diff --git "a/data/en002/text/00000047.json" "b/data/en002/text/00000047.json"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/data/en002/text/00000047.json"
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[{"audio_id": "f-t8oXzFLQA", "text": {"f-t8oXzFLQA-00000-00000208-00001160": "Hey everyone! Hello, hello. So it looks like we are live. Thank you so much for tuning in today.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00001-00001160-00002424": "I can see you all joining me. Hi, Mike. Hi, David. It's so nice to see you all joining for", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00002-00002424-00003096": "our Instagram Live and I'm so glad you're all here. I wish I could see all of your faces, too.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00003-00003224-00003824": "So, I'll go ahead and introduce myself. I'm Rebecca Armstrong. I'm an educator here at Cooper Hewitt", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00004-00003888-00004456": "and I'll be joined shortly by OJB Landscape Architecture, the 2020 National Design Award", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00005-00004456-00005032": "winner for landscape architecture for a special garden visit and conversation with them.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00006-00005096-00005816": "So you know I, I can't tell you how excited I am to speak with them and to celebrate their work", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00007-00005880-00006520": "and their achievement this year. So, yeah, so stay tuned, we're just so excited for them to hopon,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00008-00006520-00007216": "and you'll also get to see a little bit of a sneak peek and tour of their incredibly beautiful", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00009-00007216-00007880": "project Sunnyland Center and Garden all the way from sunny, sunny California. So a quick note", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00010-00007880-00008464": "as well, that this is actually the very last program of National Design Month at CooperHewitt", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00011-00008464-00009056": "so we're closing out the month of October with you. So thank you so much for being here", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00012-00009056-00009680": "and, you know, all month long we've been offering virtual programs to all all kinds of audiences", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00013-00009680-00010288": "all over, featuring our incredible National Design Award winners across all categories and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00014-00010368-00010776": "you know thank you very much to everybody who has joined us throughout the month", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00015-00010832-00011384": "we're so happy that you're able to to be with us, and and so much gratitude as well to Target", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00016-00011464-00012152": "for making the month of programming possible for us. So we'll be joined very shortly by OJB", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00017-00012216-00012736": "Landscape Architect Jim Burnett and partner Dillon Diers, as well as the", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00018-00012736-00014184": "director of Sunnylands, Janice Lyle, so let's give them just a moment or two to log in here.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00019-00015952-00016300": "Alright, alright, yes, hey Janice! It's nice to see you!", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00020-00016300-00016550": "JANICE: Good morning.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00021-00016550-00017346": "REBECCA: Good afternoon! It's morning over on the westcoast, where you're joining from. So thank you", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00022-00017346-00017776": "so much for being here. If you just tuned in to the audience, welcome, my name is Rebecca,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00023-00017864-00018528": "I'm an educator here at Cooper Hewitt and I'm here with OJB Landscape Architecture, winner of the 2020", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00024-00018528-00019120": "National Design Award in landscape architecture, of course. So before we speak with Jim and Dillon of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00025-00019120-00019848": "OJB, I'd love to introduce first our lovely guest Janice Lyle, director of Sunnyland Center and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00026-00019848-00020560": "Garden, designed by OJB, so that's where everyone is joining us from. And we, you know, can't wait", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00027-00020560-00021184": "to visit the gardens in person someday someday soon, but Janice, perhaps you can kick us off", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00028-00021184-00021650": "by telling us a little bit about the mission of Sunnylands.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00029-00021650-00022077": "JANICE: Sure, well we're sitting-- we're seated", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00030-00022077-00022838": "at the public access part of Sunnylands. And Sunnylands is the name given by Walter and Leonor", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00031-00022838-00023656": "Annenberg to their winter home that they built in the 1960s here in the California desert. Their home", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00032-00023656-00024464": "is acknowledged now as a mid-century modern architectural landmark, and it sits on 200 acres", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00033-00024464-00025424": "of parkland in the middle of the desert. During the Annenberg's lifetime they hosted seven U.S.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00034-00025424-00026144": "presidents, they welcomed British royalty like the Queen of England, and they  engaged with", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00035-00026248-00027112": "Hollywood celebrities like Bob Hope and Frank Sinatra, and that created a slice of American", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00036-00027112-00027768": "life and provides us with an opportunity to talk about the history of America in the 20th century.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00037-00028000-00028680": "At the end of their lifetimes, the Annenberg's set up a trust for the purpose of preserving Sunnylands", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00038-00028680-00029520": "as a high level retreat center that, that hopes to foster international agreement, and as a", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00039-00029520-00030064": "place where people can come and visit and learn about the significance of this very special place.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00040-00030120-00031208": "So, in 2006, this project, this public part of our project began, and it sits adjacent to", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00041-00031208-00031968": "the historic estate. It has a visitor center that was designed by architects Fred Fisher", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00042-00031968-00032800": "and partners, and that building references the mid-century modern house on a historic estate.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00043-00032904-00033784": "That the visitor center is placed in a nine-acre garden and the garden designed by OJB", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00044-00033840-00034448": "what was inspired by the annenberg's Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings collection.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00045-00034536-00035256": "It is incredibly beautiful. More than 700,000 people have visited since we opened in 2012,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00046-00035312-00036040": "and they have been exposed to and the delightful recipients of a space", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00047-00036040-00036736": "that is serene and encourages solitude and contemplation, but at the same time they've", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00048-00036736-00037512": "been engaged in public programs, thousands of them that allow them to to be in a community together", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00049-00037576-00038304": "within this beautiful space so I think the best person to talk about this incredible garden", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00050-00038304-00038944": "is Jim Burnett, so I welcome Jim here on my left. Thank you.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00051-00038944-00039272": "REBECCA: Thank you, Janice. Hello!", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00052-00039272-00039819": "JIM: Hi Rebecca, how are you?  REBECCA: I'm great.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00053-00039819-00040459": "Thankyou, Janice, I appreciate that  introduction, and it's amazing morning here atSunnylands.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00054-00040459-00041488": "It's about 60 degrees and the weather is just perfect. I'm here with Dillon Diers,  mypartner, and Dillon's first day at OJB was,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00055-00041488-00041952": "his first assignment, first day on the job, was to work at Sunnylands and he had a", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00056-00041952-00042680": "big role in the execution of this garden and kind of seeing it through during the whole process. And", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00057-00042680-00043304": "in celebration of National Design Month, we want to thank Cooper Hewitt for being a National", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00058-00043304-00044072": "Design Award winner. It's a tremendous honor, and we're happy to be here today, and to kind of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00059-00044072-00044680": "reflect on what design means to us as landscape architects,I want to just add that it's,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00060-00044768-00045384": "as in this assignment, that we took on over 10 years ago, it's more than just problem solving.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00061-00045384-00045968": "That's just one of the important issues of kind of trying to create this setting for retreat", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00062-00046032-00046744": "This project was really about, kind of getting people away from the everyday life", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00063-00046744-00047472": "and putting them in a setting that would be conducive to sharing ideas, and I think design is", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00064-00047592-00048288": "is the sciences. It's kind of layering in the agronomy, the botanical aspects,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00065-00048288-00049048": "the soils issues, the geology,  all the climate issues, but it also is", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00066-00049136-00049832": "kind of layering in the kind of artist's touch, the the design that makes it so beautiful to be here.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00067-00049904-00050384": "Landscape architecture has grown tremendously in the last 20 years", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00068-00050384-00051144": "with pressures that have been put on, you know, with climate change, and all the", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00069-00051144-00051752": "the kind of pressures of, kind of maintaining what we have and taking care", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00070-00051752-00052288": "of it. And I think during the pandemic it'sbeen really important to realize that one of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00071-00052288-00052864": "the only safe places that we can go and take our mask off is actually out in the landscape.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00072-00052984-00053712": "And lastly, I think nature, as we find here today and on a lot of projects that", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00073-00053824-00054367": "that we've been fortunate to work on, nature is really the great healer. It helps to restore us", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00074-00054432-00055255": "It changes the cells in our body. It gives us promise, and kind of the the ability to kind of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00075-00055255-00055752": "change our mood, it makes us happier getting out of doors, is something that's", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00076-00055752-00056352": "extremely important for the psyche, and as we've all found out, just taking a walk outside", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00077-00056408-00057032": "during this last seven months, has been really critical to mental and physical health.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00078-00057279-00057824": "REBECCA: Certainly. Thank you so much, Jim. I mean, it'scalming just to like look at the screen and see", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00079-00057824-00058536": "what's behind you. It's so sunny and so green and spacious, so I mean, it's just beautiful", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00080-00058536-00059024": "i know exactly what you mean about the tranquility of being outside, and I feel like it's so necessary", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00081-00059024-00059536": "right now in such stressful times. You know, and it's so clear with projects like", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00082-00059536-00060128": "Sunnylands, as well as, you know, I thinkof like, Klyde Warren Park in Dallas, which", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00083-00060128-00060591": "literally reconnects different parts of thecity, that, you know, your work also focuses so", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00084-00060591-00061176": "much on this need for community. So I'mwondering if you can tell us a little more about", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00085-00061176-00061600": "the inspiration of Sunnylands and some of the key design elements that", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00086-00061600-00062112": "you use there to sort of foster those connections between people and an outdoor space.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00087-00062352-00063320": "JIM: Well, I think when we began the project itwas interesting that it was meant to be a", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00088-00063464-00064104": "kind of a launching place or a setting forpeople to come here understand the legacy", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00089-00064104-00064767": "of the Annenbergs and then move to the historicestate, but I think as we started to develop", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00090-00064767-00065504": "the design and we had Mrs. Annenberg's input, she really felt that this could be", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00091-00065504-00066064": "as significant or as important as the estate and it could be a place where people would come", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00092-00066064-00066680": "and walk the grounds, that they would come and have yoga class, they would", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00093-00066760-00067416": "come to art exhibitions, that this could be acommunity center and so I think it was", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00094-00067416-00068080": "really Mrs. Annenberg's inspiration that  thisbe a really important community, cultural asset.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00095-00068080-00068800": "I think the design in particular,  wefollowed her lead and that she wanted to have", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00096-00068880-00069600": "a landscape that was beautiful butnot spare and not sparse. She wanted it to be--", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00097-00069744-00070368": "she described it as being lush, and I thinkwe were able to look at things she loved,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00098-00070368-00070864": "which were the Impressionist paintings, and create this large swaths of painterly", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00099-00071000-00071816": "masses of desert botanical plants. I think, you know,if you look at the mid-century inspiration and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00100-00071816-00072616": "working with Fred Fisher, he was phenomenal and his interpretation of the Quincy Jones  historic", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00101-00072616-00073224": "estate, and bringing that to a kind of current approach to the pavilion here.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00102-00073296-00074032": "We created an entry that is is a bit of asurprise. You kind of come in  through", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00103-00074032-00074656": "the trees and then you open up, you see the center,and then you see the San Jacinto mountains behind.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00104-00074768-00075328": "But, you know, I think what a lot of people really enjoy is this idea that", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00105-00075480-00076136": "you can leave the outer world behind justlike Walter and Leonore Annenberg envisioned.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00106-00076136-00076704": "The historic estate, that when world leaders and theirfriends would come here and talk about critical", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00107-00076704-00077496": "issues facing the country, facing the world, with education, and kind of international", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00108-00077496-00078040": "challenges, everything could be left at the gate. And when you come here, you really do", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00109-00078144-00078904": "take a deep breath. When you walk the grounds,your heart rate goes down. The crush of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00110-00078904-00079536": "gravel under your foot registers completely different with you and helps to", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00111-00079536-00080312": "kind of slow the pace, and really does a greatjob of kind of recharging you at the same time.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00112-00080592-00081240": "REBECCA: Yeah, that word \"lush\" is also the first one thatcame to my mind. So I was anticipating you", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00113-00081240-00081672": "using that, and then I was like, oh right that makes so much sense, because it's also how i", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00114-00081672-00082328": "would describe so many like, you know, beautiful  impressionist paintings of the outdoors, of gardens,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00115-00082328-00082912": "and looking at light and water, and the air quality, and all these things together to make,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00116-00082912-00083488": "just like an encompassing space for people to bein that's really beautiful. So I can't wait to", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00117-00083488-00084056": "see a little more of the garden in just a bit,but I also wanted to maybe ask Dillon", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00118-00084056-00084672": "to tell us more specifically about the aspectof the gardens that, it responds very", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00119-00084672-00085240": "directly to the climate crisis, in addition tobeing of course very beautiful and historic, I know", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00120-00085240-00085680": "there's a lot of research that's that's done there at the center. So maybe you can touch a bit on that.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00121-00085824-00086400": "DILLON: Yeah, well, the center and gardenshere in the Coachella Valley coming off of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00122-00086400-00087144": "really the  hottest recorded summer in historyis very much parallel to your comment there,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00123-00087144-00087776": "and what a lot of the global environmental story that we're all living through.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00124-00087832-00088648": "Five months extreme heat--the desert really pronounces that more than any other climate in", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00125-00088648-00089224": "the world. Part of of whatthis garden really has done is embarked", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00126-00089224-00089888": "in the story of a living laboratory, meaninga way that the trust and the foundation and the", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00127-00089888-00090624": "team and the crew that really nurtures andloves this garden day after days is,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00128-00090624-00091608": "it's trying to understand the ecology  and really create a sense of a place here, but", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00129-00091672-00092496": "when we moved forward with the design,we brought on a renowned horticulturist, Mary Irish,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00130-00092584-00093360": "and we really embarked in a journey of findingthe plant species that would work well and adapt", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00131-00093432-00093976": "so that the garden here is both native and adaptive arid", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00132-00093976-00094904": "desert plant material that really has thrived to this location. But when we went through,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00133-00094904-00095480": "we actually, the collection here of plant material was about a 53,000 plants, and that was", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00134-00095480-00096256": "no small feat. We worked with nursery and growers across the southwest region", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00135-00096256-00097000": "really to make this all happen at once. So that's a little bit of a back story", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00136-00097000-00097640": "to the purpose and ecology, and how the gardens came to fruition", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00137-00097824-00098336": "REBECCA: Very cool. I'd love to know a little aboutthe plants that I see behind you, too. There's", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00138-00098336-00099000": "like a mirrored pond. Can you just maybezoom in a bit on what's behind you there?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00139-00099144-00099896": "DILLON: Yeah, so here, really flanking rightnext to the terrace here, we're", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00140-00099896-00100512": "on the west side of the building, and  this isa significant array of the golden barrel cactus", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00141-00100512-00101312": "beneath a grove of palo verde, so you have a really serene and dappled light", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00142-00101312-00102096": "provided. As Jim alluded to the comfort and sense of respite within", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00143-00102096-00102592": "the desert, a lot of what was studied was, youknow, the shade and the canopy and how we brought", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00144-00102704-00103359": "the visitors to the outdoor environment here. The water features were designed in a", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00145-00103359-00104200": "way that you could turn the the water actually onor off. Right now for good audio, the water's", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00146-00104200-00104880": "calmed down and it's just weld but there's acascade reservoir beneath us so normally you", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00147-00104880-00105552": "have a really nice tranquil moving serine quality of movement to the water features here.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00148-00105552-00106096": "There's two basins that flank the terrace on the south and the north.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00149-00106192-00106664": "REBECCA: Very cool. Well it's stunning and it's socool to see those cacti behind you. I imagine", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00150-00106664-00107159": "also the water is a bit of a barrier for like,little kids trying to go over and hug a cactus.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00151-00107448-00108128": "Yeah. Well, that's amazing, so I wonder ifwe can just take, maybe Zach, our lovely", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00152-00108128-00108680": "camera person, behind the scenes over at OJBcan do like a 360 panoramic view of what's", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00153-00108680-00109264": "around you, or maybe in a moment we can takea little stroll around the gardens? right", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00154-00109264-00109314": "JIM: Great. DILLON: Yeah. Do you want to do the stroll?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00155-00109364-00110092": "JIM: I think she's still talking, I can't hear her. DILLON: Oh, it's a delay.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00156-00110248-00110592": "You want to do a stroll? Do you have any further questions, or", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00157-00110592-00110864": "you want to take a quick little walk and pick up the camera?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00158-00110968-00111680": "REBECCA: Yeah, you can take us out and maybe pick up the conversation as we're walking okay", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00159-00111680-00112183": "DILLON: Ok, great.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00160-00112704-00112754": "REBECCA: Wow!", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00161-00113088-00113720": "JIM: So this is the cactus garden,  and over atthe historic estate, there's a cactus garden", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00162-00113792-00114120": "right outside of Mrs. Annenberg's bedroom,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00163-00114192-00114935": "and we thought it was appropriate to bringin some specimen, cactuses that would", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00164-00115000-00115416": "could be kind of, the one spot in the garden where we're really", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00165-00115416-00116383": "showing off individual species. And there's twoof these panels here and then on the other side um", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00166-00116472-00117080": "there's both the north and south side of these sister water features, we have the cactus.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00167-00117768-00118432": "REBECCA: It's really cool to see the juxtaposition of those very very tall cacti on the left of the screen", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00168-00118432-00118992": "and then the little round ones on the right IN those rows. There's just,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00169-00118992-00119352": "it's amazing to see how many different varieties there are.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00170-00119744-00120640": "DILLON: Yeah, and we're moving toward the Great Lawnhere, which is the one spot at the center", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00171-00120640-00121304": "where we actually have used some water, I mean used water enough to sustain a lawn and it's become", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00172-00121359-00122096": "kind of the community heart. So, this is theplace where um you know big events happen.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00173-00122096-00122992": "There's an art exhibition happening here today. Then we're about to walk um", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00174-00123335-00125140": "[audio freezes]", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00175-00125140-00126328": "DILLON: And, Rebecca, you mentioned  thekind of variety of species. There's  70 or so varieties of species on the 15 acre project-- really it's a 9 acre garden", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00176-00126328-00126464": "REBECCA: Wow!", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00177-00126464-00127288": "DILLON: That has about two miles of walkingtrails. So what you see here is really the", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00178-00127288-00128280": "main event lawn, and as Jim described, the circle starts to lead outward to  trails", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00179-00128280-00129200": "and walking gardens. On the left is the labyrinth and um there's a small event long panel", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00180-00129200-00129704": "to the right, where you see a few  guests and visitors walking right now.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00181-00129976-00130464": "REBECCA: Thank you so much for this view. Seeingthe mountains behind too,  well first", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00182-00130464-00130872": "they're stunning, and also it gives a reallycool context into sort of the environment of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00183-00130928-00131744": "the area. They're very arid looking. I imagine that lawn is a hot commodity for", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00184-00131744-00132308": "events and weddings and whatnot too.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00185-00132308-00132672": "JIM: It isa hot commodity. It's used quite often. And this", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00186-00132736-00133408": "part of the landscape, the West Terrace and West Lawn and gardens is", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00187-00133408-00134096": "held together by this double row of palo verdes,and then we keep them, or the foundation keeps them,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00188-00134096-00134696": "pruned to a point where you still get the view to the mountains above.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00189-00134752-00135232": "Unfortunately we can't walk into the gardensbecause we're losing our service, but", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00190-00135232-00135856": "as you move into the gardens things loosen upquite a bit. It becomes a lot more informal", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00191-00135920-00136560": "and the larger trays of landscape kind offollow you through the gardens but", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00192-00136560-00137400": "there's places to get lost in those spaces beyond the alley of palo verdes.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00193-00137736-00138240": "REBECCA: That sounds amazing. Yeah wecertainly don't want to lose you and  drop", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00194-00138240-00138728": "off the conversation but I guess that just meanswe'll all have to visit in person eventually", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00195-00138728-00139192": "when it's safe to travel again. I really lookforward to being able to walk through those", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00196-00139280-00139520": "through those trees and those trails someday soon.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00197-00140168-00140232": "So cool.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00198-00140472-00141216": "So, we talked a little bit about your sense of community and looking at the lawn", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00199-00141216-00141696": "and Jim, what you mentioned about thatbeing a sort of a key gathering place of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00200-00141696-00142000": "of the gardens i wanted to ask you also you know through", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00201-00142056-00142984": "the covid 19 crisis, people have more increasingly looked to outdoor spaces, especially", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00202-00142984-00144304": "[audio freezes]", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00203-00144304-00144944": "some of the philosophies of your design style change or grow as people", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00204-00145092-00145679": "more and more look to being outside during this time so that they can connect?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00205-00146064-00146648": "JIM: We missed a little bit of that. Can yourepeat the question? I'm sorry, it was breaking up, Rebecca.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00206-00146648-00147304": "REBECCA: Yeah of course, no problem. Yeah it's so nice to be virtual and have all these", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00207-00147304-00147856": "amazing platforms for like virtual programming and virtual conversations but there's always there's", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00208-00147856-00148544": "always some technical difficulties so, you know, Iwas just asking about this current time", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00209-00148544-00149208": "that we're in with covid 19, and that's sortof prompting people to  really look to like the", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00210-00149208-00149888": "outdoors as a place to gather more somewhat more safely,  especially with masks on, and be able to", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00211-00149888-00150440": "connect with each other rather than staying inside um and who knows what the Fall will bring,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00212-00150440-00151000": "hopefully for you, people can still gather outside, being in the California environment, but", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00213-00151000-00151928": "i'm curious to know how this moment in time hassort of, maybe made you rethink or strengthen", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00214-00151928-00152388": "some of the philosophies of your  of yourpractice and your design", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00215-00152388-00152528": "JIM: Great, great question.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00216-00152624-00153424": "I think strengthening the principles and the beliefs in our practices", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00217-00153424-00154168": "is a good way of putting it. Again, I think people really feel safe in the outdoors.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00218-00154232-00154968": "The parks have been set up in a lot of cities as thekind of hub for distributing water and food, for", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00219-00155056-00155888": "testing, for voter registration, for protests, and free speech, and so I think we're--", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00220-00156008-00156664": "It's an important time for our public openspace because it really is critical in taking", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00221-00156664-00157304": "care of our community and providing access in a healthy way for our community. There are a lot", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00222-00157304-00158080": "of initiatives going on right now that  havebeen pushing this idea, national,  the trust for", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00223-00158080-00158736": "public land has been pushing this concept ofevery city having, or every resident in a city,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00224-00158736-00159424": "being within a 10-minute walk of public openspace, and we strongly subscribe to that idea.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00225-00159424-00159624": "REBECCA: Yeah.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00226-00159752-00159887": "JIM: Can you hear me okay?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00227-00159887-00160096": "REBECCA: Yeah, sorry,I was just responding to you. I agree.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00228-00160168-00160728": "JIM: I just didn't know if you lost you. Okay, Dillon, do you want to,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00229-00161000-00161688": "DILLON: Yeah, well, I think one of the things that we're talking a lot in the studio and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00230-00161688-00162344": "with many clients and cities across the country, is really this notion of kind of reclaiming", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00231-00162408-00163176": "what was so prominent for vehicles, meaning, in particular LA and so many cities", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00232-00163176-00163816": "across the country have, you know, in order tokeep restaurant and businesses alive, have moved", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00233-00163816-00164632": "outdoors and spilled into traffic lanes, and roadshave been closed, and there's this great notion of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00234-00164632-00165288": "really rethinking our systems and our infrastructure if you're looking at", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00235-00165288-00166232": "you know roads maybe compromising really, say 30% of our public lands, can  we", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00236-00166304-00166976": "reorient that back to our communities. Can we maybe adjust our way of life", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00237-00167032-00167688": "as we have really the last nine months  tomake these infrastructure elements actually", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00238-00167688-00168100": "serve the community and be part of an open source.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00239-00168100-00168480": "REBECCA: That's so interesting, because I think you know,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00240-00168576-00169232": "it's one thing to imagine landscape architecture. And your field is so vital for creating public", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00241-00169232-00170288": "spaces and and you know natural areas for peopleto enjoy, and you really do have to think", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00242-00170288-00170816": "in terms of the whole system because if peoplecan't get to those parks and it's not sort of", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00243-00170816-00171584": "like incorporated into the ecosystem oflike an urban area, especially with LA, I know the", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00244-00171584-00172216": "traffic is crazy-- then you know, you really haveto think systemically, so Dillon, that's fascinating.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00245-00172216-00172992": "Thank you for bringing that up. Speaking of looking at your field,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00246-00172992-00173624": "I know that with the change in climate, thelandscape architecture field is really forced to", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00247-00173624-00174136": "adapt and change quickly to respond, maybe more so than than other design fields,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00248-00174264-00175040": "in terms of climate change, so knowing that it'san increasingly interdisciplinary field that works", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00249-00175040-00175776": "closely with ecologists and architects scientists and vintners and artists as", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00250-00175776-00176584": "well, just to name a few, how do you seethe the field changing? I'd love to--", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00251-00176584-00177552": "[audio freezes]", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00252-00177552-00177992": "Are you all there?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00253-00177992-00178952": "JIM: It broke up just a little bit, but I understand the question. I think landscape architectsare taking up a much greater leadership role and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00254-00179040-00179736": "and kind of pulling together teams of people andlooking at global issues, looking at how climate", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00255-00179736-00180488": "change affects our cities, how sea rise affects our cities, leading master plan efforts for entire", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00256-00180488-00181120": "cities, and that's very exciting because I've always felt that landscape architecture was", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00257-00181120-00181760": "more than than trees and grass and garden design, that it could be,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00258-00181824-00182384": "our profession could take a bigger role. And again, I think we're trained", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00259-00182384-00183408": "in planning, engineering, civil engineering, some transportation planning, architecture, so I think", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00260-00183464-00184144": "we do kind of bridge a lot of different categories and the ecology is such an important", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00261-00184200-00185032": "role in kind of taking care ofcities and taking care of our environment i think understanding that is an overlay.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00262-00185032-00186112": "I will saythat our teams are getting bigger each year too, so we're bringing in one more specialist sowe don't we don't profess to be experts in", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00263-00186232-00186800": "all of the different disciplines that deal withthe sciences but it is really exciting to see", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00264-00186880-00187528": "landscape architects be the point on somereally large commissions that are that are", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00265-00187528-00188112": "game-changing, that are changing policy, in the way that we interact with our environments", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00266-00188280-00188678": "REBECCA: Certainly. Dillonk anything to add there?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00267-00188678-00189664": "DILLON: Yeah, I was speaking to one of my college professors, is thedepartment chair at Cal Poly yesterday and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00268-00189728-00190248": "he was talking about curriculum and andI think one of the important things to", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00269-00190352-00191072": "do this field is really the way in which welook at global issues and addressing very", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00270-00191072-00191616": "complicated and complex issues. You know, Jimmentioned some of what we're seeing through the", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00271-00191616-00192304": "environment, and you know there's in an urbanfabric, we have a lot to deal with as sea", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00272-00192304-00193192": "level rise projects 70, 80+ inches in certain cities, we're not designed for for", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00273-00193192-00194064": "that right now, and how do we look at  these broad scale challenges and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00274-00194064-00194944": "come together as a team, and you know uniquely innovate solutions, and come forward with", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00275-00195008-00195600": "that critical problem solving. So, that's something I think,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00276-00195600-00196376": "whether it's really the landscape architectand environmental design is I think,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00277-00196376-00197288": "a lot of what you see where the profession and this discipline headed towards.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00278-00197288-00197904": "REBECCA: Yeah, it definitely takes everyone to sort of be on board and work asa team, right? It's like, it's vital so", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00279-00197904-00198096": "DILLON: To be a team player.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00280-00198096-00198944": "REBECCA: Yeah. You know, we're just about out of time, I know it's just past 12:30 but Jim and Dillon,", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00281-00198944-00199568": "it has been an absolute honor to speak with you both, and again many, many congratulations on", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00282-00199568-00200160": "on winning the National Design Award this yearto OJB. It's been wonderful to talk with", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00283-00200160-00200856": "you and to see the incredible Sunnylands. It's gorgeous, and I hope that I get to visit soon.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00284-00201032-00201288": "JIM: Great. Thank you very much. We hope you do, too, and", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00285-00201376-00201888": "thanks again to Cooper Hewitt for beingsuch strong advocates for design. DILLON: absolutely", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00286-00202040-00202480": "REBECCA: Maybe we can end with one last pan aroundthe space to see those those cacti again?", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00287-00202568-00203023": "JIM: Yeah, Zach? Zach, take it away.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00288-00203023-00203227": "REBECCA: So cool.", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00289-00203227-00204000": "DILLON: Yeah, thanks for joining us this morning or afternoon,  whatever time zone you're in, really honored to be with you and share the gardens", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00290-00204080-00204352": "REBECCA: Well thank you so much and and thanks to", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00291-00204424-00204832": "everyone in the audience for joiningus today. We're glad you were able to hop on", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00292-00205384-00205692": "REBECCA: See you next time! Bye!", "f-t8oXzFLQA-00293-00205692-00206144": "JIM AND DILLON:  Thank you, goodbye."}}, {"audio_id": "f-xCkTBrUzo", "text": {"f-xCkTBrUzo-00000-00000019-00000256": "Thank you for watching candlestick trading video", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00001-00000256-00000871": "I was hoping if you had a list of doji symbols with there meanings ?", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00002-00000871-00001338": "If so could you please send a copy , thank you in advance take care !", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00003-00001338-00002157": "A Doji pattern indicated by the Open and Close being equal or almost equal,", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00004-00002157-00002465": "this is very important to trade good timing.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00005-00002465-00002936": "in effect the stock has closed pretty much", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00006-00002936-00003517": "Basic Knowledge on Famous Doji Pattern still in the early stages of an uptrend", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00007-00003517-00003844": "A doji formation is a single-candle pattern.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00008-00003844-00004387": "It occurs when prices opened and closed at the same level.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00009-00004387-00005056": "Basically, the body of the doji pattern is very small that it almost looks like a straight", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00010-00005056-00005194": "line.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00011-00005194-00005946": "A doji represents equilibrium between supply and demand, a tug of war that neither the", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00012-00005946-00006307": "bulls nor bears are winning.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00013-00006307-00006683": "Traders should not take action on the doji alone.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00014-00006683-00007281": "They should always wait for the next candlestick to make an appropriate trade.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00015-00007281-00008103": "Otherwise they may find it difficult to save their investment and get their desired profits.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00016-00008103-00008512": "A doji indicates the instability of the market.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00017-00008512-00009242": "It may create confusion among the traders, as doji shows the indecision of the buyers", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00018-00009242-00009459": "and sellers in the market.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00019-00009459-00010053": "The previous patterns or in some cases the next pattern after a doji can help the traders", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00020-00010053-00010489": "make an accurate prediction about the market.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00021-00010489-00011315": "After a long uptrend, the appearance of a doji can be an ominous warning sign that the", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00022-00011315-00011809": "trend has peaked or is close to peaking.", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00023-00011809-00012448": "All About Doji Patterns t is better to go with the predictions of those zonal patterns", "f-xCkTBrUzo-00024-00012448-00013394": "Thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "f-B8KIJRp6M", "text": {"f-B8KIJRp6M-00000-00000000-00000200": "Im cumming rn"}}, {"audio_id": "f-GreOQzAOQ", "text": {"f-GreOQzAOQ-00000-00000146-00001038": "hi I'm Tripp and welcome to my channel I invite you to subscribe like share and", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00001-00001038-00001852": "comment today we're going to be dining on this old chicken tacos from Taco Bell", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00002-00001852-00002400": "it's returning to Taco Bell a rather they were sending the tacos", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00003-00002400-00002959": "there they just didn't return on their own to be clear about that", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00004-00002959-00006089": "so I wouldn't buy to pick up a couple these two don't know anyhow these are", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00005-00006089-00006639": "out the road chicken tacos and they've been and out in and out of Taco Bell", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00006-00006639-00007440": "that first appeared about the year 2014 and they come back oh I think they come", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00007-00007440-00008429": "back a couple of times a year but this is my first time trying these things and", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00008-00008429-00009360": "I got this little sauce yeah what kind of sauce was it a spicy", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00009-00009360-00010095": "Vantage dip these two here for a dollar ninety-nine", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00010-00010095-00011078": "total and she immediately gave me the senior discount which was 20 26 I guess", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00011-00011078-00013670": "that'd be like yeah 10 percent so that's nice sauce here spicy spicy ranch spicy", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00012-00013670-00016040": "ranch you do well to know that it's got like a it's such a good smell to it", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00013-00016040-00016676": "right tell my well corn tortilla that's what it is", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00014-00016676-00017301": "well it's not waste time I still feel like I talk too much in my videos some", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00015-00017301-00017979": "people say I don't feel like I do first I'm gonna try this just by itself", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00016-00017979-00018445": "before the sauce confuses us", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00017-00019270-00020766": "lots of crunch terms of crunch mucho crunch I like it already", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00018-00020766-00021893": "I love it now", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00019-00022592-00023998": "shredded seasoned meat chicken name and this is a corn tortilla and deep fried", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00020-00025464-00027399": "if it's t5 try the adult with a little bit of this sauce now", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00021-00031435-00032155": "it's good by itself this sauce really does compliment it though", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00022-00033591-00034246": "there were three sauces ever offered and today is the first day that the", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00023-00034246-00035146": "dentist's saw the roast red chicken tacos is is being offered I mean since", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00024-00035146-00037392": "this latest return down the bottom sweetie peace out", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00025-00038843-00039143": "here", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00026-00041486-00042204": "like I said these two plus one choices sauce was a dollar ninety-nine before", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00027-00042204-00043041": "tax any discount you might get and I believe forth these was about but as you", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00028-00043041-00043569": "might expect almost $4 and I recall that there was a big savings by getting the", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00029-00043569-00044036": "four as opposed to the two or not", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00030-00046512-00047176": "and I hope you're having a very good day and a good week at some point in your", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00031-00047176-00047745": "life whenever you can get out of bed that's a good day", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00032-00049906-00051181": "this is just really good very crunchy", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00033-00053902-00054610": "if you're concerned about nutrition these two together have something like", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00034-00054610-00057169": "270 calories and 13 or 14 grams of fat a", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00035-00057208-00057782": "lot of carbs and here a lot of carbohydrates something like 30 grams I", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00036-00057782-00058005": "think", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00037-00061264-00063362": "now got pictures on both sides to fill up some of that space it is just so", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00038-00063362-00063591": "crunchy", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00039-00065420-00067173": "that crunch and there's no now check it at this end piece it's really just the", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00040-00067173-00067724": "taste of deep fried tortilla so it's gonna have a lot of crunch", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00041-00070407-00071452": "it tastes as good as it sounds such a good aftertaste I almost hate to drink", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00042-00071452-00073261": "this little tea that was the road to chicken tacos for to return to chakra to", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00043-00073261-00073918": "Taco Bell for a limited time don't probably go away again I didn't come", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00044-00073918-00074527": "back again next year maybe in the spring I don't remember and yeah I hope you", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00045-00074527-00075495": "enjoyed that and I hope you find peace and happiness where it find you peace", "f-GreOQzAOQ-00046-00075495-00075762": "out again"}}, {"audio_id": "f-SVNkwd64o", "text": {"f-SVNkwd64o-00000-00000420-00000572": "Write down blind Scool", "f-SVNkwd64o-00001-00000906-00001354": "Blind can read with a touch while as a normal person can read with his eyes", "f-SVNkwd64o-00002-00001414-00001836": "Now i will read out what i have wrote", "f-SVNkwd64o-00003-00001964-00002122": "I  have wrote", "f-SVNkwd64o-00004-00002144-00002344": "Alphabets A to Z", "f-SVNkwd64o-00005-00002454-00002742": "so that you will understand what's braille", "f-SVNkwd64o-00006-00002934-00003544": "I have written A, B, C, D, E, F, G", "f-SVNkwd64o-00007-00006288-00006538": "A person who do not have eyes can read", "f-SVNkwd64o-00008-00006676-00006854": "and who do not have hands can also read", "f-SVNkwd64o-00009-00006886-00007084": "We do not read with eyes, we read with mind", "f-SVNkwd64o-00010-00009686-00010062": "I have won 2nd position on 3rd December that is National Disability day", "f-SVNkwd64o-00011-00010176-00010780": "This is the certificate that I received as I got 1st position at Girls higher secondary school, Baramulla", "f-SVNkwd64o-00012-00010812-00011128": "I have received certificate from Chief Education Officer for 1st position", "f-SVNkwd64o-00013-00014184-00014440": "We have been given Sticks", "f-SVNkwd64o-00014-00014497-00014641": "For what we need them?", "f-SVNkwd64o-00015-00014641-00014841": "Now a days a child can walk with the help of his mind", "f-SVNkwd64o-00016-00014866-00015224": "We do not need sticks from Government or any such thing", "f-SVNkwd64o-00017-00015406-00015854": "If they want to help us, they should provide us with infrastructure", "f-SVNkwd64o-00018-00015868-00016100": "So that ours teachers can teach us well", "f-SVNkwd64o-00019-00016162-00016690": "They should also provide us talking laptop, brailler and other helpful things"}}, {"audio_id": "f_3jFJf-B50", "text": {"f_3jFJf-B50-00000-00000057-00000333": "We are not talking about environmentalism anymore.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00001-00000357-00000570": "We are talking about climate justice.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00002-00000639-00001070": "And that reflects the convergence of ecological and social justice struggles.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00003-00001185-00001737": "There is real momentum behind the just recovery or the Green New Deal movements.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00004-00001779-00002334": "I think they provide positive visions, programmatic principles", "f_3jFJf-B50-00005-00002376-00002571": "for youth to mobilize around.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00006-00002616-00002739": "And that's really important.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00007-00002808-00003138": "And electorally, this generation will soon be a force to be reckoned with.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00008-00003578-00003656": "Hello folks.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00009-00003676-00003944": "Welcome to the Ecopolitics Podcast.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00010-00003960-00004281": "This podcast series tackles some of the big questions in the field", "f_3jFJf-B50-00011-00004281-00004646": "of environmental politics for university students in Canada.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00012-00004739-00004991": "I'm Ryan Katz-Rosene from the University of Ottawa.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00013-00005044-00005443": "And my cohost for the show is Peter Andrée from Carleton University.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00014-00005491-00005617": "How are you doing today Peter?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00015-00005643-00005813": "I'm doing very well Ryan.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00016-00005813-00006231": "Nice to be here, and excited for our conversation with Dr Laurie Adkin.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00017-00006285-00006366": "Fantastic.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00018-00006366-00006480": "Well, I'm excited too.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00019-00006480-00006876": "So maybe I'll go ahead and introduce our guests for this episode.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00020-00006945-00007318": "And that is Dr Laurie Adkin, professor of comparative politics", "f_3jFJf-B50-00021-00007318-00007672": "in the Department of Political Science at the University of Alberta.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00022-00007764-00008082": "And Laurie has been working at the interface of ecology", "f_3jFJf-B50-00023-00008082-00008289": "and politics since the 1980s.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00024-00008334-00008749": "And she's been a pioneer in the field of ecopolitics in Canada, writing", "f_3jFJf-B50-00025-00008749-00009187": "often about democracy and governance alongside resource development in, in", "f_3jFJf-B50-00026-00009187-00009748": "particular, the oil and gas sector in Alberta, in numerous books and articles,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00027-00009748-00010195": "which we won't list here, but you can check out her bio on our website.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00028-00010279-00010753": "And we're quite lucky to have Laurie joining us today to help guide us through", "f_3jFJf-B50-00029-00010753-00011239": "a discussion on a theme that we have termed environmental political economy.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00030-00011320-00011775": "And one way we want to introduce this was to talk a little bit about that,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00031-00011778-00012312": "very briefly about that sort of history of the Canadian economy, as it's tied to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00032-00012312-00012570": "environmental exploitation and resources.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00033-00012570-00013013": "And so Canada of course, has a very unique political economic history, which", "f_3jFJf-B50-00034-00013013-00013671": "is tied into resources and which are found across its geographical expanse.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00035-00013716-00014196": "And given the central role of resource extraction to the foundations", "f_3jFJf-B50-00036-00014196-00014607": "of Canada's economy, during the colonial era and right up until", "f_3jFJf-B50-00037-00014607-00015228": "today, we very quickly run into these inescapable political questions about", "f_3jFJf-B50-00038-00015228-00015413": "environmental management and justice.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00039-00015463-00015872": "So for instance, the production and export of raw commodities, which", "f_3jFJf-B50-00040-00015872-00016265": "have enriched the colonial and later the settler state of Canada.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00041-00016319-00016725": "From fish and beaver pelts to oil and wheat to uranium and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00042-00016725-00016947": "lumber and potash and diamonds.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00043-00016995-00017486": "This is all had a pronounced impact, not only on the environment, but the people", "f_3jFJf-B50-00044-00017489-00018047": "and communities who have been involved or resided near those resource developments.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00045-00018125-00018590": "And so environmental political economy in Canada is a very rich field of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00046-00018590-00018983": "study because it looks at these intersections of these different spheres.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00047-00018986-00019399": "And so I'm sure we'll hear many of these stories from Laurie today.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00048-00019460-00019859": "And I'm going to turn it over to Peter in a few minutes to ask the first question,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00049-00019859-00020246": "but before I do, let me just welcome you to the show, Laurie, how are you doing?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00050-00020317-00020569": "Hello, Ryan and Peter.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00051-00020569-00020695": "I'm really delighted to be here.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00052-00020719-00020779": "Fantastic.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00053-00020808-00020841": "Peter.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00054-00020841-00021081": "Why don't you jump in with your first question?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00055-00021128-00021227": "Sure, happy to.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00056-00021251-00021437": "So welcome to the show Laurie.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00057-00021479-00021896": "I'd like to pick up on this historical legacy of Canada's political economic", "f_3jFJf-B50-00058-00021896-00022280": "history and ask you about how and where that has left Canada today.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00059-00022373-00022836": "Some political economists argue that Canada's heavy reliance, natural resources", "f_3jFJf-B50-00060-00022851-00023419": "makes this country weak and especially vulnerable to market volatility, thanks to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00061-00023419-00023647": "fluctuating commodity prices for example.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00062-00023713-00024079": "It may also make Canada subservient to more powerful countries or", "f_3jFJf-B50-00063-00024079-00024472": "multinational corporations, which can extend control over Canada's", "f_3jFJf-B50-00064-00024472-00024648": "political economy through tradecraft.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00065-00024734-00025115": "I'm thinking here, for instance of softwood lumber and various clauses", "f_3jFJf-B50-00066-00025127-00025508": "in trade agreements that allow foreign governments and corporations to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00067-00025508-00025898": "sue Canada for intervening in that resource markets in various ways.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00068-00026006-00026461": "However, there's also a counter narrative which emerged, especially", "f_3jFJf-B50-00069-00026461-00026877": "during the Harper years, Canada, as a resource superpower.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00070-00026912-00027338": "In 2006, for instance, Stephen Harper announced to the world that Canada", "f_3jFJf-B50-00071-00027338-00027587": "was an emerging energy superpower.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00072-00027689-00028067": "We're curious to hear how you see Canada's natural resource endowment.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00073-00028120-00028436": "Is it a curse, or a source of political and economic power,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00074-00028436-00028595": "or perhaps a little bit of both?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00075-00028761-00029235": "Well, I think first Canadians are extremely fortunate to be citizens of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00076-00029235-00029775": "a country whose territory has so much arable land, forest, and fresh water.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00077-00029841-00030363": "These are the basis of life and they are, I think, going to become more and more", "f_3jFJf-B50-00078-00030363-00030630": "precious and sought after in the future.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00079-00030655-00031168": "As the effects of climate destabilization unravel, we are going to see growing", "f_3jFJf-B50-00080-00031168-00031537": "problems around the world in terms of the ability to produce food.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00081-00031602-00032113": "And Canada's resources will allow it not only to produce food, but to preserve", "f_3jFJf-B50-00082-00032113-00032644": "some of the planet's remaining habitat for other species, which is really", "f_3jFJf-B50-00083-00032644-00033073": "critical and not often talked about as something that we have to look into in", "f_3jFJf-B50-00084-00033073-00033466": "the future in terms of consequences of climate change and biodiversity loss.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00085-00033539-00033900": "And having a reliable supply of fresh water, I think will also", "f_3jFJf-B50-00086-00033900-00034104": "become more and more precious.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00087-00034131-00034605": "I personally have no doubt that water is more precious than oil.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00088-00034643-00035039": "And if you look at the kind of climate change modeling that has emerged in the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00089-00035039-00035727": "last 10 years around what the planet will look like, if we surpass 1.5 or 2", "f_3jFJf-B50-00090-00035729-00036361": "degrees or even higher levels of global warming, we will see in a large swaths", "f_3jFJf-B50-00091-00036361-00036800": "of the earth becoming uninhabitable and their areas of food production collapsing.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00092-00036855-00037170": "So Canada, again, will be one of them, the regions that still able to produce", "f_3jFJf-B50-00093-00037172-00037635": "food, but we will of course be contending with many other problems that are", "f_3jFJf-B50-00094-00037635-00037897": "related to the destabilized climate.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00095-00037971-00038433": "So in the context of global warming, do we continue to see the possession", "f_3jFJf-B50-00096-00038433-00038951": "of such resources as sources of political and economic power.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00097-00038951-00039518": "I mean, this is a whole way of thinking, which might be where Stephen", "f_3jFJf-B50-00098-00039518-00039946": "Harper comes from when he talks about Canada as an energy superpower.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00099-00040003-00040456": "But I personally am much more interested in thinking and talking", "f_3jFJf-B50-00100-00040456-00041047": "about resources as a basis of survival and as linked to our role in the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00101-00041047-00041268": "world, in relation to other people.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00102-00041307-00041721": "Along with the destabilization of the global climate will come", "f_3jFJf-B50-00103-00041748-00041913": "millions of climate refugees.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00104-00041981-00042513": "We know already since 2001 that the advanced capitalist countries", "f_3jFJf-B50-00105-00042519-00042909": "have not really been able to manage the Syrian refugee crisis.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00106-00042909-00043260": "You can see the consequences in Europe of the influx of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00107-00043260-00043491": "refugees, especially since 2015.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00108-00043539-00043878": "And you know, we have to ask ourselves what is going to happen by mid", "f_3jFJf-B50-00109-00043878-00044384": "century when, and as it seems now, there may be hundreds of millions", "f_3jFJf-B50-00110-00044384-00044785": "of climate refugees trying to escape natural catastrophes and famines.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00111-00044821-00045421": "I think Canada will be transformed one way or the other by the migration", "f_3jFJf-B50-00112-00045421-00045578": "of millions of people to the North.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00113-00045633-00046216": "Our cities, our human footprint on the landscape, our demand for water,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00114-00046222-00046403": "all of this will be transformed.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00115-00046453-00047255": "So how will Canada use this, if you like, power, if you use the term power, which", "f_3jFJf-B50-00116-00047255-00047774": "is embedded in territorial possession of these resources, and what kind of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00117-00047774-00048077": "power will it have in such a future?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00118-00048187-00048392": "Look at what's happening in the United States right now.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00119-00048439-00048867": "We have desertification in the West, increasing frequency of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00120-00048915-00049300": "massive fires, contamination of drinking water by fracking in the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00121-00049300-00049525": "Midwest, devastating hurricanes.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00122-00049609-00050131": "So all of this to me, raises a question about whether, you know, let alone", "f_3jFJf-B50-00123-00050134-00050497": "talking about our future power as a result of having these resources, in", "f_3jFJf-B50-00124-00050497-00050908": "the context of climate change, will Canada be possible in a four degrees", "f_3jFJf-B50-00125-00050908-00051247": "warmer world, given our relationship and our closeness to the United States?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00126-00051318-00051822": "Now there's a second answer to your question about the value of - the value", "f_3jFJf-B50-00127-00051822-00052302": "to Canada its national resource endowment, which of course includes fossil fuels", "f_3jFJf-B50-00128-00052302-00052527": "and minerals, as well as land and water.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00129-00052580-00053028": "We've associated economic wealth and power in the past with the export", "f_3jFJf-B50-00130-00053030-00053634": "of oil, gas, lumber, uranium pulp, as well as food crops and animal", "f_3jFJf-B50-00131-00053634-00053853": "products, particularly in Alberta.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00132-00053913-00054420": "Now, these exports are exchanged for the low wage consumer goods that", "f_3jFJf-B50-00133-00054420-00054620": "we import from the global South.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00134-00054675-00055312": "These circuits of long-distance trade are ecologically and socially unsustainable.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00135-00055375-00055861": "And the extraction of unconventional oil and gas and of coal has to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00136-00055861-00056272": "end because it's fueling climate destabilization and delaying the switch", "f_3jFJf-B50-00137-00056272-00056435": "to alternative sources of energy.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00138-00056525-00056976": "The first question that neoclassical economist asks when faced with", "f_3jFJf-B50-00139-00056976-00057411": "the assertion that Alberta must stop exporting oil and gas is,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00140-00057483-00057624": "What will we export instead?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00141-00057675-00057704": "Right.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00142-00057753-00058215": "Now, this I think is because they cannot imagine an economy that is centered", "f_3jFJf-B50-00143-00058215-00058716": "on reproduction and self-sufficiency rather than export earnings.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00144-00058845-00059169": "But the only ecologically sustainable economy at this point in human", "f_3jFJf-B50-00145-00059169-00059694": "history is one of shrinking, not expanding, consumption.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00146-00059876-00060388": "Back in the 1980s, the American economist, Herman Daly introduced the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00147-00060388-00061035": "term 'steady state economy' and asserted that sustainable growth was an oxymoron.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00148-00061225-00061698": "In the 1970s, going back even further, the French political economist, André", "f_3jFJf-B50-00149-00061698-00062172": "Gorz argued that we should be expanding free time, since technologies had so", "f_3jFJf-B50-00150-00062172-00062385": "radically increased labour productivity.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00151-00062448-00062793": "And then other French thinkers who have really focused a lot on the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00152-00062793-00063110": "questions of reduction of work time, like the French economist Alain", "f_3jFJf-B50-00153-00063122-00063594": "Lipietz have linked increased leisure time to decreased consumption  of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00154-00063594-00064148": "things, which has huge implications for ecological sustainability.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00155-00064216-00064861": "And today ecological economists are advancing the idea of degrowth, a", "f_3jFJf-B50-00156-00064861-00065464": "concept that is anathema, clearly, to both neoliberals and social Democrats,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00157-00065505-00066040": "who have not yet grasped that there are ecological limits to growth,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00158-00066085-00066253": "and we are now in serious deficit.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00159-00066372-00066924": "So coming back to your question, my view is that we should stop thinking", "f_3jFJf-B50-00160-00066924-00067316": "about politcal and economic power being linked to the export of natural", "f_3jFJf-B50-00161-00067316-00067799": "resources and start thinking about how we can minimize resource use,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00162-00067850-00068336": "radically reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce work time, redistribute", "f_3jFJf-B50-00163-00068336-00068630": "wealth, and provide income security.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00164-00068704-00068806": "Well, Holy smokes.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00165-00068806-00069082": "That's a detailed answer to that question.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00166-00069082-00069472": "And you got into the question of growth, which is fantastic as we", "f_3jFJf-B50-00167-00069472-00069598": "were going to ask you about that.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00168-00069598-00070129": "And I'm glad you gave us a taste of your thoughts on this question of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00169-00070129-00070699": "green growth and agrowth and degrowth, which is a theme we have come to a", "f_3jFJf-B50-00170-00070699-00070855": "couple of times in this podcast series.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00171-00070912-00071439": "But I want to pick up on something you said, which I wrote down here in", "f_3jFJf-B50-00172-00071439-00071982": "my notes in quotation marks, you said that it has to end, essentially the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00173-00072021-00072459": "production and export of, you know, these fossil fuel resources, oil and gas.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00174-00072465-00073052": "And so I'm going to frame this question in a more of a personal light, because you", "f_3jFJf-B50-00175-00073052-00073681": "know, you are based in Edmonton and, you know, I imagine you've grown accustomed to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00176-00073681-00074192": "calls for governments to put all its eggs into supporting the oil and gas sector.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00177-00074241-00074566": "And this is support that can manifest in many ways.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00178-00074568-00074937": "We're talking about subsidies, reduced royalty rates, weakening", "f_3jFJf-B50-00179-00074937-00075480": "environmental regulations, purchasing and nationalizing pipelines, negotiating", "f_3jFJf-B50-00180-00075480-00075873": "trade agreements, creating more attractive investment climates and so on.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00181-00075873-00076308": "So being in the belly of the beast, so to speak, you've long been a", "f_3jFJf-B50-00182-00076308-00076745": "part of a group of vocal critics of Alberta's oil and gas sector.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00183-00076793-00077259": "And so I'm wondering how you navigate that on a personal level and as an academic,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00184-00077261-00077634": "you know, a critical academic who's researching and writing on this stuff.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00185-00077703-00078118": "What do you say to, to fellow Albertans?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00186-00078143-00078613": "How do you explain to them, or Canadians for that matter, who don't", "f_3jFJf-B50-00187-00078613-00079015": "understand why you would want to see this industry close up shop?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00188-00079170-00079509": "Well, for a full answer to the first question, you'll", "f_3jFJf-B50-00189-00079509-00079689": "have to wait for the memoirs.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00190-00079981-00080431": "You know, how I cope personally with being an enemy of the people.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00191-00080566-00080828": "In the Henrik Ibsen sense, not the Jason Kenney sense.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00192-00080965-00081429": "Really the answer to that is, it has to do with psychology, the temperament", "f_3jFJf-B50-00193-00081429-00082086": "I was born with I think - year of the dog - intellectual mentorship,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00194-00082086-00082539": "friendship, family support, and the protection of a university position,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00195-00082554-00082740": "which is obviously important.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00196-00082830-00083352": "In fact, I do struggle often with the feeling that other academics", "f_3jFJf-B50-00197-00083378-00084094": "are not speaking publicly about the rotten state of our democracy or", "f_3jFJf-B50-00198-00084094-00084250": "the urgency of the climate crisis.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00199-00084253-00084565": "And these are not times to shelter behind privilege.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00200-00084568-00085006": "I do understand that many people have excellent reasons for having", "f_3jFJf-B50-00201-00085012-00085315": "limited capacity to engage in public life and public debate.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00202-00085369-00085683": "But at the same time, I often do find that frustrating.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00203-00085683-00086172": "I also find the quiescence of university leaders faced with", "f_3jFJf-B50-00204-00086172-00086592": "governments and corporate forces that are shaping university research", "f_3jFJf-B50-00205-00086592-00086748": "and investments very frustrating.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00206-00086817-00087337": "I think we're reaping the fruits of their strategy now in Alberta as the United", "f_3jFJf-B50-00207-00087337-00087817": "Conservative Party government gleefully dismantles postsecondary education.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00208-00087996-00088211": "So let me focus on the second question.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00209-00088240-00088942": "One of the things that we try to do here is to push back against some", "f_3jFJf-B50-00210-00088944-00089592": "of the propaganda of the oil and gas sector that comes from the Canadian", "f_3jFJf-B50-00211-00089592-00090120": "Association of Petroleum Producers, the Kenney government's Energy Center and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00212-00090190-00090816": "Postmedia, which is really a platform for these organizations and these", "f_3jFJf-B50-00213-00090816-00091024": "interests and disseminates the messaging.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00214-00091164-00091673": "So we need to look at how much revenue governments actually get from", "f_3jFJf-B50-00215-00091673-00092106": "these industries, once we deduct the massive subsidies that governments", "f_3jFJf-B50-00216-00092106-00092693": "dispensed to them, once we deduct the future environmental costs, that will", "f_3jFJf-B50-00217-00092693-00093117": "likely be dumped on generations of citizens to come, not only in Alberta.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00218-00093225-00093820": "And We need to ask ourselves whether the same companies, that are demanding", "f_3jFJf-B50-00219-00093820-00094177": "government investments and tax breaks and credit facilities and the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00220-00094177-00094573": "suspension of environmental monitoring and the suspension of the carbon", "f_3jFJf-B50-00221-00094573-00095095": "tax during the COVID-19 pandemic, are going to be sticking around to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00222-00095095-00095496": "pay for the cost of cleaning up the abandoned oil and gas wells and the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00223-00095496-00095646": "pipelines and the tailings ponds.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00224-00095730-00096139": "And then we would also want to look at the question, and their claims around", "f_3jFJf-B50-00225-00096139-00096679": "how many jobs are dependent are dependent on fossil fuel extraction processing and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00226-00096679-00097383": "transportation, and ask how many jobs we could create by investing in other sectors", "f_3jFJf-B50-00227-00097383-00097551": "of the economy instead of oil and gas.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00228-00097602-00097915": "You know, let's look at what's going on in the global political economy", "f_3jFJf-B50-00229-00097927-00098522": "with regard to the supply of oil, the demand for oil, the decision is", "f_3jFJf-B50-00230-00098523-00099056": "being made by major investment and pension funds, the divestment of some", "f_3jFJf-B50-00231-00099056-00099490": "of the oil majors from high cost, high risk reservoirs, like the oil sands.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00232-00099536-00099842": "So I think the writing on the wall is getting larger by the day", "f_3jFJf-B50-00233-00099893-00100217": "and the future of this industry is anything but dependable.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00234-00100298-00100747": "This means that it's not dependable for workers and their communities.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00235-00100787-00101053": "It cannot offer security even in the medium term.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00236-00101176-00101512": "And there are many other problems and costs associated with the carbon", "f_3jFJf-B50-00237-00101512-00102154": "extractive economy, such as its gender inequality and its destruction", "f_3jFJf-B50-00238-00102154-00102499": "of the environmental conditions for Indigenous cultures to flourish in the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00239-00102499-00102706": "area of the oil sands and downstream.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00240-00102821-00103063": "But how do I explain to Albertans?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00241-00103116-00103564": "Or how could anyone explain to Albertans that their future is not safe and secure", "f_3jFJf-B50-00242-00103564-00103741": "in the hands of the oil and gas industry?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00243-00103786-00104016": "Or that a better future possible?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00244-00104184-00104550": "Well, obviously as a researcher and a citizen, I do what I can to think through", "f_3jFJf-B50-00245-00104550-00105144": "the policy options and to advocate, in whatever forums are available to me, for", "f_3jFJf-B50-00246-00105144-00105597": "the policies that I believe will advance ecological sustainability and a good life.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00247-00105669-00105858": "I do this and in many ways.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00248-00106001-00106572": "But effectively challenge the status quo, one has to have not only a program", "f_3jFJf-B50-00249-00106572-00106938": "of alternatives that's concrete, in the sense that people can see the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00250-00106938-00107373": "steps and the destination, but we need to have means to communicate these.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00251-00107424-00107454": "Right.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00252-00107523-00107861": "So I think what you're really asking is a political question.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00253-00107861-00108127": "What will make it politically possible?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00254-00108234-00108713": "For there to be a rapid transition to a green economy, what I would like", "f_3jFJf-B50-00255-00108713-00108911": "to call a solidaristic green economy.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00256-00109005-00109351": "And political economists generally answer a question like that by", "f_3jFJf-B50-00257-00109351-00109510": "starting with the obstacles, right?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00258-00109510-00109786": "And you start analyzing the obstacles, you start looking, you start to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00259-00109786-00109957": "understand what the solutions might be.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00260-00110038-00110356": "This is the work that the Corporate Mapping Project has been doing.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00261-00110356-00110806": "The group of researchers led by William Carroll, the sociologist", "f_3jFJf-B50-00262-00110815-00110947": "at the University of Victoria.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00263-00111052-00111511": "And clearly in Alberta, there are deeply entrenched obstacles to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00264-00111511-00111801": "change, which have long roots.