
+<p>The targeted GHG emission reduction for unconditional contributions will be implemented through a set of mitigation actions. The potential mitigations actions are elaborated in Table 4.</p>
+<h3>Table 4: Possible Mitigation Actions to deliver the Unconditional Contribution</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#DEEAF6">
+<p>Sector</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#DEEAF6">
+<p>Description</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#DEEAF6">
+<p>Actions by 2030</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Power</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Implementation of renewable energy projects</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Enhanced efficiency of existing power plants</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Use of improved technology for power generation</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Transport</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Improvement of fuel efficiency for transport sub- sector</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Increase use of less emission- based transport system and improve Inland Water Transport System</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Power</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Implementation of renewable energy projects of 911.8 MW</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Grid-connected Solar-581 MW, Wind-149 MW, Biomass-20 MW, Biogas-5 MW, New Hydro-100 MW, Solar Mini-grid-56.8 MW</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Installation of new Combined Cycle Gas based power plant (3208 MW)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Efficiency improvement of Existing Gas Turbine power plant (570 MW)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Installation of prepaid meter</p>
+<p>Transport</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Improvement of road traffic congestion (5% improvement in fuel efficiency)</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Widening of roads (2 to 4 lanes) and improving road quality</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Construct NMT and bicycle lanes</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) or congestion charging</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Reduction of private cars and encourage electric and hybrid vehicles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Development of Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) to improve transport systems in line with the Urban Plan/ City Plan for all major cities and urban area</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Introducing Intelligent Transport System (ITS) based public transport management system to ensure better performance, enhance reliability, safety and service</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Modal shift from road to rail (10% modal shift of passenger-km) through different Transport projects such as BRT, MRT in major cities, Multi-modal hub creation, Padma Bridge etc.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Purchase of modern rolling stock and signaling system for railway</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Electrification of the railway system and double-track construction</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<li>
+<p>Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport (IWT) system (Improve navigation for regional, sub-regional, and local routes, improve maintenance of water vessel to enhance engine performance, introduce electric water vessel etc.)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Industry</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Increase energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector</p>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Enhanced use of solar energy in Agriculture</p>
+<p>Brick Kilns</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Enforcement and Improved technology use</p>
+<p>Residential and Commercial</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Enhanced use of energy- efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>F-Gases</p>
+<p>Implement Montreal Protocol targets</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Industry</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Achieve 10% Energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector through measures according to the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (EECMP)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Implementation of 5925 Nos. solar irrigation pumps (generating 176.38MW) for agriculture</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Brick Kilns</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>14% emission reduction through Banning Fixed Chimney kiln (FCK), encourage advanced technology and non-fired brick use</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Residential and Commercial</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Use energy-efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings (achieve 5% and 12% reduction in emission respectively)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>F-Gases</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases (HCFCs) use in air conditioning as per Montreal protocol targets by 2025</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Reduction of emission from Rice Field, Fertiliser User, Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+<p>Methane emission reduction from Rice field</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Upscaling Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in dry season rice field in 50,000 ha of crop lands</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Rice Varietal Improvement for 1,111,000 ha crop lands</p>
+<p>Nitrous Oxide emission reduction from nitrogen-based Fertilizer</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>209,000 ha crop land Management (leaf color chart, soil test based fertilizer application, less tillage barn management etc.)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Improvement of fertilizer management (deep placement of urea in rice field, training, awareness) in 50,000 ha</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Bringing more area under pulse cultivation</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Methane emission from Enteric Fermentation</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle (Large Ruminant &ndash; 0.94 million and Small Ruminant &ndash; 0.89 million)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Feed improvement by using a balanced diet and beneficial micro-organisms for livestock (Large Ruminant &ndash; 0.51 million and Small Ruminant &ndash; 0.68 million)</p>
+<p>Methane and Nitrous Oxide emission from Manure management</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Improved manure management through promotion of mini biogas plants (57,000 nos.)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Awareness and training programme</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Deforestation reduction</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Reforestation/ Afforestation</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Forest restoration</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Increase tree cover</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Increase forest cover.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Increase tree cover from 22.37% (2014) to 24%.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Afforestation and reforestation in the coastal areas, islands and degraded areas &ndash; 150,000 ha.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Restore the deforested forests &ndash; 137,800 ha at the hill and plain land sal forest.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Restore the degraded forests &ndash; 200,000 ha at the hill and plain land sal forest.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Plantation in roadsides, embankments, private lands etc.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Waste</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Improved Municipal solid waste management</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Ensure 3R principle for waste management</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Establishment of Waste to Energy plant in Dhaka</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Establishment of Incineration plant in one City</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility in One City</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2>Conditional Contribution</h2>
+<p>The mitigation actions for conditional contributions will be in a more extensive way along with the unconditional contribution. A set of potential mitigation actions for conditional contributions are described in Table 5.</p>
+<h3>Table 5: Possible Mitigation Actions to deliver the Conditional Contribution</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td bgcolor="#DEEAF6">
+<p>Sector</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#DEEAF6">
+<p>Description</p>
+</td>
+<td bgcolor="#DEEAF6">
+<p>Actions by 2030</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Energy</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Power</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Implementation of renewable energy projects</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Enhanced efficiency of existing power plants</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Use of improved technology for Power generation</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Power</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Implementation of renewable energy projects of 4114.3 MW</p>
+</li>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Grid-connected Solar-2277 MW, Wind-597 MW, Biomass-50 MW, Biogas-5 MW, New Hydro-1000 MW, Solar Mini-grid-56.8 MW, Waste to Electricity-128.5 MW</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<li>
+<p>Coal power plant with Ultra super critical technology- 12147 MW</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Installation of new Combined Cycle Gas based power plant (5613 MW)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Efficiency improvement of Existing Gas Turbine power plant (570 MW)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Installation of prepaid meter</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Bring down total T&amp;D loss to a single digit by 2030</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  </td>
+<td>
+<p>Transport</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Improvement of fuel efficiency for transport sub- sector</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Increase use of less emission- based transport system and improve Inland Water Transport System</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Transport</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Improvement of road traffic congestion (15% improvement in fuel efficiency)</p>
+</li>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Widening of roads (2 to 4 lanes) and improving road quality</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Construct NMT and bicycle lanes</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) or congestion charging</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Reduction of private cars and encourage electric and hybrid vehicles</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Development of Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) to improve transport systems in line with the Urban Plan/ City Plan for all major cities and urban area</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Introducing Intelligent Transport System (ITS) based public transport management system to ensure better performance, enhance reliability, safety and service</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Establish charging station network and electric buses in major cities</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<li>
+<p>Modal shift from road to rail (25% modal shift of passenger-km) through different Transport projects such as BRT, MRT in major cities, Multi-modal hub creation, new bridges etc.</p>
+</li>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Purchase of modern rolling stock and signalingsystem for railway</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Electrification of the railway system and double- track construction</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<li>
+<p>Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport (IWT) system (Improve navigation for regional, sub-regional, and local routes, improve maintenance of water vessel to enhance engine performance, introduce electric water vessel etc.)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Industry</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Increase energy efficiency in Industry sub-sector</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+  <p>Industry</p>
+  <ul>
+  <li>
+  <p>Achieve 20% Energy efficiency in the Industry sub-sector through measures according to the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (EECMP)</p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+  <p>Promote green Industry</p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+  <p>Promote carbon financing</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Enhanced use of solar energy in Agriculture</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+  <p>Agriculture</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>
+  <p>Implementation of 4102 Nos. solar irrigation pumps (generating 164 MW) for agriculture</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+<p>Brick Kilns</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Enforcement and Improved technology use</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+  <p>Brick Kilns</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>
+  <p>47% emission reduction through Banning Fixed Chimney kiln (FCK), encourage advanced technology and non-fired brick use</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+<p>Residential and Commercial</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Enhanced use of energy- efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+  <p>Residential and Commercial</p>
+  <ul>
+  <li>
+  <p>Use energy-efficient appliances in household and commercial buildings (achieve 19% and 25% reduction in emission respectively)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+<p>F-Gases</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Further reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+  <p>F-Gases</p>
+  <ul>
+  <li>
+  <p>Reduction of Ozone Depleting Gases (HCFCs) use in air conditioning after 2025.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+<p>Fugitive Emission</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Gas leakage reduction</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Fugitive Emission</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>51% emission reduction from Gas leakage through CDM projects</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>AFOLU</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Reduction of emission from Rice Field, Fertiliser User, Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Agriculture</p>
+<p>Methane emission reduction from Rice field</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Upscaling Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in dry season rice field in 100,000 ha of crop lands</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Rice Varietal Improvement for 2,129,000 ha crop lands</p>
+</li>
+<p>Nitrous Oxide emission reduction from nitrogen-based Fertilizer</p>
+<li>
+<p>627,000 ha crop land Management (leaf color chart, soil test based fertilizer application, less tillage barn management etc.)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Improvement of fertilizer management (deep placement of urea in rice field, training, awareness) in 150,000 ha</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Bringing more area under pulse cultivation</p>
+</li>
+<p>Methane emission from Enteric Fermentation</p>
+<li>
+<p>Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle (Large Ruminant &ndash; 1.882 million and Small Ruminant &ndash; 1.776 million)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Feed improvement by using a balanced diet and beneficial micro-organisms for livestock (Large Ruminant 1.013 million and Small Ruminant &ndash; 1.355 million)</p>
+</li>
+<p>Methane and Nitrous Oxide emission from Manure management</p>
+<li>
+<p>Improved manure management through promotion of mini biogas plants (107,000 nos.)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Expansion of awareness and training programme</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Deforestation reduction</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Reforestation/ Afforestation</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Forest restoration</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Maintain forest and tree cover</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Maintain the forest cover and tree cover through collaborative forest management, social forestry and other programs.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Forest conservation by Scale-up of alternative income- generating activity for forest-dependent communities- 55,000 nos. families</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Co-management in Protected areas -72,000 ha</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Additional coastal afforestation activities.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Maintain the restoration of degraded or deforested areas.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Plantation in roadsides, embankments, private lands etc.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Waste</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Improved Municipal solid waste management</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Ensure 3R principle for waste management</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Improvement of Sewerage treatment</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+<td>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Establishment of Incineration plant in 3 Cities</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Implementation of wastewater treatment plants in several cities</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Expansion of Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility in other cities</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Along with these measures, a set of initiatives will be undertaken for IPPU Sector. However, no GHG emission reduction is committed for this Sector. The potential mitigation measures in IPPU sector includes switching to more efficient industrial processes in fertilizer and cement manufacturing. The cement factories can switch to technologies like vertical roller mills, resulting in energy savings. In fertilizer manufacturing, one Industry has been established with the modern and efficient process, and a few more are in the pipeline.</p>
+<h1>Achievements and Initiatives<h1>
+<h2>Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan up to 2030</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh has assumed the presidency of the 48-nation Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) and the Vulnerable Twenty (V20) Group of Finance Ministers. Honorable Prime Minister of Bangladesh H.E. Sheikh Hasina is serving as Chair of the CVF since June 2020. As Chair of the CVF, Honorable Prime Minister has launched a program to develop &ldquo;Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan&rdquo; for Bangladesh. The Plan will be the first of CVF plans, with a strategic investment framework to mobilize financing, especially through international cooperation, for implementing renewable energy and climate resilience initiatives. The Draft plan identifies several key initiatives, which focus in renewable energy, energy storage infrastructure, power grid modernization, Established carbon market regime, Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 resilience bonds, training and skills development for future, Future-proof Bangladesh&rsquo;s industries, locally-led adaptation outcomes, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise financial protection and productivity enhancement, Climate-Resilient and Nature-Based agricultural and fisheries development, environment friendly transport, climate resilient well-being programs and Accelerated digital revolution.</p>
+<h2>Ashrayan: Shelter for the Homeless and Landless</h2>
+<p>The government is implementing the shelter project for landless and homeless people. Under the project, 442,608 families have been rehabilitated in 22640 barracks and 0.26 million houses. Additionally, 4,409 climate refugee families are being rehabilitated in Khuruskul, Cox&rsquo;s Bazar. Besides enhancing disaster resilience, the project also focuses on mitigation through implementing 1.58 million tree plantations, rainwater harvesting, Solar Home System based alternate power sources, improved cook stoves etc. Besides this, 50,104 families have been rehabilitated by the Cluster village project, where 0.455 million trees have been planted.</p>
+<h2>National Solar Energy Roadmap, 2021-2041</h2>
+<p>The National Solar Energy Roadmap, 2021 - 2041 has been drafted to frame a long-term vision for the nation and set possible capacity targets for the country&rsquo;s solar energy initiative. This outline the broader strategies required to achieve those targets. Based on three implementation scenarios, the Roadmap delineates a few general as well as specific and time-bound measures to achieve that target by the year 2041.</p>
+<h2>National Action Plan for Clean Cooking, 2020-2030</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh&rsquo;s Country Action Plan for Clean Cook Stoves 2013 (CAP 2013) focused predominantly on the removal of existing financing barriers by enabling access to capital by SMEs, promoting access to climate funds, leveraging government funds to finance women-led businesses in the sector and lobbying for additional financing options from international donors at low rates. About 4.5 million improved cook stoves have been distributed already. A new National Action Plan for Clean Cooking in Bangladesh (2020-2030) is being formulated following its success.</p>
+<h2>Forest and Carbon Inventories and Tree Plantation</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) conducted National Forest Inventory (NFI) during 2016-2019 to identify the status of forest and tree resources, carbon and biomass stock, dependency of local people on trees and forests and the ecology. The government has developed the Forest Reference Level (FRL) and Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) and submitted them to the UNFCCC. To reduce the carbon emission from the forestry sector, Bangladesh formulated Bangladesh National REDD+ Strategy (BNRS). It established a National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) for periodical monitoring of tree and forest cover. To celebrate the birth centenary of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, BFD has planted 10 million tree saplings around Bangladesh. The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief has planted 5.4 million Palm trees which will contribute to carbon sink and reduce the risk of death due to lightning.</p>
+<h2>Bangladesh National Action Plan for Reducing Short-Lived Climate Pollutants</h2>
+<p>The NAP-SLCPs were formulated with support from the Climate and Clean Air Coalition in February 2012 to reduce SLCPs. The plan focuses on identifying and implementing the most cost-effective measures for large-scale implementation of SLCP mitigation. Eleven priority mitigation measures were included in the SLCP Plan, six of which target primary black carbon sources, while the rest five target major methane sources. The plan&rsquo;s full implementation is expected to reduce black carbon emissions by 40% and methane emission by 17% in 2030 compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario.</p>
+<h2>Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan up to 2030</h2>
+<p>Under this comprehensive plan, the government aims to lower energy intensity (national primary energy consumption per unit of GDP) in 2030 by 20% compared to the 2013 level. A total of 95 million toe (113 billion m3 of gas equivalent) is expected to be saved during the period.</p>
+<h2>Renewable Energy Initiatives</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh has taken up a number of initiatives to enhance the best utilization of renewable energy. Bangladesh has installed more than 6 million solar-home systems (SHSs) across the country benefiting more than 18 million (11%) population. Around 66 MW is being produced through roof top solar panels installed in government and private buildings. 2226 solar irrigation systems have been installed around the country. The government has extended a re-financing scheme to finance alternative energy generation projects like small scale solar and micro grids, to improve energy access in off- grid areas.</p>
+<h2>Promoting Green Technology</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh Bank established a refinance scheme to support environment-friendly technology such as solar energy, bio-gas plants, and Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP). The initial projcts focused on only 10 products, which has increased to 50 products under 11 categories: renewable energy, energy efficiency, solid waste management, liquid waste management, alternative energy, fire burnt brick, non-fire block brick, recycling and recyclable product, ensuring safety in work environment of factories, etc. 39 banks and 19 financial institutions have signed a participation agreement with Bangladesh Bank to avail finance from this scheme.</p>
+<h2>Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund</h2>
+<p>The Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) has undertaken 800 projects with an investment of 449.3 million USD to implement strategic actions of the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), which mainly focus on adaptation, mitigation and climate change research.</p>
+<h2>Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100</h2>
+<p>The government has recently adopted the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, a comprehensive 100-year strategic plan aimed at gradual sustainable development through adaptive delta management process. The Delta plan has included climate change as a significant future challenge. It reaffirms Bangladesh&rsquo;s commitment to reducing GHG emissions from key sectors through efforts like promoting improved rice parboiling systems and ensure energy efficiency, research on the suitability of various tree species for their carbon-locking properties suitable for forestry programs. The plan targets to achieve a safe, climate-resilient and prosperous delta with a mission to ensure long term water and food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability, effectively reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and building resilience to climate change. Total 80 projects are planned to be implemented with $37 billion investment, while 34 projects are identified as climate-sensitive.</p>
+<h2>National Adaptation Plan</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh is currently preparing the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address climate change. This will include an overview on climate change hazard, risk and vulnerability for Bangladesh. Current adaptation strategies for different impacts due to climate change undertaken in different projects/initiatives from both the government and NGO/CSOs will be identified and Success stories/case studies on resilient adaptation options will be included in the NAP. The plan will include future recommendations on mentioned issues focusing on regional and local level solutions along with strategies at national level. A set of recommendations for institutions and implementation mechanism for NAP will be included.</p>
+<h1>Adaptation Action</h1>
+<p>As stated earlier, mitigation and adaptation often coexist, and quite a few adaptation actions have mitigation co-benefits. Bangladesh's NDC, therefore, has an adaptation component that describes what Bangladesh has already done on adaptation and what are the priorities for the future long-term vision for adaptation keeping synergies with mitigation actions. Since the development of comprehensive National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is currently underway, Bangladesh wishes to communicate adaptation communication drawing the inputs from NAP process next year. The two vital national plans to address climate change in Bangladesh are the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), developed in 2005 and subsequently revised in 2009, and the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), released in 2009. BCCSAP comprised 44 Programmes under six thematic areas to deal with adverse impacts of climate change as well as supporting low carbon economic growth. The priority pillars for implementing strategies were: (1) Food security, social protection and health; (2) Comprehensive disaster management; (3) Infrastructure development; (4) Research and knowledge management; (5) Mitigation and low carbon development; and (6) Capacity building and institutional development. BCCSAP is in the final stages of being updated to make it more appropriate in keeping with advancements in science, technology and knowledge since its first formulation.</p>
+<p>Climate Change Trust Fund Act 2010 (CCTFA) was introduced in response to the need for a specific law for handling Climate Change Trust Fund (CCTF) of the Government of Bangladesh with transparency so that the benefits accruing from CCTF-financed projects reach the intended beneficiaries.</p>
+<p>As a first CVF plan, the draft &ldquo;Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan&rdquo;, aims at mobilizing financing, primarily through international cooperation, for implementing climate resilience initiatives such as an expansion of locally-led adaptation, the establishment of carbon market regime, Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 resilience bonds, climate-resilient and nature-based agricultural and fisheries development, climate resilient well-being programs and accelerated digital revolution, training and skills development.</p>
+<p>The NAP formulation will identify the co-benefits so that the synergy between adaptation and mitigation can be fully achieved. As all such activities need to be financed and proper incentives need to be provided, the government has formulated and operationalized a Climate Fiscal Framework (CFF), providing principles and tools for climate fiscal policy-making (CFP).</p>
+<p>8th FYP, Bangladesh Country Investment Plan for Environment, Forestry and Climate Change (2016- 2020) (EFCC CIP), Perspective Plan for 2021-2041 (PP2041) emphasizes the importance of managing climate change and indicates the priorities for implementing the BCCSAP. Other sectoral plans and strategies also focus on adaptation action to climate change.</p>
+<p>The Forest Investment Plan (FIP, 2017-2022) has been developed to identify future investment opportunities to increase the forest cover, reduce deforestation and forest degradation and improve the livelihoods of the forest-dependent people through the implementation of participatory/social forestry.</p>
+<p>The Government of Bangladesh has demonstrated its commitment to undertake both adaptation and mitigation efforts as part of its plan for sustainable development. Every year the Government channels resources for significant investment in projects/programs for ensuring climate resilience. It currently spends US$1 billion a year, around 6 to 7 per cent of its annual budget, on climate change adaptation (CCA). However, the World Bank estimates that the country would need US$5.7 billion as adaptation finance by 2050, which is more than 5 times higher than the current expenditure for CCA.<a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> Three-quarters of money spent on climate change in the country comes directly from the government, while the rest comes from international development partners including bilateral, multi-lateral and private funding. Some significant achievements towards climate change adaptation at the national level are briefly described below:</p>
+<h2>Sustainable Ecosystem and Livelihood</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) is currently implementing the Sustainable Forests &amp; Livelihoods Project (SUFAL) supported by World Bank, to improve forest management and increase benefits for forest dependent communities in targeted sites by financing nearly 79,000 hectares of forests on public and private lands, including about 22,000 hectares of coastal green belt across 147 Upazilas (sub-districts). The project emphasizes sustainable livelihood options for the forest dependent communities and engages them in ecosystem management to ensure the sustainability of the forest resources.</p>
+<p>Some of the completed projects for sustainable ecosystem management are- Climate Resilient Ecosystem and Livelihoods (CREL), Integrating Community-based Adaptation into Afforestation and Reforestation Programme in Bangladesh and Climate Resilient Participatory Afforestation and Reforestation Project (CRPARP). These projects helped reduce forest degradation and to build the long-term resilience of selected communities to climate change.</p>
+<h2>Disaster Management</h2>
+<p>The Coastal Embankment Improvement Project (CEIP) has helped Bangladesh mitigate some of the most significant impacts of cyclones and flooding and enhanced emergency response in the coastal region. The project costs US$ 400 million and is supported by the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), a targeted fund within the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) framework. Since 2013, the project has increased the protection of 183,900 people including 91,950 women with increased resilience to climate change in selected polders from tidal flooding and storm surges. As of May 2019, the project has protected 21,700 ha of gross area and upgraded 130.58 km embankment. A comprehensive analysis is being undertaken to understand the coastal dynamics better and increase climate resilience in the coastal area.</p>
+<p>Other relevant programs that have been implemented over the last decade are National Resilience Programme, Project for Enhancing Capacity on Planning and Implementation of Regional Disaster Risk Reduction, Information Management System for Disaster Risk Management, Enhancing the Capacity of CPP Volunteers and Coastal fisherman to Cope with Climate Change, Construction of Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters in Coastal Areas and Construction of Flood Shelter in Flood Prone Areas across the Country and Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme II.</p>
+<h2>Agriculture and Food Security</h2>
+<p>The Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock and Ministry of Food have contributed to climate change adaptation through the activities related to, research and education program; agricultural extension and training; production, standardization, certification, preservation and distribution; support and rehabilitation; minor irrigation programs; and improved value chain.</p>
+<p>The ministries have initiated many investment projects/programmes which focus mainly on increasing food productivity and sustaining growth in the face of the adverse effect of climate change. Some of the notable projects are- National Agricultural Technology Program-Phase II Project (NATP-2), support to seaweed cultivation, processing and marketing through assessment and capacity development, Enhanced Coastal Fisheries (ECOFISH BD), Community-based Climate Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Bangladesh, Inclusive agriculture and agro- industrial value chain development as an enabler of poverty reduction in Bangladesh, South West Region Livestock Development Project, Establishment of Regional Duck Breeding Farm along with Hatchery (3rd Phase), Scavenging Poultry Conservation and Development Project, and Establishment of Fish Landing Centers in Haor Area, Institutionalization of Food Safety in Bangladesh for Safer Food, Construction of new food storage, and Modern Food Storage Facilities.</p>
+<h2>Water Resources Management</h2>
+<p>Ministry of Water Resources has a major function in addressing the adverse impacts of climate change. Through its recent activities, the Ministry has directly contributed to climate change adaptation. Projects strongly relevant to climate change under this Ministry include Char development and settlement project-4, Flood control and drainage improvement for removal of drainage congestion in Noakhali area, Climate smart agricultural water management, and Planning for flood management in Bangladesh (Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin), Blue Gold Program for Water Management and Environmental Development. Re-excavation of small rivers, canals and water bodies in 64 districts (1st phase) etc. A total 726 km river bank protection, 2,123 km river excavation and dredging, 1,266 km embankment, excavation/ re-excavation of 181 km irrigation canal and 499 km drainage canal, 2.58 million ha land reclamation from rivers and estuary areas in the last 10 years have been done. One million trees have been planted in the embankments, river/ canal banks to mitigate carbon emission and 2725.1 ha marsh lands were rehabilitated and included in fisheries culture to enhance livelihood activities by the Ministry of Livestock and fisheries.</p>
+<h2>Surface Water Use and Rainwater Harvesting</h2>
+<p>Several city water supply authorities are implementing projects to increase surface water use and reducing ground water use. These projects will reduce energy consumption for pumping groundwater and contribute to GHG emission reduction. Dhaka WASA has implemented three plants supplying 913 million litre per day (MLD) drinking water and 950 MLD capacity will be added from two plants under implementation. Similarly, Rajshahi WASA and Khulna WASA are implementing a 200 MLD capacity plant and 0.78 million cubic metre capacity reservoir.</p>
+<h1>Implementation Mechanism</h1>
+<h2>Monitoring, Transparency and Institutional Aspects for NDC Implementation</h2>
+<p>Adhering to the spirit for global action, and given the various necessary policies and measures undertaken over the last few years and some of them already bearing fruits, the government is enhancing both unconditional and conditional contribution in the updated NDC. These contributions have been prepared considering the national principles of maintaining a minimum 8% rate of economic growth, complete eradication of poverty by 2030, and food and nutrition security for all citizens.</p>
+<p>Bangladesh has prepared an NDC implementation roadmap and action plan which suggests Governance arrangements for the NDC-NAP implementation framework. Bangladesh is working to put a workable Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) system to maintain transparency and verification of its mitigation efforts and outcomes. The NDC update is based on already planned projects of the government. The unconditional contribution has included confirmed mitigation actions from related ministries and the conditional contribution has included proposed/ planned mitigation actions from related ministries which would require international support.</p>
+<h2>Capacity Building and Strengthening</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh will need adequate finance, technology, and capacity-building support to implement the NDCs effectually. Capacity building has been identified as a mode of NDC enhancement. Some major areas for capacity building and awareness development include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Enhancing the capacity of MoEFCC and DoE for effective implementation of NDC.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Consultation with key departments and ministries should be undertaken to understand the challenges they face during NDC implementation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Capacities need to be built on regular data collection, archiving and data management for GHG inventory, specialized technical capability, and assumptions to develop of various emissions drivers.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Capacity building on MRV process and its implementation for different sectors.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Technology Development and Transfer</h2>
+<p>Bangladesh will require international support in Technology transfer related to GHG emission reduction for different sectors. The achievement of conditional contribution will heavily depend on new and more efficient technologies.</p>
+<h2>Implementation Challenges and Barriers</h2>
+<p>Some of the key implementation challenges identified during NDC update are as follows:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Lack of knowledge and awareness about NDC and mitigation among many relevant sector officials. An extensive awareness campaign on mitigation and NDC will be needed to overcome this.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>There is a lack of basic data collection on a regular basis for industries, transport, agriculture, forestry and waste. Studies need to be conducted on a periodic basis to overcome this.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>As the mitigation actions mostly require a large amount of money to successfully implement them, financial support from different agencies, banks, bilateral or multilateral funds will be needed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>As Bangladesh is a small country with a high population, food security is a significant issue. Rice is the primary staple crop of Bangladesh and there is a growing concern among the sector related community regarding emission reduction activities from rice field. The updated NDC incorporated a minimal emission reduction from rice fields. Further research and technology transfer at the field level will be required to enhance emission reduction from the rice field.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The growing need for land for human settlement, agriculture, industries, and timber and fuelwood is mainly responsible for deforestation and forest degradation. Most forest loss can be attributed to overpopulation, poverty and unemployment, and governance. Governance impacts all forest types and specifically included problems related to uncertainty in land tenure and lack of capacity to implement forestry-related management, policies, and law enforcement. In turn, these indirect drivers lead to a suite of direct drivers of deforestation, namely uncontrolled encroachment from industrialization and agriculture and illegal logging. So, the maintenance of existing forest land is of great concern.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Sustainable management of the forest land and restoration of degraded/ deforested land will require substantial financial support. Collaborative management of forest areas with forest-dependent communities can be an effective solution to reduce degradation.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Climate Financing</h2>
+<p>The implementation of the proposed mitigation and adaptation actions to address climate change requires substantial financial resources. The Government of Bangladesh will continue to commit resources to climate change relevant strategies. The private sector and NGOs can also contribute significantly to these climate change-related activities through public-private partnerships. Banks and Financial Institutions in Bangladesh will continue to play a vital role in financing low-carbon climate-resilient projects and programmes through their separate Green Banking window. However, the full implementation of the strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders. The implementation of the prioritized policies and measures assume the continued use of existing and planned national and international financial sources through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate. To have an idea of the financial needs to implement the measures, tentative cost estimation was carried out. These estimates were drawn from existing information from stakeholders and might need to be updated based on further detailed analysis.</p>
+<h4>Energy Sector</h4>
+<p>The cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the energy sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 6.</p>
+<h3>Table 6: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in Energy</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p>Mitigation Measure</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Estimated investment required (million USD, 2021-2030)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Unconditional</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Conditional</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implementation of energy efficient coal power plant</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>9905</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>13204</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implementation of renewable energy projects</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Grid connected Solar</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1208</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1845</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Wind</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>333</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>600</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Biomass</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>35.4</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>71</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Biogas</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>32.1</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>64</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Hydro</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>204</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2166</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>solar mini grid</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>260.5</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>260.5</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implement re-powering of old power plant</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>561.5</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>561.5</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Installation of prepaid electricity meter</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>870</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1305</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implementation of EECMP targets</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1500</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1500</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Transport Plan Preparation, policy initiatives and ITS</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>70</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>500</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implementation of MRT and BRT</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>4200</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>12470</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Multi modal Hub development</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>800</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>200</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Widening of roads, improving road quality and Construct NMT and bicycle lanes</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1500</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>700</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Construction of Expressways</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1000</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Establish charging station network and electric buses in major cities</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>60000</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Purchase of modern rolling stock and signaling system for railway</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5000</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5000</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Electrification of railway system and double track</p>
+<p>construction</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>20000</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Improved and enhanced Inland Water Transport</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3000</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>10000</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implementation of solar irrigation pumps</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.4</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>420.8</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Installation of prepaid gas meter</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1397</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5588.5</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Phasing out HCFCs</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h4>AFOLU Sector</h4>
+<p>The cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the AFOLU sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 7.</p>
+<h3>Table 7: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in AFOLU</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p>Mitigation Measure</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Estimated investment required (million USD, 2021-2030)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Unconditional</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Conditional</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implement AWD in dry season rice field</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>17.65</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>35.29</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Varietal improvement</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>79.65</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>153.82</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Land management</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1.23</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>3.69</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Fertilizer Management (deep placement in rice field)</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.40</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>7.20</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Bring More Area under pulse cultivation</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>5.29</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>0.00</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Replacement of low-productive animals with high- producing crossbred cattle</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.15</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>16.29</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Feed improvement (Use of balanced diet and</p>
+<p>beneficial microorganism)</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>138.70</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>275.68</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Improve manure management (promotion of mini</p>
+<p>biogas plants, maintenance, training and awareness)</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>16.47</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>14.71</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Forestry related Activities</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>500</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2000</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h4>Waste Sector</h4>
+<p>In the Waste Sector, the cost estimate for the implementation of Key mitigations measures in the energy sector under the unconditional and conditional scenario is outlined in table 8.</p>
+<h3>Table 8: Estimated cost of key mitigation measures in Waste</h3>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p>Mitigation Measure</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Estimated investment required (million USD, 2021-2030)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Unconditional</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Conditional</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Incineration plants</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>608</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1791</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Municipal Solid Waste Management Facility</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>6</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Implementation of wastewater treatment plants</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>1958</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>Regional Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>2.7</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>8.5</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2><a name="bookmark6"></a>Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bangladesh&rsquo;s NDC</h2>
+<table cellspacing="0">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s):</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>The Base year for Bangladesh&rsquo;s updated NDC is 2012.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Total GHG emission accounts for 169.05 MtCO2e for the Base Year 2012. The contributions of the sectors are;</p>
+<p>Energy: 93.09 MtCO2e</p>
+<p>IPPU: 5.61 MtCO2e</p>
+<p>AFOLU: 46.24 MtCO2e</p>
+<p>Waste: 24.11 MtCO2e</p>
+<p>Total GHG emission will be 409.4 MtCO2e in 2030 under BAU scenario. The contributions of the sectors are;</p>
+<p>Energy: 312.54 MtCO2e</p>
+<p>IPPU: 10.97 MtCO2e</p>
+<p>AFOLU: 55.01 MtCO2e</p>
+<p>Waste: 30.89 MtCO2e</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>In unconditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 27.56 Mt CO2e (6.73%) below BAU in 2030 and in conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 89.47 Mt CO2e (21.85%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s):</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>The Base Year information is mainly from the GHG inventory prepared in Third National Communications. Additionally, the base year emission has been updated with additional details for Fugitive emission from leakages in gas distribution network, F-gases, gas and electricity use in households, which were not included in the TNC.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Information on emissions and reference values may be updated and recalculated due to methodological improvements applicable to the inventories in their next iteration for Biennial Update Report or National Communication.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation:</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA):</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>From 1 January 2021- 31 December 2030.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(b) Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Single-year targets for 2030. The target might be updated in 2025.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>3. Scope and coverage:</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(a) General description of the target:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Economy-wide absolute targets for 2030 in the respective sectors mentioned in 1(b).</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>The sectors are covered economy-wide while no quantified contribution is included for Forestry and IPPU. The gases included are CO2, CH4, N2O, and hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs). IPCC 2006 guidelines were followed for the GHG inventory.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bangladesh has expanded the coverage of NDC by including more sectors than in INDC.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties&rsquo; adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties&rsquo; adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>4. Planning processes:</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>(a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party&rsquo;s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>The updated NDC is prepared following a structured process involving stakeholders from relevant ministries and agencies. The required data has been collected through IPCC suggested structured template from the agencies on present condition and future plans and projects relevant to GHG emission reduction. Following this, the initial scenario analysis was carried out in LEAP program and outcomes have been validated with the relevant ministries and agencies in a validation workshop. The possible mitigation measures have been finalized based on the discussion in the validation process. Besides, the stakeholder consultations included participants from academia, the private sector and reporters.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bangladesh is a low-lying delta with a flat topography that makes it particularly susceptible to extreme weather events. The country is relatively small with an area of 147,570 sq. km and located in South Asia. The current population of Bangladesh is 169.81 million in 2020. Among the different zones of the country, the climate change hotspots are in the central and western coastal area, the north-western highlands, and along the main rivers where both biophysical and socio-economic vulnerability are high. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries due to climate change as it faces multiple climate impacts like flood, drought, extreme temperature and rainfall, salinity and sea-level rise. Bangladesh has made substantial progress in the recent past through rapid economic development and poverty reduction measures. The country is also making progress in sustainable development and poverty eradication.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>The current NDC update is the result of experience gained and lessons learned from the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) submitted to the UNFCCC in 2015, preparation of NDC implementation roadmap and action plan in 2018 and National Communications to UNFCCC.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bangladesh has always been an active participant in international climate change negotiations. The country demonstrated the same level of engagement in the negotiations, signing, and ratification of the Paris Agreement. Bangladesh is currently leading the Climate Vulnerable Forum for the second time. To implement the conditional contributions, Bangladesh will require financial, technology transfer and capacity building related support from the international community.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16&ndash; 18, of the Paris Agreement:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(c) How the Party&rsquo;s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bangladesh has updated its NDC to include additional sectors and enhanced its mitigation ambition from the first iteration. This will positively contribute to the global stock take in 2023.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party&rsquo;s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bangladesh had prepared its national inventories based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and other IPCC guidelines. Most of the analysis followed Tier 1 methodology, while Bangladesh has prepared its Forest Reference Level using Tier 2 methodology.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>In addition to 5(a) above, Bangladesh will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, when appropriate, when assessing progress made under the policies and measures related to the implementation of its NDC in its National Communications and Biennial Update Reports.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>See 5 (a) above.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>See 5 (a) above.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not Applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not Applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not Applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bangladesh hasn't used any other assumptions or methodological approaches. Details of the assumption and data sources are described in Base Year and Future Emission Scenario section.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(iv) Further technical information, as necessary:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Yes, when appropriate. Bangladesh has participated in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and continues to believe in the important role of innovative financing mechanism for climate actions with sustainable development benefits. The cooperative approaches in market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement are an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition while promoting sustainable development.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bangladesh contributes less than 0.35% of global emissions. However, Bangladesh recognizes that in order to meet the 2 degrees objective all countries will need to undertake drastic mitigation measures. Bangladesh's approach is driven by the long-term goal announced by its Prime Minister that its per capita GHG emissions will not exceed the average for developing countries. Therefore, Bangladesh's approach focuses on putting itself on a pathway which will avoid an increase of emissions per capita beyond this level, while pursuing national development goals.</p>
+<p>Bangladesh is still putting forward actions that will allow the country to embark on a low carbon development pathway, keeping in mind the global climate change agenda. This NDC update represents an enhanced ambition for mitigation with a substantial increase from the INDC.</p>
+<p>The actions needed to deliver on these commitments will require international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. Bangladesh will also provide a relevant contribution regarding national financial resources, staff time and robust integration of development and mitigation activities.</p>
+<p>In selecting the actions set out above, Bangladesh has prioritized those which fit with the growth priorities set out in our national development plans. In addition, Bangladesh has captured the synergies between mitigation and adaptation. The INDC suggested measures have already been taken forward by the country&rsquo;s own resources, thus demonstrating that Bangladesh is not content to wait for international support to take action on climate change.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>See 6 (a) above.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>The updated unconditional and conditional contributions of Bangladesh have increased emission reduction targets substantially. The unconditional target has been increased from 12 MtCO2e to 27.56 MtCO2e below BAU in 2030. The conditional target has been increased from 36 MtCO2e to 89.47 MtCO2e below BAU in 2030.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Despite being a least developing country, Bangladesh has already adopted an absolute, economy-wide target in this NDC update.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>Not applicable.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>See 6(a) and 6(c) above.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p>(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement:</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+<p>See 6(a) and 6(c) above.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="fn1">MoF (2020). Climate Finance for Sustainable Development. Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People&rsquo;s Republic of Bangladesh. Available at: <a href="https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/page/6e496a5b_f5c1_447b_bbb4_257a2d8a97a1/2020-2021_Climate_BR_English.pdf" target="_blank">2020-2021_Climate_BR_English.pdf (portal.gov.bd)</a><a href="#fnref1">↩</a></li>
+</ol>
+</body>
+</html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html><html>
+<head>
+ <meta charset="utf-8">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1><a id="SUBMISSION_BY_BAHRAIN_0"></a>SUBMISSION BY BAHRAIN</h1>
+<p>As a member of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) the Kingdom of Bahrain hereby communicates with good faith its intended nationally determined contribution, recalling paragraph 11 of Decision 1/CP.20 which provides that <em>small island developing States may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting its special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions.</em></p>
+<h3><a id="Special_National_Circumstances_5"></a>Special National Circumstances</h3>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago of low-laying islands, islets, shoals and patches of reefs situated off the central southern coast of the Arabian Gulf. Bahrain has limitations in its size, population and economy which give rise to constraints in financing, technical capacities and options for emission-reduction technology. Bahrain makes relatively minor contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential will largely depend on national circumstances, capacity and support. Being particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, adaptation is a key priority. Bahrain has no natural surface freshwater resources, scarce and irregular rainfall, minor and dwindling hydrocarbon resources, limited scope in the near term in terms of developing significant alternatives to hydrocarbons-based energy, and an increasingly high population density. As such, a delicate balance must be struck in order for Bahrain to be able to develop sustainably. In addressing economic matters, and as a small island, minimizing the negative impacts of the implementation of response measures with respect to the energy, transport and tourism sectors are of strategic concern.</p>
+<h3><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_10"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Action_with_mitigation_cobenefits_12"></a>Action with mitigation co-benefits</h4></p>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bahrain’s Economic Vision 2030<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> provides the long-term vision for a policy to diversify the economy. The aim is to <em>inter alia</em> reduce Bahrain’s dependence on oil & gas, focusing on the financial, manufacturing and tourism sectors. In line with Decision 24/CP.18, and putting forward current actions and plans in pursuit of economic diversification that have co-benefits in the form of emission reductions, Bahrain’s Vision 2030 maintains that <em>protecting our natural environment will include conserving our natural spaces for future generations to enjoy; implementing energy-efficiency regulations; directing investments to technologies that reduce carbon emissions, minimize pollution and promote the sourcing of more sustainable energy.</em></p>
+<p>The following are strategies, plans and actions the Kingdom is undertaking which may contribute to low greenhouse gas emission development:</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Energy Efficiency</td>
+<td><p><strong>Kingdom of Bahrain Energy Efficiency Programme (KEEP)</strong> targets public, residential and commercial buildings and the industrial sector. It aims to improve energy efficiency to reduce cumulative electricity consumption by 2030. </p>
+<p><strong>Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) Energy Conservation Policy</strong> promotes the efficient use of natural resources, focusing on four key improvement areas: the improvement of heater efficiency; maximize condensate recovery; reduce mass loss; reactivate on-line energy intensity index. </p>
+<p><strong>Bahrain National Gas Company (Banagas)</strong> has completed a <strong>retrofit project of gas turbines</strong> which involves replacement of existing high NOx combustion liners resulting in an average reduction of 44% NOx emissions from the power generation station.</p><p> <strong>Tatweer Petroleum efficiency projects</strong> include manifold flare projects, associated gas compression projects, oilfield electrification projects and rental compressor stations projects have contributed to the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. </p><p><strong>The Motor Vehicles Standards and technical regulations</strong> are adopted to reduce the emissions from gasoline and diesel engine vehicles. </p><p><strong>The Energy Efficient Lighting Initiative</strong> project supports replacing energy inefficient ILs with efficient CFLs in the short term and with more efficient technologies such as LED based lamps in the medium term. </p><p><strong>Civil Aviation Authority - Emission Management Plan for Sustainable Aviation Growth</strong> includes an aviation efficiency program. This is developed in response to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 2010 Assembly Resolution A37-19. </p><p><strong>Bahrain Airport Company</strong> has recently achieved the Airport Carbon Accreditation ‘Level 1 Mapping’ from the Airports Council International (ACI).</p><p> <strong>Ministry of Transportation and Communications</strong> continues to find ways and means to mitigate emissions from land transportation.</p><p>The Kingdom of Bahrain established a unit for Sustainable Energy under the <strong>Minster of Energy</strong> that focuses on energy conservation and renewable energy Policies.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Carbon Capture and Storage</td>
+<td><p><strong>BAPCO Carbon Recovery Plan</strong> utilizes Waste CO<sub>2</sub> rich off gas stream which is to be used for industrial applications. </p><p><strong>Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC) Carbon Recovery Project</strong> is able to capture CO<sub>2</sub> in the flue gases of the GPIC Methanol Plant.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Renewable Energy</td>
+<td><p><strong>BAPCO 5MW PV grid-connected plant</strong> aims at demonstrating PV solar technology under local conditions to support up scaling of renewable energy. The project consists of the installation of 21,000 smart solar panels to generate a substantial number of Kwhs of electricity annually. </p>
+<p><strong>The Electricity and Water Authority 5MW grid-connected pilot power plant from solar/wind sources</strong> is underway.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Adaptation_29"></a>Adaptation</h4></p>
+<p>Climate change impacts have already been observed in Bahrain and are further elaborated in its Second National Communication Report<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. The Kingdom of Bahrain has undertaken climate change vulnerability and impact assessments that have addressed four key areas: coastal zones, water resources, human health, and biodiversity.</p>
+<p>Bahrain has no choice but to implement urgent measures to build resilience, improve disaster risk preparedness and response, and adapt to the increasingly adverse impacts of climate change in future. Indeed, there are substantially higher costs associated with adaptation to future impacts of climate change in Bahrain, if actions are initially delayed or ignored. At present, the action being taken to address the issue of adaptation is executed with limited capacities and resources, with a need for a more comprehensive and articulated adaptation package with support from the international community.</p>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bahrain is undertaking the following actions that contributes to its adaptation to climate change:</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Sea-level Rise</td>
+<td><strong>Coastal Resilience to Sea-Level Rise has been included in the Ministry of Works Dredging and Land Reclamation Technical Manual</strong> published in 2008. Using inter alia information found in Bahrain’s Initial National Communication. Report to the UNFCCC. the recommended reclamation levels considers the clearance for expected sea-level rise due global warming of 0.4 meters.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Water Scarcity</td>
+<td>It is expected that climate change impacts in terms of temperature increase, rainfall variability, and sea level rise would further aggravate the water situation and it is imperative to formulate a climate-resilient and integrated water resources strategy in order to sustainably manage its water resources. <strong>The National Water Resources Council</strong> was established in 2009 to address these challenges and its work is ongoing.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Food Security</td>
+<td><strong>The Artificial Reef Project</strong> aims to assist in the recovery of local fish stocks by landing artificial reefs in key zones. To build capacities and raise awareness, programs related to conservation, eco-system services and the sustainable use of biodiversity have been integrated into the national education curricula.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Adaptation_action_with_mitigation_cobenefits_45"></a>Adaptation action with mitigation co-benefits</h4></p>
+<p>Bahrain considers that adaptation action will have mitigation co-benefits that will increase climate change resilience, enhance carbon sinks, assist with protection of water resources and, more generally, the health of the people of Bahrain.</p>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bahrain is planning to undertake the following actions to adapt to future environmental and social issues, which can also contribute to reduction in emissions:</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Water Conservation</td>
+<td><strong>Ministry of Electricity and Water - Water Conservation Initiative</strong> project involves the upgrading of the water distribution networks in order to minimize water leakages. The increased efficiency results in a reduction of water consumption and thus power generation required for desalinization, which in turn leads to a reduction of emissions.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sustainable Urban Planning</td>
+<td><strong><p>Ministry of Works, Municipalities Affairs and Urban Planning Sustainable and Green Building Construction</strong> projects will apply to the construction of new government buildings which will save energy and water. </p><p>Given the projected future increase in vehicles and traffic, the <strong>Ministry of Works, Municipalities and Urban Planning</strong> have succeeded in and will continue to <strong>reduce traffic time</strong> for each vehicle by improving the transportation network. In collaboration with the <strong>Ministry of Transportation and Communications</strong>, bus routes were created across the country to increase public transport efficiency and attractiveness. Future projects include the <strong>GCC Railway Project, and the Bahrain Light Rail Project</strong> which may contribute to the reduction of personal vehicle use and emissions.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Blue Carbon</td>
+<td><p>A <strong>Mangrove Transplantation Project</strong> for the cultivation of plants and planting mangrove seedlings in order to rehabilitate degraded coastal areas began in 2013. The project succeeded in the cultivation of mangroves in Tubli Bay and Doha Arad. There is increasingly strong recognition that there is a need to properly manage particular habitats that act as critical natural carbon sinks. The Black Mangrove is found naturally in Bahrain and is able to sequester carbon and provide an efficient buffer for coastal protection. At present, the Kingdom of Bahrain does not have a full understanding of its mangroves as a carbon sink and is planning to engage with the International Union for Conservation of Nature to do so. </p><p><strong>Seagrass beds</strong>, which constitute an important carbon sink, are distributed along the southeast coast, and along the west coast of Bahrain. At present the Kingdom of Bahrain does not have a full understanding of its seagrass areas as a carbon sink and is planning to further engage with the International Union for Conservation of Nature to do so.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Means_of_implementation_for_support_contributions_58"></a>Means of implementation for support contributions</h4></p>
+<p>The elaboration of this INDC includes a public participatory process through a series of multi- sectorial meetings, and has been reviewed by the National Climate Change Committee. This intended contribution is communicated under the assumption of the adoption of a universal, legally binding instrument that fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. The domestic actions communicated in this INDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 paragraph 1, 7 and 8.</p>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bahrain recognizes that the extent to which it will meet its obligations under the UNFCCC will depend highly on the level of international support in means of implementation. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation stipulations are meant to inform and will be undertaken in the context of support on finance, technology-transfer and capacity building.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://issuu.com/economicdevelopmentboard/docs/bahrain_vision_2030">http://issuu.com/economicdevelopmentboard/docs/bahrain_vision_2030</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bhrnc2.pdf">http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bhrnc2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body></html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html>
