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+[{"audio_id": "e2cUFV2sI0y", "text": {"e2cUFV2sI0y-00000-00000065-00000551": "hello again dilly I'm back in the shadow", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00001-00000552-00001010": "of model and I'm actually having", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00002-00001011-00001268": "absolutely no idea what I'm going to do", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00003-00001269-00001759": "today ok I might as well try and make", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00004-00001760-00002291": "some progress so apparently I have", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00005-00002292-00002864": "something here Abby's of it healed in so", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00006-00002865-00003208": "let's pick that up it will bring me here", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00007-00003209-00003865": "Galal Mordor oh it will bring me points", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00008-00003867-00004276": "and apparently something to finish", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00009-00004277-00004711": "probably something very pretty but hey", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00010-00004712-00004991": "we will discover soon enough because i", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00011-00004992-00005342": "have very intent on finishing what I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00012-00005343-00005684": "start so I've decided that I'm going to", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00013-00005685-00006043": "make do with some objectives some", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00014-00006044-00006284": "optional ones more likely and the first", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00015-00006285-00006542": "one is this the metal blade which will", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00016-00006543-00007003": "warn me any some useful a few points", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00017-00007004-00007360": "starmon forged me through they old", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00018-00007361-00007601": "memories of the ancient past the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00019-00007602-00008170": "knowledge within maybe fair or ill what", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00020-00008170-00008848": "see very very peaceful and it's trying", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00021-00008849-00009314": "to murder the lovely evil going", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00022-00009315-00009694": "excellent", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00023-00009695-00010402": "and huh he'll actually managed to hit", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00024-00010403-00011214": "him that's kind of south hey it hardly", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00025-00011215-00011817": "matters right let's sneak up on those", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00026-00011818-00012124": "the lovely fellows and stab you in the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00027-00012125-00012542": "neck or in the head or in any other", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00028-00012543-00012885": "father's not for us I hardly nothing", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00029-00012886-00014111": "damage", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00030-00014112-00014553": "huh", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00031-00014554-00014726": "right", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00032-00014727-00015275": "did I manage to hide from them I think I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00033-00015276-00015722": "might actually write off have gotten", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00034-00015722-00015977": "away from them it means it's soon enough", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00035-00015978-00016319": "I'll be able to stop them next are right", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00036-00016319-00017557": "next time off with sharp objects", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00037-00017558-00017913": "what", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00038-00017914-00018783": "come to Daddy mmm delicious let's sleep", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00039-00018784-00019057": "on all", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00040-00019058-00019369": "and none of the Slayer has run off I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00041-00019370-00020350": "suppose it's best that I take them on", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00042-00020351-00020774": "ice cleared out of sleep safely and", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00043-00020775-00021031": "royally and every other way you can", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00044-00021032-00022088": "screw up okay having my hands I will fit", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00045-00022089-00022715": "it by killing all of them right that's a", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00046-00022716-00023305": "nice way to start fixing my mistakes", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00047-00023306-00023842": "shooting me so I should privatize duck", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00048-00023843-00024682": "young impressive such a such a lovely", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00049-00024683-00025261": "way to kill so many Forks and I have", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00050-00025262-00025702": "quite the Colombo already ooh that was", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00051-00025702-00027199": "nasty huh they're all dead now that's a", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00052-00027200-00028033": "pity I now for the archer hello time to", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00053-00028033-00028743": "get up can I get up I'm here yes I come", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00054-00028744-00029160": "right", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00055-00029161-00029779": "tell him not to do what I came here to", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00056-00029780-00030305": "do", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00057-00030306-00030767": "let's see staff mission yes a flash of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00058-00030768-00031031": "silver lightning carving his way to the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00059-00031032-00031370": "dark log Lords francs each fo had his", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00060-00031370-00031681": "life stolen a wave before he knew it", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00061-00031682-00032054": "forged a legend of the dagger Arkin the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00062-00032055-00032652": "world 150 and again forgot the name", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00063-00032654-00033289": "bloody hell still kill slavers all right", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00064-00033290-00033617": "poor dogs have I see I pity anyone", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00065-00033618-00034025": "that's all never kick it from him so", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00066-00034026-00034211": "those are challenge missions you know I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00067-00034212-00036010": "suppose freedom iron in your debt now", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00068-00036011-00036482": "let's see don't stop fighting Ranger how", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00069-00036483-00037235": "things seem here so that makes for", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00070-00037236-00037706": "Brecht now I know for a certain that", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00071-00037707-00038489": "this here will be five let's see can I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00072-00038490-00038801": "take this one right yeah this one right", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00073-00038802-00039271": "here is real easy ok Packard now as for", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00074-00039272-00039557": "the archer you might be a bit trickier", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00075-00039558-00039923": "but hey I can just get up there I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00076-00039924-00040217": "suppose I could crush anyone who dares", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00077-00040218-00040541": "to stand in my way", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00078-00040542-00040941": "should be all right come on time is", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00079-00040942-00042105": "running out quickly please sure I can", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00080-00042106-00042815": "get up from here up right", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00081-00042816-00043161": "come on getting sick of o2 there's never", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00082-00043162-00043580": "any grog about o Lord somewhere else you", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00083-00043581-00043799": "know the luck of draw is soon going to", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00084-00043800-00044162": "be his lease the least of his worries", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00085-00044163-00045845": "really shrunk your bed now it's your", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00086-00045846-00046562": "turn and that makes him good already", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00087-00046563-00046802": "quite enjoyed that legend of shallow I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00088-00046803-00047027": "unlocked an achievement will have thunk", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00089-00047028-00047624": "it completes these and other side", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00090-00047625-00047961": "missions to an million and enough and", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00091-00047962-00048158": "you will be able to purchase the stating", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00092-00048159-00048349": "Lee powerful ability for your dagger", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00093-00048350-00048630": "shut off a crown will allow you to", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00094-00048631-00048810": "disappear for a short time nailing", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00095-00048811-00049035": "unlimited stealth kills that actually", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00096-00049036-00049586": "seems pretty pretty wicked right so what", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00097-00049587-00049838": "who I up left to do in this area before", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00098-00049839-00050199": "i can continue onwards an artifact i", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00099-00050200-00050789": "will grab it now anonymous it seems so", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00100-00050790-00051230": "no worries either", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00101-00051232-00052032": "right vision world and what's this let's", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00102-00052033-00052592": "see maren shackle these are prisoners", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00103-00052594-00052962": "shackles leg irons to be specific they", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00104-00052963-00053180": "date back to the second age and were", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00105-00053182-00053469": "most likely worn by AG Andorian captives", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00106-00053470-00053804": "men and women whose involuntary", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00107-00053805-00054005": "servitude build the towers of the teeth", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00108-00054007-00054678": "flanking the more ramen hell it is these", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00109-00054679-00054858": "captives would later trove their", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00110-00054859-00055029": "shackles and begin a new life as up", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00111-00055029-00055344": "casting uden somewhat keep their", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00112-00055345-00055563": "shackles to remind themselves of their", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00113-00055564-00056922": "hardship do you mean hard work will be", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00114-00056923-00057141": "rewarded with a shorter sentence the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00115-00057141-00057416": "traders the modern murderers and thieves", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00116-00057416-00057777": "when I say the would throw you to the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00117-00057778-00058545": "categories what a practical warden these", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00118-00058546-00058788": "men are not soldiers they are not ready", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00119-00058789-00059129": "to die all things that live must die man", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00120-00059130-00059342": "alone faces the mystery of what is", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00121-00059344-00059910": "beyond death right very thoughtful very", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00122-00059911-00060240": "thoughtful indeed so I've got all these", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00123-00060241-00060689": "are locked next year and lock is after", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00124-00060690-00061055": "107 powers so I'd better make lots of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00125-00061057-00061370": "power and get a lot of captains then", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00126-00061371-00061695": "time your landing is or rather I should", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00127-00061696-00061929": "take", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00128-00061930-00062279": "this should fire all battles to cause", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00129-00062279-00062636": "him to explode that sounds good i'll", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00130-00062637-00063437": "take it i will take it good yes now i", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00131-00063438-00063713": "can buy some new attributes many health", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00132-00063714-00064121": "i think i am very much do you a health", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00133-00064122-00064779": "update what else can i get maximum focus", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00134-00064780-00065254": "you know i'm going to keep on to my", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00135-00065255-00065915": "stuff for now just in case and i will", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00136-00065916-00066583": "decide what to do a teeny bit later", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00137-00066584-00067112": "where to next outcast so what's this", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00138-00067113-00067682": "exactly let's find out I will not be", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00139-00067683-00067912": "killing these off today but tomorrow", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00140-00067913-00069341": "I'll surely will be the day they die", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00141-00069342-00070836": "lousy mornin actually managed to next", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00142-00070837-00071115": "time your face of shock you let me so", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00143-00071116-00071931": "lucky that's a captain that was a", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00144-00071932-00072477": "captain seriously your cell killers of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00145-00072478-00072768": "breaking a few tools Sonia misty gently", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00146-00072769-00073104": "please help also confuse earth of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00147-00073105-00073454": "captains were supposed to be challenging", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00148-00073455-00073995": "shuttered now available than these", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00149-00073996-00074628": "slaves days of torture all right on to", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00150-00074629-00075099": "the next quest is gets just tiny bit of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00151-00075100-00075405": "power without kill I'm actually happy", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00152-00075406-00075597": "with that because I honestly did not", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00153-00075598-00076424": "think that was a captain", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00154-00076425-00078044": "daddy stop oh he's died", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00155-00078045-00078428": "thank you very much whew that was close", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00156-00078429-00079010": "I did not see him coming kind of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00157-00079011-00080188": "nerve-racking really neither fellas", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00158-00080189-00080650": "anyone here", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00159-00080651-00080995": "right and be more shrunk going on in", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00160-00080996-00081646": "doors oops I'm totally missing my thingy", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00161-00081647-00082726": "I don't I is it below yeah you make from", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00162-00082727-00083212": "a sea bird I won't listen anyway so you", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00163-00083213-00084124": "might as well dr. cheesy died so can I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00164-00084125-00084424": "get hmm", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00165-00084425-00085303": "lovely I like ah here it is so they're", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00166-00085304-00085837": "in hidden ooh albertsons so all of these", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00167-00085838-00086242": "are in slightly hidden places or at", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00168-00086243-00086479": "least some of them fell enough clever", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00169-00086480-00087166": "enough I suppose", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00170-00087167-00087421": "yeah I'm not getting out of this alive", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00171-00087422-00087994": "mate sorry about that one last artifact", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00172-00087995-00088252": "in the zone then we have some intel on", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00173-00088253-00088738": "captains and we can't you go on to the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00174-00088739-00089515": "next in let's see them we are making", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00175-00089516-00090402": "quite a quite nice little Russian so far", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00176-00090403-00090816": "I'm going to come all yes I feel like", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00177-00090817-00091147": "from all my talking we needed a bit of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00178-00091148-00092105": "purpose you should stay", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00179-00092106-00093755": "you should die Lina what touch ok nice", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00180-00093756-00094074": "ouch that is the first time an office", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00181-00094075-00094475": "hit me I feel kind of pathetic now me", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00182-00094476-00095091": "come on and second time I'm really", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00183-00095092-00095637": "letting myself down right here maybe I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00184-00095638-00095838": "should concentrate and stop talking but", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00185-00095839-00096338": "what fun would that be so instead I'm", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00186-00096339-00096899": "just anke keep stabbing away countering", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00187-00096900-00097736": "and you know doing that and that", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00188-00097737-00098293": "executions are really quite sure", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00189-00098294-00098623": "hey you know what else reminds me of I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00190-00098624-00099080": "suppose that would be what it's like", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00191-00099081-00099296": "playing with tarragon in such a game", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00192-00099297-00099644": "maybe in realize that be how are they", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00193-00099645-00099965": "going felt two girls let's face it he", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00194-00099966-00100499": "beats what much more experience on a", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00195-00100500-00100945": "daily basis but he's dead in movies", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00196-00100946-00101516": "trauma counselors very good so far can I", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00197-00101517-00102502": "get to say 60 let's see you stay fux", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00198-00102503-00102938": "component so I need your life hey oh", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00199-00102939-00104854": "right time time to die", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00200-00104855-00105248": "okay time to have a lovely little chat", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00201-00105249-00106601": "with you is this who you are going to", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00202-00106602-00106916": "give me in too long or is it this one", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00203-00106917-00107758": "yeah maybe it's this one right summoner", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00204-00107758-00108182": "unpleasant vulnerable to lots of things", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00205-00108183-00108530": "I should keep him away from these", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00206-00108531-00108775": "creatures oh that's that's nasty", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00207-00108776-00109073": "regeneration is 0 is tough to kill but", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00208-00109074-00109331": "hey I should have him with combat", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00209-00109332-00110096": "finishes and arrows yeah lovely oh he's", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00210-00110097-00110296": "not going to be too difficult sharing", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00211-00110297-00111596": "and that with flowers ah ok huh lost", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00212-00111597-00111989": "your head there was a song like that", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00213-00111990-00112475": "once this darkness covers every day yes", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00214-00112476-00112703": "yes darkness covers everything shouldn't", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00215-00112704-00113059": "you be able to see in the dark and you", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00216-00113060-00113583": "know feel a lot better when it's dark no", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00217-00113584-00113933": "right I completely skipped over my mouth", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00218-00113933-00114433": "[__] there is no forgiveness for such", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00219-00114433-00115139": "such failure ok I will I'm sorry sit and", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00220-00115140-00116747": "fix it fairly soon allocator right good", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00221-00116748-00117068": "luck pick the simple metal prod is a", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00222-00117069-00117317": "burglars best friend the pic is small", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00223-00117318-00117617": "and easily concealed it can be formed or", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00224-00117618-00117859": "even hidden under the tone with minimal", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00225-00117860-00118145": "effort in hands of a skilled teef the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00226-00118146-00118410": "pig can be used quickly and quietly", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00227-00118411-00118986": "defeat most locks non-magical origin", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00228-00118988-00119403": "right where is it", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00229-00119404-00120315": "come on oh dear ah here it is let's play", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00230-00120316-00120780": "it so the situation is very confused how", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00231-00120781-00121014": "was it confused I see the prisoners", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00232-00121015-00121170": "escaping running towards the gates", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00233-00121171-00121416": "wishing you a blown open by sorcery or", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00234-00121417-00121857": "sabotage our chests are down sir we're", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00235-00121858-00122064": "not wasting good arrows on those people", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00236-00122065-00122463": "they serve their purpose attack victim", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00237-00122464-00122688": "well out of my hair bored or can take", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00238-00122689-00122907": "the whole stinking lot of them instead", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00239-00122908-00123057": "my compliments to the captain of the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00240-00123058-00123311": "case I suppose he sent me this lot pic", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00241-00123313-00123780": "of some sort of joke well probably not", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00242-00123781-00124122": "as a joke no not exactly the last place", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00243-00124123-00124323": "we want to be is the one place we are", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00244-00124324-00124626": "doomed to stay in the outcasts fled into", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00245-00124627-00125075": "it to escape Gondor and it is here that", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00246-00125076-00125406": "kind of", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00247-00125407-00126854": "no no no ah she's I'm done instead right", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00248-00126855-00127332": "ooh he's a kingslayer waiting for", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00249-00127333-00127557": "another Eric to slip up and give him an", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00250-00127558-00127802": "excuse to fight so is he going to just", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00251-00127803-00128008": "show up whenever I'm fighting and", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00252-00128009-00128384": "another captain perhaps or just orcs in", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00253-00128385-00128839": "general and he's another green Hulk", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00254-00128840-00129273": "hello his confuses miss Liza thanks for", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00255-00129274-00129897": "the Intel bub oh it's a pleasure onto", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00256-00129898-00130218": "other more grateful stuff I think but", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00257-00130219-00130529": "for now thank you for watching it's been", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00258-00130530-00131066": "quite the pleasure if you enjoy this", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00259-00131067-00131307": "please like share subscribe and all the", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00260-00131308-00131585": "good stuff if you didn't still do it", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00261-00131586-00135425": "please bye", "e2cUFV2sI0y-00262-00135426-00135632": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "e3ImmwbUMLg", "text": {"e3ImmwbUMLg-00000-00000038-00000451": "living computers museum plus labs LCM", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00001-00000452-00000713": "plus L is a computer and Technology", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00002-00000714-00000970": "Museum located in the SoDo neighborhood", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00003-00000971-00001420": "of Seattle Washington LC m + L showcases", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00004-00001421-00001612": "vintage computers which provide", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00005-00001613-00001862": "interactive sessions either through time", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00006-00001863-00002147": "sharing operating systems or single user", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00007-00002148-00002527": "interfaces this gives users a chance to", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00008-00002528-00002771": "actually use the computers online or in", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00009-00002772-00003122": "person in the museum an expansion adds", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00010-00003123-00003329": "direct touch experiences with", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00011-00003329-00003536": "contemporary technologies such as", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00012-00003536-00003869": "virtual reality self-driving cars the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00013-00003870-00004115": "Internet of Things and robotics", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00014-00004116-00004456": "this puts today's computer technology in", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00015-00004457-00004676": "the context of how it's being used to", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00016-00004677-00005095": "tackle real world issues LCM plus L also", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00017-00005096-00005308": "hosts a wide range of educational", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00018-00005309-00005510": "programs and events in their", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00019-00005511-00005708": "state-of-the-art classroom and lab", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00020-00005709-00006070": "spaces according to an archived version", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00021-00006071-00006388": "of L CMS website their goal is to", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00022-00006389-00006709": "breathe life back into our machines so", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00023-00006711-00006938": "the public can experience what it was", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00024-00006939-00007214": "like to see them hear them and interact", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00025-00007215-00007595": "with them we make our systems accessible", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00026-00007595-00007841": "by allowing people to come and interact", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00027-00007842-00008042": "with them and by making them available", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00028-00008043-00008408": "over the internet the current site", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00029-00008409-00008639": "similarly shares that living computers", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00030-00008640-00008878": "museum Plus labs provides a", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00031-00008879-00009137": "one-of-a-kind hands-on experience with", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00032-00009138-00009458": "computer technology from the 1960s to", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00033-00009459-00009527": "the present", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00034-00009528-00009935": "l cm + L honors the history of computing", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00035-00009936-00010148": "with