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00265-00111886-00112351": "So, if I were to list these, I would say - I'm going back again to the ownership", "f_3jFJf-B50-00266-00112351-00112825": "of mainstream media outlets, which is a huge political obstacle to change.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00267-00112921-00113434": "Then there's the effective fusion of the oil and gas industry with the state.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00268-00113458-00114004": "So I think the state isn't just captured, in this context, it has actually actively", "f_3jFJf-B50-00269-00114004-00114685": "rendered itself dependent on the private sector for data, expertise, regulatory,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00270-00114685-00115090": "design, monitoring, and political support.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00271-00115252-00115741": "Then we would look at the decades of indoctrination of Albertans by", "f_3jFJf-B50-00272-00115741-00116269": "industry and governments, as well as conservative mass media, using the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00273-00116275-00116452": "enormous means at their disposal.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00274-00116476-00116884": "And this is combined with tactical repression of dissent, when it dares", "f_3jFJf-B50-00275-00116935-00117247": "to raise its head, something that we have seen over and over, and that I", "f_3jFJf-B50-00276-00117247-00117736": "have been involved in responding to over the past 30 years in various ways.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00277-00117865-00118525": "And then I would have to also mention as an obstacle to being able to make", "f_3jFJf-B50-00278-00118525-00119081": "this case for an alternative society and economy being possible, is the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00279-00119113-00119472": "nature of our democratic political institutions, which I would say are,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00280-00119496-00119947": "are very weakly democratic - severely anemic might be more accurate.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00281-00120058-00120542": "And some of these institutions are federal, they're not only provincial.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00282-00120608-00121031": "So, I'm thinking of the first-past-the-post  electoral system.A", "f_3jFJf-B50-00283-00121225-00121648": "party funding system that allows wealthy people to shape outcomes.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00284-00121705-00122020": "The lack of institutionalized environmental rights.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00285-00122134-00122698": "The nature of public consultation processes, that are in my", "f_3jFJf-B50-00286-00122698-00123016": "view, no more than legitimation exercises for governments.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00287-00123121-00123406": "And we could look at a list of other problems as well,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00288-00123406-00123526": "that are serious obstacles.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00289-00123550-00123952": "And actually one that often I think is left out of discussions and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00290-00123952-00124375": "environmental studies and environmental politics is the importance of having a", "f_3jFJf-B50-00291-00124375-00124576": "well-funded public broadcasting system.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00292-00124613-00124798": "People go, what is that got to do with the environment?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00293-00124803-00125435": "Well, you know We need critical, independent investigative journalism", "f_3jFJf-B50-00294-00125480-00126173": "to expose and reveal and explain and communicate these relationships to people.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00295-00126194-00126836": "If all we have is a commercial media and social media, and all that it's prone", "f_3jFJf-B50-00296-00126836-00127283": "to, then we are setting ourselves up for exactly what we're seeing today,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00297-00127283-00127832": "which is a kind of epistemological populism, where we no longer know who", "f_3jFJf-B50-00298-00127832-00128560": "to believe experts are distrusted, science is rejected, governments conceal.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00299-00128560-00129084": "We have problems of access to information, governments finance, actively, propaganda", "f_3jFJf-B50-00300-00129108-00129593": "- we're seeing this in Alberta, a huge amount of spending on public information", "f_3jFJf-B50-00301-00129593-00129998": "campaigns and the Canadian Energy Center and the inquiries, you know,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00302-00130020-00130599": "McCarthy-type inquiries into, you know, to just persuade people that we're", "f_3jFJf-B50-00303-00130601-00130979": "somehow subject to an international conspiracy against our energy industry.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00304-00131011-00131622": "So it's critically important that we have public broadcasting because civil", "f_3jFJf-B50-00305-00131622-00131856": "society needs access to these platforms.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00306-00131904-00132225": "People who don't have the money to buy advertising and pay for", "f_3jFJf-B50-00307-00132225-00132516": "campaigns still need to have public spaces in which to be heard.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00308-00132552-00132747": "And we need public broadcasting for that too.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00309-00132860-00133654": "So, none of this is to deny that there is a material reality in Alberta", "f_3jFJf-B50-00310-00133654-00134211": "in which the labour market has been structured by the extractive industries.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00311-00134336-00134931": "During the booms, it's been a get-rich-quick economy for young", "f_3jFJf-B50-00312-00134931-00135327": "men with high school education, many of whom come from rural areas.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00313-00135448-00135741": "Women predominate in the low-paid service sectors.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00314-00135780-00136152": "And as elsewhere, of course, in the public sector, in human", "f_3jFJf-B50-00315-00136152-00136284": "services and administration.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00316-00136362-00136718": "So, you know, when we start looking at kind of the way that the labour force", "f_3jFJf-B50-00317-00136718-00137103": "has been structured historically here, and people's relationship to the oil", "f_3jFJf-B50-00318-00137103-00137475": "and gas industry, there's obviously a lot to unpack and more than we have", "f_3jFJf-B50-00319-00137520-00137936": "time for today, but maybe one thing I would highlight about the current", "f_3jFJf-B50-00320-00137936-00138560": "conditions for making this case for an alternative green economy is that it's", "f_3jFJf-B50-00321-00138560-00139059": "particularly - there's a particular resistance coming from the men who", "f_3jFJf-B50-00322-00139059-00139572": "were employed in the oil and gas sector and who are now very insecurely", "f_3jFJf-B50-00323-00139572-00139716": "employed, or have been laid off.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00324-00139821-00140267": "The kinds of jobs that they had in the oil and gas sector were", "f_3jFJf-B50-00325-00140367-00140580": "very high income jobs, right.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00326-00140682-00141039": "And the kinds of jobs that they're being offered or that are associated with", "f_3jFJf-B50-00327-00141039-00141558": "the green economy are jobs that don't pay as much as the jobs they're losing.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00328-00141558-00142032": "So we're thinking about renewables, energy efficiency, environmental", "f_3jFJf-B50-00329-00142032-00142515": "remediation, maybe public transportation as areas where people who had those", "f_3jFJf-B50-00330-00142515-00142859": "skills might shift into green economy.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00331-00142903-00143410": "Well, You know, that kind of shift for them is a loss of consumer power.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00332-00143431-00143611": "It's a loss of breadwinner status.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00333-00143614-00143902": "It's a loss of the compensation for self-esteem issues.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00334-00143941-00144493": "It's loss of a particular masculine identity that was associated with the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00335-00144493-00145160": "ownership of certain objects - the big trucks, the holidays to Las Vegas", "f_3jFJf-B50-00336-00145292-00145575": "- and with economic and social power.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00337-00145694-00146175": "So the kinds of labour, just to kind of put this in a different way, the kinds", "f_3jFJf-B50-00338-00146175-00146646": "of labour that are valorized in programs like Just Recovery, the Green New Deal", "f_3jFJf-B50-00339-00146691-00146931": "have to do with care relationships.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00340-00146979-00147309": "And these have been associated with feminine labour.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00341-00147384-00148005": "So I think it's not surprising that we see misogyny directed toward women", "f_3jFJf-B50-00342-00148005-00148521": "environmentalists, women academics, women politicians who are associated by", "f_3jFJf-B50-00343-00148521-00148950": "these men with threats to the continuing dominance of the oil and gas industry.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00344-00149030-00149638": "There is a strong case to be made that in the post-carbon economy, we", "f_3jFJf-B50-00345-00149638-00149827": "will gain much more than we will lose.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00346-00149848-00150552": "But the playing field for this argument to be heard is not level, right.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00347-00150555-00151100": "It's very hard to present the case without the means to counter the mass", "f_3jFJf-B50-00348-00151120-00151472": "media messages of Alberta governments and the oil and gas corporations.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00349-00151556-00151973": "And those of us who are trying to do this are really very much overstretched", "f_3jFJf-B50-00350-00151976-00152317": "because we already have, you know, full time jobs and obligations.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00351-00152317-00152496": "So it is challenging.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00352-00152558-00153075": "But I think we have the pillars, we have a basic grasp of what we need", "f_3jFJf-B50-00353-00153075-00153231": "to do, where we need to invest.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00354-00153282-00153644": "I think we can put together an attractive vision.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00355-00153696-00154432": "I'm actually personally planning to devote my future years of research to try to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00356-00154432-00154975": "refine this in a more fine-grained way, how to get from high-level principles", "f_3jFJf-B50-00357-00154975-00155352": "to more fine-grain policy proposals for green transition in Canada.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00358-00155459-00155890": "And it's just a constant struggle to be - to find ways of being heard.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00359-00155923-00156160": "So that would be how I would answer that question.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00360-00156250-00156716": "Your answer is impressive in terms of the depth and its breadth.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00361-00156723-00157110": "And you really are making a lot of connections for me and for listeners", "f_3jFJf-B50-00362-00157110-00157323": "that I think are really valuable.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00363-00157323-00157911": "For example, in the response to the Green New Deal and a certain understandings", "f_3jFJf-B50-00364-00157911-00158283": "of masculinity, I think it's it's brilliant that you're taking us there.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00365-00158393-00158976": "I do want to ask a really big question, and it really comes forward", "f_3jFJf-B50-00366-00158976-00159424": "in your analysis of say the Alberta state and who calls the shots there.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00367-00159532-00160170": "Given the dependence - it's more than dependence, you know, on the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00368-00160170-00160462": "the resource  extraction sector.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00369-00160668-00160853": "And that's really a question about capitalism.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00370-00160899-00161317": "Is ultimately, is it this form of political economic", "f_3jFJf-B50-00371-00161317-00161512": "organization that is the problem?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00372-00161579-00162165": "And if it is capitalism per se then what are the alternatives?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00373-00162211-00162712": "And you know, and then you've already been speaking a bit to how we might get there,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00374-00162712-00163387": "but how is it - do we need some kind of revolution or is there some kind of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00375-00163392-00163938": "incrementalism that is the more realistic path forward from where we are here?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00376-00163961-00164316": "So I know those are really big questions, but I'm really curious to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00377-00164316-00164466": "hear your thoughts on all of that.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00378-00164609-00164954": "Well, one person's revolution is another person's common sense,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00379-00165066-00165317": "mere recognition of necessity.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00380-00165398-00166049": "The speed and scale of what we need to do to bring global greenhouse", "f_3jFJf-B50-00381-00166049-00166658": "gas emissions to net zero by 2050, earlier would be better, is", "f_3jFJf-B50-00382-00166706-00167168": "necessarily revolutionary now, because we have delayed action for so long.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00383-00167288-00167877": "What will be required to make that happen is a challenge to corporate", "f_3jFJf-B50-00384-00167877-00168371": "power and capitalist ideology like nothing we have seen before.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00385-00168464-00168774": "At this point, I think they are more attached to the project", "f_3jFJf-B50-00386-00168774-00169084": "of carbon capitalism than they are to climate justice goals.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00387-00169189-00169683": "The think tanks, the economists, the politicians that are pushing carbon", "f_3jFJf-B50-00388-00169683-00170111": "pricing clean technologies as a solution to the climate crisis are I believe", "f_3jFJf-B50-00389-00170180-00170600": "misleading people to think that we can get out of this crisis with no", "f_3jFJf-B50-00390-00170630-00170788": "major structural and social change.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00391-00170861-00171218": "You know, at the same time, they're still talking about economic growth,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00392-00171288-00171714": "global competition for technology markets, you know, making Canada,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00393-00171753-00172188": "getting Canada part of the global market share for technologies.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00394-00172257-00172440": "And they're talking about green consumerism.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00395-00172489-00172911": "It's as if this insane economy can continue while its ecosystems collapse.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00396-00173138-00173895": "So if it's revolutionary to fight for a livable planet for the future of our", "f_3jFJf-B50-00397-00173895-00174120": "children, then I will gladly wear that.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00398-00174171-00174747": "But I think we should also ask if it is an extremism to seek short term", "f_3jFJf-B50-00399-00174747-00175233": "profit and to allow social wealth to be concentrated in the hands of a global", "f_3jFJf-B50-00400-00175233-00175758": "oligarchy - including in Canada, we are not, you know, free of this trend of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00401-00175758-00176294": "income-wealth polarization, but to allow this to happen even as the planet burns.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00402-00176344-00176851": "So perhaps if I can just cut in, Laurie, I didn't mean revolutionary in some kind", "f_3jFJf-B50-00403-00176851-00177430": "of derogatory sense, but more in the sense of how deeply the structures have", "f_3jFJf-B50-00404-00177430-00178003": "to change, which again, this relates to this question of this capitalist", "f_3jFJf-B50-00405-00178003-00178540": "organization, about how money is organized right now to do things and the role that", "f_3jFJf-B50-00406-00178540-00178709": "the state plays in relation to that.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00407-00178904-00179320": "Yeah, maybe some listeners might be wondering, are you a socialist, where are", "f_3jFJf-B50-00408-00179325-00179512": "you coming from in your political vision?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00409-00179602-00179972": "Well, I don't know if they would understand the term, but", "f_3jFJf-B50-00410-00179972-00180127": "I would say I am a Post-Marxist.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00411-00180228-00180464": "Which means I am an intersectional theorist.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00412-00180483-00180896": "And obviously I think the logic of capitalist accumulation and the drive", "f_3jFJf-B50-00413-00180896-00181371": "of capitalism to incessantly accumulate more wealth and generate and produce more", "f_3jFJf-B50-00414-00181373-00182132": "commodities and expand markets and create new consumer needs and you know, operate", "f_3jFJf-B50-00415-00182132-00182750": "on a very short term horizon is profoundly anti-ecological and anti-democratic.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00416-00182873-00183333": "But all of our problems are not really reduceable to capitalism alone.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00417-00183383-00183411": "Right?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00418-00183411-00183799": "We have patriarchal and racist structures as well.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00419-00183892-00184116": "We have the legacies of colonialism.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00420-00184209-00184888": "And these are all part of what underpins the way we relate to nature.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00421-00185011-00185655": "The relationship we have, which is one of instrumentalism and exploitation", "f_3jFJf-B50-00422-00185658-00185955": "and speciesism and domination.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00423-00186033-00186531": "So these things are not, as I say, reduceable to capitalism, but they are", "f_3jFJf-B50-00424-00186531-00187350": "certainly interwoven with capitalism and not at all inconsistent or in", "f_3jFJf-B50-00425-00187350-00187585": "conflict with the logic of capitalism.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00426-00187624-00188175": "So we have multiple fronts on which to do battle here in order to protect", "f_3jFJf-B50-00427-00188292-00188979": "and preserve a livable planet and to counter these relationships of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00428-00188979-00189364": "domination, which we see all around us.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00429-00189460-00189913": "I'm not sure if where you're headed is maybe, How do we do this?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00430-00189928-00190126": "Like, what are the steps?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00431-00190126-00190207": "What has to happen?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00432-00190305-00190704": "Of course, that would be, those would be the next questions.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00433-00190704-00191372": "What does resistance to that intersectional nature of this", "f_3jFJf-B50-00434-00191372-00191647": "exploitation look like for you?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00435-00191647-00192117": "Maybe to put it in a positive way, where do you take inspiration from?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00436-00192266-00192636": "Well, I must say that the two biggest sources of hope for me", "f_3jFJf-B50-00437-00192651-00193056": "in the last 10 years have been first of all, Idle No More.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00438-00193131-00193656": "And in fact, the whole global rise of Indigenous movements for sovereignty", "f_3jFJf-B50-00439-00193659-00193836": "and protection of the earth.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00440-00193944-00194076": "They're interconnected.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00441-00194207-00194364": "Their survival is at stake.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00442-00194364-00194472": "They're on the front lines.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00443-00194520-00195000": "They are challenging cultural norms that are deeply rooted", "f_3jFJf-B50-00444-00195026-00195275": "in modern Western culture.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00445-00195381-00196222": "They are trying to put up obstacles of all kinds to the bulldozer-like", "f_3jFJf-B50-00446-00196227-00196887": "progress of what we think about as development, which entails mostly", "f_3jFJf-B50-00447-00196888-00197178": "extraction and the dumping of wastes.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00448-00197255-00197987": "So I think I take a lot of hope from the emergence of the Idle No More movement,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00449-00198029-00198670": "groups like the Indigenous Climate Action, the Indigenous Environmental Network.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00450-00198756-00199516": "These decolonization  struggles are profoundly challenging to capitalism", "f_3jFJf-B50-00451-00199523-00200044": "and fueled by the ecological crisis.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00452-00200182-00200800": "I also take a lot of hope from the youth-led climate strikes and particularly", "f_3jFJf-B50-00453-00200839-00201191": "from the political savvy of their leaders.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00454-00201266-00201863": "I was so impressed at how quickly they grasp the connections between the climate", "f_3jFJf-B50-00455-00201863-00202437": "struggle and decolonization struggles and from there to state violence", "f_3jFJf-B50-00456-00202446-00202635": "and the Black Lives Matter movement.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00457-00202683-00203174": "I'm going to jump in there, Laurie, because that last comment gets to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00458-00203177-00203611": "the last big theme we wanted to ask you about, which was democracy.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00459-00203737-00204071": "This is something you've written a lot about, thought a lot about,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00460-00204071-00204338": "you've written, you've edited a book called Environmental", "f_3jFJf-B50-00461-00204338-00204548": "Conflict and Democracy in Canada.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00462-00204629-00205068": "And, you know, given what we've been talking about, regarding the Canadian", "f_3jFJf-B50-00463-00205152-00205642": "resource-based political economy, we're kind of wondering how you understand", "f_3jFJf-B50-00464-00205700-00206201": "democracy, both the democratic regimes that we have now, which always seem", "f_3jFJf-B50-00465-00206203-00206652": "to be falling back into this role of enabling capitalist overexploitation,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00466-00206697-00207094": "and maybe the type of democracy that you envision, which may, you know, have", "f_3jFJf-B50-00467-00207094-00207573": "a better chance of achieving a longterm vision in keeping with, you know, the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00468-00207573-00207759": "imperatives of ecological survival.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00469-00207808-00208137": "So you've already talked a little bit about, you know, the importance of a free", "f_3jFJf-B50-00470-00208137-00208644": "press, about moderating corporate power, but what else is part of your view of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00471-00208644-00209126": "democracy and what do you do about this difficult thing about democracy, which", "f_3jFJf-B50-00472-00209126-00209585": "is that it doesn't always work out the way, you know, the majority view doesn't", "f_3jFJf-B50-00473-00209585-00210080": "always shape out the way that a vocal minority might want it to play out?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00474-00210223-00210286": "Okay.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00475-00210310-00210436": "Small questions here.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00476-00210540-00211242": "You know, I have argued for years that democratization is a precondition", "f_3jFJf-B50-00477-00211284-00211620": "for ecological survival, essentially.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00478-00211644-00211983": "Although perhaps I didn't put it in terms of survival until more recently.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00479-00212010-00212706": "But certainly in terms of making headway in environmental and social struggles.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00480-00212778-00213435": "Without political democratization, we are kind of stuck in a loop where we're", "f_3jFJf-B50-00481-00213437-00214131": "playing on a very unequal terrain where hegemonic interests have more resources,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00482-00214366-00215041": "more access to the state, more control over legal outcomes and it goes on and on.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00483-00215041-00215461": "So there are all kinds of ways in which we need to democratize", "f_3jFJf-B50-00484-00215488-00215661": "our political institutions.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00485-00215793-00216384": "And I think about democratization in a kind of layered way as having political,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00486-00216384-00216720": "social, and environmental layers to it.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00487-00216771-00217192": "So, you know, we start with thinking, Canada's political", "f_3jFJf-B50-00488-00217192-00217695": "institutions are an inheritance of 18th and 19th century England.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00489-00217761-00218016": "You know, I mean, just stop for a minute and think about", "f_3jFJf-B50-00490-00218016-00218405": "what that means in 2020, right?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00491-00218451-00218880": "And in general, liberal democracies are proving and capable, everywhere,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00492-00218937-00219243": "of making real progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00493-00219279-00219555": "Now, do we want to replace them with the populist far right", "f_3jFJf-B50-00494-00219555-00219662": "and authoritarian regimes?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00495-00219662-00219807": "Obviously not, right?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00496-00219807-00220369": "We want to defend the legacies of liberal democracy that are critical.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00497-00220463-00220863": "We want to defend individual rights and freedom, civil and political", "f_3jFJf-B50-00498-00220863-00221267": "rights, universal rights, concept of universal rights, which is anathema", "f_3jFJf-B50-00499-00221267-00221409": "to the nationalist far  right.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00500-00221481-00221819": "We want to defend pluralism, protections of minorities.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00501-00221910-00222210": "These are important legacies of liberalism that are actually in danger", "f_3jFJf-B50-00502-00222210-00222432": "now, that are they're under threat.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00503-00222496-00223291": "But to defend those, we also have to think about the conditions that are necessary", "f_3jFJf-B50-00504-00223291-00223702": "for citizens to be able to meaningfully exercise these political rights.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00505-00223804-00224344": "And then that takes us into the realm of social rights, social democratic", "f_3jFJf-B50-00506-00224344-00224782": "governments in the post-World War II era, for a number of decades, began this", "f_3jFJf-B50-00507-00224782-00225330": "process of advancing social rights, social entitlements, creating a kind of patchwork", "f_3jFJf-B50-00508-00225330-00225633": "of welfare states through Western and Northern Europe and North America.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00509-00225762-00226071": "Now, as we know, those gains have been eroded under neoliberalism.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00510-00226158-00226646": "And at this point we need to renovate, I think, completely, our thinking and our", "f_3jFJf-B50-00511-00226646-00227103": "programs in regard to income security, care relationships, and wellbeing.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00512-00227215-00227584": "And we have to do this within the framework of ecological limits and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00513-00227584-00227848": "imperatives and decolonization.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00514-00227990-00228409": "So here, as you say, there are profound questions of justice that", "f_3jFJf-B50-00515-00228409-00228787": "underpin decisions about how are we going to allocate the remaining", "f_3jFJf-B50-00516-00228787-00228922": "portions of the carbon budget?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00517-00228993-00229015": "Right.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00518-00229063-00229357": "How are we going to finance environmental remediation?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00519-00229378-00229582": "How should we repay ecological debt?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00520-00229609-00229885": "How can we ensure income security for all citizens?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00521-00229903-00230134": "What are the conditions for decolonization?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00522-00230170-00230926": "These are questions that take us directly into justice - and injustice of course.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00523-00231083-00231491": "So I could talk a lot about those reforms that I don't know how much time there is.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00524-00231491-00231866": "So I'll just move to the third element for me, which is the third element", "f_3jFJf-B50-00525-00231866-00232241": "of democracy and democratization that we should be incorporating", "f_3jFJf-B50-00526-00232241-00232375": "into our programs of change.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00527-00232427-00232616": "And that is ecological rights.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00528-00232685-00233114": "So to start with in Canada, a few provinces have", "f_3jFJf-B50-00529-00233123-00233254": "environmental bills of rights.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00530-00233323-00233770": "These have not proven to be very effective vehicles for actualizing", "f_3jFJf-B50-00531-00233770-00233944": "environmental rights or gains.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00532-00234004-00234317": "There are no environmental rights in the Canadian constitution.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00533-00234452-00235098": "While constitutional rights are no guarantee of anything, I mean, just ask", "f_3jFJf-B50-00534-00235100-00235600": "First Nations about that, they do provide a means of challenging state power.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00535-00235736-00236287": "So if we think about this, what if Canadians had the right to sue government", "f_3jFJf-B50-00536-00236287-00236764": "agencies for failing to protect environmental rights through effective", "f_3jFJf-B50-00537-00236764-00236932": "regulation and enforcement of laws?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00538-00237010-00237379": "What if young Canadians could sue their government for doing too little to protect", "f_3jFJf-B50-00539-00237379-00237754": "them from climate destabilization, as children in the Netherlands have done?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00540-00237814-00238375": "What if the pesticides management and regulatory authority were required", "f_3jFJf-B50-00541-00238375-00238779": "to abide by the precautionary principle in its decisions to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00542-00238779-00238914": "approve new chemical products?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00543-00238962-00239436": "What if provincial ministers of environment were obligated by law", "f_3jFJf-B50-00544-00239457-00239796": "to establish public hearings on all development applications with", "f_3jFJf-B50-00545-00239796-00239994": "significant environmental impacts?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00546-00240021-00240411": "So these are ways in which we can start thinking about rights as giving resources", "f_3jFJf-B50-00547-00240411-00240650": "and power to citizens and civil society.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00548-00240692-00241217": "Just to start countering - form a kind of counter power, if you like, to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00549-00241244-00241548": "corporate power and corporate interest.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00550-00241600-00242158": "The institutionalization of environmental rights is just like one dimension", "f_3jFJf-B50-00551-00242177-00242371": "of ecological damage democracy.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00552-00242371-00242762": "And I would want to go further than the institutionalization of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00553-00242762-00243104": "environmental rights, although they are important in themselves.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00554-00243181-00243869": "I would want to think about how an ecocentric perspective starts to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00555-00243869-00244446": "change our thinking about rights and obligations and responsibilities.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00556-00244621-00245301": "What about, you know, the rights of other species to flourish on this planet?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00557-00245376-00245712": "Could we institutionalize procedures for taking into consideration", "f_3jFJf-B50-00558-00245712-00246213": "the conditions of life for other species, for rivers or for ecosystems", "f_3jFJf-B50-00559-00246242-00246459": "when we make policy decisions?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00560-00246537-00246671": "Can we institutionalize that?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00561-00246675-00246752": "I think we can.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00562-00246756-00246877": "I don't think it's impossible.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00563-00246883-00247406": "I think it's a culture shift away from speciesism anthropocentrism, to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00564-00247406-00247881": "think about, to incorporate in our decision making the interests, the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00565-00247881-00248052": "needs and the rights of other species.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00566-00248121-00248723": "And then lastly, we could integrate the rights of future generations", "f_3jFJf-B50-00567-00248844-00249481": "and a duty of care for non-Canadians who may be affected by decisions", "f_3jFJf-B50-00568-00249481-00249619": "taken by Canadian governments.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00569-00249658-00250009": "And if we were to do that, we will have to think seriously about the implications", "f_3jFJf-B50-00570-00250009-00250699": "of extracting bitumen, upgrading it, shipping it to refineries in the American", "f_3jFJf-B50-00571-00250699-00251263": "Midwest or down on the Gulf Coast where the upgrading and the further refining of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00572-00251263-00251559": "it is poisoning racialized communities.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00573-00251607-00252068": "And then the coke is exported to India, where it's burned as a cheap fuel, which", "f_3jFJf-B50-00574-00252068-00252275": "then further poisons people in India.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00575-00252308-00253022": "Like there are moral, ethical implications of what we base our economy on.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00576-00253082-00253466": "And those extend in a chain all the way from the point of production,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00577-00253466-00253874": "to the point where these products are being combusted and consumed.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00578-00253972-00254389": "And so I know that this sounds extremely ambitious, but this is the, these", "f_3jFJf-B50-00579-00254389-00254779": "are the general directions in which I would want to open up our thinking", "f_3jFJf-B50-00580-00254779-00255185": "about rights and responsibilities and institutionalizing those.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00581-00255223-00255627": "I've been somewhat involved with the efforts to put together these", "f_3jFJf-B50-00582-00255635-00256147": "proposals around Just Recovery, Green New Deal for Canada, especially in the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00583-00256147-00256590": "context of the COVID crisis and the possibilities  that have been opened", "f_3jFJf-B50-00584-00256590-00257259": "up here by the crisis for restructuring the economy and social policy.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00585-00257301-00257742": "And I find that I have to keep trying to insert these democratic", "f_3jFJf-B50-00586-00257742-00257934": "reforms into the programs, right.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00587-00258038-00258634": "Because I believe that citizens need - they need institutional", "f_3jFJf-B50-00588-00258634-00259252": "resources and opportunities to organize collective action.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00589-00259252-00259711": "And they need the material conditions in which to do so, to mobilize counter power.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00590-00259791-00260448": "And as I said before, without these, the centralized, well-organized,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00591-00260457-00261070": "moneyed interests in our economy always have a huge advantage.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00592-00261085-00261471": "They have greater ability to shape public opinion, to control the policy", "f_3jFJf-B50-00593-00261471-00261624": "agenda, to influence governments.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00594-00261666-00262026": "And this is a form of structural power that needs to be countered", "f_3jFJf-B50-00595-00262065-00262380": "with institutional political rights and resources for citizens.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00596-00262425-00262869": "And this is where liberal democracies have failed spectacularly and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00597-00262869-00263256": "probably intentionally to provide the conditions for politics to be", "f_3jFJf-B50-00598-00263256-00263415": "conducted on a level playing field.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00599-00263486-00264011": "I think you've done a really good job Laurie in responding to Ryan's", "f_3jFJf-B50-00600-00264011-00264697": "question about democracy by making the case that democratization is such", "f_3jFJf-B50-00601-00264697-00265105": "a rich and multilayered exercise.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00602-00265117-00265544": "And that what we currently know as liberal democracy is, you know, a veneer on", "f_3jFJf-B50-00603-00265544-00266514": "top of, or within what could be a much richer form of Engagement and a set of", "f_3jFJf-B50-00604-00266514-00266751": "rights for citizens, for the environment.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00605-00266762-00267164": "I really liked the way you laid that out in terms of political,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00606-00267191-00267449": "social, and ecological layers to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00607-00267449-00267501": "democratization.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00608-00267501-00267707": "And I'm glad we", "f_3jFJf-B50-00609-00267707-00267797": "asked you this question.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00610-00267797-00268027": "I know it's a really  big one.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00611-00268038-00268955": "But I think your work on this, and I would specifically say some of the chapters", "f_3jFJf-B50-00612-00268955-00269321": "you wrote in that book on Environmental Conflict and Democracy in Canada are", "f_3jFJf-B50-00613-00269321-00269759": "so rich and I really encourage students who want to pick up on what you've", "f_3jFJf-B50-00614-00269759-00270161": "just been saying to dig into that book, and in particular to your opening and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00615-00270161-00270864": "closing chapters, to get a really a great overview of what are complex questions,", "f_3jFJf-B50-00616-00270867-00271143": "about how to reorganize a society.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00617-00271149-00271476": "But I think you lay out a pathway that's doable, and we already", "f_3jFJf-B50-00618-00271476-00271614": "have a number of pieces of that.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00619-00271787-00272294": "I wanted to give you a chance, Laurie, before we close off, just to see", "f_3jFJf-B50-00620-00272294-00272765": "if there's anything else you wanted to add, knowing that this is being", "f_3jFJf-B50-00621-00272765-00273278": "listened to by students of environmental politics, some of whom are wrapping", "f_3jFJf-B50-00622-00273278-00273608": "their heads around some of these big issues for the first time, some of whom", "f_3jFJf-B50-00623-00273608-00273806": "are very familiar with the territory.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00624-00273890-00274301": "Where would you want to send students to kind of inspire them as they take their", "f_3jFJf-B50-00625-00274301-00274457": "next steps in their studies and careers?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00626-00274525-00275301": "Well, if they're in university - If there are opportunities to take courses that", "f_3jFJf-B50-00627-00275301-00275724": "deal with environmental politics clearly that's a place where you will learn", "f_3jFJf-B50-00628-00275724-00276417": "more about possibilities to change the world and maybe find a group of people", "f_3jFJf-B50-00629-00276418-00277074": "that they can offer you support and solidarity as you deal with these crises.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00630-00277131-00277415": "These are extraordinarily hard times.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00631-00277504-00279247": "It is a constant effort to find stamina, motivation, hope, courage in dealing with", "f_3jFJf-B50-00632-00279304-00279769": "everything that's coming at us at the same time - the rise of authoritarianism", "f_3jFJf-B50-00633-00279769-00280078": "around the world, which is the other area I teach in, you can see how", "f_3jFJf-B50-00634-00280078-00280333": "lovely and delightful my daily life is.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00635-00280474-00280924": "So, I mean, I deal with ecological crisis and authoritarianism and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00636-00280924-00281350": "the populist far right, those are the predominant areas I work in.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00637-00281431-00281590": "And they have converged.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00638-00281635-00282073": "In the most terrifying fashion, in a number of ways.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00639-00282076-00282370": "And that's just a new emerging area of research as well.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00640-00282422-00282865": "What are the positions of the populist far right parties with regard to", "f_3jFJf-B50-00641-00282865-00283198": "climate change and environmental, other environmental issues, and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00642-00283198-00283654": "that we see the consequences of this in the United States, which are", "f_3jFJf-B50-00643-00283654-00283831": "catastrophic for the entire world.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00644-00283949-00284401": "But that's not offering, you know, good direction and hope and enthusiasm and", "f_3jFJf-B50-00645-00284401-00284554": "inspiration to young people, is it?", "f_3jFJf-B50-00646-00284554-00284905": "That's just me bemoaning their times.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00647-00284977-00285175": "So, I mean, I don't want to sugarcoat things.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00648-00285175-00285427": "I personally find it difficult.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00649-00285427-00285616": "What keeps me going is keeping going.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00650-00285649-00286015": "I mean, what keeps me going is the sense that there's so much work to do.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00651-00286021-00286192": "And I don't have the privilege.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00652-00286246-00286579": "I don't - I have the privilege, but I don't have the right to stop.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00653-00286600-00286682": "To do nothing.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00654-00286741-00287602": "And it helps to cope to feel that one can act, it helps to have the", "f_3jFJf-B50-00655-00287602-00288283": "solidarity of others and not to feel alone and knowledge is empowering.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00656-00288424-00289030": "So study and learn what you can, but stay involved with people who care, people who", "f_3jFJf-B50-00657-00289030-00289352": "care about what's happening to the world.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00658-00289456-00289543": "I like that.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00659-00289545-00289707": "In particular, your adage.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00660-00289707-00290019": "There's so much work to do, and we don't have the right to stop.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00661-00290030-00290335": "We can reformulate it in some way.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00662-00290423-00290733": "End up on a tee shirt, maybe the Ecopolitics Podcast t-shirt.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00663-00290733-00291020": "But anyway, we probably should leave it there.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00664-00291064-00291610": "It has been a really rich discussion and we appreciate your ability to handle", "f_3jFJf-B50-00665-00291610-00292050": "our, you know, these massive questions that we've lobbed at you with such ease.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00666-00292156-00292620": "It speaks  volumes of your expertise and wisdom and experience in the field.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00667-00292620-00292858": "So thank you so much for sharing that with us.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00668-00292881-00293043": "And we'll leave it there.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00669-00293043-00293391": "So that ends this episode of the Ecopolitics Podcast.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00670-00293425-00293750": "For listeners out there, don't forget to check out the other episodes in", "f_3jFJf-B50-00671-00293750-00294099": "the series at ecopoliticspodcast.ca.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00672-00294099-00294525": "We also have a Twitter account, so check us out, our Twitter", "f_3jFJf-B50-00673-00294525-00294945": "handle is @ecopoliticsP - that's a capital P at the end.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00674-00294954-00295218": "And thanks again to all our listeners.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00675-00295219-00295465": "And thanks to you, Laurie, for joining us.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00676-00295486-00295564": "It was a great pleasure.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00677-00295564-00295609": "Thank you.", "f_3jFJf-B50-00678-00295627-00295708": "We'll chat next time."}}, {"audio_id": "f_gib8KFx64", "text": {"f_gib8KFx64-00000-00000000-00000200": "Hi everyone and welcome to GamingMall!", "f_gib8KFx64-00001-00000200-00000296": "Today I'm going to show you...", "f_gib8KFx64-00002-00000296-00000670": "How to Finish Wobbly Life's Hospital Mission Fast and Easy 🤩", "f_gib8KFx64-00003-00000670-00001067": "Let's get started!", "f_gib8KFx64-00004-00001160-00001732": "There are a lot of ways to do the \"Hospital Missions\"", "f_gib8KFx64-00005-00001732-00002277": "But this is the \"MOST EFFECTIVE\"", "f_gib8KFx64-00006-00002430-00002925": "From the map, this is where our hospital is", "f_gib8KFx64-00007-00002925-00003583": "Going there will be easy. I just need to find the Telephone Booth", "f_gib8KFx64-00008-00003816-00004438": "By the way, Wobbly Life is like a GTA but less violent I could say.", "f_gib8KFx64-00009-00004438-00004670": "So this game is more \"kid-friendly\"", "f_gib8KFx64-00010-00004702-00005249": "ALRIGHT! There's the telephone booth.", "f_gib8KFx64-00011-00005473-00006330": "Okay. Since we want to get there fast, I would suggest the Rocket Car but in case you haven't got it yet, anything is fine.", "f_gib8KFx64-00012-00007563-00008316": "This one is the shortest route going to the Hospital.", "f_gib8KFx64-00013-00010559-00011040": "YES! Here we are.", "f_gib8KFx64-00014-00011040-00011240": "OOF 😆", "f_gib8KFx64-00015-00011391-00012136": "Right here is your standard ambulance on getting the patients...", "f_gib8KFx64-00016-00012980-00013571": "Okay! Time to be a Paramedic!", "f_gib8KFx64-00017-00013571-00013959": "Okay, first mission! LETZ GO!", "f_gib8KFx64-00018-00014060-00014489": "Why skipping the ambulance you might ask?", "f_gib8KFx64-00019-00014571-00015166": "This is just ONE of the MANY WAYS to do this mission.", "f_gib8KFx64-00020-00015166-00016070": "So watch until the end as I will show you the ULTIMATE HACKER MOVE!", "f_gib8KFx64-00021-00016070-00016337": "If you haven't subscribed yet, make sure to", "f_gib8KFx64-00022-00016337-00017201": "⬇️⬇️⬇️HIT THE SUBSCRIBE DOWN BELOW⬇️⬇️⬇️", "f_gib8KFx64-00023-00017201-00017708": "🔔CLICK THE BELL ICON🔔so you'll get notified.", "f_gib8KFx64-00024-00017743-00018115": "Our first patient is here.", "f_gib8KFx64-00025-00018772-00019624": "Now for us to transport the patient, we will need to find a cargo van.😁", "f_gib8KFx64-00026-00019798-00020191": "Ahh, there it is!", "f_gib8KFx64-00027-00021503-00022000": "There you go.", "f_gib8KFx64-00028-00022000-00022270": "**Pats the patients head**", "f_gib8KFx64-00029-00023219-00023677": "Alright, let's go to the hospital.", "f_gib8KFx64-00030-00024738-00025185": "Ohh... a tree! OOF!", "f_gib8KFx64-00031-00027397-00028375": "WE ARE HERE! Hang on!", "f_gib8KFx64-00032-00028375-00028893": "UGGGHHHH.... This silly BUTTON!", "f_gib8KFx64-00033-00029835-00030339": "OH NOOOO!!", "f_gib8KFx64-00034-00030339-00030670": "YESSS!!!", "f_gib8KFx64-00035-00030670-00032210": "So we got our salary! Let's deposit it and do another one.", "f_gib8KFx64-00036-00033000-00034493": "Okay. The same strategy going there.  I'm guessing this is on the Docks/Pier area.", "f_gib8KFx64-00037-00036925-00037399": "There's our lucky guy!", "f_gib8KFx64-00038-00037399-00037694": "I really need to learn how to dismount - in style!", "f_gib8KFx64-00039-00038328-00038962": "Okay, we have a lot of cargo vans we can use.", "f_gib8KFx64-00040-00038962-00039524": "Hang in there, buddy. It's gonna be okay.", "f_gib8KFx64-00041-00039812-00040101": "It's gonna be dark a little bit but... meh! You'll be fine.😁", "f_gib8KFx64-00042-00046553-00047124": "Almost there!", "f_gib8KFx64-00043-00050762-00051282": "Another life saved!", "f_gib8KFx64-00044-00051282-00051417": "and Another work paid!", "f_gib8KFx64-00045-00051483-00052110": "So that's for number 1.", "f_gib8KFx64-00046-00052110-00052843": "Now I'm going to show you another strategy faster than the previous one.", "f_gib8KFx64-00047-00052843-00054063": "As my previous one requires you to have a Rocket Car, this one is even if you don't own one, you can still use it.", "f_gib8KFx64-00048-00054121-00054461": "We will use this helicopter!", "f_gib8KFx64-00049-00057057-00058055": "Let's park it near the hospital and get the mission.", "f_gib8KFx64-00050-00058294-00058532": "Hello, nurse!", "f_gib8KFx64-00051-00058780-00059356": "This one is very close.", "f_gib8KFx64-00052-00061445-00061951": "There he is.", "f_gib8KFx64-00053-00062867-00063413": "Now a cargo van.", "f_gib8KFx64-00054-00063413-00063841": "How convenient!", "f_gib8KFx64-00055-00065652-00066587": "We will just drive carefully so that the patient won't fall off.", "f_gib8KFx64-00056-00066801-00067014": "And here we are!", "f_gib8KFx64-00057-00070580-00071680": "Okay. We are going to need that same helicopter.", "f_gib8KFx64-00058-00075043-00077360": "Same approach.", "f_gib8KFx64-00059-00078333-00079274": "Okay based on the timer, I think this is one of the farthest ones.", "f_gib8KFx64-00060-00079274-00079876": "Good thing we got the helicopter to go there.", "f_gib8KFx64-00061-00081400-00081843": "By the way, even if this helicopter can carry 2 passengers,", "f_gib8KFx64-00062-00081843-00082345": "they can't board the helicopter if they are on a wheeled stretcher (or gurney, trolley, bed, or cart to some of you.)", "f_gib8KFx64-00063-00083778-00084810": "This one is going to be a little tricky since I don't see any cargo van around.", "f_gib8KFx64-00064-00087517-00087941": "The slide? Hmm... too dangerous.", "f_gib8KFx64-00065-00088084-00088226": "GERONIMO!!!", "f_gib8KFx64-00066-00092910-00093611": "Okay slow and steady...", "f_gib8KFx64-00067-00093611-00093858": "Nice! Stairs... It means we are close.", "f_gib8KFx64-00068-00094344-00095407": "Alright! We will use this grappling area to go down fast.", "f_gib8KFx64-00069-00098212-00098987": "And away we walk! Less than 2 minutes left for me.", "f_gib8KFx64-00070-00100400-00100981": "I'm quite near actually...", "f_gib8KFx64-00071-00102907-00103171": "Jump!", "f_gib8KFx64-00072-00103171-00103456": "Patient noooo!!!", "f_gib8KFx64-00073-00103456-00103697": "Wheeeww...", "f_gib8KFx64-00074-00105632-00106718": "The patient just got beat up with all those dragging. LOL", "f_gib8KFx64-00075-00109205-00109753": "Heck yeah, $80!!!", "f_gib8KFx64-00076-00110777-00111344": "Alright! It's time for the MAIN EVENT!", "f_gib8KFx64-00077-00111344-00111764": "The Helicopter is fine but we need something that can also transport the patient.", "f_gib8KFx64-00078-00111764-00112053": "And on this area, this is the island where we are going to get it.", "f_gib8KFx64-00079-00112570-00113674": "We can drive in this area and across the island. There is a boat we can use.", "f_gib8KFx64-00080-00114959-00117992": "The best way is to use the helicopter to go there fast.", "f_gib8KFx64-00081-00118778-00119563": "I saw something. Let's make a little detour.", "f_gib8KFx64-00082-00119563-00120171": "Another cable line that connects here in the city. Wait there's a gift.", "f_gib8KFx64-00083-00120876-00121581": "$35? Awesome bonus! Now let's continue.", "f_gib8KFx64-00084-00121709-00122351": "Love this game too?", "f_gib8KFx64-00085-00122416-00123649": "Tell us in the Comments section what missions you like the most!", "f_gib8KFx64-00086-00129222-00130401": "So the most effective vehicle to use in Hospital Mission is  The Transport Helicopter!", "f_gib8KFx64-00087-00131073-00131745": "Let's get rid of the bombs first.", "f_gib8KFx64-00088-00132691-00133393": "So it has a space in the middle which has  a capacity of 4 passengers if playing multiplayer", "f_gib8KFx64-00089-00133393-00133875": "and a large space in the middle to transport a patient.", "f_gib8KFx64-00090-00134030-00134382": "Let's mark the hospital.", "f_gib8KFx64-00091-00139734-00141265": "There is one limitation that needs to be noted.", "f_gib8KFx64-00092-00141265-00141851": "The Transport Heli can be used around 2-3 missions only.", "f_gib8KFx64-00093-00141851-00142086": "After that, it will disappear.", "f_gib8KFx64-00094-00142086-00142390": "The good thing is you can just  go back on that island and get it.", "f_gib8KFx64-00095-00143103-00143815": "Also, be careful about how you land/park it.", "f_gib8KFx64-00096-00143815-00144340": "You don't want the fan blades to hit something.", "f_gib8KFx64-00097-00147306-00148466": "Perfect! The snowy mountain area.", "f_gib8KFx64-00098-00149368-00152698": "HAVE NO FEAR! GM Paramedics is here!", "f_gib8KFx64-00099-00152943-00153322": "NOOO!!!", "f_gib8KFx64-00100-00153322-00153747": "I have to continue saving him.", "f_gib8KFx64-00101-00153822-00154585": "So guys these are the things we should be aware of when parking the Transport Heli.", "f_gib8KFx64-00102-00154585-00155099": "Unlike cars, they are more sensitive to damage. One hit can just destroy them.", "f_gib8KFx64-00103-00155192-00155693": "One moment... Let me Spiderman my way down the Hospital.", "f_gib8KFx64-00104-00158222-00161550": "The same route going there. We can do this!", "f_gib8KFx64-00105-00167230-00167908": "Oh no! It got stuck!", "f_gib8KFx64-00106-00167947-00167997": "Alright!", "f_gib8KFx64-00107-00168430-00171470": "Okay, will have to get the transport heli back again.", "f_gib8KFx64-00108-00173453-00173861": "Not again?!", "f_gib8KFx64-00109-00173861-00174313": "Let me cause some disturbance  to kill the time as it needs to respawn.", "f_gib8KFx64-00110-00186587-00188013": "Let's check if it's back... Yes! It's there!", "f_gib8KFx64-00111-00201081-00202320": "LET'S GO!!", "f_gib8KFx64-00112-00214243-00215862": "Let's do this!", "f_gib8KFx64-00113-00217986-00220109": "Hmmm... Zero visibility huh...", "f_gib8KFx64-00114-00221220-00222331": "Okay,  steady hands now...", "f_gib8KFx64-00115-00223435-00224764": "The technique is always at the top or lower part of the stretcher.", "f_gib8KFx64-00116-00224764-00225347": "Alright. To the hospital, we go!", "f_gib8KFx64-00117-00231775-00233693": "A little tight parking and we are good!", "f_gib8KFx64-00118-00235343-00236515": "OHHH YEAH!", "f_gib8KFx64-00119-00236515-00237390": "OK. One more for the win!", "f_gib8KFx64-00120-00237390-00237902": "I think we all know where this one is...", "f_gib8KFx64-00121-00238906-00240023": "Oh God... I'll change my landing spot.", "f_gib8KFx64-00122-00242126-00243490": "Let's go near and make it steady...", "f_gib8KFx64-00123-00243490-00243794": "Okay... Now the patient!", "f_gib8KFx64-00124-00246373-00247961": "Ohh yeah!", "f_gib8KFx64-00125-00249846-00251961": "3 minutes and we are already here.", "f_gib8KFx64-00126-00256310-00257310": "Woah!!! I was not careful in dragging the patient out.", "f_gib8KFx64-00127-00258635-00259246": "And that is it!", "f_gib8KFx64-00128-00259760-00260071": "Thank you so much for watching!", "f_gib8KFx64-00129-00260071-00261065": "Like this video and Subscribe to GamingMall!"}}, {"audio_id": "f_lb2cwfXwk", "text": {"f_lb2cwfXwk-00000-00000996-00001650": "The most complex challenge when talking about learning innovation is being able to design", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00001-00001650-00002005": "and manage teaching and learning experiences.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00002-00002005-00002702": "On one hand, we need to ensure that our students achieve results in terms of knowledge,", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00003-00002702-00003188": "abilities and competencies specific to our subjects.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00004-00003188-00003823": "On the other hand, at the same time, we need to give them the chance to develop more complex", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00005-00003824-00004452": "skills such as critical thinking, collaboration, communication, creativity", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00006-00004452-00004784": "and transdisciplinary mindset.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00007-00004844-00005538": "Those skills are very important to manage the rapidly changing context that students will find", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00008-00005538-00006116": "after leaving our universities characterized by new and wicked problems.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00009-00006150-00006856": "We definitely need to underline the change in the role of teachers when moving from a", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00010-00006856-00007476": "traditional teaching practice, based on frontal lessons, to one where active learning is", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00011-00007476-00008142": "the main strategy: we are basically going from a dimension where the teacher is a “speaker”", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00012-00008142-00008526": "to one where the teacher is a “designer”.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00013-00008526-00009360": "These are two very different characters: the speaker has the responsibility to choose contents", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00014-00009360-00009854": "and to present them in the most efficient and clear way.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00015-00009854-00010690": "The ability to express himself in an efficient and involving way is his most important skill.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00016-00010758-00011576": "The teacher designer, instead, is a teacher who can design a wider learning experience", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00017-00011576-00012366": "activating students, alone or in groups, eventually also using what can be helpful", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00018-00012370-00012852": "from the digital world to reach the Intended Learning Outcomes.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00019-00012894-00013554": "The teacher designer could even create a learning context where the teacher doesn’t speak at all,", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00020-00013554-00014116": "where he simply activates the classroom giving students the possibility to achieve", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00021-00014116-00014756": "the Intended Learning Outcomes thanks to the activities and initiatives he designed.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00022-00014756-00015443": "Obviously, this does not mean demonizing the traditional teaching, frontal content transmission", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00023-00015443-00015880": "will always have an important role in our teaching.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00024-00015880-00016538": "The important thing is that the frontal content transmission, when necessary, should happen", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00025-00016538-00017402": "with a specific function inside a whole teaching project mixing frontal and active approaches", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00026-00017402-00017610": "in the more appropriate way.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00027-00017694-00018406": "The focus of the teacher will not therefore be limited to the careful selection of contents,", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00028-00018406-00019170": "but will have to be open to design the entire learning experience where contents", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00029-00019170-00019546": "have many different roles in the learning path.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00030-00019546-00020230": "Moreover, when designing the whole experience, we don’t have to consider contents just", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00031-00020230-00021086": "“per se”, but we need to take into account also their structure, their format and their sources.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00032-00021086-00021854": "So, we can say that contents are part of a wider context where the learning experience happens.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00033-00021910-00022576": "In order to visualize it we can try to represent it with a network where we can represent", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00034-00022576-00022776": "the learning experience.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00035-00022776-00023648": "In this network the nodes are the active subjects of the experience who will need to be understood", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00036-00023648-00024090": "and observed in terms of their characteristics.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00037-00024132-00024862": "The link among the nodes are the physical and virtual channels that are used to support", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00038-00024862-00025514": "the communication among the actors of the learning experience that will be activated", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00039-00025514-00025836": "either individually or in groups.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00040-00025895-00026689": "And finally we have the relevant role of the outside world, a usually underestimated pillar,", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00041-00026689-00027006": "in building the intended learning outcomes.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00042-00027058-00027839": "So, what you have just seen is a rich design path that winds in a very special network:", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00043-00027839-00028124": "the learning innovation network.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00044-00028139-00028702": "We will support you during all this path using the learning innovation network that we", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00045-00028702-00029102": "will get to know in detail during the MOOC.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00046-00029102-00029918": "It will help us at the same time to deconstruct the learning experience and to see it in a holistic", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00047-00029918-00030068": "perspective.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00048-00030068-00030697": "Moreover the Learning innovation network will help us in observing the learning experience", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00049-00030697-00031433": "with more consciousness and to redesign it being inspired by both the pedagogical culture", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00050-00031433-00031816": "and the opportunities that new technologies provide.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00051-00031860-00032395": "In order to reach this point, however, we need to build some good foundations,", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00052-00032395-00032595": "so we will start from it.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00053-00032636-00033231": "Our first step therefore will be reflecting together about the Intended Learning Outcomes", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00054-00033232-00033532": "we want to achieve at the end of our journey.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00055-00033532-00034054": "Then we will think about the assessment strategies we will use to understand if we have indeed", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00056-00034054-00034526": "been capable of bringing students to those Learning Outcomes.", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00057-00034526-00035212": "And finally we will also explore the pedagogical frameworks that can help us", "f_lb2cwfXwk-00058-00035212-00035768": "to design the learning experience in an effective and evolutive way."}}, {"audio_id": "fAutTMzEl-o", "text": {"fAutTMzEl-o-00000-00000040-00000624": "Hi everybody. I want to talk to you about one of the most frequently asked questions that we get", "fAutTMzEl-o-00001-00000624-00001224": "which is how do I find EBSCO; it sounds great, I want to use it, how do i find it? So I'm going to", "fAutTMzEl-o-00002-00001224-00002144": "show you how I recommend you find EBSCO. So you can't go to ebsco.com, which is what everybody in", "fAutTMzEl-o-00003-00002144-00002856": "his right mind would do, but it doesn't work. It's a company, we get stuff from there, but there's no", "fAutTMzEl-o-00004-00002856-00003447": "easy way to log in from there so don't do that. You can either Google the Park Library", "fAutTMzEl-o-00005-00003600-00004264": "UNC Hussman, maybe we'll come up with it, and then you go here to the Park Library homepage", "fAutTMzEl-o-00006-00004264-00004792": "and click on scholarly articles and that will take you roughly to where you need to be.", "fAutTMzEl-o-00007-00004792-00005360": "It'll make you log in if you're off campus. The other thing to do is to Google", "fAutTMzEl-o-00008-00005480-00006048": "MEJO and the name of your club the number of your class. So MEJO 379, for example,", "fAutTMzEl-o-00009-00006144-00006792": "will bring you this guide that I made for your class and then you have the search box", "fAutTMzEl-o-00010-00006792-00007336": "the way I taught you to use it. So I hope that's helpful. Either Google Park Library", "fAutTMzEl-o-00011-00007336-00008072": "or Google, in this case, MEJO 379 to get to EBSCO. Take care and happy searching."}}, {"audio_id": "fAI4lEV9dJI", "text": {"fAI4lEV9dJI-00000-00000010-00000060": "HOFMANN WAS RECOGNIZED AS THE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00001-00000060-00000066": "HOFMANN WAS RECOGNIZED AS THE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00002-00000066-00000417": "HOFMANN WAS RECOGNIZED AS THE CLC 2018 OUTSTANDING EDUCATOR.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00003-00000417-00000423": "HOFMANN WAS RECOGNIZED AS THE CLC 2018 OUTSTANDING EDUCATOR.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00004-00000423-00000530": "HOFMANN WAS RECOGNIZED AS THE CLC 2018 OUTSTANDING EDUCATOR. >> DENNIS: THE MINNESOTA FISHING", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00005-00000530-00000537": "CLC 2018 OUTSTANDING EDUCATOR. >> DENNIS: THE MINNESOTA FISHING", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00006-00000537-00000657": "CLC 2018 OUTSTANDING EDUCATOR. >> DENNIS: THE MINNESOTA FISHING OPENER IS THIS WEEKEND AND", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00007-00000657-00000663": ">> DENNIS: THE MINNESOTA FISHING OPENER IS THIS WEEKEND AND", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00008-00000663-00000774": ">> DENNIS: THE MINNESOTA FISHING OPENER IS THIS WEEKEND AND ANGLERS ACROSS THE STATE ARE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00009-00000774-00000780": "OPENER IS THIS WEEKEND AND ANGLERS ACROSS THE STATE ARE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00010-00000780-00000877": "OPENER IS THIS WEEKEND AND ANGLERS ACROSS THE STATE ARE MAKING LAST MINUTE PREPARATIONS", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00011-00000877-00000884": "ANGLERS ACROSS THE STATE ARE MAKING LAST MINUTE PREPARATIONS", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00012-00000884-00001074": "ANGLERS ACROSS THE STATE ARE MAKING LAST MINUTE PREPARATIONS FOR WHAT SOME CALL THE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00013-00001074-00001081": "MAKING LAST MINUTE PREPARATIONS FOR WHAT SOME CALL THE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00014-00001081-00001231": "MAKING LAST MINUTE PREPARATIONS FOR WHAT SOME CALL THE UNOFFICIAL HOLIDAY IN MINNESOTA.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00015-00001231-00001237": "FOR WHAT SOME CALL THE UNOFFICIAL HOLIDAY IN MINNESOTA.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00016-00001237-00001441": "FOR WHAT SOME CALL THE UNOFFICIAL HOLIDAY IN MINNESOTA. DNR OFFICIALS SAY ABOUT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00017-00001441-00001448": "UNOFFICIAL HOLIDAY IN MINNESOTA. DNR OFFICIALS SAY ABOUT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00018-00001448-00001574": "UNOFFICIAL HOLIDAY IN MINNESOTA. DNR OFFICIALS SAY ABOUT 1.4 MILLION MINNESOTAIANS ARE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00019-00001574-00001581": "DNR OFFICIALS SAY ABOUT 1.4 MILLION MINNESOTAIANS ARE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00020-00001581-00001684": "DNR OFFICIALS SAY ABOUT 1.4 MILLION MINNESOTAIANS ARE EXPECTED TO PURCHASE FISHING", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00021-00001684-00001691": "1.4 MILLION MINNESOTAIANS ARE EXPECTED TO PURCHASE FISHING", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00022-00001691-00001811": "1.4 MILLION MINNESOTAIANS ARE EXPECTED TO PURCHASE FISHING LICENSES THIS YEAR AND MORE THAN", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00023-00001811-00001818": "EXPECTED TO PURCHASE FISHING LICENSES THIS YEAR AND MORE THAN", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00024-00001818-00002011": "EXPECTED TO PURCHASE FISHING LICENSES THIS YEAR AND MORE THAN HALF A MILLION ANGLERS WILL BE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00025-00002011-00002018": "LICENSES THIS YEAR AND MORE THAN HALF A MILLION ANGLERS WILL BE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00026-00002018-00002358": "LICENSES THIS YEAR AND MORE THAN HALF A MILLION ANGLERS WILL BE OUT ON THE FISHING OPENER.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00027-00002358-00002365": "HALF A MILLION ANGLERS WILL BE OUT ON THE FISHING OPENER.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00028-00002365-00002575": "HALF A MILLION ANGLERS WILL BE OUT ON THE FISHING OPENER. >> SO SOME PLACES, SOME STATES", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00029-00002575-00002582": "OUT ON THE FISHING OPENER. >> SO SOME PLACES, SOME STATES", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00030-00002582-00002779": "OUT ON THE FISHING OPENER. >> SO SOME PLACES, SOME STATES HAVE AN OPEN SEASON YEAR-ROUND,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00031-00002779-00002786": ">> SO SOME PLACES, SOME STATES HAVE AN OPEN SEASON YEAR-ROUND,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00032-00002786-00002902": ">> SO SOME PLACES, SOME STATES HAVE AN OPEN SEASON YEAR-ROUND, BUT IN MINNESOTA, WE KIND OF", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00033-00002902-00002909": "HAVE AN OPEN SEASON YEAR-ROUND, BUT IN MINNESOTA, WE KIND OF", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00034-00002909-00003066": "HAVE AN OPEN SEASON YEAR-ROUND, BUT IN MINNESOTA, WE KIND OF LIKE OUR TRADITIONS, AND WHEN", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00035-00003066-00003073": "BUT IN MINNESOTA, WE KIND OF LIKE OUR TRADITIONS, AND WHEN", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00036-00003073-00003213": "BUT IN MINNESOTA, WE KIND OF LIKE OUR TRADITIONS, AND WHEN YOU DEPRIVE PEOPLE OF SOMETHING", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00037-00003213-00003219": "LIKE OUR TRADITIONS, AND WHEN YOU DEPRIVE PEOPLE OF SOMETHING", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00038-00003219-00003369": "LIKE OUR TRADITIONS, AND WHEN YOU DEPRIVE PEOPLE OF SOMETHING FOR A COUPLE MONTHS, THEY GET", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00039-00003369-00003376": "YOU DEPRIVE PEOPLE OF SOMETHING FOR A COUPLE MONTHS, THEY GET", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00040-00003376-00003503": "YOU DEPRIVE PEOPLE OF SOMETHING FOR A COUPLE MONTHS, THEY GET REALLY EXCITED WHEN THEY GET IT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00041-00003503-00003510": "FOR A COUPLE MONTHS, THEY GET REALLY EXCITED WHEN THEY GET IT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00042-00003510-00003673": "FOR A COUPLE MONTHS, THEY GET REALLY EXCITED WHEN THEY GET IT BACK, SO THAT'S WHAT IT'S ABOUT.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00043-00003673-00003680": "REALLY EXCITED WHEN THEY GET IT BACK, SO THAT'S WHAT IT'S ABOUT.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00044-00003680-00003817": "REALLY EXCITED WHEN THEY GET IT BACK, SO THAT'S WHAT IT'S ABOUT. IT'S ALMOST LIKE A HOLIDAY IN", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00045-00003817-00003823": "BACK, SO THAT'S WHAT IT'S ABOUT. IT'S ALMOST LIKE A HOLIDAY IN", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00046-00003823-00004007": "BACK, SO THAT'S WHAT IT'S ABOUT. IT'S ALMOST LIKE A HOLIDAY IN THE STATE.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00047-00004007-00004014": "IT'S ALMOST LIKE A HOLIDAY IN THE STATE.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00048-00004014-00004110": "IT'S ALMOST LIKE A HOLIDAY IN THE STATE. >> DENNIS: ANGLERS PLANNING TO", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00049-00004110-00004117": "THE STATE. >> DENNIS: ANGLERS PLANNING TO", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00050-00004117-00004264": "THE STATE. >> DENNIS: ANGLERS PLANNING TO FISH FOR NORTHERN PIKE WHEN THE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00051-00004264-00004270": ">> DENNIS: ANGLERS PLANNING TO FISH FOR NORTHERN PIKE WHEN THE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00052-00004270-00004384": ">> DENNIS: ANGLERS PLANNING TO FISH FOR NORTHERN PIKE WHEN THE SEASON OPENS SATURDAY,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00053-00004384-00004391": "FISH FOR NORTHERN PIKE WHEN THE SEASON OPENS SATURDAY,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00054-00004391-00004597": "FISH FOR NORTHERN PIKE WHEN THE SEASON OPENS SATURDAY, MAY 12th, ARE REMINDED THAT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00055-00004597-00004604": "SEASON OPENS SATURDAY, MAY 12th, ARE REMINDED THAT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00056-00004604-00004758": "SEASON OPENS SATURDAY, MAY 12th, ARE REMINDED THAT NEW REGULATIONS FOR CATCHING AND", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00057-00004758-00004764": "MAY 12th, ARE REMINDED THAT NEW REGULATIONS FOR CATCHING AND", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00058-00004764-00004884": "MAY 12th, ARE REMINDED THAT NEW REGULATIONS FOR CATCHING AND KEEPING NORTHERN PIKE WILL BE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00059-00004884-00004891": "NEW REGULATIONS FOR CATCHING AND KEEPING NORTHERN PIKE WILL BE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00060-00004891-00005031": "NEW REGULATIONS FOR CATCHING AND KEEPING NORTHERN PIKE WILL BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00061-00005031-00005038": "KEEPING NORTHERN PIKE WILL BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00062-00005038-00005218": "KEEPING NORTHERN PIKE WILL BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE THEY'LL FIND IN THIS YEAR'S", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00063-00005218-00005225": "THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE THEY'LL FIND IN THIS YEAR'S", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00064-00005225-00005335": "THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE THEY'LL FIND IN THIS YEAR'S FISHING REGULATION BOOKLET.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00065-00005335-00005341": "THEY'LL FIND IN THIS YEAR'S FISHING REGULATION BOOKLET.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00066-00005341-00005485": "THEY'LL FIND IN THIS YEAR'S FISHING REGULATION BOOKLET. THE PIKE REGULATIONS APPLY ONLY", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00067-00005485-00005492": "FISHING REGULATION BOOKLET. THE PIKE REGULATIONS APPLY ONLY", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00068-00005492-00005658": "FISHING REGULATION BOOKLET. THE PIKE REGULATIONS APPLY ONLY TO INLAND WATERS AND HAVE THREE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00069-00005658-00005665": "THE PIKE REGULATIONS APPLY ONLY TO INLAND WATERS AND HAVE THREE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00070-00005665-00005822": "THE PIKE REGULATIONS APPLY ONLY TO INLAND WATERS AND HAVE THREE DISTINGTS ZONES TO ADDRESS", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00071-00005822-00005829": "TO INLAND WATERS AND HAVE THREE DISTINGTS ZONES TO ADDRESS", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00072-00005829-00005975": "TO INLAND WATERS AND HAVE THREE DISTINGTS ZONES TO ADDRESS DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00073-00005975-00005982": "DISTINGTS ZONES TO ADDRESS DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00074-00005982-00006346": "DISTINGTS ZONES TO ADDRESS DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PIKE POPULATIONS IN MINNESOTA.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00075-00006346-00006353": "DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PIKE POPULATIONS IN MINNESOTA.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00076-00006353-00006493": "DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PIKE POPULATIONS IN MINNESOTA. NORTH CENTRAL RANGE WILL BE A", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00077-00006493-00006499": "PIKE POPULATIONS IN MINNESOTA. NORTH CENTRAL RANGE WILL BE A", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00078-00006499-00006653": "PIKE POPULATIONS IN MINNESOTA. NORTH CENTRAL RANGE WILL BE A LIMIT OF 10 NORTHERN PIKE, BUT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00079-00006653-00006659": "NORTH CENTRAL RANGE WILL BE A LIMIT OF 10 NORTHERN PIKE, BUT", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00080-00006659-00006913": "NORTH CENTRAL RANGE WILL BE A LIMIT OF 10 NORTHERN PIKE, BUT NOT MORE THAN TWO PIKE LONGER", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00081-00006913-00006920": "LIMIT OF 10 NORTHERN PIKE, BUT NOT MORE THAN TWO PIKE LONGER", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00082-00006920-00007153": "LIMIT OF 10 NORTHERN PIKE, BUT NOT MORE THAN TWO PIKE LONGER THAN 26 INCHES, ALL FROM 22 TO", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00083-00007153-00007160": "NOT MORE THAN TWO PIKE LONGER THAN 26 INCHES, ALL FROM 22 TO", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00084-00007160-00007504": "NOT MORE THAN TWO PIKE LONGER THAN 26 INCHES, ALL FROM 22 TO 26 INCHES MUST BE RELEASED.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00085-00007504-00007510": "THAN 26 INCHES, ALL FROM 22 TO 26 INCHES MUST BE RELEASED.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00086-00007510-00007757": "THAN 26 INCHES, ALL FROM 22 TO 26 INCHES MUST BE RELEASED. THE NORTHEAST ZONE, TWO PIKE,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00087-00007757-00007764": "26 INCHES MUST BE RELEASED. THE NORTHEAST ZONE, TWO PIKE,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00088-00007764-00007951": "26 INCHES MUST BE RELEASED. THE NORTHEAST ZONE, TWO PIKE, ANGLERS MUST RELEASE ALL FROM 30", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00089-00007951-00007957": "THE NORTHEAST ZONE, TWO PIKE, ANGLERS MUST RELEASE ALL FROM 30", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00090-00007957-00008198": "THE NORTHEAST ZONE, TWO PIKE, ANGLERS MUST RELEASE ALL FROM 30 TO 40 INCHES WITH ONLY ONE OVER", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00091-00008198-00008204": "ANGLERS MUST RELEASE ALL FROM 30 TO 40 INCHES WITH ONLY ONE OVER", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00092-00008204-00008368": "ANGLERS MUST RELEASE ALL FROM 30 TO 40 INCHES WITH ONLY ONE OVER 40 INCHES ALLOWED, AND SOUTH,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00093-00008368-00008375": "TO 40 INCHES WITH ONLY ONE OVER 40 INCHES ALLOWED, AND SOUTH,", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00094-00008375-00008585": "TO 40 INCHES WITH ONLY ONE OVER 40 INCHES ALLOWED, AND SOUTH, TWO FISH, MINIMUM SIZE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00095-00008585-00008591": "40 INCHES ALLOWED, AND SOUTH, TWO FISH, MINIMUM SIZE", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00096-00008591-00008668": "40 INCHES ALLOWED, AND SOUTH, TWO FISH, MINIMUM SIZE 24 INCHES.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00097-00008668-00008675": "TWO FISH, MINIMUM SIZE 24 INCHES.", "fAI4lEV9dJI-00098-00008675-00008728": "TWO FISH, MINIMUM SIZE 24 INCHES. OUR FISHING OPENER PREVIEWS WILL"}}, {"audio_id": "fB1WNzaW0g8", "text": {"fB1WNzaW0g8-00000-00000000-00000504": "[Subtitles by Irene Lunachiara - check the link in description]", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00001-00000579-00001717": "How to play Magic the gathering? Thirty years after its publication, will it be difficult to start taking the first steps on the plans for history’s first collectible card game?", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00002-00001717-00002600": "And what are the basics to know to face a match in the best way? In today's video, you will find the answer to these questions!", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00003-00003281-00004477": "Ladies and gentlemen, welcome back to the channel, with our usual weekly appointment. In 1993, Magic saw the light and has since become an unprecedented", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00004-00004477-00004857": "global phenomenon, thrilling millions of players around the world.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00005-00004857-00006025": "In fact, for those who are approaching the TCG universe right now, the probability of coming across the TCG created by Richard Garfield, will turn out to be fairly high, and", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00006-00006025-00006908": "that is why in this video, we will discover together what will be the basis for taking the first steps, in the boundless universe of Magic: the Gathering,", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00007-00006908-00007492": "exploring its rules in less than twenty minutes. Let's go!", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00008-00007692-00008906": "The playing field for Magic The Gathering will be quite minimal and easy to memorize. The land zone will allow you to place every single mana resource on it, to be able to", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00009-00008906-00009984": "use them later by casting your spells on the battlefield. The battlefield, as already mentioned, will see each permanent being placed in this part of the field, and then", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00010-00009984-00011185": "being used efficiently in order to win the match. Finally there will be the area of exiled cards, the one designated to the deck, and finally the one dedicated to the discard pile,", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00011-00011185-00011456": "or commonly called the graveyard.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00012-00011456-00012747": "To start a game, you will need a 60-card deck, called the Grimoire, and a side deck containing a variable number ranging from a minimum of zero, up to a maximum of 15", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00013-00012747-00014171": "elements. Once your deck is shuffled, you can place it in its dedicated area, and then later decide who will start the game (you can use a simple die for the purpose).", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00014-00014171-00015262": "Once this is established, you will go to draw a starting hand of seven cards. If you don't have any cards that will suit you in the starting hand, you can decide to appeal", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00015-00015262-00016254": "to the Mulligan mechanic. This game dynamic has recently undergone some changes, and in this regard I will leave you in the description the dedicated link", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00016-00016254-00017400": "where we will talk specifically about this aspect. Both you and your opponent will start the game with 20 life points each, which you will both have to write down in some way", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00017-00017400-00018161": "(for example, using a dice, an electronic scoreboard, or more simply with pen and paper).", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00018-00018236-00019024": "Well, now that you have drawn your first seven cards, let's analyze together how to read them:", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00019-00019211-00020338": "Spells (any nonland cards) will have a mana cost that will indicate the amount of resource needed to cast them. Immediately below the artwork, the type of card will be", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00020-00020338-00021733": "indicated, for example creature or land. Note that each monster may also have one or more types, indicated after a dash, which will describe the genus. A card's abilities will", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00021-00021733-00023142": "be reflected in its text box; some will include a callout mention in parentheses that will describe their keyword. The cards will also include a narrative text printed in italics that", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00022-00023142-00024244": "will tell some insight into the world of Magic. The latter will have no effect on the dynamics of the game. The creatures will have two numbers in the lower right corner.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00023-00024244-00025533": "The first will indicate strength, i.e. how much damage the minion can inflict in combat. The second instead will indicate the toughness or its vital value: if a creature is dealt", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00024-00025533-00026690": "damage equal to or greater than this last number in a single turn, it will be destroyed and placed in its owner's graveyard (the discard pile). Each Magic set will have a", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00025-00026690-00027725": "distinctive symbol. The color of the card will indicate the rarity of the card: black for the commons, silver for the uncommons, gold for the rares and red-orange", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00026-00027725-00027925": "for the mythic rares.