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+<head>
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+</head>
+<body>
+  <h1>Bahrain's NDC</h1>
+  <h1>Nationally Determined Contribution of Kingdom of Bahrain under UNFCCC</h1>
+  <h1>2021</h1>
+  <p>ميحرلا نمحرلا الله مسب</p>
+  <h1>Nationally Determined Contribution of Kingdom of Bahrain under UNFCCC</h1>
+  <h2>Introduction</h2>
+  <p>Manama, 2021</p>
+  <p>The Kingdom of Bahrain hereby communicates in good faith its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and confirms its commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement (PA).</p>
+  <p>The development of this NDC is guided by numerous relevant principles and decisions as outlined by Article 3 of UNFCCC; decision 24/CP.18, decision 1/CP.19; decision 1/CP.20; Article 24, decision 1/CP.21; Articles 4.1, 4.7 and 4.15 of the Paris Agreement as well as Katowice Rulebook of COP24.</p>
+  <p>As a developing country, the Kingdom of Bahrain is actively pursuing economic diversification considering sustainability as the pillar of its growth. Despite its low annual GHG footprint, estimated approximately below 0.1% of the global GHG footprint, the Kingdom of Bahrain strives to avoid and reduce emissions in its economic development. As per Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, at the core of this NDC is mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions and economic diversification plans.</p>
+  <h2>National Circumstances</h2>
+  <p>Being a small developing island state, Bahrain’s coastline and land area have evolved considerably over the last 30 years due to a series of land reclamation projects, which continue to the present day. Roughly, 111 km2 of reclaimed land has been added since 1980, accounting for about 15% of its current total land area. Bahrain is an arid country with mild, pleasant winters, and summers that are very hot and humid. Rainfall is negligible from April through the end of October, coinciding with high temperatures. Relative humidity is highest during the winter months of December through February, although other months of the year show only slightly lower levels.</p>
+  <p>Bahrain enjoys a rich social milieu, with diverse communities living side by side in primarily high-density urban contexts throughout the island. Several key aspects of Bahrain’s social fabric are described in the subsections that follow. In 2021, total population is slightly over 1.5 million with roughly half of the population comprised of expatriates who come to pursue work opportunities. Most of the population is centered in the capital, Al Manamah and other major urban centers like Al Muharraq, Al Riffa’ and Hamad Town.</p>
+  <h2>Economic diversification with mitigation-co benefits</h2>
+  <p>Launched in 2017, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) lays out a comprehensive set of initiatives to improve national energy efficiency in Bahrain. The Plan identifies 22 initiatives across all sectors to achieve a national target of 6% which was adopted by Cabinet. The target is set as a reduction of energy consumption in the year 2025, expressed as a percentage of the average final energy consumption.</p>
+  <p>Launched in the same year, the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) identified feasible solar, wind and biogas renewable energy options for Bahrain, establishing <i><strong>national renewable energy targets, also adopted by Cabinet, of 5% of peak capacity by 2025 and 10% by 2035</strong></i>.</p>
+  <h2>Adaptation</h2>
+  <p>Climate change impacts have already been observed in Bahrain and are further elaborated on in the Third National Communication Report. The Kingdom of Bahrain has undertaken climate change vulnerability and impact assessments that have addressed four key areas: Water, agriculture, biodiversity and urban development.</p>
+  <p>Bahrain has no choice but to implement urgent measures to build resilience, improve disaster risk preparedness and response, and adapt to the increasingly adverse impacts of climate change in future. Indeed, there are substantially higher costs associated with adaptation to future impacts of climate change in Bahrain, if actions are initially delayed or ignored. At present, the action being taken to address the issue of adaptation is executed with limited capacities and resources, with a need for a more comprehensive and articulated adaptation package <i><strong>with support from the international community, Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the UNFCCC.</strong></i> The Kingdom of Bahrain is undertaking the following actions to adapt to climate change:</p>
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>Adaptation Strategy</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>A national adaptation Investment Plan (NAIP) on climate change in cooperation with the relevant government agencies is in preparation. The plan aims to include adaptation priorities and implementation actions.</p>
+        <p>Bahrain’s national adaptation planning efforts aims at enhancing the adaptive capacity to cope with climate change risks. As part of this overarching picture, comes The National Adaptation Investment Plan to take the adaptation investment related efforts forward, by addressing some of the pressing climate change adaptation needs.</p>
+        <p>The National Adaptation Investment Plan is the guiding document to identify interventions in order to increase the Kingdom of Bahrain’s resilience to climate change. For that purpose, the document has the following four objectives:</p>
+        <ol>
+          <li>
+            <p>To systematically describe what adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change means in Bahrain and to identify objectives for adaptation (situational analysis),</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>To identify interventions to increase resilience to climate change and achieve the objectives for adaptation (project pipeline),</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>To identify relevant options of how to finance these interventions (finance strategy)</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>To identify the stakeholders in the different areas affected by the adverse impacts of climate change on which successful adaptation will depend (stakeholder analysis),</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>To prescribe institutional arrangements across different departments and agencies to implement the identified interventions.</p>
+          </li>
+        </ol>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>Coastal Zones</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>Coastal Resilience to Sea-Level Rise has been included in the Ministry of Works Dredging and Land Reclamation Technical Manual published in 2008. Some adaptation measures have already taken place and a code of height was implemented. However, in early 2020 and in harmony with the recent IPCC reviewed scenarios, the code was revised, and a new height was enacted to provide better costal resilience to important infrastructures. following these stages:</p>
+        <ol>
+          <li>
+            <p>Stage one: Base lining flood risk from Sea Level Rise: Review of available scientific evidence and data on SLR and preliminary assessment of land and key assets at risk.</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>Stage two: Sources of Coastal Flood Risk: Detailed investigation of sources of flood Risk associated with SLR and storm events.</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>Stage three: Impacts on National Infrastructure: Detailed assessment of the impact of SLR on key infrastructure & National Assets</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>Stage 4: Success Strategy Development of master plan and strategy to mitigate impacts and identification of options and actions.</p>
+          </li>
+        </ol>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>Water Resources</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The current water situation in Bahrain is not sustainable. <strong>The National Water Resources Council</strong> was reactivated in 2016 and is working on <strong>formulating a clear, comprehensive, and integrated water resources policy and strategy</strong> in order to manage water resources efficiently and diversify its sources through investigating novel technologies linked to renewable energy.</p>
+        <p>The Water Resources Management Unit (WRM), established in 2019 with initial funding from the GCF, aims to enhance climate resilience of the water sector. Among the projects undertaken by the unit is the modeling of the impact of climate change on freshwater resources, benefiting from gray water, conducting a comprehensive auditing of water management and use, as well as rainwater harvesting.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <p>Bahrain also adopted and implements national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.</p>
+  <h2>Adaptation Actions with Mitigation Co-Benefits</h2>
+  <p>Beyond “classical” adaptation actions, <i><strong>Article 4.7 in the PA states that “Mitigation co- benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification can contribute to mitigation outcomes</strong></i>. Henceforth Bahrain launched several projects that concurs this concept such as:</p>
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>National Plan for Afforestation</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>The national project for afforestation, to support increase green areas at the kingdom, better accommodate rise in temperatures and create green sinks for emission is still at early stages,</p>
+        <p>A thermal satellite imagery of Bahrain has been taken to identify the heat hotspots, a list of trees and vegetation that are suitable for Bahrain’s climate, compatible with heat, does not require a lot of water and does not impact infrastructure was identified, a pilot program has been established to test the reduction impact of afforestation in different areas prior to expanding the projects.</p>
+        <p>The action plan will be expanded to include the type and percentage of green area, as well as initiatives to encourage nationals and residents to plant trees and a revision of building permits to include landscaping</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>
+        <p>Mangrove Habitats</p>
+      </td>
+      <td>
+        <p>There are several adaptation strategies that are under consideration to build resilience against climate change risks mangroves habitats are facing while at the same time considering natural sinks. Those strategies are the following:</p>
+        <ul>
+          <li>
+        <p>Establishing the <strong>Tubli Bay observatory</strong> to strengthen existing observation systems to better understand ecological services provided by mangrove habitats in the area.</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>Creating a <strong>blue carbon inventory</strong> to augment Bahrain’s existing GHG emission tracking system to estimate and document carbon pools/fluxes in Tubli Bay consistent with international methodological guidance.</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>Ecosystem services valuation to introduce economic valuation as a basis to account for the value of the market (i.e., tourism) and non-market (i.e., regulating, provisioning, supporting) services that the Tubli Bay mangrove habitats provide.</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p>Mangrove Transplantation Project is ongoing with more than 4,800 seedlings being planted in 2019 alone.</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <p>Bahrain will actively pursue the synergies between mitigation and adaptation exploring adaptation actions with mitigation benefits and vice versa.</p>
+  <h2>Economic Development and Diversification</h2>
+  <p>Bahrain Bourse (Bahrain Stock Market) joined the Sustainable Stock Exchange (SSE) initiative in 2019, reinforcing its commitment to promote sustainable and transparent capital markets. Companies in Bahrain will have to disclose Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) information, and are expected to create shared value and inclusive growth, to assess their impacts on capitals and resources, and to contribute to national, regional and global visions and plans.</p>
+  <p>In addition, the Government has adopted a strategic plan to develop six key economic sectors, namely financial services, information and communication technology, industry, logistics, tourism, and oil. Several initiatives have been implemented to increase the volume of foreign and local investments and create job opportunities. Many initiatives have already been implemented such as a new tourism strategy, new measures to streamline visa procedures, new legislation to encourage foreign investors, a comprehensive strategy for the development of the logistics sector, and a national strategy to revive the pearling industry.</p>
+  <p>These initiatives will continue to contribute to positive growth in the Kingdom’s non-oil sector, strengthening its contribution to GDP, increasing sustainable development and further enhancing diversification while reinforcing the pivotal role of the private sector as the major driver of growth.</p>
+  <p>The Kingdom of Bahrain strives to avoid and reduce emissions in its economic development. As per Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, at the core of this NDC is mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions and economic diversification plans.</p>
+  <h2>Sustainable Development Goals</h2>
+  <p>The Kingdom of Bahrain has taken major steps towards achieving the <a href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a> set by the United Nations General Assembly, aligning its national development agenda accordingly.</p>
+  <p>As a result, the Kingdom of Bahrain has established many governmental institutions, organizations, and committees to develop the programs, policies, and strategies to achieve sustainability in its various dimensions. It has also enacted a number of laws and regulations related to the achievement of sustainable development, which has become an international demand in the midst of the current economic, political and social changes that the global community witnesses currently.</p>
+  <h2>Means of Implementation</h2>
+  <p>The elaboration of this NDC includes a public participatory process through a series of multi- sectorial meetings and has been reviewed by the National Climate Change Committee. This intended contribution is communicated under the assumption of the adoption of a universal, legally binding instrument that fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, <i><strong>in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity, and respective capabilities</strong></i>. The domestic actions communicated in this NDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 paragraph 1, 7 and 8.</p>
+  <p>The Kingdom of Bahrain recognizes that the extent to which it will meet its obligations under the UNFCCC, PA <i><strong>will depend highly on the level of international support in means of implementation.</strong></i> Therefore, mitigation and adaptation stipulations are meant to inform and will be undertaken in the context of support on finance, technology- transfer, and capacity building.</p>
+  <h2>Information Necessary for Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding of the updated NDC</h2>
+  <p>Bahrain will periodically review the mitigation and adaptation measures mentioned in the NDCs to ensure that efforts are implemented.</p>
+  <p>Bahrain will have a specific monitoring and evaluation plan for the adaptation, for monitoring and reviewing and verification of projects and policies.</p>
+  <p>Article 6</p>
+  <p>In implementation of its NDC, Bahrain will consider voluntary cooperation and cooperative approaches that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes as per Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. For the Kingdom of Bahrain such cooperation and cooperative approaches will be multi-metric in their nature and include not only GHG but also other related parameters such as renewable energy, energy efficiency etc.</p>
+  <p>Technology Innovation and Deployment</p>
+  <p>The Kingdom of Bahrain considers technology innovation and deployment at scale as a vital enabler of its NDC and for achieving the Paris Agreement goals. Bahrain supports key technologies such as carbon capture and utilization, direct air capture and others which are necessary for hard-to-abate sectors.</p>
+  <p>Response measures</p>
+  <p>The Kingdom of Bahrain is impacted not only by physical climate change consequences but also the negative result of climate change policies made beyond its borders. Managing response measures to minimize their economic and social consequence in Bahrain is one of the key priorities for Bahrain to achieve sustainable growth.</p>
+  <p>As outlined in Article 4.15 of the Paris Agreement, the international community needs to take into account economies most affected by the impacts of response measures, particularly developing country Parties.</p>
+  <p>Ambition and fairness</p>
+  <p>Given its small island and developing country status, historically low GHG footprint (estimated as approximately below 0.1% of the global GHG footprint), ongoing economic diversification, physical impacts of climate change, the Kingdom of Bahrain considers this NDC as ambitious and fair. To correctly utilize its limited resources, Bahrain will prioritize adaptation actions (especially those with mitigation co-benefits) over mitigation.</p>
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+<h1>THE GOVERNMENT OF THE BAHAMAS</h1>
+<h1>INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)</h1>
+<p>Communicated to the UNFCCC November, 2015</p>
+<p>The Bahamas is pleased to communicate its Intended Nationally Determined contribution and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding under decisions 1/ CP. 19 and 1/CP.20 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</p>
+<h2>Introduction</h2>
+<p>The Bahamas, since becoming a sovereign independent small island developing state, has made tremendous strides in providing universal access to education, potable water supplies, telecommunications, electricity, transportation and health care to its citizenry across its entire Commonwealth of islands.</p>
+<p>The passage of hurricane Joaquin, a powerful category 4 storm, devastated the south central Bahamas in October, 2015. Hurricanes and the intensity of this hurricane, in particular, highlights the vulnerability of our country. Joaquin caused extensive damage requiring the need to rebuild the power and telecommunications grids on several islands, repair docks and roadways, homes, schools and medical facilities. An initial estimate of the cost to replace damaged or compromised infrastructure, that affected five to ten thousand persons carries a cost exceeding eighty million Bahamian dollars (80 MB$), not including the cost of climate change considerations in any redevelopment.</p>
+<p>The adverse impacts of climate change is exacerbated by our geographical (limited land masses, low-relief and dispersion of islands) and environmental (high temperatures, storm surges, sea level rise, flooding, tropical cyclones and non-tropical processes) vulnerabilities. The need to provide services across many islands requires the building of schools, clinics, roadways, airports, docks, power, water and telecommunications grids the entire archipelago. Joaquin impacted all infrastructure on the Islands of San Salvador, Rum Cay, Acklins and Crooked Islands and Long Island.</p>
+<p>The concentration of socioeconomic activities, critical infrastructure in narrow coastal zones, dependence on tourism and limited human and institutional capacity are all factors that make The Bahamas vulnerable to climate change. The Bahamas' collective efforts to respond to the climate challenge has been realized largely through the use of national resources. In a similar manner efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) have come with limited or no support from the international community.</p>
+<p>This document presents The Bahamas' initial Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in accordance with Decisions 1/ CP. 19 and 1/ CP.20, of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which invites Parties to communicate their INDCs to the Secretariat towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as set out in Article 2 of the Convention.</p>
+<h2>National Circumstances</h2>
+<p>The Bahamas consists of an archipelago of 700 islands and more than 200 cays, islets and rocks in the western Atlantic Ocean. The archipelago covers approximately 100,000 square miles (mi2 ) of ocean between latitudes 21 0 and 27 0 North and longitudes 72 0 and 79 0 West with a total land area of only 5,382 mi2 (13,940 km<sup>2</sup>). Much of the land is a few metres above mean sea level and the highest point is only 206 feet (63 m) above mean sea level.</p>
+<p>Some 80% of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas is within three (3) feet (or approximately one (1) meter) of mean sea level and the hydrological records indicate that sea level has risen over the past century by one (1) foot (or 0.3 meters). Since 1992, hurricanes and tropical storms have caused significant monetary loss and irreparable environmental damage to the archipelago.</p>
+<p>The economy of The Bahamas is mainly based on tourism and financial services sectors, with tourism being the major contributor to GDP and foreign exchange earnings. The banking and finance sector accounts for approximately 15% of GDP. The Bahamas has one of the world's fastest growing ship registries, with nearly 1,600 registered vessels. There is a small, growing industrial sector with Grand Bahama having several industries and crude oil storage facilities for trans-shipment. The island of New Providence, where Nassau, the capital is located, is home to brewing, distilling and light manufacturing. The agriculture and fisheries sectors accounts for 3% to 5% of GDP.</p>
+<p>The World Bank statistics shows The Bahamas' contribution to the total global greenhouse gas emissions as almost negligible at some 0.01% of global emissions. The significant sources of Green House Gas (GHG) emission come from the energy and transport sectors. Using any proportional measure of GHG intensity to economic activity, the Bahamas, based on its archipelagic nature, dispersed rural population and the makeup of its services based economy has a higher ratio than other comparable industrialized economy.</p>
+<p>A rapid transition to the use of reverse osmosis, in response to rising sea level salinization of fresh ground water lenses has resulted in an increased dependence on processed water to meet the needs of a tourism and services dependent economy. Accordingly, responding to the impact of climate change and an increased use of fossil fuels has resulted in a dependence on imported technologies.</p>
+<p>Based on available scientific facts, we can expect more frequent and intense impacts over time. It is within this context that The Bahamas, which is highly dependent upon the import of fossil fuel for energy and transportation, is expected to adapt to the impacts of climate change and adopt a low carbon strategy that conforms to international and public pressure to reduce its "carbon footprint," exposure to climate change, increase energy security and reduce the heavy burden of global petroleum prices on our economy.</p>
+<p>In response to the challenges faced by climate change, The Bahamas has developed a National Climate Adaptation Policy (2006), a National Energy Policy (2013) and amended its Forestry Act (2014). Under preparation is a pilot project in Harbour Island to test and demonstrate ways of transitioning to a low carbon and climate resilient development pathway in a small Family Island community which is almost entirely dependent on tourism.</p>
+<p>The developmental policy imperative of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas is to provide for the sustainable development needs of a small young population dispersed over some 100,000 square miles that requires access to modern energ,r service, to potable water and the provision of a transportation system to service a tourism and services based economy.</p>
+<h2>Mitigation</h2>
+<p>Considering that The Bahamas is a tourism-based economy with expected climate change impacts, it is imperative for the country to implement climate change mitigation policies that will reduce climate change impacts and mitigate GHG emissions. The Government of The Bahamas has recognized the importance of addressing climate change both from a mitigation and adaptation perspective.</p>
+<p>As a signatory of the UNFCCC, The Bahamas is committed to being a responsible member of the global community that makes efforts to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention given our national capacities and respective capabilities. The Bahamas intends to achieve its mitigation contribution through an economy-wide reduction GHG emission of 30% when compared to its Business as Usual (BAU) scenario by 2030.</p>
+<p>The electricity and transport sectors are the main usage sectors of fossil fuels in the country, and electricity demand is expected to increase in the medium term. Accordingly, the Government has defined the policy framework for a low carbon development plan through the National Energy Policy, that sets a national target to achieve a minimum of 30% renewables in the energy mix by 2030, and will allow for a 10% Residential Enerv Self Generation Programme within the year.</p>
+<p>It is envisaged that emission reduction contributions will be achieved through the mitigation actions in the sectors, which accounted for the vast majority of GHG emissions in the Bahamas in 2000. This overall target is contingent on several factors including, but not limited to, access to the required technologies, energy efficiency and energy conservation measures appropriate across an archipelagic nation with utility, small utility and residential applications appropriate in a tropical country frequented by tropical processes. Based on previous efforts, our ability to meet this target assumes economic growth and socio economic progress and cost savings warranting the required expenditures.</p>
+<p>This comprehensive programme to improve efficiency and energy diversification will allow The Bahamas to provide reliable, high-quality, affordable, environmentally-friendly energy, while at the same time reducing the volumes and amounts of imported fuels. Energy diversification will involve moving from a high dependence on petroleum to increased contributions of other sources like renewable energy from solar, ocean and wind as appropriate based on local site specific conditions. Indeed, The Bahamas is well positioned to tap local renewable energy resources such as wind and sun but lacks the required access to resources and means to provide for the security of services and replacement of assets from losses and damages from extreme events. In the transport and energy sectors, energy efficiency improvements, energy conservation fuel switching and the deployment of as yet unavailable fuel cell technologies are envisaged as they mature and are made commercially available to further assist in the attainment of this conditional sector wide objective.</p>
+<p>The transport sector has its own particular challenges based on the need to address road and marine transportation alternatives in urban and rural settings, conscious of the cradle to grave deployment of technologies that are neither manufactured nor developed within our borders. The environmental impacts of imported technologies in vehicles and for power supplies also require adequate consideration.</p>
+<p>Through efforts to develop and attract research activities in the Bahamas, Public Private Partners augmented by limited government funding and guarantees, The Bahamas hopes to focus efforts on the development of indigenous renewable energy resources in the achievement of its national goal for renewable energy.</p>
+<p>The development and diffusion of renewable energy resources and technologies will help The Bahamas, and other non-oil producing nations, to realize important economic, environmental and social objectives. Renewable resources such as wind, solar, waste-to-energy and biomass are indigenous to the country. If developed adequately, they can provide cleaner, more affordable alternatives to fossil fuels for a low carbon development in the long term. This will not only lower the country's oil bill, but improve energy security through diversification of the energy base. Increased use of renewable energy will also lessen environmental impacts, reduce the country's carbon footprint and its contribution to global GHG emissions.</p>
+<p>Efforts under The Forestry Act, which was amended to allow for the establishment of a permanent forest estate, 20% of which is designated into either one of three categories (forest reserves, protected forests and conservation forests), will be subject to a management plan to ensure efficient and focussed strateU and environmental conservation. It is envisaged that the establishment of the National Forest Estate will deliver global environmental benefits along with domestic livelihood support and development and seek to safeguard future land degradation on the Pine Forest Islands. Enhanced management will improve our forest ecosystems, the ridge to reef linkages to protect corals, sea grasses important to sustainable livelihood and the functionality of our mangrove ecosystems increasing their carbon sink ability. Improved harvesting practices will reduce the vulnerabilities of our forest ecosystems to climate change and human-induced impacts. GHG emission reductions from land degradation and deforestation has the potential to increase carbon sequestration of some approximately 5,661,077tC02eq across several pine islands in the Bahamas.</p>
+<p>Assumptions and methodological approaches Mitigation</p>
+<table >
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Methodology for emissions counting</td>
+<td>The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used to calculate the GHG emissions and removals as described in the Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. Emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of biomass are assessed, but not counted towards the contribution.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Global warming potentials (GWP)</td>
+<td>The carbon dioxide equivalent was calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials in accordance with the IPCC 2nd Assessment Report.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2>Adaptation</h2>
+<p>Recognising that mitigation alone will not protect us from the negative effects associated with a changing climate, The Bahamas has expanded its adaptation focus. The Bahamas Second National Communications recognises that mitigation will not protect us from the negative effects associated with a changing climate and expands on the initial National communication through the development of The Bahamas SimClim model combined with the evidence of climate change as evident in the hydro-meteorological records.</p>
+<p>Near shore marine environments play an integral role in the protection of critical infrastructure across the archipelago. On this basis, The Bahamas acts not only under the UNFCCC but also the United Nations Conventions on Biological Diversity (CBD), and Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and other relevant multilateral and regional environmental agreements (MBAs) and initiatives. As an example, in 2008, as a part of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas (POWPA) and a new initiative across the Caribbean, The Bahamas, committed itself to Caribbean Challenge Initiative (CCI). This initiative builds on the work undertaken under the CBD to provide for the protection of 20% of our near shore marine environment by 2020. This year we have achieved half of our goal.</p>
+<p>These protected areas will conserve and protect habitats for Grouper and Bonefish spawning aggregations, coral reefs, sea grass meadows, mangrove nurseries and important migratory bird areas. Additionally, the Forestry Act has for the first time in The Bahamas protects designated Mangrove and mangrove ecosystem and important Biological and ecosystem services impacted by sea level rise. In so doing, The Bahamas has undertaken measures in the short, medium, and long-term to increase the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems, including soil conservation, agro-forestry and the establishment of special conservation, protected and management areas. These efforts have been supported financially through project funding provided by the Global Environment Facility.</p>
+<p>The larger CCI regional initiative is envisaged to require further significant technical and financial resources to implement the 2020 objective. The Bahamas is actively engaged in the CCI with public, business and private sectors and the NGO community.</p>
+<p>The following table represents some of the key sectors for which adaptation options are proposed for implementation which have a climate change abatement or resilience building implications.</p>
+<p>Most of the examples provided are unsupported and undertaken via national resources with a focus on the urban sector, primary economic activity and main population centres across The Commonwealth. This said, due to the loss of potable freshwater resources, as a result of climate change, many rural sectors are now supplied by reverse osmosis facilities for safe potable water services, including residential and tourism sectors. The increased cost of these services is borne through public subvention. All indications are the use of reverse osmosis facilities and increased use of waste water treatment facilities will increase dramatically due to the combined effects of climate change. The Bahamas would require support and access to the appropriate technologies to transition its water and sewerage infrastructure over time.</p>
+<h4>Some examples of Vulnerable Sectors and Adaptation Options planned or being undertaken</h4>
+<table >
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>Sector</th>
+<th>Adaptation Options</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Agriculture, livestock development and fisheries</td>
+<td>Formulate and implement strategies and measures that will help to enhance food security and sustainable food production.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tourism</td>
+<td>Work with stakeholders in the tourism sector to develop a strategic plan, which incorporates Climate Change considerations and appropriate measures such as water conservation programmes, as well as, general sustainability concerns.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Health and wellbeing</td>
+<td>Inform, sensitize and educate health personnel and the public-at-large about Climate Change related health matters including but not limited to heat stress, vector borne diseases and impacts on the vulnerable sub sector of society. Ensure that national emergency management planning also include heat stress, the impacts of vectors on human settlements and wellbeing.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Human Settlement, including housing, design of critical infrastructure, roads, bridges, air and sea ports</td>
+<td>Develop a comprehensive National Land Use and Management Plan, which inter alia, incorporates Climate Change concerns and regulates the location of future settlements and urban developments without compromising water supply and other such requisites for sustainability. Establishing environmental guidelines for heights of infrastructure relative to mean sea level, incorporate climate change considerations in pu blic building, and improving the building code to provide for stronger wind loads.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Water Resources management including and water supply services sewage and potable water systems</td>
+<td>Incorporate Climate Change concerns including "worse case" scenarios of sea level rise, saltwater intrusion, flooding and storm surges leading to inundation of well fields, and the need to regulate water supplies to the different sectors (domestic, tourism, agriculture and industry). Provide for water reserves, the safe disposal of wastewater effluent and minimization of outflows into the marine environment by conserving wetlands and near and far shore marine ecosystems including mangroves.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h4>Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency & Understanding</h4>
+<table >
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Time frame and or Period for Implementation</td>
+<td>2020-2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Type of Commitment</td>
+<td>GHG/ Goal target (economy-wide or sectoral contribution)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Reference year</td>
+<td>2000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Scope of gases included in the contribution</td>
+<td>Carbon dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors covered by the contribution</td>
+<td>Energy sector and Forestry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet contribution</td>
+<td>The Government of The Bahamas is willing to explore the potential benefits of market mechanisms and other mechanisms under the UNFCCC process, with a regional approach, that equitably benefit Caribbean countries; that demonstrate environmental integrity, result in real, permanent, additional, verified mitigation outcomes and prevent double counting. The Bahamas unfortunately even though being a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol has limited experience with existing market mechanisms.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2>Fairness and ambition</h2>
+<h4>Fairness</h4>
+<p>It is important to The Bahamas that in order to meet the below 1.5 or 2&deg;C objective, each Party must undertake mitigation actions based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in accordance with the Convention.</p>
+<h4>Ambition</h4>
+<p>As a small island developing state the provision of essential service to residents and economic activity drives our ambition. We have significant investments to protect having achieved universal access to potable water, education, health services and critical transportation systems across the archipelago. Using national resources, The Bahamas has taken steps to preserve its way of life and at the same time recognize an obligation to present and as yet unborn citizens to take steps to reduce our national GHG emissions, increase energy security and contribute to a global low carbon pathway while seeking to develop sustainably.</p>
+<h4>Means of Implementation</h4>
+<p>The Bahamas has set a target of 30 percent emissions reductions, below 2010 levels by 2030. Efforts so far have been unsupported by the international community.</p>
+<p>The Bahamas has not undertaken a comprehensive assessment of the cost related to the implementation of the INDC, the cost of actions taken in the water sector to adapt to sea level rise nor the provision for increased resilience of critical infrastructure.</p>
+<p>The detailed LEAP scenario described in our SNC, provides assumptions for projected development in the energy sector and possible response strategies but have not costed them. In a similar vein one, albeit untested, attempt was made for the Forestry sector on three main pine islands with an estimated cost in excess of sixty three million dollars to implement mitigation actions in 2030. No attempt has been made to extrapolate these numbers over the entire archipelago.</p>
+<p>The cost for implementation is anticipated to be met through multilateral and bilateral support from a variety of sources, instruments and on varying access terms. The Bahamas' upper middle income status complicates these considerations as the international community employs only one criteria for access to grant and concessional financing. The Bahamas is therefore not eligible for access to the resources of the World Bank and its climate financing mechanisms.</p>
+<p>The Bahamas subject to the availability of technical expertise and financial resources will undertake a more detailed cost analysis to determine the cost to implement actions to address mitigation and adaptation.</p>
+<h4>Additional information</h4>
+<p>The Bahamas INDC builds on the participatory multi-stakeholder and cross sectoral consultative processes undertaken during the development of its Initial and Second National Communications to the UNFCCC, its National Energy Policy and through efforts undertaken to provide capacity enhancement.</p>
+<p>The national communication processes focuses on vulnerability and adaptation assessments as well as the formulation of a mitigation assessment using the Long Range Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model for the Commonwealth of the Bahamas.</p>
+<p>The INDC must be considered along with the essential background information provided in the Bahamas Second National Communication. Further detailed information which supports this INDC can be found in the Bahamas' Initial and Second National Communications to the UNFCCC.</p>
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+<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina is a decentralized country comprising two entities (the Republic of Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Brčko District. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is sub-divided into 10 Cantons. The two entities and Brčko District manage environmental issues through laws, regulations and standards. The Bosnia and Herzegovina Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations has responsibility for the coordination of activities and harmonizing of plans of the entities’ governmental bodies and institutions at the international level, in energy, environmental protection, development and the exploitation of natural resources. Decision-making involves the Council of Ministers, the governments of two Entities and Brčko District. Potential candidate for EU membership (Stabilization and Association Agreement signed in 2008).</p>
+<table>
+ <tbody>
+<tr>
+ <th>Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)
+ </th>
+ <th>Bosnia and Herzegovina
+ </th>
+</tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Type
+ </td>
+ <td>Emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Coverage
+ </td>
+ <td>Economy-wide, in particular, as determined by decisions of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties on reporting covering the following sectors:</p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>Energy<br>
+ A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
+ <ul>
+ <li>Energy Industries</li>
+ <li>Manufacturing industries and construction</li>
+ <li>Transport</li>
+ <li>Other sectors</li></ul>
+ B. Fugitive emissions from fuels<ul>
+ <li>Solid fuels</li>
+ <li>Oil and natural gas</li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li>Industrial processes
+ <ul>
+ <li>Mineral products</li>
+ <li>Chemical industry</li>
+ <li>Metal production</li>
+ <li>Other production</li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li>Agriculture
+ <ul>
+ <li>Enteric fermentation</li>
+ <li>Manure management</li>
+ <li>Agricultural soils</li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li>Land-use change and forestry (sinks)
+ <ul>
+ <li>Changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks</li>
+ </ul></li></ol>
+ <ol start="6">
+ <li>Waste
+ <ul>
+ <li>Solid waste disposal on land</li>
+ <li>Waste-water handling</li>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ol>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Scope
+ </td>
+ <td>The INDC includes information on the following GHGs:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>);</li>
+ <li>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>);<br>
+ Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O);</li>
+ </ul>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Base year
+ </td>
+ <td>1990
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Time frames / periods for implementation
+ </td>
+ <td>2030
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Reduction level
+ </td>
+ <td>In line with the trend of consumption and energy production growth, as a result of development of the country, total emissions also have an upward trend. According to the developed scenarios - their peak occurs in 2030; according to the baseline scenario (BAU) in 2030 expected emissions are 20% higher than the level of emissions in 1990. Emission reduction that BiH unconditionally might achieved, compared to the BAU scenario, is 2% by 2030 which would mean 18% higher emissions compared to the base year 1990. Significant emission reduction is only possible to achieve with international support, which would result in emission reduction of 3% compared to 1990, while compared to the BAU scenario it represents a possible reduction of 23%.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Methodological approaches used, in particular, for measurement and verification of anthropogenic GHG emissions and, in appropriate cases, their absorption
+ </td>
+ <td>Methodological approaches are based on using the following methodology:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defined by the Convention, on the basis of the reference manual The Revised IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories of 1996, IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry of 2003, and Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories of 2000. INC, SNC, FBUR;</li>
+ <li>National statistics;</li>
+ <li>Sectoral forecasts.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>Base year 1990: 34,043.49 GgCO<sub>2</sub>e (without LUCF)<br>
+ Base year 1990: 26,619.96 GgCO<sub>2</sub>e (with LUCF)</p>
+ <p>The MRV system in BiH is currently under development (organizational set-up).</p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Consideration of fairness and ambition based on national conditions
+ </td>
+ <td>BiH is a developing country and the presented target represents a significant effort and is presented as emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline. The BiH CO<sub>2</sub> per capita is app 8.2 t (2011), while GDP per capita in 2013 was 3,509 Euro and expressed as Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) amounts 29% of the EU-27 average in 2013, while gross total primary energy consumed per unit of GDP is 0.938 toe / USD 2000. The country consumes about 20% of its GDP on energy. BiH GHG emissions represent less than 0.1% of global total emissions.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Planning process
+ </td>
+ <td>INDC is based on the existing strategic documents, inter alia, the following:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>SNC</li>
+ <li>FBUR</li>
+ <li>Legislation etc.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>International Market Based Mechanisms
+ </td>
+ <td>Conditional emission reduction is only possible with international support.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Additional_information_87"></a>Additional information:</h4></p>
+<p>According to the baseline scenario, which rests on the BAU principles, and in line with the mitigation scenarios developed through the Second National Communication and updated through the First Biennial Unit Report (under the UNFCCC convention), the expected GHG emission level by 2020 will reach 1990 levels. Under the baseline scenario, a steady increase of emissions is expected by 2030 generally due to higher energy consumption, while energy generated from renewable energy sources remains with low utilization rates. By 2030, GHG emission levels will increase by 20% relative to 2020. This scenario does not include any mitigation action and implies the “business as usual” approach. This scenario does not include any significant changes, incentives or extraordinary amendments to the current approach to the setting and attaining of GHG emission targets. A significant feature of this scenario is a relatively low level of interest and action of state and entity level institutions.</p>
+<p>Under this baseline scenario, the power sector, as a major sector, is characterised by a slight increase of the share of power generated from renewable energy sources (RES) due to the feed-in tariff and lower investment costs of RES facilities. However, most of power will come from fossil fuels. In the period 2015 - 2025, the share of RES will increase by 3% every five years and by 5% thereafter.</p>
+<p>On the other hand, the reduction of emissions, which BiH will achieve with the currently on- going and planned mitigation activities, is developed under the unconditional mitigation scenario which shows the decrease of total emissions relative to the baseline (BAU) scenario in the amount of 2% in year 2030. This would result in a slower growth trend of emissions that would increase by 18% in 2030 compared to 1990. This mitigation scenario implies unconditional implementation of minimal technical requirements and sanitation activities related to increase energy efficiency within the buildings sector, e.g. renovation of buildings for which also international financial support is required in order to increase the emission reduction amount and develop a sustainable system, as well as and a very slight trend of increasing the share of RES in electricity production. This scenario does not imply any incentives, nor ambitious or systematic approaches and plans for implementation of EE measures in the buildings sector (public and residential).</p>
+<p>Given the specific trends of emissions during the war period, which were as low as 12% of 1990 levels in 1993, and the fact that BiH has been recovering and coming closer to 1990 levels ever since, it is not fully relevant to compare the reduction of emissions to reductions in other countries, which have seen a steady increase of emissions in the same period. BiH is still below 1990 levels and in case the “business-as-usual” practice continues, 1990 levels will be reached in 2020.</p>
+<p>On the other hand, provided condition and opportunities are created to access international support / development financial mechanisms, certain effects of emission reductions are likely to be seen in the given period, i. e. it will be possible for the country to slow down on its pathway to 1990 levels.</p>
+<p>Provided this condition is fulfilled, emissions by 2030 would be approximately 3% lower comparing to 1990 levels. Unlike the BAU scenario, under which emission levels will have increased by 20% by 2030 relative to 1990 levels, the mitigation conditional scenario under discussion will see a decrease of 3% of 1990 levels by 2030.</p>
+<p>It should be noted that the emission reduction trend depends on the development of a scenario for the power sector. In that sense, it is noteworthy to say that, depending on the developments, the idea of linking any development or mitigation scenario to the existing power sector strategies may be abandoned. Given the time when they were drafted, on one hand, and the fact that no significant progress in terms of the implementation thereof has been seen years later, it is assumed that their implementation by 2030 will be quite unlikely.</p>
+<p>Given the state of affairs and facts on the ground, a number of activities and projects resulting in mitigation effects have been initiated or there are clear intentions to implement them. These project activities are a starting assumption for the intended emission contribution provided there is potential access to international development / financial mechanisms (GEF, GCF, EU pre- accession funds, favourable loans from financial institutions). This scenario for major sectors implies the implementation of the following activities:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>to enact primary and secondary legislation aligning BiH legislation with EU acquis, including strategies, action plan, etc. for all sectors</li>
+<li>to construct co-generation plants fuelled by wood chips and wood waste from wood processing industry, with the individual power generation capacity of several MW and the total power generation capacity of 70 MW, by 2030.</li>
+<li>to replace the existing thermal power plants with 30% average efficiency with new plants with approximately 40% average efficiency .</li>
+<li>to install the equipment for power generation from methane from two underground mines (five coal-pits)</li>
+<li>to install mini hydro power plants with the power generation capacity of up to 10 MW and the total generation capacity of 120 MW, by 2030</li>
+<li>to install wind farms of the power generation capacity of 175 MW by 2030.</li>
+<li>to install photovoltaic modules of the total power generation capacity of 4 MW by 2030</li>
+<li>to introduce renewable energy sources in the existing district heating systems and to construct new district heating systems fuelled by renewable energy sources</li>
+<li>to reconstruct and modernize district heating grids, boilers and district heating substations</li>
+<li>systemic energy rehabilitation of existing buildings (focus on public sector)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The BAU and considered mitigation scenario are shown in the chart below.<br>
+<img src="img/BIH-1.png" alt="Figure 1 : The BAU and considered mitigation scenario are shown below." width="600"></p>
+<p>To conclude: provided that Bosnia-Herzegovina is granted access to international development / financial mechanisms and that the relevant institutions are willing to absorb and cost-effectively use international mechanisms for the above mitigation activities, it will be possible to reduce emissions by app 23% in 2030 relative to the baseline scenario, i.e. 3% compared to 1990 level.</p>
+<p>All the values (total emission) provided in the baseline, as well as in the given projections, are calculated without the absorption potential (emission sink) of forestry sector. Although the forestry sector is not included in the presented balance of emissions, it is important to note that the value of sequestration capacity is app. 6.470 GgCO<sub>2</sub> in 2015 (1990 sinks - 7,423 GgCO<sub>2</sub>), and that the emission projections intend to keep it on that level.</p>
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+<h1>NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (NDC)</h1>
+<p><strong>FOR THE PERIOD 2020-2030</strong></p>
+<p>Climate change is one of the greatest challenges that humanity is facing today, as it affects all aspects of the environment and the economy and threatens the sustainable development of the society.</p>
+<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a country where the negative effects of climate change are already visible, appreciates the importance of addressing this challenge and is making every effort to render these initiatives successful.</p>
+<p>GHG emissions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2014, which is at the same time the last year for which the inventory was made up to now, amounted to 26,062 Gg CO<sub>2eq</sub>. GHG emissions in 2014 amounted to about 7.38 tons of CO<sub>2eq</sub> per capita, which is about 15% less than the average of EU countries (EU28) for the same year. GHG emissions per unit of GDP for BiH amounted to 1.87 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub> per euro in 2014, while the EU average was 0.39 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub> per euro, which indicates inefficient use of resources, primarily energy.</p>
+<p>The key challenge in the process of climate change mitigation is to use the transition to a low-carbon (low-emission) economy for achieving the sustainable economic development and social cohesion goals, while taking account of the existing structure of the economy and the time required for its transition. Through investing in GHG emission reduction projects and programmes, there is a great potential for economic growth, employment opportunities and business risk reduction.</p>
+<p>The present document Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Bosnia and Herzegovina was prepared in accordance with the Decision 1/CP.21 of the Paris Agreement and it is a revision of the first <em>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution – INDC</em> submitted by Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 2015. Compared to the INDC, the NDC of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes a section on climate change adaptation and the updated section related to contribution to climate change mitigation which now includes more ambitious targets for reducing GHG emissions.</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th colspan="2"><strong>ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Need to include climate change adaptation</td>
+<td>
+<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina is particularly vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical position, economic importance of the agriculture, water management and forestry sectors, as well as due to its limited capacity for climate change adaptation. According to the Climate Risk Index data for BiH taken from the Global Climate Risk Index, in 2014 BiH ranked third in terms of total losses and damage caused by climate change. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to determine the impact of climate change on Bosnia and Herzegovina and identify priority action measures.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Climate change effects</td>
+<td>
+<p>The first three National Communications on climate change under the UNFCCC, as well as numerous scientific papers, have clearly indicated that the climate, and especially climate extremes, have changed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the course of the last few decades. In the last ten years alone, six years have been very dry to extremely dry, and five years have been marked by extreme floods. During the period 2009-2019 almost all years were characterised by extreme weather conditions: floods in 2009, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2019, drought and heat waves in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017, cold waves in early 2012, strong wind in mid-2012 and late 2017, and extremely large number of hail days in 2018.</p>
+<p>Along with the increase in temporal variations in precipitation distribution, the problems related to the pronounced spatial variations are exacerbated – the places lacking water are actually those with the greatest water needs, valleys with the greatest land potential for intensive agriculture, with the necessary irrigation and with the highest population density.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>The most vulnerable sectors</td>
+<td>
+<p>The sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change in Bosnia and Herzegovina include: agriculture, water resources, forestry, energy, tourism, biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems, and human health. The most vulnerable sectors are agriculture and water resources management. The biggest impacts are reflected in the risks of drought, floods and fires. Drought has been one of the most significant threats to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past period, causing great economic, environmental and social costs. Extremely high temperatures and heat stress are some of the biggest problems in agriculture, especially in the sub-Mediterranean part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This problem has been particularly present in the last two decades, with the major impact on fruit, vegetable and wine production. In 2012, Bosnia and Herzegovina experienced a prolonged period of severe drought, causing losses in agricultural production of about BAM 1.65 billion<a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+, grain and vegetable yields were reduced by about 70%, and energy production was reduced by about 25%.<a href="#fn2" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+<p>Forecasted changes in precipitation amounts and air temperature will negatively affect the current water resources management system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Changes can be expected in terms of time of occurrence, frequency and intensity of extreme events – floods and droughts. The largest increase in air temperature is predicted during the growing season (June, July and August), and a slightly milder increase during March, April and May, which will result in increased evapotranspiration and more pronounced extreme minimums of water levels on watercourses. This will result in reduction in the availability of water resources in the growing season when the needs are the highest, in terms of water quantity, but also quality, because in low water periods the potential and real danger of significant degradation of water quality increases. A significant increase in air temperature during the winter season (December, January and February) will result in a decrease in snowfall, that is, a decrease in flow in most watercourses during spring months. On the other hand, the expected more frequent precipitation of higher intensity will cause more intense runoff, often followed by floods. According to the data from the document <em>Recovery Needs Assessment in BiH</em><a href="#fn3" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a>, which was developed with the help of the EU, UN and WB, it is estimated that the total consequences of major floods that occurred in May 2014 in Bosnia and Herzegovina amount to BAM 3,982 million, that is, BAM 2,033 million in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, BAM 1,893 million in Republika Srpska and BAM 58 million in the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Potential future impacts and needs</td>
+<td>
+<p>The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina has already been affected by many climate extremes: intense precipitation, heat waves, extremely high temperatures, droughts, floods, stormy winds, etc. Under the RCP8.5 climate scenario, an increase in the intensity and frequency of these extremes can be expected in the decades to come.</p>
+<p>Accordingly, it is important to plan in detail the adaptation measures (short-term, medium-term and long-term), the method of financing the implementation of the proposed measures and the institutions for their implementation.</p>
+<p>It is necessary to improve the processes of monitoring, analysis and modelling of climate data, and to strengthen professional and institutional capacities.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Climate change adaptation planning</td>
+<td>
+<p>In response to the adverse consequences of climate change, in 2013 Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted its first <em>Climate Change Adaptation and Low-Emission Development Strategy</em>, the strategic objective of which was to increase resilience of Bosnia and Herzegovina to climate variability and climate change, while preventing environmental degradation, as well as gradual reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
+<p>New <em>Climate Change Adaptation and Low-Emission Development Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2020-2030</em> is in the completion stage. The objective of the Strategy in the field of climate change adaptation is to increase the resilience of Bosnia and Herzegovina to climate variability and climate change, thus ensuring economic progress.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Monitoring and evaluation</td>
+<td>
+<p>Monitoring the implementation of climate change adaptation measures will be combined with the process of regular updating of priorities and sectoral adaptation plans and programmes of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The preparation of updated plans and programmes will be based on the assessment of the implementation of previous plans and programmes. In this round of the NDC, a framework for monitoring and evaluation of activities and processes of adaptation to climate change will be developed, with defined indicators and manners of reporting.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th colspan="2"><strong>CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Long-term goal of GHG emission reduction</td>
+<td>
+<p>Reduction of GHG emissions compared to the baseline year</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Timeframe</td>
+<td>
+<p>2020-2030 and by 2050</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Coverage</td>
+<td>
+<p>In setting GHG emission reduction target, the following sectors are encompassed:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>power</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>district heating</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>building</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>transport</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>industry</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>agriculture</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>forestry (through increased sinks)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>waste</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>cross-cutting sector<a href="#fn4" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Area (including GHG)</td>
+<td>
+<p>NDC includes information on the following GHG gases:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>nitrogen suboxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</p>
+</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Baseline year</td>
+<td>
+<p>2014 (for the purpose of comparison with INDC, reduction targets are given in relation to 1990 as well)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><p>Contribution</p>
+<p>(emission reduction</p>
+<p>level)</p></td>
+<td>
+<p>The unconditional GHG emissions reduction target for 2030 is 12.8% compared to 2014 or 33.2% compared to 1990. The conditional target (with more intensive international assistance for the decarbonisation of mining areas) for 2030 is 17.5% compared to 2014 or 36.8% compared to 1990. GHG emissions reduction target for 2050 is 50.0% (unconditional) and 55.0% (conditional) compared to 2014, that is, 61.7% (unconditional) and 65.6% (conditional) compared to modelling 1990. In the case of conditional target, more intensive international assistance is expected for faster decarbonisation of the power sector with an emphasis on fair transition of mining areas. Not all of these targets include GHG sinks. In the forestry sector, measures are planned to increase the sinks by 93 GgCO2<sub>eq</sub> until 2030.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Methodological approach used to measure and verify anthropogenic GHG emissions and their absorption</td>
+<td>
+<p>The methodological approach is based on the use of the following data and tools:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Use of data on emissions from the official GHG inventories (1990- 2014), data from national communications on climate change and biennial update reports on GHG emissions</p></li>
+<li><p>Official statistics</p></li>
+<li><p>Sectoral development forecasts</p></li>
+<li><p>Modelling of GHG emissions by 2050 using the LEAP programme</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>(Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System)</p>
+<p>Baseline year 2014: 26,062.18 GgCO<sub>2eq</sub> (without sinks)</p>
+<p>Year 1990: 34,043.49 GgCO<sub>2eq</sub> (without sinks)</p>
+<p>Baseline year 2014: 19,664.51 GgCO<sub>2eq</sub> (with sinks)</p>
+<p>Year 1990: 26,619.90 GgCO<sub>2eq</sub> (with sinks)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Fairness and ambition based on conditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina</td>
+<td>
+<p>Meeting the defined targets includes the following:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Significant decarbonisation of the economy, especially power sector, with investments of approx. BAM 17 billion in the period until 2030, which is over 5% of GDP;</p></li>
+<li><p>Cessation of the long-standing emission growth trend in the short term;</p></li>
+<li><p>Ambitious reduction of GHG emissions in a relatively short period (2014 – 2030);</p></li>
+<li><p>Halving of emissions by 2050 compared to 2014;</p></li>
+<li><p>The targets imply reduction in GHG emissions by just over a third by 2030, and almost two-thirds by 2050 compared to 1990.</p></li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Planning process</td>
+<td>
+<p>NDC is based on the strategic documents currently in place. When it comes to implementation, the existing institutional framework is used along with its strengthening.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><p>Monitoring and reporting</p></td>
+<td>
+<p>Based on the principles of the Monitoring Mechanism Regulation (MMR) using the existing institutional framework along with its strengthening.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>International market mechanisms</td>
+<td>
+<p>Out of the mechanisms in place, potentially in the EU ETS for achieving the conditional target. In future mechanisms depending on the EU accession process and the market mechanism conditions.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2>CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION – BACKGROUND INFORMATION</h2>
+<h3 id="current-emissions">1. Current emissions </h3>
+<p>As a member of the UNFCCC, BiH is required to report on GHG emissions. Through the development of the first three National Communications and two Biennial Update Reports on GHG emissions, inventories of emissions from 1990 to 2014 were made. The inventories were made by applying the 1996 IPCC methodology. The development of inventories for 2015 and 2016 is in progress by applying the 2006 IPCC methodology, and their completion is planned for the first quarter of 2021. With this in mind, information on GHG emissions is much more reliable compared to the period when the INDC was produced, and, in addition, the national capacities for their monitoring have been improved. This enabled more reliable emission projections and thus the definition of the targets arising from international treaties. <strong>Error! Reference source not found.</strong> shows the GHG emission trend from 1990 to 2014.</p>
+<p><img src="img/BIH-NDC1_1.png"/></p>
+<p>The highest emissions were recorded in 1990 and they amounted to 34,040GgCO<sub>2eq</sub>. The emissions were significantly reduced during the 1992-1995 period, after which they started increasing. In 2001, they amounted to 12,030GgCO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is just over one third compared to 1990. Subsequently, primarily due to the growth of emissions in the energy sector, total emissions exceeded 20,000GgCO<sub>2eq</sub> (in 2008). Emissions from other sectors were more than halved between 1990 and 2001, due to a reduction of more than 80% in industrial emissions and 50% in the agricultural sector. The highest emissions after 1990 were recorded in 2011 and they amounted to 28,107GgCO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is about 83% of 1990 emissions. The rise in emissions in 2011 primarily occurred due to increased power generation from coal-fired power plants. Year 2012 saw a significant drop in emissions as a result of a smaller share of thermal power plants in power generation. Emissions in 2014, the last year for which the inventory has been made to date, amounted to 26,062GgCO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is about 23.5% less compared to 1990.</p>
+<p>Based on the analysis of emissions per capita, emissions in 2010 almost reached the levels of emissions per capita in 1990 (5.18 tons of CO<sub>2eq</sub> per capita annually in 2008), however they are still among the lowest values in Europe. In 2014, emissions per capita amounted to about 7.38 tons of CO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is about 15% less than the EU average. However, if a comparison is made in relation to gross domestic product, emissions in BiH are nearly five times higher than in the EU. GHG emissions per unit of GDP for BiH amounted to 1.87 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub> per euro in 2014, while the EU average was 0.39 kg CO<sub>2eq</sub> per euro. These statistical data illustrate the economic and social situation of BiH, which is trapped in poverty, with relatively low GHG emissions, but even lower per capita gross domestic product, which indicates inefficient use of resources, primarily energy.</p>
+<p><strong>Error! Reference source not found.</strong> shows the shares of individual sectors in total GHG emissions in 1990 and 2014.</p>
+<p>Share of GHG emissions by sectors in 1990</p>
+<p><img src="img/BIH-NDC1_2.png"/></p>
+<p>Share of GHG emissions by sectors in 2014</p>
+<p><img src="img/BIH-NDC1_3.png"/></p>
+<p><strong>Figure 2: Shares of GHG emissions by sectors</strong></p>
+<p>The diagram shows the increase of the share of energy generation in total GHG emissions from 61% (in 1990) to 64% (in 2014), although emissions in this sector are lower in 2014 by about 5,500 GgCO2<sub>eq</sub> compared to 1990. There is a significant increase in the share of transport, from 7% to 12%. The share of agriculture records a significant drop, while the share of industry remained pretty much the same. The share of fugitive emissions from fuels dropped from 5% in 1990 to 2% in 2014. It is important to emphasise that this is the share in emissions of all greenhouse gases, and not just carbon dioxide emissions.</p>
+<p>Creating a GHG emissions inventory resulted in the increased level of data reliability. Verification of calculations was made in terms of the procedures to be followed in data collection and inventory development.</p>
+<p>The quantity of emissions from 1990 has not yet been reached. It is evident that emission levels have started to rise, due to increased industrial activities, and generally they have an increasing trend.</p>
+<h3 id="emission-reduction-targets">2. Emission reduction targets </h3>
+<p>When setting GHG emission reduction targets, it should be taken into account that BiH is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and a member of the Energy Community. Under the Paris Agreement, emission reduction targets are set on a voluntary basis. This means that it is up to each country to consider its own situation and assess which level of emission reductions is in line with its sustainable development. Thereby, it can be expected for the level of international assistance on reducing GHG emissions to be commensurate with the ambition of the targets. As a member of the Energy Community, Bosnia and Herzegovina has an obligation to harmonise its energy sector with the <em>acquis communautaire</em> and to base its climate targets on those of the EU, but it also has the possibility to set its own target with an adequate explanation of the ambitiousness of such target. When setting the target for reducing GHG emissions by 2030, the commitments of BiH deriving from both treaties/agreements were taken into account.</p>
+<p>In setting GHG emission reduction target, the following sectors are covered: power sector, district heating, building, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry (through increased sinks), waste and the cross-cutting<a href="#fn5" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref5"><sup>5</sup></a> sector. The following GHGs were considered: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and hydrofluorocarbons. The period for which the reduction target is defined is by 2030 and by 2050, with the indication of the target for 2025.</p>
+<p>In consultations with the Secretariat of the Energy Community, year 2014 was selected as the baseline year. This is the last year for which there is the official inventory of GHG emissions. It should be noted that in that year, BiH suffered catastrophic floods, which was reflected in the level of economic activities and indirectly caused certain reduction in GHG emissions. In order to be able to compare the reduction target with the INDC targets, the target is also expressed in relation to the 1990 emissions.</p>
+<p>Based on consultations with key stakeholders, the GHG emissions reduction target has been set such to leave room for the construction of planned substitute/new coal-fired power plants with a total capacity of 1,050 MW<a href="#fn6" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref6"><sup>6</sup></a> until 2030. This is 350 MW more than envisaged by the moderate renewable scenario in the Framework Energy Strategy of BiH until 2035; however, it is less compared to the other three scenarios from the same Strategy. Compared to the scenario of the Entity working groups, the installed capacity of the new coal-fired power plants envisaged by this document is lower by 1,600 MW, and compared to the scenario of optimised/least-cost indicative plan, it is lower by 400 MW. Construction of substitute thermal power plants is justified by the need for gradual decarbonisation of mining areas. It takes much more than 10 years to create a sufficient number of job posts in noncoal-related activities. The option with 750 MW of substitute and new coal-fired power plants was also analysed, which implies more intensive international assistance on decarbonisation with an additional focus on assistance in fair transition of mining areas. This option implies the construction of another thermal power plant next to block 7 in the Tuzla thermal power plant. Meeting the targets in both options is dependent on receiving international assistance and participation in international financial mechanisms for reducing GHG emissions.</p>