the world's largest collection of", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00036-00010149-00010544": "fully restored and usable supercomputers", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00037-00010545-00010783": "mainframes many computers and", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00038-00010784-00011345": "microcomputers topic history L cm + l", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00039-00011346-00011558": "originally known as living computer", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00040-00011559-00011912": "museum and before that PDP planet.com", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00041-00011913-00012176": "was founded by Microsoft co-founder Paul", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00042-00012177-00012706": "Allen on January 9 2006 through PDP", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00043-00012707-00012974": "Planet users were able to tell net into", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00044-00012975-00013219": "vintage devices inexperienced time", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00045-00013220-00013361": "sharing computing on", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00046-00013362-00013511": "equipment from Digital Equipment", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00047-00013512-00013877": "Corporation deck and xkl users around", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00048-00013878-00014099": "the world can now request a log in", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00049-00014100-00014393": "through the LC m + l website and telnet", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00050-00014394-00014780": "into systems from xkl deck IBM Xerox", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00051-00014781-00015191": "Sigma AT&T and CDC living computer", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00052-00015191-00015418": "museum open to the public on October", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00053-00015419-00015781": "25th 2012 and guests can now visit in", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00054-00015782-00016003": "person to interact with the collection", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00055-00016004-00016277": "of mainframes many computers micro", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00056-00016278-00016519": "computers and peripherals the museum has", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00057-00016520-00016889": "on display various and changing exhibits", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00058-00016890-00017128": "in the museum show how much computers", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00059-00017129-00017353": "and technology have changed over the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00060-00017354-00017605": "last 50 years in a changing still on", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00061-00017606-00018011": "November 18 2016 the institution changed", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00062-00018012-00018296": "its name to living computers museum plus", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00063-00018297-00018547": "labs to reflect its in large goals of", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00064-00018548-00018793": "igniting curiosity through direct touch", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00065-00018794-00018980": "experiences with contemporary", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00066-00018981-00019163": "technologies as well as vintage", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00067-00019164-00019431": "computers", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00068-00019432-00019756": "topic facts Paul Allen also founded the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00069-00019757-00020047": "Museum of pop culture or mo pop earlier", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00070-00020048-00020275": "called EMP museum and the flying", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00071-00020276-00020650": "heritage in combat armor museum on March", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00072-00020651-00020950": "17th 2010 it was recognized by", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00073-00020951-00021309": "Washington State Senate resolution 8000", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00074-00021310-00021644": "721 for its role in the preservation of", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00075-00021645-00021987": "the history of information technology in", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00076-00021988-00022352": "2013 Seattle Weekly voted the museum the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00077-00022353-00022580": "best geeky museum because it highlights", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00078-00022581-00022843": "an essential part of Seattle binary", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00079-00022844-00023083": "history the founding of Microsoft and", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00080-00023084-00023315": "its role in establishing Seattle as a", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00081-00023316-00023686": "tech driven industry LCM was the main", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00082-00023687-00023947": "sponsor of the Seattle retro gaming expo", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00083-00023948-00024383": "in 2016 various artifacts from the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00084-00024384-00024614": "museum have been borrowed and featured", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00085-00024615-00024911": "in TV shows such as Mad Men and halt and", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00086-00024912-00025103": "catch fire and movies such as", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00087-00025104-00025939": "Tomorrowland topic collections and", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00088-00025941-00026400": "exhibits", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00089-00026401-00026658": "collection consists of publicly donated", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00090-00026658-00026852": "items and Paul Allen's personal", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00091-00026854-00027152": "collection the working computers on", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00092-00027154-00027456": "display include one supercomputer seven", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00093-00027457-00027744": "mainframes ten mini computers and over", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00094-00027745-00028101": "three dozen microcomputers in April 2017", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00095-00028102-00028323": "a permanent exhibit entitled from the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00096-00028324-00028808": "garage to the iMac 1976 to 1999 was", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00097-00028810-00029172": "unveiled on display is an operable Apple", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00098-00029173-00029397": "one that visitors can interact with as", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00099-00029398-00029673": "well as Apple two three Lisa two", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00100-00029674-00030192": "Macintosh and next computers LCM plus L", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00101-00030193-00030393": "is still actively collecting and", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00102-00030394-00030752": "restoring vintage computers see the want", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00103-00030754-00031002": "list for important items the collection", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00104-00031002-00031344": "is looking for a list of most of the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00105-00031345-00031595": "computers currently on display and those", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00106-00031597-00032414": "coming soon can be found below topic", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00107-00032414-00033186": "computers", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00108-00033187-00034236": "topic under restoration topic", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00109-00034237-00034570": "programming languages available at LC m", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00110-00034571-00035430": "+ l macro assembler for the PDP systems", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00111-00035431-00036818": "JCL APL c lisp basic COBOL Fortran SH", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00112-00036819-00037830": "orc small talk topic operating systems", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00113-00037831-00038560": "available at LC m + l incompatible time", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00114-00038561-00039105": "sharing system multix vm operating", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00115-00039106-00039960": "system tops-10 v 7.0 for tops-20 v 7.1", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00116-00039961-00041139": "open them 7.3 unix v7 CPV unix svr 3 for", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00117-00041140-00041430": "bahamian dollars and 30 cents", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00118-00041431-00042368": "NOS 1.3 windows 1.0 windows 3 1 x", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00119-00042369-00043068": "windows 95 windows 98 Geo's 8-bit", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00120-00043069-00043590": "operating system next step classic Mac", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00121-00043591-00044961": "OS Apple s OS Apple products ms-dos CPM", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00122-00044962-00045108": "topic", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00123-00045109-00046052": "names available to play by computer", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00124-00046053-00046944": "topic photos", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00125-00046945-00047671": "topic in the media Daily Mail is this", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00126-00047672-00047973": "robot better at Pokemon go than you", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00127-00047974-00048223": "Engadget inside Seattle's", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00128-00048224-00048673": "invitation-only VR summit Engadget we", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00129-00048674-00048910": "took a nostalgic look around Seattle's", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00130-00048911-00049345": "living computer museum if see technology", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00131-00049346-00049747": "welcome to 1986 inside halt and catch", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00132-00049748-00050242": "fire x' high-tech time machine Forbes", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00133-00050243-00050491": "Bill Gates and Paul Allen reunite and", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00134-00050492-00051040": "recreate classic 1981 microsoftphoto Fox", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00135-00051041-00051291": "News Travel Seattle's living computer", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00136-00051292-00051694": "museum not just for techies geek wire", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00137-00051695-00052029": "Paul Allen's quest a 32-bit computer", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00138-00052030-00052435": "built by inter data geek wire go inside", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00139-00052436-00052696": "Paul Allen's living computer museum with", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00140-00052697-00053154": "this 3d virtual tour LA Times high-tech", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00141-00053155-00053391": "effort calls up smart phones for Ebola", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00142-00053392-00053817": "battle NYT bits a place where old", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00143-00053819-00054029": "computers go to live", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00144-00054030-00054267": "Oregon live living computer museum", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00145-00054269-00054538": "offers a hands-on tour of the digital", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00146-00054539-00054907": "age Oregon live Paul Allen's living", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00147-00054908-00055102": "computer museum pays homage to", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00148-00055103-00055597": "trailblazing pcs pdp-7 lights up the", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00149-00055598-00055945": "living computer museum Seattle Times", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00150-00055946-00056248": "Paul Allen's new seattle computer museum", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00151-00056249-00056484": "not just for geeks", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00152-00056485-00056773": "ScienceDaily inside Seattle's living", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00153-00056774-00057157": "computer museum Seattle Weekly best", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00154-00057158-00057598": "geeky museum living computer museum The", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00155-00057599-00057897": "Economist keeping skin out of the game", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00156-00057898-00058207": "the stranger to geeks in an art critic", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00157-00058208-00058420": "visit Paul Allen's living computer", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00158-00058421-00058801": "museum USA Today video", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00159-00058802-00059062": "Seattle's living computer museum tempts", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00160-00059063-00059545": "tech tourists wsj video a look inside", "e3ImmwbUMLg-00161-00059546-00059941": "Paul Allen's living computer museum"}}, {"audio_id": "e3NPGUUI3B4", "text": {"e3NPGUUI3B4-00000-00000092-00000478": "[Music]", "e3NPGUUI3B4-00001-00000479-00000806": "three", "e3NPGUUI3B4-00002-00000807-00001289": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e3a1esDEubQ", "text": {"e3a1esDEubQ-00000-00000197-00000753": "um", "e3a1esDEubQ-00001-00000754-00002524": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00002-00002525-00003010": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00003-00003011-00003226": "thank you", "e3a1esDEubQ-00004-00003227-00004079": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00005-00004081-00005045": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00006-00005046-00006784": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00007-00006786-00009964": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00008-00009965-00013127": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00009-00013128-00016199": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00010-00016200-00016916": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00011-00016917-00018279": "[Applause]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00012-00018280-00019288": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00013-00019289-00019564": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00014-00019565-00020033": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00015-00020034-00021303": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00016-00021304-00021903": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00017-00021904-00022258": "[Applause]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00018-00022259-00023939": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00019-00023940-00024065": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00020-00024066-00026818": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00021-00026819-00027214": "[Applause]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00022-00027216-00028500": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00023-00028501-00028610": "[Applause]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00024-00028611-00029377": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00025-00029377-00029567": "thank you", "e3a1esDEubQ-00026-00029568-00029906": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00027-00029907-00032102": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00028-00032104-00032723": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00029-00032724-00032866": "laughs", "e3a1esDEubQ-00030-00032867-00033705": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00031-00033706-00034150": "[Applause]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00032-00034151-00035909": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00033-00035910-00036392": "people", "e3a1esDEubQ-00034-00036393-00036550": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00035-00036551-00036642": "[Applause]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00036-00036643-00037723": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00037-00037724-00037919": "all right", "e3a1esDEubQ-00038-00037920-00039412": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00039-00039413-00039781": "friends", "e3a1esDEubQ-00040-00039782-00042251": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00041-00042252-00042463": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00042-00042464-00045508": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00043-00045509-00045912": "foreign", "e3a1esDEubQ-00044-00045913-00047658": "[Music]", "e3a1esDEubQ-00045-00047659-00048054": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e4qjCi9mXLM", "text": {"e4qjCi9mXLM-00000-00006447-00006710": "mr maloney will be will we be ready to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00001-00006711-00007046": "go at 4 30.", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00002-00007047-00007191": "yes chairwig's staff is ready when you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00003-00007192-00011606": "are thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00004-00011607-00011823": "okay so i", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00005-00011824-00012070": "by my clock it's 4 30.", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00006-00012071-00012335": "so um with that i would like to call to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00007-00012336-00012719": "order uh the september 9th 2021 meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00008-00012720-00012902": "of the center as a planning commission", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00009-00012903-00013135": "and before we start i'd like to read the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00010-00013136-00013391": "following statement", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00011-00013391-00013583": "due to the provision of the governor's", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00012-00013584-00013935": "executive orders n-25-20", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00013-00013936-00014066": "and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00014-00014068-00014327": "n-29-20 which suspend certain", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00015-00014328-00014486": "requirements for the brown act and the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00016-00014487-00014622": "order of the health officer of the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00017-00014623-00014863": "county of sonoma to shelter in place", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00018-00014863-00015127": "to minimize the spread of cobit 19. the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00019-00015128-00015255": "planning commissioners will be", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00020-00015256-00015383": "conducting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00021-00015384-00015550": "today's meeting in a virtual setting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00022-00015551-00015775": "using zoom webinar commissioners and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00023-00015776-00015871": "staff", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00024-00015872-00016143": "are participating from remote locations", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00025-00016144-00016222": "and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00026-00016223-00016407": "or practicing appropriate social", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00027-00016408-00016591": "distancing members of the public may", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00028-00016592-00016767": "view and listen to the meeting as noted", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00029-00016768-00017007": "on the city's website and also as noted", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00030-00017008-00017135": "on the agenda", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00031-00017136-00017327": "members of the public wishing to speak", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00032-00017328-00017575": "during item number four public comment", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00033-00017576-00017694": "period", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00034-00017695-00017943": "or during any public hearing items will", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00035-00017944-00018143": "be able to do so by raising their hand", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00036-00018144-00018343": "and will be given the ability to address", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00037-00018344-00018711": "the commission", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00038-00018712-00019230": "mr maloney if you'd like to call roll", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00039-00019231-00019407": "thank you chair weeks let the record", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00040-00019408-00019550": "reflect that all commissioners are", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00041-00019551-00019727": "present except commissioner holton and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00042-00019728-00019927": "vice chair peterson", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00043-00019928-00020135": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00044-00020136-00020279": "um this", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00045-00020280-00020503": "second item is study session of which we", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00046-00020504-00020703": "have none", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00047-00020704-00020807": "and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00048-00020808-00021030": "item number three approval of minutes we", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00049-00021031-00021375": "have minutes for the july 22nd", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00050-00021376-00021550": "meeting for those of you who are at that", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00051-00021551-00021727": "meeting do you have any comments or", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00052-00021728-00021999": "changes", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00053-00022000-00022094": "okay", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00054-00022095-00022358": "they're seeing them they stand approved", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00055-00022359-00022677": "um item four is public comments", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00056-00022678-00022799": "[Music]", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00057-00022800-00022950": "so i will go ahead and open the public", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00058-00022951-00023247": "comment", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00059-00023248-00023471": "in this meetings agenda if you wish to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00060-00023472-00023711": "make a comment via zoom please select", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00061-00023712-00023878": "the raised hand button if you are", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00062-00023879-00024127": "dialing in via telephone", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00063-00024128-00024335": "please dial star 9 to raise your hand", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00064-00024336-00024519": "and each speaker will have three minutes", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00065-00024520-00024750": "there will be a countdown timer", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00066-00024751-00024975": "on the screen for your convenience and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00067-00024976-00025183": "the convenience of the viewers and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00068-00025184-00025414": "please make sure to unmute yourself when", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00069-00025415-00025614": "you're invited to do so and your", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00070-00025616-00025822": "microphone will be muted at the end of", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00071-00025823-00026190": "that countdown", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00072-00026191-00026758": "do we have any hands raised", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00073-00026760-00026999": "your item's not on the agenda", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00074-00027000-00027135": "thank you chairweeks no one is raising", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00075-00027136-00027302": "their hand at this time", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00076-00027304-00027495": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00077-00027495-00027823": "uh so with that um seeing no hands", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00078-00027824-00027974": "raised i will go ahead and close the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00079-00027975-00028246": "public comment period", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00080-00028247-00028479": "and move on to item five which is our", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00081-00028480-00028743": "statement of purpose", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00082-00028744-00028902": "the planning commission is charged with", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00083-00028904-00029087": "carrying out the california planning and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00084-00029088-00029327": "zoning laws in the city of santa rosa", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00085-00029327-00029646": "duties include implementing of plans", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00086-00029647-00029862": "ordinances and policies relating to land", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00087-00029863-00030111": "use matters assisting in writing and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00088-00030112-00030295": "implementing the general plan and area", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00089-00030295-00030558": "plans holding public hearings and acting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00090-00030560-00030767": "on proposed changes to the zoning code", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00091-00030768-00031031": "zoning map general plan tentative", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00092-00031032-00031270": "subdivision maps and undertaking special", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00093-00031272-00031511": "planning studies as needed", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00094-00031512-00031855": "um item 5.2 our committee reports do we", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00095-00031856-00032287": "have any committee reports", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00096-00032288-00032487": "okay being done", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00097-00032488-00032783": "um we'll go ahead to 5.3 commissioner", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00098-00032784-00033039": "reports and i'm going to take chair", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00099-00033040-00033239": "prerogative and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00100-00033240-00033439": "start off and welcome back uh", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00101-00033440-00033662": "commissioner cisco under commissioner", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00102-00033663-00033855": "reports it's really nice to have you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00103-00033856-00034095": "back", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00104-00034096-00034295": "and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00105-00034296-00034495": "i don't know if there are other", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00106-00034496-00034662": "if any of the commissioners have other", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00107-00034663-00035055": "comments that they'd like to make", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00108-00035056-00035207": "commissioner cisco do you have anything", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00109-00035208-00035383": "you want to say", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00110-00035384-00035655": "i do just that i'm really really happy", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00111-00035656-00036071": "to be back working with all of you um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00112-00036072-00036423": "very excited uh as anyone who knows me", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00113-00036424-00036655": "knows how much i love the commission how", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00114-00036656-00036846": "much i love this role so really happy to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00115-00036847-00036967": "be back", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00116-00036968-00037255": "and um i have been watching", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00117-00037256-00037574": "and i did have the opportunity to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00118-00037575-00037783": "talk with the commissioner akalia i was", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00119-00037784-00038102": "so sad to see him leave his experience", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00120-00038103-00038287": "with homelessness and affordable housing", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00121-00038288-00038430": "was such a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00122-00038431-00038695": "gift to the commission so i did have the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00123-00038696-00038918": "opportunity to thank him for the years i", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00124-00038919-00039079": "was able to work with him and his", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00125-00039080-00039367": "service i was also able to talk with", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00126-00039368-00039599": "bill rose and communicate with patti", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00127-00039600-00039943": "pacheco greg um just appreciating their", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00128-00039944-00040230": "our long long relationship together so", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00129-00040231-00040430": "happy to be back with you and working", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00130-00040431-00040687": "with our excellent staff", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00131-00040688-00040839": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00132-00040840-00041030": "uh any other comments any other", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00133-00041031-00041327": "commissioner reports", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00134-00041328-00041646": "uh commissioner carter", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00135-00041647-00041823": "yeah i just wanted to report that i did", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00136-00041824-00042087": "receive a uh an invitation from the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00137-00042088-00042246": "human resources department to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00138-00042247-00042439": "participate in an interview panel and i", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00139-00042440-00042679": "expect we'll hear more about that from", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00140-00042680-00042935": "staff during the department reports", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00141-00042936-00043151": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00142-00043152-00043271": "um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00143-00043272-00043343": "so", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00144-00043344-00043543": "then if there's no what nothing else", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00145-00043544-00043727": "from commissioners if we'll go ahead and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00146-00043728-00044102": "do uh department reports mr triple", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00147-00044103-00044479": "is that you today", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00148-00044480-00044671": "yes good afternoon two weeks", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00149-00044672-00044862": "that