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00027-00027925-00028764": "As for the useful elements that you can include in the deck, the following elements will be available to you:", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00028-00028782-00029913": "The land cards will form the basis of any effective deck in Magic, because they will produce mana, the magical energy that will be needed to cast all the other cards in the", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00029-00029913-00031092": "deck. You will only be able to play one land during the main phase of each of your turns, and these lands will remain in front of you on the battlefield. The lands will also", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00030-00031092-00032327": "be untapped (straightened) at the beginning of each of your turns, ready to be used again. There are five basic land types in the game, each corresponding to one of the", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00031-00032327-00033745": "five colors found in Magic. Plain, White; Island, Blue; Swamp, Black; Mountain, Red; Forest, Green. Not all of them will be basic lands, however. Some of them can be", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00032-00033745-00034528": "tapped for multi-colored mana, while others can produce colorless mana and possess special abilities.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00033-00034528-00035688": "Creatures will be permanents representing followers at your command. During combat, they will be able to attack opponents and / or defend you from enemy", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00034-00035688-00036825": "assaults. You will be able to cast creature spells in your main phase, and when they enter the battlefield, most of them will suffer from what is called \"summoning", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00035-00036825-00037813": "sickness\", and cannot be used to attack or trigger effects that require an activation in the same turn in which they will be played.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00036-00037828-00038971": "Artifacts and spells will be permanent cards that will represent magical objects and manifestations. Many artifacts will be colorless, so they won't require mana of a", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00037-00038971-00040303": "specific color to cast. Some artifacts may also be creatures, as well as being objects to be used when needed. You can cast artifact and enchantment spells", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00038-00040303-00040527": "during your main phase.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00039-00040527-00041853": "Witchcraft and instant spells will represent powerful enchantments that can affect the game in many different ways. After their effect resolves, these spells will be placed in", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00040-00041853-00043036": "the graveyard. You can only play a witchcraft during your main phase, along with casting creatures and other permanent spells. The instants, on the other hand, can be", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00041-00043036-00043854": "used in any player's turn, practically at any time... even in response to the effect of another card!", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00042-00043854-00044983": "Planeswalkers will ultimately be powerful allies that you can rely on as long as they are in play. They will have their own dynamics and features that you can discover", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00043-00044983-00045377": "by viewing the link I left you in the description.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00044-00045539-00046579": "In a single deck, you can also include cards of multiple colors, creating decks for example that will use red and blue mana, thus creating lethal combinations", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00045-00046579-00046800": "to hurl at your opponent.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00046-00046800-00048184": "Archon, a question arises... you have used the phrase \"cast a spell\" several times... what do you mean? Well, in Magic, casting will properly mean playing any card apart", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00047-00048184-00049044": "from lands, and in that regard there will be a very specific way to use every element of your library in battle.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00048-00049244-00050561": "All cards except lands will have a mana cost in the upper right corner. This cost will be made up of symbols that will specify what type of mana you will need to spend to cast", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00049-00050561-00051827": "that spell. For example, you will have to pay the mana represented by each of these symbols in order to cast the Gargadon. They will mean that it will take two red mana", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00050-00051827-00052296": "and five mana of any kind to be able to cast the creature into play.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00051-00052296-00053571": "To pay a cost, you'll need to TAP (flip sideways) the necessary lands on the battlefield; in this way, you will show the opponent that you have used them to draw mana.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00052-00053571-00054783": "TAPped cards will be unTAPped at the beginning of each of your turns, ready to be used again. So, to cast the Gargadon, you can TAP two Mountains, which will produce", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00053-00054783-00055863": "red mana as a result, and five other lands, which can also be Mountains, or Forests or other lands in any combination.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00054-00056279-00057372": "Well Archon, during the presentation of the various types of cards in the game you talked about phases of a turn, how do they follow each other during a match?", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00055-00057372-00057617": "Let's see it together!", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00056-00057806-00058170": "The initial stage will have incorporated into it:", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00057-00058170-00059400": "The unTAP step that will allow you to unTAP all TAPped permanents. In the first turn of the game, you won't have any permanents on the field, so you'll skip this step.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00058-00059400-00060012": "Furthermore, no one will be able to cast spells or activate abilities during this step.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00059-00060012-00061104": "The upkeep step will allow you to cast instants and activate abilities. This part of the turn will be mentioned on numerous cards that will carry the expression", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00060-00061104-00062164": "\"at the beginning of your upkeep\" and if any effect has to trigger thanks to this wording, it will do so only once per turn, precisely in this step.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00061-00062164-00063419": "The draw step will allow you to draw a card from your library (even if you don't want to). The player who goes first in a two-player game will skip this step on their first turn.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00062-00063419-00063904": "Then the players will be able to access the first main phase of the match.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00063-00063904-00065259": "In this first main phase, you can cast any number of witchcrafts, instants, creatures, artifacts, spells, planeswalkers, and activate the abilities of your cards. You will be", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00064-00065259-00066388": "allowed to play a land in this phase, but remember that you can only play one per turn. So once this phase is over, you will be able to enter combat.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00065-00066388-00066934": "The combat phase will be divided into five separate compartments:", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00066-00066934-00067651": "The start of combat step where players can cast instants and activate abilities.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00067-00067651-00068731": "The declaring attacking creatures step will allow you to decide which of your unTAPped creatures (even none if you want to) will attack and which player or", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00068-00068731-00069617": "planeswalker will attack. Once you've made your choice then, the attacking creatures will be TAPped.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00069-00069680-00070852": "The declaring blocking creatures step will allow the opponent to decide which of his untapped creatures (even if they don't want to) will block the attack of your attacking", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00070-00070852-00071920": "creatures. If more than one minion blocks the same attacking creature, whoever plays against it will have to designate which permanet will take damage first, which one", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00071-00071920-00072314": "second, and so on.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00072-00072314-00073659": "The combat damage step will see each attacking creature that survived the battle assign its combat damage to the defending player (if it was attacking that player and", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00073-00073659-00074625": "wasn't blocked), to a planeswalker (if it was attacking that planeswalker and not was blocked), or creatures that blocked her attack.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00074-00074625-00075533": "The damage between creatures in practice will be inflicted in this way: The power of the attacking creature will be assigned to the constitution of the minion who will block", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00075-00075533-00076667": "the attack and vice versa, drawing an \"X\" ideologically. If more than one creature used to defend will block the attack of a single attacking", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00076-00076667-00077731": "creature, you will have to divide the combat damage as follows: You will assign some of the damage sufficient to destroy the first blocking creature, then assign the", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00077-00077731-00078971": "remaining one to the next creature and so on. In this specific case, you will deal four damage to the first minion, and two to the second, destroying only the first blocker and", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00078-00078971-00080191": "the attacking creature. Once players decide how the creatures they control will deal their combat damage, they can cast instants and activate abilities.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00079-00080191-00080601": "After that all the damage will be dealt at the same time.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00080-00080601-00081728": "Finally, in the end of combat step, players will be able, as always, to cast instants and activate abilities and then move on to the second Main phase.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00081-00081728-00082900": "The second main phase will be just like the first. You can play a land in this phase, but only if you haven't already done so in your first main phase.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00082-00082900-00083315": "Then, you will be able to enter the final phase of the round.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00083-00083336-00083782": "In the final phase there will be two further sub-phases:", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00084-00083792-00084544": "The Final step where the abilities will be activated that will report the words \"at the beginning of your final step\".", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00085-00084544-00085566": "The cancellation step, where if you have more than seven cards in your hand, you will have to choose and discard the ones you want, until you have a maximum of seven at", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00086-00085566-00086982": "your disposal. After that, all damage from creatures will be removed and all effects with “until end of turn” will end. No one will be able to cast instants or activate abilities", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00087-00086982-00087182": "in this step.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00088-00087182-00088622": "PLEASE NOTE: In the acquisition step, the first and second main phase, in all phases of combat, and in the end step, both you and your opponent can cast instant cards", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00089-00088622-00089912": "or activate the abilities of the cards present on his playing field, even if you find yourself playing in each other's turn. This procedure is called \"Putting\" effects.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00090-00089912-00090119": "Let's take a practical example ...", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00091-00090119-00091419": "On your playing field you will have a two/two minion and a titanic growth in hand, while the opponent will have a Lightning bolt at his disposal. If the latter casts the red", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00092-00091419-00092745": "instant on your minion, you in response can cast Growth by increasing both the attack and toughness value of your minion by 4. Once the pile is resolved, starting from the", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00093-00092745-00093818": "last card played up to the first, you will end up with a permanent with a value of six/six on the field, to which the lightning bolt will have dealt three damage. ATTENTION, if an", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00094-00093818-00094985": "additional Lightning Bolt is played in the stack in addition to Titatic Growth, it will be the first of the two to be activated first, destroying your minion, and nullifying the", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00095-00094985-00096086": "activation of the green instant that will no longer have targets on which trigger its effect. Same thing will happen for the first lightning bolt played previously.", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00096-00096194-00097365": "Archon, after having seen everything that can be useful to take the first steps in this collectible card game, the question arises… how do you win a game of Magic The", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00097-00097365-00098460": "gathering? Well, if you reduce your opponent's life total to 0, through the use of permanents you will have in play, or if you run out of cards that your rival will have in", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00098-00098460-00098987": "his possession within the Grimoire, you will be declared the winner of the match!", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00099-00098987-00100114": "Surely Magic has been part of the life of every player at least once who then embarked on his personal adventure in the world of TCGs, being the progenitor of every", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00100-00100114-00101215": "collectible card game that has trod the gaming tables after him. To top it all off, in the description I will leave you the link to the fandom page, where you can find the entire", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00101-00101215-00102221": "glossary of keywords, so as not to be caught unprepared when you encounter terminologies that will not be expressly reported on the cards you will use during", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00102-00102221-00103538": "a match. And you, which colors would you prefer to play among those present in the game? As always let me know in the comments. I hope that you liked the video, before", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00103-00103538-00104525": "saying goodbye I invite you to click here on the left, if you want to discover other interesting contents, related to the world of TCG. Thank you for being in my company,", "fB1WNzaW0g8-00104-00104525-00104824": "see you in the next video! [Subtitles by Irene Lunachiara - check the link in description]"}}, {"audio_id": "fCOEw0Qk9IU", "text": {"fCOEw0Qk9IU-00000-00000676-00001136": "Beautiful composition, figure, hand gestures, the look.", "fCOEw0Qk9IU-00001-00001436-00001719": "Such a fine painting, who could be the author?", "fCOEw0Qk9IU-00002-00002103-00002478": "No one before me has asked the question:", "fCOEw0Qk9IU-00003-00002488-00002748": "Is it really a baroque painting, couldn't it be older?", "fCOEw0Qk9IU-00004-00005404-00005791": "For art historians, finding an unknown painting", "fCOEw0Qk9IU-00005-00005799-00006175": "is definitely one of those strong emotional experiences.", "fCOEw0Qk9IU-00006-00006515-00006803": "The Tender Agony by Hans von Aachen"}}, {"audio_id": "fD8R1F-j7X4", "text": {"fD8R1F-j7X4-00000-00001076-00001276": "plz like, comment & sub it would help a lot!👽👽", "fD8R1F-j7X4-00001-00001276-00001476": "thx for watching!"}}, {"audio_id": "fDzy6Pg6yVI", "text": {"fDzy6Pg6yVI-00000-00000010-00000086": "NO FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS HAVE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00001-00000086-00000093": "NO FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS HAVE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00002-00000093-00000383": "NO FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS HAVE BEEN ANNOUNCED AT THIS TIME.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00003-00000383-00000390": "NO FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS HAVE BEEN ANNOUNCED AT THIS TIME.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00004-00000390-00000483": "NO FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS HAVE BEEN ANNOUNCED AT THIS TIME. >> DENNIS: PATIENTS UNDERGOING", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00005-00000483-00000490": "BEEN ANNOUNCED AT THIS TIME. >> DENNIS: PATIENTS UNDERGOING", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00006-00000490-00000590": "BEEN ANNOUNCED AT THIS TIME. >> DENNIS: PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR CANCER AT SANFORD", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00007-00000590-00000597": ">> DENNIS: PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR CANCER AT SANFORD", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00008-00000597-00000764": ">> DENNIS: PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR CANCER AT SANFORD HEALTH COULD BE VISITING A NEW", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00009-00000764-00000770": "TREATMENT FOR CANCER AT SANFORD HEALTH COULD BE VISITING A NEW", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00010-00000770-00001047": "TREATMENT FOR CANCER AT SANFORD HEALTH COULD BE VISITING A NEW BUILDING IN BEMIDJI IF THE CITY", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00011-00001047-00001054": "HEALTH COULD BE VISITING A NEW BUILDING IN BEMIDJI IF THE CITY", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00012-00001054-00001157": "HEALTH COULD BE VISITING A NEW BUILDING IN BEMIDJI IF THE CITY APPROVES THE HOSPITAL'S", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00013-00001157-00001164": "BUILDING IN BEMIDJI IF THE CITY APPROVES THE HOSPITAL'S", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00014-00001164-00001237": "BUILDING IN BEMIDJI IF THE CITY APPROVES THE HOSPITAL'S EXPANSION PLANS.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00015-00001237-00001244": "APPROVES THE HOSPITAL'S EXPANSION PLANS.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00016-00001244-00001378": "APPROVES THE HOSPITAL'S EXPANSION PLANS. SANFORD WILL BE SUBMITTING ITS", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00017-00001378-00001384": "EXPANSION PLANS. SANFORD WILL BE SUBMITTING ITS", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00018-00001384-00001504": "EXPANSION PLANS. SANFORD WILL BE SUBMITTING ITS FORMAL PLANS AND REQUEST TO", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00019-00001504-00001511": "SANFORD WILL BE SUBMITTING ITS FORMAL PLANS AND REQUEST TO", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00020-00001511-00001644": "SANFORD WILL BE SUBMITTING ITS FORMAL PLANS AND REQUEST TO EXPAND ON THURSDAY.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00021-00001644-00001651": "FORMAL PLANS AND REQUEST TO EXPAND ON THURSDAY.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00022-00001651-00001861": "FORMAL PLANS AND REQUEST TO EXPAND ON THURSDAY. UNDER THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00023-00001861-00001868": "EXPAND ON THURSDAY. UNDER THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00024-00001868-00002175": "EXPAND ON THURSDAY. UNDER THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION PLANS, INFUSION AND RADIATION", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00025-00002175-00002182": "UNDER THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION PLANS, INFUSION AND RADIATION", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00026-00002182-00002365": "UNDER THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION PLANS, INFUSION AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY WOULD BE MOVED INTO THE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00027-00002365-00002372": "PLANS, INFUSION AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY WOULD BE MOVED INTO THE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00028-00002372-00002579": "PLANS, INFUSION AND RADIATION ONCOLOGY WOULD BE MOVED INTO THE MAIN HOSPITAL BUILDING.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00029-00002579-00002585": "ONCOLOGY WOULD BE MOVED INTO THE MAIN HOSPITAL BUILDING.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00030-00002585-00002756": "ONCOLOGY WOULD BE MOVED INTO THE MAIN HOSPITAL BUILDING. THE CURRENT AREA WOULD BE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00031-00002756-00002762": "MAIN HOSPITAL BUILDING. THE CURRENT AREA WOULD BE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00032-00002762-00002962": "MAIN HOSPITAL BUILDING. THE CURRENT AREA WOULD BE FURTHER EXTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00033-00002962-00002969": "THE CURRENT AREA WOULD BE FURTHER EXTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00034-00002969-00003076": "THE CURRENT AREA WOULD BE FURTHER EXTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE THE MERGE.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00035-00003076-00003083": "FURTHER EXTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE THE MERGE.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00036-00003083-00003243": "FURTHER EXTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE THE MERGE. >> PATIENTS WOULD BE FAR MORE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00037-00003243-00003249": "THE MERGE. >> PATIENTS WOULD BE FAR MORE", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00038-00003249-00003366": "THE MERGE. >> PATIENTS WOULD BE FAR MORE COMFORTABLE THAN THEY ARE TODAY.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00039-00003366-00003373": ">> PATIENTS WOULD BE FAR MORE COMFORTABLE THAN THEY ARE TODAY.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00040-00003373-00003610": ">> PATIENTS WOULD BE FAR MORE COMFORTABLE THAN THEY ARE TODAY. IT SHOULD BE A BETTER CONTROLLED", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00041-00003610-00003616": "COMFORTABLE THAN THEY ARE TODAY. IT SHOULD BE A BETTER CONTROLLED", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00042-00003616-00003747": "COMFORTABLE THAN THEY ARE TODAY. IT SHOULD BE A BETTER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT FOR PATIENTS.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00043-00003747-00003753": "IT SHOULD BE A BETTER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT FOR PATIENTS.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00044-00003753-00003867": "IT SHOULD BE A BETTER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT FOR PATIENTS. BASICALLY THE WHOLE THING WILL", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00045-00003867-00003873": "ENVIRONMENT FOR PATIENTS. BASICALLY THE WHOLE THING WILL", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00046-00003873-00004097": "ENVIRONMENT FOR PATIENTS. BASICALLY THE WHOLE THING WILL BE FOR PATIENT SATISFACTION AND", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00047-00004097-00004104": "BASICALLY THE WHOLE THING WILL BE FOR PATIENT SATISFACTION AND", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00048-00004104-00004190": "BASICALLY THE WHOLE THING WILL BE FOR PATIENT SATISFACTION AND PATIENT COMFORTED.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00049-00004190-00004197": "BE FOR PATIENT SATISFACTION AND PATIENT COMFORTED.", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00050-00004197-00004314": "BE FOR PATIENT SATISFACTION AND PATIENT COMFORTED. >> IF THE CITY APPROVES", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00051-00004314-00004320": "PATIENT COMFORTED. >> IF THE CITY APPROVES", "fDzy6Pg6yVI-00052-00004320-00004404": "PATIENT COMFORTED. >> IF THE CITY APPROVES EXPANSION PLANS, SANFORD HEALTH"}}, {"audio_id": "fDCyC3NeMmo", "text": {"fDCyC3NeMmo-00000-00000592-00000968": "Welcome to Spotlight Advanced. I'm Liz Waid.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00001-00001032-00001216": "And I'm Colin Lowther.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00002-00001272-00001704": "Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00003-00001704-00002984": "It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00004-00003112-00003776": "In March, 2018, many people in London, England, received some troubling letters.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00005-00003896-00004384": "People in other communities, like Birmingham, and Leicester, got these letters too.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00006-00004504-00004936": "These letters were encouraging people to take part in an event.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00007-00005040-00005416": "This event was called “Punish a Muslim Day”.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00008-00005536-00006000": "The letter told people to do acts of violence against Muslims.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00009-00006072-00006495": "The person who wrote the letters wanted to get lots of people to join.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00010-00006631-00007231": "The Muslim community in England was very upset by these letters.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00011-00007231-00007600": "Tell MAMA is a group based in England.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00012-00007600-00007952": "They support victims of anti-Muslim hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00013-00008031-00008616": "Iman Atta was the director of Tell MAMA. She told Sky News,", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00014-00008736-00009080": "“This has caused quite a lot of fear within the community.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00015-00009176-00009392": "People are asking if they are safe.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00016-00009472-00010000": "They are asking if their children are safe to play outdoors.”", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00017-00010000-00010224": "These letters made people afraid.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00018-00010288-00010568": "It was probably easier to not talk about them.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00019-00010672-00011072": "In many situations people do not talk about hate crimes.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00020-00011152-00011424": "But there are ways to fight hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00021-00011568-00012152": "Today's Spotlight program is the second in a series of ten programs.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00022-00012208-00012784": "In this series of programs, we look at ten ways to fight hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00023-00013456-00013896": "Hate is powerful enough to destroy people and communities.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00024-00013976-00014728": "So, the Southern Poverty Law Center has made this list of ten ways to fight hate in your community.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00025-00014832-00015584": "Today's Spotlight is on the second way to fight hate in your community: Join Forces.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00026-00015880-00016392": "Manzoor Ali was a resident of Manchester and a Muslim.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00027-00016392-00016704": "He owned a cafe in Manchester, England.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00028-00016760-00017096": "When he heard of these letters, he was hurt.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00029-00017160-00017376": "He decided to do something.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00030-00017432-00017720": "His family planned a different day.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00031-00017720-00018120": "The day they planned was called “Banish Hate Day.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00032-00018120-00018560": "” On this day, he encouraged people to be kind.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00033-00018624-00019104": "His shop gave away free tea, cake and other treats.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00034-00019176-00019448": "Ali told The Manchester Evening News:", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00035-00019616-00019992": "“We will not let small-minded people set us against each other.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00036-00020056-00020680": "Instead, our arms and doors are open - even to those minds that incite hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00037-00020752-00020992": "Get to know us, and our community.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00038-00021064-00021264": "Join us in our community work.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00039-00021320-00021648": "Use that negative energy to do good.”", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00040-00021840-00022088": "Shahab Adris heard of these letters too.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00041-00022176-00022320": "He wrote another letter.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00042-00022400-00022928": "But this letter encouraged people to participate in “Love a Muslim Day.”", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00043-00023040-00023472": "He encouraged people to support Muslims instead of hurting them.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00044-00023568-00023992": "He suggested that people could take Muslim friends to get coffee.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00045-00023992-00024240": "Or invite a Muslim friend over to hang out.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00046-00024400-00024808": "Muslims and non-Muslims responded to his letter.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00047-00024880-00025080": "They said they would join.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00048-00025080-00025888": "They created community events where people could come together and celebrate “Love a Muslim Day.”", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00049-00025888-00026168": "Adris told the Huffington Post:", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00050-00026272-00026744": "“In the face of extreme hatred, it is important to stay positive.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00051-00026744-00026904": "And show some creativity.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00052-00027000-00027127": "We must rise above it.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00053-00027200-00027624": "We must be active and show compassion and love to our fellow citizens.”", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00054-00028039-00028376": "Sometimes bringing people together is a difficult job.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00055-00028456-00028839": "People who experience hate often feel afraid or alone.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00056-00028960-00029312": "People who want to fight against hate may not know how to start.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00057-00029424-00029983": "The Southern Poverty Law Center says that people should always remember one thing.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00058-00030080-00030432": "People around you also want to stop hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00059-00030527-00031024": "That is why it is so important to unite and join forces.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00060-00031432-00031808": "Everyone knows that there is power in numbers.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00061-00031888-00032239": "Many people have a louder voice than only one person.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00062-00032304-00032616": "More people can do more things.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00063-00032616-00032840": "They can educate more people.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00064-00032920-00033472": "Criminals may also be less likely to attack a larger group of people.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00065-00033552-00033952": "And more people also means more ideas!", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00066-00034016-00034264": "Every person can add something.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00067-00034328-00034600": "So how can you join forces?", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00068-00034600-00034952": "How can you find people to connect to?", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00069-00035080-00035584": "The SPLC says that there are many ways to join forces with other people.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00070-00035664-00036056": "You can start by joining with people who you are already close to.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00071-00036136-00036320": "Gather with your friends and family.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00072-00036408-00036872": "Ask the people who live near you, your neighbours, to join your group against hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00073-00036960-00037248": "Invite the people you work or worship with.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00074-00037352-00037824": "Remember also to join with people who are different to you.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00075-00037912-00038312": "Uniting can bring together every person of a community.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00076-00038368-00038824": "When you see hate, encourage your group to act against it.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00077-00038888-00039432": "Meet together and talk about ways to make your group grow.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00078-00039432-00040024": "Talk about ways to educate your community about people who are different.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00079-00040208-00040528": "You can also work with larger groups in your community.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00080-00040608-00040944": "What groups in your community might want to stop hate?", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00081-00041048-00041624": "The SPLC suggests inviting and involving women's groups, teachers,", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00082-00041704-00042216": "labour unions, university workers, and young people groups.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00083-00042312-00042728": "Involve schools, businesses, places of worship,", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00084-00042792-00043216": "children, members of minority groups and politicians.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00085-00043328-00043624": "They also encourage people to involve local police.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00086-00043704-00044064": "Police can watch for early signs of hate in a community.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00087-00044568-00045024": "That is what people in London did when those letters arrived.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00088-00045088-00045456": "These letters encouraged people to hurt each other.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00089-00045512-00045776": "They wanted to divide people.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00090-00045776-00046232": "But the people in these communities did not divide.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00091-00046232-00046840": "The police departments encouraged people to turn in the letters if they received them.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00092-00046904-00047296": "The police went out to find who sent the letters.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00093-00047368-00047912": "Angela Williams, from the West Yorkshire police, told these communities:", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00094-00048032-00048264": "“Our communities should be careful.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00095-00048328-00048552": "But do not be frightened.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00096-00048552-00049184": "We are stronger when we stand together as one and will not be divided.”", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00097-00049280-00049528": "And the community did stand together.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00098-00049608-00050144": "In response, people like Manzoor Ali and Shahab Adris joined forces.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00099-00050248-00050464": "Some people posted on social media.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00100-00050520-00050856": "They made a hashtag: #WeStandTogether.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00101-00050936-00051255": "They volunteered to walk people home from work or school.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00102-00051352-00051984": "Some people made leaflets and online posts about what to do if you see a hate crime.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00103-00052472-00052888": "Sadly, hate exists in every community.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00104-00052888-00053512": "But there are many ways that people can stand up and join forces against it.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00105-00053567-00053872": "Remember that you are not alone.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00106-00054055-00054679": "This is the second program in a series of 10 programs on 10 ways to fight hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00107-00054767-00055048": "This list is from the Southern Poverty Law Center.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00108-00055136-00055584": "The Southern Poverty Law Center is a group that works toward racial justice,", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00109-00055648-00055864": "especially in the Southern United States.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00110-00055944-00056416": "They monitor hate crimes, teach tolerance, and seek justice.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00111-00056520-00056808": "Here are their 10 ways to fight hate.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00112-00056928-00057616": "Act, Join Forces, Support the Victims, Speak Up,", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00113-00057616-00058160": "Educate Yourself, Create An Alternative, Pressure Leaders,", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00114-00058248-00058736": "Stay Engaged, Teach Acceptance, and Dig Deeper.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00115-00058920-00059264": "Keep listening to Spotlight to hear the complete series.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00116-00059344-00059616": "You can leave a comment on our website.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00117-00059616-00060064": "Or email us at contact@spotlightenglish.com.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00118-00060160-00060704": "Visit us on YouTube at youtube.com/spotlightenglish1.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00119-00061224-00061679": "The writers of this program were Liz Waid and Amelia Berglund.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00120-00061736-00062200": "The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00121-00062264-00062760": "All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00122-00062824-00063752": "You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at www.spotlightenglish.com.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00123-00063824-00064416": "This program is called “Ten Ways to Fight Hate: Join Forces.”", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00124-00064576-00065200": "Visit our website to download our free official App for Android and Apple devices.", "fDCyC3NeMmo-00125-00065296-00065984": "We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye!"}}, {"audio_id": "fDTVAM3pULU", "text": {"fDTVAM3pULU-00000-00000545-00001508": "here's how to use the power series neo touchscreen bypassing zones this can be", "fDTVAM3pULU-00001-00001508-00002001": "used if for example you leave the house and armed all detectors but want to", "fDTVAM3pULU-00002-00002001-00002532": "leave a window open this allows you to bypass a zone while leaving the rest of", "fDTVAM3pULU-00003-00002532-00003275": "the premises armed for bypassing zones press the zone status key all the zones", "fDTVAM3pULU-00004-00003275-00003905": "will be listed with bypass beside it press the bypass key and a pop-up will", "fDTVAM3pULU-00005-00003905-00004914": "appear on the screen stating zone bypass changed to unbias as owned press the", "fDTVAM3pULU-00006-00004914-00005460": "unbe pass key and it will unbias the zone a pop-up will appear on the screen", "fDTVAM3pULU-00007-00005460-00006155": "stating zone bypass changed most sensors will unbe pass automatically after an", "fDTVAM3pULU-00008-00006155-00006822": "arming cycle press back to return to the home screen make sure to subscribe to", "fDTVAM3pULU-00009-00006822-00007365": "our YouTube page and click the show more tab underneath the video where you can", "fDTVAM3pULU-00010-00007365-00007925": "view valuable links pertaining to this product similar how-to videos and our", "fDTVAM3pULU-00011-00007925-00008447": "low-cost no contract alarm monitoring services"}}, {"audio_id": "fE6tboM3uFI", "text": {"fE6tboM3uFI-00000-00000039-00000488": "Cohorts in Moodle 2.8", "fE6tboM3uFI-00001-00000488-00000817": "There have been improvements to cohorts in Moodle 2.8.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00002-00000817-00001276": "A new screen allows administrators to see system and category cohorts", "fE6tboM3uFI-00003-00001276-00001503": "altogether;", "fE6tboM3uFI-00004-00001503-00001937": "it's now possible to bulk upload cohorts using a CSV file", "fE6tboM3uFI-00005-00001937-00002432": "and cohorts can also be created at the same time as users are uploaded,", "fE6tboM3uFI-00006-00002432-00002749": "again with a CSV file.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00007-00002749-00003439": "Teachers are now able by default to enrol cohorts", "fE6tboM3uFI-00008-00003439-00003731": "So here we are in Site administration>", "fE6tboM3uFI-00009-00003731-00004057": "Users> Accounts> Cohorts", "fE6tboM3uFI-00010-00004057-00004463": "and the administrator can see not only the system cohorts", "fE6tboM3uFI-00011-00004463-00004778": "the by clicking the new tab All cohorts -", "fE6tboM3uFI-00012-00004778-00005098": "this displays those in categories as well ...", "fE6tboM3uFI-00013-00005098-00005643": "here for example, Languages, Sciences, Humanities.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00014-00005643-00006093": "Another new tab, Upload cohorts, lets administrators", "fE6tboM3uFI-00015-00006093-00006400": "and site and category managers to", "fE6tboM3uFI-00016-00006400-00006933": "add cohorts using a CSV file.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00017-00006933-00007316": "In this file for example the administrator is adding the students", "fE6tboM3uFI-00018-00007316-00007645": "2014-15 cohorts to the system", "fE6tboM3uFI-00019-00007645-00008125": "and the History cohort to the Humanities category", "fE6tboM3uFI-00020-00008125-00008736": "and so once a CSV file is uploaded", "fE6tboM3uFI-00021-00008736-00009107": "we can see  the Sudents cohort in the system", "fE6tboM3uFI-00022-00009107-00009561": "and from the All cohorts tab, the History cohort", "fE6tboM3uFI-00023-00009561-00010016": "added to the Humanities category.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00024-00010016-00010370": "If  we now go to Site administration> Users>", "fE6tboM3uFI-00025-00010370-00010713": "Upload users, another new feature", "fE6tboM3uFI-00026-00010713-00011196": "is that when uploading students with a CSV file, cohorts can be created at the", "fE6tboM3uFI-00027-00011196-00011300": "same time", "fE6tboM3uFI-00028-00011300-00011689": "and the new users enrolled into them.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00029-00011689-00012114": "In this file three students will be added to the November cohort", "fE6tboM3uFI-00030-00012114-00012488": "which doesn't yet exist, but once the file", "fE6tboM3uFI-00031-00012488-00012793": "is uploaded, again if we return to the Cohorts", "fE6tboM3uFI-00032-00012793-00013187": "screen we can see that the November cohort has been created", "fE6tboM3uFI-00033-00013187-00013608": "with our three users added to it.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00034-00013608-00013922": "Fnally, here is our teacher accessing", "fE6tboM3uFI-00035-00013922-00014293": "Course administration> Users>Enrolled users", "fE6tboM3uFI-00036-00014293-00014612": "When he clicks the Enrol users button", "fE6tboM3uFI-00037-00014612-00014922": "there is a new option: Browse cohorts", "fE6tboM3uFI-00038-00014922-00015234": "which displays any system and category cohorts", "fE6tboM3uFI-00039-00015234-00015693": "available to him. clicking here will in enrol users from a cohort", "fE6tboM3uFI-00040-00015693-00016031": "individually. He could also go to", "fE6tboM3uFI-00041-00016031-00016432": "Course administration>Users >Enrolment methods", "fE6tboM3uFI-00042-00016432-00016831": "and from the drop-down add the Cohort sync method", "fE6tboM3uFI-00043-00016831-00017258": "and then choose from the available cohorts there.", "fE6tboM3uFI-00044-00017258-00017603": "Cohort sync automatically synchronizes enrolments", "fE6tboM3uFI-00045-00017603-00017933": "for users who are later added or removed from the cohort."}}, {"audio_id": "fElOpFhYxQA", "text": {"fElOpFhYxQA-00000-00000040-00000640": "In the next 10 - 15 years the education as you know it; professions as you know it today;", "fElOpFhYxQA-00001-00000640-00001136": "will become meaningless. Many, many things that we are spending years on learning", "fElOpFhYxQA-00002-00001136-00001696": "will be meaningless. The problem is - what are we going to do? We're going to lose our jobs!", "fElOpFhYxQA-00003-00002464-00002984": "So, in today's technological world, we know that artificial intelligence and", "fElOpFhYxQA-00004-00002984-00003544": "robotics are taking over. Those are the cutting edge technologies. So,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00005-00003544-00004288": "what is your take on the interaction of such technologies, with the intersection", "fElOpFhYxQA-00006-00004288-00004984": "of such technologies and ancient practices such as meditations and yoga? - Are you sure I'm real?", "fElOpFhYxQA-00007-00005368-00005600": "Because last year and a half,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00008-00005704-00006328": "they've been inviting me to speak in all sorts of artificial intelligence conferences in the world.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00009-00006456-00007048": "I was just surprised why are they asking me to come and speak about artificial intelligence,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00010-00007048-00007648": "because I am not an expert in the field, nor am I an artificial intelligence.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00011-00007904-00008140": "So I asked them in one of the conferences, it was in s", "fElOpFhYxQA-00012-00008140-00008696": "Saint Petersburg. I said why are you guys inviting me to all these artificial intelligence", "fElOpFhYxQA-00013-00008696-00009328": "conferences? I'm a natural intelligence, not an artificial intelligence. They said", "fElOpFhYxQA-00014-00009568-00010016": "the problem is - what are we going to do? We're going to lose our jobs!", "fElOpFhYxQA-00015-00010112-00010600": "These are all professors in big universities in M.I.T. and in Harvard and these kind of", "fElOpFhYxQA-00016-00010600-00011168": "places. They're asking me what are we going to do in another 10 years time? Because everything", "fElOpFhYxQA-00017-00011168-00011744": "that we know; everything that was sacred till now, suddenly is going to be there on a little gadget.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00018-00012072-00012568": "You must understand this. What artificial intelligence means is - accumulation of", "fElOpFhYxQA-00019-00012568-00013160": "information, analyzing it and projecting it the way you want at a given moment,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00020-00013272-00014047": "will no more be considered as a valuable thing in human faculty. Because a simple gadget will do it", "fElOpFhYxQA-00021-00014047-00014591": "much better than any human being. Already that Google lady is looking smarter than", "fElOpFhYxQA-00022-00014591-00015184": "any of you, isn't it? She looks smarter than me, it's okay. I'm not educated. But you guys...", "fElOpFhYxQA-00023-00015440-00015928": "She's looking smarter than any of us or no? Anything you ask without batting an eyelid", "fElOpFhYxQA-00024-00015928-00016792": "she tells us. So it's going to that place where intellectually everything that you perform will", "fElOpFhYxQA-00025-00016792-00017616": "look stupid or meaningless. This happened to me when I was about 13 years of age I think.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00026-00017696-00018496": "13 or 14? 13 I think. For the first time I saw a flatbed calculator. This Panasonic", "fElOpFhYxQA-00027-00018592-00019016": "calculator, you know? At that time it was 100 - 110 rupees, very expensive!", "fElOpFhYxQA-00028-00019264-00019960": "You drink a coffee for more than that today. But 110 rupees Panasonic, Sony was 125. So we buy the", "fElOpFhYxQA-00029-00019960-00020768": "cheaper one - 110 rupees Panasonic. And they show me this. I didn't... I never bought that.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00030-00020768-00021392": "Somebody brought one and they showed me: tuk, tuk, tuk... results! Then first", "fElOpFhYxQA-00031-00021392-00021824": "thought that came to me is: - why the hell am I wasting my life in the mathematics classes?", "fElOpFhYxQA-00032-00022072-00022392": "I said - all I need is this. I don't have to go to the math class.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00033-00022472-00023056": "Whatever question you asked; tuk tuk tuk.. a hundred rupee thing can tell you. Why this", "fElOpFhYxQA-00034-00023112-00023640": "torture for 10 years going through these Arithmetics and mathematics and all kinds", "fElOpFhYxQA-00035-00023640-00024040": "of things? It can even do sine theta, cos theta, whatever nonsense you want.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00036-00024368-00024744": "Then only I thought we must make a big machine which does all this rubbish,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00037-00024744-00025536": "so that I don't have to go to school! At last the dream is coming true. In the next 10 - 15", "fElOpFhYxQA-00038-00025536-00026183": "years the education as you know it; professions as you know it today; - will become meaningless.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00039-00026183-00026880": "Because right now they have created these machines. Right now we are still kind of obsessed", "fElOpFhYxQA-00040-00026880-00027392": "with creating machines which look like us, which is unnecessarily complicating. It can be a square", "fElOpFhYxQA-00041-00027392-00027832": "box, which walks everywhere and does everything we do, it's too insulting for human intelligence.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00042-00027832-00028272": "So we're still making it look like a human being. If something is intelligent, it must", "fElOpFhYxQA-00043-00028272-00028895": "look human - in our mind. But slowly for the sake of economics, somebody will make one tall box,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00044-00028895-00029592": "which does everything that you do, okay? Time is coming for that. So once this happens, many, many,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00045-00029592-00030112": "things that we are spending years on learning, will be meaningless. Now they built a thing...", "fElOpFhYxQA-00046-00030112-00030672": "I was meeting this one top real estate guy in Russia. They're designing something,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00047-00030752-00031144": "that if a customer comes and says: what kind of house I want;", "fElOpFhYxQA-00048-00031232-00031904": "what is my aesthetics; what is my culture; what I like; how it should be; and what's my budget.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00049-00032072-00032704": "A machine designs a complete house. Ten different alternatives that you want - including", "fElOpFhYxQA-00050-00032776-00033384": "paintings, hangings in the wall the furniture the works. Now they're saying - in another", "fElOpFhYxQA-00051-00033384-00033864": "five to seven years, they're saying, it can even print the house, and build it!", "fElOpFhYxQA-00052-00034072-00034272": "So just imagine the design guys.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00053-00034496-00034864": "So many of you will be out of your vocation,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00054-00034864-00035528": "unless you do something that a damn machine cannot do. All of you should gear yourself for this now.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00055-00035592-00036376": "You must be able to do something beyond your intellect. Human being has many layers of", "fElOpFhYxQA-00056-00036376-00036976": "intellect... intelligence. Intellect is only a small part of it. Right now our education", "fElOpFhYxQA-00057-00036976-00037480": "system is completely dedicated to intellectual development of the human being, and we think", "fElOpFhYxQA-00058-00037480-00037984": "that's the grandest way to live. No, it is not, we can explore that if we have the time.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00059-00038040-00038656": "But, in the yogic way of looking at things we look at human intelligence as 16 parts.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00060-00038800-00039456": "If you explore other dimensions of intelligence, only then you will be relevant. When everything", "fElOpFhYxQA-00061-00039456-00040136": "intellectual - intellectual means your intellect cannot function without accumulated data,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00062-00040136-00040824": "yes or no? Hello? Your intellect cannot function without accumulated data, is that so?", "fElOpFhYxQA-00063-00041056-00041752": "Now whatever is data assimilation, analysis, and execution of that analysis, a machine will", "fElOpFhYxQA-00064-00041752-00042344": "do better than you. A human being can always make mistakes, can always fudge information.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00065-00042344-00042904": "But a machine is clear-cut, it will simply do those things. So everything that you can do", "fElOpFhYxQA-00066-00042904-00043712": "intellectually, will be meaningless in another 10 to 15 years time. maybe in India it will take 20", "fElOpFhYxQA-00067-00043712-00044312": "to 25 years time, but inevitably it's going to happen. So you must be equipped with something", "fElOpFhYxQA-00068-00044312-00044760": "beyond your intellect. When I say beyond your intellect the many ways to look at it.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00069-00044816-00045616": "I will make a simplistic uh example... simplistic because if we go into more sophisticated examples,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00070-00045616-00046064": "we'll have to do a lot of exploration. We don't have that kind of time today.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00071-00046176-00046384": "For example, - what did you eat for lunch?", "fElOpFhYxQA-00072-00046616-00046720": "You are on Maggie?", "fElOpFhYxQA-00073-00047520-00047896": "Can't you.. somebody take care of his nourishment? He is on Maggie?", "fElOpFhYxQA-00074-00048304-00048600": "Okay. Even if you eat the noodle,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00075-00048768-00049520": "a noodle doesn't look like him, doesn't feel like him, nothing. But this noodle he eats within three", "fElOpFhYxQA-00076-00049520-00050464": "four hours, time this Maggi noodle, has become a human being, isn't it? Yeah it's become part", "fElOpFhYxQA-00077-00050464-00051024": "of the system. So you are manufacturing such a complex machine with Maggi noodles!", "fElOpFhYxQA-00078-00051608-00052472": "This is like a 3d printer. Put Maggi noodles into it... no I am not made of Maggi noodles, okay.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00079-00052560-00053296": "I eat better than that. But you put chapati into this, this becomes a human body. This is the", "fElOpFhYxQA-00080-00053296-00053896": "most sophisticated machine on the planet. You're manufacturing this with whatever", "fElOpFhYxQA-00081-00053896-00054304": "food that you eat, and the food that you eat is just the soil that you walk upon,", "fElOpFhYxQA-00082-00054376-00054848": "yes or no? And it stands up! Isn't this a 3d printer?", "fElOpFhYxQA-00083-00055032-00055712": "Hello? Does that intelligence exist within you or not? Not even in your brain in your gut.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00084-00055928-00056832": "It does. So, if only you found conscious access to this dimension of intelligence, you would live", "fElOpFhYxQA-00085-00056832-00057528": "magically, isn't it? Then artificial intelligence won't disturb you, you will be very happy, because", "fElOpFhYxQA-00086-00057528-00058984": "all the manual jobs if the machines do... - what a wonderful world! I am looking forward to them.", "fElOpFhYxQA-00087-00059896-00059946": "Thanks"}}, {"audio_id": "fEpK1Q9kwhM", "text": {"fEpK1Q9kwhM-00000-00000000-00000072": "FreeVideo"}}, {"audio_id": "fE_3-BHab2y", "text": {"fE_3-BHab2y-00000-00000006-00000474": "Hey guys! This is Le French Mulu and welcome on this first video of I hope a", "fE_3-BHab2y-00001-00000474-00001134": "long series. I haven't been able to post videos as I hoped before but I'm", "fE_3-BHab2y-00002-00001134-00001559": "currently thinking of a different format where I would be able to post videos in", "fE_3-BHab2y-00003-00001559-00002100": "a bit faster fashion because I've been on the move pretty often these past few", "fE_3-BHab2y-00004-00002100-00002609": "days as you can imagine and I couldn't find the time to edit and cut all the", "fE_3-BHab2y-00005-00002609-00003230": "videos. So I'm trying to do something a bit different here so no intro no outro", "fE_3-BHab2y-00006-00003230-00003639": "no music. At least it's what I'm thinking you", "fE_3-BHab2y-00007-00003639-00004152": "would see in the final product if that's really the case. Only cuts. I started", "fE_3-BHab2y-00008-00004152-00004853": "three weeks ago, so 21 days ago to be to be exact so this is day 22 right now.", "fE_3-BHab2y-00009-00004853-00005514": "I started near Paris, France in a small village called Dammarie-les-Lys and I hope to", "fE_3-BHab2y-00010-00005514-00006358": "reach Shanghai by the end of  September if everything goes fine.", "fE_3-BHab2y-00011-00006358-00006993": "I'm currently in Chelyabinsk, Russia. So I'm actually in Asia. So in three", "fE_3-BHab2y-00012-00006993-00007661": "weeks I managed to make it to Asia using only walking and hitch hiking so that's", "fE_3-BHab2y-00013-00007661-00008120": "pretty amazing. So far I met some very interesting people so that was a very", "fE_3-BHab2y-00014-00008120-00008615": "nice experience so far and I I'm pretty sure it will continue to be pretty awesome.", "fE_3-BHab2y-00015-00008615-00009332": "So right now as you can see I'm at a McDonald's which is not like", "fE_3-BHab2y-00016-00009332-00010050": "typically Russian, obviously but as you can see the \"McCafé\" is spelled a bit", "fE_3-BHab2y-00017-00010050-00010900": "differently, so in Cyrillic. Which kind of shows that I'm actually really in Russia.", "fE_3-BHab2y-00018-00010954-00011457": "But it's the only place that is open right now because it's 8:30 in the", "fE_3-BHab2y-00019-00011457-00012011": "morning with Wi-Fi and a very quiet environment. I figured I could shoot some", "fE_3-BHab2y-00020-00012011-00012759": "movie right now. I will try to put the footage that I have filmed so far a bit", "fE_3-BHab2y-00021-00012759-00013576": "later this year. Maybe when I will reach Korea because I would have more time, then.", "fE_3-BHab2y-00022-00013576-00014127": "I'm not entirely sure, to be honest. But yes, it's really not what I intended at first", "fE_3-BHab2y-00023-00014127-00014772": "but between thumbing and hiking the actual cars, being in a car,", "fE_3-BHab2y-00024-00014772-00015331": "I really haven't found much time for all this editing. So for now, it's really just", "fE_3-BHab2y-00025-00015331-00015972": "a first video to get this started, see if I can edit it in just a few minutes and", "fE_3-BHab2y-00026-00015972-00016585": "post it. The answer is probably no. It will at least take me an hour and more", "fE_3-BHab2y-00027-00016585-00017176": "realistically maybe one day but I don't have one day. Hopefully by tonight I will", "fE_3-BHab2y-00028-00017176-00017758": "be in Kazakhstan so that can be pretty cool and I'm not sure I will have", "fE_3-BHab2y-00029-00017758-00018511": "internet there. So that's a bit challenging. So yes that's all for today", "fE_3-BHab2y-00030-00018511-00019153": "I will give observations about different countries in future videos. The different", "fE_3-BHab2y-00031-00019153-00019714": "countries that I've crossed so far which are France, Germany, Czech Republic, Poland,", "fE_3-BHab2y-00032-00019714-00020467": "Lithuania, Latvia and Russia. Maybe in one video or maybe in several videos. I will", "fE_3-BHab2y-00033-00020467-00021514": "see about that. Okay that's all for today so you can check the blog, the Instagram", "fE_3-BHab2y-00034-00021514-00022100": "and the Twitter account as well. You can drop me some messages and see you next time."}}, {"audio_id": "fEe9rTLuAAc", "text": {"fEe9rTLuAAc-00000-00000416-00000903": "Recently things have gotten a little less obvious the articles have gotten longer", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00001-00000992-00001392": "work has gotten more collaborative the barriers to new knowledge are higher", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00002-00001464-00001976": "and in many fields their ideas are getting harder to find, there is this big", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00003-00001976-00002512": "very influential article by Blumen colleage from Stanford saying lately it's just taking us", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00004-00002512-00002912": "more work to get at new knowledge there's no more low-hanging fruit", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00005-00002968-00003608": "So I believe the burden of proof is higher and as a result code and data need to enter the picture", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00006-00003608-00004047": "just like peer review wasn't the norm because you know it was evident that certain things were", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00007-00004047-00004624": "right just like long articles weren't necessary because it was all about proving equation", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00008-00004624-00005224": "I feel that now with the collaborative aspects with data and code being a big part of the scholarship", "fEe9rTLuAAc-00009-00005224-00005784": "they need to enter as an integral piece of the deliverable of the final research article."}}, {"audio_id": "fFBHluiVqc4", "text": {"fFBHluiVqc4-00000-00000000-00000474": "[Music]", "fFBHluiVqc4-00001-00000500-00000738": "Welcome to Skip's Quick Tips.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00002-00000738-00001029": "Today's recording will focus on the use of", "fFBHluiVqc4-00003-00001029-00001260": "captioning in Google Slides.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00004-00001260-00001701": "I have created a two-slide deck here in Google Slides.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00005-00001701-00001928": "Uhh, you're looking at the title slide here", "fFBHluiVqc4-00006-00001928-00002236": "and then I've got one additional piece of content.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00007-00002282-00002682": "Captioning is run through Google", "fFBHluiVqc4-00008-00002706-00002870": "using artificial intelligence,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00009-00002870-00003086": "so it's not a transcriptionist sitting at", "fFBHluiVqc4-00010-00003124-00003278": "a computer somewhere", "fFBHluiVqc4-00011-00003278-00003561": "like we've would have in a courtroom with a stenographer", "fFBHluiVqc4-00012-00003610-00003860": "So, when you're using technology like this", "fFBHluiVqc4-00013-00003936-00004396": "it's really important to boost the signal that's going into the computer to", "fFBHluiVqc4-00014-00004450-00004764": "increase the accuracy you have in the captions that show up.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00015-00004770-00005070": "One way to do that is simply to use a headset microphone", "fFBHluiVqc4-00016-00005070-00005194": "like I'm wearing today.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00017-00005194-00005516": "The nice thing about this is that when you turn your head,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00018-00005574-00005736": "the microphone follows you.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00019-00005766-00006024": "One of the problems with using a built-in microphone", "fFBHluiVqc4-00020-00006024-00006248": "like I've got up here on my screen", "fFBHluiVqc4-00021-00006278-00006456": "is that if I turn my head aside", "fFBHluiVqc4-00022-00006464-00006638": "from that microphone,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00023-00006673-00007008": "the audio signal's not going to where it needs to be", "fFBHluiVqc4-00024-00007023-00007223": "and that can be problematic if you're", "fFBHluiVqc4-00025-00007223-00007409": "turning your head --  head a lot.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00026-00007409-00007709": "So, a headset mic's a quick and easy fix.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00027-00007709-00007970": "Earbuds, as well, with an inline microphone", "fFBHluiVqc4-00028-00007970-00008230": "that would rest right around your throat", "fFBHluiVqc4-00029-00008230-00008440": "also is a nice option.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00030-00008488-00008706": "Or if you're doing a lot of this, you can get a", "fFBHluiVqc4-00031-00008706-00009176": "microphone that is designed for recording and podcasting.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00032-00009200-00009416": "Uhh, this one I've had for a number of years...", "fFBHluiVqc4-00033-00009416-00009656": "it's the Snowball Mic from Blue Microphone", "fFBHluiVqc4-00034-00009690-00009954": "Umm, cost is under a hundred bucks", "fFBHluiVqc4-00035-00009954-00010254": "and it's got a couple settings on the back", "fFBHluiVqc4-00036-00010254-00010610": "to allow for loud noises and noise reduction,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00037-00010696-00010876": "use in video conferencing,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00038-00010876-00011184": "use for recording, so it's a nice little mic for the price.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00039-00011204-00011320": "Comes with a stand, too. [Laughs]", "fFBHluiVqc4-00040-00011376-00011480": "Umm... So...", "fFBHluiVqc4-00041-00011530-00011836": "to use captioning in your presentation,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00042-00011868-00012182": "your first step -- it really as easy as 1, 2, 3.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00043-00012182-00012420": "The first step is to create a slide deck", "fFBHluiVqc4-00044-00012420-00012558": "which is already done here.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00045-00012616-00012919": "Then when you're ready to present to your audience,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00046-00012958-00013138": "You'll click on the Present icon here", "fFBHluiVqc4-00047-00013138-00013328": "in the upper-right hand corner of the screen,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00048-00013552-00013662": "and once you do that,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00049-00013662-00014032": "down at the bottom of the panel, you'll see a -- uhh", "fFBHluiVqc4-00050-00014072-00014158": "toolbar --", "fFBHluiVqc4-00051-00014176-00014310": "your Presenter toolbar --", "fFBHluiVqc4-00052-00014310-00014744": "and there's a CC icon with \"Caption\" underneath it.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00053-00014744-00014974": "You simply need to click that and turn it on", "fFBHluiVqc4-00054-00014974-00015180": "and now you'll see the captioning", "fFBHluiVqc4-00055-00015180-00015468": "beginning to scroll down along the bottom of the screen.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00056-00015658-00016032": "There is no possibility for editing this at this point,", "fFBHluiVqc4-00057-00016032-00016414": "but as you'll notice, the accuracy is pretty good", "fFBHluiVqc4-00058-00016414-00016772": "particularly with a headset microphone like this.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00059-00016772-00017190": "So, this is a nice, easy way to increase access", "fFBHluiVqc4-00060-00017244-00017483": "to the sound in your video", "fFBHluiVqc4-00061-00017484-00017712": "and the speech in your video", "fFBHluiVqc4-00062-00017812-00017996": "by using Google captions.", "fFBHluiVqc4-00063-00018052-00018220": "I hope this helps. Please come back and", "fFBHluiVqc4-00064-00018220-00018480": "looking for more of Skip's Quick Tips."}}, {"audio_id": "fFS9NertWbQ", "text": {"fFS9NertWbQ-00000-00000529-00001525": "I've been a moonshiner forseventeen long years,", "fFS9NertWbQ-00001-00001525-00002285": "I've spent all my money for whiskey and beer.", "fFS9NertWbQ-00002-00002286-00003174": "I'll go to some holler, I'll put up my still,", "fFS9NertWbQ-00003-00003174-00004204": "I'll make you one gallon for a two dollar bill.", "fFS9NertWbQ-00004-00004204-00005222": "I'll go to some bar room and drink with my friends,", "fFS9NertWbQ-00005-00005223-00006216": "No women to follow to see what I spends.", "fFS9NertWbQ-00006-00006216-00007211": "God bless them pretty women, I wish they were mine,", "fFS9NertWbQ-00007-00007211-00008193": "Their breath smells as sweet as the dew on the vine.", "fFS9NertWbQ-00008-00008193-00009264": "Let me eat when I'm hungry and drink when I'm dry,", "fFS9NertWbQ-00009-00009264-00009986": "Dollars when I'm hard up, religion when I die.", "fFS9NertWbQ-00010-00009986-00010970": "The whole world's a bottle an' life's but a dram", "fFS9NertWbQ-00011-00010970-00012026": "When a bottle gets empty, it ain't worth a damn.", "fFS9NertWbQ-00012-00012026-00012953": "I've been a moonshiner for seventeen long years,", "fFS9NertWbQ-00013-00012953-00013900": "I've spent all my money for whiskey and beer.", "fFS9NertWbQ-00014-00013900-00014880": "I'll go to some holler, I'll put up my still,", "fFS9NertWbQ-00015-00014880-00015341": "I'll make you one gallon for a two dollar bill."}}, {"audio_id": "fFYYizzoVzc", "text": {"fFYYizzoVzc-00000-00000016-00000329": "Hey! What are we doing for the Chevrolet Good Deeds Cup this year?", "fFYYizzoVzc-00001-00000329-00000487": "As much as we can!", "fFYYizzoVzc-00002-00000792-00000905": "That's good!", "fFYYizzoVzc-00003-00001021-00001222": "What about donating clothes?", "fFYYizzoVzc-00004-00001255-00001409": "That's good.", "fFYYizzoVzc-00005-00001580-00001680": "Washing cars?", "fFYYizzoVzc-00006-00001901-00002085": "That's good!", "fFYYizzoVzc-00007-00002106-00002306": "Got mom an ice cream?", "fFYYizzoVzc-00008-00002360-00002802": "That's good!"}}, {"audio_id": "fG2yGfs-ZHc", "text": {"fG2yGfs-ZHc-00000-00000019-00000368": "Eric Green: So let me introduce our speaker.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00001-00000368-00000724": "And, Gary, you could slowly make your way to the podium while I embarrass you a little", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00002-00000724-00000838": "bit.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00003-00000838-00001448": "So I'm delighted to introduce to this council the newly arrived director of the National", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00004-00001448-00001770": "Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Gary Gibbons.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00005-00001770-00002186": "By way of some biographical background, Gary was the founder and recent director of the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00006-00002186-00002498": "Cardiovascular Research Institute and chairperson of the Department of Physiology, a professor", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00007-00002498-00002809": "of physiology and medicine at Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00008-00002809-00003227": "Prior to joining the Morehouse School of Medicine in 1999, Gary was a member of the faculty", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00009-00003227-00003797": "at Stanford University from 1990 to 1996, and at Harvard Medical School from 1996 to", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00010-00003797-00003897": "1999.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00011-00003897-00004050": "He is originally from Philadelphia.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00012-00004050-00004539": "He earned his undergraduate degree from Princeton University, and graduated magna cum laude", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00013-00004539-00004760": "from Harvard Medical School in Boston.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00014-00004760-00005122": "He then completed residency and cardiology fellowship at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00015-00005122-00005357": "Williams in Boston.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00016-00005357-00006032": "I'd also point out, where I most specifically got to know Gary was as a member of the Board", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00017-00006032-00006522": "of Scientific Counselors overseeing our Intramural Research Program, where it was just wonderful", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00018-00006522-00007048": "to have him help us in our intramural program and get to know us.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00019-00007048-00007206": "And that was a great introduction.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00020-00007206-00007729": "And then when Francis was successful at convincing him to come take this important leadership", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00021-00007729-00007902": "position, we all cheered loud.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00022-00007902-00008414": "At NHGRI it's wonderful to have a good friend and colleague at the helm of that important", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00023-00008414-00008514": "institute.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00024-00008514-00008960": "And it's wonderful to have Gary here today to do -- to give a bit of an introduction.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00025-00008960-00009195": "And I already know there's going to be some interesting discussion of things we want to", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00026-00009195-00009314": "talk to you about.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00027-00009314-00009414": "Gary?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00028-00009414-00009514": "Gary Gibbons: Okay.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00029-00009514-00009614": "Great.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00030-00009614-00009714": "Well, thanks, Eric.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00031-00009714-00009814": "I appreciate this opportunity.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00032-00009814-00010410": "I do feel as though I'm coming back to talk to family, to some extent, the degree to which", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00033-00010410-00010802": "we engaged this institute in the BSC.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00034-00010802-00011577": "And I thought I'd paint a broad picture, predominantly, at the 25,000-foot view of what we're seeing", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00035-00011577-00012384": "in my first six months about a strategic vision, and hopefully a lot of opportunity for collaborative", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00036-00012384-00012942": "synergy with Genome, again, based in part on shared interests.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00037-00012942-00013750": "First, that part of the conversation I had with Francis when -- particularly, people", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00038-00013750-00014387": "in this group would know how compelling and convincing Francis can be when it came to", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00039-00014387-00014969": "thinking about taking on this position, particularly, in such a challenging time as we're in.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00040-00014969-00015631": "But it resonated with my sense of purpose and commitment to service.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00041-00015631-00016313": "I very much had bought into the mission of the NHLBI as a longtime investigator and advisor", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00042-00016313-00016547": "and council member.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00043-00016547-00017237": "And certainly, as part of my career development as a physician, as a scientist, as an educator,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00044-00017237-00017756": "and as someone committed to public service, I do consider this a privilege to join the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00045-00017756-00018120": "ranks of such a great organization.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00046-00018120-00018798": "And I'm reminded that, in this role of public service, it's one of stewardship.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00047-00018798-00019187": "And I took to heart this quote.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00048-00019187-00019862": "It's a Native American proverb that reminds me of our stewardship both as a scientific", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00049-00019862-00020275": "enterprise and the biomedical workforce that we're stewards of.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00050-00020275-00021192": "So I'm inheriting one of the oldest institutes that's enjoying its 65th birthday of stewardship", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00051-00021192-00021473": "and legacy, and I take that very seriously.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00052-00021473-00021986": "And it's brought home by this quote that, \"We did not inherit the land from our ancestors,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00053-00021986-00022204": "we borrow it from our children.\"", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00054-00022204-00022706": "And it's that sense of stewardship, particularly looking forward to the future of the scientific", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00055-00022706-00023278": "enterprise and the next generation, that grounds me in terms of the decisions we have to make", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00056-00023278-00023712": "and, certainly, the decisions you make as part of this council.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00057-00023712-00024259": "And with that sense of legacy and stewardship is a commitment to certain enduring principles", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00058-00024259-00024790": "that will guide the kind of decisions and priorities that I will set forth.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00059-00024790-00025629": "One is to value and support investigator-initiated fundamental discovery science as really a", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00060-00025629-00026216": "bedrock foundation, that I know Eric and this institute has always historically had.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00061-00026216-00026826": "Similarly, particularly important for NHLBI, is to maintain a balanced cross-disciplinary", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00062-00026826-00027566": "portfolio that has traditionally spanned -- I think relatively nimbly -- basic translational", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00063-00027566-00027867": "clinical and population science.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00064-00027867-00028414": "And I think that balance is critical for the constituencies and scientific interests that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00065-00028414-00028694": "are a part of our institute.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00066-00028694-00029230": "Another element that I think is important for the NHLBI, as part of its legacy, really,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00067-00029230-00030024": "is part of our congressional authorization, indeed, mandates a certain outreach effort", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00068-00030024-00030681": "in implementation science that empowers patients, and providers, and systems to ensure that,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00069-00030681-00031197": "in fact, we're having a public health impact, again, related to our particular portfolio", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00070-00031197-00031316": "of heart, lung, and blood.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00071-00031316-00031811": "And so we find ourselves more and more in the implementation space than perhaps other", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00072-00031811-00031911": "institutes.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00073-00031911-00032732": "Though, again, I was excited about the app that you guys have for understanding -- helping", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00074-00032732-00033135": "the public to understand genomic science and genetics.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00075-00033135-00033609": "And Eric knows that in a recent trip with my daughter, she was actually giving him all", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00076-00033609-00034008": "kind of kudos because she's already downloaded the app.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00077-00034008-00034710": "So I think that's actually part of our role as well, is to be able to inform the public", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00078-00034710-00034874": "critically about what we're doing.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00079-00034874-00035345": "Indeed, I think that's critical to us sustaining it, particularly in these fiscally challenging", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00080-00035345-00035445": "times.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00081-00035445-00036177": "The other enduring principles are related, again, to an element of the portfolio that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00082-00036177-00036375": "I'm particularly passionate about.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00083-00036375-00036853": "And that relates to the diversity of the biomedical workforce, and that we need to train and nurture", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00084-00036853-00037254": "this new generation to be the leaders of tomorrow.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00085-00037254-00037892": "Similarly, an enduring principle that's particularly a priority for me is that not only do we have", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00086-00037892-00038268": "public health impact in the United States, but around the globe.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00087-00038268-00039056": "And we do that to communities that, quite frankly, don't have all of the most optimal", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00088-00039056-00039695": "health indices that we'd like to see in the space of heart, lung, and blood disorders,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00089-00039695-00039986": "and to address health inequities.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00090-00039986-00040491": "Critical to this -- and this is really the first part of my talk -- is that stewardship", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00091-00040491-00040643": "about the next generation.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00092-00040643-00041332": "And in that regard, what you see here is a pie chart that shows the U.S. population here", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00093-00041332-00042058": "on the left, and -- increasingly becoming demographically diverse as we move forward", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00094-00042058-00042231": "in this century.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00095-00042231-00042958": "And then the pie chart on the right, you can see our NIH PI grantee distribution.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00096-00042958-00043560": "And you'll note that these generous slivers for the population in Hispanics and, particularly,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00097-00043560-00044122": "African Americans -- indeed, the same could be said for Native Americans -- become -- go", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00098-00044122-00044671": "from relatively healthy slivers to tiny little slices that are barely perceptible on the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00099-00044671-00044830": "pie chart.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00100-00044830-00045203": "And that would be one of the things, I think, is part of our challenge.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00101-00045203-00045865": "But also opportunity moving forward is to move toward our stewardship of a biomedical", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00102-00045865-00046457": "workforce that reflects the diversity of this nation.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00103-00046457-00047395": "I'm a firm believer that excellent and talent is not bounded by gender, race, or ethnicity,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00104-00047395-00047495": "or national origin.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00105-00047495-00047950": "Indeed, I would argue that that's what made the United States of America the great nation", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00106-00047950-00048449": "that it has been over its history, is that we've taken the best and the brightest from", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00107-00048449-00048645": "around the world.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00108-00048645-00049084": "And I believe firmly that we can pursue excellence.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00109-00049084-00049699": "Indeed, our pursuit of excellence will be enabled by ensuring that we tap all the talent", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00110-00049699-00050218": "in this country, and we have some work to do in that regard.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00111-00050218-00050524": "Some of it has been a rude awakening.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00112-00050524-00051147": "As someone who's had his intramural program bounce around to a number of different institutions,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00113-00051147-00051816": "one of the things I found when I arrived here is that my arrival meant a dramatic increase", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00114-00051816-00052459": "in the proportion of African-American tenured professors -- tenured investigators in the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00115-00052459-00052573": "intramural program.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00116-00052573-00053357": "And so, indeed, as the NIH ascends to the bully pulpit on this issue, we recognize that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00117-00053357-00053979": "we have our own sort of glass house challenge in addressing this internally.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00118-00053979-00054608": "And although I'm sure many in this audience chuckled, I suspect that as you go back to", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00119-00054608-00055254": "your own institutions around the country, that these statistics are probably not dissimilar", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00120-00055254-00055686": "to a lot of the top institutions in this country.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00121-00055686-00056284": "And so this is a collective challenge that I think we have as all leaders in this room,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00122-00056284-00056757": "to ensure that, again, we're tapping all the talent of this diverse nation.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00123-00056757-00057504": "In that regard, I've had a little bit of experience in thinking about what it takes to grow up", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00124-00057504-00057665": "a generation of minority scientists.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00125-00057665-00058612": "I've been blessed in my career to encounter some great folks along the way that helped", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00126-00058612-00058712": "me tremendously.