+<p>The unconditional target of reducing GHG emissions for 2030 is 12.8% (excluding GHG sinks) compared to 2014. The conditional target (with more intensive international assistance, especially for the fair transition of mining areas) for 2030 is 17.7% (excluding GHG sinks) compared to 2014. An overview of GHG emission reduction targets of BiH compared to the emissions from 2014 and 1990 is shown in Table 1 and 2.</p>
+<p><strong>Table 1: GHG emission reduction targets for BiH (compared to 2014 emissions)</strong></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>
+<strong>Target/year</strong>
+</th>
+<th><strong>2025</strong></th>
+<th>
+<strong>2030</strong>
+</th>
+<th>
+<strong>2050</strong>
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<strong>Unconditional</strong>
+</td>
+<td>
+9.1%
+</td>
+<td>12.8%</td>
+<td>50.0%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<strong>Conditional</strong>
+</td>
+<td>
+9.8%
+</td>
+<td>17.5%</td>
+<td>55.0%</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<strong>Table 2: GHG emission reduction targets for BiH (compared to 1990 emissions)</strong>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>
+<strong>Target/year</strong>
+</th>
+<th>
+<strong>2025</strong>
+</th>
+<th>
+<strong>2030</strong>
+</th>
+<th>
+<strong>2050</strong>
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+<strong>Unconditional</strong>
+</td>
+<td>30.4%</td>
+<td>33.2%</td>
+<td>61.7%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<strong>Conditional</strong>
+</td>
+<td>30.9%</td>
+<td>36.8%</td>
+<td>65.6%</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><img src="img/BIH-NDC1_4.png"/></p>
+<p>shows GHG emissions from 1990 to 2050 according to the previously described targets. Emissions until 2014 were taken from the inventory, and emissions from that year until 2050 were modelled in LEAP, taking into account measures by individual sectors.</p>
+<p><img src="img/BIH-NDC1_5.png"/></p>
+<p><strong>Figure 3: GHG emissions in BiH by 2050 according to emission reduction targets</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/BIH-NDC1_6.png"/></p>
+<p> The diagram above shows the cessation of the two and a half decade long trend of emissions growth until 2020, which is a consequence of limiting the number of operating hours for the most inefficient coal-fired thermal power plants and the commissioning of a certain number of RES plants. However, this is sufficient only to stop the growth trend. The decrease in emissions begins with the commissioning of more efficient thermal power plants, which enables decommissioning of a number of existing thermal power plants. In parallel, the resources of the mines will be gradually used for the production of RES (biomass cultivation, space for solar power plants, etc.). Measures are also being implemented in other sectors, especially in the building sector: reducing the use of coal and heating oil with the implementation of energy efficiency measures to reduce heating and cooling needs, increasing the efficiency of heating and cooling systems, energy efficiency labelling and banning imports of used heating and cooling equipment, etc. Reform of the incentive system for RES will be aimed at encouraging the decentralisation of the energy system and the implementation of community energy projects. Under the unconditional target option, the emission reduction after 2025 is milder than in the conditional target option because more power is generated in the new coal-fired power plants (1,050 MW vs. 750 MW). Emissions in 2030 according to the unconditional target amount to 22,726 Gg CO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is by 12.8% less compared to 2014. In the same year, according to the conditional target, emissions are 21,501 Gg CO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is by 17.5% less compared to 2014. Emissions in 2050 according to the unconditional target amount to 13,031 Gg CO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is by 50.0% less than in 2014. In the same year, according to the conditional target, the emissions amount to 11,728 Gg CO<sub>2eq</sub>, which is by 55.0% less than in 2014. It is very important to emphasise that both targets are characterised by the following:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Cessation of the long-standing emission growth trend in the short term,</li>
+<li>Ambitious reduction of GHG emissions in a relatively short period (2014 – 2030) and</li>
+<li>Halving of emissions by 2050 compared to 2014</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In addition, it is important to point out that the presented targets mean a reduction in GHG emissions for slightly more than one third by 2030, and almost two thirds (about 66%) by 2050 compared to 1990. Taking into account the size of the GHG sinks in 2014 and emissions according to the conditional target in 2050, net emissions in 2050 would amount to around 5,330 Gg CO2<sub>eq</sub>, which is about 80% less compared to the net emissions in 1990.</p>
+<p>In order to achieve the defined targets, it is necessary to implement measures that are demanding both in terms of planning and finances. In order to achieve the targets in both options (unconditional and conditional target), Bosnia and Herzegovina will need a strong international assistance for capacity building, training, technology transfer, establishment of financial mechanisms to encourage decarbonisation, preparation of necessary research and project documentation, as well as project financing itself. In case of the option that defines the conditional target due to faster decarbonisation of the power sector (which requires a higher level of effort on decarbonisation of mining areas), international assistance should be more intensive.</p>
+<p>The fulfilment of the foregoing defined and described targets will greatly depend on the development of the situation regarding the COVID-19 virus pandemic, which can have a significant impact on the entire economy.</p>
+<section class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="fn1" role="doc-endnote"><p>1 euro = 1.95583 BAM, Central Bank of BiH, October 2020<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn2" role="doc-endnote"><p>Source: “Drought Conditions and Management Strategies in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Concise Country Report”, 2013, 201<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270816670_Drought_Conditions_and_Management_Strategies_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_-_Concise_Country_Report">3,<span class="underline">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270816670_Drought_Conditions_and_Management_Strategies_in_Bosni</span> <span class="underline">a_and_Herzegovina_-_Concise_Country_Report</span><a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn3" role="doc-endnote"><p>Bosnia and Herzegovina authorities, European Union, United Nations and the World Bank (2014): Bosnia and Herzegovina Floods 2014: Recovery Needs Assessment<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn4" role="doc-endnote"><p>Applies to all sectors that use refrigeration and air conditioning equipment<a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn5" role="doc-endnote"><p>Applies to all sectors that use refrigeration and air conditioning equipment<a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+<li id="fn6" role="doc-endnote"><p>Inclusive of block 7 of TPP Tuzla which is under construction<a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
+</ol>
+</section>
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+<h1 id="intended-nationally-determined-contributions-of-the-republic-of-belarus">Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of the Republic of Belarus</h1>
+<p>pursuant to paragraphs 13 and 14 of Decision 1/CP.20 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to UNFCCC</p>
+<h2 id="executive-summary">Executive Summary</h2>
+<p>The Republic of Belarus supports the collective efforts of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as UNFCCC) to achieve the major milestone of this century - keeping the average global temperature rise below two degrees Celsius as compared to the preindustrial period. In order to contribute to the prevention of dangerous climate change, the Republic of Belarus submits its intended nationally determined contribution to these efforts and undertakes by 2030 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least <strong>28 per cent</strong> of the 1990 level, excluding emissions and removals in the land use, land-use change and forestry sector and without any additional conditions (the commitments do not imply the use of the international carbon market mechanisms or mobilizing foreign financial resources for the implementation of best available technologies). </p>
+<p>Figure 1 shows the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions over the period of 1990-2012 and projections until 2030 based on the scenario, which takes account of the approved programmes for the development of sectors of the economy including the commissioning in 2018 of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant and additional policies and measures to reduce carbon intensity. According to the projections, after 2030 an upward trend in greenhouse gas emissions will continue to be observed with a peak in 2035.</p>
+<p><img src="img/BLR-1.png" alt="Figure 1- Greenhouse gas emissions in 1990-2030, Gg CO<sub>2</sub>eq." width="412" height="261" /></p>
+<h2 id="target-type">Target Type</h2>
+<p>Absolute reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared to the emissions in the base year.</p>
+<h2 id="base-year">Base Year</h2>
+<p>Year <strong>1990</strong> is chosen as the base year for determinsing quantifiable greenhouse gas emission reduction target. The same year was also adopted by the Republic of Belarus as the reference point when undertaking greenhouse gas emission commitments as part of previous international agreements on climate change.</p>
+<h2 id="greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-base-year">Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Base Year</h2>
+<p>To obtain data on greenhouse gas emissions in the base year, the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of 2012 was used. The data of this inventory were also included in the Sixth National Communication sent to the UNFCCC Secretariat in February 2015, and underwent expert review by the UNFCCC Secretariat in April 2015.</p>
+<p>According to these data, greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 were <strong>139,151.23 thousand tons in CO<sub>2</sub> eq.</strong>, excluding the land use, land-use change and forestry sector (hereinafter referred to as LULUCF).</p>
+<h2 id="period-covered">Period Covered</h2>
+<p>Taking into account the National Sustainable Development Strategy until 2030, the year <strong>2030</strong> is taken as the target year for these commitments.</p>
+<p>Therefore, the validity period of all commitments and targets of this document covers the period from <strong>1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030</strong></p>
+<h2 id="scope-of-commitments">Scope of Commitments</h2>
+<p>In view of the methodology adopted in the country and reporting requirements regarding UNFCCC greenhouse gas inventories, the current commitments cover information on greenhouse gas emissions in the following sectors:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>power industry;</li>
+<li>industrial processes;</li>
+<li>use of solvents;</li>
+<li>agriculture;</li>
+<li>waste.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Approaches regarding the inclusion of the LULUCF sector into these commitments, which in the Republic of Belarus represents net removals of carbon from the atmosphere, will be determined after clarification of the methodological questions relating to the estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in this sector. No later than 2020, the Republic of Belarus will return to the question of including the potential of this sector in its commitments. These commitments include the following greenhouse gases:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>);</li>
+<li>methane (CH<sub>4</sub>);</li>
+<li>nitrous oxide (NO);</li>
+<li>hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);</li>
+<li>perfluorocarbons (PFCs);</li>
+<li>sulphur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>).</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="the-process-of-planning-and-fulfilment-of-commitments">The Process of Planning and Fulfilment of Commitments</h2>
+<p>Long-term targets, on which the climate policy until 2020 is based, are specified in the Directive of the President of the Republic of Belarus No.3 of 14.06.2007 "Economy and thrift are the main factors of the economic security of the state", the Concept of Energy Security of the Republic of Belarus (adopted by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No.433 of 17.09.2007), the Strategy for the Development of Energy Potential of the Republic of Belarus (adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 1180 of 09.08.2010), national and sector-specific modernization and development programmes for the period until 2020, which list is presented in the Sixth National Communication (2015), including the National Programme of Measures to Mitigate Climate Change for 2013-2020 (adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No.510 of 21.06.2013). Thus, currently and until the end of 2020 there are various binding legislative provisions and other regulations in effect in the Republic of Belarus, specifying policies and measures with targets for the reduction of energy and carbon intensity of the national economy.</p>
+<p>For the period of 2021-2030, the National Sustainable Development Strategy until 2030 approved by the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus is a benchmark, which places due emphasis on the development principles founded on a low-carbon economy.</p>
+<p>In 2016-2019, the legislative basis for the new national climate policy will be elaborated along with the programmes for the development of major economic activities for the period of 2021-2030, including measures regulating and stimulating the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
+<h2 id="main-assumptions">Main assumptions</h2>
+<h3 id="national-circumstances">a) National circumstances</h3>
+<p>Figure 2 gives data on the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions for the years 1990-2012.</p>
+<p><img src="img/BLR-2.png" width="428" height="324" /></p>
+<p>During the period under review, maximum greenhouse gas emissions were observed in 1990: 139,151.23 thousand tons of CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. (excl. LULUCF). In 2012, the emissions amounted to 89,283.33 thousand tons in CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. (excl. LULUCF) and decreased by 35.8 per cent as compared to 1990. </p>
+<p>Such reduction in greenhouse gas emissions was, first, due to the dramatic emission reduction during the 1990-1995 period as a consequence of the economic recession in the country following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the subsequent decrease in production and fuel consumption. </p>
+<p>From 1995, a period of economic growth commenced, in the course of which the per capita gross domestic product (with account of purchasing power parity) demonstrated a 4.5-time increase by 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions also increased due to the growth of production, increased fuel consumption and increased volumes of landfilled waste. However, the emissions increase rate is significantly lower than the GOP growth rate (Figure3). The average annual GOP growth during the 1995-2012 period was 7.9 per cent, while the average annual increase of greenhouse gas emissions during the same period was 0.4 per cent. The carbon intensity of the economy during the period 1995-2012 decreased 3.9 times; this is the fastest rate of progress towards achieving low-carbon development parameters in Europe</p>
+<p><img src="img/BLR-3.png" width="601" height="400" /></p>
+<p>The country managed to considerably reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the past by effectively implementing measures with relatively low marginal costs. During the period of 1995-2005 on average 1.6 per cent of the GOP was spent on improving energy efficiency, energy conservation and deployment of renewable energy sources. In 2006-2010, these investments were as high as 3.4 per cent of the GOP, and in 2011-2015 were 5 per cent. The share of state budget funds in these investments was at least 30 per cent This made it possible to rapidly approximate to other developed countries with similar climates in ten11S, for example, of such indicator as GDP energy intensity. Belarus has one of the lowest values in Europe for the carbon intensity of its energy system - about 0.3 tons in CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. for the generation of one MWh of heat and electricity, thus approaching such countries as Japan and the USA regarding installed capacity utilization efficiency.</p>
+<h3 id="methodological-approaches">b) Methodological Approaches </h3>
+<p>Taking into account Decision 24/CP.19 regarding the submission of these commitments, the information on greenhouse gas emissions is based on the use of the following methodological guidelines:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC, 1996 (1997a, 1997b, 1997c).</li>
+<li>Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC, 2000 (2003 edition);</li>
+<li>100-year Global Warming Potential values from the IPCC Second Assessment Report.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following models and methods were used for the projection of greenhouse gas emissions:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>LEAP model (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) and BALANCE (energy balance) model for the power sector;</li>
+<li>Correlation and regression analysis for other sectors.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="fairness-and-ambition-of-the-commitments">Fairness and ambition of the commitments</h2>
+<p>The Republic of Belarus is one of the UNFCCC Annex I countries and therefore, along with other countries included in this Annex, has to bear the main burden of commitments. The Republic of Belarus does not have additional financial resources to accelerate the adoption of best international practices and the implementation of best available technologies. In the context of existing high marginal costs and economic growth rates the ability of the country to mobilize funds and secure additional investment in low-carbon technologies is limited.</p>
+<p>During the entire first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol the Republic of Belarus could not attract carbon funding because its assigned amount of greenhouse gas emissions was not established (Amendment to Annex B adopted by the Parties in Decision 10/CN'IP.2 was not ratified), and the prospects for using instruments of the international carbon market in 2013-2020 are minimal in the context of the effect of Article 3, paragraph 7 ter of the Doha Amendment adopted by the Parties in Decision 1/CMP.8.</p>
+<p>However, the Republic of Belarus intends to continue reducing the carbon intensity of its economy. The country acknowledges that in many sectors of the economy there is still high potential for preventing climate change. In contrast to the scenarios based on the existing development programmes, which imply reductions of emissions by 20-22% in 2030 as compared to the base year, according to some estimates it is possible to achieve an additional reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of approximately 25-30 million tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. during the period of 2015-2030, and the Republic of Belarus includes this possibility in its commitments.</p>
+<p>These commitments rely solely on the internal potential of the country and are taken without any additional conditions regarding possible mobilization of foreign funds for the implementation of best available technologies. Despite the achievements in economic development and development of the market economy, the GDP (PPP) per capita remains one of the lowest among Annex I countries, while the share of investment in capital assets is insufficient to ensure expanded production.</p>
+<p>In these conditions, the nationally determined contributions for mitigation of climate change stated by the Republic of Belarus are fair and ambitious.</p>
+<h2 id="other-commitments">Other commitments</h2>
+<h3 id="measures-to-increase-carbon-removals">a) Measures to increase carbon removals</h3>
+<p>Due to planned actions to ensure sustainable forest management, the forest cover of the country increased by 4.3% since 1990, and currently is continuing to grow. According to the sector-specific forestry development programme, the policy for increasing the resource potential of forests and ensuring the sustainable forest use will be further implemented. In line with the priorities of the National Sustainable Development Strategy of the Republic of Belarus until 2030, measures will be implemented to increase the area under forest from 39.4% in 2013 up to 41% in 2030.</p>
+<p>Pursuant to the Strategy for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No.361 of 29.04.2015) the Republic of Belarus in 2015-2030 will ensure the environmental rehabilitation of at least 10,000 ha of damaged bogs, thus increasing the area of restored peatlands to at least 60,000 ha by 2030 and reducing the area of degraded reclaimed land with peat soils up to 190,000 ha by 2030.</p>
+<p>Pursuant to the Strategy for the Implementation of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 177 of 10.02.2009), the Republic of Belarus will undertake measures to conserve the main habitats of the populations of rare and endangered wild animals and plant species living or growing in wetlands, involving an area of at least 30,000 ha of open fen mires, 40,000 ha of floodplain meadows, and 160,000 ha of raised bogs and transitional mires.</p>
+<p>Pursuant to the National Strategy for the Development of the System of Strictly Protected Areas until 2030 (approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No.649 of 02.07.2014) efforts will be made to ensure further conservation of natural ecosystems, biological and landscape diversity, ensuring ecological balance of natural systems and sustainable use of protected areas covering at least 8.8% of the territory of the country.</p>
+<h3 id="adaptation-measures">b) Adaptation Measures</h3>
+<p>Forestry and agriculture are the sectors most vulnerable to climate change in the Republic of Belarus. Considering the significant influence of climate change on the sustainable development of the economy, and the well-being and health of the population of the country, the Republic of Belarus is formulating national policy on the adaptation to climate change through the elaboration of national strategies, sector-specific and regional programmes and plans for adaptation to climate change and their subsequent implementation. So far the Strategy for the Adaptation of Forestry to Climate Change until 2050 has been developed. The Strategy for the Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change is currently being developed.</p>
+<p>In 2016-2019 the legislative and institutional basis for climate change adaptation will be formed; and mechanisms for the collection and transfer of information, fast response in emergency situations, accounting of current and future risks related to climate change, inclusion of adaptation measures into sector specific programmes and programmes of the socioeconomic development of the Republic of Belarus and its administrative territories will be developed.</p>
+<p>In 2017-2030, programmes of adaptation actions and practices will be developed as part of recreation and health-promotion activity, territorial development, planning of transport infrastructure, development of urban planning projects (general, special, detailed planning).</p>
+<h3 id="assistance-to-developing-countries">c) Assistance to developing countries</h3>
+<p>The Republic of Belarus has supported and will support developing nations, mainly in the area of awareness-raising, education, capacity building, and in the area of research and development relating to climate change issues.</p>
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+  <h1>Belarus' NDC</h1>
+  <p>NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION</p>
+  <p>of the Republic of Belarus to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions until 2030</p>
+  <h1>CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS</h1>
+  <p>Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the NDC makes provision for the commitment of the Republic of Belarus to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 with due regard for the timeframe for updating greenhouse gas emissions targets according to paragraph 9 of this Article and further guidance in relation to the mitigation section of Decision 1/CP.21 dealing with climate change mitigation (hereinafter Guidance), adopted in 2018 by Decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as Framework Convention) serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.</p>
+  <p>The Republic of Belarus supports the collective efforts of the Parties to the Paris Agreement aimed at keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and is making efforts to limit its increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, which is consistent with the goal of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+  <p>In its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter referred to as “INDC”), in accordance with the position approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of November 16, 2015 No. 461, the Republic of Belarus committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 28 per cent by 2030 as compared to the 1990 level, excluding the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector (hereinafter referred to as “LULUCF”) and without any additional conditions. The commitment did not imply using international carbon market mechanisms or mobilizing foreign financial resources for the implementation of the best available technologies.</p>
+  <p>The Republic of Belarus intends to make a more ambitious contribution in the global response to climate change and sets economy-wide unconditional and conditional greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets.</p>
+  <p>Taking into account the economic situation and the country's capabilities, the new unconditional economy-wide target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 per cent from the 1990 level by 2030, inclusive of the LULUCF sector.</p>
+  <p>The new conditional economy-wide target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent from the 1990 level by 2030, inclusive of the LULUCF sector and subject to using international financing mechanisms to introduce the best available technologies for achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction.</p>
+  <p>The dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions exclusive of the LULUCF sector during 1990-2018 and the commitment until 2030 are shown in Figure 1.</p>
+  <p><img width="552" height="252" alt="image" src="img/BLR-NDC1-1.png"></p>
+  <p>Figure 1. Greenhouse gas emissions in 1990-2018 and commitment until 2030</p>
+  <h1>CHAPTER 2 QUANTIFIABLE INFRORMATION</h1>
+  <p>The year 1990 is the base year for determining the target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions until 2030. The level of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 was 137.8 million tonnes of CO2-eq. exclusive of the LULUCF sector, and 117.2 million tonnes of CO2-eq. inclusive of the LULUCF sector.</p>
+  <p>The type of commitment is the absolute reduction of greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 as compared to the base year emissions, inclusive of the LULUCF sector.</p>
+  <p>The unconditional target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 per cent.</p>
+  <p>The conditional target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent.</p>
+  <p>The year 2018 was chosen as the base year for generating emission projections and accounting for greenhouse gas reduction policy and measures until 2030.</p>
+  <p>The basic data sources for making greenhouse gas emission projections are the National Inventory Report on anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol of September 16, 1987 (hereinafter referred to as “National Inventory Report”) for 1990 - 2018; the Fourth Biennial Report of the Republic of Belarus (2019); and the national communications of the Republic of Belarus according to the commitments under the Framework Convention.</p>
+  <p>The greenhouse gas inventory process is being continuously improved, which may lead to changes in the time-series indicators, including the base year of 1990.</p>
+  <p>The projected greenhouse gas emissions were calculated following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as “IPCC”) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the parameters used in the preparation of inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases.</p>
+  <h1>CHAPTER 3 TIME FRAME</h1>
+  <p>The target will be achieved during the period from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2030.</p>
+  <p>The year 2030 is set as the target year for the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, taking into account the National Strategy for Sustainable Socio- Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus until 2030 adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus (minutes of the meeting on May 2, 2017, No. 10).</p>
+  <p>Achievement of the target will be monitored in the Biennial Transparency Reports submitted by the Republic of Belarus, National Communications and other reporting documents in accordance with the Paris Agreement and the decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties.</p>
+  <h1>CHAPTER 4 SCOPE AND COVERAGE</h1>
+  <p>The NDC includes economic sectors and categories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks consistent with those contained in the National GHG Inventory Report for 1990-2018, INDC, and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (hereinafter referred to as “Guidelines”).</p>
+  <p>Taking into account the national methodology and the reporting requirements stipulated in the Guidelines, the commitments of the Republic of Belarus refer to greenhouse gas emissions in the following sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (hereinafter referred to as “IPPU”), Agriculture, Waste, and LULUCF.</p>
+  <p>The LULUCF sector was not included in the INDC due to high uncertainty in the methodology of estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals. This sector is included in the NDC, considering its potential as a carbon dioxide sink and all possible risks.</p>
+  <p>Maximum greenhouse gas emissions are associated with fuel combustion and other processes in the Energy sector, which accounts for 62 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2018. The Agriculture sector accounts for 24 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions; the IPPU and Waste sectors account each for 7 per cent in 2018.</p>
+  <p>Data on the absolute emissions in the listed sectors exclusive of the LULUCF sector is given in Figure 2.</p>
+  <p><img width="568" height="263" alt="image" src="img/BLR-NDC1-2.png"></p>
+  <p>Figure 2. Dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions by sector</p>
+  <p>The commitments of the Republic of Belarus are related to the reduction of the emissions of the following greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride.</p>
+  <p>The major greenhouse gas in Belarus is carbon dioxide. In 2018, the share of carbon dioxide was 67.3 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions (exclusive of net sinks in the LULUCF sector), the share of methane was 17.5 per cent, and the share of nitrous oxide was 15.2 per cent.</p>
+  <p>Emissions of hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride are negligible at 0.0038 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
+  <p>Pursuant to paragraph 31 (c) of Decision 1/CP.21 by the Conference of Parties to the Framework Convention, the Republic of Belarus included the LULUCF sector in the NDC and continues to make efforts to identify all categories of sources and sinks of anthropogenic emissions, as well as to assess emissions in the sources that are currently not accounted for in the NDC.</p>
+  <p>The geographic coverage coincides with the geopolitical borders of the country.</p>
+  <p>During the establishment of the NDC, the implementation of climate change adaptation measures was not taken into account.</p>
+  <h1>CHAPTER 5 PLANNING PROCESSES</h1>
+  <p>Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Belarus pledged to submit an NDC every five years to the Secretariat of the Framework Convention, and pursuant to Article 14 of the Paris Agreement, the global stocktake outcome is used to inform the NDCs.</p>
+  <p>The climate change legislation of the Republic of Belarus is governed by the laws of the Republic of Belarus of November 26, 1992, No. 1982-XII “On Environmental Protection”, of January 9, 2006, No. 93-Z “On Hydrometeorological Activities”, of December 16, 2008, No. 2-Z “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”, of December 27, 2010, No. 204-Z “On Renewable Energy Sources”, of January 8, 2015, No. 239-Z “On Energy Saving” and other regulatory legal acts.</p>
+  <p>Key approaches in the field of sustainable forest management, which make it possible to preserve their ecological and economic balance, are laid down in the Forest Code of the Republic of Belarus and the Strategic Plan for the Development of the Forestry Sector for 2015-2030 approved by the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus on December 23, 2014, No. 06/201 271.</p>
+  <p>Pursuant to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 345 of September 20, 2016 “On the Adoption of an International Treaty”, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as “MNREP”) was designated as the body responsible for the implementation of the commitments undertaken by the country under the Paris Agreement.</p>
+  <p>As part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, the national climate policy is being improved. The policy is focused on the country's sustainable development, and the reduction of the energy intensity and carbon intensity of the national economy, including with due regard for the implementation of Resolution 70/1 - Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on September 25, 2015.</p>
+  <p>The Concept of the National Security of the Republic of Belarus adopted the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 575 of November 9, 2010, the Concept of Energy Security of the Republic of Belarus adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 1084 of December 23, 2015, the Action Plan for the Implementation of the Provisions of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, approved by Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus, No. 06/214-53/160 of March 13, 2019 are being implemented.</p>
+  <p>The NDC will be achieved in accordance with the Strategy for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus until 2025 and as part of the implementation of the following:</p>
+  <p>Socio-Economic Development Programme of the Republic of Belarus for 2021-2025 adopted by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 292 of July 29, 2021;</p>
+  <p>State Programme “Environmental Protection and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 19, 2021, No. 99;</p>
+  <p>State Programme “Energy Saving” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 19, 2021, No. 103;</p>
+  <p>State Programme “Belarusian Forest” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of January 28, 2021, No. 52;</p>
+  <p>State Programme “Comfortable Housing and Favourable Living Environment” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of the Republic of Belarus of January 28, 2021, No. 50;</p>
+  <p>State Programme “Transport System” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of March 23, 2021, No. 165;</p>
+  <p>State Programme “Agribusiness” for 2021-2025 adopted by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus of February 1, 2021, No. 59.</p>
+  <p>A roadmap was developed for the implementation of the NDC in the Republic of Belarus with due consideration for the global trends and national context of Belarus, which contains actions for the five-year period as well as longer-term activities.</p>
+  <p>The NDC will be the basis for the development of the Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Belarus until 2050 in terms of heat and electricity generation, and improving energy efficiency in the IPPU, construction, housing and utility, and transport sectors.</p>
+  <p>Work has started in the Republic of Belarus to establish a system for assessing climate risks and risks related to hazardous weather events, which makes it possible to analyse vulnerability to climate change and to provide recommendations for adaptation.</p>
+  <p>Strategic documents on the adaptation of individual economic sectors to climate change are being developed. In 2022, the National Action Plan for Climate Adaptation will be developed.</p>
+  <h1>CHAPTER 6 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES</h1>
+  <p>In accordance with Decision 24/CP.19 of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention, the following sources were used to formulate the NDC:</p>
+  <p>IPCC Guidelines;</p>
+  <p>the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC of 2007;</p>
+  <p>GHG inventory data from the National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Belarus for 1990-2018;</p>
+  <p>official data from central government bodies and other state-owned organizations subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus, and other organizations for the year 2018;</p>
+  <p>findings of research and development;</p>
+  <p>scientific and research-and-practice publications.</p>
+  <p>Detailed information on the methodology used for the preparation of the NDC with the description of projected greenhouse gas emissions per main source categories, the main factors affecting emission levels, and the indicators required for assessing progress towards the stated target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for each of the sectors is published on the official website of the MNREP on the Internet. In accordance with Decision 18/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris</p>
+  <p>Agreement, such an assessment will be carried out by December 31, 2024, when the Republic of Belarus submits a progress report on the NDC implementation.</p>
+  <h1>CHAPTER 7 FAIRNESS AND AMBITION</h1>
+  <p>The new economy-wide target of the Republic of Belarus, in comparison with the INDC target, provides for a further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by an additional 7-12 per cent, which, in view of the economic situation and the country's capabilities, is the evidence of a more ambitious contribution.</p>
+  <p>The Republic of Belarus - an Annex I Party to the Framework Convention - is a transition economy, whose per capita gross domestic product (hereinafter referred to as “GDP”) is lower compared to most Annex I Parties to the Framework Convention. In this regard, the Republic of Belarus has a limited ability to mobilize additional investment in low-carbon technologies and innovations. Thus, the target of ensuring the reduction of emissions by 35 per cent as compared to the 1990 level inclusive of the LULUCF sector is optimal in the current socio-economic context.</p>
+  <p>The average annual GDP growth rate in 1995-2018 was 4.9 per cent, and the average annual increase in greenhouse gas emissions over the same period was</p>
+  <p><img width="633" height="250" alt="image" src="img/BLR-NDC1-3.png"></p>
+  <p>Figure 3. Dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions and GDP in 1995-2018</p>
+  <p>In future, the Republic of Belarus intends to reduce the carbon intensity of its economy and raise its ambition in the next cycle of NDC reporting informed by the global stocktake 2023.</p>
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+<h1><a id="BELIZE_0"></a>BELIZE</h1>
+<h2><a id="Nationally_Determined_Contribution_under_the_United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change_1"></a>Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</h2>
+<h2><a id="Belize_is_pleased_to_present_its_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_NDC_pursuant_to_decision_1_CP21_of_the_Paris_Agreement_3"></a>Belize is pleased to present its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to decision 1 CP/21 of the Paris Agreement</h2>
+<h3><a id="1_National_Context_6"></a>1. National Context</h3>
+<p>Climate Change is already affecting the livelihoods of much of our population. Belize as a small country with relatively minor contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions has limited capacity to contribute to mitigation of global climate change. However, Belize is committed to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention and supports the even more ambitious target to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. In light of these realities, Belize’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is guided by its commitment to strategically transition to low carbon development while strengthening its resilience to the effects of Climate Change.</p>
+<p>In that regard, Belize intends to utilize existing frameworks, policies, projects and activities that provide mitigation and sustainable development co-benefits to conceptualize the elaboration of its NDC.</p>
+<p>The NDC for Belize is consistent with the overall goal of the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy (GSDS) which encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction, and longer-term sustainable development. The GSDS is the nation’s primary planning document and outlines four critical success factors for the development of our country and to ensure a better quality of life for all Belizeans, living now and in the future.</p>
+<p>Belize is pleased to submit its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which is comprised of a mitigation and adaptation component.</p>
+<h3><a id="2_Belizes_Mitigation_Potential_17"></a>2. Belize’s Mitigation Potential</h3>
+<p>Belize’s mitigation potential will largely depend upon national circumstances, capacity and support.</p>
+<p>Belize’s emissions profile is symptomatic of several factors including:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>Vast extent of natural resources - Belize has a network of waterways and water bodies including 16 watersheds and numerous smaller ones. Approximately 59 percent of the country remains under natural vegetation while 39.1% of the terrestrial area is made up of protected forests, and a great variety of terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystemsi;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Socio-economic dependence on those resources for livelihood and for sustaining economic growth particularly through the agriculture and tourism sectors;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>A rapidly growing and urbanizing population (with over a third in poverty and a largely unskilled labor force);</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Concomitantly increasing energy demands.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Belize has developed several policy frameworks over the last decade to respond to these issues. These include: (1) Horizon 2010-2030, (2) National Energy Policy Framework, (3) Sustainable Energy Action Plan 2014-2033, (4) National Climate Resilience Investment Plan 2013, (5) Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy 2016-2019 and (6) the National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020.</p>
+<p><em>Horizon 2030</em> is the national development framework; which was developed after extensive stakeholder consultation inclusive of all political parties. One of its four main pillars is responsible environmental stewardship. The strategies to achieve this pillar, namely integrating environmental sustainability into development planning and promoting sustainable energy for all, address the areas of concern relating to Belize’s emission profile.</p>
+<p><em>The National Energy Policy Framework</em> aims to provide options that Belize can pursue for energy efficiency, sustainability and resilience over the next 30 years. Additionally, the Sustainable Energy Action Plan is a tool to achieve Belize’s renewable energy and energy efficiency potential while meeting the Government’s economic social and environmental goals. It provides a framework of actions and tasks to overcome barriers to sustainable energy for the period 2014-2030.</p>
+<p><em>The National Climate Resilience Investment Plan</em>, 2013 provides the framework for an efficient, productive and strategic approach to building economic and social resilience and development. Special importance is given to building climate resilience and improving disaster risk management capacities across all sectors.</p>
+<p><em>The Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy</em> is the guiding development plan for the period 2016-2019. It adopts an integrated, systemic approach and encompasses medium-term economic development, poverty reduction and longer- term sustainable development issues. This planning document also provides detailed guidance on priorities and on specific actions to be taken during the planning period, including actions that contribute to longer term development objectives beyond 2019.</p>
+<p><em>The National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan (NCCPSAP)</em>, 2015-2020, provides policy guidance for the development of an appropriate administrative and legislative framework, in harmony with other sectoral policies, for the pursuance of a low-carbon development path for Belize. In addition, the NCCPSAP also seeks to encourage the development of the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and to communicate it to the UNFCCC.</p>
+<p>Belize has also developed a roadmap for the development of a low carbon development strategy which will create a platform for low carbon growth in new areas while still attaining the national development targets. The roadmap compliments the NCCPSAP and GSDS by focusing on building technical capacity, strengthening institutions and policies, facilitating public-private partnerships and engaging stakeholders to adopt sustainable practices which should lead to national resilience to the impacts of climate change.</p>
+<p><em>The National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP)</em> is the main public policy instrument regarding the management of solid waste (e.g. municipal, industrial and hazardous types of waste, among others) for Belize. Its overall goal is to ensure that “The system for managing solid wastes in Belize is financially and environmentally sustainable, and contributes to improved quality of life”, while also contributing to the promotion of sustainable development by preventing, re-using, recycling or recovering waste wherever feasible and beneficial. The measures outlined in the NSWMP will be implemented in accordance with the National Solid Waste Management Strategy and Implementation plan which have also been prepared.</p>
+<h3><a id="3__Mitigation_48"></a>3. Mitigation</h3>
+<p>Belize mitigation potential is framed on an action-based approach, covering multiple sectors, (e.g. forestry, electricity, waste and transport) that is conditional on the availability of cost effective technology, capacity building and adequate financial support.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Activity</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+<th>Objective</th>
+<th>Anticipated emission reduction</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Reserves and sustainable forest management</td>
+<td>This activity is expected to reduce emissions from land use and forestry from the 2015 estimate of 3,300Gg CO<sub>2</sub> down to zero emissions sometime in the future and could turn the sector into a sink. This activity is also a key building block of adaptation which is being put into practice in key biodiversity areas in Belize.</td>
+<td>Reduced deforestation, increased resilience of human communities, and sustainable forest management.Watershed protection for water and food security.</td>
+<td>Belize would potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions by cumulative 410.5Gg CO<sub>2</sub> per year by 2030. The cumulative reduction would be up to 2,477Gg CO<sub>2</sub> over the period from 2020 to 2030, depending on the level of financial support.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fuel wood consumption</td>
+<td>Emissions savings potential of efficient cook stoves comes from a reduction of wood used for the same result.</td>
+<td>Aim is to achieve a reduction of fuel wood consumption by 27%-66%,depending on the technology, the duration of cooking and the replacement technology.</td>
+<td>The anticipated emission reductions would be between 2.1Gg CO<sub>2</sub> per year in 2020 and 12.4Gg CO<sub>2</sub>by 2030. Expected cumulative reduction would be up to 118Gg CO<sub>2</sub> between 2020 and 2030 (depending on population growth).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mangroves</td>
+<td>Protecting and restoring mangrove forests. This activity can be an effective mitigation action while also helping the protection of low-lying coastal areas against impact of storms and soil erosion. Mangrove forests also fulfill critical role as nursery ground for regional fish stocks and maritime ecosystems.</td>
+<td>Protection of existing mangroves from deforestation and restore lost mangroves.</td>
+<td>Restoration and protection have the potential to turn Belize’s mangrove system into a net carbon sink by avoiding current emissions of around 11.2Gg CO<sub>2</sub> per year and removing additional2.2 – 35Gg CO<sub>2</sub> per year between 2020 and 2030. The expected cumulative emissions reduction would be up to 379Gg CO<sub>2</sub> between 2015 and 2030.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Transport Sector</td>
+<td>Development of a domestic transportation policy and implement the National Transportation Master Plan.</td>
+<td>Aim is to achieve at least a 20% reduction in conventional transportation fuel use by 2030 and promote energy efficiency in the transport sector through appropriate policies and investments.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan</td>
+<td>To improve energy efficiency and conservation in order to transform to a low carbon economy by 2033. The plan envisions a reduction in energy intensity per capita at least by 30% by 2033 and to reduce fuels imports dependency by 50%by 2020 using renewable energy.</td>
+<td>85% renewable energy by 2030 by implementing hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, and reduction of transmission and distribution losses.Reduction in transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 7% by2030 resulting in electricity savings.</td>
+<td>Expected cumulative reduction in emissions through hydropower projects by 2,514Gg CO<sub>2</sub> until 2030 or 168Gg CO<sub>2</sub> per year.Expected cumulative reduction in emission by enhancement of the grid infrastructure would be in the range of 160- 273Gg CO<sub>2</sub>e until 2030.Expected cumulative reduction in emissions from solar PV projects would be around 518Gg CO<sub>2</sub> until 2030.Cumulative reduction in emissions from bagasse would be 947Gg CO<sub>2</sub> by 2030.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>National Solid Waste Management Strategy and Plan</td>
+<td>Implementation of the Solid Waste Management strategy and plan.Its overall goal is to assist the Government of Belize (GoB) in promoting sustainable development by ensuring that “The system for managing solid wastes in Belize is financially and environmentally sustainable, and contributes to improved quality of life”. It will focus on preventing, re-using, recycling or recovering waste wherever feasible and beneficial and disposing of waste safely only as a last resort. The plan also aims to reduce methane emissions by capping and closing open dumps, capturing and utilizing landfill gas, and ensuring proper waste handling and organics management.</td>
+<td>Strengthening of the Solid Waste Management Authority as the entity responsible for improving solid waste management in the country.Improved waste management processes in line with waste management strategy implemented nationwide. To mitigate the effect of methane on climate change, prevent water and air pollution. It will also contribute to improving the environment; enhance the image of Belize in eco- tourism market and protecting the public health.</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Information_to_Facilitate_Clarity_Transparency_and_Understanding_61"></a>Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding</h4></p>
+<p>Decision 1 CP/20 paragraph 11 states that “small island developing states may communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development….”</p>
+<p>Belize considers that the upfront information provided addresses sectors with significant contribution to Belize’s greenhouse gas emissions and satisfies the requirement of clarity, transparency, and understanding of the aggregate effect of contributions to the achievement of the 1.5 degree C goal.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th></th>
+<th></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Action</td>
+<td><p>Protection of forest reserves and sustainable forest management</p>
+<p>Reduction of fuel wood consumption - by 27% - 66%</p>
+<p>Protecting and restoring mangrove forests.</p>
+<p>Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan - 85% renewable energy by 2030 by implementing hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, and reduction of transmission and distribution losses.</p>
+<p>Transport Sector - Develop Transport Policy and Implement Transport Master Plan.</p>
+<p>The National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP) - Develop and Implementation of the Strategy and Plan to operationalize the NSWMP.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Time frames and/or periods of implementation</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Timeframe for implementation:</td>
+<td>2015 - 2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Scope and coverage</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Scope of gases included in the contribution</td>
+<td>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) (Fossil fuels, Electricity and Forest sectors)<br>Methane - Waste Sector</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors/sources covered by contribution</td>
+<td>Electricity, Transport, Forest and Waste sectors</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Geographical coverage:</td>
+<td>The NDC contribution will be national.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>Assumptions and methodological approaches</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Methodology for emissions accounting</td>
+<td>The methodology for emissions accounting is as follows: </p>
+<p> Mitigation potentials are relative to projected baseline emissions on the sectorial level, taking into account current emissions, expected population growth and economic development.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Electricity sector</em></strong>: The methodology for the identification of mitigation measures in the electricity generation sector is based on two main scenarios using the National Energy Policy Framework and Belize Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan.</p>
+<p>These scenarios are as follows: i) energy efficiency scenario which estimate the effects of reducing the losses of electricity in the transmission and distribution system, and ii) renewable electricity generation scenario which estimate the effects of enhancing renewable electricity generation within the generation mix.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Transport</em></strong>: Methodology for emissions accounting to be developed as part of the Transport Policy and Transport Master Plan. In doing so, internationally recognized and used tools and methods will be considered. Information on emissions not available.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Waste</em></strong>: Methodology for emissions accounting to be developed as part of the Strategy and Plan to operationalize the NSWMP. Information on emissions not available.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Global warming potentials (GWP)</td>
+<td>100 year global warming potential in accordance with IPCC AR 4 guidelines.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Approach for land use, land use change and forestry</td>
+<td>Emissions from LULUCF included.<br>Baseline emissions are estimated using average biomass stock between FAO and REDD+ data. Baseline emissions expected to decrease from 3,350Gg CO<sub>2</sub> in 2015 to 3,020Gg in 2030.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Intention to Use Market Mechanisms</td>
+<td>Belize is willing to explore the potential of market mechanisms, including CDM and other mechanisms under the UNFCCC process, that demonstrate environmental integrity; result in real, long-term, verified mitigation outcomes; prevent double counting; and which are accessible.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Base year</td>
+<td>2015</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Conditionality</td>
+<td>Each activity is geared to address the sectors with significant contributions to Belize’s greenhouse gas emissions. These activities listed in the NDC are conditional upon external (financial) support.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Unconditional</td>
+<td>Enabling the existing policies, laws and projects, staff time and integration of development and climate change activities.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Fairness_and_Ambition_84"></a>Fairness and Ambition</h4></p>
+<p>Belize is classified as a Small Island Developing State, which contributes less than 0.01 percent to the global emissions and accounts for a small share of past and current greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, Belize recognizes that to meet the 1.5 degree temperature goal, all countries will need to undertake ambitious mitigation actions. Belize remains committed to strategically transition to a low carbon and climate resilient future; while also providing a fair contribution to the global efforts at reducing average global air temperature to 1.5 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels.</p>
+<h3><a id="4_Adaptation_89"></a>4. Adaptation</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Belizes_Vulnerability_to_Climate_Change_91"></a>Belize’s Vulnerability to Climate Change</h4></p>
+<p>The Government of Belize considers adaptation to climate change as a high priority. In addition to its vulnerability to natural disasters and climate-related shocks, Belize’s small and open economy, geographical location and the lack of vital resources constrain its capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change and variability in the short and long term.</p>
+<p>According to the recent systematic country diagnostic by the World Bank Group, Belize is one of countries in the world that is mostly affected by weather related events and other natural hazards. As such, Belize incurs annual losses of close to 4% of GDP due to natural disasters (Carneiro, 2016).</p>
+<p>According to the UNDP Country Profiles studies, an increase in air temperature ranging from 2&deg;C - 4&deg;C is projected by 2100 for Belize. Similar results were obtained from the Regional PRECIS model at 25 km resolution. Likewise a general decrease in annual rainfall of about 10% is projected by 2100. Other expected impacts include increased erosion and contamination of coastal areas, sea level rise, flooding and an increase in the intensity and occurrence of natural hazards such as hurricanes. Many of the effects of climate change are already being felt on the low lying coastal zone and are expected to have significant impacts on many environmental, physical, social and economic systems in Belize.</p>
+<p>In the agriculture sector, Belize expects a projected loss of production within the range of 10% to 20% which could lead to million dollars in lost revenue by the year 2100 (UNDP, 2009. Belize and Climate: The Cost of Inaction). The fisheries sector is also under threat from warmer sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events. A decline in this industry can significantly affect Belize’s food security as well as our GDP. It would also affect over 3,500 licensed fishers, which could lead to an annual loss of approximately USD 12.5 million per year.</p>
+<p>The tourism industry in Belize, which is largely nature based and dependent on natural resources, will primarily be affected by extreme weather events, flooding, inundation, salt water intrusion and erosion which will occur as a result of rising sea levels. Climate Change will threaten the health of Belize’s coral reefs and will affect water supplies and physical property, all of which are critical for the sustainability of the sector. The combined effects of reduced tourism demand, loss of infrastructure, loss of beaches and the loss of the barrier reef can result in the reduced income of approximately USD 24.2 million per year.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Addressing_Climate_Change_Policies_Plans_and_Programmes_106"></a>Addressing Climate Change: Policies, Plans and Programmes</h4></p>
+<p>The Government of Belize has noted that, if these issues are not addressed, climate change will be considered as the single major threat to food and nutrition security, employment and economic prosperity and will obliterate many attainments that have been made towards achieving sustained development within the country.</p>
+<p>The NCCO is about to embark on development of the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC which will address gaps and produce updated information on climate trends and projected impacts. To guide the adaptation process, six sectoral vulnerability and adaptation assessments were completed under the Third National Communication to determine the country’s vulnerability profile and to identify possible adaptation options. The Integrated Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of Belize (Singh, et. al. 2014), made several cross-linkages between the impending impacts of climate change on six priority development sectors; namely, coastal development, agriculture, water, tourism, fisheries and health; further highlighting Belize’s extreme vulnerability. Building on the vulnerability and adaptation assessments, several key national and sectoral policies, strategies and action plans were developed and/or updated to incorporate climate change in an effort to enhance Belize’s resilience.</p>
+<p>A core objective of the NCCPSAP is the building of resilience in order to prevent, reduce or adapt to the negative impacts of Climate Change on key sectors, economic activities, society and the environment. The policy specifically recognized the negative effects on the social, economic and productive sectors such as the coastal zone and human settlement, fisheries and aquaculture, agriculture, forestry, tourism, water, energy and health; the physical environment including land, and infrastructure, such as roads and coastal structures; as well as the sustainability of natural resources such as marine and coastal areas, natural ecosystems, and biodiversity.</p>
+<p>In this regard, the policy is being implemented with the goal of guiding the short and long term processes of adaptation in accordance with national priorities and regional and international commitments. The policy aims to continue the mainstreaming process by facilitating the integration of climate change initiatives into national development plans and sectoral policies in order to facilitate an integrated, well- coordinated, approach to climate change management and sustainable development.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Near_Term_Adaptation_Actions_and_Cobenefits_117"></a>Near Term Adaptation Actions and Co-benefits</h4></p>
+<p>Recognizing the devastating effects that climate change poses for the people and country of Belize, the NCCPSAP proposes the implementation of various actions which are geared towards promoting adaptation in the short term and resilience in the longer term. Thus, strategies and actions have been prioritized for each sector to be implemented within the period of 2015 to 2020. The sectors of focus are agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, coastal and marine resources, water resources, land use and human settlements, human health, energy, tourism and transportation.</p>
+<p>The stated actions are geared towards diversifying production, maintaining healthy ecosystems, encouraging sustainable exploitation of resources, supporting integrated development planning, assessing and addressing vulnerabilities and the development of tools to drive efficiency and promote resilience. As such, the action plan calls for, inter alia, the reviewing of national strategies and regulations, designing monitoring and evaluation frameworks, improving mangrove and habitat conservation and management, institutional strengthening, integrated water resource management and the undertaking of comprehensive assessments on human settlements and infrastructure.</p>
+<p>It is also recognized that many mitigation actions will produce co-benefits that promote adaptation and resilience to climate change. Forest protection and replanting of mangroves that are implemented for mitigation purposes are expected to protect the coastline against storm surges and erosion; which are increasing in frequency as a result of climate change. Likewise, many of the proposed actions in the waste, transport and electricity sectors are expected to produce additional adaptation co-benefits such as reduced water and air pollution, energy security, improved energy access, employment creation, and ecosystem protection; all of which lead to increase resilience to climate change.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Institutional_Arrangements_125"></a>Institutional Arrangements</h4></p>
+<p>Climate Change is noted to be a complex issue which needs appropriate responses to ensure that mainstreaming is carried out in a coordinated manner. In this regard, the Government of Belize has sought to establish a coherent, overarching governance structure to coordinate climate change management initiatives at the national level.</p>
+<p>This was accomplished with the establishment of the National Climate Change Office as a national entity which is committed towards the implementation of the NCCPSAP. To this end, the Office is strategically positioned to coordinate the implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation actions and to implement climate change programmes. Additionally, the Belize National Climate Change Committee (BNCCC) was established as a broad based multi-stakeholder committee comprised of non- state, public and private sector representatives. The BNCCC provides overarching leadership and guidance to all climate change management actions and to review and advise government on the capacity building, institutional and other resource requirements needed to fully implement the strategy and action plan.</p>
+<p>Also most recently (April, 2016), the GSDS has been launched, and includes actions with climate change implications, such as continued mainstreaming of climate change considerations into national development planning and coordinated implementation of the NCCPSAP within the wider planning efforts.</p>
+<p>Moving towards the longer-term adaptation goal, the main actions up to and beyond 2030 are geared towards increasing resilience and reducing vulnerability of livelihoods with respect to critical infrastructure, tourism, food security, sustainable forest management, protected areas management, coastal and marine resources, water scarcity, energy security and health.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Priority sectors</th>
+<th>Main actions to be implemented to build resilience</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Coastal and Marine Resources</td>
+<td>Increase and strengthen the capacity of the CZMAI and municipal authorities to ensure developments within the coastal and urban areas of Belize include an adaptation strategy; implement mangrove restoration or sea and river defense structure to prevent coastal and riverine erosion and ecosystem disruption; manage and regulate further development of the coastline, especially in vulnerable areas such as the Belize and Corozal Districts; inclusion of adaptation strategies in management and development planning in all coastal and marine sectors; review and strengthen planning legislation and building codes, especially as it relates to coastal development; revise and streamline the current legislation and policies that relate to the management and regulation of development in the coastal zone to eliminate overlaps and close existing gaps.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Agriculture</td>
+<td>Improve both crop and livestock husbandry practices, increase access to drought tolerant crops and livestock breeds; adopt better soil and water management practices; reduce post-harvest losses and provide early warning/meteorological forecasts and related information to be competitive in the region.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Water Resources</td>
+<td>Design and implement an IWRM programme in watersheds; enhance protection of water catchment (including groundwater resources); develop water conservancy management systems; conduct water resource assessment (especially groundwater); develop flood controls and drought monitoring; improve trans-boundary cooperation regarding water resources; strengthen the human resource capacity in the water sector strengthen the compliance monitoring capacity of staff; undertake water policy reform.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tourism</td>
+<td>Identify and assess coastal tourism areas in Belize that are vulnerable to Climate Change and provide support to coastal planners and policy makers in selecting appropriate policies and adaptation strategies that meet climate adaptation, developmental and environmental goals. Mainstream Climate Change in the Tourism Master Plan for Belize, to support Adaptation Measures, especially on the Coastline, but also to further promote Environmental and Responsible Tourism Best Practices.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fisheries and Aquaculture</td>
+<td>Adopt the new Fisheries Resources Bill and subsidiary regulations; revise and adopt mangrove regulations and EIA regulations; support mangrove and fisheries conservation and management plans to protect wetlands and sea grass beds; monitor compliance with EIA regulation requirements for coastal mangroves alterations.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Human Health</td>
+<td>Undertake a climate change vulnerability and capacity assessment for the health sector; improve the capture, management and monitoring of diseases and vectors affected; increase human resource capacity and improve efficiency; develop education awareness program to educate population on adaptation measures; improve disease control and prevention; promote investment in health infrastructure.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Forestry</td>
+<td>Maintain and restore healthy forest ecosystems by sustainable forest management, increasing afforestation and reforestation in order to increase the resilience of human communities.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3><a id="5_Statement_of_Gaps_Barriers_and_Needs_148"></a>5. Statement of Gaps, Barriers and Needs</h3>
+<p><strong><em>Capacity Building, Education and Awareness</em></strong> - Public communication is an integral element of the GSDS. The program of action component of the GSDS contains provisions for education, awareness and training. To support economic growth, sustainable development and resiliency, the GSDS recognizes the need to develop adequate skills and capacities via the implementation of the Education Sector Strategy 2011-2016, at all educational levels and institutions. With an emphasis on education and training, the GSDS also proposes the alignment of education and training to current labour market needs. Furthermore, the GSDS will develop programs to educate and provide employment opportunities to at-risk youth.</p>
+<p>Capacity building efforts around adaptation planning is a priority. In addition, resource needs are expected to be significant over the period used to implement the adaptation actions that are specified in the NCCPSAP. Some specific climate change adaptation needs in the sector plans include the need to educate different stakeholder groups about climate change adaptation measures and to help them develop capacity to research, develop and implement adaptation strategies. Some institutions have recognized the need to shift from general public awareness and education to a community based approach for environmental education programmes, which would address specific issues and concerns. These needs all tie in with the critical success factor 3 of the GSDS for “Sustained or improved health of natural, environmental, historical and cultural assets”.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Research and Monitoring</em></strong> - Climate action depends on the availability of high-quality scientific information. Climate data, science, information, and knowledge are critical elements in all facets of development under a changing climate. Many government sectoral plans and strategies have express the need for research and monitoring related to climate change adaptation and mitigation but they lack the human and financial resources to fully undertake this task. The way forward will include innovative approaches in partnerships between the University, local agencies and overseas research institutions. Additionally, initiatives such as mangrove restoration and protection offer new opportunities in scientific field study to assess the carbon storage capacity of mangrove ecosystems, known as the Blue Economy.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Technology</em></strong> - The GSDS encourages technology development and transfer, the building of institutional capacities and developing intelligence frameworks to support technology adoption and innovation, including green technologies. Technology for diversifying fossil fuels for renewable energy, or protecting critical infrastructure is prohibitively expensive. To address these challenges, alliances with overseas partners including donors need to be continued. There is also insufficient technological capacity to undertake effective research on climate change modelling and risks, monitoring of climate change impacts and implementation of adaptation measures.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Coordination / Legislation</em></strong> - The mitigation and adaptation strategies and actions outlined earlier are cross sectoral and multidisciplinary in nature and will therefore require a coherent approach to implementation. This is currently a barrier as the responsibility for implementation falls within various ministries and government departments. While there is increased knowledge and appreciation for the need to implement these measures, several ministries still consider climate change an environmental issue and not a priority. The way forward is to adopt the recommendation to elevate the NCCO to a Climate Change Department fully responsible for coordinating all relevant mitigation and adaptation policies, strategies, plans and programmes across various sectors and Government Ministries. Legislation may need to be reviewed and amended and adequate financial resources sourced.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Finance</em></strong> - Financial resources, for example, international climate finance, private sector and public sector finance will be required to implement the Climate Action Plan (mitigation and adaptation). Mitigation cost is estimated at reducing at around USD 10 million (excluding the cost of reducing transmission & distribution losses and co-benefits from renewable energy) in NPV, using a 5% discount rate. Mitigation cost to reduce emissions from transmission& distribution is estimated at USD 16-23 million of reduced electricity expenditures over 2015-2030. Mitigation cost to implement hydropower projects would be around USD 58 million (in NPV terms) and bagasse power plant would cost USD 39 million (in NPV terms). Mitigation cost for Solar PV projects in net present value would cost USD 45 million over the period 2015-2030. Financial costs relating to adaptation are contained in the section on additional information.</p>