is me today", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00150-00044863-00045015": "members of the planning commission it's", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00151-00045016-00045223": "great to see you all and uh commissioner", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00152-00045224-00045439": "cisco welcome back it's uh great to have", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00153-00045440-00045558": "you back", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00154-00045559-00045823": "um we have a very uh just brief", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00155-00045824-00045999": "department report today", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00156-00046000-00046215": "first off thanks thanks so much for your", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00157-00046216-00046407": "willingness to to engage in our", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00158-00046408-00046686": "transition to hybrid meetings that un", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00159-00046687-00047046": "unfortunately has been put on pause um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00160-00047047-00047271": "the the reason for that is we did learn", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00161-00047272-00047551": "that uh if any member of the commission", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00162-00047552-00047807": "is participating from the chamber then", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00163-00047808-00047983": "we would need to notice a meeting as a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00164-00047984-00048151": "hybrid meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00165-00048152-00048383": "and allow the public to access the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00166-00048384-00048655": "chamber and participate in person", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00167-00048656-00048846": "so that for that reason we had to take a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00168-00048847-00049007": "step back in part because we hadn't", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00169-00049008-00049262": "noticed today's meetings as hybrid", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00170-00049263-00049543": "meetings but then also we need to review", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00171-00049544-00049807": "our capacity to staff", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00172-00049808-00049990": "in-person", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00173-00049991-00050167": "public meetings or hybrid meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00174-00050168-00050383": "formats where we might have people", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00175-00050384-00050583": "participating from the chamber we want", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00176-00050584-00050807": "to be sure that we can fully support", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00177-00050808-00050974": "those meetings so", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00178-00050975-00051238": "stay tuned we continue to work on those", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00179-00051239-00051423": "efforts to move to a hybrid meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00180-00051424-00051702": "format we're fully committed to it and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00181-00051703-00051902": "we look forward to having that", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00182-00051903-00052270": "opportunity for you in the near future", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00183-00052271-00052438": "also i wanted to note that erudite", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00184-00052439-00052847": "dispensary that 3059 coffee lane", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00185-00052848-00053054": "was an item that came before you on at", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00186-00053055-00053230": "the august 12th", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00187-00053232-00053487": "planning commission meeting and was", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00188-00053488-00053647": "continued at the request of the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00189-00053648-00053766": "applicant", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00190-00053767-00054103": "uh that meeting item was not agendized", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00191-00054104-00054366": "for today due to an error we failed to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00192-00054367-00054566": "transfer that meeting item to today's", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00193-00054567-00054871": "meeting agenda so we are um placing it", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00194-00054872-00055079": "on the september 23rd", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00195-00055079-00055311": "meeting agenda and uh it will be then", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00196-00055312-00055630": "reviewed um on that date", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00197-00055632-00055926": "uh also that meeting item will be", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00198-00055927-00056254": "re-noticed for the september 23rd uh", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00199-00056255-00056503": "public hearing", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00200-00056504-00056703": "and then that brings me to our next item", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00201-00056704-00056903": "which is our next meeting uh we will", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00202-00056904-00057166": "have agenda items for the september 23rd", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00203-00057167-00057399": "meeting so we will be having a second", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00204-00057400-00057647": "meeting in september", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00205-00057648-00057879": "commissioner carter i", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00206-00057879-00058215": "regarding your invitation to participate", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00207-00058216-00058294": "on", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00208-00058295-00058382": "a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00209-00058383-00058487": "interview", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00210-00058488-00058679": "committee", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00211-00058679-00058894": "i know that we do have a current", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00212-00058895-00059182": "recruitment for supervising planner that", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00213-00059183-00059382": "is active", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00214-00059383-00059582": "i don't have any more information on it", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00215-00059583-00059719": "than that", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00216-00059720-00059903": "but i assume that was the invitation", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00217-00059904-00060150": "that you received", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00218-00060151-00060247": "so", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00219-00060248-00060391": "and with that chair we'll turn it back", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00220-00060391-00060703": "to you thank you thank you mr triple", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00221-00060704-00060999": "um so we'll move on to item seven which", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00222-00061000-00061263": "is statement of abstentions uh any", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00223-00061264-00061526": "abstentions", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00224-00061527-00061679": "seeing none", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00225-00061679-00061919": "uh move on to item eight consent items", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00226-00061920-00062182": "which we have none and then um on to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00227-00062183-00062335": "item nine", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00228-00062336-00062559": "and nine point one our scheduled item", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00229-00062560-00062775": "this is old school cannabis conditional", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00230-00062776-00062999": "use permit at one hundred sebastopol", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00231-00063000-00063119": "road", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00232-00063120-00063406": "that's a secret example project cup", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00233-00063407-00063654": "21-027", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00234-00063655-00063975": "it is an ex parte item so we'll do", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00235-00063976-00064271": "exported disclosures uh commissioner", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00236-00064272-00064471": "carter", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00237-00064472-00064711": "i did", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00238-00064712-00064991": "i'm sorry okay i visited the site and uh", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00239-00064991-00065271": "i did meet with the applicant", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00240-00065272-00065382": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00241-00065383-00065575": "commissioner cisco", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00242-00065576-00065750": "visited the site", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00243-00065751-00066031": "thank you commissioner duggan", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00244-00066032-00066215": "i have to relearn my alphabet i forgot", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00245-00066216-00066519": "commissioners came before me", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00246-00066520-00066671": "i visited the site and i met with the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00247-00066672-00066823": "applicant and have no further", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00248-00066824-00066959": "information", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00249-00066960-00067175": "thank you commissioner krepke", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00250-00067176-00067319": "i spoke with a representative of the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00251-00067320-00067471": "applicant and have no other things to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00252-00067472-00067567": "disclose", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00253-00067568-00067799": "thank you and i also visited the site", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00254-00067800-00067991": "and have played telephone tag with the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00255-00067992-00068143": "applicant and nothing further to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00256-00068144-00068438": "disclose so with that i'd like to turn", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00257-00068439-00068711": "it over to staff i i understand we have", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00258-00068712-00068943": "a request for continuance and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00259-00068944-00069126": "uh", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00260-00069127-00069494": "miss two means will take us through that", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00261-00069495-00069638": "inky chair weeks are members of the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00262-00069639-00069855": "planning commission", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00263-00069856-00070047": "the item schedule tonight is old school", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00264-00070048-00070238": "cannabis it's a conditional use permit", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00265-00070239-00070319": "for", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00266-00070320-00070750": "a cannabis retail facility", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00267-00070751-00070926": "um there was a request", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00268-00070927-00071206": "made on september 8th", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00269-00071207-00071311": "to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00270-00071312-00071511": "have english a spanish translation", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00271-00071512-00071743": "service during the presentation of this", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00272-00071744-00071855": "project", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00273-00071856-00072191": "um at tonight's meeting um but", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00274-00072192-00072406": "uh to allow time to effectively respond", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00275-00072407-00072575": "to this request planning staff is", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00276-00072576-00072687": "requesting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00277-00072688-00072894": "that this item be continued to september", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00278-00072895-00073094": "23rd", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00279-00073095-00073206": "meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00280-00073207-00073462": "and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00281-00073463-00073615": "because it's being continued to a date", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00282-00073616-00073894": "certain um there would not uh", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00283-00073895-00073999": "it would not be required to be", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00284-00074000-00074199": "re-noticed", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00285-00074200-00074887": "um we also have um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00286-00074888-00075343": "we also have um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00287-00075344-00075623": "an ability for people to make comments", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00288-00075624-00075911": "um to submit comments to staff", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00289-00075912-00076087": "um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00290-00076088-00076287": "those comments would be um if they are", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00291-00076288-00076431": "in spanish they would be translated to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00292-00076432-00076535": "english", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00293-00076536-00076743": "prior to the planning commission meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00294-00076744-00077126": "so those would be available to you um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00295-00077127-00077615": "before the meeting on the 23rd", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00296-00077616-00077847": "and um questions and comments can be", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00297-00077848-00078126": "sent to me directly", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00298-00078127-00078375": "and we will translate them with help", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00299-00078376-00078511": "from", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00300-00078512-00078735": "spanish language experts", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00301-00078736-00078894": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00302-00078895-00079135": "um either miss two means or mr triple", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00303-00079136-00079279": "can you talk", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00304-00079280-00079455": "can you tell us how you're planning to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00305-00079456-00079638": "facilitate um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00306-00079639-00080023": "working with with participants who have", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00307-00080024-00080182": "limited english", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00308-00080183-00080575": "or are monolingual", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00309-00080576-00080926": "sure so um as as miss to means indicated", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00310-00080927-00081191": "this this was a late", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00311-00081192-00081375": "a relatively late request having", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00312-00081376-00081567": "received it yesterday and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00313-00081568-00081855": "we rarely as you know we really do", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00314-00081856-00082182": "um translations as part of our public", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00315-00082183-00082431": "meetings we get few requests and we", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00316-00082432-00082567": "haven't done one yet as part of a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00317-00082568-00082823": "virtual meeting so for that reason we", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00318-00082824-00083023": "are requesting the continuance of", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00319-00083024-00083231": "today's meeting item", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00320-00083232-00083511": "uh going forward what we will do with", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00321-00083512-00083775": "regard to this particular", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00322-00083776-00083935": "project is", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00323-00083936-00084111": "have the availability to provide", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00324-00084112-00084343": "comments in spanish", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00325-00084344-00084599": "and then we would we would have those", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00326-00084600-00084791": "translated by the translation service", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00327-00084792-00084975": "and then miss two means would provide", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00328-00084976-00085223": "them as late correspondence to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00329-00085224-00085447": "planning commission members", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00330-00085448-00085759": "additionally staff will be available", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00331-00085760-00086055": "to meet with community members uh the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00332-00086056-00086318": "request was brought forward by ms yvette", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00333-00086319-00086423": "minor", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00334-00086424-00086711": "and she regularly organizes meetings", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00335-00086712-00086950": "with community members so staff will be", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00336-00086951-00087199": "available to meet to participate in one", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00337-00087200-00087591": "of those meetings via zoom to explain to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00338-00087592-00087775": "other participants how they might submit", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00339-00087776-00088055": "comments as well as participate", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00340-00088056-00088287": "in the public hearing", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00341-00088288-00088550": "for which we're requesting continuance", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00342-00088551-00088871": "then we're also taking another step um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00343-00088872-00089167": "and that is to review how we can add", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00344-00089168-00089462": "uh language to our noticing", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00345-00089463-00089711": "that would advise on recipients of our", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00346-00089712-00089855": "notices that they do have the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00347-00089856-00090023": "opportunity to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00348-00090024-00090359": "request translation at a public meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00349-00090360-00090582": "and and give them that opportunity in", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00350-00090583-00090694": "advance", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00351-00090695-00090950": "so that we would have a few more days at", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00352-00090951-00091167": "least to be able to prepare for a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00353-00091168-00091462": "request for translation so", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00354-00091463-00091679": "we continue to work forward on that as", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00355-00091680-00091862": "as a side note", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00356-00091863-00092238": "we do have a neighborhood meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00357-00092239-00092438": "that will we will be offering as a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00358-00092439-00092743": "spanish language meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00359-00092744-00092918": "in response to a request for the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00360-00092919-00093191": "community so as the city you know moves", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00361-00093192-00093318": "forward with the open government", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00362-00093319-00093567": "ordinance as we recognize the needs of", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00363-00093568-00093815": "our community members in particular in", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00364-00093816-00094126": "in certain areas of of this city", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00365-00094127-00094311": "and this is a great example the rosalind", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00366-00094312-00094447": "community", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00367-00094448-00094687": "we do remain committed to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00368-00094688-00094935": "um expanding our ability to serve the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00369-00094936-00095118": "needs of all community members and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00370-00095119-00095431": "encourage participation through", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00371-00095432-00095638": "translated meetings and also to be able", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00372-00095639-00095759": "to receive", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00373-00095760-00095911": "comments and correspondence and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00374-00095912-00096167": "translate that as well", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00375-00096168-00096382": "that's great thank you very much", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00376-00096383-00096682": "uh so with that do i have a motion to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00377-00096683-00096999": "continue weeks we also have um beatrice", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00378-00097000-00097182": "available to translate", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00379-00097183-00097374": "um what i just", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00380-00097375-00097503": "presented", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00381-00097504-00097759": "if there are any spanish speaking", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00382-00097760-00097918": "spanish only speaking participants", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00383-00097919-00098343": "tonight", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00384-00098344-00098591": "so how do i know if there are any", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00385-00098592-00098759": "spanish-speaking", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00386-00098760-00099015": "attendance um or", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00387-00099016-00099303": "uh beatrice do you want to", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00388-00099304-00099487": "i think characters okay with you we'll", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00389-00099488-00099647": "just have beatrice run through the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00390-00099648-00099887": "slides in spanish great thank you that'd", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00391-00099888-00100182": "be great thank you very much", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00392-00100183-00100271": "for sure", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00393-00100272-00100926": "um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00394-00100927-00102262": "[Music]", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00395-00102263-00106620": "is", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00396-00106621-00109095": "[Music]", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00397-00109096-00110383": "a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00398-00110383-00110623": "thank you very much", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00399-00110624-00110943": "okay so with that um do we have a motion", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00400-00110944-00111183": "to continue this item yeah i'll make a", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00401-00111183-00111439": "motion to continue item 9.1 to a date", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00402-00111440-00111758": "certain of september 23rd 2021. thank", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00403-00111759-00112063": "you is there a second", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00404-00112064-00112166": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00405-00112167-00112431": "that was moved by commissioner kraftke", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00406-00112432-00112766": "seconded by commissioner cisco", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00407-00112767-00112990": "do we have any discussion", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00408-00112991-00113310": "by the commissioners on this", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00409-00113311-00113478": "okay seeing none", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00410-00113479-00113678": "mr maloney if you could go ahead and", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00411-00113679-00114158": "call roll", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00412-00114159-00116783": "yes one second cherry two okay", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00413-00116783-00117063": "thank you chair weeks sure", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00414-00117064-00117415": "commissioner carter", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00415-00117416-00117527": "hi", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00416-00117528-00117678": "commissioner cisco", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00417-00117679-00117758": "hi", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00418-00117759-00117975": "commissioner duggan", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00419-00117976-00118071": "aye", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00420-00118072-00118183": "commissioner holton is absent", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00421-00118183-00118351": "commissioner krepke", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00422-00118352-00118463": "hi", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00423-00118464-00118631": "vice chair peterson is absent naming", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00424-00118632-00118863": "chair weeks hi", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00425-00118864-00119183": "so with that uh it passes with five eyes", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00426-00119183-00119599": "um and also with that um", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00427-00119600-00119863": "unless there's anything else from staff", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00428-00119864-00120047": "um we'll go ahead and adjourn the", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00429-00120048-00120271": "meeting", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00430-00120272-00120375": "okay", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00431-00120376-00120463": "thank you", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00432-00120464-00120734": "great thanks so see you all on the 23rd", "e4qjCi9mXLM-00433-00120735-00121035": "bye"}}, {"audio_id": "e4Tmq1CxzQc", "text": {"e4Tmq1CxzQc-00000-00000063-00001399": "[Music]", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00001-00001400-00001805": "it is the busiest time of year and a lot", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00002-00001805-00001976": "of people's stress levels are up and", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00003-00001977-00002219": "when your stress is up oftentimes we", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00004-00002220-00002542": "make bad decisions or we get paralysis", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00005-00002543-00002858": "and don't do anything and so some bad", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00006-00002859-00003056": "decisions maybe overspending for the", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00007-00003057-00003379": "holidays or eating too much or eating", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00008-00003380-00003506": "things that you know you shouldn't be", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00009-00003507-00003811": "eating and then the paralysis can cause", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00010-00003812-00004061": "you to procrastinate and not get things", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00011-00004061-00004318": "done that you wanted to get done in a", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00012-00004319-00004481": "past episode we looked at another", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00013-00004482-00004721": "person's life who I saw so much in and", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00014-00004722-00004961": "on this episode I take a look at my life", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00015-00004962-00005231": "and what I can do to help reduce my", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00016-00005232-00005465": "stress level accomplish things that I've", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00017-00005466-00005852": "wanted to accomplish for 2017 and I hope", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00018-00005853-00006163": "this episode will help you have a less", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00019-00006164-00006532": "stressful holiday season and in 2017", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00020-00006533-00006743": "hitting the goals that you set out to", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00021-00006744-00006906": "accomplish", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00022-00006906-00007263": "[Music]", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00023-00007264-00007406": "[Applause]", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00024-00007408-00007816": "[Music]", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00025-00007817-00008278": "welcome to my world", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00026-00008279-00008699": "[Applause]", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00027-00008700-00012352": "[Music]", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00028-00012353-00012671": "so you probably can understand we're", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00029-00012672-00012921": "gonna relate to me and when I say I felt", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00030-00012922-00013365": "so overwhelmed it's like the holiday", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00031-00013366-00013794": "season is super busy and it's like it's", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00032-00013794-00014138": "the largest retail month of the year", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00033-00014140-00014603": "and I wouldn't say olden so it's my it's", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00034-00014604-00014766": "one of my biggest month and business", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00035-00014766-00014943": "sense doesn't we go the end of the month", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00036-00014944-00015233": "hustle