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00127-00058712-00059198": "One of the things I've appreciated -- and this is universal -- is that there's certain", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00128-00059198-00059880": "things about developing any scientist, and it all begins with passion in my view, that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00129-00059880-00060788": "fire in that belly, that intensity to be curious and to pursue science that's critical to success", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00130-00060788-00060949": "of any scientist.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00131-00060949-00061520": "I actually think that it's almost an article of faith, quite frankly, for minority scientists", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00132-00061520-00061661": "in particular.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00133-00061661-00062208": "This notion that you're willing to step out into something unknown, that maybe no one", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00134-00062208-00062650": "in your local circumstance -- your family, your neighborhood -- has ever even conceived", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00135-00062650-00063446": "of as a possibility of a career, in my experience, requires something of a step of faith, and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00136-00063446-00064157": "a willingness and courage to seize opportunities in that space that's so uncomfortable.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00137-00064157-00064766": "My view is that if there is a underrepresented minority individual who is willing to have", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00138-00064766-00065382": "that passion, that faith, and seize that opportunity, it's incumbent upon us to match that and meet", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00139-00065382-00065621": "that with providing that opportunity.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00140-00065621-00066257": "And in that regard, I think that's something that NIH, in its public responsibility of", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00141-00066257-00066907": "this public good for the nation, is somewhat accountable for.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00142-00066907-00067593": "To borrow yet another proverb of an ancient people, that's an African proverb that \"It", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00143-00067593-00067820": "takes a village to raise a child.\"", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00144-00067820-00068411": "And I believe that's also pertinent to changing that pie chart.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00145-00068411-00069041": "That inevitably this involves a collective action of the village, including the people", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00146-00069041-00069656": "around this table, to make a difference in this regard.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00147-00069656-00069937": "A key element would be mentorship.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00148-00069937-00070388": "I actually think that that's the determining factor; certainly has been a determining factor", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00149-00070388-00070616": "for me and my career trajectory.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00150-00070616-00071092": "I wouldn't be here standing before you if it wasn't for a Harvard professor named A.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00151-00071092-00071749": "Clifford Barger, who inspired me to even think of doing this, because I had no idea I was", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00152-00071749-00072023": "going to do that in my first year of Harvard Medical School.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00153-00072023-00072219": "And so I think that's critical.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00154-00072219-00072718": "And I think everybody around this room knows how critically important this is, and finding", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00155-00072718-00072906": "the resources to excel.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00156-00072906-00073693": "And so one of the kudos I have to give Francis Collins, as NIH director, is that, in recognizing", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00157-00073693-00074005": "this, he put together an ACD working group.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00158-00074005-00074692": "And as fate would have it, he recruited me to be a member of that working group.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00159-00074692-00075157": "And as it turns out, that was a very slick recruitment tool --", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00160-00075157-00075257": "[laughter]", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00161-00075257-00076108": "-- because I went from being on the working group to being now in the implementation group", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00162-00076108-00076647": "as now someone who's transitioned to the inside and the Diversity Council.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00163-00076647-00076952": "Francis is a master at these things.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00164-00076952-00077483": "And so part of his initiatives that will come out of the Common Fund relate to trying to", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00165-00077483-00077583": "address this.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00166-00077583-00078327": "And so I hope you will, as leaders, stay tuned for initiatives that are targeted toward addressing", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00167-00078327-00078499": "this challenge collectively.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00168-00078499-00078995": "A number -- well, one key one that I hope you will take very seriously to participate", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00169-00078995-00079811": "on will relate to mentorship and this notion of creating a national network, and to leverage", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00170-00079811-00080458": "the fact that we are in a social media and social networking context, and figuring out", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00171-00080458-00081024": "how we can do this more effectively, particularly for underrepresented groups that may not have", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00172-00081024-00081394": "access to the best mentors and mentorship.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00173-00081394-00082269": "Now with that, I do have this notion that this is a problem that's been vexing.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00174-00082269-00082717": "But I have hope.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00175-00082717-00083331": "And there was a time when we didn't think that there would be a monument like this on", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00176-00083331-00083958": "the mall, or that we'd have a president who looks like President Obama.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00177-00083958-00084599": "I think, at the least, the modern medical workforce can make that sort of transformational", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00178-00084599-00085083": "change occur with collective leadership.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00179-00085083-00085819": "With that -- the community that we're a part of -- let me pivot more toward not only the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00180-00085819-00086641": "stewardship of the workforce, but what we'd hope to do as stewards of the scientific enterprise", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00181-00086641-00087679": "moving forward, that, again, I think I'm privileged and blessed to inherit a great legacy of excellence.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00182-00087679-00088677": "I think it's arguable that Heart, Lung, and Blood has been a leader in translating research", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00183-00088677-00089162": "results and discovery science into major public health impact.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00184-00089162-00089888": "Although the NIH can't take full credit for this declining curve of cardiovascular mortality,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00185-00089888-00090438": "clearly it's been a key contributor with scientific discovery.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00186-00090438-00090973": "And the challenge really is for us to continue to, what we call, bending this curve even", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00187-00090973-00091705": "further to reduce those events, that this is to be part of what the NIH should have", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00188-00091705-00092012": "as one of its outcomes.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00189-00092012-00092651": "And it's very helpful to think about how that success was achieved, at least as a model", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00190-00092651-00093141": "of how we can move forward over the next 10 years.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00191-00093141-00093339": "And just a couple of quick lessons.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00192-00093339-00094092": "This is a detailed slide, but it's illustrative of the success we've had in the cardiovascular", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00193-00094092-00094712": "area that resonates with me as a cardiologist, in which, arguably, you could say that the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00194-00094712-00095400": "population scientists were critical in framing the challenge of heart disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00195-00095400-00096160": "And particularly, the almost iconic Framingham Heart Study almost invented -- I guess, practically", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00196-00096160-00096786": "did invent -- the term risk factors for disease in identifying cigarette smoking and cholesterol", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00197-00096786-00097698": "and hypertension as major drivers of this, and critical to have that sort of population", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00198-00097698-00097889": "science within the portfolio.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00199-00097889-00098580": "What it also implies to me is this sort of interaction that has occurred in which population", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00200-00098580-00099183": "science has often identified certain associations, but that gives opportunities for clinical", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00201-00099183-00099777": "science and basic science to help fill in either the causal links or some of the connections.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00202-00099777-00100405": "In that regard, I think it was notable that the NIH Intramural Program had a robust role.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00203-00100405-00101067": "That picture here is Don Fredrickson in the Intramural Program, who was actually at the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00204-00101067-00101800": "clinical center identifying, basically, clinical phenotypes of lipids, the biomarkers of the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00205-00101800-00102405": "day, in subcategorizing patients as a means of then doing deeper dives to understand the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00206-00102405-00102739": "molecular basis of those clinical phenotypes.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00207-00102739-00103390": "And again, there's sort of paradigmatic echoes for what I think we need to do moving forward.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00208-00103390-00104388": "The second piece of this intramural component was, again, the notion that Fredrickson also,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00209-00104388-00105089": "as part of his clinical center involvement, came across a child with these swollen orange", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00210-00105089-00105365": "tonsils, and described Tangier's Disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00211-00105365-00106037": "And it was interesting that Eric cited Bill Gahl's work in looking at rare disorders,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00212-00106037-00106311": "and at how important that has advanced things.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00213-00106311-00106797": "And, indeed, that is a rare disorder in which now we know the molecular basis of it in terms", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00214-00106797-00107144": "of ABC transporters.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00215-00107144-00107638": "But all that began within the context of the intramural program, and, again, is a lesson,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00216-00107638-00107926": "at least for me, as we move forward to continue to leverage.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00217-00107926-00108517": "The third point there is that -- pictured here are the Stadtmans.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00218-00108517-00109130": "And it comes back to this concept of stewardship of the next generation, and mentorship in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00219-00109130-00109615": "the fact that, particularly at that point in time, the intramural program played a critical", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00220-00109615-00109823": "role in preparing the next generation.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00221-00109823-00110452": "And, indeed, also pictured on this slide are Brown and Goldstein, who need no introduction,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00222-00110452-00111151": "and Roy Vagelos, who had moved on to lead Merck's efforts in this space.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00223-00111151-00111771": "And all three of them were fellows in the context of that same intramural program, and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00224-00111771-00112295": "actually played a critical role to this whole story of how we went from cardiovascular risk", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00225-00112295-00113190": "factors to changing coronary artery disease, in which the observations in population science,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00226-00113190-00113869": "the intramural program fed into basic science laboratories, like those at UT Southwestern,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00227-00113869-00114413": "to come up with the characterization of the LDL receptor, familial hypercholesterolemia,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00228-00114413-00115279": "and the LDL receptor mutations, HMG-CoA reductase as a target molecule for therapeutics, and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00229-00115279-00115540": "on and on.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00230-00115540-00116083": "NHLBI then funded clinical trials to translate that into clinical practice, partnered in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00231-00116083-00116550": "a complementary fashion, if you will, with private industry -- not so much to drive drug", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00232-00116550-00117189": "discovery, but, again, to provide the basis for it in basic science discovery and clinical", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00233-00117189-00117734": "trials; and, finally, implementation science, to disseminate an understanding to the public", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00234-00117734-00118091": "of the importance of cholesterol control that continues to this day.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00235-00118091-00118778": "And so I walk through that success story because I think it does provide a paradigm for us", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00236-00118778-00119414": "moving forward to continue that sort of balance, and approach an interaction between our various", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00237-00119414-00119517": "portfolios.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00238-00119517-00120333": "Part of the reason why I actually did listen to Francis and take on this position in these", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00239-00120333-00120963": "challenging times is because of the infectious enthusiasm that I think we all share.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00240-00120963-00121523": "That, at this particular moment in time, we actually have some of the greatest -- we're", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00241-00121523-00121948": "on the threshold of some of the greatest opportunities to pursue.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00242-00121948-00122726": "And so despite what's happening or not happening on the capital, there's some transformative", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00243-00122726-00123279": "things happening that this group is very familiar with in the space of systems biology, systems", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00244-00123279-00123836": "medicine, certainly, you know, heart, lung, and blood space, reparative biology and medicine,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00245-00123836-00124448": "regenerative medicine; capabilities to advance predictive help that might actually have us", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00246-00124448-00125236": "consider the preemption of chronic disease in the next couple of decades; the promise", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00247-00125236-00125850": "of addressing health inequities in a fundamental way that, again, spans basic translational", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00248-00125850-00126465": "clinical and population and community in an integrated fashion that we couldn't even consider", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00249-00126465-00126565": "before.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00250-00126565-00127125": "And to take that not only locally, but globally, we have great opportunities to do that now,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00251-00127125-00127408": "and clearly enabled by new tools.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00252-00127408-00127946": "Again, this August [spelled phonetically] group knows more about omic technologies -- and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00253-00127946-00128726": "I needn't say more -- but advances in imaging, informatics, computational biology, stem cells,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00254-00128726-00128826": "nanotechnology.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00255-00128826-00129523": "And also of note here, I'm emphasizing that the connectivity that the digital age brings", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00256-00129523-00130366": "us to create networks that cross disciplines in ways that I think will be transformative,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00257-00130366-00130582": "that leverages this technology.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00258-00130582-00131358": "And I think this is critical, again, in this particular moment of time.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00259-00131358-00131927": "Again, our people's representatives are debating what's going to happen to Medicare costs in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00260-00131927-00132705": "2025 when baby boomers like myself are busting the budget.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00261-00132705-00132987": "And this is shown on this slide.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00262-00132987-00133772": "Certainly, one way is to think about making budget cuts to trim benefits and limit costs.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00263-00133772-00134235": "But as a clinician/scientist, I have to be an optimist.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00264-00134235-00134825": "I believe that the opportunity is to innovate in ways that, again, can start to bend this", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00265-00134825-00134928": "curve.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00266-00134928-00135749": "And I would argue that the medicine that they'll be practicing in 2025 is related to the transformational", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00267-00135749-00135999": "advances we invest in right now.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00268-00135999-00136540": "And that's really our task: to think about what we can do in discovery science and translational", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00269-00136540-00136787": "science that can bend this curve.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00270-00136787-00137295": "That happened to be shown for chronic kidney disease, which is a major consumer of Medicare", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00271-00137295-00137395": "expenditures.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00272-00137395-00137844": "But a lot of the other expenditures are also in the domain of heart and lung disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00273-00137844-00138370": "So I think that really part of our charge is to inform this discussion and this debate", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00274-00138370-00138959": "with at least the possibilities that discovery science may have a role in bending the curve", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00275-00138959-00139147": "and making a difference.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00276-00139147-00139910": "In that regard, I think understanding racial inequities gives us a special prism to try", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00277-00139910-00140335": "to understand how we might move forward to, again, bend these curves.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00278-00140335-00140760": "These are things that this audience is familiar with.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00279-00140760-00141157": "On the left is stroke mortality over the last 60-odd years.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00280-00141157-00141777": "The noteworthy things are, again, we're making advances, but a persistent gap exists.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00281-00141777-00142463": "The red and blue bars are African-American males and females, and that gap is persistent", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00282-00142463-00142572": "up to this day.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00283-00142572-00143019": "Similarly, on the right-hand panel you see incident kidney disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00284-00143019-00143595": "And the top group developing end-stage kidney failure are African Americans.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00285-00143595-00144341": "So if we can sort of crack this nut and get at addressing these curves, I think this can", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00286-00144341-00144646": "be informative of how we can move forward together.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00287-00144646-00145489": "And this prism, I think, is noteworthy because it emphasizes the fact that at the end of", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00288-00145489-00146277": "the day this is a multi-dimensional, complex, multi-level systems problem in a very fundamental", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00289-00146277-00146377": "way.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00290-00146377-00146748": "Now, that could be so vexing that people give up.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00291-00146748-00147232": "But the other hand is that this may be precisely the kind of problem that would take the kind", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00292-00147232-00147740": "of cross-disciplinary and use of tools that are currently at hand.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00293-00147740-00148229": "Because it's quite clear when we look at those health inequities that it involves layers", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00294-00148229-00148758": "that are clearly biological and relate to genomic variation, but also individual in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00295-00148758-00149275": "terms of behavior in the framework of a family, in the framework of a community, and within", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00296-00149275-00149375": "an environment.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00297-00149375-00149983": "And, indeed, if we're going to make a difference, we have to think of it in that sort of way", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00298-00149983-00150089": "of complexity.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00299-00150089-00150463": "Now, this is a very busy slide.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00300-00150463-00151129": "But it attempts to try to describe this ecosystem that appears to predispose to these health", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00301-00151129-00151846": "inequities, and that appreciates those endpoints that I described before in stroke, and heart", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00302-00151846-00152305": "failure, and kidney failure; and a recognition, clinically, that that's driven by obesity,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00303-00152305-00152900": "diabetes, or hypertension is particularly prevalent amongst African Americans that predisposes", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00304-00152900-00153135": "to these complications.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00305-00153135-00153990": "But it also brings into play the notion of the environment, and in the era omics, that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00306-00153990-00154272": "some are calling the \"exposome.\"", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00307-00154272-00154760": "Those factors in the environment, the exposures in the environment that are influencing the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00308-00154760-00155311": "predisposition to these risk factors: obesity, diabetes, and hypertension; and a recognition", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00309-00155311-00155974": "that social dynamics of racism and social deprivation set the stage for the development", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00310-00155974-00156363": "of a predisposition to these health inequities.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00311-00156363-00156978": "Probably most pertinent to this group is this notion that we're describing as the biosocial", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00312-00156978-00157870": "interface, in which this group, in particular, is appreciative of that dynamic between environment", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00313-00157870-00158669": "and genomic variation that can influence disease; and a potential now for us to have the tools", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00314-00158669-00158914": "that we look at this interface.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00315-00158914-00159602": "And we may argue that some of the initiatives of Genome Institute, as well as the Common", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00316-00159602-00160303": "Fund, are starting to look at this interface and how we can interrogate it by maybe understanding", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00317-00160303-00160837": "the microbiome, the immune system, the epigenome as something that might be responsive in a", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00318-00160837-00161803": "dynamic way to this environment, such that biological systems are altered to drive health", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00319-00161803-00161903": "inequities.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00320-00161903-00162251": "At least this is a model to pursue.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00321-00162251-00162835": "And it's one in which will go back and forth in this yin and yang between classical reductionist", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00322-00162835-00163546": "sorts of strategies, and more integrative, holistic, cross-disciplinary, systems-based", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00323-00163546-00163646": "approaches.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00324-00163646-00164033": "And I think that's one of the exciting opportunities that lays before us.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00325-00164033-00164898": "And again, I know that Genome is at the advance and vanguard in leading us through.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00326-00164898-00165587": "I contextualized this challenge to -- by referring back to my former life and the study that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00327-00165587-00166148": "we did when I was in Atlanta, in which we started with just a survey, a community-based", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00328-00166148-00167009": "survey of a biracial ambulatory population, middle-aged, in Atlanta, Georgia.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00329-00167009-00167524": "And this is the sort of classic demographic profile that we got from this group.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00330-00167524-00168198": "You can see they're middle-aged and, not surprising to you, the African Americans were more obese,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00331-00168198-00168934": "had higher blood pressure, greater prevalence of hypertension, had more diabetes, and, of", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00332-00168934-00169569": "note, had less physical activity and lower diet of fruits and vegetables than whites.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00333-00169569-00170144": "And the thought was that that may drive these health inequities and risks for cardiovascular", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00334-00170144-00170244": "disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00335-00170244-00170851": "But what I find intriguing is what we're starting to learn about this, I think, is relevant", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00336-00170851-00171300": "to a lot of what this institute is about.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00337-00171300-00172074": "I'm intrigued by the potential to leverage our cohorts and the exposome to get an understanding", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00338-00172074-00172476": "of how it's interfacing at the biosocial interface.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00339-00172476-00173262": "And one of the provocative studies done by Christakis and her colleagues using the Framingham", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00340-00173262-00173963": "Database was to look at this phenomena of social contagion, in which they followed the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00341-00173963-00174740": "Framingham longitudinal cohort and were able to track individuals who started off at about", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00342-00174740-00175478": "the same time, and tracked who became obese, and, basically, who didn't, and then mapped", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00343-00175478-00175883": "that to their social network, as shown in the top slide.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00344-00175883-00176562": "And the bottom line is, that your BFF -- your best friend forever -- when you were younger,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00345-00176562-00177146": "and both of you were lean, if your BFF became obese, you were more likely to become obese.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00346-00177146-00177497": "And it wasn't just that birds of a feather flock together, if you will.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00347-00177497-00178142": "There appeared to be a particular, again, social contagion related to that interaction", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00348-00178142-00178365": "and that affinity.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00349-00178365-00178928": "And so one wonders, \"Well, how would that be interpreted at a bio-social interface?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00350-00178928-00179066": "What might mediate that?\"", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00351-00179066-00179370": "And I think that's still speculative.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00352-00179370-00180019": "But I guess I'm intrigued by animal-modeled data that exists related to the microbiome,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00353-00180019-00180646": "and how the microbiome is modulated by dietary habits or what you choose to give your mice", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00354-00180646-00181113": "or rat, and the fact that that is transferrable between colonies.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00355-00181113-00181915": "And, again, this group is aware that if you do a profile of the microbiome you can actually", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00356-00181915-00182441": "see signatures of the diet there and watch it change with intervention.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00357-00182441-00182922": "And so I think this is one of those exciting areas of the biosocial interface that might", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00358-00182922-00183578": "be very helpful in helping us to understand some of these health inequities, and how the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00359-00183578-00184194": "affiliations that come from segregation and other parts of interactions, and how that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00360-00184194-00184726": "might, again, have a biological mediator at the end of the day.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00361-00184726-00185358": "This was also noteworthy because when we'd studied these African Americans in Atlanta,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00362-00185358-00185849": "one of the things that became quite clear is that the low physical activity amongst", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00363-00185849-00186112": "the African Americans was self-evident.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00364-00186112-00186805": "But when we asked them the question, \"Do you feel as though it's safe to jog or walk in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00365-00186805-00186905": "your neighborhood?\"", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00366-00186905-00187311": "disproportionately, the African Americans disagreed with that statement.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00367-00187311-00187736": "They felt as though their physical activity was, indeed, influenced by their environment", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00368-00187736-00188379": "and the feeling that it was unsafe to actually pursue that kind of healthy lifestyle.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00369-00188379-00188892": "And similarly, when we looked at where many of them were resided, here in the southwest", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00370-00188892-00189528": "quarter of Atlanta, and did an analysis of their access to healthy foods, we also recognized", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00371-00189528-00190123": "that there was a disproportionate concentration of restaurants that serve high-fat, high-calorie", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00372-00190123-00190742": "dense foods, and a relative paucity of supermarkets that provide fresh fruits and vegetables in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00373-00190742-00190916": "that same neighborhood.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00374-00190916-00191607": "So two of the key exposure variables may, in fact, be related to the environment people", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00375-00191607-00192196": "live in, and work in, and play in, as much as certain individual choices that they're", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00376-00192196-00192296": "making.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00377-00192296-00192560": "And that, again, has biological implications.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00378-00192560-00193326": "Some recent work this -- from a paper done by Wang et al that recognizes that the color", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00379-00193326-00194227": "that's part of fruits and vegetables has -- relates to chemical products of flavonoids that are", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00380-00194227-00194510": "broken down by the microbiome.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00381-00194510-00195323": "And that the metabolites of those flavonoids then is able to modulate macrophage gene expression", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00382-00195323-00195887": "-- indeed, the expression of certain micro-RNAs -- that, indeed, then modulate the expression", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00383-00195887-00196508": "of transporters involved in lipid metabolism by the fully-macrophages that make up an atherosclerotic", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00384-00196508-00196608": "lesion.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00385-00196608-00197028": "And they were able to -- Wang et al were able to show that manipulating either the metabolite", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00386-00197028-00197558": "or the microbiome could actually promote the regression of atherosclerosis.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00387-00197558-00198385": "And so we're starting to see evidence of how these biosocial interfaces and, in this case,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00388-00198385-00199014": "the microbiome may be playing a significant role in a way that might be explanatory of", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00389-00199014-00199319": "certain health inequities that we see.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00390-00199319-00200209": "So I tried to just paint that picture of some emerging data that I think we find exciting", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00391-00200209-00200790": "about a path forward, one of which I know that this institute has already embarked on,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00392-00200790-00201405": "it's already in the Common Fund, that I hope we can continue to build on.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00393-00201405-00202246": "Let me sort of close out with this last example that, again, this body is very familiar with.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00394-00202246-00202845": "That as we look at the social context and how it might interface with biological systems,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00395-00202845-00203523": "clearly it's all interacting in the context of genomic variation and the population history", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00396-00203523-00203678": "that has shaped that genomic variation.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00397-00203678-00204159": "And again, I don't need to spend much time on this slide from Carl Bustamante's work", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00398-00204159-00205050": "that shows that the mosaic nature of the genome, chromosome by chromosome, typically existed", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00399-00205050-00205790": "in most African Americans that spans different degrees and extents of admixture of European", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00400-00205790-00206921": "and African lineages, and how that genome has been shaped by centuries of exposures.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00401-00206921-00207492": "This one giving just an illustration of Malaria, and how that has shaped the genome and actually", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00402-00207492-00207976": "variants that you see here that have been well described.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00403-00207976-00208681": "And I'd like this paper as a paradigm, hopefully, of possibilities in the future.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00404-00208681-00209394": "A paper by Genovese et al that I found very provocative, and included, actually, Dr. Kopp,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00405-00209394-00209934": "who's here in the intramural program, in which they identified the association of the Trypanolytic", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00406-00209934-00210748": "ApoL1 variant in predisposing to chronic kidney disease, based on a mixture analysis of families", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00407-00210748-00211404": "with end-stage renal disease done by Friedman, Bowden, and others.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00408-00211404-00212036": "And, characteristically, you can see the -- how the heterozygote sort of had an advantage", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00409-00212036-00212709": "here, in that the ApoL1 molecule would actually lice [spelled phonetically] the trypanosome", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00410-00212709-00213017": "that causes sleeping sickness.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00411-00213017-00213511": "And so, clearly, this is something that was probably selected for and was advantageous", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00412-00213511-00214525": "in that contents -- context, and -- but now, in the context of high-salt diet in America,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00413-00214525-00214948": "probably is not so good; and, certainly, in the context of hypertension, increased the", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00414-00214948-00215084": "risk five-fold.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00415-00215084-00215696": "So one of the more robust -- actually, relatively common, if you will -- variants with a major", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00416-00215696-00216221": "effect on the end point of chronic kidney disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00417-00216221-00216735": "And it may, in fact, be driving that curve that I showed you earlier as to African Americans", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00418-00216735-00217014": "having higher incident rate of renal failure.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00419-00217014-00217563": "And that, to me, opens up a lot of exciting opportunities that I hope -- that I know,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00420-00217563-00218188": "in fact, this institute's interested in pursuing moving forward in the next five to 10 years,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00421-00218188-00219031": "in which this might serve as something of a paradigm in which we actually start to contemplate", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00422-00219031-00219871": "the use of markers, like ApoL1, to think about genomic medicine, therapeutic strategies,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00423-00219871-00220530": "and/or as a discovery platform, if you will, for new therapies, new pathways, and pathogenic", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00424-00220530-00220848": "mechanisms of chronic kidney disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00425-00220848-00221556": "One could imagine clearly playing a role in risk prediction, influencing therapeutic choices,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00426-00221556-00221946": "the degree -- the lowering of the blood pressure, the strategy of lowering the blood pressure,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00427-00221946-00222466": "and, as I say, identify novel pathways that will give us some insight as to what, indeed,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00428-00222466-00222977": "promotes the progression of chronic kidney disease that seems so inexorable.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00429-00222977-00223766": "So I'm excited, actually, by the opportunities to bend this curve, and to have an impact", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00430-00223766-00223992": "in which we might actually be transformative.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00431-00223992-00224602": "And the drivers of Medicare expenditures moving forward, if we could, indeed, identify a risk", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00432-00224602-00225135": "population, develop a strategy that's actually preemptive in the development of this end-stage", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00433-00225135-00225852": "disease in a way that would be transformative to the patients, and actually -- may actually", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00434-00225852-00226232": "be transformative in terms of our economic imperatives.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00435-00226232-00226792": "So I see a lot of opportunities for NHLBI and Genome to work in partnership.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00436-00226792-00227413": "We share a common interest in the emergence of big data.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00437-00227413-00228089": "And we're clearly committed to converting what is a storage problem into an opportunity", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00438-00228089-00228810": "to develop actual knowledge that actually drives medicine and public health impact.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00439-00228810-00229594": "I'm always -- I always chuckle as a clinician -- you know, I still remember those days of,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00440-00229594-00230107": "you know, going down to the medical record room, and waiting in a queue, and waiting", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00441-00230107-00230617": "for someone to disappear back into the stacks and bring you back a bunch of charts this", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00442-00230617-00231060": "full from, you know, Mary Sue in for her 12th admission.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00443-00231060-00231864": "And so when I go on the Web, it's just remarkable how much we've lagged behind the digital revolution", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00444-00231864-00232141": "of the 21st century in biomedicine.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00445-00232141-00232525": "And so when I go to Amazon.com, it says, \"Hi, Gary.\"", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00446-00232525-00232625": "[laughter]", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00447-00232625-00232877": "And here's my actual screen shot.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00448-00232877-00233310": "You guys are probably discerning and doing a psychological analysis of the books I read.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00449-00233310-00233817": "But, suffice it to say, prior to Christmas, it, you know, suggested the new Jefferson", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00450-00233817-00234123": "biography, because I like biographies.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00451-00234123-00234909": "And I actually did buy it based on that recommendation, and enjoyed it over Christmas.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00452-00234909-00235342": "And yet it's all because they are tracing my behaviors, all my transactions, all my", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00453-00235342-00235442": "things.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00454-00235442-00235992": "And they're able to develop algorithms to predict what I probably would buy for myself.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00455-00235992-00236830": "And it just seems so incredibly humbling that medicine seems so far from what Amazon is", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00456-00236830-00236930": "doing.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00457-00236930-00237688": "I also, like some of you in the room probably, would follow FiveThirtyEight and Nate Silver,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00458-00237688-00238483": "and, you know, how he was able to take metadata and make so much inference out of it, and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00459-00238483-00238819": "be pretty close to predicting things pretty good.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00460-00238819-00239719": "And so I'm hopeful that that's something that we can do in the context of our enterprise.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00461-00239719-00240363": "And with that regard, I'm hoping that we can think about rebooting Framingham -- I say", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00462-00240363-00241146": "this with caution with Teri Manolio in the room -- that we think about Framingham 2.0.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00463-00241146-00241816": "Indeed, actually during the time before Genome stole her away from NHLBI -- for which we'll", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00464-00241816-00242551": "never forgive Genome -- that Framingham was starting to move in that direction, and I", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00465-00242551-00243146": "think was amongst the early cohorts that adopted genomic analyses and technology.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00466-00243146-00243813": "And I think we have an opportunity now in version 2.0 to even leverage that further.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00467-00243813-00244567": "I'm hopeful that folks from this institute will give us some ideas, because I think it's", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00468-00244567-00245167": "still relatively untapped how much we're using the fact that it's been such a multigenerational", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00469-00245167-00245560": "study for over 50 years.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00470-00245560-00246250": "And we had these platforms, we had the next-gen sequencing capabilities; we had deep phenotyping,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00471-00246250-00246810": "literally, on hundreds of families.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00472-00246810-00247376": "And I'm hopeful that we can exploit that in a much more strategic, and effective, and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00473-00247376-00247860": "high-impact way than perhaps we have using some of the older sort of platforms.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00474-00247860-00248373": "And I think it's quite amenable to that, but we'd love to talk to you about how we might", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00475-00248373-00248565": "work on that together.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00476-00248565-00249342": "Similarly, we're expanding the notion of omics to include a variety of platforms that are", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00477-00249342-00250106": "already embedded within that, and which we hope to enrich, including iPS cells, et cetera.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00478-00250106-00250858": "So I think that the opportunities are great to leverage one of the iconic legacies of", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00479-00250858-00250991": "the NHLBI.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00480-00250991-00251730": "I'm hopeful that we can work with you toward this concept of a scientific commons, if you", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00481-00251730-00252377": "will, that taps into the collective intelligence of the whole community and leverages across", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00482-00252377-00252946": "a variety of disciplines by, again, making more data and multiple levels publicly available", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00483-00252946-00253634": "-- not just the DNA sequence, but at the various levels, all the way up through the phenotype", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00484-00253634-00253819": "and the expososome [spelled phonetically].", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00485-00253819-00254417": "At least that's what we would envision in partnership with this institute, in a way", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00486-00254417-00255219": "that captures the diversity of our cohorts, but also starts to bring in our clinical colleagues;", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00487-00255219-00255806": "the fact that we have clinical trial networks and clinical research networks that also have", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00488-00255806-00256605": "these capabilities to extend beyond the community-based cohorts to expand our case ascertainment and,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00489-00256605-00256866": "therefore, controls as well.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00490-00256866-00257681": "We're hopeful that with this scientific commons we can, indeed, collectively create this open", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00491-00257681-00258276": "multi-dimensional omic data repositories that, again, is accessible to more scientists than", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00492-00258276-00259117": "just a close group of investigators that might have been a part of these original cohorts.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00493-00259117-00260164": "And I'm very hopeful and, perhaps, overly optimistic about the future, but I was very", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00494-00260164-00260954": "intrigued by one of the meetings I went to when I first started on this Bench-to-Bassinette", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00495-00260954-00261548": "Working Group and network that we have in our Pediatric Cardiology Group that Gale Pearson", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00496-00261548-00261955": "and Jonathan Kaufman [spelled phonetically] had been leading, that has gotten together", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00497-00261955-00262599": "a series of investigators who are probing congenital heart disease as something where", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00498-00262599-00263510": "we might be able to, again, leverage clinical ascertainment, advances in imaging technology,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00499-00263510-00263949": "and the application of omics to understand potentially the role of de novo mutations", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00500-00263949-00264589": "in certain pathways that might predispose to a defect; and understand that, not only", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00501-00264589-00265195": "at this clinical level, but that it may relate to other biological systems, mouse models,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00502-00265195-00265869": "et cetera, with the use of iPS cells, and characterize advances in our understanding", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00503-00265869-00266148": "of congenital heart disease in a way that would be unprecedented.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00504-00266148-00266467": "Just go past that.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00505-00266467-00267089": "And finally, the other thing I think would be very exciting to work with this group on", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00506-00267089-00267360": "relates to genomic medicine as we alluded to.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00507-00267360-00267851": "That they're a great opportunity to -- again, Genome has played a leadership role on.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00508-00267851-00268391": "I know Teri's been in this space with Emerge, and genomic medicine, and clinical sequencing", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00509-00268391-00269065": "that I hope that we can build on in the context -- again, in a complementary way that extends", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00510-00269065-00269629": "what we're doing at Framingham and cohorts, but closer to the clinic and clinical phenotyping", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00511-00269629-00270136": "where we can, again, leverage that linkage between information that's already there in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00512-00270136-00270775": "electronic records, but increasingly is having genomic information superimposed in repositories", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00513-00270775-00270943": "that are happening around the country.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00514-00270943-00271399": "And already in our Cardiovascular Research Network in NHLBI, you know, we have millions", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00515-00271399-00271963": "of covered lives through the health plan systems that are already part of this network.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00516-00271963-00272617": "So when you talk about big data and tracking of outcomes, I think this is an incredible", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00517-00272617-00273042": "platform that gives us enormous opportunity.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00518-00273042-00273596": "And I'd love to be able to superimpose our CTSA network on this, and to pursue things", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00519-00273596-00274056": "more in this direction of genomic medicine.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00520-00274056-00274729": "So what I've tried to indicate to you are some opportunities that I think are unprecedented,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00521-00274729-00275336": "and at least I'm excited about, that we can work together on.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00522-00275336-00276294": "And I've put out this challenge to our staff, and I probably was crazy enough to do it in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00523-00276294-00276682": "my first invited plenary at the American Society of Hematology.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00524-00276682-00277218": "I probably should have asked you, Eric, first, whether that was a good idea or not.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00525-00277218-00277882": "But I showed this slide to this group of hematologists as a cardiologist, because one of the things", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00526-00277882-00278386": "that I encountered when I was in Atlanta is Atlanta has one of the biggest sickle-cell", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00527-00278386-00278650": "clinics in the country.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00528-00278650-00279451": "And as an adult cardiologist, it had not been hit home to me the fact that so many of our", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00529-00279451-00279989": "kids with sickle-cell disease suffer strokes at a very early age.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00530-00279989-00280911": "This nation was kind of rocked by what happened in Newtown, Connecticut with the murder of", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00531-00280911-00281041": "6-year-old children.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00532-00281041-00281748": "And I must admit, as tragic and as horrendous as that is, I think it's also tragic that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00533-00281748-00282328": "we have African-American children with sickle-cell disease who are having strokes, literally", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00534-00282328-00282774": "on a weekly basis, who are 6 years old.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00535-00282774-00283224": "We've made advances -- that's what's shown on this slide -- with a clinical trial that", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00536-00283224-00283681": "the NHLBI funded, in which transfusing blood made a difference.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00537-00283681-00284777": "But it would seem to me ambitious but feasible goal to set for ourselves that we would think", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00538-00284777-00285336": "about a stroke-free generation of children with sickle-cell disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00539-00285336-00286220": "And I say this to this audience because this was the paradigmatic molecular medicine disease.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00540-00286220-00287046": "This was the disease where we figured out the mutation a long time ago, and yet 6-year-olds", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00541-00287046-00287252": "are having strokes.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00542-00287252-00287945": "Again, I don't need to tell this audience, there are probably some opportunities we can", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00543-00287945-00288275": "pursue to figure this out.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00544-00288275-00288649": "Some of those have already been made in the case of cystic fibrosis.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00545-00288649-00289225": "I think the time is right to make that happen in sickle-cell disease, not only in this country,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00546-00289225-00289391": "but around the globe.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00547-00289391-00289933": "And I think that we have an unprecedented opportunity to do that with things we have", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00548-00289933-00290053": "in hand.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00549-00290053-00290466": "And, with that, I appreciate your attention.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00550-00290466-00290675": "[applause]", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00551-00290675-00291357": "Eric Green: I'm certain Gary is happy to answer questions", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00552-00291357-00291579": "that the council members may have.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00553-00291579-00291700": "Bob?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00554-00291700-00292184": "Robert Nussbaum: I had wanted to follow up on the comments", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00555-00292184-00292882": "you made about minority representation in the research workforce.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00556-00292882-00293802": "There's been this ongoing debate, or discussion, about pipeline versus falling out of the pipeline.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00557-00293802-00294299": "And I look now at things like the MARC Scholar Program that is funded, I guess, primarily", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00558-00294299-00295157": "by NIGMS, which seems to go down, perhaps, to the undergraduate level, but not below.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00559-00295157-00295572": "And I'm wondering whether you would be interested in commenting on, first of all, what your", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00560-00295572-00296407": "view is of the pipeline issue, and second of all, how can we overcome this chasm between", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00561-00296407-00296811": "K through 12 education, and then the undergraduate and above it.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00562-00296811-00297099": "It seems like it's two completely different worlds.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00563-00297099-00297307": "Gary Gibbons: Yeah.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00564-00297307-00297498": "It's a great point, great comment.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00565-00297498-00298150": "And if this was a readily solvable problem, I think we would've solved it by now.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00566-00298150-00298692": "It -- at the risk of sounding like someone downtown, you know, it probably is one of", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00567-00298692-00298948": "those all-of-the-above kind of challenges.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00568-00298948-00299785": "I just saw an article in the New York Times this Sunday about a town in New Jersey in", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00569-00299785-00300082": "which they start at pre-school.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00570-00300082-00300368": "And, you know, all of us have kids.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00571-00300368-00300602": "We've been blessed that they've gone on.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00572-00300602-00300939": "Well, we started very early to put them on these trajectories.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00573-00300939-00301067": "So I agree with you.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00574-00301067-00301373": "You probably can't start early enough.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00575-00301373-00301866": "You could argue, given what we already know, a lot of it's even in utero for all we know.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00576-00301866-00302008": "So you can't start early enough.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00577-00302008-00302707": "So then I think we had a challenge as the working group to say, \"Where is the best,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00578-00302707-00303054": "most targeted strategic place for NIH to play a role?\"", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00579-00303054-00303432": "Recognizing that, quite frankly, you know, there's a whole department of education, et", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00580-00303432-00303745": "cetera, and there's a lot of players that should be in this space.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00581-00303745-00304257": "So that's where we had to make a judicious, strategic decision about where we could do", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00582-00304257-00304459": "the most from an NIH perspective.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00583-00304459-00304751": "And we came down a little close to what you said.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00584-00304751-00305308": "And that is, although there are challenges all the way through, that when you look at", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00585-00305308-00305944": "the incoming freshmen, even into college, the underrepresented groups are a still a", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00586-00305944-00306595": "pretty healthy number of those who at least intend to go toward the biological sciences,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00587-00306595-00306928": "even those who make it through to that point.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00588-00306928-00307880": "Then what we looked at was from undergraduate, converting a graduate BS to a Ph.D. That's", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00589-00307880-00308640": "where we saw a steep decline, and where there was a dramatic gap now in terms of those who", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00590-00308640-00308785": "made that conversion.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00591-00308785-00309261": "And that kind of led us to say if we, again, don't have unlimited resources or unlimited", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00592-00309261-00309559": "leverage, what could we do?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00593-00309559-00309826": "We tried to hit that conversion.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00594-00309826-00310234": "One of the programs -- and, again, it's not sufficient -- but one of the programs relates", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00595-00310234-00310883": "to reducing one of the disincentives, which is the financial burden that comes from taking", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00596-00310883-00311453": "this track, particularly after you've built up the debt of college education.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00597-00311453-00312026": "And, as having gotten three kids through, I have an immediate appreciation for how much", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00598-00312026-00312126": "that is.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00599-00312126-00312656": "The days of working your way through college for a low-income person are rapidly disappearing,", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00600-00312656-00312763": "if not already gone.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00601-00312763-00313360": "So the notion of putting in a scholarship and/or loan repayment option, to at least", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00602-00313360-00314180": "reduce that roadblock or hurdle, particularly targeted at these groups, in conjunction with", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00603-00314180-00314676": "what is already there, in terms of MARC and what have you, we thought could make a difference.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00604-00314676-00315266": "And then the second one is the one I described, which is the mentorship; that is, to link", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00605-00315266-00315366": "those kids in.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00606-00315366-00315815": "That if that drop off is not because -- we want to be sure it's not because they didn't", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00607-00315815-00316042": "have opportunities and they didn't get the best guidance.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00608-00316042-00316599": "And that's, again, what we're going to need to focus around the table.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00609-00316599-00316818": "Eric Green: Howard?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00610-00316818-00317313": "Howard McLeod: I have an institute question for you.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00611-00317313-00317948": "One of the things that we struggle with is where does NHGRI start and stop compared to", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00612-00317948-00318089": "the other institutes.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00613-00318089-00318652": "And I know it's a continuum and there is no start and stop, but our advisory role is for", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00614-00318652-00319503": "one institute, but often our scope of interests and opportunity is across the spectrum.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00615-00319503-00320128": "And as you're new and in one of the great partner institutes, I wonder if you could", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00616-00320128-00320433": "comment on how you see things playing together.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00617-00320433-00320924": "Gary Gibbons: Well, probably because I am new and I'm coming", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00618-00320924-00321950": "from outside the NIH, I see the importance of the collaborative synergies that potentially", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00619-00321950-00322086": "can exist here.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00620-00322086-00322772": "I think we're in a fiscal climate, where if there ever was a situation where each institute", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00621-00322772-00323147": "could go alone, that's rapidly disappearing.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00622-00323147-00323758": "So I think the reality of the situation is when things are tight we really have to look", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00623-00323758-00323972": "for those collaborative synergies.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00624-00323972-00325035": "Again, I can't speak for Eric, but I would hope that we can work collectively in platforms", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00625-00325035-00325401": "that I believe are, in essence, disease agnostic.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00626-00325401-00325799": "You might've noticed, for example, that I actually gave you a kidney example.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00627-00325799-00325942": "Howard McLeod: We did notice.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00628-00325942-00326042": "[laughter]", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00629-00326042-00326371": "Gary Gibbons: There was -- it's probably the rebel in me", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00630-00326371-00327226": "that, you know, hypertension is in our portfolio; kidney disease is in Griff's portfolio.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00631-00327226-00327896": "But we're having collaborative talks because, obviously, when it comes to patients, they", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00632-00327896-00328059": "don't care about these things.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00633-00328059-00328960": "And when it comes to the science, this institute, probably more than any, is interested in platforms", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00634-00328960-00329529": "and scientific questions that are clearly so cross-cutting and yet fundamentally important", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00635-00329529-00329629": "for us.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00636-00329629-00330079": "So I think that in terms of the resources that we talked about and the platforms, I", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00637-00330079-00330391": "see great opportunities for us to continue to collaborate.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00638-00330391-00330870": "And, you know, Eric and I are, you know, been going back and forth on this.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00639-00330870-00330970": "So --", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00640-00330970-00331070": "Eric Green: Henry [spelled phonetically]?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00641-00331070-00331296": "Gary Gibbons: I think they're ready for lunch.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00642-00331296-00331396": "Eric Green: Okay.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00643-00331396-00331509": "Gary Gibbons: Thank you.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00644-00331509-00331692": "Eric Green: Well, thank you, Gary.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00645-00331692-00331844": "Gary Gibbons: I appreciate it.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00646-00331844-00332003": "Eric Green: To be continued.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00647-00332003-00332577": "Rudy, do you want to -- do you have the marching orders?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00648-00332577-00333404": "Rudy Pozzatti: The orders are to go upstairs one floor and", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00649-00333404-00333546": "seek food.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00650-00333546-00334096": "And you can also -- aside from eating in the cafeteria, you may want to connect with some", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00651-00334096-00334464": "of the program directors of HG, go to their offices.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00652-00334464-00334933": "There's a conference room on the fourth floor that has a large room and seating there, as", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00653-00334933-00335033": "well.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00654-00335033-00335251": "Please be back at 1:15.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00655-00335251-00335353": "Okay?", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00656-00335353-00335453": "We'll reconvene at that time.", "fG2yGfs-ZHc-00657-00335453-00335459": "[end of transcript]"}}, {"audio_id": "fGjne9Z0SGo", "text": {"fGjne9Z0SGo-00000-00000463-00000672": "this is tomorrow saying reading for reviewer rich", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00001-00001360-00001800": "this video has been suggested from this comment so remember to like and comment", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00002-00001800-00002424": "on my videos so that you're my first guest is a grammy nominated artist she stars in", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00003-00002424-00002984": "the movie cinder welcome everybody welcome to the tonight show you're here you're watching thank you", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00004-00003784-00004384": "hey cookie fans there's a new update in headset", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00005-00005824-00006040": "this is nuts i've been having trouble sleeping", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00006-00006184-00006568": "hey everyone it's king kev this video has been suggested from", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00007-00006864-00007200": "today we're going to check out the brand new shadow superman update in", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00008-00007200-00007656": "fortnite but first let's start off by unlocking him okay i'm here for day with the brain", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00009-00008112-00008520": "hello insiders my name is hamza and i work on account safety at youtube", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00010-00008520-00008912": "we've talked about best practices to keeping your channel safe in the past but today", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00011-00009816-00009984": "assassination", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00012-00012112-00012528": "all right so in today's moments video we have the gta mod and in the gta mod", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00013-00012528-00014184": "you can transform into one of this all right today i'm testing out the performance of amd's", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00014-00014296-00014544": "hey welcome back fellow creators in today's video we're gonna", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00015-00014768-00015896": "yeah that's right we've heard episodic gunfire uh and also multiple george mr not this is an abc the", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00016-00015896-00016576": "lies we lost today were lives bungie is coming up on its 30 talking about people getting knocked out", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00017-00016664-00017264": "with ap thank you for taking the time to do this can you the threat from isis", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00018-00018152-00018712": "no it's not notorious wife killer scott peterson is one step closer to getting", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00019-00018712-00019088": "a new trial and what's considered the government of people of soccer state", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00020-00019352-00019784": "gamescom according to statistics only is", "fGjne9Z0SGo-00021-00020312-00021184": "roblox on a field trip to mickey mouse clubhouse yeah but something we're here"}}, {"audio_id": "fGmmskWVeLA", "text": {"fGmmskWVeLA-00000-00000000-00000687": "ЗВУКИ МУЗЫКИ", "fGmmskWVeLA-00001-00000690-00000900": "ПОПАЛСЯ"}}, {"audio_id": "fGB8ujdorsu", "text": {"fGB8ujdorsu-00000-00000000-00000144": "Hello, dears!", "fGB8ujdorsu-00001-00000144-00000342": "Happy Tie Day Friday!", "fGB8ujdorsu-00002-00000354-00000700": "For my English speakers, it is Tie Day Friday", "fGB8ujdorsu-00003-00000700-00000900": "and I wanna see your ties", "fGB8ujdorsu-00004-00000900-00001166": "Please tweet me on Twitter or tag me on Instagram", "fGB8ujdorsu-00005-00001166-00001448": "and show me your beautiful ties.", "fGB8ujdorsu-00006-00001448-00001882": "For my Esperantists, tomorrow is Tie Day Saturday.", "fGB8ujdorsu-00007-00001882-00002550": "and I want you to show me your ties on Twitter or Instagram.", "fGB8ujdorsu-00008-00002630-00003206": "Today, two weeks ago, I started this channel", "fGB8ujdorsu-00009-00003206-00003847": "and I am so happy, and I feel so supported by all of you.", "fGB8ujdorsu-00010-00003908-00004029": "So thank you.", "fGB8ujdorsu-00011-00004029-00004280": "Thanks for watching and bye!"}}, {"audio_id": "fGCJj_nEH2o", "text": {"fGCJj_nEH2o-00000-00000371-00000663": "Philosophy is the overall name for the enterprise that", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00001-00000727-00000811": "results in scientific knowledge. And", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00002-00001133-00001923": "all possible scientific knowledge should fall somewhere in this division and certainly any product of Hellenistic", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00003-00001988-00002559": "Science does and was conceived of so doing. Credit people doing it.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00004-00002615-00002958": "Any any other question about that division? (student speak)", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00005-00004112-00004621": "Yes, exactly, so they interact in various ways and to", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00006-00004685-00005367": "various extents with the different schools. What you gave is a very good example of their interaction.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00007-00005387-00005587": "If you believe that", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00008-00005669-00006235": "ethically what we need to do to be virtuous people is live lives that are in accordance with nature,", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00009-00006311-00006933": "then you need to know something about nature, which means you need to have scientific knowledge of physics.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00010-00007003-00007551": "Suppose we interpret the idea of living in accordance with nature - living in accordance with human nature.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00011-00007582-00007800": "Then you don't need to know something about human nature.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00012-00007831-00008262": "You need to know something - not just about nature itself, but about living things:", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00013-00008332-00009096": "about animals, since humans are kinds of animals and then about what makes us unique and so forth. And that", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00014-00009121-00009598": "would all be conceived of a natural and investigation nature or", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00015-00009657-00010286": "Physics. Again, in order to know how we can reason about physics. What is the", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00016-00010464-00010964": "reality of nature? How is it structured? What is the shape of the cosmos? Is it intrumental or", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00017-00011073-00011827": "finite etc? In order to figure out if our reasoning in that is correct, we're going to need some kind of method and", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00018-00011928-00012641": "logic for making inferences, for making arguments, for inducing principles for deducing from principles.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00019-00012641-00012910": "Physics will interact with our", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00020-00012963-00013760": "logic, and the general way that these are connected is very tightly connected. In the Soviet school they have clear", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00021-00013820-00014539": "doctrines on every one of these and the idea is you couldn't change any bit of it without disrupting the whole", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00022-00014556-00015074": "system and this creates a notion of systemic philosophy. Not just", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00023-00015138-00015796": "investigation into one particular aspect of philosophy, but the idea that it comprises an interlocking set of", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00024-00015882-00016082": "views that", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00025-00016134-00016334": "impact each other.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00026-00016373-00016663": "The answer to that question is definitely", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00027-00016728-00017494": "yes, but in different ways and interestingly in different ways. And then as I also said different theories about, for example the order in which", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00028-00017495-00017908": "these should be taught or the order in which they should be presented in a", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00029-00017985-00018117": "scientific", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00030-00018117-00018315": "account.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00031-00018315-00018716": "Not every philosopher", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00032-00018792-00018951": "basically", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00033-00018951-00019561": "is capable of contributing to all these areas. Some of them have; Aristotle did, Chrysippus did;", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00034-00019680-00020299": "Pyrrhonnian skeptics that reject all of these fields - all of them as being incoherent, there being no such thing as scientific knowledge,", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00035-00020337-00020537": "go into all of them.", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00036-00020640-00020808": "Mostly", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00037-00020808-00021058": "Philosophers will have taken some part of philosophy,", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00038-00021120-00021712": "one or two subjects from one or two these areas and done their work in that and", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00039-00021752-00022288": "presumably the research that you will continue to do in here will also become specialized into one of these", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00040-00022352-00022582": "areas. And in fact, into one of these", "fGCJj_nEH2o-00041-00022646-00022846": "divisions."}}, {"audio_id": "fHJm7bs9U5c", "text": {"fHJm7bs9U5c-00000-00000050-00000290": "Hello, and welcome to Bay College's video lectures", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00001-00000290-00000459": "for 095.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00002-00000459-00000847": "This is the continuation of Section 7.1.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00003-00000847-00001150": "We're just going to review the rules of exponents", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00004-00001150-00001353": "that we introduced, and then we're", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00005-00001353-00001590": "going to explore scientific notation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00006-00001590-00001857": "And we really have to have a mastery", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00007-00001857-00002061": "of our rules of exponents in order", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00008-00002061-00002355": "to work with scientific notation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00009-00002355-00002733": "So to review, recall our product rule", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00010-00002733-00002993": "for exponents is if we have a product,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00011-00002993-00003258": "we would add them if they have the same base.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00012-00003258-00003404": "So here we just add their exponents", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00013-00003404-00003618": "because their bases are the same.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00014-00003618-00003945": "The quotient rule, well, since multiplication and division", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00015-00003945-00004138": "are opposite operations, we're going", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00016-00004138-00004316": "to do the opposite operation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00017-00004316-00004555": "Here we have quotients, so we're going", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00018-00004555-00004795": "to subtract the top minus the bottom.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00019-00004795-00004958": "The one thing we have to be careful of,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00020-00004958-00005338": "it's always the top minus the bottom.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00021-00005338-00005703": "For the power rule, if we have a base to a power raised", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00022-00005703-00005969": "to a power, we have an exponent raised to an exponent,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00023-00005969-00006258": "we can simply multiply them.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00024-00006258-00006455": "The power of a product or the power", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00025-00006455-00006792": "of a quotient, this example applies to both.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00026-00006792-00007059": "If we have a product or a quotient", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00027-00007059-00007381": "or a combination of those raised to a power,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00028-00007381-00007786": "we distribute the power to each thing within those parentheses.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00029-00007786-00008012": "So we just distribute it to each thing.