+<h3><a id="6_Planning_process_164"></a>6. Planning process</h3>
+<p>Belize intends to support the delivery of its NDC through the implementation of the comprehensive National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan. The plan incorporates the following elements:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Sectoral action plans covering all of the activities summarized above, led by the respective line ministries;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Synergies with the Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy;</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The Belize National Climate Change Committee, which is supported by the National Climate Change Office, to facilitate the coordination of climate change activities on behalf of the Government of Belize;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Implementing the National Roadmap to achieve a Low Carbon Development Strategy;</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>A proposed Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (to be developed and implemented), encompassing greenhouse gas inventory, sustainable development impacts, NAMA monitoring reporting and verification framework, adaptation M&E framework and climate finance tracking system;</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Supporting initiatives on stakeholder engagement and capacity building.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3><a id="7_Means_of_implementation_186"></a>7. Means of implementation</h3>
+<p>Belize’s NDC includes both an unconditional and conditional contribution. The unconditional contribution will be given by enabling existing policies, laws and projects, the provision of staff and the integration of development and climate change activities. The conditional contribution assumes that international support will be needed.</p>
+<p>The implementation costs of mitigation actions are yet to be determined. Some rough cost estimates for Energy sector mitigation actions are also included in the technical report, but they are indeed preliminary and need further refinement to make projects bankable.</p>
+<h3><a id="8_Monitoring_and_Evaluation_193"></a>8. Monitoring and Evaluation</h3>
+<p>Monitoring and evaluation is considered to be crucial for the effective and efficient implementation of climate change adaptation activities at the national level. A monitoring and evaluation framework has been developed by the National Climate Change Office which lays out the components of the national climate change programme and describes how the stated activities will lead to the desired outcomes. The Belize National Climate Change Committee chaired by the Chief Executive Officer in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, the Environment, Sustainable Development and Climate Change will function as the main body to monitor implementation of climate change adaptation programmes/projects, and identify emerging gaps and opportunities for further action.</p>
+<h3><a id="9_Additional_information_199"></a>9. Additional information</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Belizes_Climate_Change_Action_Plan_201"></a>Belize’s Climate Change Action Plan</h4></p>
+<p>Belize’s Climate Change Action Plan focuses on building the capacity and resilience of the country to meet the challenges of climate change. In Belize, like most SIDs, GHG emissions are relatively small, but international commitments as well as opportunities to benefit from associated mitigation initiatives (reduced deforestation and energy conservation) has prompted their inclusion in the development of the National Climate Change Policy Strategy and Action Plan. Agriculture, land-use change and the forestry sector are considered prime areas for climate change adaptation but are also known to be contributors to GHG emissions and will require the development of policy initiatives to reduce such threats. The energy and transportation sectors, because of the benefits to be derived through the pursuit of sustainable energy and low-carbon development initiatives, will also require policy initiatives which seek to limit emissions of GHGs. Belize identified the following key sectors for which adaptation and mitigation strategy and action plans will be addressed; these are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Agriculture</li>
+<li>Forestry</li>
+<li>Fisheries and Aquaculture</li>
+<li>Coastal and Marine Resources</li>
+<li>Water Resources</li>
+<li>Land use and Human Settlements</li>
+<li>Human Health</li>
+<li>Energy</li>
+<li>Tourism</li>
+<li>Transportation</li>
+<li>Solid Waste</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong><em>Enhance Food Security and Sustainability</em></strong>: Agriculture is critical to Belize’s development, given its importance both in terms of food self-sufficiency, employment, and being one of the country’s major exports and earnings of foreign exchange. Belize has developed a National Agriculture Sector Adaptation Strategy to address climate change in Belize, in order to combat the detrimental effects of climate change. These recommendations include both short and long-term measures to address critical gaps in technological developments relevant to crop production, better soil management practices, diversification into drought resistant crops and livestock, and farm production adaptations which include, but is not limited to, land use, land topography and water management including use of low-water irrigation systems and water harvesting/storage. The estimated cost for planned activities totals approximately USD $15,960,000.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Integrating Climate Change in Revised National Plan</em></strong>: Belize is well known for its pristine forests and is reported to have the highest forest cover in both Central America and the Caribbean (62% as a percentage of land, 37% of which are primary forests). However, the forests of Belize, like other natural resource sectors, are anticipated to be impacted by the various manifestations of climate change. The proposed interventions to mainstream adaptation and mitigation to climate change will be achieved by providing guidance for actions that concerns the direct and indirect threats posed by global climate change on forests and forest dependent people in order to reduce their vulnerability, increase their resilience and adaptation to climate change. The estimated cost for planned activities totals approximately USD $5,158,000.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Sustainable Management of the Fisheries Sector</em></strong>: The fisheries sector is important to Belize because it is an important food source, provides an income and livelihood for several persons as well as an earner of important foreign exchange. Given the importance of the fisheries sector as a source of food and earner of foreign exchange, it is imperative that management measures are introduced to ensure its sustainability including addressing the threats of climate change. Interventions under the fisheries sector aim to achieve the sustainable management of the fisheries resources, and the conservation and preservation of fisheries resources and marine habitats in promoting reef ecosystem resilience. Estimated cost is approximately USD$ 500,000 annually.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Implementation of the Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan</em></strong>: The importance of the coastal zone in the productive sector of Belize is increasing rapidly. Most industries in Belize are either directly or indirectly reliant on some component of the coastal environment to function. Industries such as fishing and tourism are dependent on the organisms that inhabit the coastal area to sustain them. Other industries such as agriculture, aquaculture, and petroleum use the coastal waters to transport their products, thereby allowing them to engage in overseas trade. Rapid economic development, directly attributed to tourism and recreational activities and population growth, have led to increasing pressures on coastal and marine resources, with implications to the livelihoods of those that depend upon them. These anthropogenic threats are compounded by natural hazards, global warming and rising sea levels and the vulnerability of sensitive coastal ecological systems to climate change. It is therefore, imperative to ensure that the coastal zone is managed and utilized in a manner that will continue to support important ecological functions, as well as social, cultural and economic prosperity for current and future generations. The overall objective is to promote the adoption and implementation of the Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan which will ensure responsible and sustainable use of Belize’s coastal and marine resources in the face of climate change. The cost of activities to promote the adoption and implementation of the Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan is estimated at approximately USD $500,000 annually.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Improved Integrated Water Resource Management</em></strong>: Due to its geographic location, relatively high level of forest cover, and 18 different water catchment areas, Belize is recognized as having an adequate supply of freshwater. However, like other resource sectors, a number of anthropogenic factors (increases in demand due to expansion in the agricultural, industrial and tourism sectors, a growing population and accompanying water pollution and watershed destruction), together with impending threats of climate change, are placing a heavy strain on the sustainability of this resource. The overall goal is to enhance the protection and restoration of forest ecosystems and build the resiliency of water catchment areas. Activities to realize the goal are: Develop Regulations to complement the commencement of the National Integrated Water Resources Management ACT (2010); operationalization of the National Integrated Water Resources Authority (NIWRA): capacity building for the Hydrology Unit to transition to the Authority; develop a Water Vulnerability Profile to support the Water Master Plan; prepare a National Water Master Plan for the entire country; and, complete feasibility studies for a National Water Quality Laboratory. Resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities will be around USD 1,500, 000.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Integrate Climate Change in the Tourism Sector</em></strong>: In Belize, like most other SIDS, most of the tourist assets are located within the narrow coastal belt and the growth of the industry is perceived as having a potential detrimental effect on the environmental resources on which it is dependent. The goal is to assess the vulnerability of Belize’s tourism system to climate change and ensuring the mainstreaming of climate change considerations throughout the sector to enhance ecosystem resilience, equitable distribution of tourism activities and fostering of sustainable tourism development, at a local and national scale.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Building Resilience of Human Settlements</em></strong>: The strategy is to promote the adoption of an integrated land tenure and land classification policy and developing and implementing programmes which discourage the establishment of human settlements in areas prone to natural hazards (flooding, land slippages, high winds and storm surges), and develop housing and settlement patterns/practices that enhance climate change adaptation and are resilient to climate change. The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Enhance Resiliency of Transportation Sector</em></strong>: Several of Belize’s roads and bridges are vulnerable to seasonal floods. Belize’s waterways also become un-navigable during certain periods In the absence of a transport policy, it is imperative that a vulnerability assessment is undertaken with greater focus being placed on assessing the vulnerability of the transport infrastructure, particularly in urban areas and other areas which are critical in sustaining the country’s productive sectors (tourism, agriculture and ports). An improved and energy efficient transport sector will not only reduce the country’s vulnerability to storm surges and floods, but also assist in reducing GHG emission. The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Strengthened and Improved Human Health</em></strong>: It is important that the Ministry of Health undertake a Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment for the health sector. This is important for the country to be well informed of the impacts of climate change on the health sector and the adoption of practices and technologies that will reduce exposure and health impacts from extreme heat, and improve physical infrastructure of health institutions and their functional capacity. The resources including estimated cost for the following planned activities are yet to be determined.</p>
+<p><strong><em>Improved Waste Management</em></strong>: Until a few years ago, the uncontrolled dumping and burning of garbage, as a form of final disposal throughout Belize, was quite common. Such practices, compounded by inadequate waste collection systems and the lack of technical and environmental controls have impact on the health of the population and pollution of the nearby ocean, thereby affecting coral reefs and affecting the livelihood of thousands of Belizeans whose livelihoods are directly and indirectly linked to fishing and eco-tourism. The overall goal is to implement a National Integrated Waste Management Programme including programmes to reduce, reuse, recover and recycle solid waste and reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.</p>
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+<h1><a id="INTENDED_NATIONALLY_DETERMINED_CONTRIBUTION_FROM_THE_PLURINATIONAL_STATE_OF_BOLIVIA_1_4"></a>INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup></h1>
+<p>In accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1 / CP.19 and 1 / CP.20, Bolivia communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), conditional to the new climate agreement to be approved at the COP 21 effectively reflects article 4.7 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which states:  "… the extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties."</p>
+<p>Respecting and demanding compliance with the UNFCCC, the Plurinational State of Bolivia observed the intention of several Annex I countries to standardize the emission reduction responsibilities eliminating the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility, through the figure of a standard “contribution” for all countries, regardless of the historical responsibility, as well as limiting responsibility for the provision of means of implementation under article 4.7 of the UNFCCC aforementioned.</p>
+<p>Therefore, in Warsaw COP19 the Plurinational State of Bolivia submitted a “LEGAL INTERPRETATION” in regards to the INDC, stating that to Bolivia, decision FCCC/ADP/ 2013/L.4/Add.1 should be applied in strict accordance to Article 4, in particular paragraph 7 of the Convention.</p>
+<p>Consequently, the contribution made by Bolivia applies under strict compliance with Article 4.7 of the UNFCCC.</p>
+<p>Bolivia’s contribution bears into account that the new climate agreement must be developed over the basis of the vision of the peoples and social organizations, to be revealed in the conclusions of World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Defence of Life in October 2015, rejecting in turn the vision of empires and transnational corporations, paving the way for a solution to the climate crisis from another alternative to the current view.</p>
+<p>The structural cause that has triggered the climate crisis is the failed capitalist system. The capitalist system promotes consumerism, warmongering and commercialism, causing the destruction of Mother Earth and humanity. The capitalist system is a system of death. Hence, capitalism is leading humanity towards a horizon of destruction that sentences nature and life itself to death. In this regard, for a lasting solution to the climate crisis we must destroy capitalism.</p>
+<p>The capitalist system seeks profit without limits, strengthens the divorce between human beings and nature; establishing a logic of domination of men against nature and among human beings, transforming water, earth, the environment, the human genome, ancestral cultures, biodiversity, justice and ethics into goods. In this regard, the economic system of capitalism privatizes the common good, commodifies life, exploits human beings, plunders natural resources and destroys the material and spiritual wealth of the people.</p>
+<p>Thus, Bolivia presents its intended contribution consistent with its vision of holistic development, according to the provisions of the State Constitution, Law No. 071 of The Rights of Mother Earth and Law N° 300 of Mother Earth and Integral Development to Live Well, guided by the 2025 Patriotic Bicentennial Agenda and its 13 pillars, as well as national plans for medium and long-term.</p>
+<p>Bolivia understands Living Well as the civilizational and cultural horizon alternative to capitalism, linked to a holistic and comprehensive vision that prioritizes the scope of holistic development in harmony with nature and as structural solution to the global climate crisis. Living Well is expressed in the complementarity of the rights of peoples to live free of poverty and the full realization of economic, social and cultural rights and the rights of Mother Earth, which integrates the indivisible community of all systems life and living, interrelated, interdependent and complementary beings who share a common destiny.</p>
+<h3><a id="Distribution_of_global_emissions_budget_35"></a>Distribution of global emissions budget</h3>
+<p>Protecting the integrity of Mother Earth, and especially the rights to regeneration in the context of climate change can be achieved through the distribution of the budget surplus of carbon emissions and greenhouse gases among all countries of the world in the context of climate justice criteria.</p>
+<p>The climate crisis which we live has been generated by the exploitation of atmospheric space by and in favor of developed countries, as expressed in the third paragraph of the UNFCCC, <em>Noting</em> that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in developed countries, that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and development needs.</p>
+<p>The AR5 IPCC report states that a total of 2,000 GtCO<sub>2</sub> were emitted between 1750 and 2010, 1,160 correspond to the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) till 1990 and the transition economies, in other words Annex I countries.</p>
+<p>Much of the corresponding non- Annex I emissions during historical periods of colonialism and neo- colonialism favored the enrichment of the industrial and imperialist countries; configuring a climate colonialism expressed through the control of atmospheric space.</p>
+<p>Country contributions should be consistent with the recognition of historical responsibility and as expressed in paragraph 2 of decision 1 / CP18  "… the efforts of the parties should be made on the basis of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities … and should take into account the imperatives of equitable access to sustainable development, the survival of countries and protecting the integrity of Mother Earth." </p>
+<p>Bolivia has proposed a fair and equitable sharing of atmospheric space, taking into account the capacity for regeneration and protection of the integrity of Mother Earth. To not exceed 1.5 degree temperature by 2050, the budget set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is 650 GtCO<sub>2</sub>. In order to implement the distribution of remaining carbon budget that would ensure the stabilization of concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, Bolivia has proposed a Climate Justice Index for the fair and equitable sharing of the global emissions budget; moreover this means of distribution would impart the carbon budget based on the following indicators:</p>
+<p>a) <em>Historical responsibility</em>. Includes responsibility for the cumulative emissions since the pre-industrial era (1750-2010).</p>
+<p>b) <em>Ecological Footprint</em>. A calculation based on the amount of land, water and forest people of the countries need to satisfy all the goods consumed and to assimilate the waste they generate.</p>
+<p>c) <em>Capacity development</em>. Represents the conditions of economic and social development of each country.</p>
+<p>d) <em>Technological capacity</em>. Measures the ability of countries considering their technological development based on expenditures on Research & Development and industrial performance of each of them, considering their capacity to produce and export goods with high technology.</p>
+<p>This index fairly determines the effort required by each country to stay within the budget of remaining emissions that corresponds to them. This implies that countries with high historical responsibility, high ecological footprints, greater development and greater technological capabilities, have a smaller share of the budget.</p>
+<p>As a result of implementing the Bolivian index proposal, non- Annex I countries would have a total of 89% of the budget and Annex I countries only 11%. Also, to perform monitoring and sanction non-compliance with international commitments involves establishing an International Climate Justice Tribunal.</p>
+<h3><a id="National_Circumstances_63"></a>National Circumstances</h3>
+<p>Bolivia has all the climates of the intertropical zone, from tropical climate in the plains to polar climate— as it reaches the high mountains, thus the impacts of climate change are diverse. During the past 50 years, the country has lost about 50% of the glacier surface and higher temperatures and stronger precipitation events are expected during the rainy season, which will expose different regions of the country to prolonged dry periods and an increase in the frequency and magnitude of floods, flash floods, hailstorms, overflowing rivers, landslides and frost. The effects are evident in the social sectors (health, education, housing), economic (agriculture and industry) and infrastructure and services, which affect the way of life and production of the most vulnerable populations.</p>
+<p>From 1982 to 2014, more than 4 million people have been directly affected by these phenomena, reaching about 40% of the population with an economic impact between 1-2% of GDP, depending on the severity of the weather event. By 2030, 27% of the country could be affected by persistent drought and 24% with highly recurrent floods.</p>
+<p>Extreme poverty in Bolivia reached 17.3% of the population in 2015, and this will be erradicated by 2025. However, this is not possible if there are no actions to fully develop the national economy and reduce the impacts of change climate. Thus, Bolivia has prioritized a linkage of mitigation and adaptation actions in complementarity with the holistic development in the areas of water, energy, forests and agriculture as part of its 2025 Patriotic Agenda, and national development plans.</p>
+<p>Bolivia has launched programs “My Water” and “My Irrigation” that have led to increased drinking water coverage to 90% inurban areas and 61% inrural area by 2012, and in relation to irrigation, irrigation coverage has increased to 362,000 hectares by 2014, on the basis of comprehensive and community management of water resources. In the immediate future, Bolivia plans to implement multipurpose hydro projects to enable coverage of irrigation and water storage capacity in the country and thereby strengthening adaptation to climate change.</p>
+<p>Bolivia has large forest areas, with 52.5 million hectares in 2015. In Bolivia, forests provide livelihoods for communities and small producers and their environmental functions promote and contribute to the living well of urban and rural populations. Protected areas in Bolivia cover 22.5% of the national territory, of which 17 million hectares are under national jurisdiction. Bolivia considers that forests facilitate the provision of environmental functions, strengthen food security and livelihoods of local and national population in a complementary manner and promote timber and non-timber forest production and agroforestry systems, consolidating their contribution to development of the country. Thus forests contribute jointly to mitigation and adaptation to climate change.</p>
+<p>With regard to agricultural production, Bolivia faces the challenge of expanding the area of food production in areas with agricultural potential mindful of environmental functions and promoting community and small farmers production. To date, Bolivia has an area of 3.5 million hectares for agricultural production and 2.2 million hectares for livestock production, which represents 5% of the country. Small farms and communities comprise a total of 57% of the titled area, 33% owned by the State, including protected areas and public land, and 9% are medium and large properties. Thus, agricultural production with the participation of smallholders and communities has an important contribution to climate change adaptation.</p>
+<p>With regard to energy, Bolivia has increased access to electricity to 82% of the population in national average, and plans to achieve universal electricity coverage by 2025. Energy development is a key factor in expanding economic diversification, producing renewable energy and improving energy efficiency. Electric power will become one of the generators of wealth for Bolivians through investments in hydropower and alternative energy. This will also increase the export capacity of energy from renewable sources to neighbouring countries. Therefore, energy is an important part of efforts to mitigate climate change.</p>
+<h3><a id="Bolivian_Context_for_actions_on_mitigation_and_adaptation_to_climate_change_83"></a>Bolivian Context for actions on mitigation and adaptation to climate change</h3>
+<p>Living Well with the vision of holistic development in which the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Bolivia is based on, includes the construction of a holistic human being without material, social and spiritual poverty; universal access of the population to all basic services, in the context of the human right to water; a social and community production model that generates wealth and redistributes it to build a more equal society; productive growth based on diversification by strengthening the energy, agriculture and tourism, and boosting oil and mining sectors with industrialization; roadside, railway and river integration of the country, connecting populations and the flow of goods between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean; and an environmental management model for living systems to eradicate poverty, fully develop the local and national economies in a complementary way with the conservation of environmental functions and the development of sustainable production systems.</p>
+<p>Bolivia considers that it must make fair and ambitious efforts to address the impacts of climate change, although it has not caused the phenomenon of global warming. Also, Bolivia defines its national contribution in the context of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and its 169 goals, which are part of the new development agenda, from a holistic view of the commitments, to be implemented voluntarily by each State and framed by the Political Declaration of the General Assembly resolution document. The fight against climate change for sustainable and harmonious development with nature on the basis of management systems life is present in this vision.</p>
+<p>This contribution responds to the application of a holistic approach to the construction of Living Well with joint impacts of mitigation and adaptation to climate change and takes place in a context of expanding the productive capacity of the country with diversification in the fields of agriculture and energy as sustainable sources of income for the country, strengthening the environmental functions, and the role of forests in the integral development, eradicating poverty as the basis of living well.</p>
+<p>Bolivia will make an ambitious contribution in the context of national efforts; However, results and actions to mitigate and adapt can increase if it has the provision of means of implementation through mechanisms of international cooperation in the framework of the Convention, in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Articles 4.4 and 4.7.</p>
+<p>Bolivia considers that the joint approach between mitigation and adaptation in the context of overall development plans, is the only way to systematically address climate change, including the links between the different social, economic and environmental dimensions. Bolivia raises the need to establish a mechanism for international cooperation to support the integral development and climate resilience and the start of implementation of a Joint Mitigation and Adaptation Mechanism for Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests to strengthen synergies between mitigation and adaptation climate change in the field of forests.</p>
+<h3><a id="Comprehensive__structural__solutions__and__results__and__national__action__on__climate_change_97"></a>Comprehensive structural solutions and results and national action on climate change</h3>
+<p>To contribute in solving the climate crisis based on the alternative vision of living well, helping to implement proposals that allow the world to advance structural solutions to the climate crisis, Bolivia presents the following contribution in two dimensions: one linked to the structural solutions, and other results and national actions within the framework of holistic development.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Structural_solutions_to_the_climate_crisis_101"></a>Structural solutions to the climate crisis</h4></p>
+<ol>
+<li>Adoption of a new model of civilization in the world without consumerism, war-mongering, and mercantilism, a world without capitalism; build and consolidate a world order of Living Well that defends and promotes the integral rights of our peoples, undertaking the path of harmony with nature and respect for life.</li>
+<li>Construction of a climate system based on responsibility to Mother Earth, the culture of life and the full realization of humanity in their holistic development, humanizing the economy, surpassing the simplistic approach to decarbonization of the economy.</li>
+<li>Protection of the Rights of Mother Earth in an articulated and complementary manner to the rights of peoples to their development.</li>
+<li>Defense of universal common goods such as the seas and oceans, water, atmospheric space, as well as the technological monopoly, promoting people’s access to the common heritage.</li>
+<li>Elimination of patents on technologies and recognition of the human right to science and technology of life.</li>
+<li>Effective implementation by governments of the human right to water.</li>
+<li>Establishment of the International Court of Justice Climate and Mother Earth to enable countries to fulfill their international commitments to climate change in a context of respect for the rights of peoples and of Mother Earth.</li>
+<li>Allocate the resources of the military machinery of the imperial powers and the war-mongers to finance the activities of the peoples against climate change.</li>
+<li>Eradication of commodification of nature and carbon markets promoting business climate millionaires, which do not solve the problem of the climate crisis.</li>
+<li>Decolonize natural resources environmental colonial biased views that see the peoples of the South as forest rangers of Northern countries and communities as enemies of nature.</li>
+</ol>
+<p><h4><a id="Results_and_national_actions_in_the_context_of_holistic_development_114"></a>Results and national actions in the context of holistic development</h4></p>
+<p>Bolivia considers its nationally determined contributions as an ambitious and just effort, considering its national circumstances. Bolivia’s contribution articulates in two periods in an integrated manner. The first is linked to the 2015-2020 period, in the understanding that all countries should undertake ambitious efforts now in order to achieve ambitious reduction in increase of global temperature. The second is related to the 2021-2030 scenario. Also, both periods consider the additional results that could be achieved with the support of international cooperation and the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, understanding cooperation as grant-based finance and technology transfer.</p>
+<p>The contribution seeks in a integrated and complementary manner different intended results linked to the achievement of living well in the context of climate change with regards to water, energy, forest and agriculture and livestock, in the following manner:</p>
+<ol>
+<li><strong>2015-2030 Period with National Efforts.</strong> The Plurinational State of Bolivia estimates reaching the following objectives and results in mitigation and adaptation in the framework on holistic development by 2030, with a 2010 reference year:
+<ul>
+<li>Water. Increase in a holistic manner the adaptation capacity and systematically reduce the hydric vulnerability in the country.</li>
+<li>Energy. Increase the electric generation capacity through renewable energies for local and regional development.</li>
+<li>Forest and agriculture. Increase the capacity of joint adaptation and mitigation through the comprehensive and sustainable management of forests.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<p>i) <strong>With regards to water,</strong> actions will be promoted with a focus on adaptation to climate change and risk management, aiming for the following results:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Triplicate (3.779 million m3) water storage capacity by 2030, in relation to 596 million m3 in 2010.</li>
+<li>Achieve 100% drinking water coverage by 2025, with resilient delivery services. 100% coverage of drinking water achieved by 2025, with resilient delivery systems and services.</li>
+<li>Reduction of the water component of the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (NBI, for its name in Spanish) to 0.02% by 2030.</li>
+<li>Triplicate irrigation surface to over 1 million hectares by 2030 with regards to 296.368 hectares in 2010, duplicate food production under irrigation by 2020 and triplicate by 2030, with regards to 1,69 million metric tonnes of 2010. In this manner, resilient agriculture and livestock systems will be achieved.</li>
+<li>Significant improvement of social participation for local water management, increasing to 80% the number social organizations with resilient systems with respect to 35% of 2010.</li>
+<li>Increase food production under irrigation, to more than 6 millions metric tonnes by 2020 with regards to 2010.</li>
+<li>Increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 5,37% by 2030, with the contribution of resilient water and irrigation systems.</li>
+<li>Reduction of water vulnerability from 0,51 to 0,30 units by 2030 with regards to 2010, which is measured with the National Index of Hydrid Vulnerability in the country, considering aspects related to exposures (treats), hydric sensitivity (hydric scarcity) and adaptation capacity.</li>
+<li>Increase adaptation capacity from 0,23 units of 2010 to 0,69 units by 2030, which is measured through the National Index of Adaptation Capacity of Water</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following measures and actions will be developed for the achievement of results linked with water:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Development of resilient infrastructure for the production and service sector.</li>
+<li>Construction of coverage networks of drinking water and sewage.</li>
+<li>Reuse of water for productive purposes to increase food production.</li>
+<li>Restoration of vegetation cover (trees, grasslands, wetlands and others) to prevent erosion and reduce damage due to adverse climatic events. Increase in irrigated area through revitalized irrigation systems, irrigation technology, irrigation dams, water harvesting, and multipurpose water reuse projects.</li>
+<li>Construction of multipurpose hydropower to expand the water storage capacity.</li>
+<li>Treatment plants for domestic and industrial wastewater including from mining and other activities.</li>
+<li>Strengthening community management, union and local capacities for adaptation to climate change, including community irrigation management and collective management of water services.</li>
+<li>Implementation of ancestral practices and knowledge, in the context of integrated water management.</li>
+<li>Risk management actions to mitigate common threats of the risks of drought and flooding.</li>
+<li>Installation of hydrometeorological, geological and seismic stations articulated nationally.</li>
+<li>Management of water quality service and loss reduction, including promoting the use of artefacts in low water consumption, efficient health systems and alternative technologies.</li>
+<li>Rainwater harvest for various domestic uses, as well as the re-use of gray water from showers, sinks, laundries and downspouts, for various domestic purposes, except for human consumption.</li>
+<li>Broader use of water harvesting technologies, conservation of soil moisture and water more efficiently (irrigation and livestock) (such as when there are shortages and stock up as store when there are plenty).</li>
+<li>Implementation of treatment systems and water purification to improve water quality for human consumption.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>ii) <strong>With regard to energy,</strong> actions are promoted with a focus on mitigation and adaptation to climate change and holistic development, achieving the following results:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Increased participation of renewable energy to 79% by 2030 from 39% in 2010.</li>
+<li>Increased participation of alternative energy and other energy (steam combined cycle) from 2% in 2010 to 9% in 2030 in the total electrical system, which implies an increase of 1,228 MW by 2030, compared to 31 2010 MW.</li>
+<li>Increased power generation to 13,387 MW electricity sector by 2030, compared to 1,625 MW by 2010.</li>
+<li>Reduced the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (NBI) for electricity coverage from 14.6% in 2010 to 3% by 2025.</li>
+<li>Develop the export potential of electricity, generated mainly by renewable energies, reaching to export an estimated 8,930 MW by 2030, increasing energy state income.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Reduce moderate poverty to 13.4% in 2030 and eradicated extreme poverty by 2025, according to impact, among others, of the generation and energy coverage, including growth, distribution and redistribution of energy income.</li>
+<li>Contribution to the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 5.4% in 2030 due to the impact of the energy sector.<br>
+To achieve results related to energy the following measures and actions will be promoted:</li>
+<li>Change and diversification of the energy matrix with renewable energy growth through the construction of hydropower (small and medium hydropower plants, large hydro and multipurpose) and boost alternative energy (wind, biomass, geothermal and solar), and use other sources of energy (steam combined cycle).</li>
+<li>Universal energy that promotes universal access to clean energy with emphasis on the poorest population.</li>
+<li>Large networks of power lines for transmission and distribution services coverage.</li>
+<li>State participation in energy generation, creating income and implementing policies and redistribution of wealth.</li>
+<li>Promotion of energy surplus export from renewables sources, positioning Bolivia as a regional powerhouse with clean energy.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>iii) <strong>In relation to forests and agriculture,</strong> actions will be promoted with a focus on joint mitigation and adaptation to climate change and holistic development, achieving the following results:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Zero illegal deforestation by 2020</li>
+<li>Increased the surface of forested and reforested areas to 4.5 million hectares by 2030.</li>
+<li>Increased forest areas with integrated and sustainable community management approaches with 16.9 million hectares in 2030, in reference to 3.1 million hectares by 2010.</li>
+<li>Strengthened environmental functions (carbon capture and storage, organic matter and soil fertility, biodiversity conservation and water availability) in about 29 million hectares by 2030.</li>
+<li>Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of 5.4% in 2030, boosted by agricultural and forestry production complementary to conservation.</li>
+<li>Reducing extreme poverty to zero in the population dependent on forests by 2030, based on approximately 350 thousand people by 2010.</li>
+<li>Increase net forest cover more than 54 million hectares by 2030, compared to the 52.5 million of 2010.</li>
+<li>Contributing to an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 5.4 % in 2030, furthered by agricultural and forestry production, complementing conservation efforts.</li>
+<li>Extreme poverty has been reduced to zero within the population that depends on forests by 2030 from approximately 350 thousand people in 2010.</li>
+<li>Net forest coverage has increased in 2030 to more than 54 million hectares compared to the 52.5 million in 2010.</li>
+<li>Joint mitigation and adaptation capacity has increased in areas covered by forests, agricultural and forestry systems from 0.35 units in 2010 to 0.78 in 2030, as measured by the <em>Index of Sustainable Forest Life</em>, achieving productivity and conservation systems that are both complementary and resilient.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>To achieve the results mentioned beforehand in forests and in agricultural, forestry and agro-forestry production systems, the following measures and actions will be implemented:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Resilience has been achieved through the strengthening of environmental functions and the productive capacities of agricultural and agroforestry systems.</li>
+<li>Integrated and sustainable management of forests has strengthened through the management of timber and non-timber products in an integrated and sustainable manner.</li>
+<li>Conservation of areas with high environmental functions.</li>
+<li>Restoration and recovery of degraded soils and forests.</li>
+<li>Consolidation and strengthening of regenerative capacities of forests and forest systems.</li>
+<li>Implementation of control, monitoring, and tracking systems for the appropriate use of areas of forest life.</li>
+<li>Actions related to supervision and control for the proper management of forests has been achieved.</li>
+<li>Actions pertaining to the proper management of protected areas and forest areas with conservation priority have been achieved.</li>
+<li>Consolidation of agroforestry systems.</li>
+<li>Transition to semi - intensive systems of livestock management and integrated management of agroforestry and silviculture techniques.</li>
+<li>Transition to agricultural systems with sustainable management practices.</li>
+<li>Reduction of vulnerabilities in agricultural, fisheries, and agro-forestry systems of production.</li>
+<li>Sustainable use of biodiversity resources, wildlife and aquatic life for food security and sustainable industrialization.</li>
+<li>Control of illegal deforestation and establishment of systems of control and monitoring of deforestation, fires and forest fires.</li>
+<li>Training in technologies adapted to climate change (local knowledge and modern technologies).</li>
+<li>Actions to reduce the vulnerability of production systems in a climate change scenario.</li>
+<li>Usage of better local adapted varieties of species suited for the climate, and resistant to pests and diseases.</li>
+<li>Measures of agricultural and livestock production insurance to include additional conservation actions, making resilient agricultural and forestry production systems.</li>
+<li>Development of research and information on alternatives for climate change and adaptation technologies.</li>
+<li>Strengthening of local capacities for adaptation to climate change.</li>
+<li>Strengthening community based stewardship in forest management and farming systems.</li>
+<li>Forestation and reforestation, forest plantations, parks and urban forests.</li>
+</ul>
+<ol start="2">
+<li><strong>Period 2015-2030 with International Cooperation.</strong> In the framework of international cooperation and with the support of the financial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change estimates that Bolivia could increase their results as detailed below:</li>
+</ol>
+<p>i) In regards to water, the following results is estimated:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Water storage capacity has quadrupled in 2030 (3.779 million m3) compared to 2010 (596 million m3).</li>
+<li>Agricultural irrigation has increased to 1.5 million hectares by 2030, compared to 2010 with 296,000 hectares.</li>
+<li>Agricultural production under irrigation has quadrupled by 2030 (9.49 million tons) compared to 2010 (1.69 million MT).</li>
+<li>Local water management by social organizations has increased to 90 % by 2030.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>ii) In regards to energy, the following results is estimated:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Increased participation of renewable energy to 81% by 2030, compared to 39 % in 2010.</li>
+<li>We have consolidated the participation of alternative energy and other energy (steam combined cycle) to 9 % of the total electrical system with an installed capacity of 1,378 MW by 2030.</li>
+<li>Bolivia’s energy export potential has increased, generated mainly from renewable energy to power 10,489 MW by 2030.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>iii) In regards to forests and agriculture, the following results is estimated:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Community forest management has increased sevenfold in the area of forest management in 2030.</li>
+<li>Timber and non-timber production has increased by 40%, doubling food production from the integrated management of forest and agricultural systems in 2030.</li>
+<li>Increased reforestation by 6 million hectares by 2030.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><a id="ANNEX_236"></a>ANNEX</h2>
+<p><h4><a id="Additional_information_238"></a>Additional information</h4></p>
+<p><h4><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_by_the_Plurinational_State_of_Bolivia_240"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution by the Plurinational State of Bolivia</h4></p>
+<p>This annex contains the methodologies used to calculate the results of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution by the Plurinational State of Bolivia.</p>
+<p><em>Global emissions budget</em></p>
+<p>Bolivia has developed the <em>Climate Justice Index</em> to calculate the participation of countries in the distribution of CO<sub>2</sub> budget fairly and with a climate justice criterion. For this purpose data of the ecological footprint, historical responsibility, development capacity, technological capacity, and the population of the countries were used.</p>
+<p>The following calculation for the these variables and data sources are used: i) for the calculation of the ecological footprint, the Ecological Footprint Global Index used by the UN Programme (UNEP) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), corresponding to <em>Footprint Network</em>; ii) The historical responsibility is calculated based on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions since 1750, distributed according to IPCC data for 2010; iii) For the calculation of development capacity, the following was used: i) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with World Bank data, ii) Poverty as a percentage of the population living on less than $ us1,25 with data from the Statistical Division of the United Nations, and iii) the Human Development Index (HDI) developed by UNDP; and iv) The technological capability used the Performance Index of Industrial Competition by UNIDO and R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP based information from the World Bank.</p>
+<p>The equation developed by Bolivia in calculating the <em>Climate Justice Index</em> comprises the ecological footprint (hj), historical responsibility (rj), development capacity (dj), technological capacity (tj) and population (pj) as detailed below:</p>
+<p>𝑖𝑗=ǁexp(−𝜃1ℎ𝑗−𝜃2𝑟𝑗−𝜃3𝑑𝑗−𝜃4𝑡𝑗+𝜃5𝑝𝑗)ǁ𝓁1</p>
+<p>The indicator of percentage distribution of the carbon budget (ij) is obtained by multiplying each variable normalized by a weight θ∈R0,1 and adding the result to the equation, where the signs of the parameters θ∈R0,1 reflect the direction the relationship between the variable and the percentage of budget.</p>
+<p><strong>Graph 1. Distribution of the CO<sub>2</sub> budget</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/BOL-1.png" alt="Figure 1 : Distribution of the CO<sub>2</sub> budget "></p>
+<p>This graph shows the percentage distribution of the countries grouped in Annex I and non-Annex I, defined in the context of the UNFCCC, resulting from the application of this methodology. The indicator percentage distribution of carbon budget is obtained by multiplying each variable standardized by a specific weight with a vision of climate justice that gives greater relevance to the historical responsibility, population and development capacity when calculating the percentage distribution of CO<sub>2</sub> budget equivalent. The calculations reflect the direction of the relationship between the variables and the percentage of budget (low budget to greater ecological footprint, greater historical responsibility, greater development capacity and / or technology, and higher budget compared to a larger population).</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Water_289"></a>Water</h4></p>
+<p>Bolivia has developed the <em>Hydric Vulnerability Index</em> based on the conceptual framework on vulnerability of the Fourth Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. It establishes that vulnerability depends on the sensitivity and adaptation capacity of the system. Base on this:</p>
+<p><em>Hydric Vulnerability = Hazard + Sensitivity of Water System - Water Adaptability.</em></p>
+<p>This index is based on an analysis of the comprehensive effect (external and internal), taking into account: i) intensity, persistence and recurrence of the threats of climate change, ii) sensitivity of living systems and communities that coexist in such systems and iii) ability to adapt to climate change, which in turn includes: catchment, reservoir, storage and provision of water for human consumption and irrigation, increased social community water management, improving agricultural production with more efficient irrigation systems, wastewater reuse in big cities, and the universal expansion of national coverage of drinking water.</p>
+<p>Bolivia has also developed the Index of Adaptation Capacity in Water, which was calculated using data from community management (𝑔𝑗), productivity (𝑦𝑗) water storage (𝑐𝑗), access to water (𝑎𝑗) and poverty (𝑝𝑗) between 2015 and 2030, through the following equation:</p>
+<p>𝑖<sub>𝑗</sub>= 𝜃<sub>1</sub>𝑔𝑗+𝜃<sub>2</sub>𝑦𝑗+𝜃<sub>3</sub>𝑐𝑗+𝜃<sub>4</sub>𝑎𝑗−𝜃<sub>5</sub>𝑝𝑗</p>
+<p>This index (𝑖𝑗) was obtained by multiplying each variable normalized weight θ∈ℝ ^ 0.1 and adding the result to the equation, so that an increase in community management, productivity, storage and access to water will increase the value of the indicator, reflecting greater resilience, while an increase in poverty will reduce the value of the indicator representing less adaptability.</p>
+<p>The main variables analyzed are impacts and outcomes with respect to water, and articulated in an integrated and complementary way, the same as shown in the graph below.</p>
+<p><strong>Figure 2. Reducing water vulnerability and increasing adaptive capacity in water</strong></p>
+<p><img src="img/BOL-2.png" alt="Figure 2 : Reducing water vulnerability and increasing adaptive capacity in water"></p>
+<p>The above graph displays, in an integrated manner, the articulation of different variables associated with the storage of water and its impact on increasing access to water and increased agricultural production, while promoting the growth of agricultural GDP and reducing poverty by unsatisfied basic needs, and including community management of social organizations as a fundamental tool for achieving resilience related to water.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Energy_317"></a>Energy</h4></p>
+<p>For the modelling of the scenarios in the electricity sector, as well as the calculation of carbon equivalent emissions (CO<sub>2</sub>e) and the optimization for each stage of electricity generation, the OSeMOSYS program (Open-Source Energy Modelling System), developed by the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden (KTH) <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>. This program is an open source software that allows modelling and optimization the planning of medium and long-term energy systems.</p>
+<p>CO<sub>2</sub>e emissions are estimated with the OSeMOSYS model using the emission factor of each project and plant (the ability to generate CO<sub>2</sub> per MWh). Therefore, we observe a trend in in emissions growth and avoidance of greenhouse gases for scenarios with national effort and international cooperation.</p>
+<p>The main variables analyzed are impacts and outcomes with respect to energy articulated to integrated and complementary means, as explained in the graph below.</p>
+<p><strong>Figure 3 : Development of the electricity sector with a focus on climate change</strong><br>
+<img src="img/BOL-3.png" alt="Figure 3 : Development of the electricity sector with a focus on climate change"></p>
+<p>The graph above displays, in an integrated manner, the articulation of the most important different variables related to the electricity sector. The increase in electricity power influences the increase in export earnings, which in turn promotes the growth of GDP and this in the impact of reducing electricity NBI through electric coverage and reducing moderate and extreme poverty. Also, this displays the CO<sub>2</sub> / energy and CO<sub>2</sub> / GDP ratio, with a significant decrease in the proportion of CO<sub>2</sub> influence in the economy and in power generation. Overall, this process contributes in reducing emissions from the electricity sector.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Forestry_and_agriculture_and_livestock_332"></a>Forestry and agriculture and livestock</h4></p>
+<p>Bolivia has developed the Sustainable Life of Forest Index to measure the combined capacity to mitigate and adapt to the comprehensive and sustainable management of forests, agricultural and agroforestry production systems.</p>
+<p>The index articulates environmental functions (𝑓!), poverty (𝑝!), community management (𝑔!), production (𝑦!), and forest cover (𝑐!), between 2015 and 2030. As environmental functions are provided for the following: i) carbon capture and storage; ii) the presence of organic matter in the soil; iii) availability of water; and iv) the presence of biodiversity in areas with high conservation value.</p>
+<p>The equation designed by the Plurinational State of Bolivia to calculate the index <em>Sustainable<br>
+Live of Forest Index</em> is:</p>
+<p>𝑖<sub>𝑗</sub>= 𝜃<sub>1</sub>f<sub>𝑗</sub> - 𝜃<sub>2</sub>p<sub>𝑗</sub>+𝜃<sub>3</sub>g<sub>𝑗</sub>+𝜃<sub>4</sub>y<sub>𝑗</sub>+𝜃<sub>5</sub>c<sub>𝑗</sub></p>
+<p>The Index (𝑖<sub>𝑗</sub>) is obtained by multiplying each variable standardized by a weight 𝜃∈ℝ<sup>0,1</sup> and adding the result in that equation, so an increase in environmental functions, community management, production and higher net forest cover, will increase the value of the index of aggregate capacity to mitigate and adapt, while a rise in poverty will reduce the value of the index.</p>
+<p>The main variables analysed are results and impacts in relation to forests and agriculture and livestock articulate in an integrated and complementary way, as presented in the chart below.</p>
+<p><strong>Figure 4 : Integrated and sustainable management of forests and agricultural systems life with impacts mitigation and adaptation to climate change</strong><br>
+<img src="img/BOL-4.png" alt="Figure 4 : Integrated and sustainable management of forests and agricultural systems life with impacts mitigation and adaptation to climate change"></p>
+<p>In the graph above the relationship between variables related to the integrated and sustainable management of forests and agricultural systems of life are displayed, highlighting the importance of community management of forests, with impacts on the growth of food production and timber forest products. The importance of reforestation, reduction of illegal deforestation and increased forest cover in a scenario maintaining environmental functions is also displayed. As a result the increase of agricultural and forestry GDP impacts the reduction of national extreme poverty.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>Informal translation. For the authoritative version, please refer to the Spanish version published on the UNFCCC website. <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>For further reference, visit: <a href="http://www.osemosys.org">www.osemosys.org</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
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+<h1><a id="FEDERATIVE_REPUBLIC_OF_BRAZIL_0"></a>FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL</h1>
+<h3><a id="INTENDED_NATIONALLY_DETERMINED_CONTRIBUTION_2"></a>INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION</h3>
+<h3><a id="TOWARDS_ACHIEVING_THE_OBJECTIVE_OF_THE_3"></a>TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE</h3>
+<h3><a id="UNITED_NATIONS_FRAMEWORK_CONVENTION_ON_CLIMATE_CHANGE_4"></a>UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</h3>
+<p>Pursuant to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil is pleased to communicate to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) its intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) in the context of the negotiations of a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties.</p>
+<p>This intended contribution is communicated under the assumption of the adoption of a universal, legally binding instrument that fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. It is “intended” in the sense that it might be adjusted, as appropriate, before the ratification, acceptance or approval of the Paris agreement in light of provisions yet to be agreed under the ADP mandate.</p>
+<p>All policies, measures and actions to implement Brazil’s iNDC are carried out under the National Policy on Climate Change (Law 12,187/2009), the Law on the Protection of Native Forests (Law 12,651/2012, hereinafter referred as Forest Code), the Law on the National System of Conservation Units (Law 9,985/2000), related legislation, instruments and planning processes. The Government of Brazil is committed to implementing its iNDC with full respect to human rights, in particular rights of vulnerable communities, indigenous populations, traditional communities and workers in sectors affected by relevant policies and plans, while promoting gender-responsive measures.</p>
+<p>Brazil’s iNDC has a broad scope including mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation, consistent with the contributions’ purpose to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention, pursuant to decision 1/CP.20, paragraph 9 (Lima Call for Climate Action).</p>
+<h3><a id="MITIGATION_14"></a>MITIGATION:</h3>
+<p><strong>Contribution</strong>: Brazil intends to commit to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025.</p>
+<p><strong>Subsequent indicative contribution</strong>: reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels in 2030.</p>
+<p><strong>Type</strong>: absolute target in relation to a base year.</p>
+<p><strong>Coverage</strong>: 100% of the territory, economy-wide, including CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and SF<sub>6</sub>.</p>
+<p><strong>Reference point</strong>: 2005.</p>
+<p><strong>Timeframe</strong>: single-year target for 2025; indicative values for 2030 for reference purposes only.</p>
+<p><strong>Metric</strong>: 100 year Global Warming Potential (GWP-100), using IPCC AR5 values.</p>
+<p><strong>Methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals</strong>: inventory based approach for estimating and accounting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals in accordance with the applicable IPCC guidelines.</p>
+<p>This iNDC takes into account the role of conservation units and indigenous lands<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> as forest managed areas, in accordance with the applicable IPCC guidelines on the estimation of emission removals.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup></p>
+<p><strong>Use of markets</strong>: Brazil reserves its position in relation to the possible use of any market mechanisms that may be established under the Paris agreement.</p>
+<p>Brazil emphasizes that any transfer of units resulting from mitigation outcomes achieved in the Brazilian territory will be subject to prior and formal consent by the Federal Government.</p>
+<p>Brazil will not recognize the use by other Parties of any units resulting from mitigation outcomes achieved in the Brazilian territory that have been acquired through any mechanism, instrument or arrangement established outside the Convention, its Kyoto Protocol or its Paris agreement.</p>
+<h3><a id="ADAPTATION_UNDERTAKINGS_40"></a>ADAPTATION UNDERTAKINGS</h3>
+<p>Brazil considers adaptation to be a fundamental element of the global effort to tackle climate change and its effects. The implementation of policies and measures to adapt to climate change contributes to building resilience of populations, ecosystems, infrastructure and production systems, by reducing vulnerability and through the provision of ecosystem services.</p>
+<p>The social dimension is at the core of Brazil’s adaptation strategy, bearing in mind the need to protect vulnerable populations from the negative effects of climate change and enhance resilience. In this context, Brazil is working on the design of new public policies, through its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), in its final elaboration phase. The strong involvement of stakeholders, at all levels, will contribute to the formulation and implementation of Brazil’s NAP.</p>
+<p>The NAP aims to implement knowledge management systems, to promote research and technology development for adaptation, to develop processes and tools in support of adaptation actions and strategies, at different levels of government. Brazil is a developing country that experienced a fast urbanization process. In this context, risk areas, housing, basic infrastructure, especially in the areas of health, sanitation and transportation, constitute key areas for adaptation policies. The Government of Brazil gives particular attention to the poorest populations, in terms of improving their housing and living conditions, bolstering their capacity to withstand the effects of severe climate events. Brazil already monitors extreme rainfall events for 888 municipalities and has in place an early warning system and action plans to respond to natural disasters.</p>
+<p>It should be further noted that Brazil seeks to enhance its national capacity in water security (National Water Security Plan) and conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (National Strategic Plan for Protected Areas, as well as the implementation of the Forest Code, particularly concerning protected areas).</p>
+<p>The National Adaptation Plan will provide a basis for Brazil to strengthen the country’s adaptation capacity, assess climate risks and manage vulnerabilities at the national, state and municipal levels. Through the NAP, Brazil’s vision for its adaptation undertakings is to integrate, where appropriate, vulnerabilities and climate risk management into public policies and strategies, as well as to enhance the coherence of national and local development strategies with adaptation measures.</p>
+<h3><a id="MEANS_OF_IMPLEMENTATION_57"></a>MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION:</h3>
+<p><strong>Clarification on the extent to which the contribution is dependent upon international support</strong></p>
+<p>This iNDC is presented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, particularly Article 4, paragraphs 1 and 7, and Article 12, paragraphs 1(b) and 4.</p>
+<p>Accordingly, the policies, measures and actions to achieve this contribution will be implemented without prejudice to the use of the financial mechanism of the Convention or of any other modalities of international cooperation and support, with a view to enhance effectiveness and/or anticipate implementation. The implementation of Brazil’s iNDC is not contingent upon international support, yet it welcomes support from developed countries with a view to generate global benefits.</p>
+<p>Additional actions would demand large-scale increase of international support and investment flows, as well as technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer.</p>
+<p>Specifically concerning the forest sector, the implementation of REDD+ activities and the permanence of results achieved require the provision, on a continuous basis, of adequate and predictable results-based payments in accordance with the relevant COP decisions.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup></p>
+<p><strong>South-South initiatives</strong></p>
+<p>Recognizing the complementary role of South-South cooperation, on the basis of solidarity and common sustainable development priorities, Brazil will undertake best efforts to enhance cooperation initiatives with other developing countries, particularly in the areas of: forest monitoring systems; biofuels capacity-building and technology transfer; low carbon and resilient agriculture; restoration and reforestation activities; management of protected areas; increased resilience through social inclusion and protection programmes; capacity building for national communications and other obligations under the Convention, in particular to Portuguese speaking countries.</p>
+<p>Brazil invites developed country Parties and relevant international organizations to further support such initiatives.</p>
+<h1><a id="FEDERATIVE_REPUBLIC_OF_BRAZIL_80"></a>FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL</h1>
+<h3><a id="ADDITIONAL_INFORMATION_ON_THE_INDC_82"></a>ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE INDC</h3>
+<h3><a id="FOR_CLARIFICATION_PURPOSES_ONLY_83"></a>FOR CLARIFICATION PURPOSES ONLY</h3>
+<p>Brazil’s iNDC is economy wide and therefore is based on flexible pathways to achieve the 2025 and the 2030 objectives. In that sense, this additional information is meant to be for clarification purposes only.</p>
+<h3><a id="LONG_TERM_ASPIRATION_87"></a>LONG TERM ASPIRATION</h3>
+<p>Consistent with the long-term vision of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, Brazil will strive for a transition towards energy systems based on renewable sources and the decarbonization of the global economy by the end of the century, in the context of sustainable development and access to the financial and technological means necessary for this transition.</p>
+<h3><a id="FAIRNESS_AND_AMBITION_91"></a>FAIRNESS AND AMBITION</h3>
+<p>Brazil is a developing country with several challenges regarding poverty eradication <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>, education, public health, employment, housing, infrastructure and energy access. In spite of these challenges, Brazil’s current actions in the global effort against climate change represent one of the largest undertakings by any single country to date, having reduced its emissions by 41% (GWP-100; IPCC SAR) in 2012 in relation to 2005 levels.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Brazil is nevertheless willing to further enhance its contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention, in the context of sustainable development. Brazil’s iNDC represents a progression in relation to its current undertakings, in both the type and levels of ambition, while recognizing that emissions will grow to meet social and development needs.</p>
+<p>By adopting an economy-wide, absolute mitigation target, Brazil will follow a more stringent modality of contribution, compared to its voluntary actions pre-2020. This contribution is consistent with emission levels of 1.3 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2025 and 1.2 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2030, corresponding, respectively, to a reduction of 37% and 43%, based on estimated emission levels of 2.1 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP- 100; IPCC AR5) in 2005.</p>
+<p>In relation to Brazil’s existing national voluntary commitment, which aims to achieve gross emissions<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup> of approximately 2 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup> in 2020, this iNDC represents an additional gross reduction of approximately 19% in 2025. Furthermore, this contribution is consistent with reductions of 6% in 2025 and 16% in 2030 below 1990 levels (1.4 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e GWP-100; IPCC AR5).</p>
+<p>Brazil’s iNDC corresponds to an estimated reduction of 66% in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (emissions intensity<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup>) in 2025 and of 75% in terms of emissions intensity in 2030, both in relation to 2005.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup></p>
+<p>In the period 2004-2012, Brazil’s GDP increased by 32%, while emissions dropped 52% (GWP-100; IPCC AR5), delinking economic growth from emission increase over the period, while at the same time Brazil lifted more than 23 million people out of poverty.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup></p>
+<p>Per capita emissions decreased from 14.4 tCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2004 to an estimated 6.5 tCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2012. At this 2012 level, Brazil’s per capita emissions are already equivalent to what some developed countries have considered fair and ambitious for their average per capita emissions by 2030. Brazil’s per capita emissions will decline further to an estimated 6.2 tCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2025 and 5.4 tCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2030 under this contribution.</p>
+<p>Brazil will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the context of continued population <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11">[11]</a></sup> and GDP growth, as well as income per capita increase, making therefore this contribution unequivocally very ambitious.</p>
+<p>Brazil’s mitigation actions to implement this contribution, including its current undertakings, are consistent with the 2°C temperature goal, in light of IPCC scenarios and national circumstances.</p>
+<p>According to the IPCC <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn12" id="fnref12">[12]</a></sup>, global scenarios consistent with a likely chance to keep temperature change below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels are characterized, inter alia, by:</p>
+<p>i) sustainable use of bioenergy;<br>
+ii) large-scale measures relating to land use change and forests;<br>
+iii) tripling to nearly quadrupling the share of zero- and low-carbon energy supply globally by the year 2050.</p>
+<p>In this context, Brazil already has one of the largest and most successful biofuel programs to date, including cogeneration of electricity using biomass. Brazil has achieved the most impressive results of any country in reducing emissions from deforestation, mainly by reducing the deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazonia by 82% between 2004 and 2014. Brazil’s energy mix today consists of 40% of renewables (75% of renewables in its electricity supply), which amounts to three times the world average in renewables, and more than four times the OECD average. <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13">[13]</a></sup> This already qualifies Brazil as a low carbon economy.</p>
+<p>Brazil intends to adopt further measures that are consistent with the 2°C temperature goal, in particular:</p>
+<p>i) increasing the share of sustainable biofuels in the Brazilian energy mix to approximately 18% by 2030, by expanding biofuel consumption, increasing ethanol supply, including by increasing the share of advanced biofuels (second generation), and increasing the share of biodiesel in the diesel mix;</p>
+<p>ii) in land use change and forests:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>strengthening and enforcing the implementation of the Forest Code, at federal, state and municipal levels;</li>
+<li>strengthening policies and measures with a view to achieve, in the Brazilian Amazonia, zero illegal deforestation by 2030 and compensating for greenhouse gas emissions from legal suppression of vegetation by 2030;</li>
+<li>restoring and reforesting 12 million hectares of forests by 2030, for multiple purposes;</li>
+<li>enhancing sustainable native forest management systems, through georeferencing and tracking systems applicable to native forest management, with a view to curbing illegal and unsustainable practices;</li>
+</ul>
+<p>iii) in the energy sector, achieving 45% of renewables in the energy mix by 2030, including:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>expanding the use of renewable energy sources other than hydropower in the total energy mix to between 28% and 33% by 2030;</li>
+<li>expanding the use of non-fossil fuel energy sources domestically, increasing the share of renewables (other than hydropower) in the power supply to at least 23% by 2030, including by raising the share of wind, biomass and solar;</li>
+<li>achieving 10% efficiency gains in the electricity sector by 2030.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In addition, Brazil also intends to:</p>
+<p>iv) in the agriculture sector, strengthen the Low Carbon Emission Agriculture Program (ABC) as the main strategy for sustainable agriculture development, including by restoring an additional 15 million hectares of degraded pasturelands by 2030 and enhancing 5 million hectares of integrated cropland-livestock-forestry systems (ICLFS) by 2030;</p>
+<p>v) in the industry sector, promote new standards of clean technology and further enhance energy efficiency measures and low carbon infrastructure;</p>
+<p>vi) in the transportation sector, further promote efficiency measures, and improve infrastructure for transport and public transportation in urban areas.</p>
+<p>Brazil recognizes the importance of the engagement of local governments and of their efforts in combating climate change.</p>
+<h3><a id="GLOBAL_TEMPERATURE_POTENTIAL_GTP_METRIC_176"></a>GLOBAL TEMPERATURE POTENTIAL (GTP) METRIC</h3>
+<p>Brazil notes that, according to the IPCC, “the most appropriate metric and time horizon will depend on which aspects of climate change are considered most important to a particular application. No single metric can accurately compare all consequences of different emissions, and all have limitations and uncertainties”.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn14" id="fnref14">[14]</a></sup> The IPCC also states that the <em>Global Temperature Potential</em> (GTP) metric is better suited to target-based policies, while the GWP metric is not directly related to a temperature limit such as the 2°C target <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn15" id="fnref15">[15]</a></sup>. Taking this into account, the GTP metric is the most consistent with contributions to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre- industrial levels.</p>
+<p>With a view to assuring full transparency, clarity and understanding, Brazil decided to communicate this iNDC using GWP-100 (IPCC AR5), prior to COP-21. Consistent with the 2°C temperature goal and in light of science, Brazil is providing estimates to correspond to GTP-100, with IPCC AR5 values.</p>
+<p>Brazil’s iNDC is consistent with emission levels of 1.0 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e (GTP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2025 and 0.8 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e (GTP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2030. This represents reductions of 43% and 52%, respectively, compared to estimated emission levels of 1.7 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e (GTP-100; IPCC AR5) in 2005. These reductions translate to reductions of 37% and 43% when expressed in GWP-100 (IPCC AR5).</p>
+<p>The corresponding estimates on greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP (emissions intensity <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn16" id="fnref16">[16]</a></sup>) contained in this iNDC, using GTP-100 (IPCC AR5), are as follows:</p>