going on we're going into", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00037-00015234-00015603": "December and there's a holiday events", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00038-00015604-00015806": "and shopping and family get-together and", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00039-00015807-00016113": "all these things to do on top of my", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00040-00016113-00016358": "brain going a million miles per minute", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00041-00016359-00016617": "it's like dude I've got to finish out by", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00042-00016618-00016911": "2017 goals like there's all these know", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00043-00016912-00017250": "why but there's a loop in right there's", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00044-00017251-00017522": "things that we have to get done or", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00045-00017523-00017778": "choose you don't want to get done and", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00046-00017779-00018222": "it's like how do you prioritize the", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00047-00018223-00018537": "importance what can wait till 2018 what", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00048-00018538-00019049": "can we do next week what can I hire out", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00049-00019050-00019425": "just sorting and sifting through all the", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00050-00019426-00019722": "stuff right and it's just like you're", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00051-00019723-00019821": "being pulled this way you're being", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00052-00019822-00019992": "pulled that way it's just like oh my", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00053-00019993-00020369": "gosh like that overwhelming feeling of", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00054-00020370-00020778": "no matter you know chaos I was it's it's", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00055-00020779-00021209": "pretty stressful I've actually talked", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00056-00021210-00021522": "about this before slowing down to speed", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00057-00021523-00021855": "up so my house is a disaster rate I", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00058-00021856-00022133": "still have I saw the unpack from my last", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00059-00022134-00022358": "trip and so with", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00060-00022359-00022814": "okay I need to spend a day slowing down", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00061-00022815-00023138": "I need to clean my house I need to make", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00062-00023139-00023450": "it a list of the things that I have to", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00063-00023451-00023639": "do then make a list of the things that", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00064-00023640-00023897": "really should be done for me to match my", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00065-00023898-00024215": "goal and just kind of prioritize so it's", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00066-00024216-00024533": "like slow down so then I can just speed", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00067-00024534-00024847": "up and end strong but my oh my gosh the", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00068-00024848-00025172": "countdowns on you know there's there", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00069-00025173-00025655": "reading is less than a year and I know", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00070-00025656-00025811": "I'm creating that stress and the", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00071-00025812-00026423": "pressure myself so is it even realistic", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00072-00026424-00026790": "I don't even know but I just know the I", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00073-00026791-00027410": "need this so I can speed up can you", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00074-00027411-00027602": "relate to that dude does that make sense", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00075-00027602-00028025": "I just feel like we've put so much", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00076-00028026-00028217": "pressure on ourselves this time of year", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00077-00028218-00028475": "so sure now the holiday time and people", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00078-00028476-00028673": "don't enjoy it and I want nothing more", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00079-00028674-00029231": "of my life and joy and Pam slow down", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00080-00029232-00029717": "speed up I'm Liz medley and I believe in", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00081-00029718-00029750": "you", "e4Tmq1CxzQc-00082-00029751-00030212": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e51X1JpxKuQ", "text": {"e51X1JpxKuQ-00000-00000039-00001123": "[Music]", "e51X1JpxKuQ-00001-00001124-00001514": "it's really happy together", "e51X1JpxKuQ-00002-00001515-00001617": "[Music]", "e51X1JpxKuQ-00003-00001618-00002522": "[Applause]", "e51X1JpxKuQ-00004-00002523-00002837": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e5yNZQCpox0", "text": {"e5yNZQCpox0-00000-00001279-00001645": "the question is that amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00001-00001646-00001913": "6071.2 in the name of Jenny go Ruth", "e5yNZQCpox0-00002-00001914-00002249": "which seeks to amend Motion 6071 in the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00003-00002250-00002429": "name of Graham Simpson on Scottish", "e5yNZQCpox0-00004-00002430-00002621": "government handling of Ferry contract to", "e5yNZQCpox0-00005-00002622-00002789": "be agreed and members should cast their", "e5yNZQCpox0-00006-00002790-00004141": "votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00007-00004142-00008249": "thank you", "e5yNZQCpox0-00008-00008250-00009473": "enough", "e5yNZQCpox0-00009-00009474-00009881": "the vault is closed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00010-00009882-00010451": "point of order Jenny girl Ruth", "e5yNZQCpox0-00011-00010452-00010727": "connect to and the voter the voting", "e5yNZQCpox0-00012-00010728-00011038": "platform and I were devoted yes", "e5yNZQCpox0-00013-00011039-00011206": "thank you we'll ensure that it's", "e5yNZQCpox0-00014-00011207-00011560": "recorded", "e5yNZQCpox0-00015-00011561-00011819": "point of order Michael Matheson", "e5yNZQCpox0-00016-00011820-00012059": "I was unable to connect to the platform", "e5yNZQCpox0-00017-00012060-00012305": "I too devoted yes", "e5yNZQCpox0-00018-00012306-00014557": "thank you we'll ensure that's recorded", "e5yNZQCpox0-00019-00014558-00014807": "the result of the vote on amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00020-00014808-00014958": "number", "e5yNZQCpox0-00021-00014959-00015263": "6071.2 in the name of Jenny gilruth is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00022-00015263-00015635": "yes 65 no 52 there were no abstentions", "e5yNZQCpox0-00023-00015636-00015886": "the amendment is therefore agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00024-00015887-00016216": "the next question is that Amendment 607", "e5yNZQCpox0-00025-00016218-00016511": "1.1 in the name of Neil Bibby which", "e5yNZQCpox0-00026-00016512-00016775": "seeks to amend Motion 6071 in the name", "e5yNZQCpox0-00027-00016776-00016949": "of Graham Simpson on Scottish government", "e5yNZQCpox0-00028-00016950-00017200": "handling of Ferry contracts be agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00029-00017201-00017455": "are we all agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00030-00017456-00017699": "the parliament is not agreed therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00031-00017700-00017867": "we'll move to vote and membership cast", "e5yNZQCpox0-00032-00017868-00022636": "their votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00033-00022637-00027017": "foreign", "e5yNZQCpox0-00034-00027018-00027208": "the result of the vote on a Management", "e5yNZQCpox0-00035-00027210-00027361": "number", "e5yNZQCpox0-00036-00027362-00027724": "6071.1 in the name of Neil Bibby is yes", "e5yNZQCpox0-00037-00027725-00028090": "23 no 93 there were no extensions the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00038-00028091-00028343": "amendment is therefore not agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00039-00028344-00028561": "and the next question is that", "e5yNZQCpox0-00040-00028562-00028811": "motion6071 in the name of Graham Simpson", "e5yNZQCpox0-00041-00028812-00029045": "as amended on Scottish government", "e5yNZQCpox0-00042-00029045-00029368": "handling a ferry contracts be agreed are", "e5yNZQCpox0-00043-00029369-00029614": "we all agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00044-00029616-00029777": "the parliament is not agreed therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00045-00029777-00029974": "we'll move to vote membership Caster", "e5yNZQCpox0-00046-00029975-00035951": "votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00047-00035952-00038927": "the vault is closed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00048-00038928-00039274": "the result of the vote on Motion 6071 in", "e5yNZQCpox0-00049-00039275-00039533": "the name of Graham Simpson as amended as", "e5yNZQCpox0-00050-00039534-00039893": "yes 64 No 53 there were no abstentions", "e5yNZQCpox0-00051-00039894-00040109": "the motion as amended is therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00052-00040110-00040252": "agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00053-00040253-00040433": "can I remind members that if the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00054-00040434-00040661": "amendment in the name of Hamza Yusuf is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00055-00040662-00040895": "agreed to the amendment in the name of", "e5yNZQCpox0-00056-00040896-00041117": "Jackie Bailey will fall", "e5yNZQCpox0-00057-00041118-00041395": "and the question is that amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00058-00041396-00041705": "6073.3 in the name of Hamza Yusuf which", "e5yNZQCpox0-00059-00041706-00042023": "seeks domain of motion 6073 in the name", "e5yNZQCpox0-00060-00042024-00042305": "of sandesh gulhani on addressing NHS", "e5yNZQCpox0-00061-00042306-00042599": "waiting times be agreed are we all", "e5yNZQCpox0-00062-00042600-00042929": "agreed the parliament is not agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00063-00042930-00043096": "therefore we'll move to vote a member", "e5yNZQCpox0-00064-00043097-00043852": "should cast their votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00065-00043853-00046973": "yes", "e5yNZQCpox0-00066-00046974-00048474": "a lot", "e5yNZQCpox0-00067-00048475-00050851": "the vault is closed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00068-00050852-00051118": "the result of the vote on amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00069-00051119-00051264": "number", "e5yNZQCpox0-00070-00051265-00051658": "6073.3 in the name of Hamza Yusuf is yes", "e5yNZQCpox0-00071-00051659-00052049": "65 nor 52 there were no abstentions the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00072-00052050-00052330": "amendment is therefore agreed therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00073-00052332-00052529": "the amendment in the name of Jackie", "e5yNZQCpox0-00074-00052529-00052859": "Bailey Falls and the next question is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00075-00052860-00053071": "the amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00076-00053072-00053350": "6073.2 in the name of Alex Cole Hamilton", "e5yNZQCpox0-00077-00053351-00053753": "which seeks to amend motion 6073 in the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00078-00053754-00053963": "name of sandesh golghani on addressing", "e5yNZQCpox0-00079-00053964-00054269": "any chess waiting times be agreed are we", "e5yNZQCpox0-00080-00054270-00054421": "all agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00081-00054422-00054671": "the parliament is not agreed therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00082-00054672-00054809": "it will move to a vote and members", "e5yNZQCpox0-00083-00054810-00060407": "should cast their votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00084-00060408-00060899": "what it is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00085-00060900-00061403": "the vault is closed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00086-00061404-00061637": "point of order Martin Whitfield", "e5yNZQCpox0-00087-00061638-00061853": "I'm very grateful presiding officer for", "e5yNZQCpox0-00088-00061854-00062032": "some surprise it would not connect I", "e5yNZQCpox0-00089-00062033-00062182": "would have voted yes to that Amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00090-00062183-00065392": "thank you we'll ensure that's recorded", "e5yNZQCpox0-00091-00065394-00066559": "foreign", "e5yNZQCpox0-00092-00066560-00066805": "amendment number", "e5yNZQCpox0-00093-00066806-00067073": "6073.2 in the name of Alex Cole Hamilton", "e5yNZQCpox0-00094-00067074-00067541": "is yes 51 no 65 there were no", "e5yNZQCpox0-00095-00067542-00067738": "abstentions the amendment is therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00096-00067739-00067931": "not agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00097-00067932-00068191": "the next question is that motion", "e5yNZQCpox0-00098-00068192-00068525": "6073 in the name of sandesh gulhani as", "e5yNZQCpox0-00099-00068526-00068782": "amended on addressing NHS waiting times", "e5yNZQCpox0-00100-00068783-00069173": "we agreed are we all agreed the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00101-00069174-00069347": "parliament is not agreed therefore will", "e5yNZQCpox0-00102-00069348-00069497": "move to vote members should cast the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00103-00069498-00073049": "votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00104-00073050-00075238": "questions", "e5yNZQCpox0-00105-00075239-00077075": "the vault is closed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00106-00077076-00077359": "the result of the Vault on motion", "e5yNZQCpox0-00107-00077360-00077717": "6073 in the name of sandesh gulhani as", "e5yNZQCpox0-00108-00077718-00078149": "amended as yes 65 no 52 there were no", "e5yNZQCpox0-00109-00078150-00078437": "abstentions the motion as amended is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00110-00078438-00078653": "therefore agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00111-00078654-00078832": "can I remind members that if the", "e5yNZQCpox0-00112-00078833-00079091": "amendment in the name of Stephen care is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00113-00079092-00079271": "agreed to the amendment in the name of", "e5yNZQCpox0-00114-00079272-00079535": "Michael Mara will fall and the next", "e5yNZQCpox0-00115-00079536-00079723": "question is that amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00116-00079724-00080044": "6102.3 in the name of Stephen Kerr which", "e5yNZQCpox0-00117-00080045-00080344": "seeks to amend motion 6102 in the name", "e5yNZQCpox0-00118-00080345-00080579": "of Shirley Ann Somerville on excellence", "e5yNZQCpox0-00119-00080580-00080921": "in Scottish education be agreed are we", "e5yNZQCpox0-00120-00080922-00081131": "all agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00121-00081132-00081317": "the parliament is not agreed therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00122-00081318-00081491": "it will move to vote membership catheter", "e5yNZQCpox0-00123-00081492-00082162": "votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00124-00082163-00085229": "necessary", "e5yNZQCpox0-00125-00085230-00088103": "foreign", "e5yNZQCpox0-00126-00088104-00090756": "foreign", "e5yNZQCpox0-00127-00090757-00090961": "number", "e5yNZQCpox0-00128-00090962-00091306": "6102.3 in the name of Stephen care is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00129-00091307-00091782": "yes 29 no 64. there were 23 abstentions", "e5yNZQCpox0-00130-00091783-00092231": "the amendment is therefore not agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00131-00092232-00092515": "the next question is that amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00132-00092516-00092818": "6102.1 in the name of Michael Mara which", "e5yNZQCpox0-00133-00092819-00093076": "seeks to amend motion 6102 in the name", "e5yNZQCpox0-00134-00093077-00093299": "of Shirley Ann Somerville on excellence", "e5yNZQCpox0-00135-00093300-00093605": "in Scottish education we agreed are we", "e5yNZQCpox0-00136-00093606-00093868": "all agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00137-00093869-00094061": "the parliament is not agreed therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00138-00094062-00094229": "will move to vote a membership cast", "e5yNZQCpox0-00139-00094230-00099467": "their votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00140-00099468-00102592": "the vault is closed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00141-00102593-00102803": "the result of the Vault on amendment", "e5yNZQCpox0-00142-00102804-00102930": "number", "e5yNZQCpox0-00143-00102931-00103240": "6102.1 in the name of Michael Mara is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00144-00103241-00103582": "yes 51 no 65 there were no extensions", "e5yNZQCpox0-00145-00103583-00103918": "the amendment is therefore not agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00146-00103919-00104303": "the next question is that motion 6102 in", "e5yNZQCpox0-00147-00104304-00104513": "the name of Shirley Ann Somerville on", "e5yNZQCpox0-00148-00104514-00104728": "excellence in Scottish education be", "e5yNZQCpox0-00149-00104729-00105107": "agreed are we all agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00150-00105108-00105281": "the parliament is not agreed therefore", "e5yNZQCpox0-00151-00105282-00105431": "we'll move to a vote members should cast", "e5yNZQCpox0-00152-00105432-00108997": "their votes now", "e5yNZQCpox0-00153-00108998-00111401": "thank you", "e5yNZQCpox0-00154-00111402-00111833": "the vault is closed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00155-00111833-00112078": "point of order Jenny go Ruth", "e5yNZQCpox0-00156-00112079-00112243": "connect again I would have voted yes", "e5yNZQCpox0-00157-00112244-00115223": "thank you we'll ensure that's recorded", "e5yNZQCpox0-00158-00115224-00115577": "the result of the Vault on motion 6102", "e5yNZQCpox0-00159-00115578-00115816": "in the name of Shirley Ann Somerville is", "e5yNZQCpox0-00160-00115817-00116171": "yes 65 no 50 there were no abstentions", "e5yNZQCpox0-00161-00116172-00116452": "the motion is therefore agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00162-00116453-00116704": "and I propose to ask a single question", "e5yNZQCpox0-00163-00116705-00116921": "on two parliamentary Bureau motions does", "e5yNZQCpox0-00164-00116922-00117160": "any member object", "e5yNZQCpox0-00165-00117161-00117347": "no member objects therefore the question", "e5yNZQCpox0-00166-00117348-00117815": "is that motion 6089 and 6090 on approval", "e5yNZQCpox0-00167-00117816-00118271": "of ssis be agreed are we all agreed", "e5yNZQCpox0-00168-00118272-00118493": "the Motions are therefore agreed that", "e5yNZQCpox0-00169-00118494-00118697": "concludes decision time and I close this", "e5yNZQCpox0-00170-00118698-00118922": "meeting"}}, {"audio_id": "e5_q0xnyCVg", "text": {"e5_q0xnyCVg-00000-00000050-00000466": "na JDR Nejd Arabic engine ounce NAT D is", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00001-00000467-00000676": "a geographical central region of Saudi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00002-00000677-00000894": "Arabia that alone accounts for almost a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00003-00000896-00001079": "third of the population of the country", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00004-00001080-00001374": "na JD consists of modern administrative", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00005-00001375-00001537": "regions of riad", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00006-00001538-00001970": "all Kasim and hile", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00007-00001971-00002462": "topic history", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00008-00002463-00003007": "topic pre-islamic era", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00009-00003008-00003322": "in pre-islamic times the region of na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00010-00003322-00003514": "was settled by many tribes like the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00011-00003515-00003940": "Kindles TA YY and many others led by us", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00012-00003940-00004225": "ma bin Louie the TA YY invaded the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00013-00004226-00004420": "mountains of Asia and Samra from banner", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00014-00004421-00004591": "to meme in northern Arabia in their", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00015-00004592-00004942": "exodus from Yemen in AD 115 these", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00016-00004943-00005103": "mountains are now known as Jabal Shammar", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00017-00005104-00005472": "the TA YY became nomadic camel herders", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00018-00005473-00005722": "and horse breeders in northern na JD for", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00019-00005723-00006049": "centuries in the fifth century AD the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00020-00006050-00006250": "tribes of North Arabia became a major", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00021-00006251-00006447": "threat to the trade line between Yemen", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00022-00006448-00006727": "and Syria the himi rights decided to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00023-00006728-00006921": "establish a vassal state that controlled", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00024-00006922-00007195": "Central and North Arabia the Kin dikes", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00025-00007195-00007384": "gained strength in numbers to play that", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00026-00007384-00007720": "role in an ad 425 the Hemi right King", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00027-00007720-00007948": "Hassan eben Amer Abin Tubba made who", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00028-00007948-00008184": "junior Akhil Almer are even armored the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00029-00008186-00008478": "first king who junior of kinda the kin", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00030-00008479-00008734": "dice established a kingdom in na JD in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00031-00008735-00008842": "central Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00032-00008843-00009042": "unlike the organized states of Yemen its", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00033-00009043-00009246": "kings exercised an influence over a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00034-00009247-00009448": "number of associated tribes more by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00035-00009449-00009646": "personal prestige than by coercive", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00036-00009647-00009913": "settled Authority their first capital", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00037-00009914-00010150": "was car yet Coquille today known as car", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00038-00010151-00010375": "yet Alfa the gas engines lock mids and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00039-00010376-00010585": "kin dates were all Kalani and Kotani", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00040-00010586-00010750": "vassal kingdoms appointed by the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00041-00010751-00010966": "Byzantines Persians and Hemi rights to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00042-00010967-00011131": "protect their borders and imperial", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00043-00011132-00011281": "interests from the raids of the then", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00044-00011282-00011485": "rising threat of the Adnani tribes in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00045-00011486-00011794": "the 5th and 6th centuries ad that kind--", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00046-00011795-00011956": "i'ts made the first real concerted", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00047-00011957-00012127": "effort to unite all the tribes of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00048-00012128-00012319": "central arabia through alliances and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00049-00012320-00012528": "focused on wars with the lachman's", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00050-00012529-00012706": "al-harithi been imir", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00051-00012707-00012916": "the most famous of their kings finally", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00052-00012916-00013089": "succeeded in capturing the LOC mid", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00053-00013090-00013269": "capital of al Huayra in southern", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00054-00013270-00013589": "modern-day iraq later however in about", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00055-00013590-00013888": "529 all Mundy recaptured the city and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00056-00013888-00014113": "put King Harry thin about 50 members of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00057-00014113-00014518": "his family to death in 525 the Aqsa", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00058-00014519-00014710": "meit's invaded him ire and this kind--", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00059-00014711-00014899": "i'ts had a knock-on effect with the kin", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00060-00014900-00015061": "dies who lost the support of the Hemi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00061-00015062-00015330": "rights within three years the kin dike", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00062-00015331-00015564": "kingdom had split into four groups assad", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00063-00015565-00015750": "tagged leave keys and canina", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00064-00015751-00016003": "each led by a prince of kinda these", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00065-00016004-00016165": "small principalities were then", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00066-00016166-00016393": "overthrown into five 30s and five four", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00067-00016394-00016624": "in a series of uprisings of the Adnani", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00068-00016625-00017041": "tribes of na JD and he is in 540 the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00069-00017042-00017209": "lachman's destroyed all the kin died", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00070-00017210-00017329": "settlements in nejd", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00071-00017330-00017500": "forcing the majority of them to move to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00072-00017501-00017752": "the Yemen the kin dykes and most of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00073-00017753-00017950": "Arab tribes switched their alliances to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00074-00017951-00018341": "the lachman's", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00075-00018342-00018795": "topic Mohamed's era", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00076-00018796-00019026": "during the Islamic prophet Muhammad", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00077-00019027-00019202": "Zahra Mohammed carried out military", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00078-00019203-00019503": "expeditions in the area the first was", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00079-00019504-00019722": "the Med Caravan raid against the Quraish", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00080-00019723-00020112": "which took place in 624 the meccans led", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00081-00020113-00020274": "by Safwan eben Amaya", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00082-00020275-00020457": "who lived on trade left in summer for", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00083-00020458-00020669": "Syria for their seasonal trade business", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00084-00020670-00020928": "after Muhammad received intelligence", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00085-00020929-00021111": "about the caravans route Mohammad", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00086-00021112-00021330": "ordered Zaid ibn Haritha to go after the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00087-00021331-00021537": "caravan and they successfully raided it", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00088-00021538-00021708": "and captured one hundred thousand", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00089-00021709-00021915": "dirhams worth of booty the invasion of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00090-00021916-00022224": "Nejd happened in Rabi ath Thani or Juma", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00091-00022225-00022626": "to Al Allah fora ie in October ad 625", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00092-00022627-00022833": "Muhammad LED his fighters to nege to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00093-00022834-00022992": "scare off some tribes he believed had", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00094-00022993-00023286": "suspicious intentions some scholars say", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00095-00023287-00023544": "the expedition of dhat al-raqqah took", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00096-00023545-00023751": "place in Nejd as part of this invasion", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00097-00023752-00023949": "the most authentic opinion according to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00098-00023950-00024213": "safer rahman al mubarak burry", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00099-00024214-00024558": "however is that dhat ar-raqqah campaign", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00100-00024559-00024774": "took place after the fall of Khaybar and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00101-00024775-00024969": "not as part of the invasion of Nejd", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00102-00024970-00025236": "this is supported by the fact that Abu", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00103-00025237-00025293": "Hurairah", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00104-00025294-00025515": "and abu musa al-ashari witnessed the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00105-00025516-00025833": "battle Abu Hurairah embraced Islam only", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00106-00025833-00026061": "some days before Khaybar and abu musa", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00107-00026062-00026270": "al-ashari came back from Abyssinia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00108-00026270-00026526": "ethiopia and joined Muhammad at Khaybar", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00109-00026527-00026793": "the rules relating to the prayer of fear", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00110-00026794-00026991": "which Muhammad observed at dhat", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00111-00026992-00027075": "ar-raqqah", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00112-00027076-00027261": "campaign were revealed at the aswan", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00113-00027262-00027458": "invasion and this scholars say took", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00114-00027460-00027666": "place after all conduct the Battle of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00115-00027667-00027908": "the trench the expedition of catan also", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00116-00027910-00028224": "took place in nejd vanu assad eben coos", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00117-00028225-00028443": "i'ma try not to be confused with the ban", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00118-00028444-00028620": "you Asad tribe where the residents of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00119-00028620-00028820": "khatyn in the vicinity of fade was a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00120-00028822-00028983": "powerful tribe connected with the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00121-00028983-00029238": "Quraish they resided near the hill of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00122-00029239-00029469": "cat and an edged Muhammad received", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00123-00029470-00029637": "intelligence reports that they were", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00124-00029638-00029877": "planning a raid on Medina so he", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00125-00029877-00030135": "dispatched