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00030-00008012-00008204": "Then we have the zero rule of exponents.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00031-00008204-00008585": "Anything to the 0 power is 1, unless that base is 0.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00032-00008585-00008935": "If any of these bases are 0, none of this really applies.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00033-00008935-00009101": "And then we have the negative exponent.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00034-00009101-00009325": "If we have a base to a negative exponent,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00035-00009325-00009552": "we could take its reciprocal.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00036-00009552-00009974": "Or if we have a negative exponent in the denominator,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00037-00009974-00010334": "we can move it to the numerator or take its reciprocal.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00038-00010334-00010539": "It's the same rule.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00039-00010539-00010589": "All right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00040-00010589-00010933": "So how do these rules apply to scientific notation?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00041-00010933-00011339": "Well, scientific notation deals with exponents", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00042-00011339-00011719": "as a factor of 10, 10 to some power.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00043-00011719-00012095": "And this is a very commonly-used notation", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00044-00012095-00012394": "because our number system is based on factors of 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00045-00012394-00012632": "If we move any value to the right", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00046-00012632-00013056": "or to the left of a decimal in a number, our decimal system,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00047-00013056-00013258": "we're changing by a factor of 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00048-00013258-00013563": "We have the ones, the tens, the hundreds.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00049-00013563-00013968": "We have the tenths, the 1/100.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00050-00013968-00014159": "We have the 1/1,000.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00051-00014159-00014588": "So we're moving from the decimal a factor of 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00052-00014588-00014855": "So when we're dealing with really huge numbers or really", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00053-00014855-00015138": "small numbers, scientific notation", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00054-00015138-00015515": "can actually simplify our math operations", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00055-00015515-00015832": "if we know our rules of exponents.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00056-00015832-00016072": "So how we write a number in scientific notation", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00057-00016072-00016564": "is the number times 10 to some power,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00058-00016564-00017108": "which, basically, this number is somewhere equal to 1 or greater", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00059-00017108-00017222": "but less than 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00060-00017222-00017601": "So it could be, as an example, 3 times 10 to the fifth.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00061-00017601-00017893": "3 is somewhere between 1 and 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00062-00017893-00018317": "So we have a times 10 to some power r, well, 3 times 10", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00063-00018317-00018420": "to the fifth.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00064-00018420-00018543": "This is a big number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00065-00018543-00018842": "This would be, well, if we write it out in standard form,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00066-00018842-00019240": "we'd have 3 with five 0's, which is", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00067-00019240-00019597": "300,000, a relatively large number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00068-00019597-00019829": "And we'll actually work on how to convert from one", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00069-00019829-00019979": "to the other and back and forth.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00070-00019979-00020415": "Here I have 5.324 times 10 to the negative third.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00071-00020415-00020718": "Well, this value here, even though it", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00072-00020718-00021104": "has a decimal within it, it is still between 1 and 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00073-00021104-00021795": "5.324 is still in between 1 or equal to but less than 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00074-00021795-00022000": "So we see that's how we would write", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00075-00022000-00022142": "a number in standard form.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00076-00022142-00022357": "It may contain a decimal, but there can only", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00077-00022357-00022701": "be one non-zero digit in front of that decimal", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00078-00022701-00023016": "because it has to meet this requirement.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00079-00023016-00023279": "If I were to write this in standard form,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00080-00023279-00023490": "essentially what this tells me is this", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00081-00023490-00023744": "is a small number, a negative exponent, because we're", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00082-00023744-00023858": "dividing, right?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00083-00023858-00024049": "That's our rules of exponents.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00084-00024049-00024358": "So I'm going to move the decimal three spots to the left here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00085-00024358-00024867": "So I get from here, three spots would bring it", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00086-00024867-00025240": "over here, a very small number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00087-00025240-00025547": "Notice the first non-zero digit is in the thousandths.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00088-00025547-00025781": "So it's a relatively small value.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00089-00025781-00026064": "So how do we make these conversions?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00090-00026064-00026372": "Well, for converting, there's two ways to go.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00091-00026372-00026629": "If we have a number in standard form", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00092-00026629-00026887": "and we want to write it in scientific form,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00093-00026887-00027017": "this is what we're going to do.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00094-00027017-00027443": "If the number is greater than 1, maybe it's 2,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00095-00027443-00027922": "or maybe it's a billion, some value greater than 1,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00096-00027922-00028200": "we're going to move the decimal to the left, which", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00097-00028200-00028520": "will make our r, that power of 10,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00098-00028520-00028754": "greater than 0, a positive number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00099-00028754-00029117": "So essentially, if it's a large number or something", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00100-00029117-00029264": "greater than 1, we're going to have", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00101-00029264-00029639": "a positive power on our factor of 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00102-00029639-00029935": "So if I want to write this number in scientific notation--", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00103-00029935-00030097": "it's currently in standard form--", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00104-00030097-00030268": "to write it in scientific notation,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00105-00030268-00030750": "I have to have the decimal after the first non-zero digit.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00106-00030750-00031035": "So I have to move it all the way over to here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00107-00031035-00031557": "Well, if I do that, I'm moving it three, six, nine spots.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00108-00031557-00031882": "So I'd have 9.3, and I don't have", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00109-00031882-00032172": "to worry about trailing zeroes.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00110-00032172-00032857": "But I move the decimal nine spots, 10 to the ninth.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00111-00032857-00033288": "Because I moved it to the left, this is a positive value.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00112-00033288-00033415": "r is greater than 0.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00113-00033415-00033493": "It's positive.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00114-00033493-00033740": "So I have 9.3 times 10 to the ninth.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00115-00033740-00034031": "Positive exponents means this is a large number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00116-00034031-00034349": "And we saw it came from that large number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00117-00034349-00034582": "What about small numbers, if our standard numbers", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00118-00034582-00034677": "are less than 1?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00119-00034677-00034871": "Well, this value, this is the ones place.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00120-00034871-00035299": "Obviously, it's way less than 1, a very small number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00121-00035299-00035488": "To write it in scientific notation,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00122-00035488-00035699": "we have to move the decimal to the right", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00123-00035699-00035964": "to get it to that first non-zero digit.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00124-00035964-00036128": "I have to put it right here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00125-00036128-00036270": "So I have to move it to the right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00126-00036270-00036667": "And when I do that, I get 1.85.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00127-00036667-00036831": "But how many spots did I move it?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00128-00036831-00037371": "One, two, three, four, five spots to get to here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00129-00037371-00037649": "Well, that's how many factors of 10?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00130-00037649-00038069": "Well, it's five factors of 10, but it was to the right,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00131-00038069-00038372": "making it a negative value, r less than 0.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00132-00038372-00038622": "Anything less than 0 is negative.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00133-00038622-00038949": "So small numbers have negative exponents", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00134-00038949-00039169": "when written in scientific notation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00135-00039169-00039569": "Large numbers have positive exponents", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00136-00039569-00039795": "when written in scientific notation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00137-00039795-00040115": "So we have to look at the value and just determine,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00138-00040115-00040405": "is it greater than 1 or is it less than one?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00139-00040405-00040596": "Are we going to move it to the left", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00140-00040596-00040786": "or move our decimal to the right?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00141-00040786-00040856": "All right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00142-00040856-00041065": "What if we're going the other way?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00143-00041065-00041385": "What if we have numbers in scientific notation,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00144-00041385-00041622": "and we want to write them in standard form?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00145-00041622-00041843": "Well, we do the opposite thing.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00146-00041843-00042283": "In that example, we looked at r as the last thing", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00147-00042283-00042512": "to look at, positive or negative.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00148-00042512-00042759": "Well, when we're going to write from scientific notation", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00149-00042759-00043015": "to standard, the first thing we look at is r.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00150-00043015-00043204": "We're going to work it backwards.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00151-00043204-00043432": "If r is greater than 0, that tells me", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00152-00043432-00043615": "that this is a number greater than 1.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00153-00043615-00043803": "It's a large value.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00154-00043803-00044129": "So to get it back into a standard form,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00155-00044129-00044543": "I got to move the decimal the opposite way as I did here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00156-00044543-00044747": "Instead of going to the left for a large number,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00157-00044747-00044855": "I'm going the other way.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00158-00044855-00045024": "I got to go to the right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00159-00045024-00045415": "So I look at this and say, OK, 6 this is my r value.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00160-00045415-00045490": "It's positive.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00161-00045490-00045678": "This is going to be a large number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00162-00045678-00046045": "I have to move the decimal ten factors--", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00163-00046045-00046311": "or excuse me, the factor of 10 six times.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00164-00046311-00046678": "So move the decimal six times to the right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00165-00046678-00047573": "And when I do that, I move it 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00166-00047573-00047751": "I have to put in these zeroes.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00167-00047751-00047931": "Just like when I wrote this number,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00168-00047931-00048084": "I eliminated the zeroes.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00169-00048084-00048291": "Well, now I have to put them back in.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00170-00048291-00048827": "So we see this number is 9,056,000, a relatively large", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00171-00048827-00049126": "number, a positive r.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00172-00049126-00049400": "What if we have an r that's less than 0?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00173-00049400-00049559": "And I look at a number and I say, hey,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00174-00049559-00049704": "that's a negative r value.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00175-00049704-00050264": "That tells me that that exponent makes this a very small number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00176-00050264-00050503": "So I have to move the decimal to the left,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00177-00050503-00050981": "make this really small, further away from the ones spot.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00178-00050981-00051399": "And if I do that, I just move it this many to the left.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00179-00051399-00051792": "And if I do that, here's my 905, so here's my digits.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00180-00051792-00052466": "If I move the decimal 1, 2, 3, 4, and then", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00181-00052466-00052637": "I can put in my decimal.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00182-00052637-00053133": "So we see that this 9 is four factors of 10", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00183-00053133-00053429": "from the decimal, four factors of 10.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00184-00053429-00053672": "And I like to put a leading zero when", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00185-00053672-00054080": "I have decimals so that we don't miss that decimal symbol.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00186-00054080-00054316": "So that's how we would convert from standard", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00187-00054316-00054605": "to scientific or scientific to standard.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00188-00054605-00054877": "It's going to take some practice to get familiar", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00189-00054877-00055198": "with, which way am I moving the decimal to go from one form", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00190-00055198-00055416": "to the other?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00191-00055416-00055570": "So now if we look at some examples", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00192-00055570-00055841": "where we can apply rules of exponents.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00193-00055841-00056007": "In the real world, we're going to deal", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00194-00056007-00056179": "with really big numbers, and we're", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00195-00056179-00056388": "going to deal with really small numbers.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00196-00056388-00056721": "Scientific notation can help us simplify them,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00197-00056721-00056975": "but we have to master those rules of exponents", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00198-00056975-00057222": "because they have exponents.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00199-00057222-00057984": "Now, if I had something like this, 2x times 4y", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00200-00057984-00058249": "as an example, we'd just deal with the number first.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00201-00058249-00058411": "2 times 4 is 8.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00202-00058411-00058855": "And then I would deal with these, x times y would be xy.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00203-00058855-00059060": "We're going to do the same thing with this,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00204-00059060-00059379": "but we're going to use our rules of exponents.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00205-00059379-00059851": "If we look, I see, well, we have 2.5 and we have 2.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00206-00059851-00060134": "I'm just going to multiply these numbers together.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00207-00060134-00060594": "2 times 2.5 is 5.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00208-00060594-00060954": "Now I can deal with these exponents", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00209-00060954-00061095": "just like I did the x and y.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00210-00061095-00061364": "Well, 10 to the 6, 10 to the negative 6.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00211-00061364-00061741": "I can use the rule of exponent called the product", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00212-00061741-00062037": "rule because I'm multiplying them together, a product.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00213-00062037-00062266": "So the product rule says I just add them.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00214-00062266-00062754": "6 plus a negative 6, well, that's the same as 6 minus 6,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00215-00062754-00063021": "which would give me 10 to the 0.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00216-00063021-00063195": "So 5 times 10 to the 0.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00217-00063195-00063374": "Well, I can simplify that further,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00218-00063374-00063684": "because anything to the 0, one of my rules of exponents,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00219-00063684-00063860": "the zero rule, is 1.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00220-00063860-00064436": "5 times 1 is just 5.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00221-00064436-00064877": "So even though I had this very large number, 2 and 1/2 million", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00222-00064877-00065292": "times to 2 millionths, very small number,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00223-00065292-00065592": "we got a reasonable value of just 5.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00224-00065592-00066030": "No reason to even have it in scientific notation anymore.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00225-00066030-00066359": "Now sometimes our numbers are in standard form,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00226-00066359-00066569": "and to actually do this division,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00227-00066569-00066894": "it might seem intimidating to have this really small number", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00228-00066894-00067136": "divided by a relatively large number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00229-00067136-00067500": "One thing we can do is convert it to scientific notation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00230-00067500-00067695": "Since this is a number less than 1,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00231-00067695-00067993": "I know I'm going to have a negative exponent for r.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00232-00067993-00068324": "So I have to move the decimal to the first non-zero digit.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00233-00068324-00068623": "So I'd have 2.5.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00234-00068623-00068746": "How many spots did I move it?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00235-00068746-00069109": "1, 2, 3, 4, times 10 to the fourth.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00236-00069109-00069594": "But because it's a small number, I know my r is negative.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00237-00069594-00070173": "And now if I divide it by this 5 with four 0's,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00238-00070173-00070835": "well, that's 5 times 10 to the fourth, four 0's, right?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00239-00070835-00071071": "So we moved the decimal four spots", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00240-00071071-00071384": "to get it right behind that first non-zero digit.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00241-00071384-00071636": "And it's a large number, a positive exponent.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00242-00071636-00071902": "So now I can look at this 2.5/5.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00243-00071902-00072307": "Hey, well, that can reduce because this is half of that.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00244-00072307-00072518": "This would reduce to 1/2.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00245-00072518-00072821": "so I'm just going to write it right here, 1/2.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00246-00072821-00073161": "And then we have 10 to the negative fourth,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00247-00073161-00073292": "10 to the fourth.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00248-00073292-00073476": "Well, I can use the quotient rule here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00249-00073476-00074021": "Negative 4 minus 4 would be negative 8, times 10", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00250-00074021-00074145": "to the negative 8.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00251-00074145-00074343": "Well, we can't have this.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00252-00074343-00074603": "This is not correct because we can't", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00253-00074603-00074910": "have a fraction in scientific notation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00254-00074910-00075106": "So I'm going to convert this back to a decimal,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00255-00075106-00075381": "and I could have done that if I did division here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00256-00075381-00075558": "I'd get 0.5.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00257-00075558-00075808": "And hopefully we know that 1/2 is 0.5.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00258-00075808-00076188": "If I had half a $1, I'd have $0.50 or 0.5,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00259-00076188-00076432": "times 10 to the negative 8.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00260-00076432-00076777": "Well, this is still not in proper scientific notation", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00261-00076777-00077051": "because one of our rules of scientific notation", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00262-00077051-00077381": "is that the decimal has to be behind", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00263-00077381-00077667": "or to the right of the first non-zero digit.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00264-00077667-00077747": "This one's 0.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00265-00077747-00077955": "So it has to be in front of this one.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00266-00077955-00078162": "I'm moving it to the right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00267-00078162-00078495": "So I'm taking a small number, less than 1,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00268-00078495-00078613": "and I'm making it bigger.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00269-00078613-00078781": "I'm moving it to the right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00270-00078781-00079084": "That means that this number is even smaller,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00271-00079084-00079517": "so I got to make this even more negative.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00272-00079517-00079850": "5 times 10 to the negative 9.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00273-00079850-00080040": "I moved it to the right, so I'm going", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00274-00080040-00080490": "to add a negative 1 to that, so negative 9.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00275-00080490-00080778": "5 times 10 to the negative 9.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00276-00080778-00080874": "All right.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00277-00080874-00081074": "So hopefully that kind of makes sense.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00278-00081074-00081502": "And it'll come to you with practice, lots of practice.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00279-00081502-00081708": "I want you to practice on this one here.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00280-00081708-00082078": "Now, don't be intimidated by these values.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00281-00082078-00082436": "It actually works out to be a nice number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00282-00082436-00082550": "OK?", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00283-00082550-00082761": "There is a decimal in it, but it's a nice number.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00284-00082761-00082984": "So go ahead and try this one for yourself,", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00285-00082984-00083224": "deal with these coefficients, then", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00286-00083224-00083744": "deal with these factors of 10 using your rules of exponents.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00287-00083744-00084061": "So this has been 7.1 with the appendix", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00288-00084061-00084272": "of scientific notation.", "fHJm7bs9U5c-00289-00084272-00084474": "Thank you for watching."}}, {"audio_id": "fHbgLfxKbsc", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "fIkZo5dKMRU", "text": {"fIkZo5dKMRU-00000-00001060-00001463": "\"The Pupils\" is a short film by Italian director Alice Rohrwacher", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00001-00001491-00001901": "A Christmas tale with a strong connection between reality and imagination", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00002-00001916-00002256": "which follows the usual atmospheres of the Bolognese director", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00003-00002264-00002501": "this time combines Dickensian", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00004-00002503-00002787": "with an ineffably Italian magical realism.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00005-00002832-00002972": "The story of Le Pupille", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00006-00002984-00003278": "takes place on Christmas Eve in a Catholic orphanage", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00007-00003279-00003387": "for orphan girls", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00008-00003396-00003694": "In Italy with the World War II context.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00009-00003720-00004164": "The script as wittily told by the orphanage girls themselves", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00010-00004177-00004427": "is a free adaptation of the Christmas letter", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00011-00004441-00004640": "which the renowned writer Elsa Morante", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00012-00004644-00004991": "sent to her friend and literary critic Goffredo Fofi", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00013-00005177-00005313": "pupils behave!", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00014-00005323-00005681": "With ingenious and detailed Wes Anderson-style credits", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00015-00005695-00005989": "the short film builds the story\\Baround the anecdote", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00016-00005992-00006170": "told in Morante's letter", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00017-00006204-00006481": "respecting in part the writer's own words", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00018-00006499-00006643": "which in the form of a song", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00019-00006647-00006877": "is interpreted by the pupils of the orphanage", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00020-00006926-00007275": "The pupils, a title that in Latin means precisely little girls", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00021-00007280-00007616": "and where the director gives it that imaginative double meaning", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00022-00007616-00007821": "with those eyes of the girls", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00023-00007823-00008024": "moving freely in any direction", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00024-00008058-00008394": "a detail shot that becomes the central message of the short film", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00025-00008505-00008709": "In the choral cast Serafina stands out", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00026-00008728-00008906": "a diligent and shy little girl", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00027-00008912-00009202": "who is learning to deal with the strict rules of the place", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00028-00009224-00009525": "Nothing related to love or desires is well seen", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00029-00009547-00009730": "and Serafina along the girls", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00030-00009736-00010010": "contrast with the gray atmosphere of the whole orphanage", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00031-00010029-00010218": "Educated almost martially", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00032-00010230-00010564": "they are led by the orthodox Mother Prioress Fioralba", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00033-00010583-00010963": "who rules the orphanage with a strict philosophy of speaking softly", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00034-00010968-00011173": "but brandishing the iron of Jesus.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00035-00011218-00011479": "By the way played by Alba Rohrwacher", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00036-00011520-00011828": "sister of the director and very present in her filmography.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00037-00011975-00012229": "The plot of the short film advances quickly", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00038-00012238-00012493": "with the veto of a song about suggestive kisses", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00039-00012514-00012773": "reaffirming the idea of sin against girls", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00040-00012787-00013162": "or the attraction that the temptation of a red dessert can generate", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00041-00013162-00013403": "specifically a \"Zuppa Inglese\"", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00042-00013428-00013597": "very Italian despite the name", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00043-00013610-00013997": "as makes clear the interested aristocrat and parishioner of the place.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00044-00014394-00014541": "who comes to this orphanage", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00045-00014548-00014754": "in search of the blessings of the orphans", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00046-00014754-00015071": "considered the purest in the Catholic religion.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00047-00015490-00015651": "The donation of the enormous cake", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00048-00015656-00015851": "an unthinkable delicacy in times of war", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00049-00015853-00016038": "will be the detonator", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00050-00016040-00016287": "with the challenge to the authority from Serafina", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00051-00016290-00016434": "unlike others of the flock.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00052-00016686-00016855": "Until then fearful of God", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00053-00016861-00017221": "Serafina commits a small but significant act of sedition", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00054-00017224-00017509": "In response to the contradictory orders of the Mother Prioress", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00055-00017519-00017744": "She is not portrayed as a villain per se", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00056-00017755-00018058": "since in times of war she only thinks in practical terms", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00057-00018058-00018192": "manipulating the girls", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00058-00018198-00018448": "in order to please the local bishop with the cake", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00059-00018454-00018624": "and win a favorable treatment", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00060-00018639-00018880": "which helps the orphange in such a context.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00061-00019020-00019298": "In the end Serafina achieves a timid group victory", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00062-00019307-00019621": "and the Mother Prioress gets rid of the cake when a piece is missing", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00063-00019637-00019838": "a material symbol that in front her eyes", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00064-00019848-00020106": "there is a stray sheep a reactionary", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00065-00020117-00020217": "a selfish!", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00066-00020290-00020521": "Blaming the cake and faithful to her pragmatism", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00067-00020533-00020842": "the prioress ends up giving the cake to the chimney sweep", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00068-00020845-00021056": "who sought to collect without much success.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00069-00021077-00021344": "A moment that although present in Morante's letter", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00070-00021358-00021685": "we like to think that it is a concession to Dick Van Dyke's character", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00071-00021688-00021819": "from \"Mary Poppins\".", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00072-00021884-00022225": "The end of the story coincides with the farewell of Morante's letter", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00073-00022231-00022519": "which warns us that this is a story without moral", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00074-00022526-00022677": "but it is clear that its director", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00075-00022680-00022872": "does want to send a message and voice", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00076-00022879-00023226": "for those girls who dared to share the cake.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00077-00023262-00023557": "A declaration of intentions that to top the ironies", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00078-00023575-00023769": "has ended up in one of the platforms", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00079-00023772-00024141": "with the least risky catalog as Disney Plus.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00080-00024224-00024312": "With \"The pupils\"", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00081-00024317-00024622": "Rohrwacher gives free rein to all his poetic notes.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00082-00024632-00024823": "already present in his feature films", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00083-00024827-00025181": "and signs a unique short film that seems to come from another era", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00084-00025185-00025487": "with that 16 and 35 mm photography", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00085-00025498-00025602": "of marked grain", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00086-00025615-00025904": "from her usual collaborator Hélène Louvart", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00087-00025920-00026119": "visually reminiscent at times", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00088-00026123-00026382": "of Jack Cardiff's Black Narcissus", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00089-00026382-00026554": "for Powell & Pressburger.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00090-00026632-00026954": "She also pay tribute to slapstick comedy without complexes", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00091-00026968-00027157": "with those accelerations in editing", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00092-00027160-00027378": "underlining the fleeting moments of joy", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00093-00027412-00027495": "but above all", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00094-00027507-00027832": "she pays homage to the classic Italian cinema of collective stories", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00095-00027842-00028039": "references such as the Tavianni brothers", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00096-00028046-00028303": "the Vitoriode Sica-Cessare Zabatinni duo", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00097-00028310-00028521": "or Pier Paolo Pasolini who did the same", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00098-00028525-00028808": "maintaining the difficult balance between reality and fantasy", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00099-00028813-00029084": "in the genre of Italian neo-magical realism.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00100-00029681-00029989": "The short film although it is Alice Rohrwacher's own script", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00101-00029999-00030228": "has its origin in Alfonso Cuaron's proposal", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00102-00030234-00030529": "to produce a series of short films set at Xmas", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00103-00030536-00030799": "as a commission for the Disney plus platform.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00104-00030827-00031138": "But as we have seen without showing such a sweetened version", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00105-00031141-00031357": "as we are used to from the mouse platform.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00106-00031391-00031488": "and it is clear", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00107-00031491-00031744": "that Rohrwacher's choice has paid off", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00108-00031748-00031994": "with an Oscar nomination in 2023.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00109-00032242-00032327": "In short", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00110-00032332-00032567": "\"The pupils\" is a humane and moving story", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00111-00032570-00032799": "about rebellion, morality and purity", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00112-00032802-00032920": "at an early age", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00113-00032925-00033077": "and how our actions", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00114-00033080-00033237": "have unintended consequences", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00115-00033241-00033485": "in the face of the emptiness of some traditions.", "fIkZo5dKMRU-00116-00034207-00034415": "See u all at Donosskino!"}}, {"audio_id": "fIB99-vgTig", "text": {"fIB99-vgTig-00000-00000296-00000698": "once we have a good idea of where they're landing we take our 22 students and we", "fIB99-vgTig-00001-00000698-00001124": "split them into 4 groups it's significantly below level, just slightly", "fIB99-vgTig-00002-00001124-00001430": "below level, on level, and then significantly above level", "fIB99-vgTig-00003-00001484-00001789": "so we're able to take those groups and really work on their level", "fIB99-vgTig-00004-00001789-00002255": "if I notice that three of my students are doing really well on multiplication", "fIB99-vgTig-00005-00002255-00002546": "but they are also struggling with division I might do a little workshop on", "fIB99-vgTig-00006-00002546-00002759": "that division as long as they're all on the same level"}}, {"audio_id": "fIIHkmD8zcA", "text": {"fIIHkmD8zcA-00000-00000009-00000520": "Morgana's shield can easily stop the ADC's or herself from getting stunned and she'll", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00001-00000520-00000942": "have enough time to cast it. Lulu and Janna's disengage make them great counters to Taric", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00002-00000942-00001333": "especially when it comes to teamfights. Other than that, Nami with her Wave, Zyra with her", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00003-00001333-00001703": "Root and ult, and Annie with her quick burst are other viable counters.", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00004-00001703-00002117": "Taric's passive is triggered whenever he uses an ability and it grants his next 2 AA bonus", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00005-00002117-00002571": "things like more damage, the ability reduce ability CD, and each also grants a Q stack.", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00006-00002571-00002969": "His Q passively stores healing charges and when activated will heal everyone near him", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00007-00002969-00003382": "and his marked champion in a small radius. How does he mark champions? With his W he'll", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00008-00003382-00003837": "shield himself and an ally, marking him and now every other ability he uses gets cast", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00009-00003837-00004312": "with his ally too. His E projects a beam on the ground that stuns after a brief delay.", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00010-00004312-00004762": "His marked ally has one the ability to stun too. His ultimate takes 2½ seconds to charge", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00011-00004762-00005267": "but will grant another 2½ of invulnerabity to anyone within its radius. Another cosmic", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00012-00005267-00005662": "radiance gets shined upon the marked ally granting the same effect too. Taric's combo", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00013-00005662-00006080": "is as simple as can be. Shield/Mark an ally in the forefront and attempt to stun anyone", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00014-00006080-00006437": "who's trying to get away. He can do the same for anyone who's chasing them. His ultimate", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00015-00006437-00006792": "is a complete teamfight changer though. Either kill those that are being hit by its effect", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00016-00006792-00007081": "within the 2½ time frame or run away.", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00017-00007081-00007431": "He'll either take Exhaust or Ignite depending on how aggressive he's feeling, but exhaust", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00018-00007431-00007845": "being the more likely candidate. You can exhaust to counter his or even ignite to deny his", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00019-00007845-00008145": "healing if you want to be more aggressive but either one is just fine.", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00020-00008145-00008513": "As for his power spikes, he's quite the interesting champion, maintaining his usability throughout", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00021-00008513-00008953": "the whole game because of his CC, Ultimate and global Tankiness. Levels 3 and 6 are when", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00022-00008953-00009347": "you can most expect engages on his behalf and be careful for those. Face of the Mountain", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00023-00009347-00009720": "grants his allies another shield which many people forget to account for due to the fact", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00024-00009720-00010145": "that in low elo most people forget to use item actives too! Thanks for tuning in, good", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00025-00010145-00010517": "luck in your match and remember: His engage depends very strongly on his ability to stun", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00026-00010517-00010931": "a damage dealer, kill him and squishy targets before his ultimate drops down and finally", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00027-00010931-00011422": "run away or use the 2½ to position yourself better when his ultimate has been activated.", "fIIHkmD8zcA-00028-00011422-00011592": "Ultimately, don't forget to have fun doing it."}}, {"audio_id": "fITKm-YLjrA", "text": {"fITKm-YLjrA-00000-00000026-00000452": "LBW: Part of my struggle is that as you had mentioned earlier regarding climate", "fITKm-YLjrA-00001-00000452-00000980": "crisis in particular the ecological crisis more or broadly but it's um it", "fITKm-YLjrA-00002-00000980-00001362": "may be too late right there is that sense that we have definitely crossed", "fITKm-YLjrA-00003-00001362-00002058": "certain thresholds and you're still doing the work you know you're still", "fITKm-YLjrA-00004-00002058-00002925": "trying to generate this this massive shift and humanity's role within the", "fITKm-YLjrA-00005-00002925-00003554": "story of life on this planet how do you I don't even know how to ask how you", "fITKm-YLjrA-00006-00003554-00003861": "like how do you feel about that but that's not even a really adequate", "fITKm-YLjrA-00007-00003861-00004530": "question because to me it's like what I deal with is that I've kind of come into", "fITKm-YLjrA-00008-00004530-00005001": "this acceptance that there's gonna be a massive die-off at the very least", "fITKm-YLjrA-00009-00005001-00005457": "there's going to be a radical decline of human population as well as as we're", "fITKm-YLjrA-00010-00005457-00006162": "seeing radical decline of other populations of other species and we may", "fITKm-YLjrA-00011-00006162-00006789": "it be entering into a hot they call the hot what they call it a hot house Earth", "fITKm-YLjrA-00012-00006789-00007347": "I almost said hot state but you know into a new normal as it were a new a new state that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00013-00007347-00007704": "that we've had but only millions of years ago and human beings weren't", "fITKm-YLjrA-00014-00007704-00007975": "around at all for that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00015-00007997-00008385": "how do you cope with this I mean how do you continue doing the work in the face", "fITKm-YLjrA-00016-00008385-00008652": "of this information", "fITKm-YLjrA-00017-00008652-00008990": "JOE BREWER: Something that's really helped me that is a maybe", "fITKm-YLjrA-00018-00008990-00009696": "surprising is that I've uh I've struggled with depression for all of", "fITKm-YLjrA-00019-00009696-00010188": "my life including in my childhood and by dealing with depression if you've ever", "fITKm-YLjrA-00020-00010188-00010713": "been depressed when you're in the mindset of depression it's not just like", "fITKm-YLjrA-00021-00010713-00011147": "you're feeling a little bad and you're gonna feel better later it paints the", "fITKm-YLjrA-00022-00011147-00011634": "color of your world it is the eyes and ears that you have it's the body that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00023-00011634-00012071": "you have so you can't escape it when you're in it and so it can be very", "fITKm-YLjrA-00024-00012071-00012621": "dismal the feeling of despair when one is in depression but something that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00025-00012621-00013306": "really helped me was discovering ways to address my depression when I was young", "fITKm-YLjrA-00026-00013306-00013970": "that enabled me to honor and be responsible for things that I cared", "fITKm-YLjrA-00027-00013970-00015083": "about because the worst thing about being depressed is when you do that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00028-00015083-00015534": "hurts someone that you love and now on top of your depression you have all of this", "fITKm-YLjrA-00029-00015534-00015872": "shame and guilt because you feel terrible that you harm this thing that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00030-00015872-00016241": "you love you know it's like I said this bad thing to my mom and I really hurt", "fITKm-YLjrA-00031-00016241-00016638": "her feelings I was a total dick oh it's because I was dealing with anger and", "fITKm-YLjrA-00032-00016638-00017112": "depression doesn't excuse it now I feel even worse you know so there's this way", "fITKm-YLjrA-00033-00017112-00017562": "that that the despair gets even worse when we when we violate things that are", "fITKm-YLjrA-00034-00017562-00018020": "sacred to us because we're aware of that even when we're depressed it's what I", "fITKm-YLjrA-00035-00018020-00018554": "gradually came to realize was that there were ways to preserve the sacred even", "fITKm-YLjrA-00036-00018554-00018966": "when I was depressed and then when I wasn't depressed I had more skill skills", "fITKm-YLjrA-00037-00018966-00019506": "for serving and supporting the things that were sacred and so over time I've", "fITKm-YLjrA-00038-00019506-00019989": "just gotten better and better at this because of this you know accident of my", "fITKm-YLjrA-00039-00019989-00020441": "history that I dealt with this particular kind of mental anguish and", "fITKm-YLjrA-00040-00020441-00021185": "yeah now as I go about the work today I have I've realized just how profound it", "fITKm-YLjrA-00041-00021185-00021564": "is that my wife and I chose to have a child knowing what's happening in the", "fITKm-YLjrA-00042-00021564-00022101": "world now there are very diverse perspectives to be had about whether", "fITKm-YLjrA-00043-00022101-00022512": "people should have children right now and there's not a simple answer so I'm", "fITKm-YLjrA-00044-00022512-00022887": "not gonna say because I have a child that everyone should or shouldn't", "fITKm-YLjrA-00045-00022887-00023313": "whether it's someone who chooses not to as good or bad you know it's there's no", "fITKm-YLjrA-00046-00023313-00023781": "simple way to deal with the ethics of this but after we chose to have a child", "fITKm-YLjrA-00047-00023781-00024384": "knowing what is coming and then feeling the vulnerability of a newborn in her", "fITKm-YLjrA-00048-00024384-00024904": "hands and then raising this child who is not able to do things up for themselves", "fITKm-YLjrA-00049-00024904-00025440": "now but also completely powerless to choose whether they want to be alive in", "fITKm-YLjrA-00050-00025440-00026100": "2050 we made that choice not them we chose to give birth to them that it's", "fITKm-YLjrA-00051-00026100-00026462": "given me a daily practice of doing two things one is", "fITKm-YLjrA-00052-00026462-00026891": "allowing myself the incredible joy of being with a small child cuz small", "fITKm-YLjrA-00053-00026891-00027449": "children are just amazing how inspiring and beautiful and wonderful how fun they", "fITKm-YLjrA-00054-00027449-00027881": "are how nice it is to get to be a kid yourself when you're playing and that's", "fITKm-YLjrA-00055-00027881-00028319": "just a good healing like break or respite from from the work but the other", "fITKm-YLjrA-00056-00028319-00028937": "thing is that I now I'm responsible to something other than myself so even if I", "fITKm-YLjrA-00057-00028937-00029288": "was really depressed and I was like feeling suicidal and I wanted to kill", "fITKm-YLjrA-00058-00029288-00029738": "myself I would think about the consequences for my child and that would", "fITKm-YLjrA-00059-00029738-00030287": "stop me and that would make me do the hard work of serving what is sacred to", "fITKm-YLjrA-00060-00030287-00030797": "me because I cannot violate it like I won't allow myself to and I think that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00061-00030797-00031322": "this is something that maybe is a tough pill to swallow you know it's like", "fITKm-YLjrA-00062-00031322-00031805": "medicine it doesn't taste good but but we need to take this medicine seriously", "fITKm-YLjrA-00063-00031805-00032563": "but only when we suffer in our own pain and hold to what is sacred to us and", "fITKm-YLjrA-00064-00032563-00033143": "honor it and do the hard work even when we don't want you it's the only way that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00065-00033143-00033602": "some of this is going to be done and so I might be feeling pretty inspired at", "fITKm-YLjrA-00066-00033602-00033938": "the moment because things are going well you know maybe they're going well this", "fITKm-YLjrA-00067-00033938-00034441": "week but that doesn't going well in six months we may not be going well tomorrow", "fITKm-YLjrA-00068-00034441-00034991": "you know it's just very difficult to predict but this ability to continue", "fITKm-YLjrA-00069-00034991-00035866": "doing the work in service to the sacred regardless of how we feel is the key", "fITKm-YLjrA-00070-00035866-00036524": "it's a meditation it's a lifetime practice honor the sacred even when you", "fITKm-YLjrA-00071-00036524-00036953": "don't feel like you can sometimes you honor the sacred by just leaving it", "fITKm-YLjrA-00072-00036953-00037397": "alone and taking care of yourself other times you honor the sacred by", "fITKm-YLjrA-00073-00037397-00037853": "actively doing something that really causes you pain because to not do it", "fITKm-YLjrA-00074-00037853-00038327": "would lead to something worse and see like I'm not gonna give a rosy picture", "fITKm-YLjrA-00075-00038327-00038849": "of how easy it is to be inspired because one of the most important parts of this", "fITKm-YLjrA-00076-00038849-00039455": "work is discernment the ability to see the world as honestly and truthfully as", "fITKm-YLjrA-00077-00039455-00039749": "possible with all the limits of the human mind", "fITKm-YLjrA-00078-00039749-00040337": "all the tendencies towards self-serving bias we have to overcome them and see", "fITKm-YLjrA-00079-00040337-00040724": "the world honestly and painfully as it really is", "fITKm-YLjrA-00080-00040724-00041271": "but also how beautiful and inspiring it is so it's not all bad it's just that we", "fITKm-YLjrA-00081-00041271-00041687": "have to take the good with the bad and that requires a lot of work", "fITKm-YLjrA-00082-00041687-00041903": "LBW: Yes thank", "fITKm-YLjrA-00083-00041903-00042558": "you yeah that really uh that resonates with me quite a bit that's the bit I've", "fITKm-YLjrA-00084-00042558-00043106": "struggled with and you know there's a you know the thing about social media", "fITKm-YLjrA-00085-00043106-00043559": "it's great I mean you know connect with people that's how we connected it but you", "fITKm-YLjrA-00086-00043559-00043844": "know coming into contact with people that are coming into this awareness of", "fITKm-YLjrA-00087-00043844-00044287": "what's happening they're finding each other using social media", "fITKm-YLjrA-00088-00044287-00044955": "oftentimes what I see is a resignation right it's you know it's too late", "fITKm-YLjrA-00089-00044955-00045484": "and I'm like it might be it probably is I'm not gonna deny the science on this", "fITKm-YLjrA-00090-00045484-00046050": "but like you said you know what is sacred to you and what is worth", "fITKm-YLjrA-00091-00046050-00046568": "defending and protecting and holding up and in continuing to do the work in", "fITKm-YLjrA-00092-00046568-00047288": "spite of this I I think a lot about this and I thank you for your perspective on that", "fITKm-YLjrA-00093-00047288-00047762": "JOE BREWER: Yeah another thing I would just say to kind of wrap it up right to wrap up", "fITKm-YLjrA-00094-00047762-00048515": "that part of it is that the the only way that we behave like adults", "fITKm-YLjrA-00095-00048515-00049077": "in a time like this instead of behaving like adolescents which is what consumer", "fITKm-YLjrA-00096-00049077-00049533": "marketing tells us to do to be good consumers is to you know perpetually be", "fITKm-YLjrA-00097-00049533-00049946": "selfish and pursue your own interests pursue your needs but to put your own", "fITKm-YLjrA-00098-00049946-00050747": "needs aside and help something else is to be an adult and so in that sense when", "fITKm-YLjrA-00099-00050747-00051251": "we ask ourselves what is sacred then we are asking ourselves what must I do", "fITKm-YLjrA-00100-00051251-00051834": "regardless of the outcome which is I may feel miserably this may not", "fITKm-YLjrA-00101-00051834-00052403": "work at all but is it something I still have to do and when I think about", "fITKm-YLjrA-00102-00052403-00053010": "safeguarding the future for my child who was now alive I as a parent have to do", "fITKm-YLjrA-00103-00053010-00053514": "that or else I've dishonored myself as a parent I've dishonored my child I've", "fITKm-YLjrA-00104-00053514-00054012": "disgraced myself and this is something that in the modern Western world we've", "fITKm-YLjrA-00105-00054012-00054708": "really lost which is the important of the importance of the positive version", "fITKm-YLjrA-00106-00054708-00055355": "of honor the importance of really taking our own conscience and our own", "fITKm-YLjrA-00107-00055355-00056042": "characters seriously that we may fail ourselves a thousand times and still", "fITKm-YLjrA-00108-00056042-00056454": "still find that there is a time where if we failed one more it would be a", "fITKm-YLjrA-00109-00056454-00057021": "disgrace and that is the time when we rise above and there are lots of I mean", "fITKm-YLjrA-00110-00057021-00057491": "a lot of our great literature that most of our dramas and great literature have", "fITKm-YLjrA-00111-00057491-00057987": "these turning points where someone rises above the failures of themselves this is", "fITKm-YLjrA-00112-00057987-00058647": "a key element of of tragic drama Greek tragedy has this element and its story", "fITKm-YLjrA-00113-00058647-00059286": "structure is overcoming the unavoidable weakness so it transcends it the", "fITKm-YLjrA-00114-00059286-00059855": "unavoidable weakness remains and yet right action is still achieved and right", "fITKm-YLjrA-00115-00059855-00060213": "action is achieved because it's serving something larger than ourselves", "fITKm-YLjrA-00116-00060213-00060663": "so our personal feelings don't keep us from doing it but we sacrifice ourselves", "fITKm-YLjrA-00117-00060663-00061430": "to do it and this is a spiritual Epiphany", "fITKm-YLjrA-00118-00061430-00061788": "it's really a spiritual Epiphany to see that we are capable of doing this at any", "fITKm-YLjrA-00119-00061788-00062421": "time and at a time like this with what's happening to the planet we need more and", "fITKm-YLjrA-00120-00062421-00062840": "more people who have this level of seriousness about their actions"}}, {"audio_id": "fJmyZKSxdkI", "text": {"fJmyZKSxdkI-00000-00000000-00000642": "I #getwellbe with my evening skincare routine, every single night, that's, I mean, table stakes for me.", "fJmyZKSxdkI-00001-00000642-00001032": "It's the moment that I take for myself  to close the door, and", "fJmyZKSxdkI-00002-00001032-00001576": "it's meditative, it's indulgent, and  I have to do that every single day.", "fJmyZKSxdkI-00003-00001576-00002292": "I also #getwellbe by stretching and taking a  moment to myself in the morning", "fJmyZKSxdkI-00004-00002292-00002682": "where it's just me. So, kind of, that's the  beginning and end of the day.", "fJmyZKSxdkI-00005-00002682-00003018": "I mean, when you have a team and you have kids and you have everything, there's a lot of moments", "fJmyZKSxdkI-00006-00003018-00003347": "where you're surrounded by others, and  I need to have a moment", "fJmyZKSxdkI-00007-00003347-00003729": "where I'm taking deep breaths and focus on only that. And those are my two moments."}}, {"audio_id": "fJnc3K5QmUY", "text": {"fJnc3K5QmUY-00000-00000006-00000742": "[ Eshu Celebration - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00001-00003164-00003504": "[ Preparations ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00002-00004194-00004554": "[ Certificate of Recognition ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00003-00010472-00010966": "[ The Celebration - \"Xirê\" ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00004-00031333-00031533": "[ Good evening everybody ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00005-00031689-00031889": "[ \"Okualé\" - (Good evening in Yoruba) ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00006-00032139-00032339": "[ Let's stay this evening with Eshu ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00007-00032564-00032764": "[ Eshu the guardian, the owner of the street ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00008-00032884-00033014": "[ The brother of Ogoun ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00009-00033190-00033484": "[ To praise the 14 years of Egbomi Rosanea my daughter ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00010-00033666-00034158": "[ Thanks to the family of faith and all people here ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00011-00034218-00034365": "[ \"Olorum Asé\" (salutation in Yoruba) ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00012-00034432-00034595": "[ Asé (audience) ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00013-00034728-00035174": "[ When you get back home I wish you find harmony as the one you find here ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00014-00035302-00035808": "[ I welcome too, the people who are not of the faith, thanks for coming! ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00015-00035998-00036700": "[ Those who are initiated in Orisha cult make yourselves at home ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00016-00036946-00037380": "[ \"chant in Yoruba to praise Oyá\" ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00017-00040825-00041025": "[ Olorum Asé Oyá ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00018-00041286-00041770": "[ I am gratefull to Oyá to all I've acchieved, the family growing more and more ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00019-00041970-00042474": "[ I recommend you my sons do the same. Always be grateful to Orisha ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00020-00042650-00043164": "[ When all is OK the family thrives ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00021-00043580-00044208": "[ You don't need to come to me to get individual blessing. All are blessed.  ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00022-00044444-00044990": "[ chant in Youruba praising Ogoun ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00023-00180730-00181184": "[ \"Kabecile\" Yoruba greeting for the Orisha Xango ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00024-00181394-00181948": "[ Here we are for the 14 years obligation of my daughter Rosanea of Eshu ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00025-00182086-00182568": "[ This is not the last, the 21 years obligation is the one   that completes the cycle ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00026-00182666-00182952": "[ All went well with Eshu ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00027-00183000-00183194": "[ \"Asé\" Yoruba greeting meaning force or power ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00028-00183274-00183826": "[ What I chant works out, what I speak works out... so follow me as Eshu does... ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00029-00183870-00184262": "[ May peace, health and wealth be with you... ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00030-00184332-00184674": "[ \"Laroyê\" Yoruba praise to the Orisha Eshu ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00031-00212600-00213556": "[ This present ritual is not an obligation. It is just a presentation of the Ekedy (woman helper) to Eshu ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00032-00213800-00214228": "[ From now on she lives under the precepts of Eshu  ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00033-00214430-00214956": "[ So Eshu is introducing his Ekedy to us and the family ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00034-00296282-00296656": "[ \"entrance of the Orisha Eshu\" ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00035-00368954-00370002": "[ (distribuition of Ogoun's bread) ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00036-00618558-00619496": "[ I wish this obligation brings you all the best and that your house grows... ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00037-00619588-00620304": "[ I wish your sons follow you by the booklet ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00038-00620476-00621124": "[ Be a good daughter and good mother as I am a good father for you ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00039-00621234-00621736": "[ Thanks to everybody here, today I'll say no bullshit ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00040-00622360-00623386": "[ The presence of the crowd in your house means either you are beloved or that the people are curious ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00041-00624274-00624744": "[ I wish your table to be always abundant ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00042-00625188-00626398": "[ I invite all the Orishas to come back to this house to celebrate the Candomblé ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00043-00627070-00628224": "[ Thanks again to all my sons, those that helped and those that could not come to help ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00044-00629452-00630444": "[ I beg Oyá to give me health to progress in the Candomblé ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00045-00630976-00631582": "[ The day I will not be here anymore,  I hope you follow my exemple to do what I do ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00046-00635342-00635952": "[ May the peace be at your house as it has been until now ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00047-00636118-00636848": "[ Hope that back home you find the same harmony you find here ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00048-00636912-00637100": "[ Asé ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00049-00639120-00639574": "[ Don't forget to make a wish! ]", "fJnc3K5QmUY-00050-00641616-00642134": "[ Samba de Roda - traditional music style in Rio de Janeiro ]"}}, {"audio_id": "fJEh1lkUOyA", "text": {"fJEh1lkUOyA-00000-00000418-00000518": "ERIC GREEN: Okay, good morning everyone.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00001-00000518-00001320": "I will crash the gavel and bring to order the 65th meeting of the National Advisory", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00002-00001320-00001440": "Council for Human Genome Research.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00003-00001440-00001952": "You can tell something's a little different because I'm standing at the podium.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00004-00001952-00002052": "And I normally am sitting.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00005-00002052-00002226": "And, in a couple minutes, you will see why things are a little bit different, how we", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00006-00002226-00002348": "are opening up the morning.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00007-00002348-00002774": "But, before we get to that, I'm going to turn this over to Mark to deal with some routine", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00008-00002774-00002874": "business.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00009-00002874-00002990": "MARK GUYER: Right.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00010-00002990-00003472": "So the first thing I'd like to do-- and I'm not sure I'd characterize it as routine, is", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00011-00003472-00004020": "introduce a new council member, Tony Monaco, who is the President of Tufts University.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00012-00004020-00004560": "And we're very grateful that he's willing to share some of his time, as we're grateful", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00013-00004560-00004730": "for all the rest of you.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00014-00004730-00005113": "So welcome, Tony.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00015-00005113-00005764": "The liaisons, I'll introduce the liaisons to the council, many of whom are familiar", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00016-00005764-00006103": "to you because they've been here before, but not everyone.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00017-00006103-00006844": "Joe Bachman from the American Society of Human Genetics over here.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00018-00006844-00007429": "Ellen Giarelli from the International Society of Nurses in Genetics is joining us via the", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00019-00007429-00007529": "webcast.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00020-00007529-00008028": "James O'Leary from the Genetic Alliance.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00021-00008028-00008641": "Rhonda Schonburg from the National Society of Genetic Counselors is also joining by webcast.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00022-00008641-00009143": "And Mike Watson from the American College of Medical Genetics.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00023-00009143-00009609": "There are two new staff members who I would like to introduce.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00024-00009609-00010161": "One is Chavella(?) Goldna(?) who has joined us as a senior program analyst.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00025-00010161-00010521": "Chavella, can you stand up?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00026-00010521-00011390": "And Jean Passimani(?), who has joined us as an advisor in genomic medicine.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00027-00011390-00012272": "A couple of guests who I'd like to introduce, from the American Society of Molecular Pathology,", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00028-00012272-00012875": "Mary Williams and Melvin Lisson(?).", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00029-00012875-00013612": "And from Life Technologies Company, Jamie Rupert and Heather Burdham(?).", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00030-00013612-00014131": "And Francis Carrea(?)-- and I can't really read your association-- International Medical", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00031-00014131-00014262": "News Group.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00032-00014262-00014538": "Is that right?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00033-00014538-00015348": "And there are also several additional guests who I'm going to let Eric introduce on that", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00034-00015348-00015595": "in just a moment.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00035-00015595-00015990": "So just two other things I need to do.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00036-00015990-00016640": "One is to get the Minutes for the February meeting presented.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00037-00016640-00016898": "Were they distributed?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00038-00016898-00017141": "Have you seen them?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00039-00017141-00017259": "Yeah.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00040-00017259-00017379": "Okay.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00041-00017379-00017924": "I didn't do them this time so I've sort of lost track of them.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00042-00017924-00018095": "Are there any comments?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00043-00018095-00018551": "Any corrections/additions to the Minutes that anyone wants to make?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00044-00018551-00018776": "If not, can I have a motion for approval?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00045-00018776-00018876": "Second?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00046-00018876-00019151": "All in favor?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00047-00019151-00019348": "Anybody opposed?", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00048-00019348-00019854": "And then last thing is I'll just call your attention to the future meeting dates.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00049-00019854-00020356": "On the agenda we've listed the meeting dates for the next six Council-- next two years", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00050-00020356-00020566": "worth of Council meetings.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00051-00020566-00021415": "If anybody on the Council has anything to tell us about that, please let either me or", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00052-00021415-00021606": "Comfort know.", "fJEh1lkUOyA-00053-00021606-00021850": "And with that, I will turn it over to Eric."}}, {"audio_id": "fJJctCOGFvY", "text": {"fJJctCOGFvY-00000-00000872-00001203": "Today, I'm going to clean my room with my kids", "fJJctCOGFvY-00001-00001203-00001403": "And I want to cook something from Hamimommy recipe", "fJJctCOGFvY-00002-00003203-00003403": "minced garlic, chives and tomato", "fJJctCOGFvY-00003-00006003-00006303": "My simple breakfast. It is look delicious.:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00004-00006503-00006703": "I took the toast from the oven", "fJJctCOGFvY-00005-00007403-00007888": "Now, It's breakfast time! My kids eating noodles.Usually, what is your breakfast my dear friend?", "fJJctCOGFvY-00006-00007888-00008280": "I already eat the food, Hamimommy recipe is very delicious", "fJJctCOGFvY-00007-00008303-00008640": "Next time, I wanna try another recipe..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00008-00009203-00009503": "Look at my messy table a lots of unorganized stuff..:)..It is normal things if you have kids..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00009-00009603-00010003": "The fan very quickly dusty.Even a day only It get dusty.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00010-00010103-00011303": "When I'm getting lazy.Once a week I clean the fan..:) How about you?. I bought the mop socks at shopee. It's cute right.:", "fJJctCOGFvY-00011-00011303-00011876": "I tried 1 useful tips from another youtuber siti vianie morisol, using the fabric softener to clean the fan. So It will not get dusty so fast.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00012-00011876-00012303": "But mine, I mix with hand sanitizer, water and fabric softener. Hand sanitizer as an anti-microbial agent.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00013-00012503-00012703": "I hope the fan will not get dusty so fast anymore.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00014-00013103-00013303": "mommy..I want to help you", "fJJctCOGFvY-00015-00013603-00013783": "what is this?", "fJJctCOGFvY-00016-00013803-00014003": "I think, it is a camera.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00017-00014403-00014803": "we were wearing a mask because it is dusty..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00018-00014803-00015357": "This time we clean everything. we need to moved the bed,table, fan and cupboard to clean the hiding area.:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00019-00015357-00015703": "To make sure everything is clean.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00020-00016003-00016303": "They are diligent in helping me today", "fJJctCOGFvY-00021-00016303-00016803": "It is good to let them joined you so that they know to help and do house chores.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00022-00017120-00017170": "okay", "fJJctCOGFvY-00023-00018032-00018384": "okay", "fJJctCOGFvY-00024-00018720-00019784": "yes", "fJJctCOGFvY-00025-00020464-00020632": "okay take the ruler", "fJJctCOGFvY-00026-00020840-00021184": "it's very dirty", "fJJctCOGFvY-00027-00022480-00022584": "hmm", "fJJctCOGFvY-00028-00023272-00023680": "this one, what is this. pencil .oh throw it.i think", "fJJctCOGFvY-00029-00023680-00024008": "it's not good anymore.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00030-00024248-00024503": "long time we didn't see", "fJJctCOGFvY-00031-00026603-00027248": "the white powder on the floor.My kids playing their body powder..:).How about your kids?", "fJJctCOGFvY-00032-00027536-00027695": "the dust so naughty", "fJJctCOGFvY-00033-00027904-00028303": "it keep our room dirty", "fJJctCOGFvY-00034-00028903-00029303": "we seldom clean this area because it is quite hard to move the bed..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00035-00029403-00029603": "we found a lots of things here..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00036-00030248-00030603": "that's why mommy said we need to clean our room we", "fJJctCOGFvY-00037-00032003-00032303": "this is the fastest area get dusty", "fJJctCOGFvY-00038-00032303-00032703": "Malaysia weather is hot, dry and windy makes our house easy to get dusty.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00039-00032803-00033403": "It's good to have a helper, more fun. But sometimes, when they were playing the dirt.They make me angry..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00040-00035103-00035703": "I want to change the bed sheet, It get dusty. I used Febreze anti-bacterial air freshener .", "fJJctCOGFvY-00041-00037003-00037403": "I already bathed my kids. And now they are relaxing on the bed..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00042-00038703-00039103": "This one I gave to my husband during his graduation day 2013", "fJJctCOGFvY-00043-00039303-00039503": "Why I give this..:).because i like it..:p", "fJJctCOGFvY-00044-00039603-00039903": "I want to decorate..It look beautiful..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00045-00042103-00042303": "Still many things to organize.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00046-00043203-00043503": "Oyo & Onyong feeling christmast time because of the light..:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00047-00044303-00044703": "I tried to grow peppermint in the water.I think, it is good to put in the room as a natural freshener.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00048-00044703-00045003": "I don't know it is true or not. I read somewhere, the plant can repel mosquitos.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00049-00045103-00045603": "Finally, we were done !. Later, I will show you the night view in my room.:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00050-00046703-00047003": "I want to cook the second recipe from Hamimommy recipes", "fJJctCOGFvY-00051-00047203-00047703": "Do you watch her vlog? Maybe some of you do love her vlogs like me. I want to cook Korean food.:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00052-00047703-00048303": "bulgogi-thinly sliced ​​meat, chives, light soy sauce, sesame seeds, sesame oil, sugar and pepper.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00053-00050603-00050903": "mushroom-light soy sauce and olive oil.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00054-00056003-00056305": "It tasty!.I finished it all.:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00055-00056403-00056803": "Night view.It look wonderful.I think I will sleep well and tightly tonight.:)", "fJJctCOGFvY-00056-00056903-00057403": "I hope my video will motivate and inspire you to clean, organize and decorate your room..hehe", "fJJctCOGFvY-00057-00057503-00058003": "Clean room will make you happy, motivated and healthy.", "fJJctCOGFvY-00058-00059203-00059403": "Spiderman forgot to wear his costume..:P"}}, {"audio_id": "fJOZx5UwuYU", "text": {"fJOZx5UwuYU-00000-00000000-00001220": "Rava 1 Cup", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00001-00001220-00002222": "Maida 1/2 Cup, Eggs 3, Sugar 1/2  - 1 Cup", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00002-00002222-00003970": "Butter 2 Tbsp (Watch How to take Butter from Milk - Link given below)", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00003-00003970-00006668": "Milk 1/2 Cup, Vanilla Essence 1/2 Tsp, Cashews 1 Tbsp, Raisins 1 Tbsp, Salt, Baking Powder 1 Tsp, Baking Soada 1/4 Tsp", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00004-00006668-00011582": "Spread Salt at the base of the Cooker and place a separator Plate inside and Cover the lid without Gasket.  Heat it in a Medium flame until the Cake mixture is ready", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00005-00011582-00014230": "In a Bowl take Yolks and beat until Pale and Egg white fluffy", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00006-00014230-00018668": "In another Bowl mix Maida, Salt, Baking Powder, Baking Soda well", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00007-00018668-00021280": "Now add Sugar and mix well", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00008-00021280-00026630": "Add Butter and Essence and mix well", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00009-00026630-00031456": "Now mix Rava and Maida litlle by little without any lumps.  Now add Cashews and Raisins and mix well.", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00010-00031456-00034532": "Finally add beaten Egg White and mix gently", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00011-00034532-00037846": "Grease a Pan with Butter and pour the Cake mixture and decorate it with Cashews, Raisins or any nuts", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00012-00037846-00040884": "Now keep the pan in the Hot Cooker and Cook for 30 - 35 minutes in medium flame", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00013-00040884-00043094": "Now Rava Cake is ready.  Cool and transfer to a plate and Enjoy.  Try this Recipe", "fJOZx5UwuYU-00014-00043094-00044352": "Subscribe for more Recipes and Thanks for Watching"}}, {"audio_id": "fJaCvJk-47c", "text": {"fJaCvJk-47c-00000-00000305-00001008": "In canvas assignments are used to set up", "fJaCvJk-47c-00001-00000722-00001283": "your gradebook. The grades page is the", "fJaCvJk-47c-00002-00001008-00001569": "Canvas course gradebook. This is where", "fJaCvJk-47c-00003-00001283-00001755": "you will enter your grades. Everything", "fJaCvJk-47c-00004-00001569-00001961": "starts with assignments, there will not", "fJaCvJk-47c-00005-00001755-00002186": "be a column in the gradebook to enter", "fJaCvJk-47c-00006-00001961-00002459": "grade for an assignment unless it has", "fJaCvJk-47c-00007-00002186-00002786": "been created under assignments.", "fJaCvJk-47c-00008-00002459-00002991": "Assignments include tests, quizzes, graded", "fJaCvJk-47c-00009-00002786-00003290": "Discussions, attendance, and online", "fJaCvJk-47c-00010-00002991-00003522": "Submissions. Assignments can be simple", "fJaCvJk-47c-00011-00003290-00003825": "with just a name and possibly points or", "fJaCvJk-47c-00012-00003522-00004185": "it can include directions, availability,", "fJaCvJk-47c-00013-00003825-00004395": "Rubrics, and other criteria. You can", "fJaCvJk-47c-00014-00004185-00004650": "create an assignment from the modules or", "fJaCvJk-47c-00015-00004395-00004923": "assignment page. On the assignments", "fJaCvJk-47c-00016-00004650-00005214": "course page, select the plus assignments", "fJaCvJk-47c-00017-00004923-00005415": "button to create an assignment. Name the", "fJaCvJk-47c-00018-00005214-00005709": "assignment and then add the directions", "fJaCvJk-47c-00019-00005415-00005931": "in the rich text box below in this area.", "fJaCvJk-47c-00020-00005709-00006114": "You can add video images or by using a", "fJaCvJk-47c-00021-00005931-00006404": "slide panel add links to other course", "fJaCvJk-47c-00022-00006114-00006561": "Components. Below you'll set the point", "fJaCvJk-47c-00023-00006404-00006809": "value and select how you would like the", "fJaCvJk-47c-00024-00006561-00007031": "grade displayed in the grade book. The", "fJaCvJk-47c-00025-00006809-00007248": "Complete/ incomplete option will provide", "fJaCvJk-47c-00026-00007031-00007506": "a check mark or X option in the grade", "fJaCvJk-47c-00027-00007248-00007680": "Book. Submission type allows you to", "fJaCvJk-47c-00028-00007506-00008034": "specify if students will submit online", "fJaCvJk-47c-00029-00007680-00008220": "or if it is on paper. You can also have", "fJaCvJk-47c-00030-00008034-00008553": "the option to set up Turnitin by the", "fJaCvJk-47c-00031-00008220-00008760": "external tool option. The group", "fJaCvJk-47c-00032-00008553-00008952": "assignments option allows you to assign", "fJaCvJk-47c-00033-00008760-00009213": "an assignment to a group of students", "fJaCvJk-47c-00034-00008952-00009483": "either previously set up as a group or a", "fJaCvJk-47c-00035-00009213-00009867": "group newly created by selecting the new", "fJaCvJk-47c-00036-00009483-00010056": "group category. The peer review option", "fJaCvJk-47c-00037-00009867-00010287": "allows you to create a peer review", "fJaCvJk-47c-00038-00010056-00010470": "assignment allowing other students to", "fJaCvJk-47c-00039-00010287-00010790": "use speed grader tools to annotate remarks,", "fJaCvJk-47c-00040-00010470-00011037": "leave comments and use the rubric", "fJaCvJk-47c-00041-00010790-00011283": "similar to a teacher in view. The due", "fJaCvJk-47c-00042-00011037-00011532": "date really puts canvas to work for you.", "fJaCvJk-47c-00043-00011283-00011802": "If you add a due date, the assignment", "fJaCvJk-47c-00044-00011532-00012047": "will be added to students to-do list on", "fJaCvJk-47c-00045-00011802-00012444": "their dashboard and add the assignment", "fJaCvJk-47c-00046-00012047-00012711": "to their calendar. The Available From", "fJaCvJk-47c-00047-00012444-00012953": "date allows you to set a time where", "fJaCvJk-47c-00048-00012711-00013290": "students can first access the assignment.", "fJaCvJk-47c-00049-00012953-00013366": "The Until date allows you to stop", "fJaCvJk-47c-00050-00013290-00013756": "student access", "fJaCvJk-47c-00051-00013366-00014016": "at a set time. The last option, plus add,", "fJaCvJk-47c-00052-00013756-00014290": "allows you to differentiate due dates", "fJaCvJk-47c-00053-00014016-00014551": "for groups or individual students. This", "fJaCvJk-47c-00054-00014290-00014860": "can be useful if you have a student with", "fJaCvJk-47c-00055-00014551-00015169": "excused absences or requires more time", "fJaCvJk-47c-00056-00014860-00015363": "for an assignment. If you need any", "fJaCvJk-47c-00057-00015169-00015741": "assistance with instructional technology", "fJaCvJk-47c-00058-00015363-00015741": "please reach out to ETS."