+<p>Compared to 2005, the estimated reduction in terms of emissions intensity in 2025 is 70% and in 2030 is 79%. This iNDC represents a substantial reduction of 48% in terms of emissions intensity in 2030, compared to 2012 estimates. In the period 2004-2012, Brazil’s GDP increased by 32%, while emission levels dropped 61% (GTP-100; IPCC AR5).</p>
+<p>Finally, adopting GTP-100 (IPCC AR5), estimates of per capita emissions are as follows:</p>
+<p>Per capita emissions decreased from 11.9 tCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2004 to an estimated 4.3 tCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2012. Brazil’s per capita emissions will decline further to an estimated 4.4 tCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2025 and to 3.7 tCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2030 under this iNDC.</p>
+<p>The contrast between GTP and GWP estimates sheds light on the importance, for analysis and policy making, of recognizing the predominant role of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in temperature increase, thus avoiding overestimating of the effects of non-CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases with shorter lifetimes in the atmosphere, in particular methane.</p>
+<h3><a id="HISTORICAL_RESPONSIBILITIES_AND_EQUITY_198"></a>HISTORICAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND EQUITY</h3>
+<p>Most of the current concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a result of emissions since the industrial revolution (the post-1750 period). Current generations are bearing the costs of past interference with the global climate system, resulting from human activities and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by developed countries, during the last two centuries. Similarly, current human activities around the world will affect the climate system over the next centuries.</p>
+<p>In order to build a fair and equitable global response to climate change, it is therefore of central importance to link cause (net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) and effect (temperature increase and global climate change).</p>
+<p>The global mean surface temperature increase due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is an objective criterion to measure climate change, serving the purpose of establishing upper limits to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.</p>
+<p>The specific and relative role of each actor’s emissions to global climate change can be determined using the global mean surface temperature as an indicator. Each individual actor’s contribution to temperature increase should take into consideration differences in terms of starting points, approaches, economic structures, resource bases, the need to maintain sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances.</p>
+<p>Establishing the series, in all sectors, of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks allows the estimation of the relative share of total temperature increase attributable to an individual country. The relative responsibility of a given country in relation to the global mean surface temperature increase can be estimated with a high level of confidence. Hence, the marginal relative contribution to the global average surface temperature increase is a relevant measure to evaluate responsibility in the global effort to limit temperature increase to 2°C compared to pre- industrial levels.</p>
+<p>Brazil´s mitigation efforts are of a type, scope and scale at least equivalent to the iNDCs of those developed countries most responsible for climate change. In view of the above, and based on available tools, it is evident that Brazil’s iNDC, while consistent with its national circumstances and capabilities, is far more ambitious than what would correspond to Brazil´s marginal relative responsibility for the global average temperature increase.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>“Conservation units” refers here only to federal and state level protected areas; “indigenous lands” refers to areas at the minimum in the “delimited” stage in the demarcation processes. Even without the role of these managed areas, Brazil’s contribution would still represent a reduction of 31% in 2025 and 37% in 2030 in relation to 2005 levels (GWP-100; IPCC AR5). <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>Brazil’s Initial National Communication, prior to the applicability of current guidelines, did not consider removals from conservation units and indigenous lands. Such an approach, however, would not be compatible with current guidelines, nor comparable to other Parties’ contributions. Disregarding these removals compromised the comparability of the Brazilian initial inventory with other Parties’ inventories. Brazil’s Second National Communication revised this approach. <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p>Recalling that the submission of forest reference emission levels and their corresponding REDD+ results are in the context of results-based payments, in accordance with decisions 13/CP.19 and 14/CP.19. See also documents FCCC/TAR/2014/BRA and FCCC/SBI/ICA/2015/TATR.1/BRA. <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p>Brazil has 15.5 million people living below the poverty line, of which 6.2 million live in extreme poverty (2013). Source: MDS. Data Social 2.0. Available at <a href="http://aplicacoes.mds.gov.br/sagi-data/METRO/metro.php?p_id=4">http://aplicacoes.mds.gov.br/sagi-data/METRO/metro.php?p_id=4</a>, accessed on 24 September 2015. <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p>Source: MCTI. Estimativas anuais de emissões de gases de efeito estufa no Brasil. Second edition (2014). Available at <a href="http://www.mct.gov.br/upd_blob/0235/235580.pdf">http://www.mct.gov.br/upd_blob/0235/235580.pdf</a>, accessed on 2 September 2015. <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>Not considering removals. <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p>Value between 1.977 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e and 2.068 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e, which represents a reduction between 36.1% and 38.9% below the projected business as usual emissions in 2020, as established by the Decree 7,390/2010 - assuming GWP-100 (IPCC SAR) <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p>tCO<sub>2</sub>e (GWP-100; IPCC AR5)/GDP (1000 US$2005). <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p>Source of GDP 2005: Ipeadata. Available at <a href="http://www.ipeadata.gov.br">http://www.ipeadata.gov.br</a>, accessed on 2 September 2015. Source of estimated GDP 2025 and 2030: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE). <em>Nota Técnica DEA 12/14: Cenário econômico 2050</em>. August 2014. <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p>Sources for emission reductions: MCTI (op.cit.). Source for GDP: Ipeadata (op.cit.). Source for data on poverty: MDS (op.cit.). <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p>Brazil’s population is projected to continue to grow until the 2040’s, to approximately 230 million inhabitants. Source: IBGE. <em>Projeção da População do Brasil por sexo e idade: 2000-2060</em>. August 2013. Available at <a href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/projecao_da_populacao/2013/default.shtm">http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/projecao_da_populacao/2013/default.shtm</a>, accessed on 2 September 2015. <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn12" class="footnote-item"><p>IPCC, 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: <em>Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</em> [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. SPM 4.1, pp. 10-12. <a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn13" class="footnote-item"><p>Sources: EPE. Balanço Energético Nacional. Available at <a href="https://ben.epe.gov.br/">https://ben.epe.gov.br/</a>, accessed on 2 September 2015. OECD (2015), Renewable energy (indicator). doi: 10.1787/aac7c3f1-en. Available at <a href="https://data.oecd.org/energy/renewable-energy.htm">https://data.oecd.org/energy/renewable-energy.htm</a>, accessed on 2 September 2015. <a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn14" class="footnote-item"><p>IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. SPM D.2 p.15. <a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn15" class="footnote-item"><p>See Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang, 2013: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. pp. 710-720. See also Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, L.V. Alexander, S.K. Allen, N.L. Bindoff, F.-M. Bréon, J.A. Church, U. Cubasch, S. Emori, P. Forster, P. Friedlingstein, N. Gillett, J.M. Gregory, D.L. Hartmann, E. Jansen, B. Kirtman, R. Knutti, K. Krishna Kumar, P. Lemke, J. Marotzke, V. Masson-Delmotte, G.A. Meehl, I.I. Mokhov, S. Piao, V. Ramaswamy, D. Randall, M. Rhein, M. Rojas, C. Sabine, D. Shindell, L.D. Talley, D.G. Vaughan and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. pp. 58-59. <a href="#fnref15" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn16" class="footnote-item"><p>tCO<sub>2</sub>e (GTP-100; IPCC AR5)/GDP (1000 US$2005) <a href="#fnref16" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
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+  <h1>FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL</h1>
+  <p><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></p>
+  <h1>NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC)</h1>
+  <p>Brasília, 21 March 2022</p>
+  <p>The government of the Federative Republic of Brazil is pleased to communicate to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), updated in the context of the Glasgow Climate Pact, which was adopted by the Parties to the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement during the 26th Conference of the Parties.</p>
+  <p>Through this communication, Brazil confirms its commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 by 37%, compared with 2005. Additionally, Brazil commits to reduce its emissions in 2030 by 50%, compared with 2005. Brazil´s commitments also include a long-term objective to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Brazil’s updated NDC is broad in scope and includes a consideration of means of implementation and the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions in all economic sectors.</p>
+  <p>This contribution is communicated under the assumption that the implementation of the Paris Agreement fully respects the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common, but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. As a developing country, Brazil´s historical contribution to the global problem of climate change has been small. This NDC therefore largely exceeds the level of ambition expected of a country with a small historical responsibility for the increase in the global mean surface temperature resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
+  <h2>Annex</h2>
+  <h2>Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brazil’s NDC</h2>
+      <h3>1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year):</h3>
+          <p><strong>(a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s):</strong></p>
+          <p>The reference year for Brazil’s NDC is 2005.</p>
+          <p><strong>(b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year:</strong></p>
+          <p>The quantification of the reference indicator is based on the total net emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the reference year of 2005 reported in the “National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol”. Brazil will adopt the latest National Inventory Report available and submitted to the UNFCCC by the time of the assessment of the results of the NDC.</p>
+          <p><strong>(c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information:</strong></p>
+          <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          <p><strong>(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction:</strong></p>
+          <p>To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025, and by 50% below 2005 levels in 2030.</p>
+          <p><strong>(e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s):</strong></p>
+          <p>National Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.</p>
+          <p><strong>(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators:</strong></p>
+          <p>Information on emissions in 2005 and reference values may be updated and recalculated due to methodological improvements applicable to the inventories.</p>
+      <h3>2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation:</h3>
+          <p><strong>(a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA):</strong></p>
+          <p>Net emissions from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 compared with net emissions from 01/01/2025 to 31/12/2025.</p>
+          <p>Net emissions from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005 compared with net emissions from 01/01/2030 to 31/12/2030.</p>
+          <p><strong>(b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable:</strong></p>
+          <p>Single-year targets in 2025 and 2030.</p>
+      <h3>3. Scope and coverage:</h3>
+          <p><strong>(a) General description of the target:</strong></p>
+          <p>Economy-wide absolute targets, consistent with the sectors present in the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2025 and 2030, always compared with 2005. The targets will be translated into policies and measures to be detailed and implemented by the Brazilian Federal government.</p>
+          <p><strong>(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines:</strong></p>
+          <p>CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).</p>
+          <p><strong>(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/ CP.21:</strong></p>
+          <p>The same gases previously indicated in the 2015 iNDC have been kept.</p>
+          <p><strong>(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans:</strong></p>
+          <p>As a developing country, Brazil faces the challenge of contributing to the global efforts to mitigate emissions, according to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and at the same time implement adaptation actions to cope with the impacts of climate change in its territory.</p>
+          <p>According to the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC, published in August 2021, parts of South America, including the Brazilian territory, will experience an increase in temperature that is above the global average, which will lead to the worsening of agricultural and ecological droughts and to the increase in the frequency of extreme climate events. The IPCC findings are aligned with studies also carried out in Brazil and reported in its 4th National Communication to the UNFCCC, which states that “Brazil´s climate is changing, especially the frequency of extreme precipitation events that occur with greater intensity, just like the variability of temperatures and precipitation also seem to suffer important changes”.</p>
+          <p>Adaptation actions implemented in the context of this NDC will aim at reducing vulnerability in terms of water, energy, food, social and environmental security, thus potentially generating synergies with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and enhancing social and productive benefits. Based on the second cycle of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), adaptation measures in Brazil will aim at strengthening the management of water resources, the</p>
+          <p>diversification of energy sources, the development of adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector with a view to ensuring food security, as well as adaptation plans for the urban landscape in Brazil to ensure the resilience of the population and infrastructure.</p>
+          <p>Adaptation policies will be based on the best available science regarding climate change and national circumstances. The AdaptaBrasil system, developed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) to consolidate and provide information to better understand the impacts of climate change in Brazil, including impacts projected into the future, is the scientific basis upon which national policies will be developed. The tool is maintained through the cooperative efforts of the MCTI, the National Institute of Space Research (INPE) and the National Network for Research and Teaching (RNP).</p>
+          <p>To complement the national efforts on adaptation, the federal government will also support subnational entities in their planning efforts by promoting scientific knowledge of adaptation to climate change and mainstreaming the subject into sectoral plans, as well as incorporating resilience criteria into policies and strategic plans<a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a>.</p>
+      <h3>4. Planning processes:</h3>
+          <p><strong>(a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:</strong></p>
+              <p><strong>(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner:</strong></p>
+              <p>At the governmental level, the Interministerial Committee on Climate Change and Green Growth, instituted by decree 10.845, of 25 October 2021, sets the institutional framework for the elaboration and implementation of public policies on climate change.</p>
+              <p>The institutional dialogue between the Brazilian government and civil society takes place through the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change, instituted by decree 9.082, of 26 June 2017. The forum aims at raising “awareness and mobilize society and to contribute to the discussion of actions needed to deal with global climate change, in accordance with the National Policy on Climate Change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its resulting international agreements, including the Paris Agreement and Brazil’s Nationally Determined Contributions”.</p>
+              <p>Articles 5, 231, and 232 of the Brazilian Constitution establish ample rights and guarantees for all Brazilian citizens, paying due attention to the special needs of women and indigenous peoples. Brazil is also a party to the ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.</p>
+              <p><strong>(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</strong></p>
+              <p><strong>a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication:</strong></p>
+              <p>With a territory of over 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil has equatorial, tropical, and subtropical climates with rainfall levels that range from 500 mm to 2,000 mm per year, as well as six biomes, namely the Cerrado (savannah), the Amazon (equatorial rainforest), the Caatinga (semi-arid), the Atlantic Forest (tropical rainforest), the Pantanal (seasonal wetlands), and the Pampa (subtropical grasslands). All of the six Brazilian biomes will suffer from the negative impacts of climate change, which will require the federal government to consider specific policies and measures to address their particularities when implementing this NDC.</p>
+              <p>Brazil has also signed all major multilateral environmental treaties and has enacted a wide range of laws and public policies regarding sustainable development. It has also worked to implement policies aimed at fighting poverty and reducing vulnerabilities in areas such as health, education, social security and minimum income. Brazil currently ranks 84th among 188 countries in the latest United Nations Human Development Index ranking. Brazilian figures regarding social development point to the need to ensure economic growth while promoting improvements in the life standards of its population.</p>
+              <p>In 2020, the Brazilian population was 212.6 million, and national authorities project positive growth rates until 2050, when the country´s population might reach 230 million. Approximately 85% of the Brazilian population lives in urban areas, hence the urgent need for the government to implement specific policies and measures to ensure adequate conditions of sanitation and subsistence. Such concerns must be part of the implementation efforts of this NDC.</p>
+              <p>The agricultural sector plays a key role in the Brazilian economy and its pursuit of sustainable development. An increase in the global temperature interferes with the water levels and rainfall patterns in the different biomes, which, in turn, has the potential to harm the current levels of productivity and employment. Therefore, the Brazilian government considers it to be of the utmost importance to implement adaptation actions in this sector to tackle the perverse effects of climate change.</p>
+              <p>The Brazilian electric sector is among those with the highest share of renewable sources in its mix, which is largely due to the employment of hydropower. The negative impacts of climate change, including droughts and decreases in water levels, are taken into account by the federal government in the process of planning for mitigation and action to tackle climate change in the country.</p>
+              <p><strong>b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution:</strong></p>
+              <p>The current Brazilian NDC is the result of experience gained and lessons learned from the intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC), submitted to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change in 2015, and the updated NDC, of 9 December 2020.</p>
+              <p><strong>c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
+          <p><strong>(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
+          <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          <p><strong>(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Not applicable</strong></p>
+          <p>Not applicable.</p>
+              <p><strong>d. Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</strong></p>
+              <p><strong>(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution:</strong></p>
+              <p>Not applicable.</p>
+              <p><strong>(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries:</strong></p>
+          <p>The need to plan for adaptation to the effects of climate change has motivated Brazil to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in 2016, with the aim of promoting “the reduction and management of climate risks considering the effects of climate change, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change”. The NAP involves four-year cycles for its implementation and a review exercise in the last year of each cycle. The first implementation period lasted from 2016 to 2020.</p>
+          <p>The NAP includes 55 types of policies, plans and programs of the federal government for different sectors, with a view to broadening the coherence, efficiency and synergies of adaptation strategies among public policies and in light of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The first implementation period reached its goal to improve existing knowledge regarding the reduction and management of climate risks, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change. The second cycle will contribute to the implementation strategy of the Brazilian NDC by the federal government.</p>
+      <h3>5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:</h3>
+          <p><strong>(a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA:</strong></p>
+          <p>Brazil will update its national inventories for the historical series based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines or any subsequent guidelines that may come to replace them.</p>
+          <p><strong>(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution:</strong></p>
+          <p>Brazil will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, when appropriate, when assessing progress made under the policies and measures related to the implementation of its NDC in its Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs).</p>
+          <p><strong>(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate:</strong></p>
+          <p>See 5 (a) above.</p>
+          <p><strong>(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals:</strong></p>
+          <p>Emissions of gases covered by Brazil’s NDC will be calculated based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The methodological tier to be employed will depend on the availability of data in the different sectors. Brazil will make an effort to apply at least tier 2 methodologies for the key categories identified.</p>
+          <p>Emissions of the covered gases will be aggregated in terms of the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP-100), on the basis of the values stipulated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, or 100-year time-horizon global warming potential values subsequently determined by the IPCC, as agreed by the CMA.</p>
+          <p>Consistent with Decision 18/CMA.1, Brazil will also continue to employ the global temperature potential (GTP), which is a more accurate metric for assessing the contribution of different gases to climate change.</p>
+          <p><strong>(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable:</strong></p>
+              <p><strong>(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands:</strong></p>
+              <p>This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed.</p>
+              <p><strong>(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products:</strong></p>
+              <p>Brazil will use the production approach, consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.</p>
+              <p><strong>(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests:</strong></p>
+              <p>This approach will still be defined and subsequently informed.</p>
+          <p><strong>(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:</strong></p>
+              <p><strong>(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used:</strong></p>
+              <p>Brazil has not used any other assumptions or methodological approaches.</p>
+              <p><strong>(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse- gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable:</strong></p>
+              <p>Not applicable.</p>
+              <p><strong>(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated:</strong></p>
+              <p>Not applicable.</p>
+              <p><strong>(iv) Further technical information, as necessary:</strong></p>
+              <p>Not applicable.</p>
+              <p><strong>(g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable:</strong></p>
+               <p>Brazil will strive to achieve its NDC through domestic measures to be coordinated and implemented by the federal government. The Brazilian government does not rule out the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), as defined in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, to complement national efforts in the achievement of the Brazilian NDC. Brazil can also consider the possibility of transferring international mitigation outcomes generated within the national territory. Any international transfers of mitigation outcomes obtained within the Brazilian territory will be subject to prior and formal consent by the federal government, in accordance with the terms and conditions, including legislation, to be nationally developed to that end.</p>
+      <h3>6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</h3>
+          <p><strong>(a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</strong></p>
+          <p>Brazil is a developing country and, as such, struggles with challenges associated with poverty eradication, the need to improve its development indexes in areas that include education, public health, employment rates, housing and social inclusion. In spite of its challenges, Brazil has contributed greatly with the global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, thus proving that it is possible to decouple economic growth and emissions.</p>
+          <p>In the pre-2020 period, the Brazilian government has voluntarily committed to implementing sectoral initiatives that taken together could reduce the projection of Brazilian emissions by 36.1-38.9% in 2020. In most of these sectors, Brazil has exceeded its expectations, having substantially increased the share of renewable sources in its energy mix and almost doubled the restored area of degraded lands. In spite of current challenges and progress achieved so far, the Brazilian government also worked to update its NDC, in December 2020, with a view to raise its level of ambition. In light of the agreement embodied in the Glasgow Climate Pact, Brazil has now once again updated its NDC, to further increase its levels of ambition.</p>
+          <p>The Brazilian NDC is one of the most ambitious in the world. Besides its targets, Brazil is one of the few countries that adopted a commitment for 2025 as well as 2030, which will provide for a better monitoring of the mitigation efforts throughout the decade. Brazil therefore understands that it is making an important contribution to international efforts to combat climate change in both absolute and relative terms.</p>
+          <p>Currently, 30% of the Brazilian territory is covered by protected areas, such as conservation units and indigenous lands. Brazilian environmental laws are among the most advanced in the world, given that they require landowners to preserve 20-80% of their lands and that they establish additional protective measures for fragile ecosystems. Together with the protected areas established under the Brazilian Forest Code, approximately 50-60% of the Brazilian territory is under some kind of protection. Despite this, the Brazilian government has chosen to go even beyond already existing laws and policies and commit to eliminating illegal deforestation by 2028.</p>
+          <p>Still regarding the land use sector, the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (ABC Plan) has already channeled R$ 17 billion to implement a vast range of mitigation measures, which include recovering degraded lands, projects of nitrogen fixation, increased accumulation of organic matter (carbon) in the soil, no-till farming, the integration of forest, crops and cattle breeding, agroforestry and forest planting. By 2020, the ABC Plan had exceeded its goals by 155%, and is to be continued, from 2020 to 2030, through the Sectoral Adaptation Plan for a Low Carbon Agriculture for Sustainable Development (Plan ABC+). It is a key policy among Brazilian sectoral efforts to tackle climate change.</p>
+          <p>Brazil has one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world. In 2020, renewable sources accounted for 48.4% of the total demand for energy, three times the world average. In the electricity demand mix, the share of renewables accounted for 84.8%. As for the transport mix, it represents 25% of the sources. The production of biofuels for the transport sector has substantially increased due to RenovaBio, which uses market incentives to promote the</p>
+          <p>decarbonisation of the sector and to incentivize these kinds of fuels. The use of hydropower to generate electricity accounts for 60% of the national installed capacity and has proven to be the best available technology to compensate for the intermittency and seasonality that affect other sources of renewable sources, such as wind and solar energy, as well as biomass. Brazil has also made significant investments, nonetheless, in solar and wind energy and biomass, which already account for 20% of the country´s energy mix and are experiencing rapid growth</p>
+          <p>Regarding the issue of means of implementation, the Brazilian NDC remains unconditional.</p>
+          <p><strong>(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity:</strong></p>
+          <p>Most of the current concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a result of emissions that have taken place since the Industrial Revolution (the post-1750 period). Current generations are bearing the costs of past interference with the global climate system, resulting from human activities and consequent greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by developed countries, during the last two and a half centuries. In order to build a fair global response to climate change, it is therefore of central importance to establish a connection between cause (anthropogenic emissions) and effect (temperature increase and climate change).</p>
+          <p>The average increase in the global temperature due to anthropogenic emissions is an objective criterion to measure climate change, serving the purpose of establishing upper limits to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the global climate system. The relative contribution of any individual actor to global climate change can be determined using the average increase in the global temperature as an indicator. The contribution of each individual actor to temperature increases should take into account differences in terms of starting points, population, approaches, economic structures, natural resources, the need to maintain sustainable economic growth, available technologies and other individual circumstances.</p>
+          <p>The reconstruction of the historical series of net anthropogenic emissions allows for the estimation of the relative share of the temperature increase attributable to each individual country, including in per capita terms. The relative responsibility of a given country in relation to the average increase in the global temperature can be estimated with a high level of confidence. Hence, the marginal relative contribution to the global average surface temperature increase is a relevant measure for evaluating the level of each party’s responsibility in the collective effort to “[h]olding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, in accordance with Article 2.1 (a) of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+          <p><strong>(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
+          <p>The target of reducing emissions by 50% between 2005 and 2030 represents an increase of 13 percentage points compared to the previous target of reducing emissions by 37% between 2005 and 2025. The current target is also consistent with a long-term objective of reaching climate neutrality by 2050.</p>
+          <p><strong>(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
+          <p>Despite being a developing country, Brazil has already adopted an absolute, economy-wide target since it presented its iNDC.</p>
+          <p><strong>(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
+          <p>Not applicable.</p>
+      <h3>7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</h3>
+          <p><strong>(a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</strong></p>
+          <p>By presenting one of the most ambitious NDCs in the world, Brazil understands it is significantly contributing to the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”, consistent with Article 2 of the UNFCCC.</p>
+          <p>By the same token, Brazil believes to be contributing to the collective effort to hold "the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, consistent with Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+          <p><strong>(b)  How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement:</strong></p>
+           <p>As per Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, Brazil presents a sizeable emission reduction target, which largely exceeds any goals related to peaking emissions. Brazil’s NDC is compatible with a long-term objective of achieving carbon neutrality in 2050.</p>
+  <div class="footnotes">
+    <hr />
+    <ol>
+    <li id="fn1"><p>In line with Article 7, paragraph 11, of the Paris Agreement, the adaptation component of this NDC is also the first communication on adaptation presented by Brazil.</p><a href="#fnref1">↩</a></li>
+    </ol>
+</div>
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+<h1><a id="Barbados_1"></a>Barbados</h1>
+<h2><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_3"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution</h2>
+<p><h4><a id="Communicated_to_the_UNFCCC_on_September_28_2015_5"></a>Communicated to the UNFCCC on September 28, 2015</h4></p>
+<h3><a id="The_National_Context_7"></a>The National Context</h3>
+<p>As a small island developing state (SIDS) that is extremely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and cognizant of the implications for its economic, social and environmental sectors, the Government of Barbados (GOB) ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2000. Since then, Barbados has actively participated in the Conference of Parties (COP) and related inter-sessional meetings of the UNFCCC, as well as undertaken a variety of measures that fit with the overarching objective of the Convention and intended to build national resilience to the challenges imposed by climate change. Accordingly, with the recognition of the need for an urgent global response to address the adverse impacts of climate change, the GOB is expecting the agreed and adopted outcome of the 21st COP of the UNFCCC to be an internationally legally-binding agreement under the Convention that is in the form of a protocol and is applicable to all Parties.</p>
+<p>Barbados possesses many of the inherent economic, social and environmental vulnerabilities that are associated with Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Among others, these include susceptibility to natural disasters and extreme events; a small population; limited land and natural resource base; and a small open economy. These will be exacerbated by the impacts of climate change and, if left unchecked, undermine the sustainable development gains that have been achieved over the course of the country’s history.</p>
+<p>Barbados is experiencing more extreme weather events, as well as more subtle changes to temperature and precipitation patterns. Observations confirm that temperatures are rising, the frequency of extreme weather events are increasing, sea levels are rising and coral bleaching events are more frequent. These observations are consistent with climate change projections for the Caribbean region <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p>The GOB has drafted a National Climate Change Policy Framework (NCCPF), which provides the country’s overarching approach to adaptation and mitigation and is in line with the Barbados Sustainable Development Policy (2004). The NCCPF is monitored by the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC).</p>
+<p>The Barbados Sustainable Development Policy’s overarching goal is stated as</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><em>to ensure the optimisation of the quality of life for every person by ensuring that economic growth and development does not occur to the detriment of our ecological capital.</em></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Deriving from this, the primary goal of the NCCPF is to “establish a national process for adapting to climate change effects and minimising greenhouse gas emissions over the short, medium and long term, and to do this in a manner that is coordinated and consistent with the broader sustainable development aspiration.” Its associated objectives are to:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>establish an appropriate mechanism for responding to the challenges of climate change;</li>
+<li>engage in regional and international climate change negotiation, planning and response mechanisms;</li>
+<li>effect full stakeholder engagement in the development and execution of domestic climate change mitigation and adaptation actions; and</li>
+<li>conduct climate change research.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The NCCPF is monitored by a National Climate Change Committee that is comprised of representatives of government ministries, non-governmental organizations, and private sector agencies.</p>
+<p>Despite its limited financial resources and negligible contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a global scale, Barbados is taking a proactive and ambitious approach to reducing its own emissions by introducing concrete mitigation actions that will see the decarbonisation of its electricity grid, initiatives to improve energy efficiency and reduced emissions from its other sectors. The country’s Green Economy Scoping Study <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>, national Sustainable Energy Framework (SEF) <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup> and proposed Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup> for the energy sector, form the backbone of this Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Inevitably, as a SIDS, while Barbados can show leadership and intention, a portion of its ambitious contribution to reduce GHG emissions will be dependent on technology transfer and financial support from the international community in order to realise its objectives.</p>
+<h3><a id="Adaptation_33"></a>Adaptation</h3>
+<p>As a minimal contributor to global GHG emissions, Barbados places prominence on adapting to the effects of climate change. The changing conditions will see a noticeable impact on the limited availability of fresh water, agricultural productivity, increased land degradation and reduced fish stocks caused by the migration of fish to cooler waters beyond the Caribbean region. The combination of reducing precipitation and salt water intrusion from sea level rise will compound the issue of insufficient water availability (through salinization of ground water aquifers), further affecting the productivity of both agriculture and fisheries. Barbados will face indirect climate-related impacts including drought, flooding, and storms (physical damage), increased pest outbreaks, the spread of invasive species, the increased probability for the occurrence of vector borne and heat related illnesses and the destruction of key ecosystems which all threaten national productivity and may undermine the potential for real growth. With the majority of Barbados’ population and its economic activities located within its narrow coastal zone, this area is undeniably one of the island’s most valuable economic and social assets. Sea level rise, storm surges and inundation, in addition to the increased frequency in tropical storms, will present direct challenges to the coastal zone, in particular to the tourism sector in terms of potential loss and damage to key infrastructure.</p>
+<p>Barbados’ national adaptation response is consistent with existing national level policy, in particular the Medium Term Growth & Development Strategy - 2013 - 2020 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup> and the Barbados Sustainable Development Policy. Adaptation planning is also aligned to the CARICOM Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change and its associated Implementation Plan 2011 - 2021.</p>
+<p>Taking a mainstreaming approach to climate change, the GOB has started to incorporate climate change adaptation into the following national plans and strategies:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Medium Term Growth and Development Strategy 2013 - 2020;</li>
+<li>Physical Development Plan;</li>
+<li>White Paper on the Development of Tourism in Barbados and National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Tourism Sector in Barbados;</li>
+<li>Coastal Zone Management Plan;</li>
+<li>Storm Water Management Plan;</li>
+<li>Other sectoral plans including for agriculture, fisheries, water and health.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The sectors identified as most vulnerable to climate change are agriculture, fisheries, tourism, water, human health, coastal resources and human settlements <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup>. Climate change will also impact vulnerable groups disproportionately, including youth and gender in Barbados’ national development perspectives, which are cross-cutting concerns planning <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup>.</p>
+<h3><a id="Mitigation_59"></a>Mitigation</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Economywide_Contribution_61"></a>Economy-wide Contribution</h4></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Barbados intends to achieve an economy-wide reduction in GHG emissions of <strong>44% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2030</strong>. In absolute terms, this translates to a reduction of <strong>23% compared with the baseline year, 2008</strong>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<p>As an interim target, the intention will be to achieve an economy-wide reduction of 37% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2025, equivalent to an absolute reduction of 21% compared to 2008.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The above emission reduction contributions will be achieved through the mitigation actions in the energy and waste sectors, which accounted for the vast majority (88%)<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8">[8]</a></sup> of GHG emissions in Barbados in 2008.</p>
+<p><strong>Figure 1: Projected BAU and ‘With Intervention’ GHG emission scenarios for Barbados</strong><br>
+<img src="img/BRB-1.png" alt=""></p>
+<p><h4><a id="Energy_Sector_72"></a>Energy Sector</h4></p>
+<p>Energy consumption accounted for 72% of Barbados’ GHG emissions in 2008 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn8" id="fnref8:1">[8]</a></sup> and is therefore the focus of its mitigation activity. Within the sector 67% arises from energy generation and 33% from transport. The following sub-sector contributions have been identified:</p>
+<p>i. Renewable energy: contributing 65% of total peak electrical demand by 2030 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn9" id="fnref9">[9]</a></sup>. The country has made huge strides in this regard; for example distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) installation is growing exponentially and this trend is expected to continue. Other planned measures include waste-to-energy and biomass generation plants, wind, distributed and centralized solar PV and capture and use of landfill gas for energy generation.</p>
+<p>ii. Electrical energy efficiency: a 22% reduction in electricity consumption compared to a BAU <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10">[10]</a></sup> scenario in 2029. Planned measures in this sector include the ‘Public Sector Energy Efficiency and Conservation Programme’, implementation of applicable recommendations through the Caribbean Hotel Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Action-Advanced Program (CHENACT), energy efficiency measures in homes and various LED lighting initiatives.</p>
+<p>iii. Non-electrical energy efficiency: a 29% reduction in non-electric energy consumption including transport, compared to a BAU scenario in 2029 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn10" id="fnref10:1">[10]</a></sup>. GOB is investing in alternative vehicles and fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, ethanol, natural gas, hybrid and electric and encouraging their adoption through tax incentives.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Waste_Sector_89"></a>Waste Sector</h4></p>
+<p>Aside from the energy sector, emissions from waste represent the other main contributor to national GHG emissions (16% in 2008). Projects to divert waste from landfill and to develop waste-to-energy plants are underway to deliver savings in this sector.</p>
+<h3><a id="Information_to_Facilitate_Clarity_Transparency_and_Understanding_93"></a>Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding</h3>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">Parameter</th>
+<th>Information</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Timeframe and/or period for implementation</td>
+<td>2030 (with an interim target in 2025)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Type of commitment</td>
+<td>Absolute economy-wide emission reduction contribution (against BAU and base year)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Reference point or base year</td>
+<td>2008 base year (1,820 Gg CO<sub>2</sub>e)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions</td>
+<td>i. Intention to reduce GHG emissions by 44% below BAU levels by 2030 (23% below 2008 levels)<br>ii. Intention to reduce GHG emissions by 37% below BAU levels by 2025 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn11" id="fnref11">[11]</a></sup> (21% below 2008 levels)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Business as usual methodology</td>
+<td>The following assumptions have been made to generate the BAU scenario: <ul><li>Electricity supply sector - this has been assumed to grow annually at 1%<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn12" id="fnref12">[12]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Municipal Solid Waste generation - this has been assumed to remain per capita as in 2014 (latest year available)</li>
+<li>Transport and combustion in industry - this has been assumed to increase in line with GDP forecasts<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn13" id="fnref13">[13]</a></sup> to 2020 and then continuing on the same trend to 2030 (no GDP projected data available to 2030).</li>
+<li>All other sources (which are estimated together to contribute less than 10% of GHG emissions) have been assumed to remain at 2010 levels.</li>
+<li>A fixed BAU scenario is being used for the INDC<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn14" id="fnref14">[14]</a></sup>.</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="4">Coverage</td>
+<td>% national emissions</td>
+<td>100%<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn15" id="fnref15">[15]</a></sup></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn16" id="fnref16">[16]</a></sup></td>
+<td><ul><li>Energy (including domestic transport)</li>
+<li>Industrial Process and Product Use</li>
+<li>Waste</li>
+<li>Agriculture</li>
+<li>Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gases <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn17" id="fnref17">[17]</a></sup></td>
+<td><ul><li>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)</li>
+<li>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)</li>
+<li>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</li>
+<li>HFCs</li>
+<li>Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>)</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Geographical boundaries</td>
+<td>Whole country</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet contribution</td>
+<td><ul><li>Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)</li>
+<li>Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)</li></ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Metrics and methodology</td>
+<td>Consistent with methodologies used in Barbados’ forthcoming Second National Communication (2006 IPCC Guidelines).</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4><a id="Fairness_and_Ambition_115"></a>Fairness and Ambition</h4></p>
+<p>Despite its negligible contribution to global GHG emissions (approximately 0.004%) and its SIDS status, Barbados is taking significant and ambitious steps to reduce its national emissions. All of the country’s identified mitigation actions are being targeted by the INDC, which will result in per capita emissions of 4.8 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>e in 2030 (compared to 6.6 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>e in 2008), consistent with the projected global average emissions per capita in 2030 required to meet the 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels target <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn18" id="fnref18">[18]</a></sup>. This projection clearly demonstrates that despite Barbados’ SIDS status, its ambition to reduce emissions is significant and reflects a fair contribution in the global context.</p>
+<h3><a id="Planning_Process_119"></a>Planning Process</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="Adaptation_121"></a>Adaptation</h4></p>
+<p>Barbados has set up the NCCC, coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Drainage (MED), that reports on the development and implementation of all specific activities and programmes that are seeking to address climate change mitigation and adaptation. The NCCC represents the diversity of stakeholders engaged in Barbados’ national climate change response, including relevant ministries, NGOs and private sector bodies. It is intended that the NCCC will also monitor the implementation and directives of the draft NCCPF, once formally approved. The NCCC currently meets to report progress on sectoral activities on a quarterly basis each year. Collectively, the representatives of the NCCC keeps the policy under regular review; monitors the implementation its directives; and presents annual reports to the Cabinet on measures that have been undertaken to implement this policy. The MED has coordinative oversight of the NCCC and the implementation of the NCCPF. Barbados has a number of ongoing programmes that are addressing adaptation as a central theme within these key sectors:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Regional Monitoring and Evaluation System for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) in the Caribbean Tourism Sector;</li>
+<li>Water Resource Management & Flood Resilience CCA Programme;</li>
+<li>Coastal Risk Assessment Programme;</li>
+<li>Piloting CCA to Protect human Health Project (Global Project by WHO/UNDP & GEF funded);</li>
+<li>Water Sanitation & Systems Upgrade;</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4><a id="Mitigation_135"></a>Mitigation</h4></p>
+<p>Barbados has formalised its commitment to the mitigation activities summarised above through the planning and implementation of various mitigation actions and other initiatives to reduce GHG emissions and green its economy, which include inter alia:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Formulation of NAMA at the national level, presenting a list of viable projects to reduce GHG emissions;</li>
+<li>The Barbados component of the CHENACT project, associated with promoting energy-efficiency and renewable energy in the tourism industry for the country, has provided a CDM Program of Activities and is included in the draft energy sector NAMA;</li>
+<li>National Sustainable Energy Policy and associated SEF providing top-down contributions for the energy and transport sectors;</li>
+<li>Green Economy Scoping Study and related activities;</li>
+<li>The CARICOM Declaration For Climate Action, calls for a legally binding commitment at COP21 for enhanced provisions for vulnerable countries and the adoption of the limiting of long-term the global average temperature increase to below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels;</li>
+<li>The BRIDGE <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn19" id="fnref19">[19]</a></sup> in Sustainable Energy and Information and Communication Technologies project is focused on developing human capital, while encouraging gender equality, to meet the expected future demand for technicians, professionals and entrepreneurs in the sustainable energy and information and communication technology sectors;</li>
+<li>The Resource Efficient Low Carbon and Circular Industrial Partnership Platform for Catalyzing Eco-Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Barbados(RECIPPEE-Barbados) is a new partnership between the GOB and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) which will help Barbados advance a number of its development priorities, including building a resource efficient green economy through inclusive and sustainable industrial development;</li>
+<li>Major contributions by the private sector in installing solar PV and other renewable energy in response to global energy prices, declining renewable energy technology costs and government fiscal incentives.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>To accompany all of these actions, GOB is also taking steps to put systems and processes in place to institutionalise a formal monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system to track national emissions and the impact of specific mitigation actions. As the national focal point the MED will coordinate other related ministries and stakeholders in the preparation of required reports for monitoring progress, implementation and reporting to the UNFCCC or otherwise as may be required.</p>
+<h3><a id="Means_of_Implementation_154"></a>Means of Implementation</h3>
+<p>Climate change is a cross-cutting issue that affects every part of the Barbadian economy, social structure and its’ natural environment. In line with its national commitments it is crucial that Barbados continues to build on and strengthen its ambition to achieve the principles behind its sustainable develop policy, in addition to ensuring a low-carbon climate resilient society. In doing so, Barbados looks to regional and international cooperation for support in order to progress the mitigation and adaptation priorities set out in its INDC, that are in line with its national development objectives.</p>
+<p>Barbados requires substantial assistance to meet its adaptation objectives set out in its INDC. As a highly vulnerable SIDS, Barbados is already experiencing frequent and major climate change impacts and extreme weather events that could decimate its economy in one extreme (climate related) event. Such impacts will be an ever present threat for the country and will continue to challenge the development of the Barbadian economy as a whole.</p>
+<p>As a SIDS, Barbados will require significant financial, technology transfer and capacity-building support to deliver the intended contribution and related infrastructure. International grant and loan financing mechanisms such as the existing ‘Energy Smart Fund’<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn20" id="fnref20">[20]</a></sup> will be imperative to provide financial and technical support to renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in Barbados. Initial analysis suggests that a number of the planned renewable energy projects (linked to mitigation in the waste sector) in particular, provide a strong economic argument to stimulate private sector investment; however enabling and technology transfer support will still be required. Mitigation actions in the energy efficiency and transport sectors will be largely dependent on international capital financing to implement and to achieve the relative contributions.</p>
+<p>Specifically international support will be crucial to the implementation of actions set out in its NCCPF (once formally approved), in addition to its SEF, NAMA and other sectoral policies and plans. The flexibility offered by the existing (i.e. CDM) and future emission reduction mechanisms under the UNFCCC will be used where possible to achieve Barbados’ contribution domestically or jointly with regional/international partners.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>Climate Change Risk Profile for Barbados (CARIBSAVE 2012) <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Partnerships/NewScopingStudyinBarbados/tabid/79634/Default.aspx">http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Partnerships/NewScopingStudyinBarbados/tabid/79634/Default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://www.energy.gov.bb/web/national-sustainable-energy-policy">http://www.energy.gov.bb/web/national-sustainable-energy-policy</a> <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p>NAMA for renewable energy and energy efficiency in Barbados. The NAMA is currently in draft form and is expected to be published shortly. <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p><a href="http://www.economicaffairs.gov.bb/download.php?id=327">http://www.economicaffairs.gov.bb/download.php?id=327</a> <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>Identified through vulnerability assessments Initiated for the First National Communication to the UNFCCC (2001); revised and updated for key sectors included in the Second National Communication (forthcoming in 2015); also an independent vulnerability and needs assessment on agriculture: <em>A Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment of the Food Zone Of Barbados</em> (2015), Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre & Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Water Resource Management, Government of Barbados. <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p>Gender and youth play a central role in the draft National Climate Change Policy Framework. <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn8" class="footnote-item"><p>Barbados 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory. This forms part of the Second National Communication Report, which will be submitted to the UNFCCC shortly. 2008 has been chosen as the base year, so that measures in the waste sector that were implemented in 2009 can be excluded from the BAU projection. <a href="#fnref8" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref8:1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn9" class="footnote-item"><p>Honourable Darcy Boyce from the Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Energy, speaking at an INDC workshop meeting in September 2015. <a href="#fnref9" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn10" class="footnote-item"><p>BAU projections take into account the expected growth in the future in each sector taking into account current mitigation activities. As identified in footnote (8), 2008 has been chosen as the base year. <a href="#fnref10" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref10:1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn11" class="footnote-item"><p>This reflects the preference of the CARICOM Heads of Government for “five (5) year mitigation commitment cycles, with robust ex ante and ex post review and upward adjustment processes” as defined in the 2015 Declaration on Climate Change developed at the 36th Regular Meeting of the Conference of the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 2-4 July 2015, Bridgetown Barbados. <a href="#fnref11" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn12" class="footnote-item"><p>Personal communication with Barbados Light & Power on the 17th September 2015. <a href="#fnref12" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn13" class="footnote-item"><p>Historical and projected GDP data provided by the Central bank of Barbados on the 17th September 2015. <a href="#fnref13" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn14" class="footnote-item"><p>BAU scenarios for an INDC can be “fixed” or “dynamic”. In this case, a fixed BAU will be used. <a href="#fnref14" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn15" class="footnote-item"><p>Excludes international shipping and aviation and is consistent with IPCC good practice. <a href="#fnref15" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn16" class="footnote-item"><p>Potential emissions reductions from Industrial Process and Product Use, Agriculture and Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry were not considered, although these sectors are included in the baseline inventory and therefore the ‘economy wide’ savings. <a href="#fnref16" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn17" class="footnote-item"><p>Note: PFCs have not been estimated in the 2010 GHG inventory for Barbados. Barbados is committed to the provisions of the Montreal Protocol. HCFCs are scheduled for global phase out by 2030 and Barbados is already on a phase-out schedule with a 35% reduction forecasted by 2020. HFCs are on the rise nationally and globally but Barbados is committed to the transition to natural refrigerants with no-Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP), and little or no-ODP. This aspect has not been included in the GHG mitigation scenarios that have been undertaken for this INDC. <a href="#fnref17" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn18" class="footnote-item"><p>The global target to avoid 1.5°C of warming is 4.8 tCO<sub>2</sub>e per capita in 2030, assuming a global population of 8.2 billion (<a href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_FS4.pdf">http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_FS4.pdf</a>)" and global emissions of 39 GtCO<sub>2</sub>e (<a href="http://climateanalytics.org/files/ca_briefing_benchmark_emissions_1p5_and_2oc_2020_2025_2030_20150210_final_bh_may.pdf">http://climateanalytics.org/files/ca_briefing_benchmark_emissions_1p5_and_2oc_2020_2025_2030_20150210_final_bh_may.pdf</a>). <a href="#fnref18" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn19" class="footnote-item"><p>‘Building capacity and Regional Integration for the Development of a Generation of Entrepreneurs’ <a href="#fnref19" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn20" class="footnote-item"><p>Loan provided by the Inter-American Development Bank <a href="#fnref20" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body></html>

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+<head>
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+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>Brunei Darussalam Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2020</h1>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam is no exception to being impacted by the effects of climate change as the rest of the world - believing that the challenges posed by climate change demand urgent, decisive and concerted global action.</p>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam hereby communicates its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and relevant information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 27 as contained in Annex 1 of decision 4/CMA.1.</p>
+<p>This NDC supersedes the INDC and has been developed in an inclusive Whole-of-Nation process through the instituted national climate change governance. It sets a new ambition level which includes an economy-wide 2030 NDC target based on clear climate mitigation, resilience and adaptation policies.</p>
+<p>However, limitations resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic, have posed challenges in the preparation of this NDC, which may be updated in due course should there be new findings from further assessments.</p>
+<p><strong>Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030.</strong></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th colspan="3">Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Brunei Darussalam’s enhanced NDC</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>1. Quantified information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year):</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s)</td>
+<td>
+<p>Base year: 2015</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Base year (2015) emission level: 11.6 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>e</p>
+<p>Business-As-Usual (2030) emission level: approximately 29.5 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>e</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Brunei Darussalam is committed to a reduction in GHG emissions by 20% relative to Business-As-Usual levels by 2030.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s)</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 2015.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+The national total GHG emissions in 2015 may be recalculated and updated due to continuous methodological improvements.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>2. Time frames and/or period for implementation</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><p>(a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA);</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+1 January 2021 – 31 December 2030 (10-year period).
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Single -year target.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>3. Scope and coverage</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(a) General description of the target;</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Economy-wide total GHG emissions reduction relative to BAU levels by 2030.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines;
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>GHG covered: Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O).</p>
+<p>Key sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, and Waste.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21;</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+All categories of anthropogenic emissions and removals included.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>4. Planning process</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3">(a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner;
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Brunei Darussalam has established a multi-sectoral climate change institutional governance to ensure a Whole-of-Nation approach in addressing the challenges and opportunities of climate change at a national level.</p>
+<p>The climate change governance structure consists of the Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change, Executive Committee on Climate Change, Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group.</p>
+<p>The Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change comprises of four key ministers and a deputy minister and it is co-chaired by the Honourable Minister of Development and the Honourable Minister of Energy to provide the highest level of strategic direction in addressing climate change. The Executive Committee on Climate Change is composed of Permanent Secretaries of key government agencies, Chief Executive Officers and Managing Directors of industry operators, Presidents of professional associations, academia and non-governmental organisations to drive national climate mitigation, adaptation and support efforts.</p>
+<p>The Mitigation Working Group, Adaptation and Resilience Working Group, and Support Framework Working Group respectively consist of members from the private and public sectors, non-government organisations and academia institutions to execute climate action in each respective area.</p>
+<p>The varying levels of membership ensures a multi-sectoral collaborative process to approach climate change mitigation, adaptation, resilience and support.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication;</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Despite Brunei Darussalam’s relatively small contribution to the global GHG emissions at around 0.025% in 2018, the Sultanate is affected by adverse impacts of climate change. The Government recognises the importance to present a fair and ambitious NDC while considering the country’s national circumstances as a developing country, which include: an oil and natural gas economy; the prioritisation of forested areas; fossil fuel dependency; and vulnerability to a low carbon world. This is fully consistent with Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8(h) and 10 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.</p>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam continues to pursue policies that are in line with its national development plan, the Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035), which aims to make the Nation widely recognised for its educated and highly skilled people as measured by the highest international standards; achieving and maintaining quality of life among the top 10 nations in the world; and operating under a dynamic and sustainable economy with income per capita within the top 10 countries in the world. The priority of Wawasan Brunei 2035 is to safeguard the welfare of Bruneian citizens, which includes plans to ensure a clean, green and healthy environment.</p>
+<p>The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need for a more balanced economy by identifying growth areas in the country to promote the development of other sectors in addition to energy. These include the financial and service industries, which will diversify the economy to ensure future economic stability. Promoting sustainability within the current economy is also a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam. This approach is further re-enforced by strong “top-down” support from His Majesty the Sultan and Yang DiPertuan of Brunei Darussalam in many areas of the economy, and through “bottom-up” approaches to activities such as awareness raising on climate change in schools and communities.</p>
+<p>The Government of Brunei Darussalam will continue efforts to develop plans to address the adverse impacts of unusual and extreme weather and climate events.</p>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam will continue to pursue green growth for sustainability and resilience so as to achieve Brunei Darussalam’s national target whilst remaining economically dependent.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution;
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p>In preparation for the NDC, extensive consultations and peer reviews have been conducted with relevant stakeholders. An NDC Workshop was organised in 2018, to give relevant stakeholders a more detailed understanding of the NDC process itself and to assist in the preparation of the NDC.</p>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam’s main priority in the preparation of the NDC is developing the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP) which was launched on 25 July 2020 that outlines the principles, values, and strategies needed to pave the way for low carbon and climate-resilient pathways for a sustainable nation. This BNCCP serves as the basis of Brunei Darussalam’s NDC.</p>
+<p>The BNCCP was developed using a Whole-of-Nation approach to strategically govern and monitor GHG emissions and strengthen climate-resilience. Towards this, ten core national strategies were identified. These strategies are to be achieved in line with Wawasan Brunei 2035 and cover areas pertaining to industrial emissions, forest cover, electric vehicles, renewable energy, power management, carbon pricing, waste management, carbon inventory, climate resilience and adaptation, and climate awareness and education.</p>
+<p>A total of 39 agencies, consisting of government bodies, private sector agencies, research and academic institutions, and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) were appointed as members of the BNCCP Drafting Committee.</p>
+<p>Further to that, a group of 51 youth representatives comprising of those between the ages of 25 to 40 were invited to review the BNCCP draft.</p>
+<p>The varying levels of participation and involvement ensures a multi-sectoral approach to climate change mitigation, adaptation and support.</p>
+<p>Youths and NGOs are regularly engaged in climate change dialogues with ministers and policymakers and for reviews of the BNCCP. Youths have an equally important role to play as the next generation inheriting the responsibility to protect the planet, in fighting the complex scientific problems, social quandaries and impacts presented by climate change. The Government of Brunei Darussalam continues to support youths towards becoming resilient to the challenges of climate change by enhancing their effective participation in climate policy decision-making processes for them to express their views and to contribute effectively to solutions to mitigate climate change.</p>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam continues to plan, discuss and implement climate action through the national climate change governance.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement;
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+None.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(c) How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>The first global stocktake will take place in 2023. Brunei Darussalam participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action including for Parties to inform their NDC by 2020. The preparation of Brunei Darussalam’s NDC was informed by the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action, taking into consideration of Brunei Darussalam’s national circumstances.</p>
+</td>
+<th></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="2">
+(d) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:
+</td>
+<td>i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC;</td>
+<td>
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+<p>ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.</p>
+</td>
+<td>
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3">
+<strong>5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:</strong>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA;
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Brunei Darussalam refers the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.</p>
+<p>Tools used:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>2006 IPCC Software</p></li>
+<li><p>Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP)</p></li>
+<li><p>Simple Econometric Simulation System</p></li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution;</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+A LEAP model was used to project BAU Scenario for energy sector, while the projection of GHG emissions was adopted using Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Global Change gap analysis methodology.
+(https://globalchange.mit.edu/research/researchprojects/pathways-paris).