a force of 150 men under the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00126-00030136-00030389": "leadership of Abu Salam aback quote Abid", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00127-00030391-00030614": "allah eben backquote abbot al-assad to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00128-00030616-00031083": "make a sudden attack on this tribe", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00129-00031083-00031555": "topic after Mohammed", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00130-00031556-00032029": "topic Riddle Wars", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00131-00032030-00032265": "after Mohammed's death previously", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00132-00032266-00032436": "dormant tensions between the Meccan", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00133-00032437-00032649": "immigrants the muhajirun and the medinan", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00134-00032650-00032830": "converts the ants are threatened to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00135-00032831-00033049": "break out and split the Ummah other", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00136-00033050-00033271": "Arabic tribes also wish to revert to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00137-00033272-00033468": "local leadership and split from Medina's", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00138-00033469-00033771": "control in some places people claiming", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00139-00033772-00033907": "prophethood started to establish", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00140-00033908-00034252": "leadership Stu opposed Medina eg al", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00141-00034253-00034546": "Aswad al ANSI and muscle EEMA all of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00142-00034547-00034711": "which are events that led to splitting", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00143-00034712-00034962": "the Muslim community the ants are the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00144-00034963-00035190": "leaders of the tribes of Medina met in a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00145-00035191-00035377": "hall or house called sac Aoife to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00146-00035378-00035536": "discuss whom they would support as their", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00147-00035537-00035830": "new leader when abu bakr was informed of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00148-00035831-00036043": "the meeting he Omar Abu Ubaidah ibn", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00149-00036044-00036261": "al-jarrah and a few others rushed to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00150-00036262-00036420": "prevent the Ansar from making a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00151-00036421-00036670": "premature decision during the meeting", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00152-00036671-00036889": "Umar declared that Abu Bakr should be", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00153-00036890-00037033": "the new leader and declared his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00154-00037034-00037267": "allegiance to Abu Bakr followed by Abu", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00155-00037268-00037507": "Ubaidah ibn al-jarrah and thus Abu Bakr", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00156-00037508-00037870": "became the first Muslim caliph apostasy", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00157-00037871-00038080": "and rebellion in central Arabia was led", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00158-00038081-00038236": "by the muscle Ummah in the Fertile", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00159-00038237-00038445": "region of Yamamah he was mainly", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00160-00038446-00038629": "supported by the powerful tribe of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00161-00038630-00038839": "Bandar hanifa at boos akka in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00162-00038840-00039073": "north-central Arabia another prophet -", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00163-00039074-00039333": "leha a tribal chief of Bani Assad led", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00164-00039334-00039523": "the rebellion against Medina aided by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00165-00039524-00039736": "the allied tribes of Banu got fan the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00166-00039737-00040149": "hawazin and the TA y y @n a JD Malik", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00167-00040150-00040348": "even new era led the tribes of bandeau", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00168-00040349-00040558": "Tamim against the authority of medina on", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00169-00040559-00040746": "receiving intelligence of the muslims", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00170-00040747-00040980": "preparations to layha - prepared for a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00171-00040981-00041179": "battle and was further reinforced by the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00172-00041180-00041470": "contingents of the allied tribes before", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00173-00041471-00041698": "launching Khalid against - layha Abu", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00174-00041699-00041911": "Bakr sought ways and means of reducing", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00175-00041912-00042082": "the latter's strength so that the battle", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00176-00042083-00042211": "could be fought with the maximum", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00177-00042212-00042468": "prospects of victory nothing could be", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00178-00042469-00042685": "done about the tribes of Bani Assad and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00179-00042686-00042861": "bannerghatta fan which stood solidly", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00180-00042862-00042996": "behind - layha", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00181-00042997-00043201": "but the TA why why were not so staunch", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00182-00043202-00043374": "in their support of - layha and their", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00183-00043375-00043632": "chief Adi even Hatem was a devout Muslim", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00184-00043633-00043924": "Adi was appointed by Abu Bakr to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00185-00043925-00044095": "negotiate with the tribal elders to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00186-00044096-00044280": "withdraw their contingent from - Leia's", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00187-00044281-00044599": "army the negotiations were a success and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00188-00044600-00044721": "Adi brought with him five hundred", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00189-00044722-00044929": "horsemen of his tribe to reinforce", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00190-00044930-00045060": "co-leads army", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00191-00045061-00045292": "Khalid next marched against another", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00192-00045293-00045439": "apostate tribe Jai", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00193-00045440-00045694": "here again odd-even Hatem offered his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00194-00045695-00045898": "services to persuade the tribe to submit", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00195-00045899-00045982": "without bloodshed", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00196-00045983-00046291": "bonny J Dilla submitted and their 1000", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00197-00046292-00046600": "warriors joined co-leads army call it", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00198-00046601-00046786": "now much stronger than when he had left", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00199-00046787-00047086": "zoo Kisa marched for boo zakah there in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00200-00047087-00047422": "mid-september 632 he defeated two layha", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00201-00047423-00047683": "in the Battle of boos akka the remaining", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00202-00047684-00047890": "army of two layha retreated to gomorrah", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00203-00047891-00048085": "20 miles from boos akka and were", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00204-00048086-00048268": "defeated in the battle of gomorrah in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00205-00048269-00048517": "the third week of september several", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00206-00048518-00048700": "tribes submitted to the caliph after", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00207-00048701-00048958": "co-leads decisive victories moving south", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00208-00048959-00049174": "from boos akka khalid reached naca in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00209-00049175-00049426": "october with an army now 6,000 strong", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00210-00049427-00049618": "and defeated the rebel tribe of Banu", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00211-00049619-00049873": "Saleem in the Battle of naca in the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00212-00049874-00050098": "third week of October Khaled defeated a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00213-00050099-00050314": "tribal mistress Salma in the Battle of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00214-00050315-00050617": "Zafar afterwards he moved to na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00215-00050618-00050836": "against the rebel tribe of Bandar Tamim", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00216-00050837-00051127": "and their Sheikh Malik of a new era at", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00217-00051128-00051361": "na JD getting the news of co-leads", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00218-00051362-00051595": "decisive victories against apostates in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00219-00051596-00051808": "musica many clans of band knew Tamim", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00220-00051809-00051998": "hastened to visit Khalid but the banner", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00221-00051999-00052225": "yaar Bou a branch of Bani to meme under", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00222-00052226-00052479": "their chief Malik of a new era hung back", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00223-00052480-00052750": "Malik was a chief of some distinction a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00224-00052751-00052991": "warrior noted for his generosity and a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00225-00052991-00053299": "famous poet bravery generosity and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00226-00053300-00053498": "poetry were the three qualities most", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00227-00053499-00053798": "admired among the Arabs at the time of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00228-00053799-00054001": "Muhammad he had been appointed as a tax", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00229-00054002-00054187": "collector for the tribe of Bandar Tamim", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00230-00054188-00054442": "as soon as Malik heard of the death of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00231-00054443-00054653": "Muhammad he gave back all the tax to his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00232-00054654-00054868": "tribes people saying now you are the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00233-00054869-00055138": "owner of your wealth moreover he was to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00234-00055139-00055306": "be charged because he signed a pact with", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00235-00055307-00055606": "the prophets a ja this agreement stated", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00236-00055607-00055744": "that first they would deal with local", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00237-00055745-00055942": "enemy tribes together and then they", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00238-00055943-00056119": "would confront the state of Medina his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00239-00056120-00056321": "riders were stopped by co-leads army at", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00240-00056322-00056561": "the town of butta Khalid asked them", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00241-00056562-00056741": "about the signing of packed with Sajjad", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00242-00056741-00056899": "they said it was just because they", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00243-00056900-00057055": "wanted revenge against their terrible", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00244-00057056-00057307": "enemies when Khalid reached an age ad he", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00245-00057308-00057562": "found no opposing army he sent his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00246-00057563-00057775": "cavalry to nearby villages and ordered", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00247-00057776-00057949": "them to call the azan call for prayers", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00248-00057950-00058274": "to each party they meet zero been as war", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00249-00058275-00058507": "a Squadron Leader arrested the family of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00250-00058508-00058687": "Malik claiming they did not answer the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00251-00058688-00058823": "call to prayer", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00252-00058824-00059029": "malik avoided direct contact with", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00253-00059030-00059230": "co-leads army and ordered his followers", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00254-00059231-00059380": "to scatter and he and his family", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00255-00059381-00059597": "apparently moved away across the desert", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00256-00059598-00059836": "he refused to give zakat hence", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00257-00059837-00060085": "differentiating between prayer and zakat", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00258-00060086-00060335": "nevertheless malik was accused of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00259-00060336-00060538": "rebellion against the state of Medina he", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00260-00060539-00060728": "was also to be charged for his entering", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00261-00060729-00060913": "in an anti caliphate alliance with the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00262-00060914-00061210": "prophetess Suja Malik was arrested along", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00263-00061211-00061411": "with his clan men Malik was asked by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00264-00061412-00061703": "Khalid about his crimes Malik's response", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00265-00061704-00061975": "was your master said this your master", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00266-00061976-00062309": "said that referring to Abu Bakr khalid", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00267-00062310-00062512": "declared Malika rebel apostate and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00268-00062513-00062771": "ordered his execution Khalid bin Walid", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00269-00062772-00063110": "killed Malik ebin new era it krema ibin", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00270-00063111-00063335": "ABI ja one of the corps commanders was", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00271-00063336-00063526": "instructed to make contact with masa", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00272-00063527-00063625": "Lima at you mama", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00273-00063626-00063791": "but not to engage in fighting until", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00274-00063791-00064087": "college joined him abu bakr's intention", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00275-00064088-00064249": "in giving a cream of this mission was to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00276-00064250-00064513": "thymus a lima down at you mama with a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00277-00064514-00064726": "crema on the horizon masae lima would", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00278-00064727-00064951": "remain in expectation of a Muslim attack", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00279-00064952-00065136": "and thus not be able to leave his base", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00280-00065137-00065423": "with masa Leamas so committed khalid", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00281-00065424-00065597": "would be free to deal with the apostate", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00282-00065598-00065791": "tribes of north central arabia without", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00283-00065792-00065965": "interference from you mama", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00284-00065966-00066268": "meanwhile abu bakr sent sure apples core", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00285-00066269-00066460": "to reinforce it krama at you mama", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00286-00066461-00066736": "however it crema attacked ma salem his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00287-00066737-00067040": "forces in early September 632 and was", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00288-00067041-00067285": "defeated he wrote the details of his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00289-00067286-00067535": "actions to Abu Bakr who both pained and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00290-00067536-00067711": "angered by the rashness of a crema and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00291-00067712-00067910": "his disobedience ordered him to proceed", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00292-00067911-00068113": "with his force to Oman to assist who", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00293-00068114-00068309": "Dafa once who'd Ava had completed his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00294-00068310-00068534": "task to march to Marah to help our faha", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00295-00068535-00068704": "and thereafter go to Yemen to help", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00296-00068705-00068950": "Muhajir meanwhile abu bakr sent orders", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00297-00068951-00069178": "to call it to march against muscle ummah", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00298-00069179-00069424": "Shirelles core that was stationed at yo", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00299-00069425-00069667": "mama was to reinforce Khalid score in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00300-00069668-00069931": "addition to this Abu Bakr assembled a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00301-00069932-00070153": "fresh army of ants our and muhajirun in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00302-00070154-00070378": "Medina that joint Khalid score at buta", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00303-00070379-00070669": "from buta Khalid marched to you mama to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00304-00070670-00070951": "join with sure apples core though Abu", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00305-00070952-00071159": "Bakr had instructed sharable not to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00306-00071160-00071360": "engage mus a Leamas forces until the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00307-00071361-00071554": "arrival of Khalid shortly before the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00308-00071555-00071791": "arrival of Khalid sharable engaged Musa", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00309-00071792-00072100": "Leamas forces and was defeated to Khalid", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00310-00072101-00072210": "joined with the core of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00311-00072211-00072585": "rabble early in December 632 the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00312-00072586-00072861": "combined force of Muslims now 13,000", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00313-00072862-00073086": "strong defeated masse Leamas Army in the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00314-00073087-00073242": "Battle of yo mama which was fought in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00315-00073243-00073515": "the third week of December the fortified", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00316-00073516-00073617": "city of Yamamah", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00317-00073618-00073797": "surrendered peacefully later that week", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00318-00073798-00073992": "collied established his headquarters at", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00319-00073993-00074049": "you mama", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00320-00074050-00074225": "from where he dispatched columns to all", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00321-00074226-00074430": "over the plain of Aqaba to subdue the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00322-00074431-00074610": "region around you mama and to kill or", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00323-00074611-00074882": "capture all who resisted thereafter all", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00324-00074883-00075125": "of central arabia submitted to medina", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00325-00075126-00075369": "what remained of the apostasy in the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00326-00075370-00075600": "less vital areas of Arabia was routed", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00327-00075601-00075765": "out by the Muslims in a series of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00328-00075766-00075948": "well-planned campaigns within five", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00329-00075949-00076239": "months", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00330-00076240-00076521": "topic after riddle Wars until 10th", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00331-00076522-00076863": "century", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00332-00076864-00077134": "Muhammad's followers rapidly expanded", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00333-00077135-00077337": "the territory under Muslim rule beyond", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00334-00077338-00077538": "Arabia conquering huge swaths of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00335-00077539-00077763": "territory from the Iberian Peninsula in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00336-00077764-00077994": "West to modern-day Pakistan and east in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00337-00077995-00078310": "a matter of decades in so doing Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00338-00078311-00078501": "soon became a politically peripheral", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00339-00078502-00078703": "region of the Muslim world as the focus", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00340-00078704-00078871": "shifted to the more developed conquered", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00341-00078872-00079161": "lands from the 10th century to the early", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00342-00079162-00079407": "20th century Mecca and Medina were under", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00343-00079408-00079615": "the control of a local Arab ruler known", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00344-00079616-00079812": "as the Sharif of Mecca but at most times", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00345-00079813-00080029": "the Shareef Odeh legions to the ruler of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00346-00080030-00080244": "one of the major Islamic empires based", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00347-00080245-00080586": "in Baghdad Cairo or Istanbul most of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00348-00080587-00080785": "remainder of what became Saudi Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00349-00080786-00081311": "reverted to traditional tribal rule", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00350-00081312-00081518": "topic sixteenth-century to the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00351-00081519-00081963": "unification of Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00352-00081964-00082248": "in the 16th century the Ottomans added", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00353-00082249-00082449": "the Red Sea and Persian Gulf Coast the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00354-00082450-00082785": "Hejaz asir and al ahsa to the empire and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00355-00082786-00083065": "claimed suzerainty over the interior one", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00356-00083066-00083278": "reason was to thwart Portuguese attempts", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00357-00083279-00083404": "to attack the Red Sea", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00358-00083405-00083610": "hence the Hejaz and the Indian Ocean", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00359-00083611-00083844": "Ottoman degree of control over these", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00360-00083845-00084018": "lands varied over the next four", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00361-00084019-00084213": "centuries with the fluctuating strength", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00362-00084214-00084393": "or weakness of the Empire's central", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00363-00084394-00084648": "authority the emergence of what was to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00364-00084649-00084843": "become the Saudi royal family known as", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00365-00084844-00085084": "the Al Saud began in Nejd in central", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00366-00085085-00085425": "Arabia in 1744 when Muhammad bin Saud", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00367-00085426-00085605": "founder of the dynasty joined forces", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00368-00085606-00085810": "with the religious leader Mohammed II", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00369-00085811-00086047": "banaba dal Wahab founder of the Wahhabi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00370-00086048-00086266": "movement the strict puritanical form of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00371-00086267-00086544": "Sunni Islam this alliance formed in the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00372-00086545-00086760": "18th century provided the ideological", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00373-00086761-00086998": "impetus to Saudi expansion and remains", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00374-00086999-00087223": "the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00375-00087224-00087666": "today the first Saudi state established", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00376-00087667-00087936": "in 1744 in the area around Riyadh", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00377-00087937-00088179": "rapidly expanded and briefly controlled", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00378-00088180-00088372": "most of the present-day territory of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00379-00088373-00088654": "Saudi Arabia but was destroyed by 1818", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00380-00088655-00088836": "by the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00381-00088837-00089166": "Muhammad Ali Pasha a much smaller second", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00382-00089167-00089505": "Saudi state located mainly in Nejd was", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00383-00089506-00089854": "established in 1824 by Turkey throughout", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00384-00089855-00090040": "the rest of the 19th century", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00385-00090041-00090235": "the Al Saud contested control of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00386-00090236-00090415": "interior of what was to become Saudi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00387-00090416-00090616": "Arabia with another Arabian ruling", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00388-00090617-00090985": "family the Al Rashid by 1891 the al", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00389-00090986-00091191": "Rasheed were victorious and the Al Saud", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00390-00091192-00091413": "were driven into exile in Kuwait at the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00391-00091414-00091603": "beginning of the 20th century the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00392-00091604-00091812": "Ottoman Empire continued to control or", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00393-00091813-00091974": "have a suzerainty over most of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00394-00091975-00092215": "peninsula subject to this suzerainty", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00395-00092216-00092440": "Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00396-00092441-00092611": "tribal rulers with the sharif of mecca", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00397-00092612-00092826": "having preeminence and ruling the Hejaz", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00398-00092827-00093263": "in 1902 abdul rahman's son abdul aziz", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00399-00093264-00093503": "later to be known as even Saud", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00400-00093504-00093738": "recaptured control of Riyadh bringing", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00401-00093739-00094017": "the Al Saud back to Nejd even Saud", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00402-00094018-00094179": "gained the support of the Ikhwan a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00403-00094180-00094419": "tribal army inspired by Wahhabism and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00404-00094420-00094569": "which had grown quickly after its", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00405-00094570-00094866": "foundation in 1912 with the aid of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00406-00094867-00095148": "Ikhwan even Saud captured al ahsa from", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00407-00095149-00095380": "the Ottomans in 1913", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00408-00095381-00095650": "in 1916 with the encouragement and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00409-00095651-00095821": "support of Britain which was fighting", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00410-00095822-00096031": "the Ottomans in World War one the Sharif", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00411-00096032-00096289": "of Mecca Hussein bin Ali led a pan-arab", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00412-00096290-00096466": "revolt against the Ottoman Empire to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00413-00096467-00096757": "create a United Arab state although the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00414-00096758-00097099": "Arab revolt of 1916 to 1918 failed in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00415-00097100-00097285": "its objective the Allied victory in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00416-00097286-00097482": "World War one resulted in the end of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00417-00097483-00097705": "Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00418-00097706-00097915": "it been Saud avoided involvement in the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00419-00097916-00098113": "Arab revolt and instead continued his", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00420-00098114-00098356": "struggle with the Al Rashid following", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00421-00098357-00098542": "the latter's final defeat he took the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00422-00098543-00098884": "title Sultan of Nejd in 1921 with the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00423-00098885-00099055": "help of the Ikhwan the Hejaz was", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00424-00099056-00099351": "conquered in 1920 