}}, {"audio_id": "fKspKaAZKgy", "text": {"fKspKaAZKgy-00010-00002000-00002200": "1.5 million views!"}}, {"audio_id": "fKvpydQU1FA", "text": {"fKvpydQU1FA-00000-00000010-00000570": "[Music]", "fKvpydQU1FA-00001-00000976-00001500": "In this section, we're going to look at", "fKvpydQU1FA-00002-00001196-00001791": "project examples, examples from my", "fKvpydQU1FA-00003-00001500-00002060": "students that made a training video, an", "fKvpydQU1FA-00004-00001791-00002268": "issue related video, entrepreneur pitch", "fKvpydQU1FA-00005-00002060-00002684": "video, and a public service announcement", "fKvpydQU1FA-00006-00002268-00002909": "video. It's a great way to get an idea of", "fKvpydQU1FA-00007-00002684-00003069": "how you can do things right, and how you", "fKvpydQU1FA-00008-00002909-00003532": "can avoid the wrong.", "fKvpydQU1FA-00009-00003069-00003532": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "fKA7SevjPb8", "text": {"fKA7SevjPb8-00000-00000000-00001024": "[Music]", "fKA7SevjPb8-00001-00001024-00001288": "Our first speaker today is Chris Scheid.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00002-00001288-00001464": "Chris is the director and shareholder of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00003-00001464-00001703": "ProAdvice based in Victor Harbour.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00004-00001703-00001935": "Chris works with farming families, family", "fKA7SevjPb8-00005-00001935-00002112": "corporates and small and medium-sized", "fKA7SevjPb8-00006-00002112-00002335": "enterprises in a range of roles from", "fKA7SevjPb8-00007-00002335-00002583": "management consulting, client manager and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00008-00002583-00002928": "as a trainer in the farm management courses.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00009-00002928-00003103": "He assists farming businesses throughout", "fKA7SevjPb8-00010-00003103-00003288": "Southern Australia to discover and meet", "fKA7SevjPb8-00011-00003288-00003439": "their business goals,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00012-00003439-00003639": "adapt to industry change,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00013-00003639-00003792": "understand the financial performance of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00014-00003792-00003939": "their business and manage", "fKA7SevjPb8-00015-00003939-00004184": "intergenerational succession.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00016-00004184-00004320": "Chris's talk today is about the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00017-00004320-00004496": "importance of business performance and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00018-00004496-00004767": "the role of AgTech. Thanks Chris.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00019-00004767-00004911": "Thanks very much to PIRSA for putting on the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00020-00004911-00005175": "AgTech forums and the program", "fKA7SevjPb8-00021-00005175-00005492": "that we've got today. We've got an exciting program.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00022-00005492-00005728": "I think", "fKA7SevjPb8-00023-00005728-00005911": "when we think about the last few years", "fKA7SevjPb8-00024-00005911-00006071": "and where we are in the commodity cycle,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00025-00006071-00006232": "I think we're in a very fortunate", "fKA7SevjPb8-00026-00006232-00006551": "position with where we are at the moment.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00027-00006551-00006728": "A couple of good seasons", "fKA7SevjPb8-00028-00006728-00006959": "good red meat prices, wool prices not too", "fKA7SevjPb8-00029-00006959-00007104": "bad, they've picked up.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00030-00007104-00007320": "There's still future demand. Plenty of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00031-00007320-00007543": "future demand I reckon for red meat. So", "fKA7SevjPb8-00032-00007543-00007751": "we're in a really fortunate position", "fKA7SevjPb8-00033-00007751-00007968": "with where we are at the moment.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00034-00007968-00008184": "But I still get a feel working with", "fKA7SevjPb8-00035-00008184-00008376": "clients and working in the livestock", "fKA7SevjPb8-00036-00008376-00008576": "enterprise planning project that we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-00037-00008576-00008879": "fortunate to be involved", "fKA7SevjPb8-00038-00008879-00009128": "with PIRSA, I still get the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00039-00009128-00009359": "feeling that we're accidentally", "fKA7SevjPb8-00040-00009359-00009648": "designing profit into our business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00041-00009648-00009800": "So the profits that we've got now", "fKA7SevjPb8-00042-00009800-00010000": "largely are as a result of good seasons", "fKA7SevjPb8-00043-00010000-00010135": "and prices,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00044-00010135-00010295": "but today I want to talk to you about", "fKA7SevjPb8-00045-00010295-00010471": "how we might be able to deliberately", "fKA7SevjPb8-00046-00010471-00010743": "design profits into our business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00047-00010743-00010984": "because my fear is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00048-00010984-00011256": "my fear is with inflation about to rise", "fKA7SevjPb8-00049-00011256-00011400": "and what's happening with oil prices my", "fKA7SevjPb8-00050-00011400-00011584": "fear is that perhaps commodity prices", "fKA7SevjPb8-00051-00011584-00011743": "might come off a little bit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00052-00011743-00011935": "Perhaps input prices are certainly rising.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00053-00011935-00012168": "And what happens", "fKA7SevjPb8-00054-00012168-00012504": "if yields drop 10%, prices drop 10% and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00055-00012504-00012679": "costs increase 10%. What will happen to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00056-00012679-00012928": "profit then? So I think", "fKA7SevjPb8-00057-00012928-00013096": "now is a good time", "fKA7SevjPb8-00058-00013096-00013231": "to be thinking about designing a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00059-00013231-00013359": "deliberate profit in your business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00060-00013359-00013496": "rather than accidental profit that's", "fKA7SevjPb8-00061-00013496-00013840": "what I want to discuss with you today.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00062-00013959-00014240": "Here's my seven little topics today.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00063-00014240-00014415": "So I want to talk about first and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00064-00014415-00014640": "foremost two different business models", "fKA7SevjPb8-00065-00014640-00014800": "of running your farm business. A profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00066-00014800-00014975": "optimization model", "fKA7SevjPb8-00067-00014975-00015263": "versus a taxation minimization model.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00068-00015263-00015391": "So...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00069-00015391-00015584": "neither is good or bad. There's", "fKA7SevjPb8-00070-00015584-00015871": "pros and cons for each and I'll present them.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00071-00015871-00016071": "We know about land", "fKA7SevjPb8-00072-00016071-00016391": "values increasing so is it possible", "fKA7SevjPb8-00073-00016391-00016640": "in future for our return on assets, our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00074-00016640-00016903": "profitability to continue to rise with", "fKA7SevjPb8-00075-00016903-00017159": "rising land values?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00076-00017159-00017400": "I want to discuss as well", "fKA7SevjPb8-00077-00017400-00017608": "if we do need to improve profitability", "fKA7SevjPb8-00078-00017608-00017775": "our business? If we do need to design", "fKA7SevjPb8-00079-00017775-00017959": "profit into the business? What are the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00080-00017959-00018191": "three key drivers?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00081-00018191-00018359": "What are the three levers that we need", "fKA7SevjPb8-00082-00018359-00018887": "to know about to pull to improve profitability?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00083-00018887-00019063": "I want to discuss", "fKA7SevjPb8-00084-00019063-00019200": "in terms of improving", "fKA7SevjPb8-00085-00019200-00019440": "profitability, do I get better", "fKA7SevjPb8-00086-00019440-00019759": "and improve profit? Or do I get bigger?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00087-00019759-00020031": "And I've got a little model there to help you", "fKA7SevjPb8-00088-00020031-00020263": "ascertain whether getting better or", "fKA7SevjPb8-00089-00020263-00020687": "getting bigger may be a future course of direction.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00090-00020687-00020928": "And then of course when we've got profits,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00091-00020928-00021056": "and we've got a farm, there's an", "fKA7SevjPb8-00092-00021056-00021256": "'innumerable'", "fKA7SevjPb8-00093-00021256-00021456": "is that a word? There's an 'infinite'", "fKA7SevjPb8-00094-00021456-00021631": "number of things we can do to invest in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00095-00021631-00021840": "our business. So how do we make some", "fKA7SevjPb8-00096-00021840-00022031": "decisions about where we invest in our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00097-00022031-00022184": "in our business?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00098-00022184-00022408": "And then I'll finish with some top 10", "fKA7SevjPb8-00099-00022408-00022543": "principles from clients that we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-00100-00022543-00022671": "working with", "fKA7SevjPb8-00101-00022671-00022943": "that are doing well in terms of profitability.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00102-00022943-00023280": "That's my journey today with you", "fKA7SevjPb8-00103-00023296-00023440": "first and foremost I think we need to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00104-00023440-00023608": "define what profit is and what profit isn't?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00105-00023608-00023943": "So first and foremost profit isn't", "fKA7SevjPb8-00106-00023943-00024119": "more cash at the end of the financial", "fKA7SevjPb8-00107-00024119-00024368": "year than the start of the financial year.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00108-00024368-00024552": "So you think about how could we have", "fKA7SevjPb8-00109-00024552-00024712": "got more cash? Well...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00110-00024712-00024887": "very simply, we may have just sold down", "fKA7SevjPb8-00111-00024887-00025031": "more grain than what we had at the start", "fKA7SevjPb8-00112-00025031-00025240": "of the year, for example, 600 tonne of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00113-00025240-00025400": "grain and we ended the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00114-00025400-00025600": "inventory at the year with the other 100", "fKA7SevjPb8-00115-00025600-00025904": "tonne of grain. So was increased cash as", "fKA7SevjPb8-00116-00025904-00026039": "a result of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00117-00026039-00026207": "selling down our inventory or was it due", "fKA7SevjPb8-00118-00026207-00026472": "to our energy and activities.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00119-00026472-00026704": "So profit is not more cash at the end of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00120-00026704-00026831": "the financial year than the start of the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00121-00026831-00027183": "financial year, but what profit is...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00122-00027183-00027512": "it's our income from our activity on farm.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00123-00027512-00027760": "It's plus the changes in our inventory.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00124-00027760-00027936": "Started with 600 tonne of grain finished", "fKA7SevjPb8-00125-00027936-00028072": "with a hundred tonne of grain so we've", "fKA7SevjPb8-00126-00028072-00028375": "used up inventory. Decrease in inventory", "fKA7SevjPb8-00127-00028375-00028568": "or 3000 ewes and we finished", "fKA7SevjPb8-00128-00028568-00028824": "with 3500 ewes, increase in inventory, so", "fKA7SevjPb8-00129-00028824-00029175": "that adds to our gross profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00130-00029175-00029448": "So gross profit is income", "fKA7SevjPb8-00131-00029448-00029727": "plus the changes in our inventory.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00132-00029727-00029983": "We then take away direct costs.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00133-00029983-00030168": "So our direct costs are our commission,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00134-00030168-00030272": "freight,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00135-00030272-00030439": "input costs, etc.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00136-00030439-00030607": "Our gross profit direct costs gives us a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00137-00030607-00030856": "gross margin. We take away our overheads", "fKA7SevjPb8-00138-00030856-00031039": "so overhead, there are cash overheads", "fKA7SevjPb8-00139-00031039-00031263": "such as accountancy,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00140-00031263-00031536": "such as professional fees, rates,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00141-00031536-00031800": "occupancy costs.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00142-00031800-00032095": "And we take away non-cash overheads.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00143-00032095-00032280": "So this is the difference between cash", "fKA7SevjPb8-00144-00032280-00032392": "accounting and real management", "fKA7SevjPb8-00145-00032392-00032551": "accounting. In cash accounting we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00146-00032551-00032736": "wouldn't include these things,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00147-00032736-00032872": "but in management accounting we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-00148-00032872-00033119": "including non-cash overheads such as", "fKA7SevjPb8-00149-00033119-00033368": "depreciation. So that the value of the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00150-00033368-00033575": "wear and tear on machinery. And we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-00151-00033575-00033816": "also including owner's labour,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00152-00033816-00034039": "or imputed labour.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00153-00034039-00034248": "Talk about that next slide.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00154-00034248-00034456": "So our income plus our trading inventory", "fKA7SevjPb8-00155-00034456-00034616": "changes throughout the year, minus our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00156-00034616-00034807": "direct cost, minus our overheads cash and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00157-00034807-00034927": "non-cash.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00158-00034927-00035272": "Equals earnings before interest and tax : EBIT.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00159-00035272-00035448": "That's our profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00160-00035448-00035624": "And if we know the value of all our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00161-00035624-00035768": "assets, the real value of all of our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00162-00035768-00035936": "assets. Our real value of land, a real", "fKA7SevjPb8-00163-00035936-00036072": "value of livestock and real value of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00164-00036072-00036368": "machinery. Our EBIT divided by the total", "fKA7SevjPb8-00165-00036368-00036751": "assets gives us our return on assets!", "fKA7SevjPb8-00166-00036800-00037095": "And interestingly, that EBIT is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00167-00037095-00037263": "directly comparable", "fKA7SevjPb8-00168-00037263-00037904": "with the dividend from BHP or Telstra shares.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00169-00037904-00038104": "So now, if we're measuring profit in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00170-00038104-00038239": "their business like that we can look at", "fKA7SevjPb8-00171-00038239-00038456": "the opportunity costs of investing", "fKA7SevjPb8-00172-00038456-00038872": "in our business as well as outside of a business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00173-00038919-00039160": "And then after profit we've got to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00174-00039160-00039416": "pay the bank back some interest.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00175-00039416-00039624": "And we might have to pay back some tax", "fKA7SevjPb8-00176-00039624-00039975": "if we've made a good profit to get a net farm profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00177-00039975-00040304": "So that's our definition of profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00178-00040304-00040560": "It's the cash changes income minus", "fKA7SevjPb8-00179-00040560-00040824": "expenditure minus the inventory changes", "fKA7SevjPb8-00180-00040824-00041175": "including the non-cash overheads.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00181-00041175-00041375": "Now that's a very theoretical way of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00182-00041375-00041600": "looking at profit. How do we practically do it?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00183-00041600-00041912": "How do we do it at ProAdvice?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00184-00041912-00042143": "Well as I mentioned we've", "fKA7SevjPb8-00185-00042143-00042375": "just finished the 24th Livestock", "fKA7SevjPb8-00186-00042375-00042560": "Enterprise Planning workshop", "fKA7SevjPb8-00187-00042560-00042736": "for 300 businesses across South", "fKA7SevjPb8-00188-00042736-00042943": "Australia from Wudina to Mount Gambier.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00189-00042943-00043136": "And each of those businesses,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00190-00043136-00043336": "we looked at their profitability from", "fKA7SevjPb8-00191-00043336-00043527": "their taxation financials. So that's the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00192-00043527-00043848": "answer about how you can do it at home.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00193-00043848-00044112": "You can do it from your taxation financials.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00194-00044112-00044263": "And the things in red that I've", "fKA7SevjPb8-00195-00044263-00044487": "highlighted there are the only things", "fKA7SevjPb8-00196-00044487-00044816": "you need to change in your taxation financials", "fKA7SevjPb8-00197-00044816-00045056": "to turn a good set of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00198-00045056-00045280": "numbers, an audited set of numbers,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00199-00045280-00045400": "because I know you'd never tell", "fKA7SevjPb8-00200-00045400-00045592": "'porky pies' to the tax office, so they've", "fKA7SevjPb8-00201-00045592-00045736": "got to be right!", "fKA7SevjPb8-00202-00045736-00045983": "So if we change those three", "fKA7SevjPb8-00203-00045983-00046200": "things there in red from your taxation finances,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00204-00046200-00046360": "we can turn them from tax", "fKA7SevjPb8-00205-00046360-00046616": "financials to management financials and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00206-00046616-00046975": "we can actually work out what your profit is.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00207-00047192-00047572": "So just quickly, what are they?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00208-00047572-00047880": "We take taxable income from your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00209-00047880-00048095": "taxation financials,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00210-00048095-00048304": "and trading account. Have you", "fKA7SevjPb8-00211-00048304-00048431": "ever seen your trading account your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00212-00048431-00048631": "taxation financials? Your trading account", "fKA7SevjPb8-00213-00048631-00048863": "is your births, your deaths, your rations,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00214-00048863-00049104": "right opening and closing inventory value.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00215-00049104-00049319": "So sales are real, purchases are real,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00216-00049319-00049480": "the dollars.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00217-00049480-00049624": "The opening inventory numbers of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00218-00049624-00049848": "livestock is real but the value is not.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00219-00049848-00050056": "The closing inventory numbers is correct", "fKA7SevjPb8-00220-00050056-00050192": "because I know you count all the legs", "fKA7SevjPb8-00221-00050192-00050319": "divided by four and you give that to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00222-00050319-00050448": "your accountant and that's your closing", "fKA7SevjPb8-00223-00050448-00050600": "numbers.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00224-00050600-00050839": "But the value is not real because the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00225-00050839-00051016": "tax office allows you to use market", "fKA7SevjPb8-00226-00051016-00051160": "values or average cost or different", "fKA7SevjPb8-00227-00051160-00051415": "values for you for your livestock.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00228-00051415-00051600": "So in your trading account in your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00229-00051600-00051903": "taxation financials. If I change the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00230-00051903-00052127": "value of my sheep and my cattle to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00231-00052127-00052479": "something like a real value,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00232-00052479-00052760": "then my trading account gross profit is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00233-00052760-00052920": "a reflection", "fKA7SevjPb8-00234-00052920-00053215": "of what's really happening.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00235-00053224-00053336": "I then", "fKA7SevjPb8-00236-00053336-00053584": "from the taxable income change the value", "fKA7SevjPb8-00237-00053584-00053863": "of livestock. Gives me my gross profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00238-00053863-00054184": "Your direct costs are your direct costs", "fKA7SevjPb8-00239-00054184-00054320": "listed in your profit loss in your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00240-00054320-00054608": "taxation financials. Peel them off. Direct", "fKA7SevjPb8-00241-00054608-00054767": "costs, things that increase as the number", "fKA7SevjPb8-00242-00054767-00054912": "of units increase,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00243-00054912-00055287": "commission, freight, etc.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00244-00055327-00055503": "Gross profit minus cross. There's your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00245-00055503-00055703": "gross margin minus your overheads.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00246-00055703-00055848": "Now the conversation I have is cash", "fKA7SevjPb8-00247-00055848-00056144": "overheads are listed in your profit loss.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00248-00056144-00056591": "Occupancy, professional fees, etc.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00249-00056591-00056767": "Non-cash overheads.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00250-00056767-00057039": "So instead of tax depreciation, instead", "fKA7SevjPb8-00251-00057039-00057215": "we look at", "fKA7SevjPb8-00252-00057215-00057415": "management depreciation. And in the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00253-00057415-00057648": "livestock enterprise planning workshops", "fKA7SevjPb8-00254-00057648-00057815": "we asked participants what's the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00255-00057815-00057960": "value of a machinery at the start of the year?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00256-00057960-00058151": "A million dollars and we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00257-00058151-00058400": "depreciated at 12.5%,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00258-00058400-00058575": "which means about every eight years it's", "fKA7SevjPb8-00259-00058575-00058800": "being turned over.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00260-00058800-00058927": "So therefore the depreciation of a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00261-00058927-00059160": "million dollars is about 125 000 so", "fKA7SevjPb8-00262-00059160-00059360": "that's the depreciation that gets put in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00263-00059360-00059744": "rather than the taxation depreciation.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00264-00059791-00059967": "Now imputed labor.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00265-00059967-00060215": "What's imputed labor?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00266-00060215-00060408": "Imputed or implied labor?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00267-00060408-00060608": "I was thinking about this this morning", "fKA7SevjPb8-00268-00060608-00060896": "and I think it's the ancient Phoenicians,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00269-00060896-00061055": "I think the ancient phoenicians were", "fKA7SevjPb8-00270-00061055-00061279": "before the Egyptians, I think why ancient", "fKA7SevjPb8-00271-00061279-00061503": "history isn't that good. But the ancient", "fKA7SevjPb8-00272-00061503-00061679": "Phoenicians had 10", "fKA7SevjPb8-00273-00061679-00061912": "principles of profitability, and I", "fKA7SevjPb8-00274-00061912-00062112": "remember one of them was save 10% of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00275-00062112-00062248": "everything you produce.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00276-00062248-00062432": "So they didn't have banks in those days,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00277-00062432-00062591": "but what they did do is they had grain", "fKA7SevjPb8-00278-00062591-00062815": "inventories. So 10% of the grain", "fKA7SevjPb8-00279-00062815-00062991": "they stored. So 10% of the grain", "fKA7SevjPb8-00280-00062991-00063167": "they produced actually stored.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00281-00063167-00063400": "But the second principle to bring into here,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00282-00063400-00063655": "is to pay yourself first.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00283-00063655-00063815": "So the ancient Phoenicians even back", "fKA7SevjPb8-00284-00063815-00063967": "pre-Egyptian times are talking about", "fKA7SevjPb8-00285-00063967-00064091": "paying ourselves first.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00286-00064091-00064448": "Do you pay yourself first in your business?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00287-00064648-00064791": "Or do you take out what's left", "fKA7SevjPb8-00288-00064791-00064927": "partnership drawings at the end of the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00289-00064927-00065232": "year or take a meeger draw?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00290-00065232-00065375": "So the ancient Phoenicians back", "fKA7SevjPb8-00291-00065375-00065512": "pre-Egyptian times were talking about", "fKA7SevjPb8-00292-00065512-00065824": "pay themselves first what about you?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00293-00065824-00066032": "So all we're doing in this", "fKA7SevjPb8-00294-00066032-00066312": "is we're recognising what your value is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00295-00066312-00066600": "really worth to your business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00296-00066600-00066903": "And imputed or owner's labor", "fKA7SevjPb8-00297-00066903-00067048": "we talk about that.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00298-00067048-00067224": "So we talk about that in terms of the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00299-00067224-00067415": "first person being the manager and the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00300-00067415-00067624": "doer at about a $115,000", "fKA7SevjPb8-00301-00067624-00067903": "per full-time equivalent.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00302-00067903-00068072": "And the second person, not a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00303-00068072-00068215": "management, more doing,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00304-00068215-00068467": "about $70,000.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00305-00068467-00068848": "So a 2 full-time equivalent farm.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00306-00068848-00069032": "A mom and a dad operation, so to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00307-00069032-00069127": "speak", "fKA7SevjPb8-00308-00069127-00069296": "is a 115,000", "fKA7SevjPb8-00309-00069296-00069584": "for mum the manager", "fKA7SevjPb8-00310-00069584-00069800": "and seventy thousand dollars for dad the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00311-00069800-00070032": "doer, because we know that mums do all", "fKA7SevjPb8-00312-00070032-00070215": "the managing don't we.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00313-00070327-00070663": "So quick summary.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00314-00070663-00070839": "Tonight I know", "fKA7SevjPb8-00315-00070839-00070975": "you'd be really keen to do this you can", "fKA7SevjPb8-00316-00070975-00071200": "look at your taxation financials you can", "fKA7SevjPb8-00317-00071200-00071351": "look at your trading account put a real", "fKA7SevjPb8-00318-00071351-00071512": "value for sheep and cattle in there", "fKA7SevjPb8-00319-00071512-00071672": "project your trading account and there's", "fKA7SevjPb8-00320-00071672-00071944": "your trading account gross profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00321-00071944-00072103": "You can change the value. Think about the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00322-00072103-00072263": "value of the machinery times by 12.5%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00323-00072263-00072560": "There's real depreciation,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00324-00072560-00072703": "and then think about how many full-time", "fKA7SevjPb8-00325-00072703-00072927": "equivalents work in my business. Owners", "fKA7SevjPb8-00326-00072927-00073208": "working my business and $115,000 the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00327-00073208-00073487": "first and $70,000 for the second.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00328-00073487-00073696": "Now just before I move off that, what's a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00329-00073696-00073887": "full-time equivalent?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00330-00073887-00074144": "So the definition of a full-time equivalent", "fKA7SevjPb8-00331-00074144-00074520": "is working at 40 hours a week 48", "fKA7SevjPb8-00332-00074520-00074696": "weeks of the year. So how many people", "fKA7SevjPb8-00333-00074696-00074944": "here work 40 hours a week 48 weeks of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00334-00074944-00075032": "the year.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00335-00075032-00075144": "No one.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00336-00075144-00075391": "So invariably and this is the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00337-00075391-00075520": "conversation we had in livestock", "fKA7SevjPb8-00338-00075520-00075712": "enterprise planning workshops", "fKA7SevjPb8-00339-00075712-00075975": "invariably, you know,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00340-00075975-00076224": "Mum, the farm manager, is probably one and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00341-00076224-00076455": "a half full-time equivalent 60 hours", "fKA7SevjPb8-00342-00076455-00076591": "and Dad", "fKA7SevjPb8-00343-00076591-00076760": "is probably another full-time equipment", "fKA7SevjPb8-00344-00076760-00076903": "so we're probably looking at you know", "fKA7SevjPb8-00345-00076903-00077327": "one and a half full-time equivalents, 115", "fKA7SevjPb8-00346-00077327-00077615": "plus a half plus 70 and that's our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00347-00077615-00077975": "owner's labor that's what we take off.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00348-00078091-00078400": "Now coming back a step", "fKA7SevjPb8-00349-00078400-00078560": "why are we doing this?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00350-00078560-00078727": "Why are we working this out?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00351-00078727-00078920": "Well we're working this out because your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00352-00078920-00079103": "taxation financials don't tell you the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00353-00079103-00079272": "truth about your business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00354-00079272-00079415": "If you're running your business on the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00355-00079415-00079648": "profit and loss", "fKA7SevjPb8-00356-00079648-00079791": "that's printed in your taxation", "fKA7SevjPb8-00357-00079791-00080096": "financials you might as well toss a coin", "fKA7SevjPb8-00358-00080096-00080279": "to decide to invest or not invest in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00359-00080279-00080472": "your business. Because you've got about a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00360-00080472-00080696": "50% chance that it's right or wrong.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00361-00080696-00080896": "So all we're doing with this is we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-00362-00080896-00081048": "turning your tax financials into", "fKA7SevjPb8-00363-00081048-00081327": "management accounts, real figures and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00364-00081327-00081591": "we're removing the subsidies.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00365-00081591-00081815": "We're removing the subsidies of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00366-00081815-00082024": "accelerated depreciation", "fKA7SevjPb8-00367-00082024-00082215": "and removing the subsidies of not paying", "fKA7SevjPb8-00368-00082215-00082463": "yourself what you're worth. So that the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00369-00082463-00082648": "profit that you project from your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00370-00082648-00082960": "management financials is a real profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00371-00082960-00083320": "due to your management skills and abilities.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00372-00083320-00083691": "That's why we do it.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00373-00083815-00084055": "Right, so that's definition of profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00374-00084055-00084255": "what we're trying to do.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00375-00084255-00084648": "Profit optimisation versus taxation minimisation.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00376-00084648-00084975": "Let's discuss that quickly.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00377-00084975-00085127": "It's not a trick question here, but what", "fKA7SevjPb8-00378-00085127-00085279": "are the outcomes", "fKA7SevjPb8-00379-00085279-00085551": "if taxation minimisation is the focus of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00380-00085551-00085696": "your business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00381-00085696-00086039": "What are the outcomes? What do you get?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00382-00086039-00086439": "Would anyone be courageous enough to speak?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00383-00086544-00086727": "What do you get if you aim to minimise tax?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00384-00086727-00087024": "What do you get?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00385-00087039-00087415": "I reckon you minimise tax, correct.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00386-00087424-00087687": "You get that.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00387-00087791-00088087": "But if all your problems look like nails", "fKA7SevjPb8-00388-00088087-00088344": "then the only tool you've got is a hammer.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00389-00088344-00088703": "It's the only tool you use.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00390-00088703-00088944": "So when you're aimed to minimize tax", "fKA7SevjPb8-00391-00088944-00089144": "what does your accountant do?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00392-00089144-00089415": "Accountants are very good, not besmirching", "fKA7SevjPb8-00393-00089415-00089567": "accounts at all,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00394-00089567-00089736": "there an excellent role and I'll tell you", "fKA7SevjPb8-00395-00089736-00089824": "about the role for", "fKA7SevjPb8-00396-00089824-00090067": "accountants in a minute, but", "fKA7SevjPb8-00397-00090067-00090424": "how do accountants minimise tax?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00398-00090424-00090751": "Well they use taxation rules such as instant", "fKA7SevjPb8-00399-00090751-00090896": "asset write-off or accelerated", "fKA7SevjPb8-00400-00090896-00091032": "depreciation,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00401-00091032-00091272": "farm management deposits etc, and use", "fKA7SevjPb8-00402-00091272-00091512": "pre-provisioning for interest etc,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00403-00091512-00091672": "bring forward provisions, so they do", "fKA7SevjPb8-00404-00091672-00091815": "tricky things with different things that", "fKA7SevjPb8-00405-00091815-00092008": "they're allowed to do in the tax act to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00406-00092008-00092224": "help minimise tax and the outcome of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00407-00092224-00092567": "that is that you minimise tax.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00408-00092624-00092912": "The outcome of minimising tax to me is I", "fKA7SevjPb8-00409-00092912-00093112": "reckon that there is less", "fKA7SevjPb8-00410-00093112-00093391": "or no profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00411-00093391-00093551": "And I question", "fKA7SevjPb8-00412-00093551-00093863": "whether there is choice in your business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00413-00093863-00094024": "if there's not profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00414-00094024-00094255": "You're not paying tax", "fKA7SevjPb8-00415-00094255-00094472": "but if you've got no profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00416-00094472-00094712": "where do you invest on farm?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00417-00094712-00094951": "It's only through borrowings.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00418-00094951-00095287": "Where do you invest off farm? Perhaps you can't.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00419-00095287-00095463": "How do I live better and go on a holiday", "fKA7SevjPb8-00420-00095463-00095760": "or send the kids to a good school.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00421-00095760-00095951": "Your car.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00422-00095951-00096303": "And how do I repay debt?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00423-00096320-00096767": "You can only repay debt when you're paying tax.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00424-00096767-00097127": "So while one is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00425-00097127-00097296": "taxation minimisation and profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00426-00097296-00097527": "optimisation one of the impacts to me of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00427-00097527-00097736": "taxation minimisation as a focus of your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00428-00097736-00097967": "business is that invariably there's less", "fKA7SevjPb8-00429-00097967-00098184": "or no profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00430-00098184-00098424": "And in my career started around 1990 and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00431-00098424-00098672": "we saw a lot of that for 10 years.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00432-00098672-00098975": "We'd come out of the wool crisis", "fKA7SevjPb8-00433-00098975-00099063": "and there was a hell of a lot of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00434-00099063-00099255": "taxation minimisation.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00435-00099255-00099384": "I think another thing is borrowing", "fKA7SevjPb8-00436-00099384-00099560": "ability is limited where your taxation", "fKA7SevjPb8-00437-00099560-00099712": "minimisation. I see there's a couple of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00438-00099712-00099920": "bankers here today and my understanding", "fKA7SevjPb8-00439-00099920-00100079": "of the banking royal commission from about", "fKA7SevjPb8-00440-00100079-00100287": "three years ago now is that in many", "fKA7SevjPb8-00441-00100287-00100591": "cases where the bank manager sees a loss", "fKA7SevjPb8-00442-00100591-00100751": "in your profit and loss in your taxation", "fKA7SevjPb8-00443-00100751-00100991": "financials they have to tick the box of loss.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00444-00100991-00101184": "Where they see a profit they tick the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00445-00101184-00101320": "box of profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00446-00101320-00101536": "So if they're ticking the box of loss", "fKA7SevjPb8-00447-00101536-00101808": "that's going against you.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00448-00101808-00102160": "Perhaps borrowing's threatened to some degree", "fKA7SevjPb8-00449-00102160-00102384": "And I think as well", "fKA7SevjPb8-00450-00102384-00102768": "IAWO - instant asset write-off.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00451-00102768-00102944": "I suspect there's a day of reckoning", "fKA7SevjPb8-00452-00102944-00103096": "coming for us this year or certainly", "fKA7SevjPb8-00453-00103096-00103311": "next year with instant asset write-off.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00454-00103311-00103544": "So instant asset write-off is where the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00455-00103544-00103783": "taxation department, the federal treasury,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00456-00103783-00104016": "said at the start of the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00457-00104016-00104368": "the global pandemic, that we need to stimulate", "fKA7SevjPb8-00458-00104368-00104544": "expenditure and investment in the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00459-00104544-00104696": "business, so we'll give you an", "fKA7SevjPb8-00460-00104696-00105024": "accelerated 100% right off on", "fKA7SevjPb8-00461-00105024-00105264": "machinery that you purchase.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00462-00105264-00105655": "Now if you're on that scheme", "fKA7SevjPb8-00463-00105655-00105864": "then to stay on that scheme and continue", "fKA7SevjPb8-00464-00105864-00106079": "to write off 100 of depreciation every", "fKA7SevjPb8-00465-00106079-00106351": "year you've got to keep investing in machinery.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00466-00106351-00106607": "Now many depreciation pools that I see", "fKA7SevjPb8-00467-00106607-00106759": "are at zero.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00468-00106759-00106944": "And so while there's no tax that they're", "fKA7SevjPb8-00469-00106944-00107151": "paying this year because depreciation is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00470-00107151-00107464": "so high, taxable profits are zero.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00471-00107464-00107607": "What happens the next year when they", "fKA7SevjPb8-00472-00107607-00107848": "can't continue to replace machinery and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00473-00107848-00108031": "there is no depreciation on the profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00474-00108031-00108135": "loss?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00475-00108135-00108400": "Taxable incomes will increase.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00476-00108400-00108568": "Profits will be there", "fKA7SevjPb8-00477-00108568-00108975": "Tax will need to be addressed.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00478-00108975-00109288": "Now the federal treasury, they are a smart", "fKA7SevjPb8-00479-00109288-00109479": "group of people and do you think they", "fKA7SevjPb8-00480-00109479-00109655": "knew that?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00481-00109655-00109879": "Absolutely they knew that. They knew that", "fKA7SevjPb8-00482-00109879-00110031": "they would stimulate investment in the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00483-00110031-00110279": "economy headers and tractors etc.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00484-00110279-00110440": "What, its 1.5yrs to get a header now?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00485-00110440-00110648": "They knew that that", "fKA7SevjPb8-00486-00110648-00110831": "would stimulate the economy.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00487-00110831-00110992": "They knew that they would take this tax and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00488-00110992-00111159": "take a hit. But they knew that there was", "fKA7SevjPb8-00489-00111159-00111392": "a windfall coming after investment", "fKA7SevjPb8-00490-00111392-00111720": "instant asset write-offs were written off.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00491-00111720-00112240": "So if one thing you need to do today is to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00492-00112240-00112400": "speak to your accountant", "fKA7SevjPb8-00493-00112400-00112624": "about what depreciation pool and scheme", "fKA7SevjPb8-00494-00112624-00112759": "you're in?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00495-00112759-00112911": "Because if you're in the instant asset", "fKA7SevjPb8-00496-00112911-00113088": "write-off there's a day of reckoning", "fKA7SevjPb8-00497-00113088-00113320": "coming so start planning for that.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00498-00113320-00113464": "And I was thinking this morning too that", "fKA7SevjPb8-00499-00113464-00113679": "if you haven't put in your 21 taxation", "fKA7SevjPb8-00500-00113679-00113800": "financials", "fKA7SevjPb8-00501-00113800-00113959": "which are due", "fKA7SevjPb8-00502-00113959-00114175": "middle of May, there", "fKA7SevjPb8-00503-00114175-00114359": "may be an opportunity", "fKA7SevjPb8-00504-00114359-00114575": "to speak to your accountant about 'can I", "fKA7SevjPb8-00505-00114575-00114751": "change the pool that I'm in', for example?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00506-00114751-00114920": "And if I can change the pool I'm in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00507-00114920-00115040": "perhaps it's a little bit better for me", "fKA7SevjPb8-00508-00115040-00115175": "to pay a little bit of tax this year", "fKA7SevjPb8-00509-00115175-00115335": "this financial year", "fKA7SevjPb8-00510-00115335-00115488": "rather than paying a whole lot of tax in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00511-00115488-00115792": "future financial years.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00512-00115831-00115951": "So...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00513-00115951-00116248": "that's taxation minimisation. What about", "fKA7SevjPb8-00514-00116248-00116496": "profit optimisation?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00515-00116496-00116679": "What are the outcomes if profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00516-00116679-00117127": "optimisation is your destination?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00517-00117224-00117375": "Well starting on the negative you're", "fKA7SevjPb8-00518-00117375-00117624": "going to pay a bit of tax.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00519-00117624-00117831": "You will pay a bit of tax", "fKA7SevjPb8-00520-00117831-00117920": "and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00521-00117920-00118096": "in tax planning with clients we talk", "fKA7SevjPb8-00522-00118096-00118320": "about an optimal rate of tax to pay at", "fKA7SevjPb8-00523-00118320-00118764": "15 to 25 cents in the dollar.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00524-00118888-00119088": "Now the outcomes to me", "fKA7SevjPb8-00525-00119088-00119303": "or the outcomes that I've seen", "fKA7SevjPb8-00526-00119303-00119488": "with paying that sort of level", "fKA7SevjPb8-00527-00119488-00119664": "of tax rate is that there is surplus", "fKA7SevjPb8-00528-00119664-00119831": "cash left over.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00529-00119831-00120088": "So I was only looking at a client's", "fKA7SevjPb8-00530-00120088-00120288": "figures yesterday.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00531-00120288-00120407": "They've got a two million dollar", "fKA7SevjPb8-00532-00120407-00120607": "turnover.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00533-00120607-00120768": "We just finished their tax I've got", "fKA7SevjPb8-00534-00120768-00120920": "an annual general meeting with them in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00535-00120920-00121168": "two weeks time and they're paying", "fKA7SevjPb8-00536-00121168-00121648": "26.5 cents in the dollar tax.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00537-00121648-00121824": "That's a lot.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00538-00121824-00122007": "But...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00539-00122007-00122192": "the previous financial year", "fKA7SevjPb8-00540-00122192-00122327": "that we purchased four million dollars", "fKA7SevjPb8-00541-00122327-00122472": "worth of land.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00542-00122472-00122688": "We made four contributions of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00543-00122688-00122792": "$25,000 into", "fKA7SevjPb8-00544-00122792-00122968": "superannuation to help minimise tax for", "fKA7SevjPb8-00545-00122968-00123144": "the family.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00546-00123144-00123279": "So we did a whole lot of different", "fKA7SevjPb8-00547-00123279-00123535": "things and there's still cash for that", "fKA7SevjPb8-00548-00123535-00123735": "business left over at the end of the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00549-00123735-00123951": "financial year for them to do things. A", "fKA7SevjPb8-00550-00123951-00124224": "holiday, payoff debt, etc. And they are", "fKA7SevjPb8-00551-00124224-00124520": "paying off debt. So...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00552-00124520-00125272": "while focusing on profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00553-00125272-00125496": "means you'll be paying tax, invariably", "fKA7SevjPb8-00554-00125496-00125807": "there's cash left over at the end of the year.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00555-00125807-00126255": "And I think with cash you've now got choices", "fKA7SevjPb8-00556-00126255-00126455": "and the choices you've got are:", "fKA7SevjPb8-00557-00126455-00126744": "that you can invest on farm,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00558-00126744-00126992": "you can invest off farm,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00559-00126992-00127335": "you can repay debt or you can live a bit better.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00560-00127335-00127535": "You can do the kitchen for mum,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00561-00127535-00127744": "you can have a beach house, you can send", "fKA7SevjPb8-00562-00127744-00128007": "the kids to the school that you wish.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00563-00128007-00128200": "And that's what I'm about when I'm", "fKA7SevjPb8-00564-00128200-00128375": "working with clients how to optimise", "fKA7SevjPb8-00565-00128375-00128559": "profit in their business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00566-00128559-00128831": "and then I bring the accountant in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00567-00128831-00129064": "and I deliver the results, the except the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00568-00129064-00129231": "expected result to the account and I say", "fKA7SevjPb8-00569-00129231-00129527": "'now minimize tax!'.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00570-00129607-00129744": "And I'll talk to you about machinery", "fKA7SevjPb8-00571-00129744-00130168": "investing in a slide or two's time.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00572-00130168-00130351": "So when I'm working with clients we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00573-00130351-00130535": "optimize profit first and then we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00574-00130535-00130824": "minimize tax second, so that we may get", "fKA7SevjPb8-00575-00130824-00131048": "optimal tax rates about that", "fKA7SevjPb8-00576-00131048-00131292": "15 to 25 cents in the dollar.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00577-00131292-00131664": "Okay, quick summary.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00578-00131664-00131864": "Profit optimisation model versus", "fKA7SevjPb8-00579-00131864-00132096": "taxation minimisation model.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00580-00132096-00132288": "Well yes in profit optimisation I'll", "fKA7SevjPb8-00581-00132288-00132544": "have to pay some more tax.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00582-00132544-00132816": "There will be more cash left over I'll", "fKA7SevjPb8-00583-00132816-00133079": "have a profit at the end of the financial year", "fKA7SevjPb8-00584-00133079-00133375": "but it perhaps it's easier to pay back interest.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00585-00133375-00133655": "I've got choices and lots of them", "fKA7SevjPb8-00586-00133655-00133816": "and perhaps the bank", "fKA7SevjPb8-00587-00133816-00134007": "can see me servicing debt and says would", "fKA7SevjPb8-00588-00134007-00134255": "you like some more money for future investment.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00589-00134255-00134511": "Versus taxation minimisation, maybe", "fKA7SevjPb8-00590-00134511-00134807": "there's no or less tax to pay.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00591-00134807-00135048": "Maybe there's less or no cash available", "fKA7SevjPb8-00592-00135048-00135272": "into the financial year. No profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00593-00135272-00135520": "Perhaps it's a bit harder to repay interest.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00594-00135520-00135703": "There are less or no choices for the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00595-00135703-00135911": "business owner and perhaps the bank is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00596-00135911-00136320": "asking can you repay the loan?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00597-00136351-00136783": "And just a personal opinion. To me", "fKA7SevjPb8-00598-00136783-00136951": "cutting my teeth in the advisory space", "fKA7SevjPb8-00599-00136951-00137120": "in the 90's, there was a there was a whole", "fKA7SevjPb8-00600-00137120-00137327": "dearth of this", "fKA7SevjPb8-00601-00137327-00137551": "and I just wonder whether our kids", "fKA7SevjPb8-00602-00137551-00137751": "perhaps not returning to succession, not", "fKA7SevjPb8-00603-00137751-00137975": "returning to to the farm etc, are as a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00604-00137975-00138175": "result of you know five or ten years of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00605-00138175-00138400": "us not paying tax not having choices and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00606-00138400-00138600": "our kids not seeing that. Let's not let", "fKA7SevjPb8-00607-00138600-00138800": "that happen again.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00608-00138800-00138975": "Let's let our profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00609-00138975-00139151": "improve and let's let our profits let", "fKA7SevjPb8-00610-00139151-00139303": "our kids see our profits see in joining", "fKA7SevjPb8-00611-00139303-00139440": "our business so that they want to come", "fKA7SevjPb8-00612-00139440-00139855": "back to the to the farm with us.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00613-00139855-00140103": "Okay land values increasing.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00614-00140103-00140264": "Is it still possible to improve", "fKA7SevjPb8-00615-00140264-00140707": "profitability with land prices increasing?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00616-00140840-00141040": "Just to go backwards", "fKA7SevjPb8-00617-00141040-00141207": "to answer this question so down the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00618-00141207-00141283": "bottom here.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00619-00141283-00141692": "1990 to 1999, there's 10 years there", "fKA7SevjPb8-00620-00141692-00141875": "in that block. There's 10 years in this", "fKA7SevjPb8-00621-00141875-00142092": "block and there's 10 years in this block.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00622-00142092-00142355": "There's 30 years of return on assets for", "fKA7SevjPb8-00623-00142355-00142588": "different industries in South Australia.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00624-00142588-00142851": "We're looking at the return on capital", "fKA7SevjPb8-00625-00142851-00143044": "excluding land values", "fKA7SevjPb8-00626-00143044-00143316": "appreciating in price. So it's return on assets.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00627-00143316-00143988": "The green are wheat producers for the 10yrs, 90 to 91.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00628-00143988-00144324": "The red are mixed livestock producers", "fKA7SevjPb8-00629-00144324-00144524": "the yellow sheep producers,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00630-00144524-00144659": "beef producers", "fKA7SevjPb8-00631-00144659-00144964": "and finally sheep beef producers.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00632-00144964-00145188": "So that number there is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00633-00145188-00145340": "clearly that's zero", "fKA7SevjPb8-00634-00145340-00145596": "so in that 1990 to 99 period wheat", "fKA7SevjPb8-00635-00145596-00145779": "producers were doing well.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00636-00145779-00146075": "1990 I know the reserve price was put", "fKA7SevjPb8-00637-00146075-00146244": "out in 1989.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00638-00146244-00146420": "We had 160 million barrels of wool and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00639-00146420-00146707": "160 million sheep and in 1991 we were", "fKA7SevjPb8-00640-00146707-00147011": "shooting sheep for a dollar.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00641-00147116-00147324": "The wool crisis continued through to the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00642-00147324-00147516": "next decade and we probably cleared we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00643-00147516-00147692": "160 million bales of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00644-00147692-00147948": "wool sort of 12 years later.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00645-00147948-00148140": "What's the point I'm trying to make?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00646-00148140-00148620": "Just have a look at the trends, so probably here.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00647-00148635-00148820": "Probably here in this band", "fKA7SevjPb8-00648-00148820-00149051": "land values", "fKA7SevjPb8-00649-00149051-00149403": "maybe $250-$300 a DSE grazing.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00650-00149403-00149851": "In this block here, 2000 to 2009, I know I", "fKA7SevjPb8-00651-00149851-00150188": "was assisting clients buy land at $350 a DSE.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00652-00150188-00150596": "And 2010 to 2019,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00653-00150596-00150820": "so at the tail end of that we were", "fKA7SevjPb8-00654-00150820-00150979": "looking at $800 - $10000 DSE", "fKA7SevjPb8-00655-00150979-00151188": "to buy grazing land,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00656-00151188-00151420": "cropping land of course similar.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00657-00151420-00151700": "So while land prices", "fKA7SevjPb8-00658-00151700-00151972": "have been increasing over that time", "fKA7SevjPb8-00659-00151972-00152131": "and while we're only looking at average", "fKA7SevjPb8-00660-00152131-00152307": "returns for different industries in", "fKA7SevjPb8-00661-00152307-00152524": "South Australia.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00662-00152524-00152835": "On general you could say that average", "fKA7SevjPb8-00663-00152835-00153140": "return on assets have increased while", "fKA7SevjPb8-00664-00153140-00153355": "land values have increased.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00665-00153355-00153564": "Now they're not at 5%,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00666-00153564-00153835": "but there's a general trend of increasing there.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00667-00153835-00154027": "So I'm confident", "fKA7SevjPb8-00668-00154027-00154211": "with businesses that", "fKA7SevjPb8-00669-00154211-00154420": "are designed well for profitability.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00670-00154420-00154635": "There's businesses that are designed to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00671-00154635-00154844": "look at profit optimisation", "fKA7SevjPb8-00672-00154844-00155188": "businesses that harvest good prices, good seasons", "fKA7SevjPb8-00673-00155188-00155340": "keep costs low,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00674-00155340-00155540": "that there will be", "fKA7SevjPb8-00675-00155540-00155764": "good profits into the future.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00676-00156116-00156444": "If we are to design profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00677-00156444-00156603": "deliberately into our business rather", "fKA7SevjPb8-00678-00156603-00156772": "than accidentally.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00679-00156772-00156940": "Let's look at some key principles about", "fKA7SevjPb8-00680-00156940-00157220": "how we do that.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00681-00157235-00157468": "So let's have a bit of a deep dive into", "fKA7SevjPb8-00682-00157468-00157668": "profitability principles", "fKA7SevjPb8-00683-00157668-00157820": "Now I know many have seen this I'll", "fKA7SevjPb8-00684-00157820-00157996": "quickly go through this slide but to me", "fKA7SevjPb8-00685-00157996-00158179": "it's a seminal piece of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00686-00158179-00158427": "teaching in terms of where profit, the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00687-00158427-00158668": "functions of profitability come from.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00688-00158668-00158916": "So this is your bachelor of agriculture", "fKA7SevjPb8-00689-00158916-00159051": "or this is your bachelor of economics", "fKA7SevjPb8-00690-00159051-00159268": "degree in 10 minutes.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00691-00159268-00159403": "So if we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00692-00159403-00159603": "design a business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00693-00159603-00159764": "we track the dollars along this", "fKA7SevjPb8-00694-00159764-00159996": "axis and we track the number of units be", "fKA7SevjPb8-00695-00159996-00160203": "it number of sheep or cows or area we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00696-00160203-00160396": "crop along the bottom.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00697-00160396-00160588": "If we design our business from the start", "fKA7SevjPb8-00698-00160588-00160907": "we need people, we need machinery,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00699-00160907-00161124": "we've got a whole lot of overheads", "fKA7SevjPb8-00700-00161124-00161324": "to run our business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00701-00161324-00161644": "We drench sheep, we sow a crop, we sell", "fKA7SevjPb8-00702-00161644-00161916": "cattle. We've got direct costs", "fKA7SevjPb8-00703-00161916-00162100": "and our overhead cost plus our direct", "fKA7SevjPb8-00704-00162100-00162327": "cost gives us our total costs.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00705-00162507-00162707": "We sell some sheep, we sell some cattle,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00706-00162707-00163059": "we sell some crop, and we've got income", "fKA7SevjPb8-00707-00163059-00163227": "and at that point there called break", "fKA7SevjPb8-00708-00163227-00163324": "even", "fKA7SevjPb8-00709-00163324-00163651": "everything above that line is profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00710-00163651-00163924": "So our income is greater than our costs", "fKA7SevjPb8-00711-00163924-00164148": "so we're in profit and at this point", "fKA7SevjPb8-00712-00164148-00164372": "here our costs are greater than our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00713-00164372-00164707": "income so we're at loss.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00714-00164724-00164931": "Okay, so so far you've completed", "fKA7SevjPb8-00715-00164931-00165227": "the first semester of your agriculture degree.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00716-00165227-00165396": "So let's get to your bachelor's", "fKA7SevjPb8-00717-00165396-00165692": "degree now in economics.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00718-00165692-00166255": "So if we're here at break even", "fKA7SevjPb8-00719-00166255-00166700": "what can we do to improve profitability?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00720-00167035-00167155": "Okay...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00721-00167155-00167292": "we could,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00722-00167292-00167564": "can we do something with... can we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00723-00167564-00167835": "do something with cost with direct costs?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00724-00167835-00168196": "Could we increase direct costs", "fKA7SevjPb8-00725-00168196-00168555": "and increase production or price?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00726-00168555-00168896": "Could we put more fertiliser on and get a response?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00727-00168896-00169116": "Could we do something like", "fKA7SevjPb8-00728-00169116-00169364": "grain marketing? A client I work with, we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00729-00169364-00169564": "spend 1$/ton a year on grain", "fKA7SevjPb8-00730-00169564-00169924": "marketing and last year we made $3/ton.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00731-00169924-00170340": "$3 per ton from grain marketing minus one", "fKA7SevjPb8-00732-00170340-00170468": "dollar of cost", "fKA7SevjPb8-00733-00170468-00170644": "is a $2 margin.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00734-00170644-00170835": "Divided by $3 of the income", "fKA7SevjPb8-00735-00170835-00171196": "is a 66% gross margin ratio.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00736-00171196-00171372": "Spend a dollar of direct cost to make", "fKA7SevjPb8-00737-00171372-00171516": "three dollars of income.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00738-00171516-00171755": "There's your gross margin ratio. So we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00739-00171755-00171972": "could increase direct costs, increase", "fKA7SevjPb8-00740-00171972-00172227": "production, or get a better price", "fKA7SevjPb8-00741-00172227-00172379": "right and we'd increase profit would you", "fKA7SevjPb8-00742-00172379-00172644": "agree with me there?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00743-00172644-00172979": "So that's yes and that's no", "fKA7SevjPb8-00744-00172979-00173148": "so let's try it everyone.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00745-00173148-00173307": "would you agree with me?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00746-00173307-00173403": "Yes!", "fKA7SevjPb8-00747-00173403-00173588": "Right thanks, thank you.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00748-00173588-00173748": "So that's one thing we could do, we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00749-00173748-00173907": "could increase direct cost that would", "fKA7SevjPb8-00750-00173907-00174059": "change our income where we'd increase", "fKA7SevjPb8-00751-00174059-00174283": "our gross margin. Could we reduce direct", "fKA7SevjPb8-00752-00174283-00174492": "costs?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00753-00174492-00174796": "And improve our margins?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00754-00174796-00175059": "Yes we could, we could as long as", "fKA7SevjPb8-00755-00175059-00175379": "we didn't affect production or price.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00756-00175379-00175516": "So the first one we're talking", "fKA7SevjPb8-00757-00175516-00175731": "about is improving gross margins", "fKA7SevjPb8-00758-00175731-00175979": "but the second cost there is overheads.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00759-00175979-00176340": "Can we reduce overheads?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00760-00176500-00176716": "What are overheads? Overheads typically", "fKA7SevjPb8-00761-00176716-00176955": "are people and machinery.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00762-00176955-00177155": "It's hard to manage", "fKA7SevjPb8-00763-00177155-00177292": "and deal with people, it's hard to run a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00764-00177292-00177475": "business with less machinery.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00765-00177475-00177596": "Hard to manage a business with less", "fKA7SevjPb8-00766-00177596-00177844": "people right but it can be done", "fKA7SevjPb8-00767-00177844-00178020": "Often when I come to businesses and look", "fKA7SevjPb8-00768-00178020-00178155": "at succession planning and I've got", "fKA7SevjPb8-00769-00178155-00178348": "three generations around the table.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00770-00178348-00178548": "I'm thinking overhead ratio here so", "fKA7SevjPb8-00771-00178548-00178892": "succession planning can be assistance", "fKA7SevjPb8-00772-00178892-00179155": "in terms of reducing  overheads.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00773-00179155-00179359": "Overheads can be reduced but they're very", "fKA7SevjPb8-00774-00179359-00179592": "difficult to do so.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00775-00179592-00179751": "So first thing we can do is we can", "fKA7SevjPb8-00776-00179751-00180024": "improve our gross margin. We could lower", "fKA7SevjPb8-00777-00180024-00180255": "our overhead costs and the third thing", "fKA7SevjPb8-00778-00180255-00180416": "we could do is we could increase our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00779-00180416-00180664": "turnover. So if this was 3000 ewes", "fKA7SevjPb8-00780-00180664-00180872": "if this was 3000 lambs", "fKA7SevjPb8-00781-00180872-00181031": "produced if we could", "fKA7SevjPb8-00782-00181031-00181231": "produce more lambs.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00783-00181231-00181383": "Better lamb survival, better lambing", "fKA7SevjPb8-00784-00181383-00181575": "percentage, well then our turnover would", "fKA7SevjPb8-00785-00181575-00181920": "be here and we would be in profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00786-00181920-00182127": "Now there are only three things you can", "fKA7SevjPb8-00787-00182127-00182248": "do to improve", "fKA7SevjPb8-00788-00182248-00182479": "profitability in business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00789-00182479-00182696": "Reducing overheads, improving gross", "fKA7SevjPb8-00790-00182696-00182927": "margins or increasing turnover", "fKA7SevjPb8-00791-00182927-00183207": "and that's the same for your business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00792-00183207-00183351": "for my business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00793-00183351-00183583": "for a bank's business, for the football", "fKA7SevjPb8-00794-00183583-00183792": "club here.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00795-00183792-00183959": "So the question is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00796-00183959-00184159": "which is it for you?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00797-00184159-00184424": "Do you need to increase turnover?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00798-00184424-00184640": "Do you need to address overheads? Or do", "fKA7SevjPb8-00799-00184640-00185007": "you need to look at the margins of your enterprises?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00800-00185007-00185183": "And in the Livestock Enterprise Planning", "fKA7SevjPb8-00801-00185183-00185431": "Workshops, my assessment would be", "fKA7SevjPb8-00802-00185431-00185679": "of those 300 businesses,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00803-00185679-00185855": "would be", "fKA7SevjPb8-00804-00185855-00186111": "about 7.5/10 need", "fKA7SevjPb8-00805-00186111-00186375": "to address, for those that are lacking", "fKA7SevjPb8-00806-00186375-00186672": "profitability (some were very profitable)", "fKA7SevjPb8-00807-00186672-00186879": "but for those lacking profitability", "fKA7SevjPb8-00808-00186879-00187048": "about 7.5/10 need", "fKA7SevjPb8-00809-00187048-00187240": "to address turnover.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00810-00187240-00187431": "About 2/10 need to look at", "fKA7SevjPb8-00811-00187431-00187568": "their overheads.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00812-00187568-00188024": "And 0.5/10 need to look at gross margins.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00813-00188024-00188311": "So by far and away turnover,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00814-00188311-00188511": "improving turnover, is the predominant", "fKA7SevjPb8-00815-00188511-00188864": "vehicle for improving profitability.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00816-00188888-00189024": "Okay...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00817-00189024-00189296": "Only three secrets of improving profitability.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00818-00189296-00189551": "There's the key ratios.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00819-00189551-00189920": "So turnover ratio is our gross profit as", "fKA7SevjPb8-00820-00189920-00190168": "a proportion of the total assets.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00821-00190168-00190400": "We want 15% of gross profit for our for", "fKA7SevjPb8-00822-00190400-00190592": "every hundred dollars of assets.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00823-00190592-00190864": "Of our gross profit we want to retain 35%", "fKA7SevjPb8-00824-00190864-00191000": "or we want we're going to spend", "fKA7SevjPb8-00825-00191000-00191327": "35% retain 65% of our gross margin.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00826-00191327-00191600": "And we want to spend no more than 35%", "fKA7SevjPb8-00827-00191600-00191831": "of our gross profit in overheads. If we", "fKA7SevjPb8-00828-00191831-00191992": "have those ratios then we have an", "fKA7SevjPb8-00829-00191992-00192207": "operating profit of 30%,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00830-00192207-00192400": "there's our return on assets, even over", "fKA7SevjPb8-00831-00192400-00192600": "total assets, there's no return on equity.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00832-00192600-00192848": "Lease businesses, if our return on assets", "fKA7SevjPb8-00833-00192848-00193016": "manage is greater than their return on", "fKA7SevjPb8-00834-00193016-00193296": "assets if our profit on our own business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00835-00193296-00193455": "plus our lease business", "fKA7SevjPb8-00836-00193455-00193600": "is greater than just the profit on our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00837-00193600-00193727": "own business then we're using lease", "fKA7SevjPb8-00838-00193727-00193920": "funds well to grow our business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00839-00193920-00194127": "And for debt funded businesses,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00840-00194127-00194527": "and if our return on equity is greater than", "fKA7SevjPb8-00841-00194527-00194703": "our return on assets. If the return on", "fKA7SevjPb8-00842-00194703-00194896": "our equity what we own is greater than", "fKA7SevjPb8-00843-00194896-00195088": "the return on the whole business then", "fKA7SevjPb8-00844-00195088-00195303": "we're using debt funded.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00845-00195303-00195664": "Debt funding to to grow our business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00846-00195703-00195951": "How do we fix overheads? We need to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00847-00195951-00196231": "look at people and machinery invariably.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00848-00196231-00196383": "People talk to me about succession", "fKA7SevjPb8-00849-00196383-00196575": "planning. I was on the west coast a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00850-00196575-00196735": "couple of weeks ago with a final", "fKA7SevjPb8-00851-00196735-00196888": "Livestock Enterprise Planning Workshop", "fKA7SevjPb8-00852-00196888-00197000": "and there was a business there that had", "fKA7SevjPb8-00853-00197000-00197175": "three million dollars worth of machinery.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00854-00197175-00197440": "One million dollars worth of income.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00855-00197440-00197696": "A 3:1 machinery to income, when", "fKA7SevjPb8-00856-00197696-00198000": "1:1 is pretty good. So there's", "fKA7SevjPb8-00857-00198000-00198120": "some things to think about there", "fKA7SevjPb8-00858-00198120-00198296": "for that producer in terms of perhaps", "fKA7SevjPb8-00859-00198296-00198544": "contracting. Using existing labour to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00860-00198544-00198735": "expand their business and utilize", "fKA7SevjPb8-00861-00198735-00198992": "machinery a bit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00862-00198992-00199135": "So other things we can think about is", "fKA7SevjPb8-00863-00199135-00199296": "substituting machinery ownership for", "fKA7SevjPb8-00864-00199296-00199559": "contracting, succession planning, as I've said.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00865-00199664-00199800": "For turnover...", "fKA7SevjPb8-00866-00199800-00200079": "Turnover is about production and price.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00867-00200079-00200279": "So anything that increases production or", "fKA7SevjPb8-00868-00200279-00200631": "increases price improves your turnover.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00869-00200631-00200831": "So at the moment wheat", "fKA7SevjPb8-00870-00200831-00201096": "prices are pretty good for this harvest", "fKA7SevjPb8-00871-00201096-00201320": "coming up in December 22. They've taken", "fKA7SevjPb8-00872-00201320-00201488": "a little bit of a kick", "fKA7SevjPb8-00873-00201488-00201640": "so maybe there are opportunities to look", "fKA7SevjPb8-00874-00201640-00202048": "at securing wheat prices for next year securing price.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00875-00202048-00202272": "And for our gross margins", "fKA7SevjPb8-00876-00202272-00202511": "we're looking at anything we do", "fKA7SevjPb8-00877-00202511-00202703": "to increase turnover", "fKA7SevjPb8-00878-00202703-00202888": "or reducing direct costs or the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00879-00202888-00203120": "combination of both will assist with the", "fKA7SevjPb8-00880-00203120-00203359": "gross margin ratio. And often if I", "fKA7SevjPb8-00881-00203359-00203568": "see businesses have lots of enterprises", "fKA7SevjPb8-00882-00203568-00203768": "and looking at diversifying,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00883-00203768-00203959": "they can be businesses that have gross", "fKA7SevjPb8-00884-00203959-00204231": "margin issues.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00885-00204240-00204472": "Okay a quick dive,b one slide into banking", "fKA7SevjPb8-00886-00204472-00204727": "ratios and then bring it all together.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00887-00204727-00205023": "So banks are looking to ask", "fKA7SevjPb8-00888-00205023-00205207": "three questions. First question.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00889-00205207-00205440": "can you service the debt? If you can't", "fKA7SevjPb8-00890-00205440-00205663": "what sort of security? And thirdly if you", "fKA7SevjPb8-00891-00205663-00205823": "can service the debt and if you've got", "fKA7SevjPb8-00892-00205823-00206000": "security covered then do you want some", "fKA7SevjPb8-00893-00206000-00206128": "more money?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00894-00206128-00206303": "So a couple of key", "fKA7SevjPb8-00895-00206303-00206584": "debt servicing ratios, finance costs so", "fKA7SevjPb8-00896-00206584-00206719": "interest and lease is a percentage of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00897-00206719-00207000": "your gross profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00898-00207015-00207232": "Benchmark interest coverage, how much", "fKA7SevjPb8-00899-00207232-00207455": "EBIT or sometimes it makes you even", "fKA7SevjPb8-00900-00207455-00207663": "depreciation amortization as a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00901-00207663-00207855": "percentage of of interest and borrowing", "fKA7SevjPb8-00902-00207855-00208000": "costs so more than two times as a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00903-00208000-00208128": "benchmark.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00904-00208128-00208303": "Trend is the friend there.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00905-00208303-00208471": "Or a 3:1 or less than 3:1", "fKA7SevjPb8-00906-00208471-00208728": "debt to income ratio. So those three", "fKA7SevjPb8-00907-00208728-00208984": "types of ratios, talk to the bank about", "fKA7SevjPb8-00908-00208984-00209280": "the ability of your business to service debt.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00909-00209280-00209567": "And of course if you can't service debt,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00910-00209567-00209800": "then banks need to ensure that they have", "fKA7SevjPb8-00911-00209800-00210048": "security to get their money back. So some", "fKA7SevjPb8-00912-00210048-00210263": "banks look at 50% loan to value ratio and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00913-00210263-00210503": "other banks 70%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00914-00210503-00210840": "And the final thing, if you have", "fKA7SevjPb8-00915-00210840-00210992": "got debt serviceability", "fKA7SevjPb8-00916-00210992-00211144": "covered if you've got security covered", "fKA7SevjPb8-00917-00211144-00211288": "well then often the banks their", "fKA7SevjPb8-00918-00211288-00211576": "visit to you is would you like some more money.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00919-00211576-00211671": "Because you must have a debt", "fKA7SevjPb8-00920-00211671-00211815": "serviceability business you must have a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00921-00211815-00212080": "profitable business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00922-00212111-00212255": "Tie it together.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00923-00212255-00212400": "Let's bring profitability and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00924-00212400-00212576": "financiability together and when we get", "fKA7SevjPb8-00925-00212576-00212807": "it right this is what we get.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00926-00212807-00213103": "If our turnover ratio is at 15%, is it", "fKA7SevjPb8-00927-00213103-00213248": "benchmark levels", "fKA7SevjPb8-00928-00213248-00213496": "represented by a $100 bill.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00929-00213496-00213728": "And if our direct costs are less than 35%", "fKA7SevjPb8-00930-00213728-00213967": "of gross profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00931-00213967-00214280": "then our gross margins are at 65%", "fKA7SevjPb8-00932-00214280-00214528": "65 divided by 100.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00933-00214528-00214863": "And if our overheads are at less than 35%", "fKA7SevjPb8-00934-00214863-00215151": "of our gross profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00935-00215151-00215288": "then our EBIT", "fKA7SevjPb8-00936-00215288-00215640": "$65 minus $35 is $30.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00937-00215640-00215863": "And then servicing debt if they are at", "fKA7SevjPb8-00938-00215863-00216176": "sort of benchmark levels of $15/100,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00939-00216176-00216519": "well then our net operating profit is $15.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00940-00216648-00216815": "So that's a business design well", "fKA7SevjPb8-00941-00216815-00217223": "overheads, turn over, gross margin, finance.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00942-00217223-00217384": "That's a business down there that's got", "fKA7SevjPb8-00943-00217384-00217536": "$15 and a $100", "fKA7SevjPb8-00944-00217536-00217776": "that it earns to pay tax first,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00945-00217776-00217959": "to invest off farm,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00946-00217959-00218207": "to invest on farm, to pay yourself better", "fKA7SevjPb8-00947-00218207-00218511": "or to repay debt", "fKA7SevjPb8-00948-00218607-00218928": "What happens when things aren't designed well?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00949-00218928-00219111": "So let's represent the same $100", "fKA7SevjPb8-00950-00219111-00219344": "as saying turnovers there but if", "fKA7SevjPb8-00951-00219344-00219544": "direct costs are 10% more than where they", "fKA7SevjPb8-00952-00219544-00219792": "should be our gross margins are 10% less", "fKA7SevjPb8-00953-00219792-00219919": "where they should be.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00954-00219919-00220136": "If our overheads are 15% more than where", "fKA7SevjPb8-00955-00220136-00220336": "they should be. So they're 50% of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00956-00220336-00220423": "income", "fKA7SevjPb8-00957-00220423-00220655": "rather than 35%  of income then", "fKA7SevjPb8-00958-00220655-00220863": "we've only got $5 of EBIT per", "fKA7SevjPb8-00959-00220863-00221119": "$100 of cash coming in.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00960-00221119-00221303": "We've still got the same finance costs", "fKA7SevjPb8-00961-00221303-00221528": "finance or lease costs and we've got a", "fKA7SevjPb8-00962-00221528-00221688": "net operating profit that's negative of", "fKA7SevjPb8-00963-00221688-00221871": "minus 10.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00964-00221871-00222223": "So what looks like a lack of profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00965-00222223-00222400": "and perhaps", "fKA7SevjPb8-00966-00222400-00222640": "unfortunately sometimes the banks get", "fKA7SevjPb8-00967-00222640-00222840": "blamed in terms of where we've got too", "fKA7SevjPb8-00968-00222840-00222992": "much borrowings and our interest rates", "fKA7SevjPb8-00969-00222992-00223103": "too high,", "fKA7SevjPb8-00970-00223103-00223288": "is actually not the problem. The problem", "fKA7SevjPb8-00971-00223288-00223544": "is in red there, it's the design of your business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00972-00223696-00223919": "The design of the business there", "fKA7SevjPb8-00973-00223919-00224240": "has caused the lack of profitability", "fKA7SevjPb8-00974-00224240-00224384": "so this is where we we need to look at", "fKA7SevjPb8-00975-00224384-00224671": "our responsibility.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00976-00224815-00225032": "We've had an", "fKA7SevjPb8-00977-00225032-00225136": "introduction to whether I should", "fKA7SevjPb8-00978-00225136-00225288": "minimise tax and whether I should", "fKA7SevjPb8-00979-00225288-00225528": "optimise profit and", "fKA7SevjPb8-00980-00225528-00225711": "just on that.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00981-00225711-00225823": "Yes.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00982-00225823-00226055": "Look at optimising profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-00983-00226055-00226232": "and then yes, use your account to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00984-00226232-00226432": "minimize your tax. I'm not saying to pay", "fKA7SevjPb8-00985-00226432-00226640": "lots of tax. I'm saying to use your", "fKA7SevjPb8-00986-00226640-00226823": "account in the right order.