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate;</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals;</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Brunei Darussalam’s GHG emissions will be estimated using 2006 IPCC Guidelines via Sectoral Approach. The Tier 1 methodology will be used for most emission estimates with exception of fugitive emissions from fuels where a hybrid of Tier 1 and Tier 3 methodology is used, where relevant depending on data availability.</p>
+<p>The aggregation of GHG emissions and removals will be reported using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="4">(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable:
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Forest land – land-based approach with reference level.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands;
+</td>
+<td>
+Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed forest land are currently not included but Brunei Darussalam intends to include this if measurements in the field can be estimated, in accordance with the prescribed 2006 IPCC
+Guidelines.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products;
+</td>
+<td>
+Brunei Darussalam uses
+‘instantaneous oxidation’ as the default approach to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products, according to the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPGLULUCF) and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+iii)Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests;</td>
+<td>
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="4">
+(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:
+</td>
+<td>
+i)How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activityspecific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used;</td>
+<td>
+Multiple workshops and stakeholder engagements have been carried out to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce GHG emissions.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+ii)For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable;</td>
+<td>
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+iii)For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated;</td>
+<td>
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+iv) Further technical information, as necessary;
+</td>
+<td>
+Not applicable.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Market mechanisms: Brunei Darussalam envisages to achieve the intended GHG emissions reductions under this NDC through domestic actions and financing. However, the Government of Brunei Darussalam will explore possible bilateral, regional and international mechanisms in meeting the NDC target.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3">
+<strong>6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances</strong>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>
+(a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances;
+</td>
+<td rowspan="3" & colspan="2">
+Brunei Darussalam considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances through ambitious, but reasonable, ten core national strategies to reduce carbon emissions and strengthen climate-resilience nationwide as reflected in the BNCCP. Themed, “Towards a Low Carbon and Climate-Resilient Brunei Darussalam,” the BNCCP encapsulates the aforementioned intentions in accordance with its aim to achieve Wawasan Brunei 2035, whilst safeguarding the welfare of the people and ensuring a clean, green and healthy environment for every citizen.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>
+(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris\ Agreement;
+</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+Brunei Darussalam’s NDC has continued to enhance its mitigation efforts and moved towards economy-wide GHG emissions reduction in light of its national circumstances, which reflects its efforts as a developing country Party to address Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Not applicable .</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>(a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2;</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Brunei Darussalam’s target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2030 from Business-as-Usual levels is in line with the objectives set out in Article 2 of the Convention.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.</td>
+<td colspan="2">
+<p>Brunei Darussalam’s target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2030 from Business-as-Usual levels is in line with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and is aimed at achieving the long term-temperature goal set out in Article 2, paragraph 1(a), of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+<p>As a developing country, Brunei Darussalam will endeavour to limit the increase in GHG emissions in accordance to its national capacity and circumstances with so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of GHG reflecting national circumstances.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Accompanying information on Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Mitigation and Climate Adaptation and Resilience Efforts, based on the Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy (BNCCP).</p>
+<h2>1.0 Climate Mitigation </h2>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam will be implementing measures that will mitigate the impact of climate change by introducing strategies to reduce GHG emissions:</p>
+<p>1.1 BNCCP Strategy 1 on Industrial Emissions - Reduce overall emissions in the Industrial Sector.</p>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam aims to lower carbon intensity from the industries by attaining zeroroutine flaring, as defined by the World Bank standard. The main focus for the BNCCP is to reduce industrial emissions in general by 2035. The significant reduction in total fugitive emissions, mainly venting and flaring will be attributed by a number of rejuvenation projects within the oil and gas industry facilities for GHG abatement, both onshore and offshore. The primary goal of this strategy is to achieve zero-routine flaring and reducing other industrial emissions by adopting the “As Low As Reasonably Possible” (ALARP) principle.</p>
+<p>1.2 BNCCP Strategy 2 on Forest Cover - Increase carbon sink through afforestation and reforestation with a target of planting 500,000 new trees.</p>
+<p>Increasing Brunei Darussalam’s forest cover would increase the national carbon sequestration potential, thus having positive effects on habitats, biodiversity and ecosystems. Brunei Darussalam is home to one of the most diverse and complex ecosystems in the world. Forest cover in the country constitutes to about 72.1% of land area or 380,000 hectares of land accounting for a carbon sequestration value of 11.4 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>e. Brunei Darussalam aims to increase its forest reserves from 41% to 55%. Current efforts seek to increase Brunei Darussalam’s carbon sink through reforestation efforts. At present, 104,920 trees are identified for current reforestation efforts, and a further 400,000 trees are proposed leading up to 2035.</p>
+<p>1.3 BNCCP Strategy 3 on Electric Vehicles - Increase total share of electric vehicles (EV) to 60% of the total annual vehicle sales by 2035.</p>
+<p>This strategy seeks to promote the ownership of EV through the consideration of various policy related issues such as, but not limited to, the following: price of fuel and electricity; low EV prices (e.g. through excise duty incentives); annual Vehicle License (VL) fees; and availability of infrastructures (e.g. charging stations). The establishment of the Electric Vehicle Joint Task Force (EVJTF) in 2019 consisting of relevant stakeholders will ensure the implementation of EV policy. Land transportation currently contributes about 13.6% of the total GHG emissions from the energy sector. In 2020, there are over 253,000 active private vehicles in Brunei Darussalam. There has been a steady increase in the number of gasoline and diesel vehicles in Brunei Darussalam since 2009. EVs are a viable transportation option for Brunei Darussalam as travelling pattern is primarily of shortdistance with relatively inexpensive electricity for charging.</p>
+<p>1.4 BNCCP Strategy 4 on Renewable Energy - Increase total share of renewable energy to at least 30% of total capacity in the power generation mix by 2035.</p>
+<p>Ensuring smooth transition towards a nationwide adoption and use of renewable energy technologies mainly solar photovoltaic (PV) will be critical to Brunei Darussalam in achieving its NDC. Currently, the only renewable energy source comes from a 1.2 MW solar PV power plant, Tenaga Suria Brunei, located in Seria, Belait District accounting for about 0.14% of the total power generation mix. Solar PV is the most viable option in Brunei Darussalam due to significant solar radiance (sunlight) available throughout the country. The utilisation of renewable energy would further diversify the country’s energy mix and reduces reliance on fossil fuels.</p>
+<p>1.5 BNCCP Strategy 5 on Power Management - Reduce GHG emissions by at least 10% through better supply and demand management of electricity consumption by 2035.</p>
+<p>Reducing GHG emissions contribution from the power sector would be achieved by increasing energy efficiency and conservation at both supply and demand side. Increasing the efficiency in power generation can be done through the reduction of partial load operation, improvement of transmission and distribution losses, implementation of minimum efficiency of 48% for all new power plants, and reduction of gas consumption through the integration of renewable and alternative energy so as to meet domestic power demand. Maximising clean electricity resources to supplement domestic demand encourages an equitable distribution of wealth aid aiming towards a sustainable future.</p>
+<p>1.6 BNCCP Strategy 6 on Carbon Pricing - Impose price on carbon emissions for industrial sector.</p>
+<p>The introduction of carbon pricing applicable to all industrial facilities emitting beyond a carbon emissions limit threshold at a carbon price per CO<sub>2</sub>e, by 2025. A carbon pricing scheme would act as a deterrent for excess GHG emissions. The Strategy also seeks to establish of a proper Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system as to ensure accuracy and credibility in baseline emissions data for imposing carbon pricing.</p>
+<p>1.7 BNCCP Strategy 7 on Waste Management - Reduce municipal waste to landfills to 1kg/person/day by 2035.</p>
+<p>Minimising the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of through the adoption of best practices and innovative technologies.</p>
+<p>1.8 BNCCP Strategy 9 on Carbon Inventory - Mandatory monthly and annual reporting of carbon inventory.</p>
+<p>To develop and implement a national directive to all facilities and agents that emit and absorb GHG to report their GHG data to promote transparency and robustness in the national GHG emissions and sinks data. In ensuring the nation’s accountability and responsibility to provide transparency through monitoring upholds the notion of a climateresilient nation.</p>
+<h2>2.0 Overview of the Impacts of Climate Change on Brunei Darussalam </h2>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam is located on the North Coast of the island of Borneo with a population of 442,400 over a total geographical land size of 5,765 km<sup>2</sup>. As a small, coastal area with a tropical equatorial climate, vulnerability assessments have shown that the country has medium to high climate change exposure. Brunei Darussalam’s coastal areas are low-lying (up to 12 meters below sea level) which increases the country’s susceptibility to the impact of rising sea levels.</p>
+<p>The Government of Brunei Darussalam recognises the need to protect the environment and safeguard the nation’s livelihoods. This is in line with the national vision of Wawasan Brunei 2035. The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is instrumental in supporting the country’s efforts on adopting a nature-based solution approach.</p>
+<p>2.1 Observed Climate Trends in Brunei</p>
+<p>Brunei Darussalam’s climate trend suggests that there is a rise in mean temperature increasing at a rate of 0.25℃ per decade. Rainfall patterns show an intensifying trend in the total rainfall amount, increasing at a rate of 100mm per decade. The highest total rainfall of 275mm was recorded on 30<sup>th</sup> September 2019 which broke the previous record of 210mm set in 2010. The sum of total rainfall in 2019 was considered normal around 3,000mm, however there is evident irregularity in terms of the monthly rainfall trend.</p>
+<p>Climate change will further aggravate the weather disasters due to the increasing trends in extreme high temperature and rainfall, causing prolonged droughts and flash floods. The Government of Brunei Darussalam aims to enhance climate science research and provide financial support towards bolstering climate resilience. A comparative study in Brunei Darussalam identified four key climate change impacts which includes: rising temperature; rising sea levels; extreme weather events; and ocean warming and acidification.</p>
+<p>2.2 Natural Disasters</p>
+<p>Climate change has created a variability in the weather trend which has intensified the global water cycle, and the frequency and severity of natural disaster cases. The severity of the natural disasters in Brunei Darussalam is compounded by the change in climate patterns. Hydrology experts in Brunei Darussalam perceive hydrology-related risks such as flood and droughts as the country’s most severe impact from climate change. With a high proportion of settlements located along the Brunei Bay in particular, it is expected that the area will be under threat from flooding and change in river flow in the next 20 years.</p>
+<p>The elevated temperature has resulted in increased incidents of forest and bush fires. With the rapid increase of global warming trends, the situation creates hotter and drier conditions which aggravate the intensity and severity of heatwaves, resulting in devastating fires in Brunei Darussalam’s forests and peat swamps. The damage from the fires results in heavy burdens on the government and the community, create challenges in the restoration of the ecosystem, flora and fauna, cause damage to properties and residential areas, disrupting links while posing threats onto the human and wildlife health in the affected vicinities.</p>
+<p>2.3 Health</p>
+<p>According to the Ministry of Health, the effects of climate change such as extreme high temperatures contribute directly to mortalities from cardiovascular and respiratory related diseases, which are particularly significant among the elderly in Brunei Darussalam. The rising ozone and other pollutants levels in the air will also exacerbate these underlying diseases. Increasing variable rainfall patterns will lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of floods; which can heighten the risk of the water-borne diseases and create breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes.</p>
+<p>The Aedes mosquitoes vector of dengue is highly sensitive to climate conditions and studies suggest that the effects of climate change is likely to continue to increase our exposure to dengue. Children and the elderly with pre-existing medical conditions are among the most vulnerable to the resulting health risks, which are predicted to be more severe as the effects of climate change worsens. Although Brunei Darussalam has been declared malaria-free by the World Health Organization since 1987, the risk of regeneration of the Anopheles mosquitoes and re-introduction of malaria in Brunei Darussalam may be increased as climate conditions change. Dengue fever is also a common type of climatesensitive disease. As of April 2019, 45 Dengue cases have been reported in Brunei and 75 Dengue cases in 2018.</p>
+<p>2.4 Wildlife and Biodiversity</p>
+<p>The protection of both terrestrial and marine biodiversity is a priority for the Government of Brunei Darussalam. The country is rich in biodiversity and tropical equatorial forest resources such as mangroves and sea grasses which are endemic to the island of Borneo.</p>
+<p>The changes in the weather patterns will alter the phenology of migration, pollination and breeding patterns of our local wildlife and biodiversity. Climate-induced natural disasters will potentially cause destruction of wildlife habitat, which may be correlated with the loss of key wildlife species population such as the Proboscis Monkey and the Rhinoceros Hornbill. Forest fire mostly in the secondary forests and flash flood frequencies in Brunei Darussalam could also result in severe deterioration of the environmental quality and their habitat.</p>
+<p>2.5 Food Security</p>
+<p>The Department of Agriculture and Agrifood, and the Department of Fisheries of the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism, highlighted that the disasters associated with climate change, such as prolonged droughts, flash floods, and ocean warming and acidification, will have an adverse impact on the agricultural output and fish stocks in Brunei Darussalam. During heavy rainfall seasons, the increased frequency of flooding severely damages crops in low-lying land areas while aquaculture farms will be impacted by the saltwater intrusions during high storm surges leading to higher fish mortalities.</p>
+<h2>3.0 Brunei Darussalam’s Climate Adaptation and Resilience Action </h2>
+<p>In pursuit of achieving resilience against the impact of climate change, the Government of Brunei Darussalam seeks to incorporate a series of climate adaptation strategies which aims to foster resilience and adaptation capacity of the nation.</p>
+<p>3.1 BNCCP Strategy 8 on Climate Resilience and Adaptation</p>
+<p>The strategy seeks to strengthen Brunei Darussalam’s resilience against climate change risks and increase its capacity to adapt to the impacts of the changing climate. This includes, among others, enhancing and integrating climate science findings into policies, conducting climate impact assessments and consideration of nature-based solutions as an option to increase resilience.</p>
+<p>3.2 Current Climate Impacts Mitigation Projects</p>
+<p>As part of Brunei Darussalam’s National Development Plan (NDP) projects, the Public Works Department through the Department of Drainage and Sewerage of the Ministry of Development has implemented a series of flood mitigation works along the coastal area of Brunei Darussalam. About a total of 56km coastal protection structures have been constructed to protect the country’s coastline against strong waves and erosion with the intention to maintain environmental sustainability while achieving socio-economic resilience through adequate and well-planned infrastructure and public facilities.</p>
+<p>3.3 Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)</p>
+<p>The National Disaster Management Centre organises community-based activities that aim to (i) strengthen institutional capacity and policy frameworks for effective implementation for CCA and DRR; (ii) Establish an ASEAN youth leadership in CCA and DRR; (iii) Increase replicable programmes and models of building community resilience; and (iv) Strengthen awareness-building programmes on a disaster resilient and climate change adaptive ASEAN Community.</p>
+<p>The programmes are delivered in a form of workshops and forums with the aim to develop a disaster-resilient community by increasing education and awareness while nurturing public preparedness against climate-induced disasters.</p>
+<h2>4.0 Awareness and Education </h2>
+<p>BNCCP Strategy 10 on Awareness and Education is an important strategy that enables the realisation of Brunei Darussalam’s climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. This strategy seeks to foster awareness and increase education in matters pertaining to climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in all sectors of society, in line with a Whole-of-Nation approach, including the general public, private sectors, Non-Governmental Organisation, associations and most importantly, the youth.</p>
+<h2>5.0 BNCCP Operational Document </h2>
+<p>With the launching of the first BNCCP, the Brunei Darussalam Executive Committee on Climate Change developed the BNCCP Operational Document Phase I (2021-2025), outlining detailed action plans, Key Performance Indicators (KPI), timelines and appropriate monitoring mechanism in implementing the ten core national strategies set out in the BNCCP.</p>
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+<h2><a id="Kingdom_of_Bhutan_0"></a>Kingdom of Bhutan</h2>
+<h2><a id="Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contribution_1"></a>Intended Nationally Determined Contribution</h2>
+<h3><a id="Introduction_4"></a>Introduction</h3>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bhutan is committed to a successful conclusion of negotiations under the Adhoc‐Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) to adopt a new legally binding agreement under the UNFCCC to be implemented from 2020. In accordance with relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 the Kingdom of Bhutan communicate its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and re‐communicates our resolve to remain carbon neutral by ensuring that our emission of GHGs does not exceed the sink capacity of our forests.</p>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bhutan made the commitment to remain carbon neutral in 2009 <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> despite our status as a small, mountainous developing country with many other pressing social and economic development needs and priorities. This commitment was made with the view that there is no need greater, or more important, than keeping the planet safe for life to continue. While making this sincere commitment to remain carbon neutral, we also called on the global community to support our resolve and efforts to fulfil this commitment and support us to undertake appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures.</p>
+<p>As a land‐locked least developed country located in a fragile mountainous environment, Bhutan remains highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and will disproportionately bear the impacts of climate change. Therefore an adaptation component is also included in the INDC from Bhutan.</p>
+<p>Considering the historical and current emissions from Bhutan and our imperatives for sustainable development, Bhutan’s INDC is most ambitious and more than our fair share of efforts to combat climate change. Therefore, in putting forward this INDC, we once again call on the international community to support our efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.</p>
+<h3><a id="National_Context_13"></a>National Context</h3>
+<p>The Kingdom of Bhutan is a small landlocked and least developed country with a total area of 38,394 sqkm and is characterized by rugged mountainous terrain with elevations ranging from around 160 meters to more than 7000 meters above sea level. The population is projected to be around 745,000 with 56.3% of the total engaged in agriculture and forestry<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p>Export of electricity from hydropower projects form a major source of revenue for the government and development activities <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn3" id="fnref3">[3]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p>According to the second national GHG inventory, Bhutan is a net sink for greenhouse gases. The estimated sequestration capacity of our forest is 6.3 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> while the emissions for year 2000 is only 1.6 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent. This is largely due to huge areas of forest cover, low levels of industrial activity and almost 100% electricity generation through hydropower.</p>
+<p>Although the highest emissions are from the agriculture sector they have more or less remained constant, but emissions from sectors such as industrial processes and transport are showing a rapidly increasing trend <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn4" id="fnref4">[4]</a></sup>. During the period 2000‐2013, emissions from the energy sector increased by 191.6% from 0.270 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e in 2000 to 0.79million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e in 2013. During the same period, emissions from industrial processes increased by 154.3% from 0.24 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e to 0.6 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e. Emission from waste management also increased by 247.54% from 0.047 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e to 0.16 million tons CO<sub>2</sub>e.</p>
+<p>Forests currently cover 70.46% <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn5" id="fnref5">[5]</a></sup> of the land area of Bhutan and sequestration by forests is estimated <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn6" id="fnref6">[6]</a></sup> at 6.3 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> and emissions in 2013 are estimated at 2.2 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn7" id="fnref7">[7]</a></sup>.</p>
+<p>As reported in the Second National Communication, Bhutan is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change due to the fragile mountainous ecosystem and economic structure. The most vulnerable sectors are water resources, agriculture, forests & biodiversity and hydropower sectors. It is projected that both the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events would increase with changing climate.</p>
+<p>Major existing laws and policies applicable to the INDC from Bhutan include the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan, National Environment Protection Act (NEPA) 2007, National Forest Policy 2011, and Economic Development Policy (EDP) 2010.</p>
+<h3><a id="Mitigation_31"></a>Mitigation</h3>
+<p>Bhutan intends to remain carbon neutral where emission of greenhouse gases will not exceed carbon sequestration by our forests, which is estimated at 6.3 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>. Bhutan will maintain a minimum of 60 percent of total land under forest cover for all time in accordance the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Efforts will also be made to maintain current levels of forest cover, which currently stand at 70.46%, through sustainable forest management and conservation of environmental services.</p>
+<p>Hydropower from run‐of‐the‐river schemes account for almost 100% of electricity generation in Bhutan with almost 100% access to electricity in urban areas and 94% in rural areas. Presently, Bhutan offsets 4.4 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e through exports of hydroelectricity. In addition, Bhutan can offset up to 22.4 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub>e per year by 2025 in the region through the export of electricity from our clean hydropower projects.</p>
+<p>Various other policies and initiatives are also already in place that contribute to mitigation such as sustainable land management practices, improved livestock management, promotion of organic agriculture and promotion of zero emission vehicles. The Economic Development Policy of 2010 and draft of 2015 also provide several measures to promote “green growth” for industrial development. The present five year development plan (2013‐ 18) has also integrated carbon neutral development as part of the national key result areas to guide planning and implementation of development activities within all sectors.</p>
+<p>As a least‐developed country, Bhutan has a development imperative and will pursue ecologically balanced sustainable development in line with our development philosophy of Gross National Happiness. To remain carbon neutral, growing emissions from economic development will need to be mitigated by pursuing low emission development pathways across all sectors. However international support will be essential to ensure success in implementing the strategies, plans and actions for low GHG development.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Strategies_plans_and_actions_for_low_GHG_emission_development_46"></a><em>Strategies, plans and actions for low GHG emission development</em></h4></p>
+<p>While the basis of our mitigation efforts rests on conserving our forests as carbon sinks, managing the growing emissions as a result of economic development will be through priority strategies, plans and actions for mitigation to support a low emission development pathway. These plans and priority actions, listed below, are based on the National Environment Protection Act, National Strategy and Action Plan for Low Carbon Development (2012), Economic Development Policy (2010 and draft 2015), Bhutan Transport 2040: Integrated Strategic Vision, National Forest Policy, and other sectoral plans and strategies.</p>
+<p>The gases covered include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide as they were shown to be the priority gases in our second national communication.</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Sustainable forest management and conservation of biodiversity to ensure sustained environmental services through:
+<ul>
+<li>Sustainable management of forest management units (FMUs), protected areas, community forests, forest areas outside FMUs, and private forests</li>
+<li>Enhancing forest information and monitoring infrastructure through national forest inventories and carbon stock assessments</li>
+<li>Forest fire management and rehabilitation of degraded and barren forest lands</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Promotion of low carbon transport system by:
+<ul>
+<li>Improving mass transit and demand side management of personal modes of transport</li>
+<li>Exploring alternative modes of transport to road transport such as rail, water and gravity ropeways</li>
+<li>Improving efficiency in freight transport</li>
+<li>Promoting non‐motorized transport and non‐fossil fuel powered transport such as electric and fuel cell vehicles</li>
+<li>Improving efficiency and emissions from existing vehicles through standards and capacity building</li>
+<li>Promoting use of appropriate intelligent transport systems</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Minimize GHG emission through application of zero waste concept and sustainable waste management practices:
+<ul>
+<li>Enhancement of the three R principles including the conversion of waste to resources</li>
+<li>Improving the current system and infrastructure for waste management</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Promote a green and self reliant economy towards carbon neutral and sustainable development through:
+<ul>
+<li>Improvement of manufacturing processes in existing industries through investments and adoption of cleaner technology, energy efficiency and environmental management</li>
+<li>Enhance and strengthen environmental compliance monitoring system</li>
+<li>Promote investment in new industries that are at higher levels in the value chain, and green industries and services.</li>
+<li>Promote industrial estate development and management in line with efficient, clean and green industry development objectives</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Promote clean renewable energy generation:
+<ul>
+<li>Pursue sustainable and clean hydropower development with support from CDM or other climate market mechanisms to reduce emissions within Bhutan and the region by exporting surplus electricity</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Promote climate smart livestock farming practices to contribute towards poverty alleviation and self sufficiency through:
+<ul>
+<li>Organic livestock farming and eco‐friendly farm designs</li>
+<li>Improvement of livestock breeds, including conservation of native genetic gene pool/diversity</li>
+<li>Expansion of biogas production with stall feeding</li>
+<li>Agro‐forestry or agro‐silvo pastoral systems for fodder production</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Promote climate smart agriculture to contribute towards achieving food and nutrition security through:
+<ul>
+<li>Organic farming and conservation agriculture</li>
+<li>Development and promotion of sustainable agricultural practices</li>
+<li>Integration of sustainable soil and land management technologies and approaches</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Energy demand side management by promoting energy efficiency in appliances, buildings and industrial processes and technologies.</li>
+<li>Integration of low emission strategies in urban and rural settlements through green buildings, sustainable construction methods and climate smart cities.</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><a id="Adaptation_85"></a>Adaptation</h3>
+<p>Adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change is a priority for Bhutan. In addition to being a land locked and least developed country with a fragile mountainous environment, Bhutan is further threatened by climate change due to the high dependence of the population on agriculture and the significant role of hydropower for economic development. Bhutan also faces increasing threats from climate hazards and extreme events such as flash floods, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF), windstorms, forest fires and landslides.</p>
+<p>Despite following a cautious approach to development by balancing the need for environmental conservation and economic development, climate change threatens to derail the substantial gains made by Bhutan towards sustainable socio‐economic development. Therefore, international support is essential to address the adverse impacts of climate change that are already starting to take place in Bhutan and also to safeguard the gains made towards sustainable development.</p>
+<p>Bhutan prepared its National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) in 2006 and also updated the project profiles (2012) and is now implementing few of the priority actions identified as urgent and immediate needs. For the medium to long term, Bhutan views the process to formulate and implement National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) as an important means towards reducing vulnerability by both integrating climate change adaptation into national development planning and also implementing priority adaptation actions on the ground. Bhutan will be fully engaged in the NAP process and begin the formulation of the first NAP once support is received.</p>
+<p>Based on the information presently available through the NAPA, the vulnerability and adaptation assessment in the Second National Communication and other plans and programs in sectors, priority adaptation actions are foreseen in key sectors and areas as follows:</p>
+<p><h4><a id="Priority_adaptation_needs_95"></a><em>Priority adaptation needs</em></h4></p>
+<ol>
+<li>Increase resilience to the impacts of climate change on water security through Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approaches including:
+<ul>
+<li>Water resources monitoring, assessment, and mapping</li>
+<li>Adoption and diffusion of appropriate technologies for water harvesting and efficient use</li>
+<li>Climate proofing water distribution systems</li>
+<li>Integrated watershed and wetland management</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Promote climate resilient agriculture to contribute towards achieving food and nutrition security through:
+<ul>
+<li>Developing and introducing climate resilient crop varieties and conservation of plant genetic resources</li>
+<li>Developing and institutionalising surveillance of crop pests and diseases</li>
+<li>Enhancement of national capacity to develop and implement emergency response to agricultural pest and disease outbreaks/epidemics</li>
+<li>Establishment of cold storage facilities at sub‐national regions</li>
+<li>Improving and increasing investment in irrigation systems and management</li>
+<li>Initiating crop insurance programs against climate induced extremes</li>
+<li>Promotion of sustainable soil and land management technologies and approaches</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Sustainable forest management and conservation of biodiversity to ensure sustained environmental services through:
+<ul>
+<li>Sustainable management of forest management units (FMUs), protected areas, community forests, forest areas outside FMUs, and private forests</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Strengthen resilience to climate change induced hazards through:
+<ul>
+<li>Improved monitoring and detection of hydromet extremes using remote sensing and satellite‐based technologies and approaches</li>
+<li>Continual assessment of potentially dangerous glacial lakes and improvement of early warning system for GLOFs</li>
+<li>Develop a monitoring, assessment, and warning systems for flash flood and landslide hazards and risks</li>
+<li>Forest fire risk assessment and management</li>
+<li>Assessment and management of risk and damage from windstorms on agricultural crops and human settlements.</li>
+<li>Enhancement of emergency medical services and public health management to respond to climate change induced disasters</li>
+<li>Enhancing preparedness and response to climate change induced disasters at the national and local levels</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Minimize climate‐related health risks through:
+<ul>
+<li>Strengthening integrated risk monitoring and early warning systems and response for climate sensitive diseases</li>
+<li>Promotion of climate resilient household water supply and sanitation</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Climate proof transport infrastructure against landslides and flash floods, particularly for critical roads, bridges, tunnel and trail</li>
+<li>Promote climate resilient livestock farming practices to contribute towards poverty alleviation and self sufficiency through:
+<ul>
+<li>Climate change resilient farm designs and practices</li>
+<li>Livestock insurance against climate induced extremes</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Enhancing climate information services for vulnerability and adaptation assessment and planning through:
+<ul>
+<li>Improvement of hydro meteorological network and weather and flood forecasting to adequate levels of temporal and spatial scales</li>
+<li>Development of climate change scenarios for Bhutan with appropriate resolution for mountainous situation</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Promote clean renewable and climate resilient energy generation by:
+<ul>
+<li>Diversifying energy supply mix through promotion of renewable energy (solar, wind, small hydro, biomass) other than large hydro and creating investment opportunities</li>
+<li>Ensuring energy security during the lean dry season through water storage and reservoirs</li>
+<li>Protecting catchment areas for hydropower through watershed and sustainable land management approaches</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Integrate climate resilient and low emission strategies in urban and rural settlements through:
+<ul>
+<li>Promotion of climate smart cities</li>
+<li>Improvement of storm water management and sewer systems</li>
+<li>Environmental management and safeguards of development activities</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><a id="Means_of_Implementation_138"></a>Means of Implementation</h3>
+<p>As the vast forest sink of Bhutan will form the cornerstone of our commitment to remain carbon neutral, measures to manage and conserve the forests will need to be supported by a robust forest monitoring system. The first comprehensive national forest inventory presently underway will provide an updated state of the forests in Bhutan by end of 2016. The forest monitoring and inventory system being developed in conjunction with a national forest monitoring system for REDD+ will enable monitoring and assessment of forest cover over time.</p>
+<p>Mitigation measures to manage and reduce emissions in priority areas and sectors will need to be implemented through relevant low emission development strategies, programs and plans. A combination of fiscal incentives within the NEPA and EDP, financial and technical support from international climate mechanisms, and enforcement of existing legislation for environmental safeguards such as NEPA and Environment Assessment Act 2000 will also be required.</p>
+<p>In order to ensure efficient and coordinated approaches to implementation of mitigation and adaptation priorities, existing institutional arrangements such as the National Environment Commission (which also acts as the high level National Climate Change Committee) and Multi‐Sectoral Technical Committee on Climate Change will play the lead role in coordinating action on climate change in Bhutan. Synergies will also be considered in planning and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions across relevant agencies and sectors, between national and local level planning, across sub‐national regions, and also with actions under other multilateral environmental agreements. Public private partnership (PPP) model of implementing actions will also be considered where appropriate.</p>
+<p>Enhancing awareness and capacity through education, research on areas of concern in Bhutan and institutional strengthening will also be essential for successful implementation of the intended actions. Other indirect success may also be achieved through advocacy and behavioural changes to promote sustainable consumption, energy efficiency and other climate friendly actions.</p>
+<p>Since the intended actions in the INDC apply to the post 2020 period, the priority mitigation and adaptation actions within this INDC will be considered and integrated in the preparation of the 12th Five Year Development Plan (2018‐2023) and also subsequent five year plan periods. The cycles of the national five‐year development plan process along with the cycles of the INDCs, yet to be determined under the new climate agreement, will form the basis for the national process to review progress in actions and support received.</p>
+<p>Bhutan is already spending its own resources for some climate change adaptation and mitigation actions through the budgeting for the current five‐year plan, which includes an objective for carbon neutral and climate resilient development. Our hydropower projects are also being built at great additional expense to take into account the need to withstand catastrophic GLOF events. The Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation also provides local funding for projects addressing mitigation and adaptation.</p>
+<p>However the scale of funding available to address both development needs and the additional burden of mitigation and adaptation will be significantly higher than presently available. As a least‐developed country, with a young population and pressing needs and imperatives for economic development, the successful implementation of our intended actions to mitigate will depend on the level of financial and technical support received. Implementing adaptation measures through the NAP process with sufficient funding will also be required to ensure that progress made over the past few decades are not derailed by the adverse impacts of climate change.</p>
+<p>Bhutan remains committed to a globally collective effort in addressing climate change and keeping the planet safe for all life, and strives towards an ambitious and legally binding agreement to keep global temperature increase at safe levels of not more than 1.5 degrees Celsius.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>Declaration of the Kingdom of Bhutan ‐ the Land of Gross National Happiness to Save our Planet, dated 11 December 2009. <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan 2014, NSB <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn3" class="footnote-item"><p>National Accounts Statistics 2014, NSB <a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn4" class="footnote-item"><p>Second National Communication from Bhutan to UNFCCC, 2011 <a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn5" class="footnote-item"><p>Land Cover Mapping Project, 2010, NSSC <a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn6" class="footnote-item"><p>Second National Communication from Bhutan to UNFCCC, 2011 <a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn7" class="footnote-item"><p>Unpublished estimates by NECS, RGOB 2015 <a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
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+<h1>Kingdom of Bhutan</h1>
+<h1>Second Nationally Determined Contribution</h1>
+<p>Royal Government of Bhutan Thimphu</p>
+<p>5<sup>th</sup> June 2021</p>
+<h2 id="introduction">1. Introduction</h2>
+<p>As a small landlocked country with a fragile mountainous ecosystem, and with high reliance on climate sensitive sectors such as hydropower and agriculture, the Kingdom of Bhutan is particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Furthermore, as a least developed country, Bhutan lacks the resources and capacity to address the challenges of climate change.</p>
+<p>Bhutan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Paris Agreement on 30 September 2015. On ratification of the Paris Agreement on 19 September 2017 the INDC became Bhutan’s first NDC. The NDC reaffirmed Bhutan’s pledge to remain carbon neutral first made in 2009 and laid out the priorities for low GHG emission development across nine areas. The NDC also contained ten areas of priority needs for adaptation and called on the international community to support Bhutan’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change and that “<em>the successful implementation of our intended actions to mitigate will depend on the level of financial and technical support received”<a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a></em>.</p>
+<p>The Third National GHG Inventory<a href="#fn2" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a> shows that Bhutan’s greenhouse gas emissions (including forest emissions) in 2015 amounts to just 3.8 million tons of CO2e, which is negligible on a global scale. In the same year, Bhutan’s forests sequestered 9.4 million tons of CO2 resulting in net negative emissions of 5.6 million tons of CO2. In this regard, Bhutan continues to remain carbon neutral.</p>
+<p>In presenting the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC, Bhutan maintains the commitment to remain carbon-neutral and the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC is an enhancement from the first NDC in several ways<a href="#fn3" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a>:</p>
+<ol type="i">
+<li>The data and information that demonstrates Bhutan’s position as a net carbon sequestering country has been greatly improved. Since the first NDC, the national GHG inventory system has been improved with the completion of the 3<sup>rd</sup> GHG Inventory where significant improvements have been made with the utilisation of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.</li>
+<li>Bhutan’s forests serve as the cornerstone of our carbon commitment and there has been tremendous improvements in estimation of forest emissions and removals. The data and information for forest emissions and removals have been estimated at a higher tier with the completion of a comprehensive National Forest Inventory in 2016 and the submission of Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level prepared as part of Bhutan’s REDD+ Readiness preparedness.</li>
+<li>The broad plans and actions for low emission development identified in the 1<sup>st</sup> NDC to support Bhutan’s efforts to remain carbon neutral have been further elaborated and refined through low emission development strategies (LEDS), and roadmaps. Therefore, sectoral actions with GHG and non-GHG targets along with strategies and priority plans are now presented in the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The COVID-19 pandemic affected the preparation of the second NDC from Bhutan with disruptions and delays to technical work and the consultation process. Despite these challenges, this second NDC from Bhutan has been prepared through an extensive process of technical assessments and wide- ranging stakeholder consultations. The participation of government agencies, stakeholder groups including CSOs, and private sector and support of UNDP’s Climate Promise were essential for the process of preparing the NDC under trying and difficult circumstances.</p>
+<p>The second NDC charts a way for Bhutan to continue pursuing a low emission development pathway towards our national objectives for sustainable development while meeting our obligations under the Paris Agreement.</p>
+<h2 id="progress-on-implementing-climate-action-since-the-indc-and-ratification-of-the-paris-agreement">2. Progress on implementing climate action since the INDC and ratification of the Paris Agreement</h2>
+<p>Since the ratification of the Paris Agreement, Bhutan has taken several measures towards implementing the priorities identified in the NDC. The key actions undertaken towards a low emission and carbon resilient development in Bhutan are summarised below:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Climate change has been integrated into our development planning with “<em>Climate Neutrality, Climate and Disaster Resilience”</em> identified as the sixth National Key Result Area (NKRA) of the 12<sup>th</sup> Five Year Plan (2018-2023). With the five-year plan’s objective as <em>“Just, Harmonious and Sustainable Society through enhanced Decentralisation”</em>, the priority areas for mitigation and adaptation in the NDC were developed into programs primarily under this NKRA and other NKRAs for implementation across different sectors at the national and local levels<a href="#fn4" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref4"><sup>4</sup></a>.</li>
+<li>Following the Economic Development Policy 2016, fiscal incentives were provided in the form of direct and indirect tax incentives under the Fiscal Incentives Act of Bhutan 2017 to stimulate economic growth, foster private sector development, and generate employment. Incentives included tax rebates to industries adopting modern environmentally friendly technologies, tax exemptions to hydroelectric projects, solar, wind, biogas and other renewable energy plants and machineries. Energy efficient and environment friendly equipment were also exempted from import duties for targeted sectors such as hotels. Waste management and recycling industries were provided income tax holidays and exemption of sales tax and custom duties on plant and machinery.</li>
+<li>The Climate Change Policy of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2020 was adopted with a vision for “a prosperous, resilient and carbon neutral Bhutan where the pursuit of gross national happiness for the present and future generations is secure under a changing climate.” The policy aims to (i) provide strategic guidance to ensure that Bhutan remains carbon neutral and protect the wellbeing of the people of Bhutan by adapting to climate change in an efficient and effective manner (ii) ensure meaningful participation of all relevant stakeholders in climate change action in a coordinated and coherent manner with clear roles and responsibilities and (iii) ensure that the challenges and opportunities of climate change are addressed at all appropriate levels, through adequate means of implementation (finance, technology, capacity building and awareness) and integration into relevant plans and policies.</li>
+<li>The national institutions for coordination of climate change actions across key agencies and stakeholder groups have been revitalised with the Climate Change Coordination Committee (C4) from the erstwhile Multisectoral Technical Committee on Climate Change. In addition, a climate change ‘one stop platform’ is being set up to help coordinate multi-stakeholder dialogue to develop and implement climate related work in Bhutan, with the aim to improve coordination between the different climate-sensitive sectors, enhance knowledge management and improve reporting and monitoring of all climate actions in Bhutan.</li>
+<li>Bhutan ratified the Kigali Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances in 2019 and has put in place the system for licensing the import and export of HFCs. The regulations for Regulation on Control of ODS 2008 are being amended.</li>
+<li>The National Energy Efficiency &amp; Conservation Policy, and the Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2030 covering the sectors of buildings, transport and industry were launched in 2019. The policy and roadmap aim to facilitate improvements in productivity and energy efficiency while contributing to Bhutan’s efforts to remain carbon neutral. Few of the measures are now being implemented while support is required for full implementation. In addition, the Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) has been developed in cooperation with International Renewable Energy Agency with a view to complement the country’s efforts in enabling the wider penetration of various renewable energy technologies.</li>
+<li>The Renewable Energy Master Plan (2017-2032) was adopted as a strategy for the long-term implementation of renewable energy technologies. This master plan identified 39,462 MW of technically feasible small hydropower, solar and wind projects across the country. These renewable energy technologies provide a basis for both clean energy generation for mitigation and as adaptation to changing water flows and the impacts on hydropower in Bhutan.</li>
+<li>The Sustainable Hydropower Development Policy (SHDP) 2021 enhances the previous hydropower policy by integrating climate resilience and mitigation among other updates. As current run-of-river hydropower schemes in Bhutan have become increasingly vulnerable to decreasing water flows in the dry season the SHDP emphasises adaptation measures such as reservoir/pumped storage schemes. In addition, the new policy mandates hydropower value chain through ventures in energy storage technologies such as hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other emerging technologies. These energy storage and diversification measures for adaptation also contribute directly to Bhutan’s carbon neutral efforts by providing clean energy for zero carbon transport and mobility.</li>
+<li>Bhutan’s National Environment Strategy 1998, which charted “the middle path” to development and guided the nation’s pursuit of balanced sustainable development over the past two decades and precipitated most of Bhutan’s environmental policies and measures was updated in 2020. The NES 2020 now integrates new and emerging national environmental challenges and the critical global challenge of climate change. The strategic measures to managing land, air, water, and biodiversity now include climate change as a cross-cutting issue for more holistic integration into relevant policies and programs.</li>
+<li>Bhutan implemented the REDD+ readiness programme and produced Bhutan’s National REDD+ Strategy and implementation framework including the National Forest Monitoring System, Forest Reference (Emission) Level, a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Mechanism, and Safeguard Information System (SIS) for REDD+<a href="#fn5" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref5"><sup>5</sup></a>. With the establishment of the National REDD+ Framework, Bhutan is awaiting support to proceed to implementation of the strategy which include policies and measures that will contribute to continued conservation and sustainable management of forest.</li>
+<li>To implement the priority programs in the NDC, several Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) were developed to prioritise mitigation actions in key sectors of Agriculture, Human Settlement, Industry and Transport. These LEDS will serve as the basis for the sector to integrate low carbon measures into development priorities. Further support for implementation is required to realise the identified priority programs and actions in the various LEDS.</li>
+<li>A study on Gender and Climate Change in Bhutan with a focus on three NDC sectors of Agriculture, Energy and Waste was undertaken to unpack the gender climate nexus, gender roles and gender differentiated impacts of climate change. The study has been instrumental in informing gender mainstreaming opportunities in the preparation of the LEDS and the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC.</li>
+<li>Three NAMAs were developed in 2016 for Road Transport, Housing (residential and institutional) and Municipal Solid Waste Management. However, securing support to implement the NAMAs has been challenging and the NAMAs have not yet been implemented.</li>
+<li>The Bhutan Electric Vehicle (EV) Roadmap (2020-2025) has also been developed for a transition to zero emission mobility with targets for 2035, 2045 and 2050. The Bhutan Sustainable Low- emission Urban Transport System project is being implemented to initiate the transition to EV mobility by focussing on taxis as the primary target for eventual market transformation.</li>
+<li>The National Waste Management Strategy was adopted in 2019, and the Waste Management and Stray Dog Population Control flagship program launched on January 23, 2020. The overall goal is to achieve Zero Waste Bhutan where the current trend of disposing over 80% of solid waste to the landfill is reversed to less than 20% by the year 2030 based on the principles of circular economy.</li>
+<li>The Renewable Natural Resources (RNR) Strategy 2040, covering the forests, agriculture, and livestock sectors, was adopted in 2021 and covers the AFOLU sector under the IPCC emissions source category. The RNR Strategy integrates resilience to climate change and low emission development as one of the key strategies to actualise transformational change in this integrated sector by building on the REDD+ Strategy, LEDS for Food Security 2021, and the National Strategy for Sustainable Socio-economic Development through the Commercialization of Organic Farming 2019.</li>
+<li>Adaptation planning and implementation are also progressing. The third NAPA project funded by the LDC Fund is being implemented for “Enhancing Sustainability and Climate Resilience of Forest and Agricultural Landscape and Community Livelihoods in Bhutan” (2017-2023). This follows the successful conclusion of the 2<sup>nd</sup> NAPA project “Addressing the Risks of Climate Induced Disasters through Enhanced National and Local Capacity for Effective Actions” (2014-2019).</li>
+<li>Two GCF funded projects are also being implemented through the “Bhutan for Life” project for managing the network of Protected Areas as a key component of our carbon sink, and the project, “Supporting Climate Resilience and Transformational Change in the Agriculture Sector in Bhutan” addresses the adverse impacts of climate change on rural livelihood security and poverty, and the effects of sector-led development practices on the ecological integrity of biodiversity-rich forested landscapes.</li>
+<li>Mainstreaming climate adaptation into local development investment has been piloted since 2011 and expanded in recent years under the Local Climate Adaptative Living Facility (LoCAL) program with support from UNCDF and the EU. The first two phases of the program covered 100 “<em>gewogs”<a href="#fn6" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref6"><sup>6</sup></a></em> under performance-based climate resilience grants with support integrated through the 11<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> five-year development plans. The program is planned to be scaled up to all 205 gewogs in the country.</li>
+<li>Through the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience with the World Bank, a program of climate risk management (and low carbon development) investments and activities was prepared. The priorities were fully integrated into the 12<sup>th</sup> Five Year Plan and complement NAP, NDC, and SDG priorities.</li>
+<li>The formulation of a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and the establishing and strengthening of the supporting elements for the NAP process is ongoing with financing from GCF’s NAP readiness support. The project will build national capacity for long term adaptation planning, and conduct in-depth sectoral assessments for water, forest and biodiversity, health, and agriculture.</li>
+<li>Bhutan has started work towards preparing the Long Term Low GHG Emission and Climate Resilient Development Strategy (LTS). The LTS will provide the overall direction and guidance for Bhutan in the long-term efforts for remaining carbon neutral. The development of the LTS has been hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic and is expected to be completed in 2022.</li>
+<li>To facilitate the flow of financing for implementation of the NDC and adaptation priorities from the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Bhutan’s Country Work Program was prepared in 2020. Direct access modalities for climate finance are also being pursued with the accreditation of the Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation (BTFEC) as National Implementing Entity to both the GCF and the Adaptation Fund. In addition, Bhutan is pursuing access for the private sector with three financial institutions (Bhutan Development Bank Ltd, Bank of Bhutan Ltd and the Bhutan National Bank Ltd) undergoing the accreditation process for access to the Private Sector Facility of the GCF.</li>
+<li>Bhutan’s 21<sup>st</sup> Century Economic Roadmap is being drafted as a national initiative to chart out Bhutan’s long-term economic direction and to guide short and medium-term plans, programs, and policies<a href="#fn7" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref7"><sup>7</sup></a>. The roadmap will articulate the main strategies in key economic priority areas for the country over the next ten years while maintaining Bhutan’s effective social and environmental safeguards and integrate climate resilience and mitigation. The roadmap builds on recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, aims to leverage “brand Bhutan” and will feed into the upcoming LTS from Bhutan and transformative green financing measures.</li>
+<li>The Green Finance Roadmap is being developed in line with the 21<sup>st</sup> Economic Century Roadmap and aims to mainstream and bring about transformative changes in financing economic investments and sustainable development in Bhutan for the 21st Century. The initiative aims to (i) make the financial system of Bhutan more robust and resilient to external vulnerabilities in the wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic, (ii) channel lending towards products and services that can deliver both investible returns and environmentally positive outcomes, (iii) ensure green investments are prioritised over business-as-usual investment and to mobilise additional investments in Bhutan’s green sectors, (iv) accelerate the financial sector’s contribution towards transitioning to a low carbon economy by leveraging on modern technology and innovations.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>As outlined above, Bhutan has made concerted efforts to integrate the priorities and programs identified in the first NDC by strengthening policies, programs, and institutional arrangements for integrating climate change measures as part of our development process. Bhutan has had measured success in implementing adaptation programs due to the early start and experience from the NAPA and the LDC Work Program. With regards to mitigation action, Bhutan has been relatively successful in developing strategies and plans in key sectors but faces challenges in raising adequate support for implementation of the LEDS, NAMAs and other mitigation programs.</p>
+<h2 id="summary-of-ndc-mitigation-component">3. Summary of NDC (mitigation component)</h2>
+<p>In presenting the second NDC, Bhutan maintains the commitment to remain carbon-neutral where emission of greenhouse gases will not exceed carbon sequestration by our forests and sinks as first pledged in 2009 and reaffirmed in the first NDC. At the same time, Bhutan calls on the international community to continue and enhance the support for Bhutan’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Bhutan reiterates the statement in the first NDC that “<em>the successful implementation of our intended actions to mitigate will depend on the level of financial and technical support received</em>”. The actions across different priority sectors for mitigation as described in the sections below can only be realised with sufficient and adequate financial and technical support. Therefore, as Bhutan’s NDC is more than our fair share of efforts for climate change mitigation, the actions describing targets, actions and strategies are conditional on receiving adequate support for implementation.</p>
+<p>While Bhutan’s first NDC covered broad priority action areas, the second NDC further enhances our actions by elaborating priority mitigation actions in the form of LEDS, roadmaps and strategies as presented below.</p>
+<h3><em>a) Forest conservation and management under the National REDD+ Strategy</em></h3>
+<p>Bhutan has established the national REDD+ framework and produced the National REDD+ Strategy (NRS) and implementation framework including the National Forest Monitoring System, Forest Reference (Emission) Level, a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Mechanism, and Safeguard Information System (SIS) for REDD+<a href="#fn8" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref8"><sup>8</sup></a>.</p>
+<p>Bhutan’s NRS seeks to achieve the REDD+ objectives with a broad vision that provides co-benefits, including enhancing livelihoods, protecting ecosystem services, and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, the NRS focuses on continuing to strengthen the conservation of existing forests and increase the adaptive capacity to climate change impacts without compromising opportunities for future economic development and prosperity. To achieve this vision, there are four strategy options:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Strengthening Forest Management Practices</li>
+<li>Climate Smart Primary Production.</li>
+<li>Integrated Land Use Planning</li>
+<li>Improved Rural Livelihoods.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Implementing the NRS is estimated to require approximately USD 54.5 million. Among the activities and interventions within the four strategy options, the following targets until 2030 are highlighted.</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th></th>
+<td><em>Actions</em></td>
+<td><em>Targets</em></td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>1</td>
+<td>Improve forest management and conservation</td>
+<td>Maintain 436 million tonnes of forest carbon stock outside protected area system</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Maintain at least 50% of land area under protected area</td>
+<td>Maintain 201 million tonnes of forest carbon stock in protected area</p>
+<p>51.44% of Land area and 31% of forest area</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>3</td>
+<td>Enhancement of forest carbon stock through climate smart restoration</td>
+<td>2000 ha of plantation and restoration work</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>4</td>
+<td>Initiate and promote agro-forestry (12FYP)</td>
+<td>15 acres</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Conservation of wetlands (SRF Land)</td>
+<td>Conduct wetland assessment for understanding organic carbon content</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>As Bhutan does not have large deforestation or forest degradation, the opportunities to participate in a results-based carbon payment system to maintain the net carbon sink are limited. Therefore, the approach for the REDD+ strategy for conservation and management of the relatively large percentage of forest land area is based on the premise that protecting Bhutan ́s landcover and climate proofing the economy is a strategic investment and more economical approach than the restoration challenge faced by countries that have experienced decades of deforestation. In this regard, Bhutan’s investments in forest sink management are unique and exemplary, delivering cross border benefits, and provide important lessons for other countries in effective protection and management of sustainable natural resource management.</p>
+<h3><em>b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security</em></h3>
+<p>Emissions from agriculture and livestock have not historically been increasing significantly and neither is it expected to increase significantly soon. However, emissions from this sector are a significant fraction of national emissions at 14.5%. The LEDS for Food Security covering the agriculture and livestock sector identifies six mitigation actions aimed at reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration<a href="#fn9" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref9"><sup>9</sup></a>. The mitigation measures further elaborate on the broad measures in the INDC and identify opportunities for integration of mitigation options in sectoral actions with large potential for socio-economic development and poverty reduction. The prioritised mitigation measures and targets until 2030 listed below have cumulative mitigation potential of up to 710 Gg CO2e.</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th></th>
+<td><em>Mitigation Measures</em></td>
+<td><em>Targets</em></td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>1</td>
+<td>Switch from synthetic to organic fertilisers</td>
+<td>5% annually</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Improved agricultural practices</td>
+<td>14,971 ha</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>3</td>
+<td>Increased biomass through increased perennial crop production</td>
+<td>17,495 ha</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>4</td>
+<td>Small and medium scale domestic biogas production</td>
+<td>10,254nos</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Reduction of continuous rice flooding</td>
+<td>200 ha/year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>6</td>
+<td>Improved dairy cattle production through breed improvement and feeding management</td>
+<td>8,333 nos</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The cost of implementing the above interventions will require an estimated investment of USD. 61.65 million.</p>
+<h3><em>c) Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement</em></h3>
+<p>Bhutan has and is experiencing rapid urbanisation and a corresponding increase in greenhouse gases. Activities in the human settlement sector were considered across energy in buildings, transport infrastructure, waste management, land-use in urban areas, and information communication and technology. The LEDS for Human Settlement<a href="#fn10" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref10"><sup>10</sup></a> identifies measures over the short- and medium-term scenario (2020-2030) and include:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Roll out of solar PV on buildings</li>
+<li>Replacement of LPG and firewood by electricity</li>
+<li>Increase in composting and recycling</li>
+<li>Energy efficient and green building design</li>
+<li>Efficient street lighting</li>
+<li>Wastewater management</li>
+<li>Rollout of energy efficient appliances</li>
+<li>Solar water heaters</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The short and medium-term prioritized mitigation measures will lead to a cumulative mitigation potential of up to 4,122 Gg CO2e which would require an investment of USD 101.84 Million.</p>
+<h3><em>d) Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries</em></h3>
+<p>Industries play an important part of Bhutan’s economic diversification and growth. At the same time, GHG emissions from industries is projected to grow by almost a factor of three by 2035 under a business-as-usual scenario. The LEDS for Industries 2021 identifies opportunities for mitigation through technical measures, and diversification of the sector away from heavy industries to promoting industries with higher value-addition and manufacturing products with cross cutting benefits in other sectors. The LEDS for Industries was prepared with full consultation and participation of the private industries of Bhutan and presents an excellent opportunity to transform the sector.</p>
+<p>The manufacturing process related mitigation measures include:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Replacing fossil origin reductants with renewable charcoal</li>
+<li>Cement blending</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Energy efficiency measures include:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Waste heat recovery</li>
+<li>Refuse derived fuels in cement plants</li>
+<li>Energy efficiency increases in production processes</li>
+<li>Direct hot charging- integrated production</li>
+<li>Energy efficiency improvement of electric motor systems</li>
+<li>Conversion of diesel boilers to electric boilers.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The mitigation potential from the LEDS for industries is estimated between 999 and 1,137 Gg CO2e per annum based on the grid emission factor<a href="#fn11" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref11"><sup>11</sup></a> or 9,990 -11,370 Gg CO2e cumulative mitigation potential till 2030.</p>
+<p>The LEDS for industries recommends establishment of a revolving fund mechanism, green loans, concessional financing, establishing a cleaner production centre (to be managed by the Association of Bhutanese Industries), technology transfer, and capacity building to realise the mitigation potentials.</p>
+<p>The initial support needs for facilitating and creating an enabling environment to implement the LEDS for industry such as capacity building, detailed technical assessments and studies, policy and regulatory measures is estimated at US$ 3.52 million dollars. This enabling activity will result in the full assessment of mitigation potentials in the industries sector and facilitate the participation of the private sector in low emission development.</p>
+<h3><em>e) Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport</em></h3>
+<p>Transport emissions are projected to increase by a factor of three by 2050 as compared to 2020 levels under business-as-usual scenario. The LEDS for Surface Transport<a href="#fn12" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref12"><sup>12</sup></a> was developed to provide strategic intervention options for transport and mobility and are categorised as follows:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Mass transit though improvements in bus systems and the introduction of open-bus rapid transit (BRT) network (electric and diesel) and light rail transit.</li>
+<li>Promotion of electric passenger vehicles (taxi, two wheelers, light vehicles, buses)</li>
+<li>Low emission freight transport system for heavy and commercial trucks and freight trains</li>
+<li>Non-motorized transport system through public bicycle systems and improved sidewalks, crosswalks</li>
+<li>Improve fuel-efficiency in internal combustion engines through stringent vehicle and emission standards</li>
+<li>Private vehicle demand management through shared mobility, traffic system management carpooling, ride sharing and rental services, import restriction on internal combustion engine cars from 2030 and introducing annual import quota system.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The mitigation options with varying levels of marginal abatement costs have been prioritised for implementation with activities across the short-term (2021-2025), medium-term (until 2030) and long-term (until 2050). The mitigation measures have a cumulative mitigation potential of 5,283 Gg CO2e and are a mix of investments from relatively inexpensive low hanging interventions to large infrastructure investments up to an overall total investment requirement of USD 3,233 million till 2030. Major expenditures in the transport sector are in the areas of infrastructure development to introduce low emission transport modes.</p>
+<h3><em>f) Waste Management</em></h3>
+<p>Under the National Waste Management Strategy 2019, and the Waste Management and Stray Dog Population Control Flagship Program Bhutan has set the goal to achieve Zero Waste Bhutan whereby the current trend of disposing over 80% to the landfill is reversed to less than 20% by the year 2030 based on the principles of circular economy.</p>
+<h3><em>g) Sustainable Hydropower Development</em></h3>
+<p>Clean hydropower enables low GHG emissions from Bhutan and the achievement of carbon neutral status. Further development of hydropower projects can mitigate emissions beyond Bhutan in the region at large. Future development of hydropower will be as per the revised Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021 and enhances climate resilience through reservoir/pumped storage schemes to ensure energy and water security. Currently, there are four hydropower projects under construction that are anticipated to be commissioned before 2030 viz. Punatsangchuu-I (1200MW), Punatsangchhu-II (1020MW), Kholongchhu (600MW) and Nikachhu (118MW) hydroelectric projects (HEP). In addition, the Sankosh HEP (2585 MW), Dorjilung HEP (1125 MW) and Nyera Amari (404MW) are priority projects that will be pursued based on evolving national circumstances.</p>
+<h3><em>h) Alternative Renewable Energy</em></h3>
+<p>An alternative renewable energy program consisting of mini hydro, solar, wind and waste-to-energy technologies will be pursued as a priority program with the aim to reduce deforestation in rural communities and diversify the energy portfolio as adaptation measure to changing water flows, particularly in the dry seasons. Medium-term targets from 2020-2028 include:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>71.11 MW of utility scale solar and wind energy (17.38 MW solar in Sephu, 30.73 MW solar in Shingkhar and 23 MW wind in Gaselo).</li>
+<li>Alternative renewable energy project to install roof mounted solar PV on 300 rural households to enable access to clean energy and displace fuelwood consumption. The regulatory policies and tariff structure for solar feed-in tariff will be prepared to encourage the growth of the prosumer market.</li>
+<li>An 80-kW decentralised solar PV plant shall be developed to provide reliable and sustainable electricity supply to the Aja Ney community which is inside the Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. This intervention is intended to enable access to clean energy for the communities while also curtailing their dependence on firewood.</li>
+<li>More than 50 Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) of 1000 litres per day (LPD) capacity shall be installed in various public institutions (schools, monasteries, hospitals etc.), to curtail pressure on firewood which is otherwise deployed for heating water.</li>
+<li>The remote Lunana community will be provided with a 500-kW mini-hydel to meet the energy demands of the community through a sustainable and reliable approach. This will eliminate the need for a 97km transmission line in a national protected area and avoid deforestation and degradation.</li>
+<li>The feasibility of a waste to energy plant of utility scale in Thimphu will be undertaken and implemented to convert the organic waste to energy and reduce landfill emissions.</li>
+</ol>
+<h3><em>i) Green Hydrogen Roadmap</em></h3>
+<p>In line with the Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021, the potential for the use of hydrogen created from green renewable electricity in Bhutan will be pursued. Towards this end a study has been initiated with the objective of exploring production of hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other hydrogen products for the end-uses of energy storage and substitute for fossil fuel usage. The Royal Government will initiate feasibility studies, preparation of the Green Hydrogen Roadmap and pilot projects.</p>
+<h3><em>j) National Energy Efficiency &amp; Conservation Policy 2019 and Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019</em></h3>
+<p>The National Energy Efficiency &amp; Conservation Policy and the Energy Efficiency Roadmap (NEECP) were adopted in 2019. The roadmap establishes the impact of energy efficiency (EE) on the country’s GHG emission in line with the first NDC targets with about 0.59 million tCO2e emission reduction potential from implementation of EE&amp;C measures.</p>
+<p>The action plan aims to contribute towards the NDC mitigation measures by enhancing demand side management through (i) promotion of EE in appliances, (ii) buildings and (iii) industrial processes and technologies. The NEECP 2019 will strive to realise the energy saving potential of 155 GWh annually using energy efficient equipment, appliances and construction materials in the building, appliance and industry sector and annual fuel cost saving of Nu.467 million with implementation of various EE measures in the transport sector. Several of the actions and measures in the EE policy and action plan are also being integrated into the different LEDS for human settlements, transport, and Industries.</p>
+<h3><em>k) Cooperative mechanisms to achieve sustainable development and mitigation ambitions</em></h3>
+<p>Bhutan has participated in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and continues to believe in the important role of innovative financing mechanisms for climate actions with sustainable development benefits. Bhutan views cooperative approaches in market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition with environmental integrity while promoting sustainable development and welcomes the opportunity to participate in cooperative approaches.</p>
+<h2 id="adaptation-component">4. Adaptation Component</h2>
+<p>Adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change is an equally important, if not more challenging issue than mitigation for Bhutan as a nation. Bhutan included an adaptation component in the first NDC and highlighted ten broad areas of priority adaptation needs. Since then, Bhutan has started the process to formulate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) as part of the NAP readiness support. The NAP support program will result in the preparation of Bhutan’s first NAP and put in place essential elements to support the medium to long term process for adaptation planning and implementation by enhancing institutional coordination, management of climate change data and information, and capacity building of key institutions including academia, civil society, and the private sector.</p>
+<p>Bhutan’s first NAP is expected to be completed and submitted in 2021 and will be the basis of Bhutan’s Adaptation Communication to convey our priorities, plans, actions, and support needs for adaptation. The NAP will cover priority needs and actions in the areas of water, agriculture, forests &amp; biodiversity, and health.</p>
+<h2 id="means-of-implementation">5. Means of Implementation</h2>
+<p>While the costs for the implementation for a few of the mitigation measures have been estimated, further detailed feasibility assessments and cost benefit assessments will need to be undertaken for most of the LEDS priorities in the near future.</p>
+<p>The implementation of the NDC will be guided by the Climate Change Policy of 2020, which describes the implementation procedures as well as the process for monitoring and evaluation. The policy describes climate change as a cross-cutting issue that needs to be addressed comprehensively and coordinated effectively across all relevant sectors and stakeholders at different levels and defines procedures and institutional roles and responsibilities for implementation. This approach includes integration of climate change priorities into the five-year plans, policies and programs while ensuring synergies.</p>
+<p>Support for implementation will include domestic fiscal incentives and measures, policy, and regulatory measures to create an enabling environment for implementation measures in targeted sectors based on the LEDS. The domestic institutional measures to enable financial flows for climate action include the establishment of national implementing entities for direct access to the GCF and the Adaptation Fund and the private sector facility of the GCF. The green finance roadmap will enable transformative investments in carbon neutral and climate resilient development. The establishment of Bhutan Climate Fund (BCF) which is underway will serve as a sustainable financing source for Bhutan's development and conservation efforts and correspondingly contribute to diversifying the economy through the development of low-carbon infrastructures. The BCF will aggregate and monetise emission offsets (mitigation outcomes) from renewable projects in Bhutan, starting with the hydro sector.</p>
+<p>As Bhutan is a land locked LDC with limited financial resources, international financing will be needed to implement the actions in the NDC over the next 10 years. Most of the mitigation actions in this NDC and the strategies across sectors can be realised only with adequate financing and will therefore be contingent on the level of financial support received.</p>
+<h2 id="information-to-facilitate-clarity-transparency-and-understanding-of-bhutans">6. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC</h2>
+<p>Further details on the mitigation component of Bhutan’s second NDC are provided in the information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC as presented in Annex I.</p>
+<h2 id="annex-i.">Annex I.</h2>
+<p><strong>Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC<a href="#fn13" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref13"><sup>13</sup></a>.</strong></p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3">
+<p><strong>1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year)</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>a</td>
+<td>Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s);</td>
+<td><p>Bhutan is already carbon neutral and has achieved the goal for net zero emissions by 2050. Bhutan’s commitment is to remain carbon neutral, and this refers to total emissions relative to total removals at a national level.</p>
+<p>Bhutan’s INDC referenced the period 2000-2013 as a basis for the carbon neutral status in line with the 2<sup>nd</sup> National GHG Inventory and the 2<sup>nd</sup> National Communication. The 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC uses 2015 as base year in line with the 3<sup>rd</sup> National GHG Inventory. Bhutan’s forest reference emission level (FREL) and forest reference level (FRL) submitted and assessed in 2020 utilises historical reference period of 2005-2014. However, the methodology used for the development of the FREL and FRL is consistent with the National GHG Inventory<em>.</em></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>b</td>
+<td>Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year;</td>
+<td><p>Based on the Third National GHG Inventory for Bhutan<a href="#fn14" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref14"><sup>14</sup></a> total GHG emissions in Bhutan in 2015 was 3,814.09 Gg CO2 equivalent (CO2e) excluding removals by forest. The carbon sequestration capacity of Bhutan in 2015 was 9,386.59 Gg CO2e. This results in Bhutan already achieving and exceeding the carbon neutral goal of the Paris Agreement with net GHG emissions in 2015 of -5,572.50 Gg CO2e</p>
+<p>Sectoral targets and actions for low emission development are described in section 1c below.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+  <td>c</td>
+<td>For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information;</td>
+<td><p><em><strong>a) Forest conservation and management</strong></em></p>
+<p>Under the  National REDD+ Strategy (NRS), Bhutan will continue to strengthen the conservation of existing forests and increase the adaptive capacity to climate change impacts without compromising opportunities for future economic development and prosperity. This vision will be pursued through four strategy options:
+</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Strengthening Forest Management Practices</li>
+<li>Climate Smart Primary Production.</li>
+<li>Integrated Land Use Planning</li>
+<li>Improved Rural Livelihoods.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>Implementing the NRS is estimated to require approximately USD 54.5 million. Quantifiable actions and targets until 2030 include</p>
+<table>
+  <thead>
+    <tr>
+      <th></th>
+      <th><em>Actions</em>
+      </th>
+      <th><em>Targets</em>
+      </th>
+    </tr>
+  </thead>
+   <tbody>
+   <tr>
+     <td>1</td>
+     <td>Improve forest management and conservation</td>
+     <td>Maintain 436 million tonnes of forest carbon stock outside protected area system</td>
+   </tr>
+   <tr>
+     <td>2</td>
+     <td>Maintain at least 50% of land area under protected area</td>
+     <td>Maintain 201 million tonnes of forest carbon stock in protected area</p>
+     <p>51.44% of Land area and 31% of forest area</td>
+   </tr>
+   <tr>
+     <td>3</td>
+     <td>Enhancement of forest carbon stock through climate smart restoration</td>
+     <td>2000 ha of plantation and restoration work</td>   </tr>
+   <tr>
+     <td>4</td>
+     <td>Initiate and promote agro-forestry (12FYP)</td>
+     <td>15 acres</td>   </tr>
+   <tr>
+     <td>5</td>
+     <td>Conservation of wetlands (SRF Land)</td>
+     <td>Conduct wetland assessment for understanding organic carbon content</td>   </tr>
+   </tbody>
+  </table>
+  <p><em><strong>b) Low Emission Development Strategy for Food security</strong></em></p>
+<p>The Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) for Food Security 2021 covering the agriculture and livestock sector identifies six mitigation actions aimed at reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration<a href="#fn15" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref15"><sup>15</sup></a>. The mitigation measures further elaborate on the broad measures in the INDC and identify opportunities for integration of mitigation options in sectoral actions with large potential for socio-economic development and poverty reduction. The prioritised mitigation measures and targets until 2030 listed below have cumulative mitigation potential of up to 710 Gg CO2e. The cost of implementing the interventions will require an estimated investment of USD. 61.65 million</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th></th>
+<td><em>Mitigation Measures</em></td>
+<td><em>Targets</em></td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>1</td>
+<td>Switch from synthetic to organic fertilisers</td>
+<td>5% annually</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>2</td>
+<td>Improved agricultural practices</td>
+<td>14,971 ha</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>3</td>
+<td>Increased biomass through increased perennial crop production</td>
+<td>17,495 ha</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>4</td>
+<td>Small and medium scale domestic biogas production</td>
+<td>10,254nos</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>5</td>
+<td>Reduction of continuous rice flooding</td>
+<td>200 ha/year</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>6</td>
+<td>Improved dairy cattle production through breed improvement and feeding management</td>
+<td>8,333 nos</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><em><strong>c) Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement</strong></em></p>
+<p>Bhutan has and is experiencing rapid urbanisation and a corresponding increase in greenhouse gases. Activities in the human settlement sector was considered across energy in buildings, transport infrastructure, waste management, land- use in urban areas, and information communication and technology. The LEDS for Human Settlement 2021<a href="#fn16" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref16"><sup>16</sup></a> identifies measures over the short- and medium- term scenario (2020-2030) and include:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Roll out of solar PV on buildings</li>
+<li>Replacement of LPG and firewood by electricity</li>
+<li>Increase in composting and recycling</li>
+<li>Energy efficient and green building design</li>
+<li>Efficient street lighting</li>
+<li>Wastewater management</li>
+<li>Rollout of energy efficient appliances</li>
+<li>Solar water heaters</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The short-term prioritized mitigation measures in human settlements will lead to a cumulative mitigation potential of up to 4,122 Gg CO2e which would require an investment of USD 101.84 million.</p>
+<p><em><strong>d) Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries</strong></em></p>
+<p>The LEDS for Industries 2021<a href="#fn17" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref17"><sup>17</sup></a> identifies opportunities for mitigation through technical measures, and diversification of the sector away from heavy industries to promoting industries with higher value-addition and manufacturing products with cross cutting benefits in other sectors. The LEDS for Industry was prepared with full consultation and participation of the private industries of Bhutan and presents an excellent opportunity to transform the sector. The mitigation measures include:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Replacing fossil origin reductants with renewable charcoal</li>
+<li>Cement blending</li>
+<li>Energy efficiency measures include:</li>
+<li>Waste heat recovery</li>
+<li>Refuse derived fuels in cement plants</li>
+<li>Energy efficiency increases in production processes</li>
+<li>Direct hot charging- integrated production</li>
+<li>Energy efficiency improvement of electric motor systems</li>
+<li>Conversion of diesel boilers to electric boilers.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The total mitigation potential from the LEDS for industries is estimated between 999 Gg CO2e and 1,137 Gg CO2e per annum depending on the grid emission factor or a cumulative mitigation potential of 9,990 – 11,370 Gg CO2e till 2030.</p>
+<p>The LEDS for Industries recommends establishment of a revolving fund mechanisms, green loans, concessional financing, establishing a cleaner production centre (to be managed by the Association of Bhutanese Industries), technology transfer and capacity building to realise the mitigation potentials. The initial support needs for facilitating and creating an enabling environment to implement the LEDS for industry such as capacity building, detailed technical assessments and studies, policy and regulatory measures is estimated at US$ 3.52 million dollars. This enabling activity will result in the full assessment of mitigation potentials in the industries sector and facilitate the participation of the private sector in low emission development.</p>
+<p><em><strong>e) Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport</strong></em></p>
+<p>The LEDS for Surface Transport<a href="#fn18" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref18"><sup>18</sup></a> was developed to provide strategic intervention options for transport and mobility and are categorised as follows:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>Mass transit though improvements in bus systems and the introduction of open-bus rapid transit (BRT) network (electric and diesel) and light rail transit.</li>
+<li>Promotion of electric passenger vehicles (taxi, two wheelers, light vehicles, buses)</li>
+<li>Low emission freight transport system for heavy and commercial trucks and freight trains</li>
+<li>Non-motorized transport system through public bicycle systems and improved sidewalks, crosswalks</li>
+<li>Improve fuel-efficiency in internal combustion engines through stringent vehicle and emission standards</li>
+<li>Private vehicle demand management through shared mobility, traffic system management carpooling, ride sharing and rental services, import restriction on internal combustion engine cars from 2030 and introducing annual import quota system.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The mitigation options with varying levels of marginal abatement costs have been prioritised for implementation with activities across the short-term (2021- 2025), medium-term (until 2030) and long-term (until 2050). The mitigation measures have a cumulative mitigation potential of 5,283 Gg CO2e and are a mix of investments from relatively inexpensive low hanging interventions to large infrastructure investments up to an overall total investment requirement of USD 3,233 million till 2030. Major expenditures in the transport sector are in the areas of infrastructure development to introduce low emission transport modes.</p>
+<p><em><strong>f) Waste Management</strong></em></p>
+<p>Under the National Waste Management Strategy 2019, and the Waste Management and Stray Dog Population Control Flagship Program Bhutan has set the goal to achieve Zero Waste Bhutan whereby the current trend of disposing over 80% to the landfill is reversed to less than 20% by the year 2030 based on the principles of circular economy.</p>
+<p><em><strong>g) Sustainable Hydropower Development</strong></em></p>
+<p>Clean hydropower enables low GHG emissions from Bhutan and the achievement of carbon neutral status. Further development of hydropower projects can mitigate emissions beyond Bhutan in the region at large. Future development of hydropower will be as per the revised Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021 and enhance climate resilience through reservoir/pumped storage schemes to ensure energy and water security. Currently, there are four hydropower projects under construction that are anticipated to be commissioned before 2030 viz. Punatsangchuu-I (1200MW), Punatsangchhu-II (1020MW), Kholongchhu (600MW) and Nikachhu (118MW) hydroelectric projects (HEP). In addition, the Sankosh HEP (2585 MW), Dorjilung HEP (1125 MW) and Nyera Amari (404MW) are priority projects that will be pursued based on evolving national circumstances.</p>
+<p><em><strong>h) Alternative Renewable Energy</strong></em></p>
+<p>An alternative renewable energy program consisting of mini hydro, solar, wind and waste-to-energy technologies will be pursued as a priority program with the aim to reduce deforestation in rural communities and diversify the energy portfolio as adaptation measure to changing water flows, particularly in the dry seasons. Medium-term targets from 2020-2028 include:</p>
+<ol type="1">
+<li>71.11 MW of utility scale solar and wind energy (17.38 MW solar in Sephu, 30.73 MW solar in Shingkhar and 23 MW wind in Gaselo).</li>
+<li>Alternative renewable energy project to install roof mounted solar PV on 300 rural households to enable access to clean energy and displace fuelwood consumption. The regulatory policies and tariff structure for solar feed-in tariff will be prepared to encourage the growth of the prosumer market.</li>
+<li>An 80-kW decentralised solar PV plant shall be developed to provide reliable and sustainable electricity supply to the Aja Ney community which is inside the Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. This intervention is intended to enable access to clean energy for the communities while also curtailing their dependence on firewood.</li>
+<li>More than 50 Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) of 1000 litres per day (LPD) capacity shall be installed in various public institutions (schools, monasteries, hospitals etc.), to curtail pressure on firewood which is otherwise deployed for heating water.</li>
+<li>The remote Lunana community will be provided with a 500-kW mini-hydel to meet the energy demands of the community through a sustainable and reliable approach. This will eliminate the need for a 97km transmission line in a national protected area and avoid deforestation and degradation.</li>
+<li>The feasibility of a waste to energy plant of utility scale in Thimphu will be undertaken and implemented to convert the organic waste to energy and reduce landfill emissions.</li>
+</ol>
+<p><em><strong>i) Green Hydrogen Roadmap</strong></em></p>
+<p>In line with the Sustainable Hydropower Policy 2021, the potential for the use of hydrogen created from green renewable electricity in Bhutan will be pursued. Towards this end a study has been initiated with the objective of exploring production of hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other hydrogen products, for the end-uses of energy storage and substitute for fossil fuel usage. The Royal Government will initiate feasibility studies, preparation of the Green Hydrogen Roadmap and pilot projects.</p>
+<p><em><strong>j) The National Energy Efficiency &amp; Conservation Policy and Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019.</strong></em></p>
+<p>The National Energy Efficiency &amp; Conservation Policy and Energy Efficiency Roadmap (NEECP) 2019 establishes the impact of energy efficiency (EE) on the country’s GHG emissions in line with the first NDC targets with about 0.59 million tCO2e emission reduction potential from implementation of EE&amp;C measures. The action plan aims to contribute towards the NDC mitigation measures by enhancing demand side management through (i) promotion of EE in appliances, (ii) buildings and (iii) industrial processes and technologies. The NEECP 2019 will strive to realise the energy saving potential of 155GWh annually using energy efficient equipment, appliances and construction materials in the building, appliance and industry sector and annual fuel cost saving of Nu.467 million with implementation of various EE measures in the transport sector. Several of the actions and measures in the EE policy and action plan are also being integrated into the different LEDS for human settlements, transport, and Industries.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>d</td>
+<td>Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction;</td>
+<td><p>Bhutan’s target is to maintain the status as a carbon neutral country. This is expressed in relative terms of total GHG emissions against total removals of GHG for each relevant target year.</p>
+<p>To maintain this target, Bhutan has prepared sectoral Low Emission Development Strategies, the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan and other sectoral plans, programs, and strategies.</p>
+<p>The ability for Bhutan to maintain its carbon neutral status will depend on the level of international support received to implement these sectoral strategies and plans and the realisation of this commitment is conditional on the support received.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>e</td>
+<td>Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s);</td>
+<td><p>For the economy wide target of remaining carbon neutral, quantifiable information is based on National GHG Inventories for Bhutan as contained in the National Communications to the UNFCCC and subsequent Biennial Update Reports.</p>
+<p>Sources of data for forestry emissions and removals is based on the Third National GHG Inventory included in the Third National Communication 2020, Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level submitted in 2020, The National Forest Inventory Volume 1, 2016 and National Forest Inventory Volume II 2018.</p>
+<p>Reference points for sectoral targets, strategies, plans, and actions are based on the following:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><em>National Energy Efficiency &amp; Conservation Policy 2019 and Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019</em></li>
+<li><em>Bhutan’s National REDD+ Strategy &amp; Action Plan</em></li>
+<li><em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021</em></li>
+<li><em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021</em></li>
+<li><em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021</em></li>
+<li><em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021.</em></li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>f</td>
+<td>Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.</td>
+<td>Values may change due to improvements in the GHG inventory and Biennial Update Reports and completion of assessments leading to the development of Bhutan’s Long-Term Strategy including an assessment and selection of Bhutan’s Grid Emission Factor.</td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>a</td>
+<td>Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA);</td>
+<td>Bhutan’s enhanced mitigation efforts to remain carbon neutral includes sectoral targets, strategies, and activities from the year 2021 to 2030 based on the references in 1(e) above.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>b</td>
+<td>Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.</td>
+<td>Bhutan’s overall national target is to maintain the carbon neutral status. This is expressed in relative terms of total GHG emissions against total removals of GHG for each relevant target year.</p>
+<p>Bhutan’s enhanced mitigation efforts to remain carbon neutral includes sectoral targets, strategies, and activities from the year 2021 to 2030 based on the references in 1(e) above.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>3. Scope and coverage:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>a</td>
+<td>General description of the target;</td>
+<td>Bhutan’s target is to maintain the status as a carbon neutral country where total GHG emissions do not exceed total removals by sinks including forests.</p>
+<p>In order to maintain this carbon neutral status, sectoral targets, programs and plans have been prepared as part of sectoral LEDS and National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan as described above in section 1(c).</p>
+<p>The implementation and achievement of this target will depend on the level of support available for implementation and is therefore conditional on support received.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>b</td>
+<td>Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines;</td>
+<td>For the overall target to remain carbon neutral, all gases and sectors are as described in the Third National Communication.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>c</td>
+<td>How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21;</td>
+<td>All the methodologies and tools used for GHG inventory reporting followed the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), Good Practice Guidance, and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2000). The methodologies used was from Tier 1 using the default emission/removal factor except for forestry sector where some country specific carbon density data was used. In general, each method was applied based on the availability of data and analysis of key categories.</p>
+<p>The latest GHG inventory for 2015 estimated emissions sources of energy, IPPU, AFLOU, waste, and removals by sink. The three main gases, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), is estimated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) were calculated for forestry and other land use only.</p>
+<p>Emissions of perfluorocarbons (FPCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) are not estimated as products containing these gases are not produced in the country.