for 25 and on the 10th", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00425-00099352-00099655": "of January 1926 ib'n Saud declared", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00426-00099656-00099937": "himself king of the Hejaz a year later", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00427-00099938-00100144": "he added the title of king of Nejd", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00428-00100145-00100417": "for the next five years he administered", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00429-00100418-00100600": "the two parts of his dual kingdom as", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00430-00100601-00100810": "separate units after the conquest of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00431-00100811-00101038": "Hejaz the Ikhwan leadership's objectives", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00432-00101039-00101215": "switched to expansion of the Wahhabi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00433-00101216-00101404": "Estrela into the British protectorates", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00434-00101405-00101644": "of Transjordan Iraq and Kuwait and began", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00435-00101645-00101911": "raiding those territories this met with", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00436-00101912-00102124": "urban sounds opposition as he recognized", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00437-00102125-00102325": "the danger of a direct conflict with the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00438-00102326-00102589": "British at the same time the Ikhwan", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00439-00102590-00102772": "became disenchanted with urban sods", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00440-00102773-00102960": "domestic policies which appeared to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00441-00102961-00103165": "favor modernization and the increase in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00442-00103166-00103351": "the number of non-muslim foreigners in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00443-00103352-00103603": "the country as a result they turned", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00444-00103604-00103809": "against urban sound and after a two-year", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00445-00103810-00104041": "struggle were defeated in 1930 at the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00446-00104042-00104208": "Battle of Subbiah where their leaders", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00447-00104209-00104544": "were massacred in 1932 the two kingdoms", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00448-00104545-00104773": "of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00449-00104774-00105210": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00450-00105211-00105736": "topic geography", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00451-00105738-00106221": "topic boundaries", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00452-00106222-00106511": "the Arabic word na JD literally means", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00453-00106513-00106794": "upland and was once applied to a variety", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00454-00106795-00107051": "of regions within the Arabian Peninsula", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00455-00107052-00107309": "however the most famous of these was the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00456-00107310-00107526": "central region of the peninsula roughly", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00457-00107527-00107700": "bounded on the west by the mountains of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00458-00107701-00107879": "the Hejaz in Yemen and to the east by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00459-00107880-00108072": "the historical region of Eastern Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00460-00108073-00108423": "in the north by Iraq and Syria medieval", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00461-00108424-00108608": "Muslim geographers spent a great amount", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00462-00108609-00108839": "of time debating the exact boundaries", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00463-00108840-00109115": "between Hejaz and na JD in particular", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00464-00109116-00109323": "but generally set the Western boundaries", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00465-00109324-00109569": "of Na JD to be wherever the Western", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00466-00109570-00109788": "mountain ranges and Lava Beds began to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00467-00109789-00109979": "slope eastwards and set the eastern", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00468-00109980-00110234": "boundaries of na JD the narrow strip of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00469-00110235-00110435": "red sand dunes known as the ad donna", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00470-00110436-00110777": "desert some 100 kilometres 62 miles east", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00471-00110778-00111057": "of modern-day react the southern border", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00472-00111058-00111297": "of Na JD has always been set at the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00473-00111298-00111489": "large sea of sand dunes known today as", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00474-00111490-00111747": "rub al-khali The Empty Quarter while the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00475-00111748-00111927": "southwestern boundaries are marked by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00476-00111928-00112133": "the valleys of Wadi Rania Wadi beitia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00477-00112134-00112419": "and Wadi tatha light the northern", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00478-00112420-00112656": "boundaries of Na JD have fluctuated", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00479-00112657-00112872": "greatly historically and received far", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00480-00112873-00113013": "less attention from the medieval", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00481-00113014-00113247": "geographers in the early Islamic", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00482-00113248-00113574": "centuries na JD was considered to extend", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00483-00113575-00113769": "as far north as the river Euphrates or", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00484-00113770-00114071": "more specifically the walls of khosrau", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00485-00114072-00114324": "constructed by the sassanid empire as a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00486-00114325-00114491": "barrier between Arabia and Iraq", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00487-00114492-00114738": "immediately prior to the advent of Islam", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00488-00114739-00114996": "the modern usage of the term encompasses", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00489-00114997-00115224": "the region of AL Yamamah which was not", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00490-00115225-00115422": "always considered part of Na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00491-00115423-00115790": "historically", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00492-00115791-00116295": "topic topography", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00493-00116296-00116643": "na JD as its name suggests is a plateau", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00494-00116644-00117266": "ranging from 762 to 1525 meters 2,500 to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00495-00117267-00117501": "5,000 3 feet in height and sloping", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00496-00117502-00117776": "downwards from west to east the eastern", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00497-00117777-00117996": "sections historically better known as al", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00498-00117997-00118211": "yo mama are marked by oasis settlements", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00499-00118213-00118364": "with lots of farming and trading", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00500-00118365-00118511": "activities while the rest has", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00501-00118513-00118722": "traditionally been sparsely occupied by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00502-00118723-00119013": "nomadic Bedouin the main topographical", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00503-00119014-00119196": "features include the twin mountains of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00504-00119197-00119408": "Asia and Salma in the north near hile", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00505-00119409-00119633": "the highland of Jabal Shammar and the -", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00506-00119634-00119793": "ike mountain range running through its", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00507-00119794-00120029": "centre from north to south also", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00508-00120030-00120236": "important are the various dry riverbeds", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00509-00120238-00120525": "bodies such as wadi Hanifah nuri at wadi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00510-00120526-00120771": "nyam in the south wadi al rumah in the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00511-00120772-00120945": "all Kaseem province in the north and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00512-00120946-00121146": "Wadi ad Dawa Sur at the southernmost tip", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00513-00121147-00121482": "of Na JD on the border with Nazrin most", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00514-00121483-00121674": "Naji villages and settlements are", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00515-00121675-00121863": "located along these WOD ease due to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00516-00121864-00122033": "ability of these wadi x' to preserve", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00517-00122034-00122226": "precious rainwater in the arid desert", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00518-00122227-00122402": "climate while others are located near", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00519-00122403-00122796": "oases historically na JD itself has been", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00520-00122797-00123021": "divided into small provinces made up of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00521-00123022-00123222": "constellations of small towns villages", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00522-00123223-00123413": "and settlements with each one usually", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00523-00123414-00123701": "centered on one capital these", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00524-00123702-00123908": "subdivisions are still recognized by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00525-00123909-00124158": "Nazis today as each province retains its", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00526-00124158-00124376": "own variation of the Nazi dialect and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00527-00124377-00124647": "najdi customs the most prominent among", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00528-00124648-00124916": "these provinces are lar idh which", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00529-00124917-00125126": "includes riad and the historical Saudi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00530-00125127-00125360": "capital of diría all Kasim with its", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00531-00125361-00125595": "capital in Bharata Sood air centred on", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00532-00125596-00125810": "al magma all wash them centered on", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00533-00125811-00126011": "chakra and Jebel Shammar with its", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00534-00126013-00126300": "capital hi-oh under modern-day Saudi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00535-00126301-00126594": "Arabia however na JD is divided into", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00536-00126595-00126822": "three administrative regions hile all", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00537-00126823-00127074": "Kasim and react comprising a combined", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00538-00127075-00127406": "area of 554 thousand square kilometres", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00539-00127407-00127996": "214 thousand square miles", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00540-00127997-00128623": "topic major towns Riyadh is the largest", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00541-00128624-00128881": "city in na JD as well as the largest", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00542-00128882-00129079": "city in the country as a whole with a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00543-00129080-00129265": "population of more than five million", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00544-00129266-00129529": "seven hundred thousand in 2010 and five", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00545-00129530-00129708": "million eight thousand one hundred and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00546-00129709-00129909": "twenty sixteen other cities include", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00547-00129910-00130407": "beretta five hundred 5845 in 2005 an ASA", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00548-00130408-00130926": "138 thousand 351 in 2005 and our Rass", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00549-00130927-00131362": "116,000 164 in 2005 smaller towns and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00550-00131363-00131587": "villages include soo dare all charged", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00551-00131588-00131731": "Awad me a fief", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00552-00131732-00132076": "Al's Elfi all magma chakra armadas derma", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00553-00132077-00132373": "al guiya al harry potter bonnie Tamim", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00554-00132374-00132646": "laila as sue Leila and Wadi ad Dawa sir", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00555-00132647-00133240": "the southernmost settlement in na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00556-00133241-00133703": "topic population", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00557-00133704-00134271": "topic social and ethnic groups", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00558-00134272-00134481": "prior to the formation of the modern", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00559-00134482-00134700": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia the native", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00560-00134701-00134898": "population arabian tribes who were", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00561-00134899-00135111": "either nomads Bedouins or sedentary", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00562-00135112-00135369": "farmers and merchants the rest of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00563-00135370-00135606": "population consisted mainly of Arabs who", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00564-00135607-00135783": "were for various reasons unaffiliated", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00565-00135784-00136008": "with any tribes and who mostly lived in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00566-00136009-00136257": "the towns and villages of Na JD working", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00567-00136258-00136461": "in various trades such as carpentry or", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00568-00136462-00136755": "asana craftsmen there was also a small", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00569-00136756-00136956": "segment of the population made up of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00570-00136957-00137142": "african as well as some east and south", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00571-00137143-00137475": "eastern european slaves or freedmen most", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00572-00137476-00137661": "of the Naji tribes are of a denied", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00573-00137662-00137895": "origin and emigrated from t hama and he", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00574-00137896-00138210": "is 2n a JD in ancient times the most", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00575-00138211-00138411": "famous Naji tribes in the pre-islamic", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00576-00138412-00138687": "era were band hanifa who occupied the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00577-00138688-00138930": "area around modern-day Riyadh vanu Tamim", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00578-00138931-00139146": "who occupied areas further north the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00579-00139147-00139326": "tribe of ban you abb's who were centered", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00580-00139327-00139548": "in alka seemed the tribe of TA YY", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00581-00139549-00139758": "centered on modern-day hile and the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00582-00139759-00140034": "tribe of banu ameer in southern NH ad in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00583-00140035-00140328": "the 15th through 18th centuries there", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00584-00140329-00140532": "was considerable tribal influx from the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00585-00140533-00140736": "west increasing both the nomadic and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00586-00140737-00140925": "settled population of the area and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00587-00140926-00141123": "providing fertile soil for the Wahhabi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00588-00141124-00141423": "movement by the 20th century many of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00589-00141424-00141591": "ancient tribes had morphed into new", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00590-00141592-00141798": "Confederations or emigrated from other", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00591-00141799-00142017": "areas of the Middle East and many tribes", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00592-00142018-00142209": "from other regions of the peninsula had", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00593-00142210-00142545": "moved into na JD however the largest", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00594-00142546-00142731": "proportion of native majesties today", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00595-00142732-00142899": "still belong to these ancient Naji", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00596-00142900-00143111": "tribes or to their newer incarnations", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00597-00143112-00143367": "many of the majendie tribes even in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00598-00143368-00143547": "ancient times were not nomadic or", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00599-00143548-00143748": "bedouin but rather very well settled", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00600-00143749-00144033": "farmers and merchants the royal family", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00601-00144034-00144282": "of Saudi Arabia Al Saud for example", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00602-00144283-00144489": "trace their lineage to Banu Hanifa on", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00603-00144490-00144768": "the eve of the formation of Saudi Arabia", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00604-00144769-00145014": "the major nomadic tribes of na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00605-00145015-00145320": "included Dawa sir Mew ter u Taiba Shamar", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00606-00145321-00145626": "historically known as TA YY sube su", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00607-00145627-00145809": "who'll harp and the coton eats in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00608-00145810-00146091": "southern na JD in addition to those", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00609-00146092-00146337": "tribes many of the sedentary population", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00610-00146338-00146565": "belong to an isa band new Tamim Banu", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00611-00146566-00146919": "hanifa Banu Khalid and banners aid most", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00612-00146920-00147108": "of the nomadic tribes are now settled", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00613-00147109-00147312": "either in cities such as Riyadh or in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00614-00147313-00147498": "special settlements known as high hrus", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00615-00147499-00147665": "that were established in the early", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00616-00147666-00147848": "part of the twentieth century as part of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00617-00147849-00148079": "a country wide policy undertaken by King", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00618-00148080-00148334": "Abdulaziz to put an end to nomadic life", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00619-00148335-00148586": "nomads still exist in the kingdom", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00620-00148587-00148838": "however in very small numbers a far cry", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00621-00148839-00148985": "from the days when they made up the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00622-00148986-00149165": "majority of the people of the Arabian", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00623-00149166-00149457": "Peninsula since the formation of modern", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00624-00149458-00149741": "Saudi Arabia na JD and particularly", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00625-00149742-00149982": "react has seen an influx of immigrants", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00626-00149983-00150152": "from all regions of the country and from", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00627-00150153-00150447": "virtually every social class the native", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00628-00150448-00150693": "Naji population has also largely moved", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00629-00150694-00150860": "away from its native towns and villages", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00630-00150861-00151202": "to the capital Riyadh however most of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00631-00151203-00151376": "these villages still retain a small", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00632-00151377-00151637": "number of their native inhabitants about", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00633-00151638-00151857": "a quarter of the population of Na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00634-00151858-00152024": "including about a third of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00635-00152025-00152220": "population of Riyadh are non Saudi", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00636-00152221-00152423": "expatriates including both skilled", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00637-00152424-00152677": "professionals and unskilled laborers", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00638-00152678-00152970": "slavery was abolished in Saudi Arabia by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00639-00152971-00153341": "King Faisal in 1962 some of those freed", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00640-00153342-00153522": "slaves chose to continue working for", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00641-00153523-00153740": "their former slave owners particularly", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00642-00153741-00153918": "those whose former owners were members", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00643-00153919-00154063": "of the royal family", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00644-00154064-00154434": "unlike Hejaz and t hama na JD as remote", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00645-00154435-00154572": "and stayed outside of the reign of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00646-00154573-00154811": "important Islamic empires such as the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00647-00154812-00155060": "Abbasids and the Ottoman Empire this", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00648-00155061-00155228": "fact largely shaped its current", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00649-00155229-00155712": "dissimilarity to Hejaz", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00650-00155713-00156129": "topic religion", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00651-00156130-00156334": "the region is known for its strict", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00652-00156335-00156544": "interpretation of Islam and is generally", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00653-00156545-00156729": "considered a bastion of religious", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00654-00156730-00156985": "conservatism the founder of the strict", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00655-00156986-00157239": "interpretation of Islam called Wahhabism", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00656-00157240-00157447": "followed by the House of Saud Muhammad", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00657-00157448-00157693": "ibn abd al-wahhab was born in Vienna a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00658-00157694-00158121": "village in the NA JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00659-00158122-00158601": "topic language", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00660-00158602-00158913": "the people of na jadi have spoken Arabic", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00661-00158914-00159132": "in one form or another for practically", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00662-00159133-00159390": "all of recorded history as in other", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00663-00159391-00159561": "regions of the peninsula there is a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00664-00159562-00159741": "divergence between the dialect of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00665-00159742-00159942": "nomadic Bedouin and the dialect of the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00666-00159943-00160215": "sedentary townspeople the variation", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00667-00160216-00160494": "however is far less pronounced in na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00668-00160495-00160677": "than it is elsewhere in the country and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00669-00160678-00160890": "the majendie sedentary dialect seems to", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00670-00160891-00161061": "be descended from the Bedouin dialect", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00671-00161062-00161268": "just as most sedentary na G's are", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00672-00161269-00161400": "descendants of nomadic Bedouin", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00673-00161401-00161721": "themselves the najdi dialect is seen by", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00674-00161722-00161910": "some to be the least foreign influenced", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00675-00161911-00162135": "of all modern Arabic dialects due to the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00676-00162136-00162354": "isolated location and harsh climate of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00677-00162355-00162579": "the Naji plateau as well as the apparent", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00678-00162580-00162750": "absence of any sub stratum from a", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00679-00162751-00163026": "previous language indeed not even the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00680-00163027-00163230": "ancient south arabian language appears", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00681-00163231-00163467": "to have been widely spoken in na JD in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00682-00163468-00163551": "ancient times", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00683-00163552-00163791": "unlike southern Saudi Arabia for example", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00684-00163792-00164091": "within na JD itself the different", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00685-00164092-00164229": "regions and towns have their own", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00686-00164230-00164465": "distinctive accents and sub-dialects", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00687-00164466-00164712": "however these have largely merged in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00688-00164713-00164880": "recent times and have become heavily", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00689-00164881-00165096": "influenced by Arabic dialects from other", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00690-00165097-00165321": "regions and countries this is", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00691-00165322-00165799": "particularly the case in riad", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00692-00165800-00166308": "topic economy", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00693-00166309-00166653": "in the early 20th century na JD produced", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00694-00166654-00167134": "coarse wool cloth", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00695-00167135-00167703": "topic in popular culture", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00696-00167704-00167967": "Bahai Enoch Havanese first novel the", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00697-00167968-00168144": "saddlebag affable for doubters and", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00698-00168145-00168381": "seekers describes events set in the NA", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00699-00168382-00168582": "JD plateau along the pilgrim route", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00700-00168583-00168948": "between Mecca and Medina in 1844 to 1845", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00701-00168949-00169221": "a contest held in the Middle East", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00702-00169222-00169401": "brought light to a new character in", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00703-00169402-00169656": "famed SNK Playmore video game The King", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00704-00169657-00169965": "of Fighters 14 this character goes under", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00705-00169966-00170434": "the name na JD", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00706-00170435-00170952": "topic C also", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00707-00170953-00171321": "history of Saudi Arabia kingdom of Nejd", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00708-00171322-00171501": "and Hejaz", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00709-00171502-00171828": "nejd expedition list of expeditions of", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00710-00171829-00172218": "Muhammad in Neji", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00711-00172219-00172616": "topic references", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00712-00172617-00172777": "you", "e5_q0xnyCVg-00713-00172778-00172985": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "e5PzlQnyaPM", "text": {"e5PzlQnyaPM-00000-00000050-00001350": "[Music]", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00001-00001351-00001607": "this episode of epicenter is rocked by", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00002-00001607-00001868": "legend and the legend an OS hath peace", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00003-00001869-00002030": "of mind and knowing your private keys", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00004-00002030-00002222": "are protected by industry standard", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00005-00002223-00002432": "physical security go-to ledger walls", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00006-00002433-00002765": "calm to learn more and buy shape-shift I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00007-00002766-00003043": "own the easiest fastest and most secure", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00008-00003044-00003272": "way to swap your digital assets don't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00009-00003272-00003440": "run the risk of linear funds on a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00010-00003440-00003695": "centralized exchange