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00987-00226823-00227015": "Optimise your profit first", "fKA7SevjPb8-00988-00227015-00227311": "minimise your tax second.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00989-00227311-00227480": "We've looked at land values and is there", "fKA7SevjPb8-00990-00227480-00227680": "potential for land values and profits to", "fKA7SevjPb8-00991-00227680-00227928": "improve with land values increasing.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00992-00227928-00228096": "The three secrets of design for our", "fKA7SevjPb8-00993-00228096-00228255": "business: our overheads, turn over, gross", "fKA7SevjPb8-00994-00228255-00228407": "margin. And you need to know which one", "fKA7SevjPb8-00995-00228407-00228655": "of those levers to pull.", "fKA7SevjPb8-00996-00228655-00228928": "Do I get better or do I get bigger?", "fKA7SevjPb8-00997-00228928-00229055": "So if I'm looking to improve", "fKA7SevjPb8-00998-00229055-00229223": "profitability, do I get better with my", "fKA7SevjPb8-00999-00229223-00229440": "own management or do I get bigger and go", "fKA7SevjPb8-01000-00229440-00229711": "and lease and buy land.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01001-00229711-00229832": "Here's a little", "fKA7SevjPb8-01002-00229832-00230032": "framework matrix that might help", "fKA7SevjPb8-01003-00230032-00230280": "you with that thinking.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01004-00230280-00230455": "Now this comes from Dennis Wignall who", "fKA7SevjPb8-01005-00230455-00230711": "helped me put together a whole lot of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01006-00230711-00230928": "ABS figures", "fKA7SevjPb8-01007-00230928-00231144": "and Dennis is an excellent analyst and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01008-00231144-00231336": "he's pulled together for me here", "fKA7SevjPb8-01009-00231336-00231592": "mixed cropping and livestock farms,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01010-00231592-00231928": "for 30 years", "fKA7SevjPb8-01011-00231928-00232084": "1991 to 2020.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01012-00232084-00232432": "30 years of mixed cropping in", "fKA7SevjPb8-01013-00232432-00232592": "livestock farms.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01014-00232592-00232736": "And what we're looking at here is we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-01015-00232736-00232855": "looking at across the top here we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-01016-00232855-00233080": "looking at quartiles of management so", "fKA7SevjPb8-01017-00233080-00233288": "the top 25%, the top quarter of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01018-00233288-00233503": "management in terms of return on assets", "fKA7SevjPb8-01019-00233503-00233728": "is in that column.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01020-00233728-00234007": "The next 25% in that column", "fKA7SevjPb8-01021-00234007-00234344": "and the bottom 25% is in that column.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01022-00234344-00234559": "And across this side here I've got scale", "fKA7SevjPb8-01023-00234559-00234784": "of business. So down the bottom I've got", "fKA7SevjPb8-01024-00234784-00235159": "small businesses less than $200,000 turnover.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01025-00235159-00235496": "$200 to $500,000 of turnover.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01026-00235496-00235663": "And half a million to a million and a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01027-00235663-00235903": "million dollars of turnover.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01028-00235903-00236063": "And in the body", "fKA7SevjPb8-01029-00236063-00236392": "of this is return on assets", "fKA7SevjPb8-01030-00236392-00236663": "excluding land values appreciating so.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01031-00236663-00236959": "It's return on assets profit.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01032-00236959-00237128": "What I can see here", "fKA7SevjPb8-01033-00237128-00237344": "with quartile one businesses,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01034-00237344-00237511": "quartile one businesses that have more", "fKA7SevjPb8-01035-00237511-00237663": "than a million dollars of turnover are", "fKA7SevjPb8-01036-00237663-00238032": "averaging for the 30 years about 10.9%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01037-00238032-00238271": "return on assets.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01038-00238271-00238503": "And I can see quartile two businesses", "fKA7SevjPb8-01039-00238503-00238640": "that are half a million to a million", "fKA7SevjPb8-01040-00238640-00238855": "dollars in turnover are averaging about", "fKA7SevjPb8-01041-00238855-00239167": "3.5% return on assets.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01042-00239167-00239367": "The bottom 50%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01043-00239367-00239592": "at 200 to 500 are doing", "fKA7SevjPb8-01044-00239592-00239800": "-0.3%, so they're not", "fKA7SevjPb8-01045-00239800-00240055": "even breaking even.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01046-00240055-00240296": "And the bottom 25% of small", "fKA7SevjPb8-01047-00240296-00240648": "businesses are doing -8.0%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01048-00240648-00240903": "I can also see just to scale you in, that", "fKA7SevjPb8-01049-00240903-00241111": "regardless of management,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01050-00241111-00241296": "businesses that", "fKA7SevjPb8-01051-00241296-00241463": "turn over more than a million dollars", "fKA7SevjPb8-01052-00241463-00241711": "are averaging 4.2%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01053-00241711-00241880": "Regardless of management.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01054-00241880-00242071": "Regardless of management,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01055-00242071-00242367": "business is half a million at 2.4%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01056-00242448-00242663": "Regardless of scale", "fKA7SevjPb8-01057-00242663-00243055": "the top 25 producers are averaging 5.1%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01058-00243055-00243376": "and the next 255,  2.4%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01059-00243376-00243528": "And the whole", "fKA7SevjPb8-01060-00243528-00243759": "the whole shooting match for 30 years", "fKA7SevjPb8-01061-00243759-00243951": "regardless of management and regardless", "fKA7SevjPb8-01062-00243951-00244296": "of scale are averaging 1.3%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01063-00244296-00244471": "and probably inflation was more than", "fKA7SevjPb8-01064-00244471-00244744": "that for that 30-year time period.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01065-00244744-00244967": "So that's just to settle you in on that.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01066-00244967-00245244": "So we're looking at management ability", "fKA7SevjPb8-01067-00245244-00245632": "here and scale of business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01068-00245632-00245871": "So the first thing to note is that when", "fKA7SevjPb8-01069-00245871-00246055": "I improve my management when I go from", "fKA7SevjPb8-01070-00246055-00246319": "quarter four to quartile three to two to one.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01071-00246319-00246519": "Down the bottom here minus two to point", "fKA7SevjPb8-01072-00246519-00246784": "seven to two point four to 5.1. I'm", "fKA7SevjPb8-01073-00246784-00247023": "jumping up in return on assets by about", "fKA7SevjPb8-01074-00247023-00247303": "2% to 2.5%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01075-00247303-00247488": "So when my management gets better and I", "fKA7SevjPb8-01076-00247488-00247671": "move to a different quartile", "fKA7SevjPb8-01077-00247671-00248055": "my profits increasing that makes sense.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01078-00248103-00248367": "Second point: when I increase my scale", "fKA7SevjPb8-01079-00248367-00248600": "and I go from from here to here to here", "fKA7SevjPb8-01080-00248600-00248880": "to here, when I jump my scale", "fKA7SevjPb8-01081-00248880-00249315": "that it's also increasing profit by 2 to 2.5%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01082-00249607-00249792": "Which one's easier to do?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01083-00249792-00249992": "Get better", "fKA7SevjPb8-01084-00249992-00250184": "or get bigger?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01085-00250184-00250328": "That's not a good question to ask", "fKA7SevjPb8-01086-00250328-00250567": "which one is less risky to do?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01087-00250567-00250744": "Getting better?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01088-00250744-00250911": "Improving yourself, timing, and management etc.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01089-00250911-00251023": "etc", "fKA7SevjPb8-01090-00251023-00251263": "Or is it less risky to get bigger by", "fKA7SevjPb8-01091-00251263-00251503": "leasing and buying?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01092-00251503-00251840": "Right it's probably easier to get better isn't it?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01093-00251876-00252155": "So point number one. Point number two is", "fKA7SevjPb8-01094-00252155-00252584": "that there's a minimum scale of business", "fKA7SevjPb8-01095-00252584-00252884": "to be profitable.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01096-00252884-00253123": "now it's less than 200,000", "fKA7SevjPb8-01097-00253123-00253432": "there at -0.8%, -0.4%, -0.2%, etc.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01098-00253432-00253676": "None of them are profitable at any level.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01099-00253676-00253884": "So small businesses", "fKA7SevjPb8-01100-00253884-00254059": "it's very hard to be profitable and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01101-00254059-00254315": "even at 200-500,000, to turn over", "fKA7SevjPb8-01102-00254315-00254507": "you've got to be in the top 25%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01103-00254507-00254736": "to have some sort of chance of being", "fKA7SevjPb8-01104-00254736-00254963": "profitable. So what do we do with", "fKA7SevjPb8-01105-00254963-00255163": "those businesses, what can we talk about", "fKA7SevjPb8-01106-00255163-00255380": "with those businesses that that perhaps", "fKA7SevjPb8-01107-00255380-00255636": "don't have scale on their side.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01108-00255636-00255819": "Well to me a business that's you know", "fKA7SevjPb8-01109-00255819-00256132": "200 to 250 or even 300 000 a turnover is", "fKA7SevjPb8-01110-00256132-00256348": "is a half a business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01111-00256348-00256588": "In my experience I reckon Dennis has got", "fKA7SevjPb8-01112-00256588-00256740": "500,000 of turnovers a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01113-00256740-00256859": "break even to be to look at", "fKA7SevjPb8-01114-00256859-00257211": "profitability look at your 500 ones", "fKA7SevjPb8-01115-00257211-00257388": "right you can be average at 50%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01116-00257388-00257500": "and there's a 3.5%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01117-00257500-00257707": "return there that's possible", "fKA7SevjPb8-01118-00257707-00257907": "just because you've got scale.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01119-00257907-00258107": "But if you're smaller, then you've got to", "fKA7SevjPb8-01120-00258107-00258284": "be top 25%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01121-00258284-00258459": "So to me with smaller businesses it's", "fKA7SevjPb8-01122-00258459-00258707": "about what they do. So rather than", "fKA7SevjPb8-01123-00258707-00258876": "being a six day a week business maybe", "fKA7SevjPb8-01124-00258876-00259051": "it's a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday business", "fKA7SevjPb8-01125-00259051-00259284": "for their 300 000 turnover", "fKA7SevjPb8-01126-00259284-00259588": "which is equivalent to a six day a week", "fKA7SevjPb8-01127-00259588-00259788": "full-time business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01128-00259788-00259963": "So Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday for", "fKA7SevjPb8-01129-00259963-00260092": "$300,000", "fKA7SevjPb8-01130-00260092-00260307": "turnover and let's do something else,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01131-00260307-00260436": "or think about doing something else on", "fKA7SevjPb8-01132-00260436-00260619": "Thursday, Friday and Saturday.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01133-00260619-00260771": "Maybe it's off farm work, there's plenty", "fKA7SevjPb8-01134-00260771-00260948": "of off farm work there", "fKA7SevjPb8-01135-00260948-00261100": "that that's available.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01136-00261100-00261244": "So that's the conversation with", "fKA7SevjPb8-01137-00261244-00261419": "smaller businesses", "fKA7SevjPb8-01138-00261419-00261588": "but they can still be profitable they've", "fKA7SevjPb8-01139-00261588-00261763": "just got to scale back their time and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01140-00261763-00262044": "design appropriately.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01141-00262044-00262155": "Next point.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01142-00262155-00262419": "Producers at or above the $500,000 of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01143-00262419-00262532": "turnover", "fKA7SevjPb8-01144-00262532-00262780": "can aspire to be profitable can", "fKA7SevjPb8-01145-00262780-00263163": "aspire to be at the 4% return on assets.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01146-00263163-00263307": "And the question is should you get", "fKA7SevjPb8-01147-00263307-00263548": "better or should you get bigger?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01148-00263548-00263676": "Well, if you know", "fKA7SevjPb8-01149-00263676-00264051": "what the scale of your business is,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01150-00264051-00264451": "and if you know your return on assets,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01151-00264451-00264603": "then you can work out whether you're a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01152-00264603-00264948": "quartile 1, 2, 3 or 4 manager.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01153-00264948-00265123": "So you can work out where you are.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01154-00265123-00265332": "So if you're over here at 3.5%", "fKA7SevjPb8-01155-00265332-00265555": "perhaps you could improve", "fKA7SevjPb8-01156-00265555-00265763": "yourself and get get better and aspire", "fKA7SevjPb8-01157-00265763-00265932": "to be 6%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01158-00265932-00266132": "If you're over here then perhaps I've", "fKA7SevjPb8-01159-00266132-00266380": "got to get better but if I'm over here", "fKA7SevjPb8-01160-00266380-00266571": "then perhaps getting bigger", "fKA7SevjPb8-01161-00266571-00266811": "is a direction of travel for me.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01162-00266811-00267011": "So I just include that", "fKA7SevjPb8-01163-00267011-00267148": "so that if you know the scale of your", "fKA7SevjPb8-01164-00267148-00267307": "business and you know your profitability", "fKA7SevjPb8-01165-00267307-00267444": "it gives you an idea about whether", "fKA7SevjPb8-01166-00267444-00267659": "getting better or getting bigger", "fKA7SevjPb8-01167-00267659-00267884": "could be a direction of travel.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01168-00267884-00268067": "But as you've picked up", "fKA7SevjPb8-01169-00268067-00268340": "that the less risky thing to do is to", "fKA7SevjPb8-01170-00268340-00268640": "get better and to continually get better", "fKA7SevjPb8-01171-00268736-00268936": "Now we've", "fKA7SevjPb8-01172-00268936-00269159": "designed our business to be profitable.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01173-00269159-00269344": "We've got some profits, we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-01174-00269344-00269576": "minimising tax with our accountant, let's", "fKA7SevjPb8-01175-00269576-00269751": "have a quick conversation here about", "fKA7SevjPb8-01176-00269751-00270103": "investment decision making.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01177-00270103-00270440": "Where do we spend scarce capital?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01178-00270440-00270584": "I don't have enough time to talk about", "fKA7SevjPb8-01179-00270584-00270767": "where you spend scarce capital on a farm", "fKA7SevjPb8-01180-00270767-00271023": "there's lots of places but to me again", "fKA7SevjPb8-01181-00271023-00271240": "where there's profit you've got choice", "fKA7SevjPb8-01182-00271240-00271392": "where there's not profit it's probably", "fKA7SevjPb8-01183-00271392-00271567": "coming out of borrowings. So the", "fKA7SevjPb8-01184-00271567-00271928": "investment decisions there are even more important.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01185-00271928-00272223": "So I think there's four choices", "fKA7SevjPb8-01186-00272223-00272407": "around tax planning time and setting", "fKA7SevjPb8-01187-00272407-00272600": "your budget to look at in terms of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01188-00272600-00272703": "investing.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01189-00272703-00272936": "So I think you can invest off farm", "fKA7SevjPb8-01190-00272936-00273071": "number one.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01191-00273071-00273328": "For succession", "fKA7SevjPb8-01192-00273328-00273576": "for the generation one, for the", "fKA7SevjPb8-01193-00273576-00273800": "non-farming children, and maybe there's", "fKA7SevjPb8-01194-00273800-00273896": "beach house, maybe there's", "fKA7SevjPb8-01195-00273896-00274151": "diversification of assets. So my example", "fKA7SevjPb8-01196-00274151-00274423": "is the client I was looking at yesterday.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01197-00274423-00274767": "So 2 million turnover, 26 half cents in", "fKA7SevjPb8-01198-00274767-00275007": "the dollar. We made four contributions of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01199-00275007-00275311": "superannuation 25k each.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01200-00275311-00275640": "Son 27, and son 23, have already got a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01201-00275640-00275936": "superannuation balance of $200k.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01202-00275936-00276111": "Because of profitable businesses.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01203-00276111-00276440": "So that's helping them", "fKA7SevjPb8-01204-00276440-00276663": "that's helping them with their future", "fKA7SevjPb8-01205-00276663-00276928": "living. And mum and dad of course as well", "fKA7SevjPb8-01206-00276928-00277119": "they've made contributions over decades", "fKA7SevjPb8-01207-00277119-00277232": "so that's helping them with their", "fKA7SevjPb8-01208-00277232-00277440": "succession in retirement.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01209-00277440-00277671": "The superannuation fund itself is a pot", "fKA7SevjPb8-01210-00277671-00277815": "of wealth for", "fKA7SevjPb8-01211-00277815-00278119": "non-farming children", "fKA7SevjPb8-01212-00278119-00278319": "and there's been still surplus cash", "fKA7SevjPb8-01213-00278319-00278448": "after they've contributed to", "fKA7SevjPb8-01214-00278448-00278728": "superannuation after they've paid tax", "fKA7SevjPb8-01215-00278728-00279111": "to contribute to a to a house in town", "fKA7SevjPb8-01216-00279111-00279415": "to continue to diversify their asset base.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01217-00279415-00279567": "So that's what's happened as a result of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01218-00279567-00279751": "profit and that's what's happened as a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01219-00279751-00279951": "deliberate result of designing profit in", "fKA7SevjPb8-01220-00279951-00280344": "their business, minimising tax second.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01221-00280344-00280511": "There's the first choice.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01222-00280511-00280655": "The second choice", "fKA7SevjPb8-01223-00280655-00281032": "we have is to invest on farm.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01224-00281032-00281103": "I'll discern", "fKA7SevjPb8-01225-00281103-00281240": "it down to three areas that we can", "fKA7SevjPb8-01226-00281240-00281471": "invest on farm. The first one is", "fKA7SevjPb8-01227-00281471-00281607": "investing in areas and increase", "fKA7SevjPb8-01228-00281607-00281832": "production and productivity.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01229-00281832-00282040": "So there's shearing sheds that we'll hear", "fKA7SevjPb8-01230-00282040-00282232": "about from Emily today.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01231-00282232-00282423": "There's AgTech and data that we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-01232-00282423-00282600": "going to hear about from Nathan", "fKA7SevjPb8-01233-00282600-00282832": "And there's", "fKA7SevjPb8-01234-00282832-00283040": "equipment and sheep", "fKA7SevjPb8-01235-00283040-00283136": "handlers that we're going to hear from", "fKA7SevjPb8-01236-00283136-00283303": "Ben today, they're all decisions that we", "fKA7SevjPb8-01237-00283303-00283600": "can do that we can do to improve labor", "fKA7SevjPb8-01238-00283600-00283828": "efficiency and productivity.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01239-00283828-00284007": "Very often there's one client that I'll", "fKA7SevjPb8-01240-00284007-00284144": "visited a couple weeks time and they're", "fKA7SevjPb8-01241-00284144-00284296": "very disciplined. They have an A and a B", "fKA7SevjPb8-01242-00284296-00284463": "list of capital.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01243-00284463-00284688": "And they look at their A list", "fKA7SevjPb8-01244-00284688-00284871": "and we sit down with their A list and we", "fKA7SevjPb8-01245-00284871-00285063": "look at return on capital.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01246-00285063-00285215": "So the $30k that", "fKA7SevjPb8-01247-00285215-00285384": "we're going to put towards something, we", "fKA7SevjPb8-01248-00285384-00285551": "look at the return on capital for a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01249-00285551-00285792": "sheep handler versus this versus that", "fKA7SevjPb8-01250-00285792-00286000": "versus that. So they make decisions based", "fKA7SevjPb8-01251-00286000-00286128": "on where they're going to get their best", "fKA7SevjPb8-01252-00286128-00286440": "return for their investment.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01253-00286488-00286696": "So that's one way,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01254-00286696-00286855": "Another way, perhaps I worked with a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01255-00286855-00287000": "corporate client", "fKA7SevjPb8-01256-00287000-00287223": "whereby retaining staff was really", "fKA7SevjPb8-01257-00287223-00287400": "important so facilities so they invested", "fKA7SevjPb8-01258-00287400-00287703": "in facilities to maintain and retain staff.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01259-00287703-00287840": "And the other area that we can look at", "fKA7SevjPb8-01260-00287840-00288159": "in investing is improving labor efficiency.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01261-00288159-00288455": "So if we're not quite at our 600k of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01262-00288455-00288703": "turnover per full-time equivalent", "fKA7SevjPb8-01263-00288703-00289040": "and our labor units say 500 or 550 000", "fKA7SevjPb8-01264-00289040-00289232": "for full-time equipment labor efficiency", "fKA7SevjPb8-01265-00289232-00289400": "devices might help us get to that six", "fKA7SevjPb8-01266-00289400-00289559": "hundred thousand per full-time", "fKA7SevjPb8-01267-00289559-00289855": "equivalent turnover.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01268-00289944-00290096": "Thirdly, I think we can", "fKA7SevjPb8-01269-00290096-00290336": "choose to invest in ourself,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01270-00290336-00290503": "children's education, beach house,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01271-00290503-00290848": "farmhouse or the kitchen for example.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01272-00290848-00291000": "So that's a third choice and a fourth", "fKA7SevjPb8-01273-00291000-00291359": "choice is that we can repay debt.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01274-00291359-00291615": "You can't repay debt unless you're", "fKA7SevjPb8-01275-00291615-00291896": "paying tax.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01276-00291944-00292176": "And to me repaying debt", "fKA7SevjPb8-01277-00292176-00292407": "is about the future farm asset purchase.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01278-00292407-00292592": "If I can leverage my borrowings at", "fKA7SevjPb8-01279-00292592-00292815": "70% with my bank the 100k", "fKA7SevjPb8-01280-00292815-00293048": "I repay in debt is effectively", "fKA7SevjPb8-01281-00293048-00293207": "a $70k purchase of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01282-00293207-00293423": "land in the future to come, so I can draw", "fKA7SevjPb8-01283-00293423-00293536": "that back.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01284-00293536-00293655": "And to me", "fKA7SevjPb8-01285-00293655-00293871": "talking about inflation and perhaps", "fKA7SevjPb8-01286-00293871-00294080": "costs rising and perhaps incomes", "fKA7SevjPb8-01287-00294080-00294311": "dropping off with prices perhaps,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01288-00294311-00294471": "there's an argument for a little bit of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01289-00294471-00294711": "debt repayments and business resilience", "fKA7SevjPb8-01290-00294711-00294880": "because it's what you do", "fKA7SevjPb8-01291-00294880-00295119": "in the good years that determines how", "fKA7SevjPb8-01292-00295119-00295463": "you survive the bad years.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01293-00295632-00296136": "Last couple of slides. Just some Top 10% principles.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01294-00296136-00296480": "So here's some examples of clients", "fKA7SevjPb8-01295-00296480-00296655": "that are in our top 10 percent and what", "fKA7SevjPb8-01296-00296655-00296800": "they're doing.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01297-00296800-00297048": "So first and foremost they haven't just", "fKA7SevjPb8-01298-00297048-00297248": "got there by magic, they haven't woken up", "fKA7SevjPb8-01299-00297248-00297440": "the next day and all of a sudden become", "fKA7SevjPb8-01300-00297440-00297759": "a top 10% client. They've worked hard at", "fKA7SevjPb8-01301-00297759-00297919": "over the time but they've looked at", "fKA7SevjPb8-01302-00297919-00298119": "structure of their business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01303-00298119-00298448": "They've also had assistance.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01304-00298503-00298728": "So they've had assistance to get their", "fKA7SevjPb8-01305-00298728-00298919": "business structure right.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01306-00298919-00299080": "They've got their overheads designed so", "fKA7SevjPb8-01307-00299080-00299296": "they're fully utilised, $600k", "fKA7SevjPb8-01308-00299296-00299488": "of turnover per full", "fKA7SevjPb8-01309-00299488-00299680": "time equivalent, if you're a two", "fKA7SevjPb8-01310-00299680-00299992": "full-time equivalent business", "fKA7SevjPb8-01311-00299992-00300159": "right it's 1.2 million dollars of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01312-00300159-00300328": "turnover, if that's where you are you've got", "fKA7SevjPb8-01313-00300328-00300648": "labour utilised at their right ratios.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01314-00300648-00300863": "If you're at a million dollars", "fKA7SevjPb8-01315-00300863-00301048": "and you need to get to 1.2 million", "fKA7SevjPb8-01316-00301048-00301263": "dollars for two FTEs, then that's where", "fKA7SevjPb8-01317-00301263-00301488": "leasing comes into the conversation or", "fKA7SevjPb8-01318-00301488-00301703": "other opportunities there and where we", "fKA7SevjPb8-01319-00301703-00301863": "add that extra two hundred thousand", "fKA7SevjPb8-01320-00301863-00302119": "dollars from leasing for example and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01321-00302119-00302311": "we're not adding overheads such as", "fKA7SevjPb8-01322-00302311-00302488": "machinery we're just utilizing existing", "fKA7SevjPb8-01323-00302488-00302719": "machinery, utilising existing", "fKA7SevjPb8-01324-00302719-00302928": "labour now we're fully utilising our labour.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01325-00302928-00303167": "labor", "fKA7SevjPb8-01326-00303376-00303640": "To me specialization focuses energy", "fKA7SevjPb8-01327-00303640-00303776": "and reduces overheads and keeps it", "fKA7SevjPb8-01328-00303776-00304015": "simple.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01329-00304055-00304263": "My very quick and dirty", "fKA7SevjPb8-01330-00304263-00304415": "business success the three key", "fKA7SevjPb8-01331-00304415-00304551": "principles are:", "fKA7SevjPb8-01332-00304551-00304784": "Do what you like doing,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01333-00304784-00304936": "do what's suited to your country, so", "fKA7SevjPb8-01334-00304936-00305167": "breeding sheep breeding country,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01335-00305167-00305336": "cattle on cattle country, cropping on", "fKA7SevjPb8-01336-00305336-00305519": "cropping country don't try to do", "fKA7SevjPb8-01337-00305519-00305640": "something different.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01338-00305640-00305800": "Do what you like doing.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01339-00305800-00305992": "Do what's suited to your country and do", "fKA7SevjPb8-01340-00305992-00306184": "lots of it. Specialise in it.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01341-00306184-00306407": "Specialisation means you've got to be", "fKA7SevjPb8-01342-00306407-00306648": "profitable because, if you're not", "fKA7SevjPb8-01343-00306648-00306859": "if you're not you're out of business.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01344-00306859-00306996": "You need to have a base scale of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01345-00306996-00307251": "turnover to be in the top 10%.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01346-00307251-00307515": "So 600k per full-time equivalent.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01347-00307515-00307667": "If you're under half a million dollar", "fKA7SevjPb8-01348-00307667-00307796": "turnover in your business it's pretty", "fKA7SevjPb8-01349-00307796-00308003": "hard to be profitable so think about", "fKA7SevjPb8-01350-00308003-00308155": "Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, business and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01351-00308155-00308500": "what you can do Thursday, Friday, Saturday.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01352-00308500-00308692": "Improving gross margin ratio through", "fKA7SevjPb8-01353-00308692-00308884": "efficient conversion of direct costs so", "fKA7SevjPb8-01354-00308884-00309107": "think about  - look at your", "fKA7SevjPb8-01355-00309107-00309267": "rotations that you've just set up.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01356-00309267-00309428": "Of course you've got fertilizer and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01357-00309428-00309540": "you've got chemical costs you've got", "fKA7SevjPb8-01358-00309540-00309788": "Roundup at $16/litre. So look", "fKA7SevjPb8-01359-00309788-00309932": "at your direct costs and are you", "fKA7SevjPb8-01360-00309932-00310076": "spending a dollar of direct cost for", "fKA7SevjPb8-01361-00310076-00310267": "three dollars of income?", "fKA7SevjPb8-01362-00310267-00310428": "And to me this is where", "fKA7SevjPb8-01363-00310428-00310644": "agronomists can come in, so agronomists", "fKA7SevjPb8-01364-00310644-00310859": "are about improving and making", "fKA7SevjPb8-01365-00310859-00311100": "the most for you, but sometimes you", "fKA7SevjPb8-01366-00311100-00311244": "could be spending two dollars to make", "fKA7SevjPb8-01367-00311244-00311500": "three dollars and that's inefficient so", "fKA7SevjPb8-01368-00311500-00311707": "ask your agronomist are you spending a", "fKA7SevjPb8-01369-00311707-00311844": "dollar of direct cost to make three", "fKA7SevjPb8-01370-00311844-00312003": "dollars of income because if your", "fKA7SevjPb8-01371-00312003-00312180": "agronomist is that level there you've", "fKA7SevjPb8-01372-00312180-00312484": "got your gross margins right.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01373-00312484-00312659": "Leasing only works if it improves", "fKA7SevjPb8-01374-00312659-00312844": "utilisation of overhead so that million", "fKA7SevjPb8-01375-00312844-00313044": "dollar business to get to 1.2 that we're", "fKA7SevjPb8-01376-00313044-00313203": "not adding machinery and we're not", "fKA7SevjPb8-01377-00313203-00313371": "adding labour.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01378-00313371-00313603": "Level of borrowings is important,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01379-00313603-00313811": "not too much not too little.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01380-00313811-00314044": "The top 10% have good systems and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01381-00314044-00314267": "management. So they've already identified", "fKA7SevjPb8-01382-00314267-00314436": "risks and they've got policies in place", "fKA7SevjPb8-01383-00314436-00314684": "to mitigate or to stop risk or to manage", "fKA7SevjPb8-01384-00314684-00314851": "risks when it occurs.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01385-00314851-00314988": "So therefore they're responsive with", "fKA7SevjPb8-01386-00314988-00315171": "their management.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01387-00315171-00315332": "I mentioned matching enterprises to", "fKA7SevjPb8-01388-00315332-00315532": "environment and once you're in the top", "fKA7SevjPb8-01389-00315532-00315828": "10% getting bigger and replicating so my", "fKA7SevjPb8-01390-00315828-00316180": "1.2 million business design well here", "fKA7SevjPb8-01391-00316180-00316348": "if if your business model is to grow", "fKA7SevjPb8-01392-00316348-00316467": "again well then let's go and look at", "fKA7SevjPb8-01393-00316467-00316676": "another 1.2 million land business and", "fKA7SevjPb8-01394-00316676-00316955": "grow again. Let's replicate and duplicate", "fKA7SevjPb8-01395-00316955-00317180": "So therefore once you're in the top 10%,", "fKA7SevjPb8-01396-00317180-00317523": "turnover drives profitability.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01397-00317588-00317755": "I've mentioned that one last couple of", "fKA7SevjPb8-01398-00317755-00317907": "takeaways.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01399-00317907-00318107": "A unit of efficiency of labour is $600k", "fKA7SevjPb8-01400-00318107-00318276": "full-time equivalent. I've mentioned", "fKA7SevjPb8-01401-00318276-00318563": "the machinery value ratio.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01402-00318563-00318811": "The last thing i'll finish on is", "fKA7SevjPb8-01403-00318811-00319067": "while I've focused a lot on tax", "fKA7SevjPb8-01404-00319067-00319236": "and a lot on business design and a lot", "fKA7SevjPb8-01405-00319236-00319476": "on the money side, in my experience as", "fKA7SevjPb8-01406-00319476-00319555": "well", "fKA7SevjPb8-01407-00319555-00319780": "where families are functioning well", "fKA7SevjPb8-01408-00319780-00320044": "business profitability follows and where", "fKA7SevjPb8-01409-00320044-00320292": "people are functioning well then profit", "fKA7SevjPb8-01410-00320292-00320523": "also follows. And the corollary the", "fKA7SevjPb8-01411-00320523-00320788": "opposite is also true.", "fKA7SevjPb8-01412-00320788-00321107": "Thanks very much", "fKA7SevjPb8-01413-00321107-00321692": "[Applause]", "fKA7SevjPb8-01414-00321692-00321892": "[Music]", "fKA7SevjPb8-01415-00321892-00322751": "[Captions - esmedia.com.au]"}}, {"audio_id": "fKAL2kc2LpA", "text": {"fKAL2kc2LpA-00000-00000450-00000870": "The sexologist replies: What does the intimate area smell of?", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00001-00000943-00001313": "We’ve been instilled with the idea, inherited from ancient traditions,", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00002-00001313-00001535": "that the female genitals don’t smell very nice.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00003-00001563-00002015": "Curiously, we never talk about, no bloke asks me about, his body odour;", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00004-00002026-00002504": "usually, if a man asks me about the smell of genitals it’s a feminine subject.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00005-00002507-00002698": "And women ask a lot. Lots and lots.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00006-00002800-00003193": "Of course, I always say, well, I never stop saying,", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00007-00003196-00003480": "when I do these things, and, I don’t know,", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00008-00003538-00003892": "I answer the people who write to me in their queries,", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00009-00003895-00004561": "or in my office. I tell them “look, genitals smell, both men’s and women’s”.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00010-00004688-00004915": "Feel good every day. Care for your intimate area.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00011-00004917-00005041": "Care for your flower.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00012-00005126-00005283": "Intimate sublime cleanser* Pamper yourself with sublime products that:", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00013-00005286-00005441": "Rebalance the intimate pH. With beautiful fully natural female essences:", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00014-00005443-00005601": "geranium, palmarosa and chaste tree. A fragrance that respects your purity.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00015-00005603-00005735": "Calms and relieves. Energetically balanced. Dermatologically and gynaecologically tested.", "fKAL2kc2LpA-00016-00005862-00006291": "Beauty is light Idili Lizcano, Founder of Alqvimia"}}, {"audio_id": "fKI93WLBJ0M", "text": {"fKI93WLBJ0M-00000-00000006-00000672": "If you are watering your peace lily correctly, but see yellow leaves, brown and crispy edges,", "fKI93WLBJ0M-00001-00000672-00001046": "and the roots are growing around the potting mix, it's time for a repot.", "fKI93WLBJ0M-00002-00001046-00001550": "So get a pot that is 1 to 2 sizes bigger than the previous pot.", "fKI93WLBJ0M-00003-00001550-00001873": "Add your potting mix and gently free the roots from the soil.", "fKI93WLBJ0M-00004-00001873-00002382": "Place your peace lily in the pot and add some more potting mix to cover the roots.", "fKI93WLBJ0M-00005-00002382-00002889": "Pat down a little to make sure there are no air holes, and add some water.", "fKI93WLBJ0M-00006-00002889-00003152": "And my friend, that's how you repot a peace lily!"}}, {"audio_id": "fLN7D3ibtT4", "text": {"fLN7D3ibtT4-00000-00000732-00000960": "Sambhav uses a web portal and smartphones to support", "fLN7D3ibtT4-00001-00000960-00001468": "facilitators in providing e-health-based support for rural children", "fLN7D3ibtT4-00002-00001468-00001836": "with developmental disabilities. The technology was developed", "fLN7D3ibtT4-00003-00001836-00002320": "by the NGO Jan Vikas Samiti in northern India.", "fLN7D3ibtT4-00004-00002320-00002636": "Chandran Riymonds: \"Jan Vikas Samiti is honored to receive", "fLN7D3ibtT4-00005-00002636-00003136": "the Zero Project Award 2022. We will work hard to insure", "fLN7D3ibtT4-00006-00003136-00003408": "more children with disabilities are benefiting from this project.\""}}, {"audio_id": "fLN7UZ1hMiQ", "text": {"fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00000-00000567-00001440": "Prince Harry and Meghan Markle are planning a fairytale wedding with a 'white and classic' theme when they walk down the aisle in May", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00001-00001557-00002608": "But the American bride-to-be - who is said to be 'very hands-on' with the wedding plans - also intends to surprise their guests with some 'quirky' elements, according to royal sources", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00002-00002725-00003565": "The Duchess of Cambridge installed an ice cream van and burger stalls at Buckingham Palace for her evening reception in 2011", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00003-00003683-00004720": "Her sister, Pippa Middleton, brought in table tennis tables for her nuptials last year, and played a match with tennis star Roger Federer, who then took on Kate, William and Harry", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00004-00004837-00005779": "Now Harry, 33, and divorcee Meghan, 36, want to have some surprises of their own at Windsor Castle on May 19, although it is not known what they will be", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00005-00005896-00006744": "A palace insider said: 'Miss Markle has described it as reflecting a fairytale wedding, which, of course, is really what it is", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00006-00006861-00007498": "'Staff have been struck by how unbelievably happy they are together", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00007-00007616-00008153": "'They are having huge fun planning this", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00008-00008270-00008848": "No one has ever seen Prince Harry quite like it.'", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00009-00008965-00009792": "When it comes to food, Harry is following in the footsteps of his father, Prince Charles, with a 'best of British' theme", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00010-00009909-00010757": "Charles has long championed home-grown, organic, seasonal produce - which helped him to bond with self-confessed foodie Meghan", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00011-00010874-00011684": "The source added: 'I wouldn't be surprised if the menu eventually reflects some of Meghan's Los Angeles heritage.'", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00012-00011801-00012547": "Harry and Meghan have been more involved in the planning of their wedding than most royal couples", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00013-00012664-00013869": "They have made it clear to royal staff that while normal protocol will be respected in terms of seating, invitations and the guest list, they want their nuptials to be a 'toned-down affair' rather than one of starchy formality", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00014-00013986-00014859": "The couple are said to want their wedding to mirror their own tastes and personalities instead of the institution of the Royal Family", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00015-00014976-00015453": "...NOW GET ONE LIKE IT", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00016-00015569-00016442": "One insider said: 'They want it to be fun and reflective of themselves as a couple and of their family and friends that will be there", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00017-00016559-00017225": "'It will still very much be a royal wedding - just not a traditional one.'", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00018-00017342-00018901": "The Lord Chamberlain's Office, which is responsible for organising any events on the Queen's programme that involve such ceremonies, would normally be responsible for a royal wedding, in conjunction with The Master of the Household's Department, which handles official and private entertaining across all the royal residences", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00019-00019018-00019852": "But Harry and Meghan are also bringing in a team of their own wedding planners, as well as the society caterers Table Talk", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00020-00019969-00020841": "One source told how Miss Markle was taking a 'very hands-on role with the organising process', adding: 'In fact, Harry insisted on it", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00021-00020958-00021743": "'She's a woman of great style and taste, a real foodie and, of course, used to run a lifestyle blog, The Tig", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00022-00021860-00022414": "'She has a very clear idea of what she wants", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00023-00022531-00023460": "'When the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge got married, Kate knew what she wanted when it came to things such as flowers, cakes decoration and the like", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00024-00023577-00024278": "'But, overall, she would defer to what the palace wanted in terms of the big picture.", "fLN7UZ1hMiQ-00025-00024395-00024928": "'Meghan and Harry are very different.'"}}, {"audio_id": "fLNW3NgsUdE", "text": {"fLNW3NgsUdE-00000-00000000-00000200": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00001-00000200-00000400": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00002-00000400-00000600": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00003-00000600-00000800": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00004-00000800-00001000": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00005-00001000-00001200": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00006-00001200-00001400": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00007-00001400-00001600": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00008-00001600-00001800": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00009-00001800-00002000": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00010-00002000-00002200": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark", "fLNW3NgsUdE-00011-00002200-00002400": "RTX 3070 Ti TUF Assassin's Creed Origins i9 10850K | 32GB | EVO 970+ Benchmark"}}, {"audio_id": "fMpq27ble4k", "text": {"fMpq27ble4k-00000-00000000-00000535": "I spent a lot of time over the years making creative tools, using creative", "fMpq27ble4k-00001-00000535-00000805": "tools, thing about white, and here's something I've come to believe.", "fMpq27ble4k-00002-00001014-00001614": "Creators need immediate connection to what they are creating. That's my principl:", "fMpq27ble4k-00003-00001672-00002030": "Creators need an immediate connection to what they create.", "fMpq27ble4k-00004-00002030-00002217": "and what I mean by that is", "fMpq27ble4k-00005-00002217-00002547": "when you're making something, if you make a change, you make a decision,", "fMpq27ble4k-00006-00002547-00002825": "you need to see the effect of that immediately.", "fMpq27ble4k-00007-00002825-00003222": "There can't be a delay and there can't be anything hidden.", "fMpq27ble4k-00008-00003256-00003426": "Creator have to see what they're doing.", "fMpq27ble4k-00009-00003426-00003626": "So, what I have here is", "fMpq27ble4k-00010-00003664-00004388": "I've got this picture on the side and the code on the side, and this part draws the sky,", "fMpq27ble4k-00011-00004389-00004727": "this draws the mountains, this draws the tree", "fMpq27ble4k-00012-00004727-00005045": "And when I make any change the code", "fMpq27ble4k-00013-00005092-00005266": "the picture changes immediately.", "fMpq27ble4k-00014-00005350-00005580": "So the code and the picture are always in sync", "fMpq27ble4k-00015-00005598-00005768": "there's no compile and run.", "fMpq27ble4k-00016-00005768-00006164": "I just change things in the code and", "fMpq27ble4k-00017-00006174-00006370": "I see things changing the picture.", "fMpq27ble4k-00018-00006676-00006923": "And now that we have this immediate connection between", "fMpq27ble4k-00019-00006933-00007348": "the code in the picture, begin start thinking about ways of changing the code when typing", "fMpq27ble4k-00020-00007376-00007752": "So, for example, this number here is the link for the branches.", "fMpq27ble4k-00021-00007752-00008116": "I want to control that number: I just put my mouse to it, hold down the Ctrl key and I can", "fMpq27ble4k-00022-00008117-00008225": "dial up and down.", "fMpq27ble4k-00023-00008420-00008804": "So I can see what it looks like for a big branches or small branches  and I", "fMpq27ble4k-00024-00008820-00009152": "can  of converge on what feels right to me artisticaly.", "fMpq27ble4k-00025-00009256-00009580": "And this works for any number of the code: just point to it, dial up and down.", "fMpq27ble4k-00026-00009628-00010168": "And some of these numbers here, I know they do, but still can surprise me to see do it", "fMpq27ble4k-00027-00010284-00010648": "and other ones are just completely surprising", "fMpq27ble4k-00028-00010964-00011620": "So down here I got  this for loop counting to 16, putting 16 little pink blossoms", "fMpq27ble4k-00029-00011644-00012180": "on every branch and I can turn it down for less blossom or more, but", "fMpq27ble4k-00030-00012182-00012362": "look at what I'm doing here.", "fMpq27ble4k-00031-00012362-00012762": "I'm just kind of moving that number up and down around 20 or so", "fMpq27ble4k-00032-00012800-00013038": "and has this really interesting shimmering effect.", "fMpq27ble4k-00033-00013038-00013287": "it cause looks like the the wind is blowing through the tree.", "fMpq27ble4k-00034-00013372-00013904": "and the first time I saw this I immediately started thinking about how he uses effect for animation", "fMpq27ble4k-00035-00013906-00014476": "how would I ever discovered that if I had to compile and run between every change?", "fMpq27ble4k-00036-00014476-00015074": "So much of our creation is discovery and you can't discover", "fMpq27ble4k-00037-00015074-00015246": "anything if you can't see what you're doing.", "fMpq27ble4k-00038-00015304-00015791": "So having his immediate connection  allows ideas to surface that develop", "fMpq27ble4k-00039-00015791-00016163": "in ways that would be impossible before", "fMpq27ble4k-00040-00016319-00016523": "and that is so important to the creative process", "fMpq27ble4k-00041-00016523-00016899": "To be able to try ideas as you think of them", "fMpq27ble4k-00042-00017040-00017404": "If there is any delay the feedback loop between", "fMpq27ble4k-00043-00017408-00017756": "picking up something in seeing it and building on it", "fMpq27ble4k-00044-00017840-00018448": "then there's this whole world of ideas which which will just never be", "fMpq27ble4k-00045-00018576-00018784": "This are thoughts that we can't think.", "fMpq27ble4k-00046-00018884-00019344": "And the thing about ideas, is that ideas start small", "fMpq27ble4k-00047-00019440-00019768": "Ideas start out tiny and weak and fragile.", "fMpq27ble4k-00048-00019808-00020008": "in order to develop and mature", "fMpq27ble4k-00049-00020008-00020344": "ideas need an environment where the creator can nurture them", "fMpq27ble4k-00050-00020364-00020704": "Have to care of them, feed them and shape their growth", "fMpq27ble4k-00051-00020740-00021100": "and to me that's what this principle of immediate connection is all about"}}, {"audio_id": "fMrjEPDeaRA", "text": {"fMrjEPDeaRA-00000-00000110-00000440": "Hello, my name is Leopoldo Armesto and in this presentation", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00001-00000550-00000880": "I will introduce logic instructions with Facilino.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00002-00000990-00001111": "So, this is the outline of the presentation.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00003-00001111-00001515": "I will first introduce the material that we will work with,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00004-00001515-00001919": "then and I will introduce specific instructions that we will", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00005-00001919-00002323": "work in this presentation, and then, I will introduce you", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00006-00002323-00002828": "three specific exercises that use these logic", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00007-00002828-00003333": "instructions in Facilino. So, let's start with the material.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00008-00003333-00003939": "It's..., as usual, the Wemos D1 R32 together with", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00009-00003939-00004141": "the Arduino multisensor shield.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00010-00004343-00004646": "In this presentation, we work with logic, and", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00011-00004646-00005151": "in Facilino we have several type logic instructions.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00012-00005151-00005555": "We have relational instructions which compare numbers.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00013-00005656-00006161": "and we have binary operators like 'and', 'or'", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00014-00006161-00006565": "that perform the logic... the boolean logic.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00015-00006666-00007070": "We have the negation and we also have bitwise operations", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00016-00007070-00007473": "that operate... they perform the 'and', 'or' operations,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00017-00007473-00007878": "but at the bit level. So, they require numbers.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00018-00007878-00008282": "Additionally, in this presentation, we will use", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00019-00008282-00008686": "variable declaration on some of the digital and...", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00020-00008686-00009090": "digital read and write instructions.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00021-00009292-00009595": "So, let's move to the examples. In this first example,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00022-00009595-00009999": "what I'm just simply showing to you is the...", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00023-00009999-00010310": "logic for performing an 'and' operation or 'or'", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00024-00010310-00010710": "operation. Here, we're using the two switches that they are", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00025-00010710-00011111": "available in the multisensor board. They are connected to", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00026-00011111-00011511": "digital pins D2 and D3.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00027-00011511-00011911": "So, here what we do in is that whenever we pushed both of them,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00028-00011911-00012312": "so they are... there are... they are", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00029-00012312-00013013": "low, then I will show or I will blink", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00030-00013013-00013413": "on the LED connected to pin D12.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00031-00013513-00014114": "Then, if I push one of them, then I will", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00032-00014114-00014514": "blink the LED connected to", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00033-00014614-00015115": "D13. So, in this other example, here what I'm doing", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00034-00015115-00015715": "is a bitwise and operation. So, basically what I'm reading", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00035-00015715-00016116": "a number that I will introduce on the console,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00036-00016116-00016516": "so, if this number is even or odd then I will turn", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00037-00016516-00017017": "on the LED connected to pin D12 or the LED connected", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00038-00017017-00017417": "to pin D13. So, the operation here, basically", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00039-00017417-00017817": "what is doing is that do a mask between the number I", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00040-00017817-00018118": "receive. It's an integer, which has", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00041-00018218-00018618": "bits amd I'm just simply doing a mask with the number", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00042-00018618-00019019": "'1'. So in number '1', the lowest significant bit is '1', but", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00043-00019019-00019419": "the rest of bits are '0'. So if I'm doing the mask,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00044-00019419-00019919": "an 'and' operation here, bitwise then I will erase and I will", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00045-00019919-00020220": "force that whatever number I take it will be...,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00046-00020320-00020820": "the rest of the bits will be '0', and the low significantly", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00047-00020820-00021121": "the least significant bit will be '0' or '1' depending if it's even", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00048-00021121-00021521": "or odd. And that's what I'm doing here in this in this example.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00049-00021621-00022122": "And then, finally, here what I'm and doing is: I'm reading", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00050-00022122-00022522": "the potentiometer value which is connected to pin A0.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00051-00022622-00023023": "And this value could be depending on the range or the position", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00052-00023023-00023523": "of the potentiometer, could be a number between 0 and 4095.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00053-00023523-00023823": "So, here what I'm doing is I'm dividing", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00054-00023823-00024324": "this into four ranges so if it's below let's say 1023,", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00055-00024424-00024824": "then I switch off", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00056-00024824-00025225": "the two LEDs. Then if it's between", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00057-00025225-00025525": "<span id=\"w0\" class=\"word-text\">1024 and 2047,</span>", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00058-00025525-00025825": "then, I switch on or turn on", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00059-00025825-00026226": "the LED connected to pin D12.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00060-00026226-00026726": "IF itt's on the next range, then I will switch on", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00061-00026726-00027127": "the LED connected to pin D13.", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00062-00027127-00027527": "And then, if it's on the range between", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00063-00027527-00027927": "3072 and 4095 then", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00064-00027927-00028228": "I will add turn on both LEDs together, ok?", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00065-00028328-00028628": "So, thank you very much. In this presentation, I have introduce", "fMrjEPDeaRA-00066-00028628-00029029": "you logic instructions that we can use in Facilino."}}, {"audio_id": "fMx5nw2hW8y", "text": {"fMx5nw2hW8y-00000-00000048-00000378": "The picture you're looking at is a diagram of layers of rock", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00001-00000378-00000428": "in the Earth.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00002-00000428-00000742": "You might see something like this in a wonderful cliff, or", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00003-00000742-00001192": "if you could dig a giant hole with a cliff for an excavation", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00004-00001192-00001378": "in the side of a building foundation, or", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00005-00001378-00001516": "something like that.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00006-00001516-00001862": "What you see is that the layers of rock are not flat,", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00007-00001862-00002028": "and uniform, and boring.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00008-00002028-00002275": "They've been broken and tilted, and there's all sorts", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00009-00002275-00002429": "of action that's happened.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00010-00002429-00002723": "Now, layers of sedimentary rock are put down, initially,", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00011-00002723-00002881": "almost horizontally.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00012-00002881-00003243": "So there must be an interesting story of how the", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00013-00003243-00003461": "layers came to look like this.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00014-00003461-00003772": "So let's take a look at that history through millions of", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00015-00003772-00003920": "years of activity.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00016-00003920-00004169": "First of all, sediment is deposited", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00017-00004169-00004336": "in horizontal layers.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00018-00004336-00004604": "Changes in environment over time will make those layers", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00019-00004604-00004739": "somewhat different.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00020-00004739-00005029": "And so we get the rock layers that you see labeled", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00021-00005029-00005326": "z, and y, and x.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00022-00005326-00005598": "Then something happens, a mountain building events,", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00023-00005598-00005984": "whether the rocks are squeezed and folded or something that", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00024-00005984-00006168": "starts to tip the layers.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00025-00006168-00006401": "At the same time, erosion is happening.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00026-00006401-00006670": "The layers may have been raised out of the sea, or out", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00027-00006670-00006790": "of the river valley.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00028-00006790-00007150": "And so erosion is happening, making an unconformity on top.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00029-00007150-00007461": "And so you can see the action going on as wind and rain wear", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00030-00007461-00007772": "away the rocks and the rocks are tilted by the moving", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00031-00007772-00007975": "plates of the Earth.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00032-00007975-00008144": "More sedimentation happens.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00033-00008144-00008385": "Maybe sea level rises and floods it.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00034-00008385-00008593": "Maybe rivers are bringing things", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00035-00008593-00008710": "down from the mountains.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00036-00008710-00009012": "And so you're burying that erosion surface under new", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00037-00009012-00009365": "material that you see as rock layers w and v.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00038-00009365-00009752": "Finally, there's a big earthquake, a climax event,", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00039-00009752-00010062": "and you get the things broken and this beautiful fault line,", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00040-00010062-00010310": "u, that comes across the diagram.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00041-00010310-00010639": "And now you're left with what you see in the cliff.", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00042-00010639-00010952": "If you'd like to review that, well, very briefly just roll", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00043-00010952-00011177": "your mouse over the letter on the diagram that you're", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00044-00011177-00011482": "interested in, and it will give you a very short blurb of", "fMx5nw2hW8y-00045-00011482-00011607": "what happened."}}, {"audio_id": "fMIGbLJ8PIY", "text": {"fMIGbLJ8PIY-00000-00000096-00000456": "Hi everyone, welcome to the third video in the quantitative methods series.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00001-00000552-00000936": "In this video, we'll be talking about how to work with variables in Stata.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00002-00000936-00001272": "Specifically, we'll talk about how to generate new variables,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00003-00001272-00001592": "as well as how to replace information in existing variables.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00004-00001720-00002336": "So, again opening up Stata, similar to what we had before. We'll first load up our original data", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00005-00002336-00002872": "set this is the computer data that we've been working with so far, and then when you want to", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00006-00002872-00003336": "generate new variables or replace information, as you might guess based on my phrasing.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00007-00003336-00003704": "There's two key commands for this, the first being \"generate\",", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00008-00003704-00004144": "or short \"gen\" in Stata, and the second being \"replace\".", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00009-00004144-00004728": "So, the former generates new variables, the latter replaces information in existing variables,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00010-00004848-00005048": "and now we can use this for different ways.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00011-00005048-00005440": "For example, we can just generate a new variable which we call \"constant\".", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00012-00005440-00005816": "You can call it anything you want and, let's say we want this to equal one,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00013-00005896-00006520": "what this will do is generate a new variable that will equal one for all observations in", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00014-00006520-00006968": "our data set. That's this column that I just marked here, it's once across the data set,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00015-00007040-00007544": "and indeed, if we tabulate it, you see that 100% of our data has a 1 for this variable.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00016-00007623-00008112": "If you summarize it you see the same. A bit more useful is that you can", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00017-00008112-00008536": "also generate variables based on information from other variables.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00018-00008536-00008912": "So, let's say, for example, we want to generate a new variable, let's call it time,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00019-00008968-00009248": "which is the year minus 2010.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00020-00009248-00009472": "This would mean that if we run it now,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00021-00009472-00009728": "and if we tabulate it, you see it runs from zero through six,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00022-00009800-00010080": "and this is because we generated this new variable,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00023-00010080-00010448": "which will be zero for the first year in our data set, which was 2010.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00024-00010520-00010992": "Right, so you see in this column here, and any observation with a zero for time,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00025-00011048-00011384": "all of them are in the 2010 for the year variable.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00026-00011488-00012080": "All those with a 1 for time have 2011 for the year variable etc. etc.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00027-00012248-00012648": "You can also generate variables in other ways, for example, we can generate one which is", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00028-00012648-00012991": "a year times 100, that's what I just did here, right.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00029-00012991-00013488": "\"Generate time2\" because we call it like that - equals year times 100.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00030-00013488-00013791": "It could be anything we want, could be any combination of variables as well.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00031-00013791-00014144": "We could say \"year\" times \"cash\", anything we want,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00032-00014144-00014391": "so this generate command is really very flexible.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00033-00014608-00014960": "Turning down to replacing information in existing variables.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00034-00015072-00015432": "Let's work with this time variable that we just generated and let's say we want to", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00035-00015432-00015696": "turn it back into the original year information.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00036-00015768-00016200": "We can do so using the \"replace\" command, and we will say \"replace\" the time variable", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00037-00016256-00016664": "with the original time information, but we add 2010 again.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00038-00016760-00017072": "If we do this and then we tabulate time, you see", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00039-00017072-00017408": "2010 through 2016, similar to the year information,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00040-00017536-00017768": "and indeed, if we cross tabulate, as you can see now.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00041-00017824-00018088": "If a firm has a 2010 for the time variable,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00042-00018144-00018536": "it will have a 2010 for the year variable in all cases.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00043-00018688-00019096": "A bit more specific is that you can also replace information for variables", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00044-00019096-00019448": "for specific subsets of your observations.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00045-00019512-00019944": "So, for example, we can now turn back this time variable into what we had just now,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00046-00019944-00020440": "but maybe only for some firms, so we can say \"replace time equals zero\",", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00047-00020440-00020816": "but only if the year is exactly equal to 2010.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00048-00020904-00021264": "So if we run this line here, and then check the time variable, you see", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00049-00021264-00021568": "there's one set which was those with 2010 for the year,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00050-00021640-00022120": "and they have now a zero for time and the rest also has this year that we had just now.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00051-00022232-00022768": "Now we could go one by one for all the years and replace the time variable with the correct one,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00052-00022768-00023112": "or we could simply do another \"replace\" which will replace", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00053-00023112-00023480": "all the observations for the time variable with year minus 2010,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00054-00023536-00023912": "and this will be for all the observations. We have to be a little bit careful with", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00055-00023912-00024232": "that sometimes, that you don't overwrite all the information.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00056-00024232-00024672": "But nevertheless, given that we are working from a do-file you could always revert quite easily.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00057-00024776-00025384": "So, if we now check time, it should again be from 0 through 6.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00058-00025440-00025880": "As we've seen a little bit already before Stata can take different kinds of variables.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00059-00025880-00026152": "Mostly we've been working with numeric for now,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00060-00026152-00026392": "but you can also have string information being text,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00061-00026536-00026983": "and the key command for those two are \"tostring\" and \"destring\", what we see here.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00062-00027056-00027360": "Starting with the first, which is something that turns numbers", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00063-00027360-00027776": "into strings, the \"tostring\" command will do this for any numeric variable.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00064-00027776-00028048": "So, we can say \"tostring\" the year variable", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00065-00028104-00028456": "and we'll generate a new variable which we will call \"yearstring\".", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00066-00028456-00028720": "That's just something we named, we can name it anything we want.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00067-00028792-00029183": "Another option would be to add instead of \"generate\", \"replace\", and then it", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00068-00029183-00029816": "wouldn't require a variable name because it will overwrite the numeric year variable with string.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00069-00029816-00030304": "So, the year variable becomes string but replaces this original variable.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00070-00030424-00030792": "So, we will generate a new variable because we don't want to throw away information,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00071-00030952-00031368": "and indeed now if we tabulate this you still see 2010 through 2016,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00072-00031368-00031776": "but Stata is going to think that it's a string right so it won't be able to", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00073-00031776-00032000": "do anything more with it in terms of calculating.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00074-00032072-00032376": "We can see this for example by using the \"summarize\" command", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00075-00032376-00032600": "as Stata says there is no observations,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00076-00032600-00032944": "and this is because it doesn't know how to calculate from text", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00077-00032944-00033216": "something like an average or standard deviation.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00078-00033312-00033792": "To maybe illustrate it a little bit better, we can also tabulate the \"fic variable\",", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00079-00033792-00034224": "which as you can maybe see here contains text information on different countries.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00080-00034312-00034784": "So, for example, this one here would be Mexico and there's 133 firms from Mexico.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00081-00034872-00035280": "Of course, Stata is not able to calculate an average from this kind of variable", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00082-00035280-00035512": "because you cannot calculate an average for text.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00083-00035704-00035968": "Turning things the other way around we can also turn now", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00084-00035968-00036288": "strings to numbers and we will use the \"destring command\" for that.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00085-00036368-00036728": "Similar to the \"tostring command\" it's just saying \"destring\" and now we say", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00086-00036728-00036992": "the \"yearstring\" variable that we just generated,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00087-00036992-00037312": "and we'll generate a new variable called \"yearnumeric\".", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00088-00037408-00038072": "This only works, if the string information contains numbers, just like what we saw for years.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00089-00038072-00038424": "We would be able to say these are numbers as well, right, so if we now go to tap", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00090-00038488-00038880": "we can see these are numbers but now Stata also knows it's a number,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00091-00038880-00039312": "and therefore it can calculate averages. If we try to do the same for the country", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00092-00039312-00039936": "information, Stata will give you an error it says \"contains non-numeric characters; no generate\".", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00093-00039936-00040272": "So, it doesn't know how to turn these countries into numbers.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00094-00040272-00040544": "We need to be a little bit more specific with what we want to do.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00095-00040640-00041304": "For this purpose, there's the encode command and that command will be able to say; okay for every", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00096-00041368-00041864": "country in the order that it appears in here, so alphabetically, it will assign a number to it.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00097-00041944-00042544": "So we will generate a new variable which we call \"ficnumeric\" and if we run this we will see", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00098-00042544-00042864": "a new variable at the end of our data set which will contain", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00099-00042992-00043312": "all the numbers and the numbers correspond to the countries.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00100-00043424-00044008": "I just added to \"nolabel\" option to the tabulate so that shows the raw numbers and if I just now", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00101-00044008-00044528": "tabulate the newly generated variable, you see then the text labels assigned to it.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00102-00044528-00045280": "But Stata now knows group one is Argentina and the last group is ZAF.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00103-00045400-00045880": "So, now Stata knows these texts belong to a specific number that we just generated.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00104-00045984-00046328": "Another option that you have for turning strings into numbers", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00105-00046328-00046744": "is to just use the tabulate command with the option generate added.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00106-00046816-00047144": "Whereas what we just did with \"encode\" generates a single variable,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00107-00047208-00047664": "which contains a label and a number for every unique value,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00108-00047736-00048224": "the \"tabulate\" command will generate a whole range of new variables for every unique group.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00109-00048280-00048680": "And just showing that here you'll see it will tabulate what we had before", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00110-00048680-00049264": "but now in our variable overview we see 57 newly generated variables.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00111-00049336-00049952": "And as we'll see in the next video they will have different implications for how we can use them.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00112-00050136-00050616": "Other transformations that are quite common, and those are also the ones we will discuss in class,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00113-00050616-00051320": "One is a log transformation, which basically pulls the very large values inwards, has some downsides.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00114-00051320-00051608": "It cannot take negative values, it cannot take zeros.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00115-00051608-00052104": "So, if we run this for example on the cash variable, saying we want to generate,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00116-00052104-00052720": "which we will call \"lnch\", which is the log, natural log, of the \"ch variable\".", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00117-00052791-00053320": "If we run this you will see Stata say it had 17000 missing values.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00118-00053320-00053479": "That's because of what I just mentioned", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00119-00053567-00053904": "and also because cache had some missing information as we saw in the last video.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00120-00053991-00054320": "An alternative that we also discuss in class is the cube root transformation.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00121-00054320-00054520": "It does not have this downside of", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00122-00054520-00054855": "not being able to take zeros, not being able to take negative numbers.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00123-00054944-00055136": "It's this whole difficult command here.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00124-00055232-00055512": "We will discuss in class exactly why this is the way it is,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00125-00055512-00055840": "but basically, it's taking cash to the powers one-third,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00126-00055928-00056400": "and if we generate this you see indeed data has fewer missing values so these", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00127-00056400-00056791": "are really the ones that have cash missing, you cannot calculate anything from that.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00128-00056888-00057200": "Another one would be the exponential, again something we'll discuss in class,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00129-00057200-00057760": "but if you want to generate it, it's as follows; \"generate expch\" is the exponential of ch.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00130-00058136-00058608": "Finally, the last thing I'll show is that you can add labels to variables.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00131-00058608-00059048": "So for example, we had this time variable, right, which was year minus 2010.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00132-00059048-00059304": "That might not be self-evident if we just generate", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00133-00059304-00059679": "it and then we might forget about it if we don't keep good track of what we did.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00134-00059679-00060232": "So it might be good to just add a label. So now we say we want to add label to a variable", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00135-00060232-00060688": "called time, right, time is the one we have the name for, we can replace the name,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00136-00060688-00061144": "and then between these quotes we put the name that we want to give the variable.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00137-00061144-00061640": "In this case we say year minus 2010, and if we tabulate time now you see", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00138-00061640-00062016": "here in the top right the label that we had assigned to this variable.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00139-00062208-00062536": "Finally you can also assign labels to specific values.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00140-00062536-00062912": "Right now in this tabulate, you still see \"0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\".", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00141-00062984-00063208": "We can also take these two steps here", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00142-00063208-00063648": "that'll walk you through to assign values or labels to specific values.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00143-00063720-00064079": "Let's label \"define\" and then we say a new name", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00144-00064079-00064391": "we say \"timelabel\" so again this can be anything we want.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00145-00064391-00064744": "And then we say for the value 0, we want to have this piece of text.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00146-00064744-00065167": "For the value 1, we want to have this piece of text etc. etc.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00147-00065167-00065272": "So, we run that first.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00148-00065344-00065496": "If we tabulate time, right now,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00149-00065496-00065840": "it won't be updated yet because we still have to apply this label.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00150-00065896-00066520": "So, if we now type label values and then \"time\", \"timelabel\" what this means is we want to", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00151-00066520-00066968": "label the values for the time variable with the time label that we just had.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00152-00066968-00067272": "It's a bit of a roundabout way, but that's the way Stata works, unfortunately.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00153-00067360-00067936": "If we run that now and then tabulate time you see here the labels we just applied.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00154-00067936-00068208": "So the variable label, as well as the value label.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00155-00068304-00068744": "If we now tabulate time with the option no label we see kind of the underlying data.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00156-00068744-00069000": "So this would be if we put this into a model,", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00157-00069000-00069384": "this is what goes in because these are the numbers behind the labels.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00158-00069544-00069880": "That's all I wanted to talk about for generating and replacing", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00159-00069880-00070096": "information from variables in the next.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00160-00070152-00070512": "Next video I'll talk a bit about bivariate relationships.", "fMIGbLJ8PIY-00161-00070512-00071112": "So, relationship between two variables. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next time!"}}, {"audio_id": "fMODA_kZDqo", "text": {"fMODA_kZDqo-00000-00000161-00000438": "Female Speaker: Good morning, everyone. Welcome to today's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00001-00000438-00000902": "lecture, the twelfth in the current topic series. It's my great pleasure to introduce", "fMODA_kZDqo-00002-00000902-00001382": "to you Dr. Bruce Korf from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He's the Wayne H.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00003-00001382-00001916": "and Sara Crews Finley Chair, Medical Genetics, as well as the Professor and Chair in the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00004-00001916-00002405": "Department of Genetics, and the Director of the Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences. Bruce", "fMODA_kZDqo-00005-00002405-00002834": "is an internationally recognized leader in human genetics and particularly in the study", "fMODA_kZDqo-00006-00002834-00003534": "of the neuromuscular, neurodevelopmental disorder neurofibromatosis. He served in the Board", "fMODA_kZDqo-00007-00003554-00003976": "of Directors of the American Society of Human Genetics, and is past president of both the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00008-00003976-00004479": "Association of Professors of Human and Medical Genetics, and the American College of Medical", "fMODA_kZDqo-00009-00004479-00005114": "Genetics and Genomics. He's currently president of the ACMG Foundation for Genetic and Genomic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00010-00005114-00005623": "Medicine. Bruce is very committed to education and mentoring. The fourth edition of his textbook", "fMODA_kZDqo-00011-00005623-00006098": "for medical students, \"Human Genetics and Genomics,\" was just published last year. He's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00012-00006098-00006512": "also the co-author of \"Medical Genetics at a Glance\" and is on the Editorial Board of", "fMODA_kZDqo-00013-00006512-00007045": "Current Protocols and Human Genetics. Finally, Bruce has been a longstanding friend of the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00014-00007045-00007513": "Genome Institute, having served on our Board of Scientific Counselors for many years. I'm", "fMODA_kZDqo-00015-00007513-00007963": "very pleased that Bruce could join us today and sharing his perspectives on genomic medicine.