+  <p>Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level describes the methodologies for emissions and removals from forests. Consistency in approaches and definitions have been maintained with the national communications and GHG inventories.</p>
+  <p>The collection of data and information is still a challenge when compiling the GHG inventory for Bhutan. Bhutan aspires to gradually improve its reporting by adopting higher tier methods with continued international support and as local capacity develops, and more disaggregated data becomes available.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>d</td>
+<td>Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.</td>
+<td><p>Hydropower from run-of-river projects has been one of the main sources of revenue for Bhutan’s economic development. However, climate change is threatening the generation of clean hydroelectricity, particularly in the dry season with diminishing winter precipitation and the rapidly disappearing Himalayan cryosphere. In addition, the rapid melting of the glaciers and risk of glacial lake outbursts also threaten hydropower investments.</p>
+<p>To address the adverse impacts of climate change, the Sustainable Hydropower Development Policy (SHDP) 2021 enhances Bhutan’s hydropower policy by integrating climate resilience and mitigation. The SHDP emphasises adaptation measures such as reservoir/pumped storage schemes in addition to run-of-river schemes. Energy security and climate resilience will also be enhanced through ventures in energy storage technologies such as hydrogen fuel, green ammonia, and other emerging technologies. Other alternative renewable energy in the form of solar, wind and micro-hydro, including participation though feed-in tariff will also be further promoted for diversifying the energy mix.</p>
+<p>While these measures are primarily being undertaken to adapt to the increasing threats from adverse impacts of climate change to Bhutan’s energy security, these adaptation measures will result in tangible mitigation benefits.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>4. Planning processes:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>a</td>
+<td>Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:</td>
+<td><p>The COVID-19 pandemic affected the preparation of the second NDC from Bhutan with disruptions and delays to technical work and the consultation process.</p>
+<p>However, the preparation of the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC builds on experience of 1<sup>st</sup> NDC which was prepared in a short timeframe utilising existing policies, plans and strategies. The 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC has been informed by deliberate preparatory steps which included awareness and capacity building of relevant stakeholders in understanding climate change mitigation and adaptation, and the obligations arising out of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Technical assessments in the form of LEDS for priority sectors were also conducted to elaborate the broad priority actions identified in the 1<sup>st</sup> NDC. These preparatory assessments towards the NDC include the intensive work undertaken under the REDD+ Readiness program including the first full National Forest Inventory and preparation of the FREL and FRL.</p>
+<p>Additional studies were also conducted to fill gaps in understanding gender issues as related to climate change and environment. This study was used as inputs to inform the preparation of the LEDS and recent climate policies and actions.</p>
+<p>Preparation of all relevant strategies and the NDC formulation was carried out in a highly consultative manner while catering to national COVID-19 protocols. Despite the disruptions and difficulties presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, in- person meetings were conducted with social distancing measures when feasible, and teleconferencing video technologies were utilised during periods of lockdowns and health protocol restrictions.</p>
+<p>The support and participation of government agencies, stakeholder groups including CSOs and private sector with support from the UNDP Climate Promise program was essential for the process of preparing the NDC under trying and difficult circumstances.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td></td>
+<td>i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner;</td>
+<td><p>The 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC builds on the 1<sup>st</sup> NDC with the subsequent preparation the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan, the LEDS for sectoral actions, the National Energy Efficiency &amp; Conservation Policy and the Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2019. All these strategies were prepared in a highly consultative manner.</p>
+<p>To get an understanding of gender issues in the context of climate change and related policy responses in Bhutan a study on gender and climate change in Bhutan for priority sectors of Agriculture, Energy and Waste was carried out<a href="#fn19" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref19"><sup>19</sup></a>. The findings and recommendations helped set a basis for understanding gender and climate linkages while enabling the incorporation of gender approaches in the three sectors. It also helped to inform gender considerations in the development LEDS for agriculture, transport, and waste. Further in-depth studies for gender and climate change covering additional sectors and issues are needed.</p>
+<p>The second NDC from Bhutan has been prepared through an extensive process of technical assessments, and wide-ranging stakeholder consultation process. The consultation process included technical experts from government agencies, representatives of private sector, academia, civil society and youth groups, and high-level government consultation and review.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+  <td></td>
+<td>ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+  <td></td>
+<td>(a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication;</td>
+<td><p>Bhutan is a small, landlocked country with an area of 38,394 km<sup>2</sup> situated on the southern slope of the Eastern Himalayas. The country is almost entirely mountainous with altitudes ranging from about 100 meters in the foothills to over 7,500 meters in the north. Due to its fragile mountainous ecosystem, Bhutan is highly vulnerable to impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. The situation is further worsened by the country’s low adaptative capacity and poor economic status constrained by limited financial, technical, and human capacity. Additionally, the country’s economy is still predominantly dependent on climate sensitive sectors like agriculture (more than 60% of rural population depend for livelihood) and hydropower. The mountainous landscape makes communication and transport very fragile and expensive.</p>
+<p>Bhutan has a total of 70.77 % forest cover (2,717,162 ha) out of the total geographical area (3,839,400 ha) of the country. Due to the high forest cover, pristine environment, strong conservation efforts and good network of Protected Areas, Bhutan has exceptionally rich biodiversity with one of the highest species densities and flourishing populations of some of the rarest flora and fauna on earth.</p>
+<p>Most of the major rivers in Bhutan originate from glaciers and are recharged by watershed. Most of the river discharge results from rainfall, supplemented by an estimated 2-12% glacial melt and another 2% from snow melt. The combined outflow of the rivers is about 70,576 million m<sup>3</sup>, or 2,238 m<sup>3</sup>/s, which corresponds to a flow of 109,000 m3 per capita per year, the highest in the region.</p>
+<p>Bhutan is one of the least populated countries in Asia with a total population of 727,145 in 2017 and population growth rate of 1.3% per annum. Bhutan is one of the world’s smallest economies, with gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017 recorded at Nu 164.6 billion or approximately USD 2.4 billion. However, growth has been remarkable, with the economy growing at an average rate of seven percent over the past decade, mainly due to investments in the hydropower sector. GDP per capita increased from USD 2,464 in 2013 to USD 3,438 in 2017. However, the COVID 19 pandemic has led to a shrinkage in economic activities and the Asian Development Bank has forecast Bhutan’s economic growth to contract by 3.4% this fiscal year (FY) 2021 from 0.9% in FY2020.</p>
+<p>Bhutan was categorized as a Least Developed Country (LDC) by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1971. However, over the decades, Bhutan has made remarkable socio-economic advancements, qualifying the country for graduation from this category for the first time at the 2015 triennial review of the list of LDCs.</p>
+<p>As a least-developed country with a young growing population, Bhutan has pressing needs for economic development and poverty eradication in a challenging environment while conserving of a globally significant natural environment.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+  <td></td>
+<td>(b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution;</td>
+<td><p>The COVID-19 pandemic affected the preparation of the second NDC from Bhutan with disruptions and delays to technical work and the consultation process.</p>
+<p>Learning from the experience of 1<sup>st</sup> NDC which was prepared in a short timeframe utilising existing policies, plans and strategies, the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC has been informed by deliberate preparatory steps of capacity building of relevant stakeholders in understanding climate change mitigation and adaptation and the preparation of technical assessments in response to the 1<sup>st</sup> NDC. These steps are described in section 4a above.</p>
+<p>With the disruptions and difficulties presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing measures were adopted meetings when feasible and teleconferencing video technologies during periods of lockdowns and health protocol restrictions.</p>
+<p>The support and participation of government agencies, stakeholder groups including CSOs and private sector with support from the UNDP Climate Promise program was essential for the process of preparing the NDC under trying and difficult circumstances.</p>
+<p>The 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC preparation highlighted the need for continuous capacity building in understanding climate change causes, impacts and actions.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+    <td></td>
+<td>(c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>N.A</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>b</td>
+<td>Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>N.A.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>c</td>
+<td>How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>N.A.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>d</td>
+<td>Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+  <td></td>
+<td>i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution;</td>
+<td>N.A.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+  <td></td>
+<td>ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.</td>
+<td>See 3(d) above.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>a</td>
+<td>Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA;</td>
+<td>The accounting approach is from Bhutan’s Third National GHG inventory which followed the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), Good Practice Guidance, and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2000). The methodologies used was from Tier 1 using the default emission/removal factor except for forestry sector where some country specific carbon density data was used. The decision trees provided in the IPCC Guidelines guided the choice of methods for inventory.
+  <p>Net emission has been presented in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) using the 100 - year global warming potentials (GWPs) from the 1995 IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR)</p>
+  <p>For constructing Bhutan’s FREL and FRL, methodologies used were the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2019 IPCC Guidelines refinement and guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The Green Climate Fund scorecard and guidelines from the FCPF Methodological Framework for high-forest, low-deforestation countries were also considered. Wherever possible, country specific data have been used for the construction of the FREL and FRL of Bhutan.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>b</td>
+<td>Assumptions and methodological approaches used for <em>accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies</em> in the nationally determined contribution;</td>
+<td>In addition to the overall methodologies in 5a above, policies measures and strategies in the NDC were guided by 2006 IPCC guidelines and additional approaches for specific LEDS across sectors as detailed within the respective LEDS. Policies, measures, and strategies in sectors are described within the respective strategy documents:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Forest related policies and measures are described in the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan 2020</li>
+<li>For agriculture and livestock in <em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021</em></li>
+<li>For Industries in, <em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021</em> &amp; <em>The National Strategy and Action Plan for Low Carbon Development 2012</em>.</li>
+<li>For human settlements including waste management, in <em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021</em></li>
+<li>For surface transport in <em>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021</em></li>
+</ul>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>c</td>
+<td>If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate;</td>
+<td><em>As described in 5a above.</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>d</td>
+<td>IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals;</td>
+<td>2006 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC GPG as in 5a above.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>e</td>
+<td>Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable:</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+  <td></td>
+<td>i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands;</td>
+<td>For constructing Bhutan’s FREL and FRL, methodologies used were the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2019 IPCC Guidelines refinement and guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The Green Climate Fund scorecard and guidelines from the FCPF Methodological Framework for high-forest, low-deforestation countries were also considered. See “Bhutan’s Proposed National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level 2020”<a href="#fn20" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref20"><sup>20</sup></a></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+  <td></td>
+<td>ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products;</td>
+<td>For the National Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level, harvested wood products were counted as part of emissions and was not considered as removals due to lack of capacity, data, and technology to segregate emissions and removals in this sub-category. This could be considered in the future as part of the future FREL and FRL improvement program (if technical and financial support are available).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+  <td></td>
+<td>iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests;</td>
+<td>For the National Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level development, age class forest structure specifically was not segregated, however, average values were used covering all different age class and elevation, so the figures are representative of the forests of Bhutan. The IPCC’s recommended 20 years transition period was also used across all REDD+ activities. If there is available support technically and financially, age class wise segregation and their emissions and removal could be considered for further improvement of the FREL and FRL.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>f</td>
+<td>Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+  <td></td>
+<td>i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable<em>, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference</em> levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used;</td>
+<td>As in 5a and 5b above.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+  <td></td>
+<td>ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable;</td>
+<td>As in 5b above.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+  <td></td>
+<td>iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated;</td>
+<td>N.A.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+<td>iv) Further technical information, as necessary.</td>
+<td>N.A.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>g</td>
+<td>The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.</td>
+<td>Bhutan has participated in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol and continues to believe in the important role of innovative financing mechanism for climate actions with sustainable development benefits. Bhutan views cooperative approaches in market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition with environmental integrity while promoting sustainable development and welcomes the opportunity to participate on cooperative approaches.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>a</td>
+<td>How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances;</td>
+<td>Bhutan is already carbon neutral and commits to maintain this status despite national circumstances as a landlocked least developed country, with very high vulnerability in a fragile mountainous ecosystem.</p>
+<p>Considering the challenging national circumstances and with pressing needs for poverty reduction and sustainable development, Bhutan’s NDC is the highest possible ambition and more than its fair share of action and burden.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>b</td>
+<td>Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;</td>
+<td>Bhutan is a landlocked LDC with a small economy and limited resources. In addition, considering the historical and current emissions from Bhutan and our imperatives for sustainable development, Bhutan’s NDC is most ambitious and more than our fair share of efforts to combat climate change.</p>
+<p>Bhutan also finds itself in a unique situation of not being able to participate in results-based financing after maintaining impressive forest sinks that provide climate, biodiversity and riverine services and benefits beyond our borders. It is also difficult to mobilise support for implementing our LEDS and NAMAs due to low historical emissions.</p>
+<p>The commitment to remain carbon neutral is an economy wide target that can limit the aspirations and vision of Bhutan for a peaceful and prosperous society. In this regard, financial and technical support from the international community is essential to implement the NDC and therefore the conditional requirement for implementation of the measures.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>c</td>
+<td>How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>Bhutan is already carbon neutral and re-affirms this pledge to maintain this status.</p>
+<p>The 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC contains enhanced actions as compared to the 1<sup>st</sup> NDC:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Whereas the 1<sup>st</sup> NDC contained broad priority areas for both mitigation and adaptation action, the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC presents specific sectoral mitigation actions with both GHG and non GHG target aligned with sectoral strategies and priority plans in the form of Low Emission Development Strategies.</li>
+<li>The data for the NDC has been greatly enhanced with the 3<sup>rd</sup> GHG Inventory, the completion of the National Forest Inventory, and submission of Bhutan’s National Forest Reference Emission Level and National Forest Reference Level.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Bhutan has also consistently taken measures to implement the 1<sup>st</sup> NDC and elaborate on actions and prepare strategies in preparation for the 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC as reported in section 2 “<em>Progress on implementing climate action since the INDC and ratification of the Paris Agreement</em>” presented in the main text.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>d</td>
+<td>How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement;</td>
+<td>Bhutan’s commitment to remain carbon neutral is effectively an economy wide target where total national GHG emissions will be kept below forest sink capacity. Bhutan’s 2<sup>nd</sup> NDC elaborates the mitigation action in key sectors in the form of LEDS, action plans, and priority needs to meet the objective of remaining carbon neutral while pursing our sustainable development goals.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>e</td>
+<td>How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.</td>
+<td>Bhutan’s carbon neutral commitment is effectively an economy wide target. A suite of strategies and plans have been prepared for sectoral actions to fulfil targets as described in section 1 above.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td colspan="3"><strong>7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>a</td>
+<td>How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2;</td>
+<td>While Bhutan’s absolute emissions are negligible at a global level and historical emissions are very low, Bhutan’s NDC contributes to the ultimate objective of the Convention by having already met the 2050 goal of achieving net carbon neutrality. The NDC identifies our priority measures, actions, and needs to maintain this carbon neutral status.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>b</td>
+<td>How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.</td>
+<td><p>Bhutan has already achieved the “balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks”. In fact, Bhutan’s emissions are net negative - 5,572.50 Gg CO2e) as elaborated in sections 1, 3 &amp; 5 above.</p>
+<p>Bhutan intends to contribute to the ultimate objective of the Convention by maintaining its carbon neutral status.</p>
+<p>Bhutan’s NDC elaborates measures to ensuring that growth in pursuit of sustainable development and poverty eradication is achieved by low emission development pathways to maintain its carbon neutral status.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>---</p>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="fn1"><p>INDC of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2015<a href="#fnref1">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn2"><p>Third National Communication from the Kingdom of Bhutan to the UNFCCC, 2020<a href="#fnref2">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn3"><p>Refer Annex 1 on Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Bhutan’s NDC for further details.<a href="#fnref3">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn4"><p>Gross National Happiness Commission (2019): Twelfth Five Year plan 2018-2023, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.<a href="#fnref4">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn5"><p><a href="http://redd.dofps.gov.bt/">http://redd.dofps.gov.bt/</a><a href="#fnref5">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn6"><p><em>Gewog</em> is a geographic administrative unit below a <em>dzongkhag</em> (district). There are 205 <em>gewogs</em> under 20 <em>dzongkhags</em> in Bhutan.<a href="#fnref6">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn7"><p><a href="https://economicroadmap.gnhc.gov.bt/">https://economicroadmap.gnhc.gov.bt/</a><a href="#fnref7">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn8"><p><a href="http://redd.dofps.gov.bt/">http://redd.dofps.gov.bt/</a><a href="#fnref8">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn9"><p>Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan<a href="#fnref9">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn10"><p>Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Royal Government of Bhutan<a href="#fnref10">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn11"><p>Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan.<a href="#fnref11">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn12"><p>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021, Ministry of Information and Communication, Royal Government of Bhutan.<a href="#fnref12">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn13"><p>Based on Guidance provided by CMA 1<a href="#fnref13">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn14"><p>3rd National GHG Inventory of Bhutan as contained in the 3rd National Communication from Bhutan to the UNFCCC, National Environment Commission 2020<a href="#fnref14">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn15"><p>Low Emission Development Strategy for Food Security 2021, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan<a href="#fnref15">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn16"><p>Low Emission Development Strategy for Human Settlement 2021, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan<a href="#fnref16">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn17"><p>Low Emission Development Strategy for Industries 2021, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan.<a href="#fnref17">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn18"><p>Bhutan’s Low Emission Development Strategy for Surface Transport 2021, Ministry of Information and Communication, Royal Government of Bhutan.<a href="#fnref18">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn19"><p>Gender and Climate Change in Bhutan with a focus on Nationally Determined Contribution areas: Agriculture, Energy and Waste, National Commission for Women and Children, Royal Government of Bhutan, 2020.<a href="#fnref19">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn20"><p><a href="https://redd.unfccc.int/submissions.html?country=btn">https://redd.unfccc.int/submissions.html?country=btn</a><a href="#fnref20">↩</a></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

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+<head>
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+</head>
+<body>
+<h2><a id="BOTSWANA_INTENDED_NATIONALLY_DETERMINED_CONTRIBUTION_1"></a>BOTSWANA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION</h2>
+<p>BOTSWANA is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution, as per decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.</p>
+<p>Botswana intends to achieve an overall emissions reduction of 15% by 2030, taking 2010 as the base year. Base year emission estimation is 8307 Gg of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent. The targeted emissions reduction will be achieved domestically through strategies and measures which are relevant for the implementation of the target. Consequently, achieving such targets is a function of resource availability and appropriate legal frameworks. Achieving the 15% greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions reduction target requires robust and comprehensive planning within the sectors. Consequently, it is essential that there are conducive legal frameworks in place to enable the achievement of the national target. This proposed emission reduction path will be subjected to legislative review and endorsement by Parliament.</p>
+<p>Botswana is developing a Climate Change Policy and Institutional Framework which will be supported by a Strategy and Action Plan to operationalize the Policy. The Policy will be approved by Parliament in 2016. In addition to the national policy, the development of a strategy will involve development of a long term low carbon strategy, a national adaptation plan, nationally appropriate mitigation actions, identification of technologies, plan for knowledge management capacity development, education and public awareness and a financial mechanism. This total package will ensure that the policy is implementable.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Mitigation Contribution</strong></td>
+<td>The country intends,to achieve an overall emissions reduction of 15% by 2030, taking 2010 as the base year. The emission reduction target was estimated based on the baseline inventory for the three GHGs being carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O). The reductions will be realised from the energy sources which is categorised as the stationary and mobile sources. The country will also continuously implement mitigation measures for the livestock sector to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions mainly from enteric fermentation though these initiatives are not estimated in the 15%. Initiatives for emission reductions will be developed from long term low carbon strategy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2"><strong>Scope and Coverage</strong></td>
+<td>Gases: This emissions reduction target was estimated based on baseline GHGs inventory for the three GHGs being CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors: Energy sector (mobile and stationary sources), Waste, and the Agriculture</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Methodological Approaches</strong></td>
+<td>The methodological approaches for estimating national GHGs emissions inventory involved standard IPCC approved methods. Consequently, calculations of GHGs emissions were based on the IPCC Guidelines. For other non-energy sectors such as waste and agriculture, IPCC spreadsheets were adopted and data was input to generate emissions statistics. The country used 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values to estimate the CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent totals.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><strong>Market Mechanisms</strong></td>
+<td>Botswana will use market mechanisms under the convention</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="Adaptation">Adaptation</h3>
+<p>As semi-arid country Botswana is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and places high priority on adaptation to reducing vulnerability.</p>
+<p>Botswana is developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and Action Plan which will highlight all the priority areas including Climate Smart Agriculture which include techniques such as low to zero tillage, multi-cropping to increase mulching which reduce evapotranspiration and soil erosion. The development of the NAP calls for a broader stakeholder consultation so that the products of this process represent the views and aspirations of all the stakeholders and respond to their needs. The outcome of this process will be significant in guiding how the country responds to the development challenges across all sectors that are attributed to global warming and climate change. This will be informed by already exiting climate change information, socio-economic and development indicators, local experiences as well as existing policies, plans and institutional frameworks. National Adaptation Plan development is coordinated by Ministry of Environment Wildlife and Tourism, with support from the National Committee on Climate Change.</p>
+<h3 id="Means-of-implementation">Means of implementation</h3>
+<p>The Government of Botswana has been spending a significant portion of its national resources to adapt to the impacts of climate variability over the years. With climate variability intensifying in the future, the budget for adaptation measures could increase significantly as depicted under mitigation and adaptation.</p>
+<h3 id="Mitigation-for-GHG-emission-reductions">Mitigation for GHG emission reductions</h3>
+<p>It is estimated that to achieve the set target of 15% GHG emission reduction by 2030, the country would require approximately USD 18.4 billion. These funds will be allocated to energy and transport sector infrastructural developments which will contribute to emission reductions.</p>
+<p>Therefore, future activities need to be conducted on the following key issues:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Identification of sources of funding for implementation of the mitigation measures</li>
+<li>Share of government and international contribution to support the mitigation measures</li>
+<li>An assessment of the impacts to the national economic growth for allocating national resources to mitigation measures</li>
+<li>Development of conducive legal framework to support 15% emission reductions</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><a id="Annex_38"></a><strong>Annex</strong></h2>
+<h3><a id="Climate-change-impacts"></a><strong>Climate change impacts</strong></h3>
+<p>Botswana is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change the assessment from the Second National Communication indicate that rainfall has been highly variable, spatially, inter and intra annual and that droughts in terms of rainfall deficits are most common in northern Botswana. Extreme droughts based on low rainfall and soil conditions are most common in south-western Botswana and high rainfall events with risks of floods are most likely in north- eastern Botswana where several large dams are located in this area. Droughts are projected to increase in frequency and severity. Botswana is already witnessing impacts of climate change with constrained agricultural production, increasing food insecurity and increasing water stress, which will worsen with time, as projected.</p>
+<p>Prior to the Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which identified various adaptation measures, the Government of Botswana had initiated strategies to adapt to drought episodes which are cyclical in nature to reduce vulnerability. Consequently, as climatic extreme events are cross-cutting and affecting all economic sectors, the government has adopted a strategy that encompasses all economic sectors with emphasis on the water, health and agriculture (crop and livestock) sectors.</p>
+<h3><a id="adaptation-priorities"></a><strong>Botswana’s adaptation priorities</strong></h3>
+<p>Climate change adaptation framework in the country is guided and informed by the following documents:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>The Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</li>
+<li>Sustainable Land Management</li>
+<li>National Water Master Plans</li>
+</ol>
+<p>In order to ensure that climate change adaptation measures are mainstreamed into national development planning and sectoral planning, the current environmental programmes and projects strategically entail climate change adaptation. For instance, planning within the water sector takes into cognisance the impacts of climate change. Other national initiatives exist such as the on-going Sustainable Land Management in Ngamiland and Central Districts which is aimed at enhancing resilience and reducing the vulnerability of communities to climate change.</p>
+<p>The following adaptations actions are currently being implemented by the government nationally to help communities adapt to the impacts for climate change:</p>
+<p><h4 id="Water">Water Sector</h4></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Construction of pipelines and connection to existing ones to transmit water to demand centres</li>
+<li>Reduce water loss during transmission by investing on telemetric monitoring systems</li>
+<li>Enhance conjunctive groundwater-surface water use</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Improve genetic characteristics of the livestock breed such as Musi breed</li>
+<li>Improve livestock diet through supplementary feeding</li>
+<li>A switch to crops with the following traits:
+<ul>
+<li>Drought resistant</li>
+<li>Tolerant to high temperatures</li>
+<li>Short maturity</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4 id="Health">Health</h4></p>
+<ul>
+<li>Public education and malaria campaigns</li>
+<li>Malaria Strategy</li>
+<li>Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases</li>
+</ul>
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+<h1 id="central-african-republic"> Central African Republic </h1>
+<p><em>Unity - Dignity - Work</em></p>
+<h1 id="intended-nationally-determined-contribution-indc">INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION <strong>(INDC) </strong></h1>
+<p>September 2015 </p>
+<h2 id="summary">Summary </h2>
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>National vision </strong></td>
+<td>To become, between now and 2030, an emerging country built upon an economy that is diversified, sustainable and uniformly shared throughout the national territory, a modern state open to the world and committed to an ethic and to technological innovation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Methodology </strong></td>
+<td><p><strong>Review of the literature </strong></p>
+<p><strong>Consultation of the stakeholders </strong></p>
+<p><strong>IGES tool:</strong> Tier 1 Method (manual inventory of GHG 1996, revised version and 2006) <strong>Reference year:</strong> 2010</p>
+<p><strong>Reference data:</strong> Second National Communication of 2013</p>
+<p><strong>Assumptions:</strong> Economic rate of growth: 5-10%; demographic rate of growth: 2.5%</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Areas of application and coverage of the contributions </strong></td>
+<td><p><strong>Geographic scope:</strong> The national territory</p>
+<p><strong>Included sectors:</strong> Land use, land use change and forestry</p>
+<p>(LULUCF) (89.46%); energy (5.19%); agriculture (5.26%); waste (0.09%) and industrial processes and use of solvents (2010 data).</p>
+<p><strong>Included GHG:</strong> Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), representing more than 75% of the national anthropogenic emissions.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Emissions for the reference year </strong></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Emission 116,285.49 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub></li>
+<li>Sequestration 330,000 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub></li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Type of contribution </strong></td>
+<td>Contributions focussed on sustainable, low-carbon development using an approach combining conditional and unconditional activities: “Action-Results”.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Level of contribution </strong></td>
+<td><p>Reduce emissions by 5% compared to the BaU reference level (i.e.</p>
+<p>5,498.3 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub> of avoided emissions) at the 2030 horizon and 25% (i.e. 33,076.1 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub>) at the 2050 horizon, within the framework of conditional implementation</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Adaptation </strong></td>
+<td><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> Agriculture<a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> and food security, health, basic infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources, with the aim of maintaining an annual rate of growth of agricultural activities of 6% and stabilisation of the rate of food insecurity at 15%.</p>
+<p><strong>Vulnerability profile:</strong> Extreme hazards (torrential rains, floods and drought), most vulnerable areas (south, north and northeast) and most vulnerable populations (women, children, indigenous peoples and the aged, i.e. around 75%).</p>
+<p><strong>Sectors of priority activities:</strong> Agriculture and food security, forestry, energy, public health, water resources and land-use planning. <strong>Adaptation options:</strong> Adjustment of the policy framework, improved knowledge of resilience to climate change, sustainable management of the agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry systems, land-use planning, improvement and development of basic infrastructures, guarantee of energy security, improvement of public health systems, improvement of waste management and sustainable management of water resources.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><p><strong>Financing needs</strong> over the period of commitment</p></td>
+<td><p><strong>Mitigation:</strong> US $2.248 billion over the period of commitment, US $2.022 billion of which is conditional. A contribution of 10% is envisaged, representing the national counterpart of the projects.</p>
+<p><strong>Adaptation:</strong> US $1.554 billion over the period of commitment, US $1.441 of which is conditional. A contribution of 10% is envisaged, representing the national counterpart for the projects.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Ambitious and fair character </strong></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>A double approach (results and actions) optimising the Central African Republic’s approach to the objective of limiting the increase in the global temperature to 2°C.</li>
+<li>The Central African Republic is among the poorest countries in the world (lowest GDP/person in 2013 according to the IMF) and as a non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, does not have a mitigation obligation. Nevertheless, the Central African Republic intends to participate in the efforts of the international community and thus set an example.</li>
+<li>Its emissions were 116 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2010 and thus represented less than 0.002% of world emissions, or 26 tons eq-CO<sub>2</sub>/capita.</li>
+<li>Despite the need to vigorously develop its economy, the Central African Republic wishes to limit its emissions per inhabitant to 20 tons eq-CO<sub>2</sub> in 2030 and 12 tons eq-CO<sub>2</sub> in 2050.</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Implementation procedure </strong></td>
+<td><ul>
+<li>Adjustment of national development strategies and policies to include climate change</li>
+<li>Improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework</li>
+<li>Capacity building at all levels</li>
+<li>Transfer of technology, cooperation-research: climatology and meteorology, agriculture and agroecology, energy, land use change and forestry, industrial wastes and processes and use of solvents.</li>
+<li>Establishment of an appropriate national monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system.</li>
+</ul></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="introduction">INTRODUCTION </h2>
+<p>The Central African Republic is a landlocked African country with an area of around 623,000 km<sup>2</sup>. The terrain consists of a vast peneplain dominated by two mountain ranges at its eastern and western ends joined by a central spine that separates the two principal drainages, the Chari-Longue basin in the north and the Congo basin in the south.</p>
+<p>The climate is hot and humid equatorial, characterised by two seasons: a dry season and a rainy season. The rainfall varies between 800 mm in the north and 1600 mm in the south and the average annual temperature varies between 15 °C in the south and 38 °C in the north. The future scenario indicates an increase in temperature on the order of 1.4 to 2.2°C, assuming low greenhouse gas emissions, and 1.8 to 2.7°C, assuming high greenhouse gas emissions. The forecasts regarding change in precipitation are less clear. Some forecasts predict a slight increase in annual precipitation, while others project irregular variations in precipitation. The extreme climate hazards, the probability of which could increase with climate change, are torrential rains followed by floods and droughts.</p>
+<p>From south to north, the biological diversity is composed of five large phytogeographic zones, each with a specific fauna: the <em>Guinean forest zone</em> of dense humid forests; the <em>Sudano-Ubangian zone</em>, sheltering dense semi-humid, open and dry forests; the <em>Sudano-Guinean</em> and <em>Sudano-Sahelian zones</em>, composed of various types of savannahs; and the <em>Sahelian zone</em>, consisting of steppes.</p>
+<p>The population of the Central African Republic is estimated at 5 million, with a demographic growth on the order of 2.5%/year. It is predominantly rural (62.1%), female (50.2%) and young (49.4% less than 18 years of age). The country is sparsely and unevenly populated. The average population density is 7.2 inhabitants per Km<sup>2</sup>. Decades of military and political crises have destroyed the nascent development and the last conflict of 2012-2013 spread insecurity throughout the population, destroyed the productive fabric and dismantled the administrative machinery.</p>
+<p>The Central African Republic is among the poorest countries on the planet, with a human development index estimated at 0.341 in 2013. Poverty affects more than half the population, with the corollaries of food insecurity and a lack of basic social services. The Central African economy still relies on a primary agricultural sector with low value added and intensive use of poorly qualified and essentially rural manpower. To the various internal constraints to the country’s development, including the low level of industrialisation and the land-locked nature of the country, are added the ongoing changes in the climate, which are reflected in different impacts: slow and gradual changes in the environment, variation in the seasons and on occasions extreme climate events (floods, droughts, tropical storms etc.) that may result in natural disasters.</p>
+<p>The annual emissions of the Central African Republic, estimated at 116,285.49 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub> in 2010, or 26 tons eq-CO<sub>2</sub>/person, represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite its low rate of GHG emissions, the Central African Republic reaffirms its adherence to the principle of collective but differentiated responsibility and, in accordance with Decision 1CP/19, is taking the present ambitious measures to respond to this challenge without impeding its economic, social and environmental development.</p>
+<p>However, the vulnerability to changes in the climate and a lack of ability to adapt to their adverse impacts represent serious threats to the management of ecosystems and other agricultural and renewable natural resources, social cohesion, stability and sustainable development. Thus, the Central African Republic is obliged to take into account the adaptation of its land, its communities and its socioeconomic activities in this effort to contribute to the mitigation of climate change. The incorporation of an adaptation component in the INDC is thus a strategic choice that is vital to the country. Moreover, not only do most of the adaptation measures, particularly those that help deal with land use change and reduce the fundamentally non-remunerative nature of agriculture, also contribute to mitigation. However, the adaptation component, which concerns the poorest, most exposed and most vulnerable populations, is an occasion to promote throughout the national territory socioeconomic development on a fair and sustainable basis that can meet the challenges of improving access to the country and preventing inter-regional conflicts.</p>
+<p>The Central African Republic’s vision is “t<em>o become an emerging country, built upon an economy that is diversified, sustainable and uniformly shared throughout the national territory, a modern state open to the world and committed to an ethic and to technological innovation.</em>” The general objectives of the Central African Republic’s INDC are focussed on sustainable, low-carbon development and growing resilience of the sectors of agriculture and food security, health, management of natural resources and infrastructure against the adverse effects of climate change.</p>
+<p>The process of developing the INDC is based on a review of the literature, consultation of the stakeholders and the directives for evaluating greenhouse gas emissions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). At the institutional level, a Technical Group of Multi-Sectoral National Experts responsible for developing the INDC has been established.</p>
+<h3 id="section-1.-mitigation-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions">Section 1. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions </h3>
+<p><h4 id="general-objectives">General objectives </h4></p>
+<p>The Central African Republic aspires to reduce its emissions by 5% and 25%, respectively, in the 2030 and 2050 horizons in comparison to its reference BaU emissions and to increase its sequestration potential. With international support, it will emit around 33,076.1 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub> less in 2050 than the annual reference emissions.</p>
+<p>The Central African Republic also aspires to reduce emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP), which science has shown have a significant short-term climate-warming potential and harmful effects on health, agriculture and ecosystems.</p>
+<p><h4 id="reference-data">Reference data </h4></p>
+<p><img src="img/CAF-1.png" width="604" height="283" /></p>
+<p><em><strong>Figure 1:</strong> Inventory of greenhouse gases in 2010 (Ministry of Environment, Ecology and Sustainable Development, 2013) </em></p>
+<p>Key (left to right): INDC emissions; INDC sequestration; Agriculture; Other energy; Wood energy; Waste; Industrial processes</p>
+<p>The reference data show the inventory of greenhouse gases in 2010 as published in the Second Communication of the Central African Republic. Greenhouse gas emissions total 116,285.49 kt eqCO<sub>2</sub> with sectoral contributions of 89.46% for land use change and forestry; 5.26% for agriculture; 5.19% for energy (of which 4.91% is wood energy); 0.09% for waste and marginal amounts for industrial processes and use of solvents. In addition, the sequestration potential is evaluated at 330,000 kt eq-CO<sub>2,</sub>, 62% for land abandoned after use and 38% for biomass.</p>
+<p><h4 id="reference-scenario">Reference scenario </h4></p>
+<p>The assumptions of the reference scenario are based on:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The success of the Emergency Programme for Sustainable Recovery (PURD), the principle objectives of which are return to constitutional order, consolidation of the peace and security, as well as restructuring of public finances and the primary sector.</li>
+<li>The resumption of sustained economic growth for the diversification and intensification of economic activities, including increase of the energy supply and updating of the National Agricultural Investment and Food Security and Nutrition Programme (PNIASAN) and the National Industrialisation Programme.</li>
+<li>Development of individual, institutional and systemic capacities.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In 2050, the Central African Republic will emit around 189,271.8 ± 94,635.4 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub>, i.e. 62.7% more than in 2010, with sectoral contributions of 68.4% for land use change and forestry; 13.4% for energy (10.7% of which is for wood energy); 13.4% for agriculture; 3.2% for water; and finally 1.6% for industrial processes and use of solvents.</p>
+<p><img src="img/CAF-2.png" width="615" height="339" /></p>
+<p><strong>Figure 2:</strong> Change in greenhouse gas emissions in the Central African Republic (kt eqCO<sub>2</sub>)</p>
+<p>Key: Light blue: Industrial processes-use of solvents (IP-US); Purple: Waste; Olive: Energy; Oragne: Agriculture; Green: Land use change and forestry (LUCF)</p>
+<p>Taking into consideration the net rate of deforestation, which is 0.155% (EDF 2013), the country’s potential for sequestration will be 310,146.43 ± 155,073.22<a href="#fn2" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a> kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub> in 2050, while it was 330,000 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub> in 2010, a reduction of 6.02%.</p>
+<p>However, it should be noted that the Central African Republic’s climate forecasts, which show an increase in rainfall and insolation, are favourable for the appearance of forest re-growth throughout the country. This phenomenon will increase the sequestration capacity of the forests.</p>
+<p><h4 id="greenhouse-gas-mitigation-measures">Greenhouse gas mitigation measures </h4></p>
+<p>The national contributions consist of:<strong>: </strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Unconditional measures</strong> within the ongoing national initiatives, namely the development of industrial forestry sites and the national reforestation initiated since 1980, the outreach programme to gradually abandon slash-and-burn agriculture and burning of agricultural waste and the promotion of low-energy light bulbs initiated by the national power company Energie Centrafricaine (ENERCA) within the framework of the energy conservation policy, and the promotion of improved cook stoves.</li>
+<li><strong>Conditional measures</strong>, which will be implemented thanks to international support in the sectors of land use change and forestry (LUCF), energy, agriculture, industrial processes and waste (table 1).</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Table 1 :</strong> Conditional mitigation measures</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th rowspan="2"><strong>Description of Project </strong></th>
+<th colspan="2"><strong>Emissions avoided (Kt CO<sub>2</sub>/year avoided) </strong></th>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Sectors impacted </strong></td>
+<td><strong>Quantities avoided </strong></td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>National programme for advanced conversion of wood </strong></td>
+<td>LUCF/Energy</td>
+<td>500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>National programme for reforestation and rehabilitation of post-exploitation areas </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/Agriculture/LUCF</td>
+<td>1000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Construction of a photovoltaic solar power plant at Bangui </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/IP-US</td>
+<td>250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Development of 180 MW Dimoli hydroelectric plant (integration project) </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/IP-US</td>
+<td>≥ 1500 /country</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Development of 72 MW Lobaye hydroelectric plant </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/IP-US</td>
+<td>≥ 1500 /country</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Development of 60 KW La Kotto hydroelectric plant </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/IP-US</td>
+<td> 1000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Development of Mobaye hydroelectric plant (integration project) </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/IP-US</td>
+<td>250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>National Rural Electrification Programme </strong></td>
+<td>Energy</td>
+<td>250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Construction of a sluice dam along the Ubangi at Zinga </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/LUCF</td>
+<td>2500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Improved cook stoves programme </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/LUCF/Waste</td>
+<td>500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>National Biofuels Programme </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/LUCF/Agriculture</td>
+<td>250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td></td>
+<td>Waste</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Programme for the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/Waste/</td>
+<td>250</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td></td>
+<td>Transportation/</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td></td>
+<td>Agriculture/Health/IP-US</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Promotion of energy saving light bulbs </strong></td>
+<td>Energy/IP-US</td>
+<td>10</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The implementation of the unconditional mitigation measures will make it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 4,062 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub> and 10,410 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub>, respectively, in 2030 and 2050. With the support of the international community, the Central African Republic will reduce 5,500 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub> and 47,320 kt eq-CO<sub>2</sub>, respectively, in 2030 and 2050.</p>
+<p><img src="img/CAF-3.png" width="558" height="314" /></p>
+<p><em><strong>Figure 3:</strong> Expected changes in greenhouse gas emissions </em></p>
+<h3 id="section-2.-adaptation-to-the-adverse-effects-of-climate-change">Section 2. Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change </h3>
+<p>The Central African Republic is at the same time in a post-conflict situation and in political transition, which exposes it to a considerable level of socioeconomic vulnerability. Moreover, the entire national territory is exposed to extreme climate hazards represented by drought and torrential rains followed by floods. The torrential rains and floods affect principally the southern part of the country, while drought is more present in the north and northeast. The rural populations that are the poorest are the ones that are most exposed. Thus, climate changes affect 75% of the Central African population.</p>
+<p>In this regard, the INDC, by enhancing resilience to climate change in the key sectors, an essential element of sustainable development, can contribute to national cohesion, stabilisation of the country, restoration of authority and of government actions. In addition, it will facilitate a programmatic approach to increasing the adaptation capabilities of communities, ecosystems and the activity sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry, forests, health and other sectors vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.</p>
+<p><h4 id="adaptation-options-and-objectives">Adaptation options and objectives </h4></p>
+<p>Eight adaptation options have been identified from the 27 objectives derived from the national priorities. Five ongoing initiatives that enjoy the support of international development partners and 15 prospective adaptation measures are presented below as preconditions for developing a National Adaptation Plan that defines a group of measures to be taken at various decision-making levels (region, prefecture etc.).</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-1-adjustment-of-the-policy-framework">Adaptation option 1: Adjustment of the policy framework </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 1. Integrate climate change adaptation measures into the policies and programmes for the development of the most vulnerable priority sectors<a href="#fn3" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a>;</p>
+<p>Objective 2. Improve awareness, education and communication regarding adaptation and the risks associated with climate change.</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-2-improve-knowledge-about-resilience-to-climate-change">Adaptation option 2: Improve knowledge about resilience to climate change </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 3. Enhance capabilities for handling climate change data at the national, regional and local levels.</p>
+<p>Objective 4. Study the resilience mechanisms of the agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry systems.</p>
+<p>Objective 5. Establish an early warning system.</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-3-sustainable-management-of-the-agricultural-forestry-and-animal-husbandry-systems">Adaptation option 3: Sustainable management of the agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry systems </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 6. Introduce varieties that are adapted to climate extremes</p>
+<p>Objective 7. Diversify agricultural systems by including several types of crops and diversifying varieties.</p>
+<p>Objective 8. Diversify means of livelihood and systems of production (fishing, aquaculture, agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting and forests).</p>
+<p>Objective 9. Establish a seed bank (animal and plant).</p>
+<p>Objective 10. Promote agricultural and forestry systems and sustainable soil management.</p>
+<p>Objective 11. Promote urban, suburban and community forestry.</p>
+<p>Objective 12. Restore degraded forest landscapes.</p>
+<p>Objective 13. Sustainably manage transhumance corridors and conflicts between agriculturalists and pastoralists.</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-4-land-use-planning">Adaptation option 4: Land-use planning </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 14. Establish land-use plans by type of use (road infrastructure, mines/petroleum, agriculture, animal husbandry, forests, protected areas or wildlife reserves, urban spaces etc.).</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-5-improvement-and-development-of-basic-infrastructure">Adaptation option 5: Improvement and development of basic infrastructure </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 15. Improve the standards for infrastructure construction.</p>
+<p>Objective 16. Develop structures adapted to climate change.</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-6-guarantee-energy-security">Adaptation option 6: Guarantee energy security </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 17. Diversity energy sources.</p>
+<p>Objective 18. Develop hydroelectric installations (including micro-dams).</p>
+<p>Objective 19. Promote the use of wood waste as fuel for forestry companies.</p>
+<p>Objective 20. Promote the use of improved cook stoves.</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-7-improve-public-health-systems">Adaptation option 7: Improve public health systems </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 21. Develop a system for monitoring, preventing and effectively responding to the human diseases associated with climate change.</p>
+<p>Objective 22. Establish a waste management plan.</p>
+<p>Objective 23. Develop waste management units.</p>
+<p>Objective 24. Find uses for wastes.</p>
+<p><h5 id="adaptation-option-8-sustainable-management-of-water-resources">Adaptation option 8: Sustainable management of water resources </h5></p>
+<p>Objective 25. Improve the supply of potable water.</p>
+<p>Objective 26. Establish a system for monitoring water quality.</p>
+<p>Objective 27. Develop a system for monitoring underground and surface water resources.</p>
+<p><h4 id="adaptation-measures">Adaptation measures </h4></p>
+<p><h5 id="ongoing-adaptation-measures">Ongoing adaptation measures </h5></p>
+<p>− Resilience and food security project in the city of Bangui and its Ombella-Mpoko suburbs.<br>− Southwest Region Development Project (PDRSO).<br>− Enhancement of agroecological systems in the Lake Chad basin (PRESIBALT/ PRODEBALT).<br>− Sustainable management of fauna and bush meat in central Africa (GCP/RAF/455/GFF). </p>
+<p><h5 id="perspective-adaptation-measures">Prospective adaptation measures</h5></p> <p>-Programme to integrate climate change into development plans and strategies.<br>− Development of a National Climate Change Adaptation Plan.<br>− Evaluation of needs and development of a national strategy in the area of technology transfer.<br>− Prepare eligibility for the Green Climate Fund.<br>− National early warning programme.<br>− Flood management programme in the Central African Republic.<br>− Ubangi riverbank development project.<br>− Drought management programme in the Central African Republic.<br>− National investment programme for agriculture, food security and resilience to climate change.<br>− National transhumance management programme.<br>− Multi-landscape management of biodiversity resources through non-ligneous forest products.<br>− Promotion of urban and suburban forestry in the large cities of the Central African Republic.<br>− Implementation and monitoring of forest management plans.<br>− Enhancing climatic resilience and the transition to low carbon emission development in the Central African Republic through sustainable management of forests by means of better land-use planning.<br>− Prevention of waterborne diseases and other seasonal pathologies.<br>− Planning of drinking water supply systems in the Central African Republic.</p>
+<p><h5 id="probability-of-co-benefits-of-adaptation-and-mitigation-measures">Probability of co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation measures </h5></p>
+<p>We note that all the measures relating to the agriculture and forestry sector can generate mitigation co-benefits. For example, the objective of the National Programme for Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition (PNIASAN) is to attain and maintain an annual agricultural GDP rate of 6% and a food insecurity rate of 15%. It envisages the mobilisation of 70% of the population to initially enhance 661,826 ha of land, with a planned expansion of 28.6%, reaching 851,750 ha in five years. The inclusion of climate-sensitive agroecological approaches (smart agriculture) in the PNIASAN with a view to increasing productivity and yield may make it possible to keep each farmer on the same original parcel of land for five years, which will make it possible to minimise or complete avoid increases in area and thus capitalise the deforestation (28%) avoided over the four years following the start-up of the project. To do this, it is necessary to revise the PNIASAN and consequently increase its budget through the contribution of the expected conditional funds, particularly from the Green Climate Fund.</p>
+<h3 id="section-3.-implementation">Section 3. Implementation </h3>
+<p>The Central African Republic envisages a holistic approach, integrating adjustment of national policies and strategies, improvement of the legislative and regulatory frameworks, and capacity development and transfer of technology in certain priority areas.</p>
+<p><h4 id="need-for-technology-transfer-and-capacity-development"> Need for technology transfer and capacity development </h4></p>
+<p>The target sectors and technologies are summarised in the following table:</p>
+<p><strong>Table 3 :</strong> Target areas and technologies</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th>Sectors</th>
+<th>Target technologies</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Energy </strong></td>
+<td><p>− Hydroelectric micro-dams<br>− Solar heat and solar photovoltaic energy<br>− Methanisation processes for organic matter<br>− Improved carbonisation</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Industrial processes and use of solvents</strong></td>
+<td>− Particle and gas sensors</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Agriculture and animal husbandry </strong></td>
+<td><p>− Soil analysis<br>− Production, inspection and certification of high quality seeds<br>− Integrated management of plant diseases<br>− Monitoring prevention and control of animal diseases of a trans-national character impacting human health and ecosystems.<br>− Agroecology</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>Land Use Change and Forestry</strong></td>
+<td><p>− Advanced conversion of wood<br>− Land and forestry monitoring system</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Waste </strong></td>
+<td><p>− Waste recycling<br>− Treatment of industrial effluents<br>− Waste reclamation</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>System observatory </strong></td>
+<td><p>− Climatological and meteorological observation system<br>− Research</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Technology transfer will include a capacity development programme to be adopted at various levels, both institutional and local.</p>
+<p><h4 id="need-for-financing">Need for financing </h4></p>
+<p>The needed financing totals US $3.802 billion over the commitment period, i.e. US $2.248 billion to implement the mitigation measures and US $1.554 billion for the development of resilience to climate change.</p>
+<p>Underestimation of the cost of investments needed for adaptation may keep in place the development gap caused by climate hazards. The approach taken by the FUND model, which will be supported by the preparatory work of the National Adaptation Plan, estimates the country’s needs for adaptation to climate change at an average of around US $34,500,000 per year up to 2030 and an average of US $57,500,000 per year up to the year 2050.</p>
+<p>Moreover, the Central African Republic, a non-Annex 1 country, supports the inclusion of international market instruments, such as the Clean Development Mechanism, in a post-2020 climate agreement. Such an instrument may be used to help finance certain investments in low-carbon infrastructure that is resilient to climate change.</p>
+<p>The Central African Republic considers that certain low-carbon development options and supplementary actions could be entirely or partially financed by the international transfer of carbon assets, taking into consideration environmental integrity and transparency factors.</p>
+<p>It is important to provide resources for the studies leading up to the mitigation, adaptation and technology transfer activities.</p>
+<p><strong>Table:</strong> Financial resources for implementation</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr class="header">
+<th colspan="4">
+<p><strong>A. ADAPTATION </strong></p>
+</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p><strong>Sectors </strong></td>
+<td><strong>Unconditional</strong></td>
+<td><strong>Conditional</strong></td>
+<td><strong>Studies for conditional measures </strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>US $ </strong></td>
+<td><strong>US $ </strong></td>
+<td><strong>US $ </strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td colspan="4">
+<p><strong>Ongoing adaptation measures </strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Resilience and food security project in the city of Bangui and its Ombella-Mpoko suburbs</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>PREVES</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Southwest Region Development Project (PDRSO)</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Enhancement of agroecological systems in the Lake Chad basin (PRESIBALT/ PRODEBALT)</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Sustainable management of fauna and bush meat in central Africa (GCP/RAF/455/GFF)</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Prospective adaptation measures </strong></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Programme to integrate climate change into development plans and strategies</td>
+<td>40,200</td>
+<td>335,000</td>
+<td>33,500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Development of a National Climate Change Adaptation Plan</td>
+<td>72,000</td>
+<td>600,000 ,</td>
+<td>60,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Evaluation of needs and development of a national strategy in the area of technology transfer</td>
+<td>60,000</td>
+<td>500,000</td>
+<td>50,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Enhancement of climate resilience and transition toward low carbon emission development in the Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo through sustainable management of forests by means of better land use planning.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>6,500,000</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Preparation of eligibility for the Green Climate Fund</td>
+<td>24,000</td>
+<td>200,000</td>
+<td>20,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Flood management programme in the Central African Republic</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>80,000,000</td>
+<td>8,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Ubangi riverbank development project</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>15,000,000</td>
+<td>1,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Drought management programme in the Central African Republic</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>80,000,000</td>
+<td>8,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>National early warning programme</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>40,000,000</td>
+<td>4,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>National investment programme for agriculture, food security and resilience to climate change</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>350,000,000</td>
+<td>35,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>National transhumance management programme</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>100,000,000</td>
+<td>10,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Programme of multi-landscape management of biodiversity resources and monitoring of forest management plans</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>106,500,000</td>
+<td>10,650,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Promotion of urban and suburban forestry in the large cities of the Central African Republic</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>8,000,000</td>
+<td>800,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Implementation of the management plan and business plan of the Mbaéré-Bodingué National Park</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>20,500,000</td>
+<td>2,050,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Prevention of waterborne diseases and other seasonal pathologies</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+<td>500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Planning of drinking water supply systems in the Central African Republic</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>600,000,000</td>
+<td>60,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><em><strong>SUBTOTAL </strong></em></td>
+<td><strong>196,200 </strong></td>
+<td><strong>1,413,135,000 </strong></td>
+<td><strong>140,663,500 </strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>GRAND TOTAL - ADAPTATION </strong></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><strong>1,553,994,700 </strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td rowspan="2">
+<p><strong>B. MITIGATION </strong></td>
+<td><strong>Unconditional measures </strong></td>
+<td><strong>Conditional measures </strong></td>
+<td><strong>Studies for conditional measures </strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><strong>US $ </strong></td>
+<td><strong>US $ </strong></td>
+<td><strong>US $ </strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>National programme for the advanced conversion of wood</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>12,500,000</td>
+<td>1,250,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>National programme for reforestation and rehabilitation of post-exploitation areas</td>
+<td>20,750,000</td>
+<td>37,500,000</td>
+<td>3,750,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Construction of a photovoltaic solar power plant at Bangui</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>100,000,000</td>
+<td>10,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Awareness programme for the cessation of slash-and-burn agriculture</td>
+<td>2,500,000</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Promotion of energy saving light bulbs</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>1,000,000</td>
+<td>100,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>180 MW Dimoli hydroelectric development (integration project)</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>250,000,000</td>
+<td>25,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>72 MW Lobaye hydroelectric development</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>162,500,000</td>
+<td>16,250,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>60 MW La Kotto hydroelectric development</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>453,750,000</td>
+<td>45,375,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Mobaye hydroelectric development (integration project)</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>50,000,000</td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>National Rural Electrification Programme</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>400,000,000</td>
+<td>40,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>Construction of a sluice dam along the Ubangi at Zinga</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>500,000,000</td>
+<td>50,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Improved cook stoves programme</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>5,000,000</td>
+<td>500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td>National biofuels programme</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>25,000,000</td>
+<td>2,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td>Programme for the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants</td>
+<td></td>
+<td>25,000,000</td>
+<td>2,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="odd">
+<td><strong>Subtotal </strong></td>
+<td><strong>23,250,000 </strong></td>
+<td><strong>2,022,250,000 </strong></td>
+<td><strong>202,225,000</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="even">
+<td><em><strong>GRAND TOTAL - MITIGATION </strong></em></td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><strong>2,247,725,000</strong></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><h4 id="obstacles-to-be-overcome">Obstacles to be overcome </h4></p>
+<p>For the financial effort expected from the Central African Republic’s international partners to be fully effective, the funds must be effectively used. Moreover, the following difficulties also have to be surmounted:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Military and political crises: for the past several decades these have contributed to weakening of all of the country’s institutions, political instability, insecurity and extreme poverty.</strong> The ongoing programme to develop social cohesion and bring the country together should make it possible to stabilise the situation.</li>
+<li><strong>The lack of synergy between sectoral policies and institutions: this leads to jurisdictional conflicts and underperformance and affects the efficiency of the government. It can delay the achievement of the INDC’s objectives.</strong> The ongoing improvement in inter-ministerial coordination should respond to this concern.</li>
+<li><strong>The illiteracy rate (estimated at 67% in 2008): this limits access to information and to opportunities, the acquisition of skills and, as a consequence, the level of the citizen’s contribution to carrying out public policies and meeting the government’s international commitments.</strong> Educational programmes are ongoing and basic literacy should be improved.</li>
+<li><strong>The absence of interregional socioeconomic equality leads to frustration and social tensions.</strong> The government will implement a decentralisation programme that will permit decentralised entities to play a full role.</li>
+<li><strong>The government’s insufficient capacity for investment does not permit it to cover by itself the costs of implementing the INDC</strong>. The actions and support of the development partners and the improvement of the business climate are necessary to carry out the Central African Republic’s INDC.</li>
+<li><strong>Poor ability to absorb funds and deal with the lenders’ procedures will affect the smooth implementation of the programmes.</strong> The enhancement of individual and institutional capabilities will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the programmes.</li>
+<li><strong>Extreme poverty: when joined to the other factors listed above, this has been a breeding ground for violence for several decades.</strong> The implementation of the antipoverty strategy is a specific priority for significantly reducing extreme poverty.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><h4 id="monitoring-and-notification-of-progress">Monitoring and notification of progress </h4></p>