visits shapeshifter", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00011-00003696-00004178": "I owe to get started hi welcome to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00012-00004179-00004328": "epicenter to show it talks about the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00013-00004329-00004490": "technologies projects and start off", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00014-00004491-00004663": "driving decentralization and the global", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00015-00004664-00004831": "blockchain revolution my name is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00016-00004832-00005297": "Sebastian Cujo and Mahara today our", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00017-00005298-00005570": "topic of discussion will be governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00018-00005571-00005876": "and we are talking to Dave Collins and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00019-00005877-00006238": "Jake you compile who are the development", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00020-00006239-00006542": "lead and project lead of the D Craig", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00021-00006543-00006734": "project because stands for decentralized", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00022-00006734-00006967": "credit this is a cryptocurrency system", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00023-00006968-00007078": "that has made some interesting", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00024-00007079-00007298": "governance innovations and we will go", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00025-00007298-00007694": "through how they handle changes to the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00026-00007695-00008081": "protocol of the Catalan system so with", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00027-00008081-00008446": "that let's begin day when Jake great to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00028-00008447-00008741": "have you on the show thanks for having", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00029-00008742-00008984": "me glad to be on here nice to see you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00030-00008985-00009288": "gentlemen thanks for having us", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00031-00009289-00009477": "so there was about your background story", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00032-00009478-00009726": "how did you end up starting the decrypt", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00033-00009727-00010149": "project oh the the decrypt project began", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00034-00010150-00010470": "as an outgrowth of a white paper that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00035-00010471-00010713": "was posted on Bitcoin talk in April of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00036-00010714-00011310": "2013 so in April 2013 a you know a white", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00037-00011311-00011541": "paper was posted for a coin called mem", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00038-00011542-00011925": "coin - and it was posted by someone", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00039-00011926-00012198": "named Adam Mackenzie and basically it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00040-00012199-00012444": "was an idea to hybridize proof of work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00041-00012445-00012824": "and proof of stake instead of instead of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00042-00012825-00012960": "just having a proof of work dominating", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00043-00012961-00013083": "system or even a proof of stake", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00044-00013084-00013287": "dominated system is to hybridize the two", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00045-00013288-00013440": "so that they sort of have their", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00046-00013441-00013704": "incentives aligned and it allowed for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00047-00013705-00014013": "allowed for on chain governance and then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00048-00014013-00014241": "from there is you know that's what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00049-00014241-00014631": "really led to the start of deep red Adam", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00050-00014632-00015033": "Mackenzie and and another user named ink", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00051-00015034-00015303": "sock pursued pursued contact with me", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00052-00015304-00015483": "some starting sometime in approximately", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00053-00015484-00015924": "July of 2013 and then they they pushed", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00054-00015925-00016250": "me for several months to pick up mem", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00055-00016251-00016533": "Queen - as a project and ultimately geek", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00056-00016534-00016778": "read is what came out after that process", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00057-00016779-00017013": "started and roughly you know March or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00058-00017014-00017309": "February of 2014", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00059-00017310-00017628": "yeah so from my perspective that's I got", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00060-00017629-00017892": "involved slightly after that point one", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00061-00017893-00018156": "of the things that we really that I was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00062-00018157-00018390": "really excited about it is because we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00063-00018391-00018510": "really kind of started to see the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00064-00018511-00018852": "governance issues that Bitcoin had we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00065-00018853-00019067": "until that point we started developing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00066-00019068-00019371": "BTC suite which is a alternative full", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00067-00019372-00019740": "moon Bitcoin client and after going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00068-00019741-00019905": "through that process and getting a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00069-00019906-00020118": "little bit further into it it really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00070-00020119-00020319": "became apparent that they were going to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00071-00020320-00020652": "be issues around governance and so we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00072-00020653-00020931": "started looking at the D credit model on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00073-00020932-00021135": "the proof of activity-based model we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00074-00021136-00021387": "started to see that okay this is elegant", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00075-00021388-00021630": "solution to the issue and that sort of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00076-00021631-00021849": "kick-started the process even further I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00077-00021850-00021984": "think that was probably the point when", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00078-00021985-00022116": "we started paying a little bit more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00079-00022117-00022273": "attention to the east", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00080-00022274-00022804": "the petitions yeah I mean people were", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00081-00022805-00023079": "pushing to get you know to get a hold of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00082-00023080-00023299": "you know to get a hold of us and to get", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00083-00023300-00023449": "us to work on their project but you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00084-00023450-00023656": "the more the more involved we became", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00085-00023657-00023863": "with Bitcoin the more clearly we saw", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00086-00023864-00023995": "that there were serious governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00087-00023996-00024217": "problems with Bitcoin and that you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00088-00024218-00024382": "any it you know a model that allowed", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00089-00024383-00024673": "people to to vote on chain for you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00090-00024674-00024952": "to make all kinds of different decisions", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00091-00024953-00025231": "had a lot of merit to it because in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00092-00025232-00025375": "Bitcoin they're just you know there was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00093-00025376-00025600": "no infrastructure like that and and you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00094-00025601-00025825": "know things weren't very bad in 2013 by", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00095-00025826-00026014": "any means but in throughout 2014 it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00096-00026014-00026248": "became a lot more apparent with the you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00097-00026249-00026476": "know with the rise of block stream and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00098-00026477-00026629": "sort of the centralization of Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00099-00026630-00027016": "development so back then as you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00100-00027017-00027252": "mentioned you the the idea of governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00101-00027254-00027639": "of Bitcoin it was it was a topic that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00102-00027641-00027970": "wasn't really put on the table as it is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00103-00027970-00028387": "now with with these governance issues", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00104-00028388-00028513": "that have come up in the last I'd say", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00105-00028514-00028762": "two years or so what was the reception", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00106-00028763-00029277": "from the community to your idea of sort", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00107-00029279-00029395": "of decentralized governance and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00108-00029395-00029688": "governance that has managed by a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00109-00029689-00030073": "decentralized protocol I think that the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00110-00030074-00030310": "idea really resonates with some people", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00111-00030311-00030564": "um you know if you've spent enough time", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00112-00030566-00030733": "in the Bitcoin community you've become", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00113-00030733-00031174": "you know educated in in voluntarily on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00114-00031175-00031477": "the problems with governance so over", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00115-00031477-00031663": "time you know more and more people have", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00116-00031664-00031933": "sort of switched on and said wow you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00117-00031933-00032143": "know you guys really do have a point and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00118-00032144-00032308": "you did see we're you know sort of where", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00119-00032308-00032670": "the train was going and but early on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00120-00032672-00032800": "there were a lot of people who are like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00121-00032801-00032974": "well there's nothing you know it's it's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00122-00032975-00033160": "fine it's absolutely fine and the rooms", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00123-00033161-00033331": "on fire and we're like well we realize", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00124-00033332-00033433": "the room is fire we're going to go to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00125-00033434-00033766": "this other room over here and you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00126-00033767-00034051": "is the number of people who see that has", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00127-00034052-00034231": "definitely grown over time I mean", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00128-00034232-00034474": "without the people who saw the merit in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00129-00034475-00034807": "that sort of you know that you know in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00130-00034808-00034981": "the problems that we you know that we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00131-00034982-00035209": "presented before we launched decried in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00132-00035210-00035338": "February of 2016", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00133-00035339-00035485": "without those people we wouldn't have", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00134-00035486-00035579": "had much of a network", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00135-00035580-00035723": "to begin with and that's really you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00136-00035724-00035936": "ultimately where value comes from in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00137-00035937-00036289": "terms of these cryptocurrencies and so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00138-00036290-00036605": "before working 4d cred you had developed", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00139-00036606-00036899": "a Bitcoin client can you tell us about", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00140-00036900-00037129": "the motivations for that project that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00141-00037130-00037352": "Bitcoin client also includes some of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00142-00037353-00037651": "these decentralized governance systems", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00143-00037652-00037939": "so yeah the main motivation that we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00144-00037940-00038180": "first got started writing it is that we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00145-00038181-00038321": "started getting involved in Bitcoin and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00146-00038322-00038552": "like everybody else we saw the value of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00147-00038553-00038815": "it and say hey this is a great idea but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00148-00038816-00039011": "one of the problems that we noticed way", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00149-00039012-00039174": "back then I think we're talking about", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00150-00039175-00039473": "2013 now it was that there really was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00151-00039474-00039661": "only a single client on the network and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00152-00039662-00039914": "we saw that as an issue because if you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00153-00039915-00040171": "look at pretty much any other internet", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00154-00040172-00040454": "scale or any big protocol like tcp/ip", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00155-00040455-00040592": "there are multiple implementations", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00156-00040593-00040895": "multiple stacks and really good it's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00157-00040896-00040999": "really important for there to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00158-00041000-00041137": "multiple implementation so that if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00159-00041138-00041267": "there's a bug in one implementation", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00160-00041268-00041455": "you're only going to affect that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00161-00041456-00041651": "specific subset of the network as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00162-00041652-00041843": "opposed to the entire network and that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00163-00041844-00042008": "was kind of the driving motivation that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00164-00042009-00042398": "got us started working on BTC suite at", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00165-00042399-00042536": "the time the only thing we were focused", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00166-00042537-00042854": "on it was reimplemented everything so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00167-00042855-00043001": "that there was actually a replacement", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00168-00043002-00043187": "for Bitcoin core that you could run", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00169-00043188-00043405": "either one you can completely validate", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00170-00043406-00043726": "all blocks the exact same rule set and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00171-00043727-00043970": "have a viable alternative so that you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00172-00043971-00044117": "weren't locked into a single", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00173-00044118-00044452": "implementation so so they let some of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00174-00044453-00044799": "the consensus mechanism of of be good", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00175-00044800-00045074": "what have you know we get on with the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00176-00045075-00045314": "consensus mechanism and hold network", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00177-00045315-00045655": "works well what we've done differently", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00178-00045656-00045932": "than other project is historically or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00179-00045933-00046189": "tipping over to date the bulk of these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00180-00046190-00046457": "the bulk of the consensus models at", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00181-00046458-00046658": "least for determining consensus on the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00182-00046659-00046864": "network were proof-of-work based some of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00183-00046865-00047045": "them were proof of stake based there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00184-00047046-00047276": "were a couple that you know may took a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00185-00047277-00047489": "stab at hybridizing proof of work and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00186-00047490-00047737": "proof of stake and the way you know the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00187-00047738-00048029": "way D cred is different is that instead", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00188-00048030-00048260": "of proof of work miners being the only", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00189-00048261-00048518": "you know the only group with right", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00190-00048519-00048712": "access to the shared ledger that you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00191-00048713-00048939": "know that that comprises your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00192-00048940-00049470": "currency we added the ability for we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00193-00049471-00049836": "added the ability for for the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00194-00049837-00050037": "stakeholders to override the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00195-00050038-00050254": "proof-of-work miners so that in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00196-00050255-00050426": "instance I mean even if back and say", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00197-00050427-00050727": "2013 and 2014 you would see things like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00198-00050728-00050979": "empty blocks mined with bitcoins so when", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00199-00050980-00051099": "there's an empty block mined with", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00200-00051100-00051405": "Bitcoin it's really you know a it's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00201-00051406-00051624": "low-grade denial of service attack that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00202-00051625-00051783": "is if the miner going listen I just want", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00203-00051784-00051904": "to get this block reward I'm not going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00204-00051904-00052054": "to put any transactions in this block", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00205-00052054-00052230": "I'm just push it out and get my 25", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00206-00052231-00052579": "bitcoins or whatever and that that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00207-00052579-00052854": "process we saw that as just bad on top", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00208-00052855-00052990": "of the fact that these people really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00209-00052991-00053215": "controlled all the consensus rules so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00210-00053216-00053485": "you know the hybridization takes the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00211-00053486-00053619": "power away from people who own", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00212-00053620-00053809": "specialized expensive computer equipment", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00213-00053810-00054116": "a6 or GPU farms and who have access to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00214-00054117-00054409": "artificially and oftentimes artificially", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00215-00054410-00054661": "cheap power and it puts the power back", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00216-00054662-00054792": "in the hands of the people who actually", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00217-00054793-00055038": "you know buoy the value of the currency", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00218-00055039-00055309": "the people who hold the coins so so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00219-00055310-00055459": "that's really the idea with the proof of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00220-00055460-00055612": "proof of that you know the hybrid proof", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00221-00055613-00055743": "of work purchase take which is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00222-00055744-00055966": "perforce matters and we definitely want", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00223-00055966-00056130": "those those people to participate but we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00224-00056131-00056398": "don't want them to run the show so the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00225-00056399-00056521": "people who run the show and people who", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00226-00056522-00056730": "hold the coins and in some cases those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00227-00056731-00056899": "two parties actually overlap you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00228-00056900-00057085": "you might be a miner who never sells any", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00229-00057086-00057366": "of your coins so in terms of it being", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00230-00057367-00057547": "different it's also a feedback mechanism", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00231-00057548-00057804": "where people can want make one change", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00232-00057805-00058074": "submissions about their opinion on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00233-00058075-00058246": "various issues that we put up for vote", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00234-00058247-00058425": "which was part of the original system", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00235-00058426-00058765": "proposed in the MC to white paper so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00236-00058766-00058980": "this is an interesting concept if we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00237-00058981-00059181": "compare this to what's happening in in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00238-00059182-00059457": "Bitcoin now there are a series of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00239-00059458-00059965": "mechanisms by which miners and users are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00240-00059966-00060231": "signaling their support for an upgrade", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00241-00060232-00060496": "to the network and you know we go into", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00242-00060497-00060744": "all of those different proposals but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00243-00060745-00061080": "essentially it they sort of seem like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00244-00061081-00061392": "hacks right like signaling your support", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00245-00061393-00061662": "through like a bit that you're voting on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00246-00061663-00061891": "when when mining a block and then of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00247-00061891-00062059": "course there's a user activate soft work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00248-00062060-00062141": "which", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00249-00062142-00062463": "isn't really a user activated soft fork", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00250-00062464-00062888": "is just sort of forcing forcing the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00251-00062889-00063276": "network to only take into account", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00252-00063277-00063479": "certain blocks that I'm basically you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00253-00063480-00063701": "know closing closing your eyes to other", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00254-00063702-00063888": "minors that are not signalling support", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00255-00063889-00064179": "for for the blocks that you you want to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00256-00064179-00064560": "support so this is a very different type", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00257-00064561-00064988": "of of mechanism where in fact you're not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00258-00064989-00065259": "only allowing minors to have right", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00259-00065260-00065556": "access to the database but also allowing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00260-00065557-00065988": "meeting users that hold coins to signal", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00261-00065989-00066186": "support for certain types of upgrades", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00262-00066187-00066669": "can you talk about what what scenarios", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00263-00066670-00066807": "you think this would be useful in like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00264-00066808-00067026": "if you compare this Bitcoin is this have", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00265-00067027-00067263": "you thought about how this could be used", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00266-00067264-00067532": "to say for instance upgrade the Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00267-00067533-00067722": "network to like a two megabyte blocks or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00268-00067723-00068007": "segregated witness or any one of these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00269-00068008-00068337": "proposals that we have today right so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00270-00068338-00068523": "that obviously that's the elephant in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00271-00068524-00068732": "the room the scaling debate in Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00272-00068733-00068937": "and so one of the first votes that we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00273-00068938-00069126": "actually had Andy Craig was on a test", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00274-00069127-00069336": "network was to raise the block size to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00275-00069337-00069551": "sort of prove that the system works or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00276-00069552-00069951": "not so you know one of the to answer", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00277-00069952-00070076": "your question a little more concretely", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00278-00070077-00070350": "really the what I think is so exciting", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00279-00070351-00070569": "about the system is that it allows the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00280-00070570-00070898": "stake holders to basically completely", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00281-00070899-00071160": "control the direction I mean we're not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00282-00071161-00071367": "just talking about block sizes here", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00283-00071368-00071523": "we're talking about for example when", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00284-00071524-00071706": "quantum quantum computing becomes a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00285-00071707-00071922": "little bit more relevant you want to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00286-00071923-00072171": "switch over to a quantum approve crypto", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00287-00072172-00072279": "cryptography or anything like that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00288-00072280-00072519": "quantum resistant cryptography you can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00289-00072520-00072651": "change the signature algorithm you can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00290-00072652-00072855": "change the encoding mechanisms you can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00291-00072856-00073089": "change pretty much any parts of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00292-00073090-00073230": "system and we think that's really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00293-00073231-00073536": "important because while you know right", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00294-00073537-00073844": "now the system seems may seem great and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00295-00073845-00074066": "certain and the technology is fantastic", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00296-00074067-00074340": "things advance over time and so you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00297-00074341-00074463": "definitely have to have some way to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00298-00074464-00074724": "continue to upgrade those rules and the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00299-00074725-00075051": "chain as time moves along and that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00300-00075052-00075300": "really is as you mentioned I I think one", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00301-00075301-00075546": "of the fundamental mistakes really in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00302-00075547-00075768": "in my mind in Bitcoin is the fact that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00303-00075769-00075987": "there really is that lack of governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00304-00075988-00076442": "there is no way to trust thusly and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00305-00076443-00076830": "signal that this is really what users", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00306-00076831-00076989": "want as you mentioned I mean there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00307-00076990-00077163": "make polls on Twitter there's