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00016-00007963-00008181": "Please join me in welcoming him to the NIH campus.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00017-00008181-00008186": "[applause]", "fMODA_kZDqo-00018-00008186-00008886": "Bruce Korf: Well, thank you. It's a great pleasure to", "fMODA_kZDqo-00019-00008906-00009513": "be back here. And, what I'll try to do in this next hour or so is to sort of paint a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00020-00009513-00010206": "picture of, at least from my perspective, where things may be going in the world of", "fMODA_kZDqo-00021-00010206-00010906": "genomic medicine. I guess I will show you my financial relationship disclosures. But", "fMODA_kZDqo-00022-00010939-00011639": "let me ask you for this next few minutes, to engage in a little suspension of disbelief.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00023-00011647-00012347": "I'm going to use a kind of approach to painting this picture that is, in some ways, kind of", "fMODA_kZDqo-00024-00012615-00012961": "real world and in some ways very not real world.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00025-00012961-00013661": "We're going to focus on this individual, Laura, who as you see has two siblings, and follow", "fMODA_kZDqo-00026-00013943-00014643": "her through her life, actually, from birth through advanced age, and speculate, in some", "fMODA_kZDqo-00027-00014931-00015566": "cases, with a fair amount of experience because things are happening right now, and maybe", "fMODA_kZDqo-00028-00015566-00016266": "to some extent where things are going, how genomes might be useful in providing guidance", "fMODA_kZDqo-00029-00016284-00016984": "to her in terms of health issues. Now the suspension of disbelief is going to take the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00030-00017012-00017661": "form that as she gets older and older, we're still going to be looking at the way things", "fMODA_kZDqo-00031-00017661-00018361": "are done more or less now or now plus perhaps a few years, but not now plus 60 years, I", "fMODA_kZDqo-00032-00018404-00018912": "would not even venture to guess what medicine will look like 60 years from now. So you have", "fMODA_kZDqo-00033-00018912-00019612": "to realize that as she ages, the snapshot is more or less a contemporary, maybe today", "fMODA_kZDqo-00034-00019645-00019994": "plus a year or two, but probably not much beyond that.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00035-00019994-00020648": "You're going to see a lot of pictures in this. These are all pictures that are actually purchased", "fMODA_kZDqo-00036-00020648-00021170": "from a company that you can buy pictures from. They're not real patients. It's a real pleasure", "fMODA_kZDqo-00037-00021170-00021862": "to completely ignore HIPAA in this context, because these are paid models. And excuse", "fMODA_kZDqo-00038-00021862-00022412": "the fact that these are all of a particular ethnic background. I didn't think I could", "fMODA_kZDqo-00039-00022412-00022906": "ask you to suspend disbelief to have them change their ethnicity as they grew older.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00040-00022906-00023506": "So, this is not meant to be any kind of statement about access to genomics or genomic medicine.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00041-00023506-00024195": "All right, so with that lengthy preface, we're going to consider these six sort of epochs", "fMODA_kZDqo-00042-00024195-00024895": "of life, start in the newborn period. We'll take a look at, in this case, its pediatric", "fMODA_kZDqo-00043-00024937-00025626": "genomic diagnosis. Preconceptional screening is, the couple is preparing to start a family,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00044-00025626-00026321": "prenatal diagnosis, presymptomatic testing for risk of disease, and then predispositional", "fMODA_kZDqo-00045-00026321-00026386": "testing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00046-00026386-00027086": "All right, so we'll begin the story. Laura is a newborn and what is taken from her heel,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00047-00027220-00027736": "sent to the state Newborn Screening Laboratory, and her parents are told, when the blood is", "fMODA_kZDqo-00048-00027736-00028183": "drawn, they see the Band-Aid maybe, and they're told it's a routine test, not to worry about", "fMODA_kZDqo-00049-00028183-00028756": "it. They don't, they never hear again about it, and in this case, no news indeed is good", "fMODA_kZDqo-00050-00028756-00029456": "news. As you, I imagine are aware, everybody born in the U.S., throughout more or less", "fMODA_kZDqo-00051-00029575-00030275": "the developed world, will have a heel stick done in the early days of life, and these", "fMODA_kZDqo-00052-00030344-00031018": "days, would still put on a little card. These days, it tends to go most times in the U.S.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00053-00031018-00031696": "to a state laboratory, and tandem spectrometry is the most typical technology used for most", "fMODA_kZDqo-00054-00031696-00032231": "of the tests. Without going into any technical details, the sample goes into one end and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00055-00032231-00032843": "a spectrum comes out the other, and it can be used to identify analytes that are present", "fMODA_kZDqo-00056-00032843-00033527": "in the blood that signal any of a few dozen, at this point, inborn areas of metabolism.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00057-00033527-00034227": "The theory behind this, which was developed in the 1960s and the paradigm was in phenylketonuria", "fMODA_kZDqo-00058-00034258-00034958": "at PKU, that if you wait for the onset of signs or symptoms because of, in that case,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00059-00035041-00035550": "high phenylalanine blood, which damages the nervous system progressively, if you wait", "fMODA_kZDqo-00060-00035550-00036152": "for that to begin to occur, those, that damage is irreversible. On the other hand, if you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00061-00036152-00036733": "can make the diagnosis at birth, and for most of these metabolic disorders, the placenta", "fMODA_kZDqo-00062-00036733-00037267": "clears the toxic substance that you can't handle because of an enzyme deficiency. So", "fMODA_kZDqo-00063-00037267-00037913": "until you're born, there's no accumulation. But the clock starts when you have your first", "fMODA_kZDqo-00064-00037913-00038547": "feed. These toxic substances, toxic to you, will build up and progressively damage nervous", "fMODA_kZDqo-00065-00038547-00038802": "system and other tissues for that matter as well.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00066-00038802-00039502": "Well if you can figure that out before the process has gone to any extent, these are", "fMODA_kZDqo-00067-00039561-00040071": "treatable, usually by manipulation of the diet in the case of PKU, a special formula", "fMODA_kZDqo-00068-00040071-00040708": "deficient in phenylalanine. And there are now a couple of dozen or so dozen metabolic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00069-00040708-00041275": "disorders that can be diagnosed this way because they can be treated, usually with diet, occasionally", "fMODA_kZDqo-00070-00041275-00041830": "with vitamin supplementation, increasingly now with targeted medications even. But the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00071-00041830-00042488": "point is this is a huge public health triumph that dates back into the early 1960s and is", "fMODA_kZDqo-00072-00042488-00043027": "now routine. And there's a more or less standardized list of conditions that are screened for.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00073-00043027-00043518": "The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, actually, took the lead in defining", "fMODA_kZDqo-00074-00043518-00043961": "the kind of panel that would be used around the U.S.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00075-00043961-00044618": "Well, the question, now, is on the table, whether this would be better done through", "fMODA_kZDqo-00076-00044618-00045140": "a genomic approach rather than the tandem mass spectrometry kind of approach that I", "fMODA_kZDqo-00077-00045140-00045630": "just described. And, in fact, this was actually a paper published a couple of years ago. It", "fMODA_kZDqo-00078-00045630-00046144": "really wasn't focused specifically on newborn screening. In fact, it really was asking whether", "fMODA_kZDqo-00079-00046144-00046844": "it would be efficient to use a genomic sequencing approach to diagnose 450 or so metabolic and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00080-00047106-00047684": "other neurodegenerative disorders. But the point that was made in this was a significant", "fMODA_kZDqo-00081-00047684-00048384": "proportion of annotated so-called disease-causing variants that were not, in fact, disease-causing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00082-00048468-00049108": "at all. And it raises the point that as genomics are increasingly used in diagnostics, and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00083-00049108-00049650": "if they were to be used in newborn screening, we need to cope with the fact that you're", "fMODA_kZDqo-00084-00049650-00049936": "going to find a lot of things you're not quite sure what they mean.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00085-00049936-00050473": "There are some unfortunate, even egregious, examples in the literature, where somebody", "fMODA_kZDqo-00086-00050473-00051165": "published a case report 30 years ago attributing a particular mutation to a particular phenotype.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00087-00051165-00051697": "It got forgotten. Now, years past, you find that mutation, you read about it, and say,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00088-00051697-00052261": "\"Well this is the phenotype, but it doesn't really fit with the patient.\" And then you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00089-00052261-00052820": "go back and you find out that the author had figured out eventually this was just a benign", "fMODA_kZDqo-00090-00052820-00053239": "variant that they hadn't realized was that at the time they reported it, and it never", "fMODA_kZDqo-00091-00053239-00053744": "got re-reported, or corrected in the literature. And the literature is littered with these", "fMODA_kZDqo-00092-00053744-00054424": "mis-annotations, which is the subject of a lot of effort now to try to have a much more", "fMODA_kZDqo-00093-00054424-00054933": "well-curated database, which is going to be increasingly critical as genomic approaches", "fMODA_kZDqo-00094-00054933-00055391": "are used in diagnostics, but it is a caveat in terms of newborn screening.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00095-00055391-00056091": "You're probably aware that NHGRI is a sponsor of a set of grants that were issued over this", "fMODA_kZDqo-00096-00056229-00056744": "past year or so. I think there are four, if I recall, that are actually looking at the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00097-00056744-00057419": "question, I think, together with NICHD, of the utility of a genomic approach to newborn", "fMODA_kZDqo-00098-00057419-00058088": "screening to define the sort of paradigm by which that might occur, and among the issues", "fMODA_kZDqo-00099-00058088-00058756": "are things such as how do you know that a particular variant is pathogenic, and also,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00100-00058756-00059373": "how do you deal with a point that we'll come back to in a few minutes, which is the inevitable", "fMODA_kZDqo-00101-00059373-00059938": "finding of so-called incidental findings that are not necessarily the target of what you're", "fMODA_kZDqo-00102-00059938-00060476": "trying to diagnose in the newborn, but nevertheless, may be important to the health of the individual", "fMODA_kZDqo-00103-00060476-00060826": "as they get older, and that's a point to say we'll return to.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00104-00060826-00061526": "All right, so from newborn screening, let's now move into the world of diagnosis. So Laura's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00105-00061672-00062338": "now three, and she has a brother, Seth, a couple of years older. And he's been experiencing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00106-00062338-00063038": "developmental problems and ultimately is diagnosed as having autism, or autism spectrum disorder.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00107-00063251-00063951": "A lot of people have asked in the past few years, you know, when is genomics actually", "fMODA_kZDqo-00108-00063970-00064627": "going to hit sort of real-time medicine? There's been, I think, this perception that there", "fMODA_kZDqo-00109-00064627-00065061": "was a lot of hope, but how much of it's really making a difference? I guess I would argue", "fMODA_kZDqo-00110-00065061-00065677": "that one of the first and most significant advances that has certainly changed the world", "fMODA_kZDqo-00111-00065677-00066377": "of medical genetics, is the area of cytogenomics, which is depicted in this diagram here to", "fMODA_kZDqo-00112-00066422-00066513": "the left.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00113-00066513-00067157": "So until a few years ago, the approach to looking at chromosomes, which geneticists", "fMODA_kZDqo-00114-00067157-00067762": "will tell you, by the way, they've been genomicists for 50 years because when you look at the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00115-00067762-00068297": "human karyotype, you are taking, I guess it's the ultimate bird's eye view of the human", "fMODA_kZDqo-00116-00068297-00068997": "genome. I often tell patients it's like taking a picture of the earth from a satellite 25,000", "fMODA_kZDqo-00117-00069056-00069737": "miles up. And you can see volcanoes, and you can see other very significant disruptions", "fMODA_kZDqo-00118-00069737-00070437": "maybe. And that's about the level of resolution that we had from about 1959 until fairly recently,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00119-00070677-00071199": "that you could see trisomies, like trisomy 21, associated with Down syndrome. You could", "fMODA_kZDqo-00120-00071199-00071898": "see translocations, big deletions that were large enough to be visible with the light", "fMODA_kZDqo-00121-00071898-00071949": "microscope.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00122-00071949-00072643": "Then in the 1980s into the 1990s, fluorescence in situ hybridization came along, permitting,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00123-00072643-00073067": "you know, light up a particular region of a chromosome, but you had to know in advance", "fMODA_kZDqo-00124-00073067-00073574": "where to look. You had to have a phenotype that correlated with a particular genetic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00125-00073574-00074149": "change, and if you knew that, you could often verify it at the molecular level. However,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00126-00074149-00074702": "you often couldn't make a diagnosis because you didn't know in advance where to look,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00127-00074702-00075306": "and the level of change was too subtle to be visible with the light microscope. And", "fMODA_kZDqo-00128-00075306-00075641": "you might have been able to use FISH if you had known which probe to use, but you often", "fMODA_kZDqo-00129-00075641-00075756": "didn't.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00130-00075756-00076344": "Well, the cytogenomic technology, I won't go into detail about it. From a technical", "fMODA_kZDqo-00131-00076344-00076756": "perspective, it's done by various approaches, comparative genomic hybridization, taking", "fMODA_kZDqo-00132-00076756-00077354": "a patient's sample, a reference sample, having different color fluorescents reach, then allowing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00133-00077354-00077910": "them to compete for hybridization on a chip that contains oligonucleotides from across", "fMODA_kZDqo-00134-00077910-00078407": "the genome would be a commonly used approach. And these are the kind of read-outs you get,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00135-00078407-00079107": "and way down here, maybe visible, is a shift of this curve, everything on this zero-line,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00136-00079131-00079633": "which you can't really read probably, is essentially normal. There's a little bit of noise to either", "fMODA_kZDqo-00137-00079633-00080304": "side, but way down here is a region which is shifted to the left, and reflects a deletion", "fMODA_kZDqo-00138-00080304-00080774": "that would simply never have been seen with the light microscope. It might be verifiable", "fMODA_kZDqo-00139-00080774-00081243": "by FISH, but there would have been no a priori reason to look there, and therefore it would've", "fMODA_kZDqo-00140-00081243-00081360": "for sure been missed.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00141-00081360-00081917": "And I can tell you in our lab, and I think this is pretty typical in most, if you looked", "fMODA_kZDqo-00142-00081917-00082549": "at individuals with undefined, so to speak, intellectual disability, so intellectual problems", "fMODA_kZDqo-00143-00082549-00083237": "without other clues to help you make a diagnosis, the cytogenetic pick-up rate, that or autism", "fMODA_kZDqo-00144-00083237-00083845": "spectrum disorder, was maybe 5 percent. And now the pick-up rate with this cytogenomic,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00145-00083845-00084545": "as it's been described, approach is pushing 15 to 20 percent. Now, you know, it's not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00146-00084591-00085152": "100 percent, and there's, hence, significant gaps in our ability, but it has made a big", "fMODA_kZDqo-00147-00085152-00085317": "difference.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00148-00085317-00085792": "And actually, you know, there's a debate now that, unfortunately, has mostly occurred in", "fMODA_kZDqo-00149-00085792-00086411": "the world of insurance, is to reimburse ability of tests like this. I will probably return", "fMODA_kZDqo-00150-00086411-00086945": "to this point a little later in another context, which is, how much difference does it make?", "fMODA_kZDqo-00151-00086945-00087458": "What's -- you know, how are you making somebody better by establishing that they have a tiny", "fMODA_kZDqo-00152-00087458-00088037": "deletion at this part of the chromosome? You can't treat them differently because it -- maybe", "fMODA_kZDqo-00153-00088037-00088607": "someday we will if we knew what particular genes were relevant to this region, and maybe", "fMODA_kZDqo-00154-00088607-00088980": "there would be some kind of intervention that would be effective. But, honestly, we're a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00155-00088980-00089643": "ways off from that. I think in most instances, the benefit is, well, partly to provide a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00156-00089643-00090173": "kind of peace of mind to the family. It avoids the need to do lots of other testing that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00157-00090173-00090799": "you might have otherwise done to try to establish a diagnosis and provides a basis for genetic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00158-00090799-00091299": "counseling and recurrence risk assessment. So these are, I think, to a geneticist, significant", "fMODA_kZDqo-00159-00091299-00091858": "benefits. The insurance industry, I think, is moving in this direction, at least in our", "fMODA_kZDqo-00160-00091858-00092558": "state, I think the willingness to reimburse this is actually improving, and I see that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00161-00092624-00093161": "as a positive sign. But it has really been a kind of an uphill battle over these past", "fMODA_kZDqo-00162-00093161-00093322": "several years.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00163-00093322-00093956": "So this is the kind of experience you hear about pretty commonly, the so-called diagnostic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00164-00093956-00094651": "odyssey that is, you know, if you start here, you have a clinical problem. You establish", "fMODA_kZDqo-00165-00094651-00095187": "a differential diagnosis as well as you can. You might do genetic testing. It gets interpreted,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00166-00095187-00095824": "no, that's not the correct gene is often the outcome, and you try again. And you keep going", "fMODA_kZDqo-00167-00095824-00096369": "in circles. And each turn of the cycle could cost, depending on the test, even a couple", "fMODA_kZDqo-00168-00096369-00096955": "of thousand dollars, perhaps sometimes less, sometimes more. It takes time, sometimes measured", "fMODA_kZDqo-00169-00096955-00097600": "in many months, even a year or more. And as time passes, families get increasingly frustrated,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00170-00097600-00098300": "because they often are motivated to establish a diagnosis and find that that's quite elusive.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00171-00098356-00099056": "So this kind of idea, first of all of cytogenomics and now more recently of exome sequencing,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00172-00099086-00099712": "has been sort of posited as an approach. This is a screenshot of a paper published in the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00173-00099712-00100355": "New England Journal, just in the last few months, I guess October of last year, that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00174-00100355-00101055": "reports a 25 percent rate of diagnosis of single gene, basically, changes that are believed", "fMODA_kZDqo-00175-00101210-00101824": "to be clinically significant, which, presumably, is on top of whatever might have been detected", "fMODA_kZDqo-00176-00101824-00102435": "by cytogenomics. So it really begins to sort of push up the rate of diagnosis. It's not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00177-00102435-00102986": "an inexpensive test on its own. On the other hand, it doesn't take too many turns of the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00178-00102986-00103686": "cycle in the context of ordinary testing before you've spent more than the cost of an exome", "fMODA_kZDqo-00179-00103736-00104314": "sequence. And the truth is, actually, it doesn't take many MRI scans, especially in a child", "fMODA_kZDqo-00180-00104314-00104894": "who needs anesthesia, to similarly rack up a bill that will exceed the cost of exome", "fMODA_kZDqo-00181-00104894-00104976": "sequencing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00182-00104976-00105633": "Well, one of the things that has occurred, you probably have heard some about, in this", "fMODA_kZDqo-00183-00105633-00106333": "recent year or two, is the debate surrounding incidental findings. The exome sequence does", "fMODA_kZDqo-00184-00106440-00107071": "not target obviously a particular gene of interest. It is looking pretty well everywhere,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00185-00107071-00107607": "close to everywhere, not every exome as I'm sure you know, but nevertheless, pretty broad", "fMODA_kZDqo-00186-00107607-00108089": "search of the genome, and therefore, has the potential of picking things up that are not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00187-00108089-00108620": "the target in terms of the diagnosis you were seeking, but nevertheless, may be important", "fMODA_kZDqo-00188-00108620-00109266": "for the health of an individual. I pulled this picture because it depicts what I sort", "fMODA_kZDqo-00189-00109266-00109966": "of conceptualize to be the scenario, which is, in this case, the passerby was too late,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00190-00109983-00110491": "hit on the head with a flower pot as he's walking, as a passerby, would you feel an", "fMODA_kZDqo-00191-00110491-00111040": "obligation, if you saw the flower pot teetering on the ledge, to warn the individual of this", "fMODA_kZDqo-00192-00111040-00111597": "impending potential disaster? And I think most of us would say that we would, I would", "fMODA_kZDqo-00193-00111597-00112138": "hope, especially if I were the passerby. But nevertheless, the question is, you know, what", "fMODA_kZDqo-00194-00112138-00112838": "is the obligation of the genomics laboratory or the ordering clinician to report significant", "fMODA_kZDqo-00195-00112958-00113385": "incidental findings that occur in the context of genomic sequencing?", "fMODA_kZDqo-00196-00113385-00114085": "Well the ACMG took this on about a year ago, actually Les Biesecker from this institute", "fMODA_kZDqo-00197-00114277-00114823": "was one of the lead authors and co-chair of the committee with Robert Green. This is the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00198-00114823-00115523": "publication that appeared in Genetics in Medicine. Sort of, you know, be careful what you wish", "fMODA_kZDqo-00199-00115530-00116192": "for. I think the genetics community has always wanted to have some stories that would at", "fMODA_kZDqo-00200-00116192-00116654": "least the medical genetics community that would show up on the front page of major newspapers.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00201-00116654-00117354": "This one did, but it generated a lot of controversy. These are the kind of distilled recommendations.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00202-00117542-00117960": "Mutations on a minimum list should be reported by the laboratory regardless of patient age,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00203-00117960-00118452": "even for children in spite of perhaps a condition that might be adult onset, that they should", "fMODA_kZDqo-00204-00118452-00118882": "report variance on a list, I'll show you in a minute. The ordering clinician would be", "fMODA_kZDqo-00205-00118882-00119525": "responsible for the pre- and post-test counseling. That was actually, these three bullets were", "fMODA_kZDqo-00206-00119525-00120225": "all, I showed until about two months ago or something like that, at the ACMG meeting that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00207-00120269-00120796": "occurred in March, this additional point was added, the Board of Directors voted that patients", "fMODA_kZDqo-00208-00120796-00121369": "should be able to opt out of having analysis of incidental findings, which was recognizing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00209-00121369-00121682": "a pretty significant controversy that had evolved.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00210-00121682-00122264": "So here's the list of genes, and by the way, there's a committee of ACMG working now, and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00211-00122264-00122764": "I think probably on an ongoing basis, realizing that this list is a moving target. But anyway,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00212-00122764-00123290": "here's -- I won't read the list, but I will show you the kind of concept here. So there", "fMODA_kZDqo-00213-00123290-00123946": "are some tumor predisposition syndromes, which is the largest list, the poster case or the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00214-00123946-00124646": "two BRCA genes that are associated with hereditary, breast, and ovarian cancer, some connective", "fMODA_kZDqo-00215-00124683-00125370": "tissue disorders, cardiomyopathies, disorders associated with arrhythmia, hypercholesterolemia,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00216-00125370-00125514": "and malignant hyperthermia.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00217-00125514-00126214": "So what it took to get on the list was first of all, you had to have a condition that might", "fMODA_kZDqo-00218-00126302-00126708": "not have been diagnosed clinically. So if it was an obvious clinical phenotype that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00219-00126708-00127054": "wasn't on the list, because the assumption was you should've already been diagnosed.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00220-00127054-00127553": "So, if you carry a BRCA mutation, you don't look any different from anybody else. You", "fMODA_kZDqo-00221-00127553-00128024": "hope that you'll realize that you carry this mutation before you develop cancer, which", "fMODA_kZDqo-00222-00128024-00128634": "would be the kind of sign that this is a condition that you're at risk for. It also had to be", "fMODA_kZDqo-00223-00128634-00129019": "a condition where there was a well-established natural history, where we had a pretty good", "fMODA_kZDqo-00224-00129019-00129719": "idea of what the particular pathogenicity of variance was. So this can't be reporting", "fMODA_kZDqo-00225-00129760-00130249": "variance of unknown significance. And there had to be something you could do if you were", "fMODA_kZDqo-00226-00130249-00130802": "found to carry this mutation. You had to have an action which, again, this is the easiest", "fMODA_kZDqo-00227-00130802-00131275": "on to describe, because it's pretty familiar: there's a lot of opportunity to intervene", "fMODA_kZDqo-00228-00131275-00131905": "to reduce the risk of cancer in a person who is a BRCA 1 or 2 carrier, and whether it's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00229-00131905-00132605": "surgery, surveillance, chemo prevention, there's very well-established paradigms now.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00230-00132620-00133253": "So the thinking was that if you come from a small family maybe, or you're adopted perhaps,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00231-00133253-00133770": "you don't have any knowledge of your family history, you would only figure out that you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00232-00133770-00134301": "were at risk of breast and ovarian cancer by virtue of carrying this gene the day you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00233-00134301-00134812": "developed one of those cancers, and wouldn't it be better if you knew this long before", "fMODA_kZDqo-00234-00134812-00135512": "the fact, and here, there is real intervention that could be offered. And the thinking was", "fMODA_kZDqo-00235-00135520-00136003": "if you happened on this result, even if it was a child, and ACMG does not recommend testing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00236-00136003-00136501": "children for adult-onset disorders, but the thinking was, well, even if you're a child,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00237-00136501-00137063": "you might otherwise never know that this risk occurred until maybe your mother developed", "fMODA_kZDqo-00238-00137063-00137715": "breast cancer at some point, and because of that, the ACMG did recommend that this gene", "fMODA_kZDqo-00239-00137715-00138369": "or these genes be scrutinized even in a child, because of the benefit it would have to the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00240-00138369-00138975": "family and indirectly to the child, to have a parent who survives long enough to provide", "fMODA_kZDqo-00241-00138975-00139352": "care as the child gets older. So that was the rationale.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00242-00139352-00139990": "Ultimately, there was a lot of hue and cry about undermining patient autonomy, and a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00243-00139990-00140495": "lot of debate about the point, ultimately it was decided to offer people a possibility", "fMODA_kZDqo-00244-00140495-00141075": "of opting out. That's the recommendation. The experience of labs, anecdotally, has been", "fMODA_kZDqo-00245-00141075-00141723": "very, very few people do opt out, but there are some and so be it, that there's a small", "fMODA_kZDqo-00246-00141723-00142242": "proportion who just don't want to know, in spite of the medical action ability of these", "fMODA_kZDqo-00247-00142242-00142751": "things. These were not genes where you learn the name of the thing you're someday going", "fMODA_kZDqo-00248-00142751-00143308": "to get, and can't do anything about it. Anyway, enough said about this, but it's an example,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00249-00143308-00143890": "and I'm sure there will be others, of ethical issues that arise as we have new tools that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00250-00143890-00144275": "really, in many ways, change the medical paradigm.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00251-00144275-00144835": "All right, what about preconceptional screenings? So now Laura is married. She and her husband", "fMODA_kZDqo-00252-00144835-00145338": "are considering starting a family. They meet with their OBGYN. They are of northern European", "fMODA_kZDqo-00253-00145338-00145888": "ancestry, and among the things offered to them is carrier screening for cystic fibrosis.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00254-00145888-00146508": "This has been practiced over this last, maybe what, 15 years? In the late 1990s, there was", "fMODA_kZDqo-00255-00146508-00147208": "a consensus conference at the NIH, recommended that all couples be offered a panel of tests", "fMODA_kZDqo-00256-00147245-00147945": "for the common C.F. mutations that comprised the frequencies of one percent or greater", "fMODA_kZDqo-00257-00147951-00148651": "of the C.F. mutations. And, this, therefore, permits couples to learn that they're both", "fMODA_kZDqo-00258-00148720-00149420": "carriers, therefore, at risk and to then incorporate that into their family planning. Otherwise,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00259-00149575-00149941": "couples only usually learn of their risk after their first child is born. And sometimes,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00260-00149941-00150390": "they don't even figure it out until more than one child is born, because it takes some while", "fMODA_kZDqo-00261-00150390-00150700": "sometimes for the diagnosis to be made.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00262-00150700-00151385": "So, ethnicity-based screening has been practiced, certainly in the U.S., for a long time. The", "fMODA_kZDqo-00263-00151385-00151935": "most common are for individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. This is a partial list. I", "fMODA_kZDqo-00264-00151935-00152566": "think a commonly used list now is about 19 conditions that are due to founder effects", "fMODA_kZDqo-00265-00152566-00153184": "in that population that lead to a relatively high frequency of being a carrier for these", "fMODA_kZDqo-00266-00153184-00153795": "generally devastating conditions, individuals at risk of various hemoglobinopathies and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00267-00153795-00154495": "then pan-ethnic screening carried out for CF, and now also for spinal-muscular atrophy.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00268-00154561-00155224": "Well, what about doing this at a genomic level? And there are companies now that are beginning", "fMODA_kZDqo-00269-00155224-00155924": "to do just this. To quote the same paper I quoted a few minutes ago, a few years back,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00270-00155929-00156608": "and show you a different slide pulled from their paper, and this is for the 400 and some", "fMODA_kZDqo-00271-00156608-00157023": "conditions they looked at, so this is not looking across the whole genome, how often", "fMODA_kZDqo-00272-00157023-00157645": "did they find an individual to be a carrier for one of those? And there were a few individuals", "fMODA_kZDqo-00273-00157645-00158345": "who had no mutation for any of these genes. But, indeed, it was very few. The majority,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00274-00158376-00159076": "I guess, kind of vote here was to have -- be a carrier for three different conditions;", "fMODA_kZDqo-00275-00159097-00159384": "you see some people were carriers for many more.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00276-00159384-00159888": "I think it's a fair statement, if you look across the entire genome, that we are all", "fMODA_kZDqo-00277-00159888-00160482": "carriers for something that, if our partner happens to be a carrier for the same thing,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00278-00160482-00161035": "would have implications for our offspring. And we're finding more and more that couples", "fMODA_kZDqo-00279-00161035-00161735": "are interested in a sort of pan-ethnic screen. I think a lot of people are not clear on their", "fMODA_kZDqo-00280-00161740-00162430": "ethnicity these days. The information may not be so obvious to them and going back a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00281-00162430-00163042": "few generations, maybe difficult. And the thinking is even for very rare conditions,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00282-00163042-00163608": "that, you know, it wouldn't be practical in a kind of enzyme-based system or even a one", "fMODA_kZDqo-00283-00163608-00164207": "gene at a time system to test for all of those. But on the other hand now, the incremental", "fMODA_kZDqo-00284-00164207-00164907": "cost of adding another, you know, mutation to a screen is so close to zero that even", "fMODA_kZDqo-00285-00164941-00165603": "if it's the exceedingly rare disorder, why should couples not have at least the information", "fMODA_kZDqo-00286-00165603-00166088": "to use for their decision making, if, in fact, they are at risk? Because obviously some are.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00287-00166088-00166300": "That's how those conditions happen.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00288-00166300-00166775": "It does raise an interesting question. If the carrier burden, if you want to think of", "fMODA_kZDqo-00289-00166775-00167338": "it that way, is that high, everybody is going to be found to be a carrier for something,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00290-00167338-00167869": "and probably want to have a conversation about it, and it raises an issue in terms of manpower", "fMODA_kZDqo-00291-00167869-00168438": "or person power to offer the counseling that needs to accompany this. And I'll return to", "fMODA_kZDqo-00292-00168438-00169135": "that at the end. What about prenatal testing? So, in fact, they are CF carriers and they", "fMODA_kZDqo-00293-00169135-00169649": "like to have a prenatal diagnosis. It's done by amniocentesis, and indeed, the child is", "fMODA_kZDqo-00294-00169649-00169805": "found to be a carrier, but not to be effected.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00295-00169805-00170505": "The prenatal diagnostic approaches have been used now for many, many years. Amniocentesis", "fMODA_kZDqo-00296-00170589-00171061": "is the kind of initial paradigm. Chorionic villus sampling, this is shown trans-cervically,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00297-00171061-00171589": "it can also be done trans-abdominally, offers a somewhat earlier diagnosis. Many couples", "fMODA_kZDqo-00298-00171589-00172227": "are opting for pre-implantation testing where you would do in vitro fertilization of multiple", "fMODA_kZDqo-00299-00172227-00172927": "eggs, carry them typically to about the eight-cell stage, biopsy a single blastomere, and test", "fMODA_kZDqo-00300-00172963-00173469": "it for the condition for which that couple is at risk, and implant those embryos back", "fMODA_kZDqo-00301-00173469-00173950": "into the mother not found to carry the mutation. A not inexpensive approach, but when that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00302-00173950-00174450": "many couples find sort of attractive as an alternative.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00303-00174450-00175150": "Well, for a long time, there has been a kind of selective screening. In the early days,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00304-00175208-00175672": "it was on the basis of maternal age, knowing that there is an increased risk of trisomy,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00305-00175672-00176261": "especially trisomy 21, associated with Down syndrome. Over the years, it's evolved into", "fMODA_kZDqo-00306-00176261-00176917": "a combination of ultrasound and various biochemical measures. But what about the possibility of", "fMODA_kZDqo-00307-00176917-00177388": "doing this using a genomic approach, and in this past few years, that has really seen", "fMODA_kZDqo-00308-00177388-00178088": "the light of day. Using cell free DNA that is circulating in mother's circulation, and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00309-00178164-00178704": "a proportion of that is a fetal origin, I think from trophoblastic cells mainly, and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00310-00178704-00179404": "if one does sequencing of the DNA that is found in the mother's blood -- of course,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00311-00179450-00180055": "most of it is maternal, but enough of it is fetal, that you can quantify the proportion", "fMODA_kZDqo-00312-00180055-00180755": "of chromosomes, in this case, 13, 18, and 21. These are the three associated with live-born", "fMODA_kZDqo-00313-00180855-00181425": "trisomy syndromes, and can show that in each of these trisomies, there is a substantial", "fMODA_kZDqo-00314-00181425-00181819": "increase representation of sequences from the relevant chromosomes.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00315-00181819-00182519": "This chart, pulled from a paper on this topic, there's been a lot of literature on it now,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00316-00182575-00183157": "demonstrations of clinical utility. It's increasingly used. There are a variety of companies that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00317-00183157-00183771": "are offering it and very possibly, it will move to a sort of hospital-based test at some", "fMODA_kZDqo-00318-00183771-00184471": "point, but increasingly, this is a genomic test that is in routine use.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00319-00184613-00185187": "Could you sequence the fetal genome from this cell free DNA? The answer is you can, not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00320-00185187-00185887": "a trivial process. This particular exercise required essentially sequencing the parental", "fMODA_kZDqo-00321-00186112-00186615": "genomes, and the fetal genome, and you can infer the fetal genome from a combination", "fMODA_kZDqo-00322-00186615-00187060": "of the data that you get from all of that. It was used as a kind of proof of principle", "fMODA_kZDqo-00323-00187060-00187684": "of the idea of doing a genome sequence prenatally, and, you know, it raises all, you know, the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00324-00187684-00188097": "incidental finding questions only become more complicated when you think of it from a prenatal", "fMODA_kZDqo-00325-00188097-00188747": "diagnostic perspective, realizing usually the target is some immediately medically-significant", "fMODA_kZDqo-00326-00188747-00189307": "phenotype, not a phenotype that would be delayed by decades, but at least in principle, this", "fMODA_kZDqo-00327-00189307-00189878": "can happen, and if it reaches a point where it does to any substantial degree, it's going", "fMODA_kZDqo-00328-00189878-00190380": "to raise some really interesting questions about how to handle the incidental findings.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00329-00190380-00191003": "Actually, participated in a perspective in the New England Journal a few months ago,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00330-00191003-00191667": "a couple of colleagues who were bioethicists, asked if I would work with them mainly to", "fMODA_kZDqo-00331-00191667-00192294": "add a medical genetic perspective. And so the concept here was not whether it would", "fMODA_kZDqo-00332-00192294-00192889": "be a good thing for people to do sequencing of a prenatal genome, but rather whether parents", "fMODA_kZDqo-00333-00192889-00193417": "who want to do it should be permitted to do it. And the argument here is essentially a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00334-00193417-00193944": "kind of autonomy-based argument that they should be. The parents typically make decisions", "fMODA_kZDqo-00335-00193944-00194644": "on behalf of their either fetus or their child. I expected another firestorm from this, didn't", "fMODA_kZDqo-00336-00194650-00195192": "seem to take place, though. It either means it was ignored or people agreed with it.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00337-00195192-00195892": "All right, so what about presymptomatic testing? So, now Laura is 45. She's learned that she", "fMODA_kZDqo-00338-00196062-00196679": "has a sister who is a few years older, diagnosed now with breast cancer, and that raises the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00339-00196679-00197258": "concern about risks that might apply to other members of the family. This is not their family.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00340-00197258-00197902": "It actually is a kind of pedigree that we have seen in our own clinic; proband may not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00341-00197902-00198495": "be easy to see here. Is this individual -- and she came to attention or came to clinic because", "fMODA_kZDqo-00342-00198495-00199195": "her sister, who is still alive, has breast cancer. And you see there is also a paternal", "fMODA_kZDqo-00343-00199350-00200050": "aunt with breast cancer, a cousin, a grandparent. And then there's an uncle with prostate cancer", "fMODA_kZDqo-00344-00200104-00200590": "and another aunt who died of ovarian cancer. There's cancer on both sides of the family", "fMODA_kZDqo-00345-00200590-00201225": "actually, these two individuals. Cancer is not rare and everybody has a family history", "fMODA_kZDqo-00346-00201225-00201421": "of some kind of cancer.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00347-00201421-00201991": "But this was enough family history to raise concern about whether there was a genetic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00348-00201991-00202562": "predisposition. We actually organized to do testing of the sister first, and this is a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00349-00202562-00203121": "paradigm that is not that uncommon in genetics, but is a little bit unusual in medicine, which", "fMODA_kZDqo-00350-00203121-00203589": "is the person that comes to clinic isn't the person you recommend first be tested. And", "fMODA_kZDqo-00351-00203589-00204289": "the rationale here is that if this family history is accounted for by a mutation, then", "fMODA_kZDqo-00352-00204433-00204912": "the most likely person who would carry one is the affected individual. So if we had tested", "fMODA_kZDqo-00353-00204912-00205513": "our patient first, and she had come back negative, we wouldn't know if that negative test was", "fMODA_kZDqo-00354-00205513-00206213": "because she didn't inherit a gene mutation that is in the family, or if this family history", "fMODA_kZDqo-00355-00206273-00206973": "was accounted for by some other risk factor besides a mutation in the various BRCA genes.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00356-00207048-00207550": "By testing the sister and proving she actually did carry a mutation, we were able then to", "fMODA_kZDqo-00357-00207550-00208129": "test our patient, and she indeed turned out to be negative. And that was very reassuring,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00358-00208129-00208644": "because there was no issue about whether either some other gene was involved or some undetectable", "fMODA_kZDqo-00359-00208644-00209269": "mutation in either of these genes might be involved. So we could tell her that this family", "fMODA_kZDqo-00360-00209269-00209809": "history was not relevant to her anymore, that we can account for it, and she didn't inherit", "fMODA_kZDqo-00361-00209809-00210141": "that risk factor, and therefore, it was quite a useful thing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00362-00210141-00210792": "I alluded to this earlier, but I think it bears emphasizing, that this is an example", "fMODA_kZDqo-00363-00210792-00211342": "of a medically-actionable genetic diagnosis, because, you know, in the early days, which", "fMODA_kZDqo-00364-00211342-00211819": "is in the, what, I guess the mid-1990s, when these genes were discovered, it was a huge", "fMODA_kZDqo-00365-00211819-00212519": "sort of accomplishment. And it offered insights into the pathophysiology of breast and ovarian", "fMODA_kZDqo-00366-00212521-00213208": "cancer, so it really was a landmark. And very soon, it became obvious you could offer testing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00367-00213208-00213442": "and many families were interested in doing it.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00368-00213442-00213878": "But there was a lot of debate about whether you were doing them a favor, and part of the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00369-00213878-00214401": "concern was you could tell them that they were at risk, you might not be quite sure", "fMODA_kZDqo-00370-00214401-00214919": "exactly what the magnitude of the risk was, because the data sets were perhaps, for one", "fMODA_kZDqo-00371-00214919-00215456": "thing, not that many, and secondly, they were biased, probably, because the families that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00372-00215456-00215861": "had been studied were families that had a fairly high penetrance, and the question is,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00373-00215861-00216511": "is that typical? And there wasn't good data to show that the prophylactic approach as", "fMODA_kZDqo-00374-00216511-00217065": "surgery, chemoprevention, surveillance were effective, because there wasn't really enough", "fMODA_kZDqo-00375-00217065-00217492": "time to know that a cohort had been followed where you had done these things and could", "fMODA_kZDqo-00376-00217492-00218121": "demonstrate benefit. There was some sort of common-sense benefit, surgery, a fairly extreme", "fMODA_kZDqo-00377-00218121-00218742": "approach if the target tissue has been removed, at least believed mostly removed, it should", "fMODA_kZDqo-00378-00218742-00219088": "reduce the risk, but that hadn't been proven, and there was concern that there might be", "fMODA_kZDqo-00379-00219088-00219256": "residual tissue.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00380-00219256-00219956": "This was a paper published a few years back, showing the benefit of salpingo-oophorectomy", "fMODA_kZDqo-00381-00219982-00220564": "in individuals who were carriers of mutations, and you can see, compared to surveillance,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00382-00220564-00221094": "as these points go down, that means more people get cancer. So there is a substantial protective", "fMODA_kZDqo-00383-00221094-00221509": "effect. And I think this is really pretty standard in the field right now. I don't think", "fMODA_kZDqo-00384-00221509-00222060": "anybody would argue that doing this test is of academic interest only, or that it just", "fMODA_kZDqo-00385-00222060-00222471": "tells you something that you can't do anything about. You may or may not choose to do all", "fMODA_kZDqo-00386-00222471-00222921": "of the things you could do, but you at least have choices before you. And I can tell you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00387-00222921-00223509": "in our center, we have a very substantial demand, I think in most centers that offer", "fMODA_kZDqo-00388-00223509-00224160": "this, there's typically a backlog even of people interested in being assessed, sometimes", "fMODA_kZDqo-00389-00224160-00224587": "because they're self-referred, because of concern about family history or young age", "fMODA_kZDqo-00390-00224587-00225223": "of onset of cancer, other times referred by either primary care doctors or community doctors,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00391-00225223-00225450": "but nevertheless substantial demand.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00392-00225450-00226021": "By the way, the outcome of evaluation is not always testing. Sometimes it's the opposite.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00393-00226021-00226571": "We often see people whose risk, based on family history, isn't as high as they think it is,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00394-00226571-00227139": "and we can reassure them. So, not everybody who comes through gets tested. And the testing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00395-00227139-00227560": "landscape, as you probably know, has really evolved in the last year or so. The company", "fMODA_kZDqo-00396-00227560-00228001": "that owned the patent on these genes, that's been overturned. There's still some legal", "fMODA_kZDqo-00397-00228001-00228521": "stuff going on, but there are other companies now that are offering it. So it's a fairly", "fMODA_kZDqo-00398-00228521-00228966": "available test.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00399-00228966-00229578": "Genetic testing has increasingly informed therapeutics, not just diagnostics. I won't", "fMODA_kZDqo-00400-00229578-00230232": "walk you through every image here; they're, I realize, too small to see. Most people view", "fMODA_kZDqo-00401-00230232-00230932": "the story of imatinib as a kind of poster case of designing a drug that is -- targets", "fMODA_kZDqo-00402-00231067-00231687": "a particular genetic change, originally in chronic myelogenous leukemia, the BCR-ABL", "fMODA_kZDqo-00403-00231687-00232290": "oncogene and has made a very big difference in the treatment of that condition, and actually", "fMODA_kZDqo-00404-00232290-00232990": "others as well that respond to imatinib. This is showing the HER2/neu amplification that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00405-00233148-00233576": "occurs in breast cancer for which there are specific drugs. This is unreadable but it", "fMODA_kZDqo-00406-00233576-00234133": "shows a BRAF mutation; in melanoma, that also is relevant.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00407-00234133-00234648": "And so this concept of tailoring a drug to a particular diagnosis, which we hear a lot", "fMODA_kZDqo-00408-00234648-00235265": "about, has already become a reality, at least in the world of oncology and I think there", "fMODA_kZDqo-00409-00235265-00235919": "are increasingly many instances where genome sequencing is being applied to particular", "fMODA_kZDqo-00410-00235919-00236488": "cancers. You get these kind of dramatic pictures. You can create lists of genes that are mutated,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00411-00236488-00237069": "and in some cases, use that as a basis for therapeutic decision making. What's depicted", "fMODA_kZDqo-00412-00237069-00237769": "over here is a kind of different paradigm, mainly that of pharmacogenetics, the idea", "fMODA_kZDqo-00413-00237775-00238475": "that individuals metabolize drugs or respond to drugs in individual ways on the basis of", "fMODA_kZDqo-00414-00238580-00239280": "genotypic differences that mostly have to do with the polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00415-00239330-00239717": "or in particular targets of these drugs.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00416-00239717-00240417": "And this is showing the excretion of or the targeting of Warfarin, very commonly used", "fMODA_kZDqo-00417-00240448-00240973": "blood thinner, with a very narrow therapeutic window. You give too much, and the person's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00418-00240973-00241432": "at risk of hemorrhage. You give too little, and the outcome is they haven't been adequately", "fMODA_kZDqo-00419-00241432-00242132": "protected against coagulation. I don't think anybody really debate whether this is an effective", "fMODA_kZDqo-00420-00242173-00242734": "way of predicting the optimal dose for a particular individual.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00421-00242734-00243194": "There is, however, a fair amount of debate as to whether it can be done in a timely way,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00422-00243194-00243817": "since the decision to coagulate needs sometimes to be made very quickly, and ultimately, whether", "fMODA_kZDqo-00423-00243817-00244317": "it's cost-effective, whether you actually improve outcomes over a kind of long haul,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00424-00244317-00244976": "and can justify the cost of testing, although, as the cost of testing goes down and maybe", "fMODA_kZDqo-00425-00244976-00245426": "asymptotically approaches zero, as more and more genomic testing is done, it may shift", "fMODA_kZDqo-00426-00245426-00246014": "that equation. And there's a lot of work ongoing to try to demonstrate clinical utility. So", "fMODA_kZDqo-00427-00246014-00246665": "clinical validity, does this test predict a particular response to this drug is pretty", "fMODA_kZDqo-00428-00246665-00247315": "good? Clinical utility is the area that has been mostly debated.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00429-00247315-00247800": "Something that I'm not sure I would have predicted as a medical geneticist, but has been a particularly", "fMODA_kZDqo-00430-00247800-00248450": "exciting area is that a lot of the conditions that we kind of grew up thinking of as not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00431-00248450-00249051": "really treatable have evolved to be, in fact, quite treatable. I wouldn't argue that C.F.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00432-00249051-00249415": "would be a case in point of not treatable, because there have been lots of treatments", "fMODA_kZDqo-00433-00249415-00250115": "offered, chest P.T., antibiotic use, things to thin mucus, so it's not that it wasn't", "fMODA_kZDqo-00434-00250121-00250559": "treatable, and a lot of progress has been made over the years in improving outcomes.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00435-00250559-00251117": "But, you know, the fundamental problem is this chloride channel that is ultimately put", "fMODA_kZDqo-00436-00251117-00251623": "together and the Golgi finds its way to the cell membrane, which is mutated. Either it", "fMODA_kZDqo-00437-00251623-00252285": "is degraded in the proteasome, and some instances of mutation, or it gets to the membrane, but", "fMODA_kZDqo-00438-00252285-00252355": "just doesn't work.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00439-00252355-00252856": "And so it's generated the interest in either so-called potentiators that would restore", "fMODA_kZDqo-00440-00252856-00253540": "function to a mutated protein or correctors that would resurrect the, or prevent the destruction,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00441-00253540-00254240": "I guess, is a better word, of the mutant protein. And there is now an FDA-approved drug, ivacaftor,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00442-00254396-00255096": "which targets a very specific mutation, this G551D mutation, and does function as a potentiator.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00443-00255287-00255888": "And to, this is the forced expiratory volume, the measure of pulmonary function, in individuals", "fMODA_kZDqo-00444-00255888-00256560": "treated versus placebo, a very substantial improvement was seen fairly quickly, and now,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00445-00256560-00257115": "as I said, is an FDA-approved drug. And this concept of defining the mutation and searching", "fMODA_kZDqo-00446-00257115-00257719": "for a small molecule that restores function to the protein or potentially, their other", "fMODA_kZDqo-00447-00257719-00258353": "approach is that we'll restore function to the gene, is an area of research that certainly", "fMODA_kZDqo-00448-00258353-00259053": "is one that couldn't have been imagined before the era of genetic and now genomic testing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00449-00259117-00259644": "And this plus other small molecule approaches, once you understand pathophysiology.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00450-00259644-00260241": "You heard my interest is in neurofibromatosis. We have, right now, multiple clinical trials", "fMODA_kZDqo-00451-00260241-00260801": "ongoing for a condition that, when I started seeing patients 30-odd years ago within F1", "fMODA_kZDqo-00452-00260801-00261214": "[spelled phonetically], all we could do is make a diagnosis and send people to surgery.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00453-00261214-00261717": "Now, we can offer, I can't say we can offer definitive treatments, but we can enroll people", "fMODA_kZDqo-00454-00261717-00262323": "in clinical trials using medications that target the particular pathophysiology of their", "fMODA_kZDqo-00455-00262323-00262679": "condition, and that is a huge, huge, step forward.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00456-00262679-00263374": "All right, finally, what about previous positional testing? So Laura is now 60 and she's been", "fMODA_kZDqo-00457-00263374-00263893": "well, but then she and her husband have heard that there's the possibility of doing genomic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00458-00263893-00264593": "testing, and they go on the internet or whatever the internet looks like in 60 years. And,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00459-00264593-00265069": "they look at what testing can be done. You know, the paradigm here is we're all born", "fMODA_kZDqo-00460-00265069-00265506": "with a genetic liability of some sort. Sometimes it's overwhelming, and that's how you wind", "fMODA_kZDqo-00461-00265506-00266080": "up with neurofibromatosis or cystic fibrosis or something. But, in most of us, it's not.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00462-00266080-00266552": "However, over the course of time, and the exposure to environmental factors, you sort", "fMODA_kZDqo-00463-00266552-00267082": "of cross from a so-called presymptomatic to a disease state. And the question is, if we", "fMODA_kZDqo-00464-00267082-00267706": "knew what those risk factors were, maybe we could help avoid some of these environmental", "fMODA_kZDqo-00465-00267706-00268373": "effects or whatever else drives the regression towards disease, or, if you did cross this", "fMODA_kZDqo-00466-00268373-00268882": "line, find better treatments than currently exist. That's, I think, what pushes a lot", "fMODA_kZDqo-00467-00268882-00269556": "of the efforts to find genetic factors that are associated with common disease, and you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00468-00269556-00269874": "all know well here, some of the progress has been made.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00469-00269874-00270464": "Let me just make a comment about some of the clinical applications. And so here's a screenshot", "fMODA_kZDqo-00470-00270464-00271118": "which is increasingly becoming historical of the concept of direct and consumer testing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00471-00271118-00271818": "It was taken a few years ago now, and these three companies were offering this testing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00472-00271910-00272282": "This one and this one are the best I know that are completely out of the business. This", "fMODA_kZDqo-00473-00272282-00272981": "one has been more or less, well not shut down, but the FDA has now put a stop on their reporting", "fMODA_kZDqo-00474-00272981-00273645": "any clinical interpretations, at least pending their satisfying the FDA that they're compliant", "fMODA_kZDqo-00475-00273645-00274149": "with the FDA rules on medical testing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00476-00274149-00274685": "Well, I'll tell you, so I actually did this before that happened. And so therefore, I", "fMODA_kZDqo-00477-00274685-00275259": "did get this information, and I'll tell you, remind you, actually, that I did not need", "fMODA_kZDqo-00478-00275259-00275840": "to do any financial disclosure of this, because I paid for this. The paradigm here is that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00479-00275840-00276412": "you go online, you give them your credit card number, which I did. They send you a tube", "fMODA_kZDqo-00480-00276412-00276946": "to spit into up to a line, which is not as easy as it sounds, by the way. You mail it", "fMODA_kZDqo-00481-00276946-00277486": "back to them; it's barcoded, so it's associated with you. And then you get an email that says,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00482-00277486-00277917": "well sort of like your genome is ready. Of course it's not your genome, yet, anyway.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00483-00277917-00278503": "It's like a million snips that they genotype. And you get this kind of thing, or at least", "fMODA_kZDqo-00484-00278503-00278616": "I got this kind of thing.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00485-00278616-00279080": "If you were to do this today, I don't think you would, although anybody who had done it", "fMODA_kZDqo-00486-00279080-00279677": "before the FDA clampdown still can see this stuff. So, this is showing my risk of type", "fMODA_kZDqo-00487-00279677-00280299": "2 diabetes, and they give these pretty graphic ways of showing it. And you see my risk was", "fMODA_kZDqo-00488-00280299-00280815": "about the same as the population risk. That's actually, fundamentally, what I learned from", "fMODA_kZDqo-00489-00280815-00281222": "this, that I was at average risk for everything you've ever heard of, and I kind of decided", "fMODA_kZDqo-00490-00281222-00281751": "that was okay. There's been a lot of concern in the medical community about this, or at", "fMODA_kZDqo-00491-00281751-00282164": "least in some parts of the medical community, the idea that, well, all right, so you're", "fMODA_kZDqo-00492-00282164-00282677": "at average risk. What happens if you're found to be at low risk? Does that mean that you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00493-00282677-00283226": "would ignore the advice that you should lose weight and exercise more, which, by the way,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00494-00283226-00283729": "is the advice given for every single medical condition practically that you'll see on this?", "fMODA_kZDqo-00495-00283729-00284250": "But, that kind of cynical interpretation aside, the concern might be somebody would attribute", "fMODA_kZDqo-00496-00284250-00284685": "more significance to these results than they really deserve because although there's a", "fMODA_kZDqo-00497-00284685-00285385": "lot of actually pretty good quality information about the interpretation of this, who's going", "fMODA_kZDqo-00498-00285393-00285992": "to read the fine print, and perhaps not realize that first of all, the degree of heritability", "fMODA_kZDqo-00499-00285992-00286618": "is limited, and the contribution of the various markers they're looking at towards that heritability", "fMODA_kZDqo-00500-00286618-00287096": "is even further limited. And who knows if the data comes from a population that resembles", "fMODA_kZDqo-00501-00287096-00287589": "your background and whether those are accurate or not? So there's a lot of caveats here,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00502-00287589-00288084": "and they're all in there. But whether everybody will see them is another matter. So, there's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00503-00288084-00288633": "been a fair amount of concern about clinical utility once again, and even clinical validity", "fMODA_kZDqo-00504-00288633-00288780": "in this case.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00505-00288780-00289309": "By the way, you get other stuff that's kind of interesting. You learn about, for example,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00506-00289309-00289701": "can you spell asparagus in your urine, which is a genetic polymorphism and some of you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00507-00289701-00290179": "know what I'm talking about and some of you have no idea? But, you know, some people call", "fMODA_kZDqo-00508-00290179-00290675": "it recreational genomics, and it sort of is. It's worth a few minutes of cocktail party", "fMODA_kZDqo-00509-00290675-00291375": "conversation, not too many. You also learn about ancestry, and then you have the option", "fMODA_kZDqo-00510-00291462-00292007": "of turning on a function that allows others with the same haplotypes on their Y chromosome", "fMODA_kZDqo-00511-00292007-00292402": "or mitochondria to contact you. I left that on for a few minutes. My email box started", "fMODA_kZDqo-00512-00292402-00292995": "getting deluded with \"You might be my relative.\" And I decided it wasn't too productive, because", "fMODA_kZDqo-00513-00292995-00293356": "most of these, if they were related, they were so many generations back I wasn't sure", "fMODA_kZDqo-00514-00293356-00293527": "what to do with it.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00515-00293527-00294019": "Anyhow, you also do get pharmacogenetic data, I'll show you in a minute. But before, let", "fMODA_kZDqo-00516-00294019-00294668": "me just point out this study done a few years ago where five individuals sent their samples", "fMODA_kZDqo-00517-00294668-00295108": "to two companies when there were two companies that you can send them to. And if the arrows", "fMODA_kZDqo-00518-00295108-00295533": "point in the same direction, it means they got concordant results. But if they point", "fMODA_kZDqo-00519-00295533-00295977": "in opposite directions, and you know, notice there are many examples where that is the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00520-00295977-00296524": "case, they got discordant result. Why? It's not because they disagreed about what the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00521-00296524-00297074": "genotypes were, they generally did agree. So the analytic validity was very high. It", "fMODA_kZDqo-00522-00297074-00297651": "was usually because different algorithms were used to calculate risk based on different", "fMODA_kZDqo-00523-00297651-00298191": "combinations of markers and other information that they might have incorporated into the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00524-00298191-00298790": "risk figures. So, it is, or at least was, very much a kind of buyer beware scenario.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00525-00298790-00299490": "And this is the pharmacogenetic data you get. This is mine, I'm at increased sensitivity", "fMODA_kZDqo-00526-00299543-00300098": "to Warfarin. I tell, I show this slide anywhere I can where there might be physicians in the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00527-00300098-00300522": "audience, because I figure if I'm ever in a situation where I need to be administered", "fMODA_kZDqo-00528-00300522-00300985": "warfarin, I don't want to be the only one that knows that I'm at increased risk, right?", "fMODA_kZDqo-00529-00300985-00301551": "So, in fact, I gave my primary care doctor a print-out of this, and I got the predicted", "fMODA_kZDqo-00530-00301551-00301969": "response, which is, \"What am I supposed to do with this?\" And I actually know what he", "fMODA_kZDqo-00531-00301969-00302638": "did with it. It was put in a pile, and I suspect nothing happened with it after that. But if", "fMODA_kZDqo-00532-00302638-00303086": "anything did, it was then maybe scanned into the medical record, which is pretty close", "fMODA_kZDqo-00533-00303086-00303515": "to useless, because it would be buried in there. It's not flagged as being anything", "fMODA_kZDqo-00534-00303515-00303994": "that would be important to know about, like to an emergency room doctor, which might be", "fMODA_kZDqo-00535-00303994-00304423": "the context where the actual prescription would actually be written.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00536-00304423-00304793": "And so, there's a systems issue, which is not unique to our health system. I think it's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00537-00304793-00305387": "a pretty common one, which is this is data that, here it is, doesn't cost anything. And", "fMODA_kZDqo-00538-00305387-00305988": "it could, in principle, be used. It is a CLIA-approved lab, by the way, and yet, it's going to get", "fMODA_kZDqo-00539-00305988-00306488": "buried, at best, and therefore, not available and why not use it? I would like to know.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00540-00306488-00307014": "I don't, you know, if I ever go Warfarin and I was at increased risk of hemorrhage, having", "fMODA_kZDqo-00541-00307014-00307503": "trained as a neurologist and seeing people with hemorrhages after falling when they were", "fMODA_kZDqo-00542-00307503-00308058": "on warfarin, it's not a good thing. So, anyway, I think we're a ways away from having not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00543-00308058-00308685": "so much the data as the systems to incorporate pharmacogenetic information into day to day", "fMODA_kZDqo-00544-00308685-00308746": "care.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00545-00308746-00309191": "All right, so in the last few minutes, let me just some comments about kind of where", "fMODA_kZDqo-00546-00309191-00309831": "all of this may be going. You often hear the metaphor of the genome is the book of life?", "fMODA_kZDqo-00547-00309831-00310388": "I prefer to think of it as the library of life, because you can conceptualize any one", "fMODA_kZDqo-00548-00310388-00311088": "gene as a book. The genome is really the collection of all of these. Now, put yourself in the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00549-00311121-00311617": "shoes of a non-geneticist, a primary care doctor, say, or somebody, you know, a specialist", "fMODA_kZDqo-00550-00311617-00312170": "outside the realm of genetics. And this is what you're faced with. And you could think", "fMODA_kZDqo-00551-00312170-00312727": "back, if you like, to your medical school or wherever you learned this, and you might", "fMODA_kZDqo-00552-00312727-00313417": "remember that the genetic code is a three-letter code. And so you could say to yourself, so,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00553-00313417-00314028": "what's an example of a book that uses three-letter words? Here's one that comes to mind.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00554-00314028-00314678": "So it's possible to come to the conclusion, how hard could this be? It's a fairly simple", "fMODA_kZDqo-00555-00314678-00315378": "code. And I guess my perception is that if you are going to use a literary metaphor for", "fMODA_kZDqo-00556-00315435-00316135": "the genome, a better one is this book. I think you could probably get a first-grader to second-grader", "fMODA_kZDqo-00557-00316496-00317192": "to read \"Ulysses\", if you mean by that, to read the words. But I doubt too many of them", "fMODA_kZDqo-00558-00317192-00317749": "would have any idea what the book is about. It's notoriously challenging to read. You", "fMODA_kZDqo-00559-00317749-00318341": "have to have, first of all, sophisticated knowledge of the meaning of words. You have", "fMODA_kZDqo-00560-00318341-00319041": "to read between the lines, see hidden meanings that are sometimes very obscure. I think the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00561-00319045-00319588": "genome actually behaves much more like \"Ulysses\" than it does \"The Cat in the Hat.\" And if", "fMODA_kZDqo-00562-00319588-00320228": "you want to strain a literary metaphor one more bit, it doesn't take long to go through", "fMODA_kZDqo-00563-00320228-00320717": "the looking glass, where the rules you thought applied as to how genes are expressed when", "fMODA_kZDqo-00564-00320717-00321202": "they're turned on, when they're turned off, the role of epigenetics, a lot of the rules", "fMODA_kZDqo-00565-00321202-00321712": "are much more subtle than what might have been previously appreciated.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00566-00321712-00322378": "So, how will the kind of average non-genetics physician use genetics and genomics. I'll", "fMODA_kZDqo-00567-00322378-00323078": "tell you this quick story. This is one that happened in our clinic. We saw this child", "fMODA_kZDqo-00568-00323185-00323885": "who was 18 months old. And there's a family history in this child's, through this child's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00569-00323920-00324515": "mother of multiple endocrine neoplasia, with these various tumors that individuals in the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00570-00324515-00325103": "family are at risk for. And this child actually presented with diarrhea, which arguably could", "fMODA_kZDqo-00571-00325103-00325803": "be a G.I. tumor symptom. It was a pretty young child to have that kind of tumor, but anyway,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00572-00325929-00326575": "that was the possibility. And the endocrinologist it was who saw him, sent the genetic test.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00573-00326575-00327042": "It went out to a lab that does testing for this disorder, and they found a variant of", "fMODA_kZDqo-00574-00327042-00327628": "unknown significance. This is kind of my depiction, they had at the one end of the spectrum, whether", "fMODA_kZDqo-00575-00327628-00327989": "it was pathogenic and the other end, it was benign, and somehow, they could tell you what", "fMODA_kZDqo-00576-00327989-00328689": "was right smack in the middle. And so, it was not clear whether it was truly pathogenic.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00577-00328704-00329225": "However, the child got labeled in the record as having multiple endocrine neoplasia based", "fMODA_kZDqo-00578-00329225-00329925": "on this finding. And that's actually a frighteningly common occurrence. I see a lot of neurofibromatosis", "fMODA_kZDqo-00579-00330010-00330444": "patients as you've heard. It happens -- our lab does a lot of NF testing. Recently, I", "fMODA_kZDqo-00580-00330444-00331144": "saw somebody where our lab had done a test, and this child lived in California, actually,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00581-00331249-00331646": "found a variance of unknown significance, had lots of instructions on what to do next", "fMODA_kZDqo-00582-00331646-00332149": "to try to validate it, looking to see if it segregates in the family, for example, none", "fMODA_kZDqo-00583-00332149-00332770": "of which was done, referring doctor labeled the child as having NF. They moved, as it", "fMODA_kZDqo-00584-00332770-00333400": "happens, to the southeast. We saw them in clinic; this is not a child I would have diagnosed", "fMODA_kZDqo-00585-00333400-00333894": "with NF, had some café au lait spots but nothing else. And lo and behold, it turned", "fMODA_kZDqo-00586-00333894-00334360": "out, had a different condition that causes café au lait spots, again, misinterpreting", "fMODA_kZDqo-00587-00334360-00334524": "a variant of unknown significance.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00588-00334524-00335224": "Back to this story, all right, so that's what this child was found to have. Well, the mother", "fMODA_kZDqo-00589-00335327-00335794": "then came to attention separately, and was sent, actually, to genetics clinic for testing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00590-00335794-00336488": "by an adult endocrinologist. Testing was sent to a different lab, and a known pathogenic", "fMODA_kZDqo-00591-00336488-00336943": "mutation was found, that is to say, one that had been well-described in the literature", "fMODA_kZDqo-00592-00336943-00337290": "and was clearly pathogenic.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00593-00337290-00337990": "And just tell you from here, it turned out, from here, it turned out that when we tested", "fMODA_kZDqo-00594-00338149-00338831": "this child again, he did not have his mother's pathogenic mutation. And so this whole thing", "fMODA_kZDqo-00595-00338831-00339326": "was a complete red herring, and he does not have that condition. And by the way, his diarrhea", "fMODA_kZDqo-00596-00339326-00339797": "resolved. It was just gastroenteritis when all was said and done. So it's an example", "fMODA_kZDqo-00597-00339797-00340478": "where, if you kind of take the perspective of this child's physician, they knew enough", "fMODA_kZDqo-00598-00340478-00340910": "to know that there was an inheritance pattern here, and that the child was at risk, 50 percent", "fMODA_kZDqo-00599-00340910-00341358": "risk in fact. They knew enough to know that there was genetic testing, and even to send", "fMODA_kZDqo-00600-00341358-00341753": "it, but stumbled when it came to interpreting it.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00601-00341753-00342340": "Actually, this was, the next I was going to show you, which, this issue of how do you", "fMODA_kZDqo-00602-00342340-00343031": "train non-geneticists to appropriately use genetic and genomic tests has been the subject", "fMODA_kZDqo-00603-00343031-00343682": "now of an initiative that NHGRI has spearheaded, the Inner-Society Coordinating Committee,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00604-00343682-00344307": "which is a group of professional societies representing many different specialties that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00605-00344307-00344952": "have been convened now on multiple occasions, to try to coordinate efforts to educate their", "fMODA_kZDqo-00606-00344952-00345652": "various constituencies about genetics and genomics. And a working group, that I was", "fMODA_kZDqo-00607-00345663-00346363": "involved in, tried to set up, did set up a framework for competencies that we felt could", "fMODA_kZDqo-00608-00346394-00346985": "be used by different groups to define the competencies in genetics and genomics that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00609-00346985-00347375": "would be appropriate for particular specialties, realizing they're quite different from one", "fMODA_kZDqo-00610-00347375-00347988": "specialty to another. This is a work in progress. This recently was published, and our hope", "fMODA_kZDqo-00611-00347988-00348517": "is to partner with these different specialties now to try to help them actually to achieve", "fMODA_kZDqo-00612-00348517-00348598": "this.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00613-00348598-00349298": "All right, so let me end with some speculation about, will a day come when everybody has", "fMODA_kZDqo-00614-00349609-00350054": "their genome sequence? Lots of people talk about it, and it probably, if it doesn't happen,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00615-00350054-00350544": "it won't be because it costs too much. I think you're all aware of how quickly the price", "fMODA_kZDqo-00616-00350544-00351244": "is coming down. I could believe it will intersect the x-axis by some point in time, come pretty", "fMODA_kZDqo-00617-00351326-00351812": "close to doing that. It'll become so cheap, it'll be hard to put a number on it. I used", "fMODA_kZDqo-00618-00351812-00352274": "to say that we'll have, you know, back when the $1,000 genome was the Holy Grail, that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00619-00352274-00352881": "we'd have a $1,000 genome but a million dollar interpretation. And, I think that's even not", "fMODA_kZDqo-00620-00352881-00353400": "proving to be true now, as improvements are being made and the informatics approaches.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00621-00353400-00353888": "But you could ask the question, when in life would you want to be sequenced, and where", "fMODA_kZDqo-00622-00353888-00354403": "would the information live? It could be done prenatally. We spoke about that before, lots", "fMODA_kZDqo-00623-00354403-00354912": "of opportunity to intervene but then lots of questions as to whether you want to know", "fMODA_kZDqo-00624-00354912-00355432": "some of the things that you could know before a child is born. We talked about newborn screening.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00625-00355432-00355810": "Some of the same issues come up, but as you heard, it's being tested. It could be done", "fMODA_kZDqo-00626-00355810-00356293": "in children, at least then there's still a possibility of intervention for early onset", "fMODA_kZDqo-00627-00356293-00356841": "conditions. Or you could wait until a person is old enough to give informed consent, which", "fMODA_kZDqo-00628-00356841-00357422": "is probably ideal except for the fact that they've already kind of foreclosed some possibilities", "fMODA_kZDqo-00629-00357422-00357995": "of intervention perhaps that applied to some earlier onset conditions.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00630-00357995-00358425": "You could ask, where would the information live, in the electronic health records? Any", "fMODA_kZDqo-00631-00358425-00359016": "of you who have worked with one will, I'm sure, laugh at the notion because they can", "fMODA_kZDqo-00632-00359016-00359552": "barely store ordinary clinical information and would they be the right place to store", "fMODA_kZDqo-00633-00359552-00360076": "genomic information, hard to know. I will say, however, even if they could, and even", "fMODA_kZDqo-00634-00360076-00360649": "if they do, they're not particular good at talking to each other. So, if you have your", "fMODA_kZDqo-00635-00360649-00361131": "information in one health system, what's going to ensure that it will be available to the", "fMODA_kZDqo-00636-00361131-00361654": "next one, if you're traveling, or, for that matter, hardly anybody, I would guess, these", "fMODA_kZDqo-00637-00361654-00362234": "days, is born, lives, and dies associated with just one health institution? People do", "fMODA_kZDqo-00638-00362234-00362838": "move around a lot, and is it really practical to keep it in one place? Maybe it could be", "fMODA_kZDqo-00639-00362838-00363389": "stored in the cloud, I'm sure some already do that. It does raise issues of trust and", "fMODA_kZDqo-00640-00363389-00364062": "privacy, but maybe those are surmountable. You can load it on a personal device. As long", "fMODA_kZDqo-00641-00364062-00364642": "as you don't lose it or put it in the washing machine, it'll be there.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00642-00364642-00365031": "This is my favorite: the most efficient place to store genetic information appears to be", "fMODA_kZDqo-00643-00365031-00365530": "the cell nucleus, and nobody ever forgets to bring their cell nuclei to the doctor.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00644-00365530-00366078": "So, I actually can find it possible to imagine the day will come when it'll be cheaper to", "fMODA_kZDqo-00645-00366078-00366588": "just re-sequence you, you know, while you're in the waiting room, waiting to be seen. Use", "fMODA_kZDqo-00646-00366588-00367046": "whatever is going to be used that day, and then throw it away, because it'll be easier", "fMODA_kZDqo-00647-00367046-00367547": "to have it done again than to bother storing it anywhere. I'm not sure, obviously, that", "fMODA_kZDqo-00648-00367547-00367868": "that'll be the case, but I think it at least is a possibility.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00649-00367868-00368402": "But the question often gets asked, when is this really going to happen? And as I said", "fMODA_kZDqo-00650-00368402-00368854": "earlier, I don't think the limiting factor is going to be the cost of doing it. And here's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00651-00368854-00369359": "the metaphor that I would offer. You can't see this well, I'm sure, but it's a screenshot", "fMODA_kZDqo-00652-00369359-00370033": "of iTunes. And why I show this is because if you think back, what I guess would be 14", "fMODA_kZDqo-00653-00370033-00370713": "years, something like that, what was it like to download music, because, you know, they", "fMODA_kZDqo-00654-00370713-00371413": "already had before iTunes, the possibility of downloading MP3 files. And you remember", "fMODA_kZDqo-00655-00371554-00372249": "the days when people would go on and use these sharing programs that are potentially violations", "fMODA_kZDqo-00656-00372249-00372925": "of copyright? But the only way to get stuff is either rip it off of a CD or to go online.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00657-00372925-00373441": "And I think a lot of people resorted to criminal activity as a consequence, because there wasn't", "fMODA_kZDqo-00658-00373441-00374054": "really a practical alternative. And I can remember a few early situations where they", "fMODA_kZDqo-00659-00374054-00374571": "tried to put in a capability of paying for things, and it worked so poorly you eventually", "fMODA_kZDqo-00660-00374571-00374779": "gave up. It just wasn't worth the trouble.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00661-00374779-00375170": "And this is, I think, what changed that. And there are many other examples of the same", "fMODA_kZDqo-00662-00375170-00375870": "thing now. But, people started using this on a regular basis because there was a workable", "fMODA_kZDqo-00663-00375944-00376464": "system. And I guess I would argue that the day that there is this sort of iTunes of medical", "fMODA_kZDqo-00664-00376464-00377164": "records or whatever metaphor you want to use, a clean, fun, user-friendly, effective way", "fMODA_kZDqo-00665-00377326-00377880": "to store medical and genomic information, that's the day you're going to see genomics", "fMODA_kZDqo-00666-00377880-00378223": "become sort of mainstream in day-to-day clinical practice.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00667-00378223-00378766": "And I think that's actually going to be more rate-limiting, honestly, than education, because", "fMODA_kZDqo-00668-00378766-00379241": "I do believe we need to educate health professionals. But I also think that health professionals", "fMODA_kZDqo-00669-00379241-00379941": "have adapted to new technologies over the, you know, last century or more, when they", "fMODA_kZDqo-00670-00380000-00380385": "were mature enough and ready enough, and when the systems were in place. And I think it's", "fMODA_kZDqo-00671-00380385-00380830": "the systems issue that is actually the bigger challenge, and not the educational issue,", "fMODA_kZDqo-00672-00380830-00381473": "is people do figure things out when they're ready to be used. So I'm not arguing against", "fMODA_kZDqo-00673-00381473-00381946": "education. It's been a pillar of my career, actually. But I think we have to put it in", "fMODA_kZDqo-00674-00381946-00382391": "its place, and I really believe there's been a lot less attention to systems than their", "fMODA_kZDqo-00675-00382391-00382470": "needs to be.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00676-00382470-00383010": "All right, I'm going to end with this quote. It's become a little trite now, which may", "fMODA_kZDqo-00677-00383010-00383710": "be because it's so good. But, this idea, \"The best way to predict the future is to invent", "fMODA_kZDqo-00678-00383713-00384110": "it.\" That's what all of you are in the business of doing. I think it's what makes this really", "fMODA_kZDqo-00679-00384110-00384699": "the most exciting time, surely in the history of medicine, to be involved in medical research", "fMODA_kZDqo-00680-00384699-00385268": "or medical practice, and obviously lots, lots more opportunity for all of us. Thank you.", "fMODA_kZDqo-00681-00385268-00385289": "[applause]", "fMODA_kZDqo-00682-00385289-00385351": "[end of transcript]"}}]