+<p>The Central African Republic’s INDC is a development policy with low carbon emissions and low emissions of short-lived climate pollutants. In this regard, the Central African Republic will put in place an appropriate national measurement, notification and verification system. Moreover, the government will organise regular consultations with the stakeholders at the national, regional and local level to both update the actions and make sure that they are carried out.</p>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="fn1"><p>Agriculture in the broad sense, including the sub-sectors of animal husbandry, fishing, forestry and other subsectors associated with the management of renewable natural resources.<a href="#fnref1">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn2"><p>Uncertainties that are foreseen in the quality of the data on the activities of the land use change and forestry sector and the use of emission factors conform by default to the 2006 IPCC guidelines.<a href="#fnref2">↩</a></li>
+<li id="fn3"><p>The priority sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change in the Central African Republic are agriculture (including animal husbandry, fishing and forests), food security, health, basic infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources.<a href="#fnref3">↩</a></li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</body>
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+<h1><a id="CANADAS_2017_NATIONALLY_DETERMINED_CONTRIBUTION_SUBMISSION_TO_THE_UNITED_NATIONS_FRAMEWORK_CONVENTION_ON_CLIMATE_CHANGE_0"></a>CANADA’S 2017 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SUBMISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</h1>
+<p>Following the release of the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, Canada’s plan to address climate change and grow the economy, the Government of Canada is pleased to update its Nationally Determined Contribution submission under the Paris Agreement. Canada recognizes the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and considers addressing climate change as an opportunity to transition to a strong, diverse and competitive low-carbon economy.</p>
+<p>Canada’s action to address climate change at home will be guided by the collective long-term goal agreed in Paris to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit that increase to below1.5 degrees. Canada recognizes that meeting the temperature commitment in the Paris Agreement will take global action to reduce greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, and short-lived climate pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons and methane covered under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</p>
+<p>To contribute to the achievement of the Paris Agreement, Canada is committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent below 2005 levels by 2030. In addition to addressing gases covered under the UNFCCC, Canada is taking action to reduce black carbon – a short-lived climate pollutant of particular significance in the Arctic due to its contribution to Arctic warming. In Canada, the Arctic has already warmed by 2.2 degrees between 1948 and 2013.</p>
+<p><em>The Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change</em><br>
+As a first step towards implementing the commitments Canada made under the Paris Agreement, First Ministers released the Vancouver Declaration on Clean Growth and Climate Change on March 3, 2016. Through the Vancouver Declaration, working groups were established to develop options for pricing carbon pollution; complementary actions to reduce emissions; adaptation and climate resilience; and clean technology, innovation and jobs. This process was supported and informed by an extensive process to engage Indigenous Peoples, experts, stakeholders and the public.</p>
+<p>As a result of these efforts, the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change was adopted on December 9, 2016. It is a comprehensive plan to reduce emissions across all sectors of the economy, accelerate clean economic growth, and build resilience to the impacts of climate change. The actions outlined in the Pan-Canadian Framework, supported by federal investments announced in Budget 2017, will enable Canada to meet or even exceed its target to reduce emissions to 30% below 2005 levels by 2030.</p>
+<p>The PCF builds on the early leadership of provinces and territories and the diverse array of policies and measures already in place across Canada to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in all sectors of the economy, as highlighted by Canada’s Biennial Reports. Many of the policies and measures in the Framework are intended to be scalable to enable increasing ambition over time, and will be subject to rigorous and ongoing evaluation in order to ensure that Canada is well-positioned to meet its current and future climate change commitments.</p>
+<p><em>Pricing Carbon Pollution</em><br>
+Pricing carbon pollution is central to Canada’s plan. The Government of Canada has outlined a benchmark for pricing carbon pollution that will build on existing provincial systems and ensure a minimum price of $10 per tonne is in place across Canada by 2018, rising to $50 per tonne by 2022. Provinces and territories will continue to have the flexibility to implement either an explicit price on carbon (e.g., through a carbon tax) or cap-and-trade systems and will retain all revenue generated by carbon pricing. Carbon pricing will help influence investment and purchase decisions towards lower carbon-intensive options.</p>
+<p><em>Complementary Mitigation Actions</em><br>
+In addition to carbon pricing, the complementary mitigation measures included in the Framework will enable Canada to achieve emissions reductions across all sectors, both in the near-term and as part of a longer-term strategy. Expanding the use of clean electricity and low carbon fuels are foundational actions that will reduce emissions across the economy.</p>
+<p>To increase the use of low-carbon fuels, the federal government, working with provincial and territorial governments, industry and other stakeholders, will develop a clean fuel standard to reduce emissions from fuels used in transportation, buildings, and industry.</p>
+<p>Using a mix of regulations and investments, Canada will also continue to drive down emissions from electricity. This will include new regulations to accelerate the phase-out of traditional coal units by 2030 and performance standards for natural gas-fired electricity. These actions will be complemented by investments to modernize Canada’s electricity systems, including in smart grid and energy storage technologies, and new and enhanced transmission lines to connect new sources of clean power with places that need it.</p>
+<p>In addition to transitioning to lower-carbon fuels and clean electricity in the built environment, transportation, and industrial sectors, Canada will take action to reduce energy use by improving energy efficiency, fuel switching and supporting innovative alternatives. In the built environment sector, this will include developing “net-zero energy ready” building codes to be adopted by 2030 for new buildings; retrofitting existing buildings based on new retrofit codes and providing businesses and consumers with information on energy performance; and improving energy efficiency of appliances and equipment.</p>
+<p>Actions in the transportation sector include continuing to set increasingly stringent standards for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, as well as taking action to improve efficiency and support fuel switching in the rail, aviation, marine, and off-road sectors; developing a zero-emissions vehicle strategy by 2018 and investing in infrastructure to support zero-emissions vehicles; and investing in public transit and other infrastructure to support shifts from higher- to lower-emitting modes of transportation.</p>
+<p>To reduce emissions from industrial sectors, Canada is developing regulations to achieve a reduction of methane emissions from the oil and gas sector, including offshore activities, by 40-45 percent by 2025. Federal, provincial, and territorial governments will work together to help industries improve their energy efficiency and invest in new technologies to reduce emissions,including in the oil and gas sector. Canada has also committed to finalizing regulations to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbons in line with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.</p>
+<p>Other actions in the Pan-Canadian Framework include: protecting and enhancing carbon sinks including in forests, wetlands and agricultural lands; identifying opportunities to generate renewable fuel from waste; and demonstrating leadership by reducing emissions from government operations and scaling up the procurement of clean energy and technologies. The Framework also includes support for clean technology and innovation that promote clean growth, including for early-stage technology development, establishing international partnerships, and encouraging “mission-oriented” research to help generate innovative new ideas and create economic opportunities. Other complementary actions include: support for research, development, demonstration and adoption of clean technology in Canada’s natural resource sectors; an Impact Canada Fund to support clean technology and a Smart Cities Challenge.</p>
+<p>The Pan-Canadian Framework also recognizes the importance of building climate-resilience and sets out measures to help Canadians understand, plan for, and take action to adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. For example, the federal government will establish a new Canadian Centre for Climate Services and work with provinces and territories and other partners to build regional adaptation capacity and expertise that will make it easier for governments, communities, and businesses to access and use climate data and information to make adaptation decisions. Measures to build resilience through infrastructure include climate resilient codes and standards and a fund for built and natural, large-scale infrastructure projectsthat support mitigation of natural disasters, extreme weather events and climate resilience. A national action plan will be developed to respond to the range of health risks caused by climate change, including extreme heat and infectious diseases such as Lyme disease.</p>
+<p>With the understanding that Indigenous Peoples and coastal and northern regions are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts, action is also being taken to help these communities thrive. This includes support for Indigenous Peoples to monitor changes in their communities and take action to address climate impacts, including repeated and severe flooding. In addition, targeted funding will be provided to enhance resilience in northern communities by increasing capacity to adapt and improve the design and construction of northern infrastructure.</p>
+<p>To support these measures, the Government of Canada has announced a number of significant investments. These include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A $2 billion Low Carbon Economy Fund to support new provincial and territorial actions to reduce emissions by 2030;</li>
+<li>$21.9 billion to support green infrastructure, including for electricity, renewable energy, reducing reliance on diesel in Indigenous, northern and remote communities, electric vehicle charging and natural gas and hydrogen refuelling stations, new building codes, and disaster mitigation and adaptation;</li>
+<li>$20.1 billion to support urban public transit; and,</li>
+<li>Over $2.2 billion in funding for clean technology initiatives, including nearly $1.4 billion in financing dedicated to financing clean technology firms. These investments support Canada’s commitment in Mission Innovation to double investment in clean energy research, development and demonstration over the next five years.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Pathway to Canada’s 2030 target</em><br>
+To achieve its target, Canada must reduce its total economy-wide emissions to 523 Mt in 2030. The Government of Canada uses a recognized energy and macroeconomic modeling framework <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> to produce emissions projections to 2030, which are published on an annual basis. The most recent emissions projections, published in December 2016 (<a href="https://www.ec.gc.ca/gesghg/default.asp?lang=En&n=1F24D9EE-1">https://www.ec.gc.ca/gesghg/default.asp?lang=En&n=1F24D9EE-1</a>), indicate that with federal, provincial and territorial policies and measures that have legislated or funding certainty and were in place as of November 1 st, 2016, (just prior to the Pan Canadian Framework) total Canadian GHG emissions would be 742 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>eq) in 2030.</p>
+<p><strong>Figure 1: Pathway to Canada’s 2030 target</strong><br>
+<img src="img/CAN-1.png" alt="Figure 1: Pathway to Canada’s 2030 target"></p>
+<p>The federal, provincial and territorial policies within the pan-Canadian Framework that have been modelled are projected to decrease Canada’s emissions by 175 Mt. This includes the estimated impacts of carbon pricing, proposed regulations (e.g., clean fuel standard, accelerated coal phase-out, vehicle efficiency standards, regulations for methane and HFCs), and some additional actions in electricity, buildings, transportation and industry.</p>
+<p>This estimate of 175 Mt does not include the full suite of commitments under the Pan-Canadian Framework. Specifically, the emission reductions associated with the unprecedented levels of investment in public transit, green infrastructure, innovation and clean technologies have not yet been estimated or modelled. Emissions reductions from these investments will be assessed and quantified as specific projects are identified and programs are implemented.</p>
+<p>Additionally the potential increases in stored carbon (carbon sequestration) in forests, soils and wetlands have not been included in the projected emissions reductions figure of 175 Mt. For a country such as Canada, carbon sequestration could make an important contribution to the achievement of the 2030 target.</p>
+<p>Finally, the projected emissions reductions in the figure above do not assume that additional mitigation policies or measures would be implemented by the provinces and territories between now and 2030. Emissions reductions from additional future actions taken by other jurisdictions will be assessed if and when new measures are implemented.</p>
+<p>Figure 2: Emissions Reductions from the Pan-Canadian Framework<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup><br>
+<img src="img/CAN-2.png" alt="Figure 2: Emissions Reductions from the Pan-Canadian Framework"></p>
+<p><em>Transparency and Ongoing Evaluation</em><br>
+The measures and investments outlined in the Pan-Canadian Framework will enable Canada to meet or even exceed its 2030 target and provide a strong foundation to achieve deeper emissions reductions over time and build a highly competitive, low-carbon economy. Many of the policies and measures in the Framework are intended to be scalable to enable increasing ambition over time, and will be subject to rigorous and ongoing evaluation in order to ensure that Canada is well-positioned to meet its current and future climate change commitments. Canada’s MidCentury Long-Term Low-Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy, which was released in November 2016, describes various pathways for innovative and creative solutions to low-carbon development. This long-term perspective will help to guide the elaboration of policies and investments under the Pan-Canadian Framework, as Canada continues to take action to significantly reduce emissions by 2030 and on an ongoing basis.</p>
+<p>The Pan-Canadian Framework commits to ongoing monitoring and reporting on results, in order to ensure that policies are effective, take stock of progress achieved, and to inform Canada’s future national commitments in accordance with the Paris Agreement. This will include annual reporting to the Prime Minister of Canada and provincial and territorial Premiers; external assessment and advice by experts; meaningful engagement with Indigenous Peoples, including through distinction-based tables; and reviews of carbon pricing approaches in 2020 and 2022, including expert assessment of stringency and effectiveness that compares carbon pricing systems across Canada. In addition, the Government of Canada will continue to regularly evaluate regulatory approaches, track and report on progress. These and other mechanisms for transparency and accountability will enable Canada to track progress towards its target and adjust policies and approaches over time as needed.</p>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Nationally Determined Contribution</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Canada intends to achieve an economy-wide target to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">Clarifying Information</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Base year</td>
+<td>2005</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Base year emissions (Mt CO<sub>2</sub> eq.)*</td>
+<td>747</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>End year</td>
+<td>2030</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Target reduction (%)</td>
+<td>30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Target (Mt CO<sub>2</sub> eq.)*</td>
+<td>523</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Type</td>
+<td>Absolute reduction from base-year emissions</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Coverage</td>
+<td>Economy wide – 100% of Canadian greenhouse gas inventory</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gases covered</td>
+<td>carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)sulphur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>) perfluorocarbons (PFCs) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) nitrogen trifluoride (NF<sub>3</sub>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sectors</td>
+<td>All Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sectors</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Implementation</td>
+<td>Domestically, the Government of Canada is taking steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Government of Canada is committed to taking strong action, with significant investments in a low-carbon economy, green infrastructure, and clean technology. The Government of Canada recognizes that collaboration on climate change action is important, which is why its approach builds on the efforts of provinces and territories, local governments, Indigenous organizations, businesses, youth, the academic community, and non-governmental organizations. To help achieve the goals and actions outlined in the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, the programs and policies put in place will be monitored, results will be measured, and performance will be reported on domestically in a way that is transparent and open to external, independent review. The effectiveness of actions will also be assessed to ensure continual improvement and increase ambition over time, in accordance with Paris Agreement.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th colspan="2">Key Assumptions</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Metric applied</td>
+<td>100-year Global Warming Potential values from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Methodologies for estimating emissions</td>
+<td>IPCC 2006 Guidelines and IPCC 2013 Supplementary Methods on Wetlands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry, and other land uses</td>
+<td>Canada is examining its approach to accounting in the land use, land-use change and forestry sector. Canada will use “the IPCC production approach” to account for harvested wood products and will exclude the impacts of natural disturbances and focus on anthropogenic emissions and removals.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Contribution of international mechanisms</td>
+<td>Canada will explore the use of international mechanisms in the overall effort to achieve its 2030 target, subject to the establishment of robust systems that deliver real and verified emissions reductions. Canada will work with Parties under the UNFCCC to ensure effective systems are established.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>[*Based on Canada’s 2016 National Inventory Report on greenhouse gas sources and sinks from 1990 to 2014]</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>For more information on ECCC modeling of GHG projections, please see link.<br>
+(<a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/weather/climatechange/climate-action/modelling-ghgprojections.html.)">https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/weather/climatechange/climate-action/modelling-ghgprojections.html.)</a> <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>Estimates assume purchase of carbon allowances (credits) from California by regualated entities under the Quebec and Ontario’s cap-and-trade system that are or will be linked through the Western Climate Initiative. <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body></html>

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+<h1><a id="Switzerland_2"></a>Switzerland</h1>
+<h2><a id="Switzerlands_intended_nationally_determined_contribution_INDC_and_clarifying_information_4"></a>Switzerland’s intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and clarifying information</h2>
+<p>Switzerland is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and clarifying information as per decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.</p>
+<p><strong>Switzerland’s INDC</strong></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Switzerland commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 35 percent over the period 2021-2030. By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by 35 percent compared to 1990 levels is anticipated. Carbon credits from international mechanisms will partly be used. The INDC is subject to approval by Parliament. The methodological approaches underlying the Swiss INDC are included in this communication.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3><a id="A_Upfront_Information_16"></a>A.) Up-front Information</h3>
+<p><h4><a id="1__Quantifiable_information_on_the_reference_point_including_as_appropriate_a_base_year_18"></a>1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year):</h4></p>
+<p>Base year: 1990<br>
+Emissions in base year: 53.3 Mt per year (provisional, will be defined through the inventory submissions). Base year emissions from non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, other land) will be included, as necessary, after completion of a current study on these emissions <sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1">[1]</a></sup> .<br>
+Emissions/removals from forest land are not included in the base year, since only the net change in emissions is accounted for this sector.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="2__Time_frames_andor_periods_for_implementation_25"></a>2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation:</h4></p>
+<p>Time frame of the commitment is until end 2030.<br>
+This quantified commitment by 2030 is translated into an average commitment over the period from beginning 2021 to end 2030. Its achievement will be tracked through the information in Switzerland’s national inventories (accounting methodology for land sector explained below) and the addition/subtraction of emission reductions transferred internationally (carbon credits) in light of a budget approach.<br>
+Information on the anticipated level of emissions for 2025 is given for international comparability.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="3__Scope_and_coverage_31"></a>3. Scope and coverage:</h4></p>
+<p><strong>Gases covered</strong>: CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, HFCs, PFCs, SF<sub>6</sub>, NF<sub>3</sub><br>
+<strong>Base year for gases covered</strong>: all 1990 (not relevant where reference level is applied)<br>
+<strong>Sectors covered</strong>: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste</p>
+<p>Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and shipping on the basis of future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties (currently not included in Switzerland’s INDC).</p>
+<p><h4><a id="4__Planning_processes_39"></a>4. Planning processes:</h4></p>
+<p><strong>National implementation</strong>: Until mid-2016, Switzerland will elaborate a draft for consultation at national level of its national climate policy for the period 2021-2030. It will include measures that allow emission reductions of its target of minus 50 percent by 2030 to be achieved mainly domestically. The proposed measures to achieve the commitments will build on existing measures and strategies. The existing legal frameworks will have to be revised accordingly. These revisions are subject to approval by Parliament.</p>
+<p><strong>Long term</strong>: Switzerland plans its climate policy in 10-year-steps, continuously strengthening its reduction targets. The Government of Switzerland has formulated an indicative goal to reduce emissions by 2050 by 70 to 85 percent compared to 1990 including use of international credits as well as the vision to reduce per capita emissions in Switzerland to 1 - 1.5 t CO<sub>2</sub>eq in the longer term. These unavoidable emissions will have to be eventually compensated through sinks or removals.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="5__Assumptions_and_methodological_approaches_49"></a>5. Assumptions and methodological approaches:</h4></p>
+<p>Switzerland supports internationally agreed rules for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. As they are yet to be agreed, Switzerland’s INDC is based on the following assumptions and methodological approaches:</p>
+<p><strong>Credits from market mechanisms</strong>: Switzerland will realize its INDC mainly domestically and will partly use carbon credits from international mechanisms.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Use of carbon credits with high environmental standards: Switzerland will use carbon credits from international mechanisms that deliver real, permanent, additional and verified mitigation outcomes and meet high environmental standards. Quality criteria which are at least in line with those of Switzerland’s current national legislation will be applied. Switzerland intends to use the CDM. In this context, Switzerland supports the revision of its modalities and procedures to fit in the new climate regime. Switzerland also intends to use, as appropriate, the new market mechanisms under the Convention (NMM, activities under the FVA).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Avoidance of double counting: Switzerland intends to include the above-mentioned carbon credits in accounting for its emission reduction commitment. For the CDM under its current use and operation, it is assumed that only the acquiring Party will account for the emission reductions covered by the credits acquired from the host Party. Beyond this, Switzerland supports the reform of the CDM in the context of host country Parties having also emission reduction commitments/contributions. For new market mechanisms, Switzerland supports the elaboration of UNFCCC rules for avoiding double counting of emission reductions, or otherwise appropriate arrangements will be necessary.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Forest land:</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Land based approach with reference level</strong>: The same IPCC methodology as used to account for forest management in the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol will be applied. The reference level for forest land will include living and dead biomass and harvested wood products (HWP). Anticipated accountable emissions/removals from forest land in target year: 0<br>
+Switzerland supports that reference levels, when based on a projection, are subject to a technical assessment or review process.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Natural disturbances</strong>: Extraordinary events in forest land will be excluded from the accounting.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetland, settlements, other land)</strong><sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn1" id="fnref1:1">[1]</a></sup>: Switzerland plans to include non-forest land from 2020 and anticipates to switch to a comprehensive land based approach. However, for the period 2021-2030, accounting is yet to be defined (currently a study on non-forest land reporting is on-going). The submitted INDC assumes 0 emissions from the non-forest lands.</p>
+<p><strong>Inventory methodology used:</strong><br>
+IPCC 2006 guidelines, as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19<br>
+IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol, as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7<br>
+<strong>Global Warming Potential Values used</strong>: as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19</p>
+<p>Given the assumed approaches in methodologies and assumptions outlined above, Switzerland intends to account for all significant anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks and does not regress regarding the comprehensiveness in accounting. Switzerland further will continue to follow existing guidance under the Convention and IPCC methodologies in accounting and reporting.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="6__Consideration_on_fairness__ambition_77"></a>6. Consideration on fairness & ambition:</h4></p>
+<p>It is important to Switzerland that the global community shares the required efforts to combat global climate change in a fair and equitable manner. The same legal form and rules must apply to all Parties, while the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be differentiated according to a Party’s responsibility and capability.</p>
+<p>It is to note that Switzerland’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway in line with the recommendations by science.</p>
+<p>It is further to note that Switzerland’s emission reductions by 2030 will mainly be achieved domestically, thereby further strengthening Switzerland’s transition to a low carbon economy. Given the low greenhouse gas intensity of Switzerland today, a high level of ambition is underlying Switzerland’s INDC for 2030.</p>
+<p>Switzerland’s understanding of a fair share includes consideration of the aspects below. It is to note that fairness considerations include various aspects and that no single indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countries’ efforts. It is further to note that the evolving nature of a country’s circumstances is to be reflected in fairness considerations.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Responsibility is reflected in a country’s past, current and future greenhouse gas emissions. Total emissions as well as per capita emissions are to be considered.<br>
+Switzerland’s responsibility in terms of greenhouse gas emissions is low: Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1% of world’s emissions and per capita emissions are at world’s average. Through climate policies implemented domestically, Switzerland’s total share in global emissions as well as per capita emissions are further decreasing despite a substantial growth in industrial production (1990 - today: +54%) and population (1990 - today: +18%). Also, Switzerland has a low level of historic emissions of around 0.2% since 1990.<sup class="footnote-ref"><a href="#fn2" id="fnref2">[2]</a></sup></li>
+<li>Capacity to contribute to solving the climate problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures, such as carbon-efficient technologies. Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness considerations.</li>
+<li>Cost-efficient mitigation potential and abatement costs are a core aspect in considering a fair contribution of a country. Abatement costs vary strongly across countries. It is also to note, that marginal abatement costs increase if a country has undertaken ambitious mitigation actions in the past. In fairness considerations, it is important to merit past efforts and reward early movers.<br>
+In Switzerland, abatement costs are high due to the limited availability of short term cost-efficient mitigation potential: Switzerland’s energy production is nearly carbon free and there is little heavy industry. Emission reduction potential mostly remains in the housing and transport sectors. This remaining potential has long transformation periods.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Switzerland is committed to continue to contribute its fair share in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in view of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2 degrees Celsius and to continue to act on the forefront of climate change.</p>
+<p><h4><a id="7__How_the_INDC_contributes_to_achieving_the_ultimate_objective_of_the_Convention_Article_2_95"></a>7. How the INDC contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention (Article 2):</h4></p>
+<p>Switzerland’s commitment to reduce emissions by 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway that corresponds with the recommendations of the IPCC AR5 to reduce global emissions by minus 40 to 70 percent by 2050 below 2010 levels. The formulated commitment by 2030 is further consistent with the longer term vision of the Government of Switzerland to reduce per capita emissions to 1 - 1.5 t CO<sub>2</sub>eq in Switzerland. These unavoidable emissions will have to be eventually compensated through sinks or removals. It is to note that Switzerland’s per capita emissions were already at world average levels in 2010.</p>
+<h3><a id="B_Information_on_Switzerland_105"></a>B.) Information on Switzerland</h3>
+<p>Switzerland’s share in global greenhouse gas emissions is around 0.1 percent. In 2012, total greenhouse gas emissions of Switzerland equaled 51.4 million tCO<sub>2</sub>eq and per capita emissions were at world’s average (6.4 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq). The biggest share of greenhouse gas emissions arises from the transport and building sectors, followed by the industry, agriculture and waste sectors (see figure 1).</p>
+<p><img src="img/CHE-1.png" alt="Figure 1. Switzerland's greenhouse gas emissions by sectors in 2012."><br>
+Figure 1. Switzerland’s greenhouse gas emissions by sectors in 2012.</p>
+<p>Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth. These two parameters influence the consumption and production of energy, traffic volumes and the number and volumes of heated buildings, which strongly impact greenhouse gas emissions in almost all sectors. Compared to 1990, in 2012, Switzerland’s real gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic output had risen by 36 percent, the building space that had to be heated increased by 31 percent, over 36 percent more passenger cars were in circulation on Swiss roads and 19 percent more people lived in Switzerland. Greenhouse gas emissions in this period nevertheless decreased slightly: new buildings are better insulated than in the past, cars have become more fuel efficient, heating oil is increasingly replaced by natural gas and electricity (e.g. for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Figures 2 and 3 show the respective reduction over the period 1990 to 2012 in per capita emissions by approximately 20%, in emissions per GDP by close to 30% as well as the decoupling of economic growth from the rise in greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
+<p><img src="img/CHE-2.png" alt="Figure 2. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions 1990 - 2012"><br>
+Figure 2. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions 1990 - 2012</p>
+<p><img src="img/CHE-3.png" alt="Figure 3. Per GDP greenhouse gas emissions 1990 - 2012"><br>
+Figure 3. Per GDP greenhouse gas emissions 1990 - 2012</p>
+<p>Switzerland has long standing climate policies and since 2000 a specific CO<sub>2</sub> Act has been established. Switzerland has committed itself under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) and reached its target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8 percent compared to 1990, including through the use of carbon credits. At the beginning of 2013, the CO<sub>2</sub> Act and the CO<sub>2</sub> Ordinance entered into force in revised form. They form the framework of the current Swiss climate policy for the period from 2013 to 2020. The desired reduction of emissions by 2020 of 20 % below 1990 levels requires decisive action. Ratification of Switzerland’s commitment from 2013 till 2020 under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol is currently under consideration by the Parliament. For the period from 2021 to 2030, the existing legal frameworks will have to be revised. These revisions are envisaged in the next few years and subject to approval by Parliament.</p>
+<p>Climate change has already left many marks in Switzerland. Both, the economy and society are affected. Since the beginning of temperature measurements in Switzerland in 1864, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.75 °C. In the Alps, the glaciers have been retreating at an accelerating pace since 1980. Since 1999 alone, glaciers have lost over 12 percent of their volume. If the warming continues, only a fraction of the current glacier cover will be left by the end of the 21st century with large impacts on the seasonal availability of water for drinking water, agriculture and power generation. Parallel to the retreat of glaciers, the permanently frozen subsoil in the high mountains also continues to thaw. More frequent mountain and rock falls as well as debris slides that can endanger transport links and infrastructure in the high mountains are a result of this. Already today, large investments are necessary to secure infrastructures at higher elevations. People are also directly affected. Only recently has it also been recognized that even the slow but steady increase in daily temperatures has a demonstrable impact on the well-being of people. Daily maximum temperatures in Switzerland have risen steadily since 1960. Hotter than usual summers have already led to higher mortalities.</p>
+<p>Switzerland remains committed to and striving for an ambitious international agreement on climate change in line with recommendations by science to hold average global temperature increase below two degrees Celsius.</p>
+<hr class="footnotes-sep">
+<section class="footnotes">
+<ol class="footnotes-list">
+<li id="fn1" class="footnote-item"><p>Emissions from non-forest land use and land use change are estimated to be in the order of 2 per cent of base year emissions. <a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a> <a href="#fnref1:1" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+<li id="fn2" class="footnote-item"><p>CAIT 2.0 WIR’s climate data explorer (<a href="http://cait2.wri.org">http://cait2.wri.org</a>); Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (<a href="http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/nation.1751_2010.ems">http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/nation.1751_2010.ems</a>). <a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-backref">↩</a></p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</section>
+</body></html>

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+  <h1>Switzerland's NDC</h1>
+  <h2>Switzerland’s information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement (2021 – 2030)</h2>
+  <p>Switzerland is pleased to update its information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement covering the years 2021 to 2030, in accordance with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC decisions 1/CP.21 and 4/CMA.1.</p>
+  <p>According to Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 24 and 25, Parties have the obligation to submit to the secretariat their nationally determined contributions at least 9 to 12 months in advance of the relevant session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency and understanding of these contributions, and Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution contains a time frame up to 2030 are requested to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter. Switzerland had accordingly communicated and updated its NDC on 19 February 2020 and announced that it will submit the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding once the deliberations on the revision of the third CO2 Act are concluded in Parliament. It also announced that it will follow the guidance adopted at COP-24 in December 2018 in Katowice. Accordingly, after conclusion of the parliamentary deliberations of the revision of the third CO2 Act, Switzerland had submitted, on 9 December 2020, the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its updated NDC of 19 February 2020, highlighting that the revised CO2 Act is subject to a popular referendum. On 13 June 2021, the revision of the third CO2 Act was rejected in the referendum by the Swiss population. This referendum did not question the NDC of Switzerland to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, neither its carbon neutrality target by 2050. Rather, it called into question specific measures of the revised CO2 Act to reach these objectives. On 17 December 2021, the Swiss Parliament approved an extension of the CO2 reduction target and crucial mitigation measures. This amendment to the CO2 Act ensures that Switzerland will continue to reduce its emissions by 1.5 per cent annually until 2024 compared to 1990 levels through mitigation measures taken mainly domestically. On 17 December 2021, the Swiss Federal Council opened formal discussions of a new proposal with concrete measures for the time after 2024 in view of reaching the objective as formu- lated in Switzerland’s NDC.</p>
+  <p>Switzerland herewith submits a revised version of the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding which reflects the outcome of the referendum of June 2021 and the decisions taken since then by the Swiss Federal Council and the Swiss Parliament in December 2021.</p>
+  <p>Switzerland’s updated and enhanced NDC is in line with latest findings by the IPCC<a href="#fn1" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> to reduce global CO2 emissions by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. For improved mutual understanding and comparability of the contribution, Switzerland hereby provides the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its NDC by voluntarily applying the guidance in relation to the mitigation section of 1/CP.21 adopted at COP-24 in Katowice earlier than required (4/CMA.1).</p>
+  <p>The updated and enhanced NDC represents a progression in several areas:</p>
+  <ul>
+    <li>
+      <p>a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to <i>at least</i> minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels;</p>
+    </li>
+    <li>
+      <p>an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emissions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990);</p>
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+  <p>Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice.</p>
+  <p>Switzerland’s NDC comprises a mitigation target only. Comprehensive information on adaptation strategies, planning, measures and implementation are found in Switzerland’s first adaptation communication under the Paris Agreement (2020)<a href="#fn2" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a> and in Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (2018)<a href="#fn3" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a>.</p>
+  <h4>Switzerland’s NDC</h4>
+  <p>Switzerland is committed to follow recommendations of science in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In view of its climate neutrality target by 2050, Switzerland’s NDC is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030. By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by at least 35 percent compared with 1990 levels is anticipated. Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement will partly be used. The methodological approaches underlying the Swiss NDC are included in this communication.</p>
+  <p>Long-term: Switzerland aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. This target lays the foundations for Switzerland’s 2050 climate strategy, which was transmitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat on 28 January 2021.</p>
+      <p>1. Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions (4/CMA.1, Annex I)</p>
+      <table>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p>1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year):</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s);</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Base year: 1990</p>
+            <p>For forest land: reference level</p>
+            <p>For non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, other land): reference period</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Emissions in base year (1990) comprise emissions from all sectors, except LULUCF. Indirect CO2 is also included. Provisional value for base year emissions, subject to change due to recalculations of the greenhouse gas inventory, is 54158.92 kt CO2eq. The value for the final accounting will be defined in the inventory submission covering data up to 2030.</p>
+            <p>Emissions/removals from LULUCF will be reported and accounted for on a land-based approach. Forest land and non-forest land are not included in base year emissions, since only the net change in emissions compared with the reference level/period is accounted for in the land use sector (see 5f below).</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Emission reduction of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s);</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Data source for the quantified information on the base year and reference period as well as for the construction of the reference level is the respective greenhouse gas inventory.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Values of the reference indicators (base year, reference period, and reference level) are subject to recalculations and technical corrections, in accordance with UNFCCC decision 18/CMA.1. In addition, Switzerland’s National Inventory System Supervisory Board (NISSB) adopted principles for technical corrections of reference levels including that recalculations need to be based on sound scientific evidence, reflect the best available data and shall be transparently documented. Information on updates will be provided in the Biennial Transparency Reports.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p>2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation:</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA);</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>1.1.2021 – 31.12.2030</p>
+            <p>This quantified commitment by 2030 is translated into an average commitment over the period from beginning 2021 to end 2030. Information on the anticipated level of emissions for 2025 is given for international comparability.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Switzerland expresses its NDC both as single-year and multi-year target. The reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corresponds to an average reduction of at least minus 35 percent over the period 2021-2030.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p>3. Scope and coverage:</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>a) General description of the target;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target compared with a base year.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Gases covered: CO2 (including indirect CO2), CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3</p>
+            <p>Base year for gases covered: all 1990 (not relevant where a reference level/period approach is applied)</p>
+            <p>Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste and other<a href="#fn4" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref4"><sup>4</sup></a> (consistent with 2006 IPCC guidelines). All categories and pools in Switzerland’s inventory are covered.</p>
+            <p>While Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and navigation on the basis of existing and future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties, Switzerland’s NDC currently does not include emissions from international aviation and navigation. In particular, Switzerland’s domestic emission reduction targets do not include emissions from international aviation, a part of which are already covered by the Swiss emission trading scheme (ETS) as well as by the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme CORSIA of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO. However, Switzerland’s domestic emissions reduction targets do include emissions from national aviation and navigation.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Switzerland has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p>4. Planning processes:</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:</p>
+            <p>(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>The emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 has been approved by the Swiss Parliament in 2016. Comprehensive consultation proceedings for both the second CO2 Act and the ratification of the Paris Agreement including the 2030 target had preceded the parliamentary debate, allowing stakeholders in Switzerland to comment on the target and the implementation plan. The ratification of the Paris Agreement passed the parliamentary process in 2017, after the deadline for a facultative referendum expired. The second CO2 Act underwent revision and parliamentary debate and the third CO2 Act was adopted by both chambers on 25 September 2020. The third CO2 Act was subject to a facultative referendum in June 2021 and was rejected by the Swiss population, following months of public debate. Parliament is currently working on new legislation.</p>
+            <p>Following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, the Swiss Government and Parliament decided to gradually phase out nuclear energy, i.e. new plants were banned while existing plants were allowed to continue operating as long as deemed safe. To replace the share of nuclear energy, the Energy Strategy 2050, along with implementing legislation, was adopted and eventually endorsed by a majority of Swiss voters in 2017. The Strategy foresees to increase annual generation from new renewable sources other than hydropower to 11,400 GWh (from 4,186 GWh in 2019) and average hydropower production to 37,400 GWh by 2035 (from 36,137 GWh in 2019). Efficiency policies aim at stabilizing electricity demand.</p>
+            <p>Long term: Switzerland plans its climate policy in 10-year-steps, continuously strengthening its reduction targets. In August 2019, and in response to the findings of the IPCC special report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the Swiss Government communicated that Switzerland aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. In doing so, Switzerland contributes to the internationally agreed target of limiting global warming to a maximum of 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era. In November 2019, a popular initiative was submit- ted calling for a constitutional article to stipulate the net zero target and a ban of fossil fuels as of 2050. In August 2021, the Federal Council adopted the message for a direct counter-proposal to the initiative (“Glacier Initiative”). This pursues the same goal as the initiative: net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. However, the counter-draft refrains from a fundamental ban on fossil energy sources. The initiative and the Federal Council's message will be subject to parliamentary debate.</p>
+            <p>For further information on domestic institutional arrangements, see Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (NC) <a href="#fn5" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref5"><sup>5</sup></a>.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:</p>
+            <p>(a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Information on national circumstances can be found in Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (NC) and in the annex of this communication.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>See 4a)</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Switzerland recognizes the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent threat of climate change, in line with the best available scientific knowledge. Switzerland fully subscribes to the view that Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote, and consider their respective human rights obligations, including due consideration for gender equality and gender sensitive policies, intergenerational equity, and the needs of particularly vulnerable groups. Switzerland is further committed to upholding environmental integrity, including the integrity of ecosystems and the protection of biodiversity.</p>
+            <p>In addition, Switzerland is aware of the importance of the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, due to their major impact on greenhouse gas emissions. At the national level, Switzerland is actively reviewing its remaining fossil fuel subsidies. At the international level, Switzerland, together with Costa Rica, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Uruguay, is engaged in the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform who promote the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, in particular in G20-countries.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>The first global stocktake takes place in 2023. As per UNFCCC decision 1/CP.24, paragraph 37, Switzerland considered the outcome of the 2018 Talanoa Dialogue, including the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius that was commissioned in this regard. In this context, Switzerland came to the conclusion that its NDC by 2030 is in line with recommendations of the IPCC to reduce emissions by about 45% percent compared with 2010 levels by 2030, given Switzerland’s per capita emissions are below global average. On the other hand and in line with the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the indicative target for 2050 communicated in 2015 has been revised and raised to net zero greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:</p>
+            <ol>
+              <li>
+                <p>How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution;</p>
+              </li>
+              <li>
+                <p>Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.</p>
+              </li>
+            </ol>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p>5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emi ssions and, as appropriate, removals:</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Switzerland’s greenhouse gas inventories form the basis for the accounting. Accounting approaches underlying Switzerland’s NDC and methodologies used are outlined below and are consistent with UNFCCC decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and UNFCCC decision 4/CMA.1. The respective reporting is contained in this communication as well as in future Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs) under the Paris Agreement, consistent with UNFCCC decisions 4/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Switzerland will develop a forest reference level (FRL) for managed forest lands. This refer- ence level will draw on Kyoto Protocol methodologies for developing what the Kyoto Protocol referred to as a forest management reference level (FMRL) (see UNFCCC decision 2/CMP.6).</p>
+            <p>For forest land, elements like the calculation method of harvested wood products (HWP), the calculation of the background level and margin for the exclusion of natural disturbances and the basic principles of the FMRL are used from the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Inventory methodology used: IPCC 2006 guidelines, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines, or any subsequent version or refinement of the IPCC guidelines agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decisions 4/CMA.1, paragraph 1a and 18/CMA.1, paragraph 20.</p>
+            <p>2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC, as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7.</p>
+            <p>Global Warming Potential Values used: 100-yr GWP values from 5th IPCC assessment report, or from a subsequent IPCC assessment report as agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decision 18/CMA.1 paragraph 37.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable:</p>
+          </td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>For forest land, the provision of natural disturbances will be applied. In cases or events in which emissions of natural disturbances are higher than the nationally established threshold value, it will be possible to exclude these emissions. This threshold value is based on the background level and the margin and will be calculated consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement using the same data set as used for the development of the scenario (current management practices) on which the forest reference level is based on.</p>
+            <p>For non-forest land, no provisions for natural disturbances will be applied.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Harvested wood products are accounted for using a production approach (only wood from domestic harvest), consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>The effects of the age-class structure in forests are addressed through the forest reference level, which is calculated following the principles of the 2013 KP Supplement.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:</p>
+          </td>
+          <td></td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>The LULUCF sector will be accounted for based on a land-based approach. Forest land</p>
+            <p>Definitions: Forest land encompasses all forest land remaining in this category (managed forest land) and all conversions from (deforested land) and to (afforested land) this category. For forest land, the same definition and parameters that Switzerland used under the Kyoto Protocol are applied.</p>
+            <p>Managed forest land will be accounted for by comparing emissions/removals to a forest reference level (FRL). Emissions and removals resulting from afforested and deforested land will be accounted for as being the total emissions and total removals for each of the years (gross-net).</p>
+            <p>The FRL will include living and dead biomass and harvested wood products (HWP). To calculate the FRL, the following models or methods are used</p>
+            <ul>
+              <li>
+                <p>Living biomass: The model Massimo calculates changes in living biomass. Massimo is also used to calculate the Swiss FMRL for Switzerland’s commitment under the Kyoto Protocol Second Commitment Period.</p>
+              </li>
+              <li>
+                <p>Dead biomass (dead wood, litter, mineral soil): The model Yasso07 is applied. Yasso07 is also applied for the annual reporting in the context of the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory as well as for the calculation of dead wood of the FMRL.</p>
+              </li>
+              <li>
+                <p>HWP: The first order decay function and other methodological aspects from the 2013 KP Supplement are used, similar as for the FRML.</p>
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+            <p>For a detailed description of the application, validation and verification of Massimo and Yasso07 and of the methodology used for HWP see Switzerland’s NIR 2020<a href="#fn6" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref6"><sup>6</sup></a> and the references within.</p>
+            <p>The underlying scenario to calculate the FRL is based on the “extrapolation of forest management practices”, also called “current management practices”. This scenario is statistically derived from data from the national forest inventory covering 1985-2006 (NFI1, NFI2, NFI3). By using these historical NFI-data, age class structure and other typical Swiss forest characteristics (growth conditions, mortality, harvesting practices, etc.) are reflected in the scenario. Other data sources used to establish the FRL are the same as used for the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory.</p>
+            <p>Net accountable emissions/removals from managed forests lands are anticipated to be around zero if there are no distinct changes in forest management practices, assuming there are no clearly distinguishable changes within the NDC period arising from climate change and using the application of natural disturbance provisions where they arise.</p>
+            <p>Non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetland, settlements, other land)</p>
+            <p>Non-forest lands will be accounted for by comparing emissions/removals to a reference period that presents a long-term historic average preceding 2020 (preferably 1990-2020). In its 2019 inventory submission, Switzerland provided modelling for soil carbon for the first time. The model is under constant improvement, and numbers will most certainly change over time. Annual variability in the model is large and trends are not yet fully understood. A single year reference is not considered representative. Consequently, Switzerland chooses a long reference period to increase robustness of the reference value.</p>
+            <p>Methodologies to estimate greenhouse gas fluxes for different land uses and land-use changes are currently subject to major developments. The final decision regarding the length of the reference period will depend on the availability of sufficient and reliable data sets required for the methodologies currently under development.</p>
+            <p>Switzerland welcomes a specific technical assessment of reference levels, when based on a projection, in the context of the technical expert review process under the Paris Agreement (Transparency Framework).</p>
+            <p>Additional technical details on the forest reference level for managed forest and the reference period of non-forest land including quantified information will be provided at a later stage, at the latest in the first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) under the Paris Agreement due in 2024.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guide- lines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>(iv)Further technical information, as necessary;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Switzerland will realize its NDC mainly domestically and will partly use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6. Switzerland will implement the guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, adopted at COP26, and the San José principles for high ambition and integrity in international carbon markets<a href="#fn7" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref7"><sup>7</sup></a>, to apply robust rules that avoid any form of double counting, ensure environmental integrity and promote sustainable development, including the protection of human rights, and not to use pre-2020 units towards the achievement of its NDC.</p>
+            <p>As of December 2021, Switzerland signed bilateral agreements with Peru, Ghana, Senegal, Georgia, Vanuatu, and Dominica, creating the necessary frameworks for cooperative approaches under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. The agreements govern the transfers of mitigation outcomes and their use and define the method for corresponding adjustment. The ITMOs may be used for other mitigation purposes, such as e.g. voluntary climate neutrality targets by private or sub-state actors, which would not be counted towards Switzerland’s emissions reductions objectives. Furthermore, the agreements ensure environmental integrity, prevents double counting, and foresees concrete requirements regarding the promotion of sustainable development, including the protection of human rights.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p>6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <ol>
+              <li>
+                <p>How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances;</p>
+              </li>
+              <li>
+                <p>Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity;</p>
+              </li>
+            </ol>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>It is important to Switzerland that the global community shares the required efforts to combat global climate change in a fair and equitable manner. The same rules must apply to all Parties, while the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be differentiated according to a Party’s responsibility and capacity.</p>
+            <p>Switzerland’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway in line with the recommendations by science to keep average global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.</p>
+            <p>Switzerland’s emission reductions by 2030 will mainly be achieved domestically, thereby further strengthening Switzerland’s transition to a low carbon economy. Given the low greenhouse gas intensity of Switzerland today, this NDC represents a high level of ambition for 2030.</p>
+            <p>Switzerland pursues its emission reduction efforts, giving due consideration for fairness and equity. Fairness considerations include various aspects. No single aspect on its own can accurately reflect fairness. The evolving nature of a country’s circumstances should also be reflected in fairness considerations.</p>
+            <p>Switzerland’s understanding of a fair share includes in particular consideration of the aspects below.</p>
+            <ul>
+              <li>
+                <p>Responsibility is reflected in a country’s past, current and future greenhouse gas emissions. Total emissions as well as per capita emissions are to be considered.</p>
+                <p>Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1 percent of world’s emissions and per capita emissions are below world’s average. Through climate policies implemented domestically, Switzerland’s total share in global emissions as well as per capita emissions continue to decrease despite a substantial growth in industrial production (1990 – today: +75.1 percent) and population (1990 – today: +27.1 percent). Switzerland has a low level of historic emissions, contributing less than 0.2 percent of cumulative global emissions from 1990 to 2014.<a href="#fn8" class="footnoteRef" id="fnref8"><sup>8</sup></a></p>
+              </li>
+              <li>
+                <p>Capacity to contribute to solving the climate problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures, such as carbon-efficient technologies. Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness considerations.</p>
+            <p>Another core aspect in considering a fair contribution of a country are cost-efficient mitigation potential and abatement costs. Abatement costs vary strongly across countries. It is also to note that marginal abatement costs increase if a country has undertaken ambitious mitigation actions in the past. In fairness considerations, it is important to consider past efforts and early movers.</p>
+            <p>In Switzerland, GDP per capita is high, signifying high ability to invest. At the same time, abatement costs are also high due to the limited availability of short-term cost- efficient mitigation potential: Switzerland’s energy production is nearly carbon free and there is little heavy industry. Territorial emission reduction potential mostly remains in the buildings and transport sectors. This remaining potential has long transformation periods.</p>
+            <p>Based on equity considerations outlined above, Switzerland is committed to strongly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with emission reduction pathways that keep the increase in global average temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Switzerland stays committed to continue the fight against climate change at the forefront of international action.</p>
+            <p>In the interest of timely climate action and as an addition to domestic actions, Switzerland intends to use Article 6 activities, contributing to the overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement provides that each Party’s NDC will present a progression beyond the Party’s then current NDC and reflect its highest possible ambition. Switzerland’s NDC reflects a progression of effort compared with its communication submitted in October 2017. Given the clean energy mix in Switzerland, mitigation opportunities remaining are at high costs. Switzerland follows an overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, partially using emission reductions abroad. Considerable efforts are needed to reach the target. In this regard, Switzerland has continuously increased the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and processes fuels, reaching a rate of 96 Swiss francs per tonne of CO2 (about 99 US dollars per tonne of CO2) since 2018. Indeed, a ratcheting-up mechanism automatically increases the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and process fuels if intermediate targets are not met.</p>
+            <p>In addition to domestic efforts, and given Switzerland is a high-income country, Article 6 activities will be used to complement domestic actions contributing to the overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels.</p>
+            <p>Furthermore, the enhanced NDC also reflects the decision by the Swiss Government to aim for a climate neutral Switzerland by 2050. In doing so, Switzerland strengthens its efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute to the internationally agreed objective of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era.</p>
+            <p>The updated and enhanced NDC therefore represents a progression in several areas:</p>
+            <ul>
+              <li>
+                <p>a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to <i>at least</i> minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels;</p>
+              </li>
+              <li>
+                <p>an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emissions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990);</p>
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+            <p>Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement provides for developed countries, such as Switzerland, to continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide emission reduction targets. Switzerland has a long history of concrete climate policy measures and a CO2 Act since 2000. The country had absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets both under the first and second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and will continue to formulate absolute economy-wide targets.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Not applicable.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p>7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2;</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>The Paris Agreement has been adopted in the context of the UNFCCC and specifies its provisions. Thus any actions and measures taken in view of Article 2.1a and 4.1 of the Paris Agreement serve the objective of the Convention.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.</p>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Switzerland’s commitment to reduce emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway that corresponds with the latest recommendations of the IPCC special report on 1.5 degrees Celsius to reduce global CO2 emissions by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030. The formulated commitment by 2030 is further consistent with the longer term aim of the Swiss Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. In order to reach net zero emissions, technologies that permanently remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and store them are to be used in the future to some extent. It is to note that Switzerland’s per capita emissions were already at world average levels in 2006.</p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+      <h3>B) Information on Switzerland</h3>
+  <p>Today, Switzerland’s share in global greenhouse gas emissions is around 0.1 percent. In 2019, total greenhouse gas emissions of Switzerland equated 46.2 million tCO2eq. This corresponds to emissions of 5.4 tCO2eq per capita, which is below world’s average. The largest shares of greenhouse gas emissions arise from transport (1A3) and from buildings (energy use in the commercial/institutional sector (1A4a) and in the residential sector (1A4b)). Agriculture (3) and industrial activities (energy use in the manufacturing industries and construction sector (1A2) as well as emissions from industrial processes (2)) also contribute substantial shares to Switzerland’s total greenhouse gas emissions, while energy industries (1A1) are less emissions-intensive when compared with many other countries. The remaining sources (energy use in the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector (1A4c) and other (military) (1A5), as well as fugitive emissions from fuels (1B) and emissions from waste (5) and other (fire damages) (6)) as well as emissions of indirect CO2 are of lower importance (see figure 1).</p>
+  <p><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Switzerland’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 by sector. Total emissions correspond to 46.2 million tCO2eq.</p>
+  <p><img width="277" height="276" alt="image" src="img/CHE-NDC1-1.png"/></p>
+  <p>Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth. These two parameters influence the consumption and production of energy, traffic volumes and the number and volumes of heated buildings, which strongly impact greenhouse gas emissions in almost all sectors. Compared with 1990, by 2019, Switzerland’s real gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic output had risen by 61 percent, the building space that had to be heated for households and services increased by 45 percent, 49 percent more passenger cars, motor cycles and coaches were in circulation on Swiss roads and 28 percent more people lived in Switzerland. Greenhouse gas emissions in this period nevertheless decreased slightly: new buildings are better insulated than in the past, cars have become more fuel efficient, heating oil is increasingly replaced by natural gas and electricity (e.g. for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Figures 2 and 3 show the respective reduction over the period 1990 to 2019 in greenhouse gas emissions per capita by 33 percent and in greenhouse gas emissions per real gross domestic product by 47 percent, indicating the decoupling of economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
+  <p><strong>Figure 2</strong>. Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2019 compared to the Swiss population (1990=100).</p>
+  <p><img width="565" height="280" alt="image" src="img/CHE-NDC1-2.png"></p>
+  <p><strong>Figure 3.</strong> Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2019 compared to the Switzerland’s real gross domestic product (GDP).</p>
+  <p><img width="559" height="261" alt="image" src="img/CHE-NDC1-3.png"></p>
+  <p>Switzerland has long-standing climate policies and since 2000, a specific CO2 Act has been established. Switzerland had committed itself under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and reached its target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 92 percent of base year (1990) emissions over the period 2008 to 2012, including through the use of carbon credits. At the beginning of 2013, the second CO2 Act, a revision of the first CO2 Act, entered into force in revised form, providing the framework of the Swiss climate policy under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The committed target – i.e. a reduction to 84.2 percent of base year (1990) emissions over the period 2013 to 2020 – required decisive action. Recently, the existing legal framework has again been subject to revision in view of Switzerland’s commitment under the Paris Agreement for the period from 2021 to 2030.</p>
+  <p>Climate change has already left many marks in Switzerland. The environment, society, and the economy are affected. Since the beginning of temperature measurements in Switzerland in 1864, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.75 degrees Celsius. In the Alps, the cryosphere is hard hit: glaciers have been retreating at an accelerating pace since 1980. Since 1999 alone, glaciers have lost over 12 percent of their volume. If the warming continues, only a fraction of the current glacier cover will be left by the end of the 21st century with large impacts on the seasonal availability of water for drinking water, agriculture and power generation. Parallel to the retreat of glaciers, the permanently frozen subsoil (permafrost) in the high mountains also continues to thaw. More frequent mountain and rock falls as well as debris slides that can endanger transport links, infrastructure and human life in the high mountains are a result of this. Already today, large investments are necessary to secure infrastructures at higher elevations. People are not only threatened by natural disasters caused by climate change, but their health is also directly affected. Only recently has it also been recognized that even the slow but steady increase in daily temperatures has a demonstrable impact on the well-being of people. Daily maximum temperatures in Switzerland have risen steadily since 1960. Hotter than usual summers have already led to higher mortalities.</p>
+  <p>Switzerland remains committed to an ambitious and robust implementation of the Paris Agreement, in line with recommendations by science to hold average global temperature increase to a maximum of 1.5 degrees Celsius.</p>
+  <div class="footnotes">
+  <hr/>
+  <ol>
+  <li id="fn1">IPCC, 2018: Global warming of 1.5°C: <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/">https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/</a><a href="#fnref1">↩</a></li>
+  <li id="fn2">Switzerland’s adaptation communication has been submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2020:<a href="https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/workstreams/adaptation-communications">https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/workstreams/adaptation-communications</a><a href="#fnref2">↩</a></li>
+  <li id="fn3"><a href="https://www.bafu.admin.ch/nc-br">https://www.bafu.admin.ch/nc-br</a><a href="#fnref3">↩</a></li>
+  <li id="fn4">For the definition, see Switzerland’s NIR 2019, chapter 8 (<a href="http://www.climatereporting.ch">http://www.climatereporting.ch</a>).<a href="#fnref4">↩</a></li>
+  <li id="fn5"><a href="https://www.bafu.admin.ch/nc-br">https://www.bafu.admin.ch/nc-br</a><a href="#fnref5">↩</a></li>
+  <li id="fn6"><a href="http://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/climate/state/data/climate-reporting/latest-ghg-inventory.html">https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/climate/state/data/climate-reporting/latest-ghg-inventory.htm</a><a href="#fnref6">↩</a></li>
+  <li id="fn7"><a href="https://cambioclimatico.go.cr/press-release-leading-countries-set-benchmark-for-carbon-markets-with-san-jose-principles/">https://cambioclimatico.go.cr/press-release-leading-countries-set-benchmark-for-carbon-markets-with-san-jose-principles/</a><a href="#fnref7">↩</a></li>
+  <li id="fn8">WRI’s climate watch data (<a href="https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions">https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions</a>).<a href="#fnref8">↩</a></li>
+</body>
+</html>