reddit", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00308-00077164-00077334": "there's these coin based polls that are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00309-00077335-00077640": "coming out now forums but all of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00310-00077641-00077820": "cases they're not actually polling", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00311-00077821-00078024": "people who necessarily own the currency", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00312-00078025-00078225": "it can be anybody who just says who", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00313-00078226-00078402": "doesn't have any skin in the game who", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00314-00078403-00078636": "really doesn't care what happens to the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00315-00078637-00078780": "currency because it doesn't really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00316-00078781-00078999": "affect them knowing that I want that or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00317-00079000-00079377": "no I don't want that and so with the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00318-00079378-00079605": "decrypt proof of stake system the thing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00319-00079606-00079854": "that I add that I think is so novel", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00320-00079855-00080028": "about it is that the people who are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00321-00080029-00080181": "actually making those decisions are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00322-00080182-00080475": "people who are actually directly that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00323-00080476-00080610": "people actually directly own the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00324-00080611-00080784": "currency they are the stake holders they", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00325-00080785-00080871": "have skin in the game", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00326-00080872-00081414": "it really affects them so that's in my", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00327-00081415-00081600": "view that's that's why it's so important", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00328-00081601-00081891": "so there are a few other protocols that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00329-00081892-00082266": "that allow and sort of incumbent and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00330-00082267-00082557": "include decentralized governance of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00331-00082558-00082878": "course - is one of them I think we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00332-00082879-00083139": "mentioned in another word I forget the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00333-00083140-00083541": "name but so this idea is not new and and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00334-00083542-00083703": "we'll talk about it later in the show", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00335-00083704-00083955": "but you have demonstrated that this can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00336-00083956-00084147": "be done you've in fact done a protocol", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00337-00084148-00084624": "upgrade using this this this voting", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00338-00084625-00084783": "mechanism why do you think this is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00339-00084784-00085065": "something that isn't really on the table", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00340-00085066-00085269": "for a protocol like Bitcoin that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00341-00085270-00085539": "obviously as we've seen sorely needs", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00342-00085540-00085992": "this type of governing system so in my", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00343-00085993-00086127": "opinion I think the biggest reason that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00344-00086128-00086325": "Bitcoin doesn't have it is because it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00345-00086326-00086507": "requires quite a few changes to the core", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00346-00086508-00086700": "protocol and therein lies the problem I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00347-00086701-00086922": "mean we're struggling over to change", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00348-00086923-00087066": "something as simple as whether or not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00349-00087067-00087159": "we're going to increase the block size", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00350-00087160-00087363": "when you start talking about actually", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00351-00087364-00087588": "having an integrated transparent", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00352-00087589-00087855": "cryptographically secure voting system", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00353-00087856-00088155": "on chain you have to make changes at the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00354-00088156-00088320": "consensus level in order to enable that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00355-00088321-00088626": "and so you know convincing everybody", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00356-00088627-00088890": "without a formalized", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00357-00088891-00089085": "governments to begin with to put a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00358-00089086-00089262": "system of governments in place it's sort", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00359-00089263-00089337": "of like the chicken and egg problem", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00360-00089338-00089796": "right and so I you know I to be honest", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00361-00089797-00090054": "like I don't see it really happening in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00362-00090055-00090294": "Bitcoin because of that fact there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00363-00090295-00090474": "really you have to change a lot of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00364-00090475-00090651": "things that be at the fundamental level", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00365-00090652-00091023": "in order to enable it I guess what I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00366-00091024-00091167": "should talk about a little bit when", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00367-00091168-00091392": "you're talking about the other systems", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00368-00091393-00091650": "so one of the key differentiators I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00369-00091651-00091812": "think with the credit versus some of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00370-00091813-00091992": "other governance systems that are out", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00371-00091993-00092202": "there is that most of them are sort of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00372-00092203-00092472": "how would I say kind of like opt-in in a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00373-00092473-00092709": "way you might have some other nodes that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00374-00092710-00093201": "exist out there or a signaling mechanism", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00375-00093202-00093411": "of some form or another but the reality", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00376-00093412-00093663": "is in all those systems user signal hey", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00377-00093664-00093924": "I want something and then it's up to the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00378-00093925-00094167": "developers to go and actually implement", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00379-00094168-00094437": "it and then somebody one of those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00380-00094438-00094674": "developers they basically put the switch", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00381-00094675-00094875": "they're like okay these are the new", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00382-00094876-00095229": "rules they're active yeah we approached", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00383-00095230-00095370": "that a little bit differently indie cred", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00384-00095371-00095580": "in the sense that we develop it upfront", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00385-00095581-00095796": "we put the rules into the code they're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00386-00095797-00096033": "just dormant they're inactive so they", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00387-00096034-00096153": "don't take effect unless the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00388-00096154-00096369": "stakeholders actually vote them in but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00389-00096370-00096522": "the difference is is that rather than", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00390-00096523-00096780": "saying we want this and then you're not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00391-00096781-00096948": "sure what the actual final", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00392-00096949-00097089": "implementation you're going to get is in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00393-00097090-00097296": "that scenario like you can say I want", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00394-00097297-00097422": "you know whatever we'll just take more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00395-00097423-00097629": "contracts like the stakeholders say I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00396-00097630-00097794": "want smart contracts well what the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00397-00097795-00098082": "developers actually finally deliver may", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00398-00098083-00098268": "not be what the stakeholders originally", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00399-00098269-00098460": "envisioned right because the the final", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00400-00098461-00098637": "product the final developed product it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00401-00098638-00098886": "may be something completely different so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00402-00098887-00099042": "you know with our system we have it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00403-00099043-00099189": "there where the stakeholders are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00404-00099190-00099372": "actually voting on the final product", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00405-00099373-00099561": "they know exactly what it will do what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00406-00099562-00099687": "it gives them and what it doesn't give", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00407-00099688-00099999": "them you know the pros and cons of that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00408-00100000-00100278": "specific implementation and then you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00409-00100279-00100422": "know they either activate it or they", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00410-00100423-00100719": "don't and so that is really kind of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00411-00100720-00100916": "biggest difference between all the other", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00412-00100917-00101187": "governance systems that I've seen in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00413-00101188-00101445": "other projects to date I think that Dave", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00414-00101446-00101685": "has a good point here with you know with", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00415-00101686-00101931": "the conflict with Bitcoin I mean the way", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00416-00101932-00102120": "I can you know one way to view Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00417-00102121-00102258": "is is that it's essentially", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00418-00102259-00102573": "a deadlocked corporate entity in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00419-00102574-00102741": "sense that you know what can happen if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00420-00102742-00102888": "you have like let's say you have four", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00421-00102889-00103155": "founders and everybody has 25% ownership", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00422-00103156-00103350": "of a company you know what can happen is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00423-00103351-00103503": "you can get into the situation where", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00424-00103504-00103755": "it's only you know you have groups of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00425-00103756-00103944": "two two versus two so it's 50 percent", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00426-00103945-00104175": "versus 50 percent and that's typically", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00427-00104176-00104411": "not enough to form a majority and you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00428-00104413-00104652": "know in a in a normal business and then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00429-00104653-00104874": "as a result the company deadlocks and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00430-00104875-00105129": "I've actually experienced this myself", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00431-00105130-00105303": "firsthand which is I think part of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00432-00105304-00105555": "reason why we were sensitive to what we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00433-00105556-00105807": "saw as issues within Bitcoin earlier on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00434-00105808-00105951": "which is that you know we see it where", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00435-00105952-00106116": "like I say where this I see where this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00436-00106117-00106299": "is going and this is going to lead to a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00437-00106300-00106515": "deadlock or fighting or something along", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00438-00106516-00106722": "these lines and and just like they had", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00439-00106723-00106871": "pointed out the unfortunate reality is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00440-00106872-00107130": "is that the amount of changes that need", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00441-00107131-00107358": "to happen in order to get to the point", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00442-00107358-00107505": "where you can have a decentralized", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00443-00107506-00107664": "system like this that's binding and on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00444-00107665-00107901": "chain it's a lot of changes I mean it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00445-00107902-00108150": "took it took like a solid in a real", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00446-00108151-00108399": "solid year of development to make that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00447-00108400-00108444": "happen", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00448-00108445-00108627": "and that was without a multi", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00449-00108628-00108809": "multi-billion dollar system running", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00450-00108810-00109140": "underneath it so you know trying to fix", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00451-00109141-00109425": "a deadlocked company is very you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00452-00109426-00109614": "serious business and in a lot of cases", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00453-00109615-00109901": "what ends up happening is is that a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00454-00109902-00110159": "deadlock company has to be dissolved and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00455-00110160-00110400": "then you have to form a new company and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00456-00110401-00110529": "sort of you know keep the ball rolling", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00457-00110530-00110829": "with that so as much as you know I am I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00458-00110830-00110936": "think we all want to see better", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00459-00110938-00111078": "governance in Bitcoin I think that the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00460-00111079-00111396": "probability of them adopting a system", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00461-00111397-00111627": "like the one that we have is exceedingly", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00462-00111628-00112089": "low this episode of epicenter is brought", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00463-00112090-00112281": "to you by ledger make us up the best", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00464-00112282-00112586": "hardware key security solutions on the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00465-00112588-00112800": "planet but the lecture is more than just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00466-00112801-00113001": "a hardware wallet it's your path to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00467-00113002-00113202": "eternal bliss and happiness and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00468-00113203-00113400": "peacefulness do I look like I'm losing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00469-00113401-00113733": "sleep I am but it's not because I'm", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00470-00113733-00113883": "worried about my cryptocurrency my", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00471-00113883-00114117": "Bitcoin on my ether nuts because I use a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00472-00114118-00114286": "ledger", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00473-00114288-00114484": "alleged devices for multiple crypto", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00474-00114485-00114713": "currencies like Bitcoin e 2zii cash and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00475-00114714-00114971": "more and you can even secure your ERC if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00476-00114972-00115322": "your tokens wisdom or you can ask the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00477-00115323-00115592": "security support from Letcher to some of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00478-00115593-00115769": "the wallets you already love and use", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00479-00115770-00116147": "like electrum copay my ether wallet and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00480-00116148-00116483": "others all your keys and segregated", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00481-00116483-00116696": "accounts are derived from one unique", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00482-00116697-00116927": "seed seeds are generated on the device", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00483-00116928-00117098": "and are never exposed to the host", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00484-00117099-00117272": "computer so when you make a transaction", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00485-00117273-00117458": "your ledger will present you with the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00486-00117458-00117680": "details and kindly ask you for your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00487-00117681-00117910": "confirmation before signing help lies", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00488-00117911-00118118": "that so the best choice right now for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00489-00118119-00118316": "anyone looking to invest in security is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00490-00118317-00118574": "the ledger nan OS it's a keychain size", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00491-00118575-00118759": "device that fits in your pocket it has a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00492-00118760-00119000": "screen and buttons and connects to your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00493-00119001-00119311": "computer or Android phone using usb look", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00494-00119313-00119483": "if you're holding crypto and you're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00495-00119483-00119651": "storing your keys on your computer on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00496-00119652-00119924": "your phone or worse in exchange you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00497-00119925-00120038": "that's a disaster waiting to happen", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00498-00120039-00120224": "don't be the person that loses their", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00499-00120225-00120358": "keys because they were careless with", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00500-00120359-00120530": "them so don't wait any longer secure", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00501-00120531-00120779": "your Bitcoin secure seek a secure ether", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00502-00120780-00121016": "go to ledger wallet comm and get your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00503-00121017-00121229": "ledger nanomask today we'd like to thank", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00504-00121230-00121526": "ledger for their support of epicenter so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00505-00121527-00121967": "presumably more systems like this will", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00506-00121968-00122236": "continue to enter the space you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00507-00122238-00122540": "there's Bezos there's D credit or there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00508-00122541-00122860": "are other systems as we mentioned what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00509-00122861-00123053": "do you I mean what do you think will", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00510-00123054-00123343": "happen to Bitcoin if it doesn't on board", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00511-00123344-00123629": "or if it doesn't adopt a system like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00512-00123630-00123788": "this I mean if it just keeps lagging", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00513-00123789-00124159": "behind I mean on one hand it is the the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00514-00124160-00124322": "largest cryptocurrency with the most", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00515-00124323-00124556": "market cap and the most use the most", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00516-00124557-00124793": "usage in the most number of users but on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00517-00124794-00125110": "the other hand if it if it cannot evolve", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00518-00125111-00125348": "to support these types of mechanisms", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00519-00125349-00125717": "that will be presumably you know current", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00520-00125718-00126008": "in all other currencies and all the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00521-00126008-00126374": "other public block chains what do you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00522-00126375-00126613": "think the future holds for Bitcoin then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00523-00126614-00126883": "it's hard to say for sure but there is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00524-00126884-00127199": "another viewpoint that I think holds", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00525-00127200-00127331": "some value and that is the sense that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00526-00127332-00127619": "you know perhaps one of the good", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00527-00127620-00127714": "benefits", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00528-00127715-00127828": "think ultimately there are going to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00529-00127829-00127970": "multiple currencies right I mean I don't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00530-00127971-00128089": "think there's going to be the one to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00531-00128090-00128239": "rule them all so to speak just like in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00532-00128240-00128410": "the real world we have dollars euros and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00533-00128411-00128533": "everything else so I think they're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00534-00128534-00128641": "ultimately going to be multiple", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00535-00128642-00128800": "currencies and the different currencies", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00536-00128801-00128911": "will each have their strengths and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00537-00128912-00129158": "weaknesses so you know it could be that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00538-00129158-00129301": "one of the strengths of Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00539-00129302-00129494": "ultimately ends up being that you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00540-00129495-00129751": "it isn't changeable that it's just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00541-00129752-00129865": "straight and beautiful but like it's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00542-00129866-00130129": "impossible to change there is some value", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00543-00130130-00130331": "in that in my mind that you know there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00544-00130332-00130561": "that I think that it does pose problems", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00545-00130562-00130666": "in the future when you start talking", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00546-00130667-00130813": "about how you want to keep up with it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00547-00130814-00131014": "being used as a currency however if you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00548-00131015-00131176": "just want it to be a settlement later if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00549-00131177-00131369": "you if you really just want it to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00550-00131370-00131662": "digital gold as its tagline is you don't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00551-00131663-00131836": "really need it to change for that right", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00552-00131837-00132071": "you know to use it as a currency yes you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00553-00132072-00132289": "definitely need to change but just as a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00554-00132290-00132583": "store of value so perhaps if you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00555-00132584-00132763": "from that perspective there will still", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00556-00132764-00133012": "be value in it even in that value may be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00557-00133013-00133126": "derived from the fact that it just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00558-00133127-00133285": "straight can't change that it is the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00559-00133286-00133729": "immutable store value so I think that's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00560-00133730-00134059": "a you know a valid viewpoint as far as I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00561-00134060-00134322": "mean but in my opinion I think that its", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00562-00134323-00134683": "usefulness as a currency if it can't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00563-00134684-00134929": "come up with some form of governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00564-00134930-00135119": "system some way to continue moving", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00565-00135120-00135337": "forward will be greatly diminished over", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00566-00135338-00135691": "time one of the challenges with this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00567-00135692-00136086": "Bitcoin is that ultimately like you can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00568-00136087-00136390": "think of like the coin holders as like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00569-00136391-00136631": "this as the ultimate shareholders of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00570-00136632-00136888": "system right but now these shareholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00571-00136889-00137183": "are sort of recruiting these miners in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00572-00137184-00137509": "order to secure the chain and in Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00573-00137510-00137815": "what happens is that the shareholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00574-00137816-00138044": "are completely held hostage to the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00575-00138045-00138226": "miners in order to operate the chain is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00576-00138227-00138460": "like only the mining community can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00577-00138461-00138628": "really upgrade the change and like the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00578-00138629-00138835": "shareholders the actual shareholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00579-00138836-00139129": "don't have a say in the upgrade process", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00580-00139130-00139331": "I don't have much saying the upgrade", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00581-00139332-00139489": "process at all I think this is a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00582-00139490-00139663": "fundamental problem with proof-of-work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00583-00139664-00139903": "right like with this whenever there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00584-00139904-00140014": "proof of work you are going to need", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00585-00140015-00140146": "you're going to have these two different", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00586-00140147-00140396": "communities the coin holders and the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00587-00140397-00140524": "miners", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00588-00140525-00140689": "and they might be at odds with each", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00589-00140690-00140893": "other so when you are ready when you're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00590-00140894-00141139": "building deke red and it was like going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00591-00141140-00141313": "to be a system that is focused on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00592-00141314-00141400": "governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00593-00141401-00141592": "why have you choose proof-of-work at all", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00594-00141593-00141790": "why not go for a pure proof of state", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00595-00141791-00142104": "system and cut out a mining community", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00596-00142105-00142411": "the reason we decided not to go with a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00597-00142412-00142657": "you know a pure proof of stake system is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00598-00142658-00142846": "is that the issue with a pure proof of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00599-00142847-00143095": "stake system is the quarter you know the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00600-00143096-00143305": "there is nothing at stake problem the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00601-00143306-00143578": "idea being that let's say you start the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00602-00143579-00143797": "currency so whoever has the most of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00603-00143798-00144028": "largest balance as of you know point X", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00604-00144029-00144220": "in time well they're going to continue", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00605-00144221-00144469": "to grow their share of the currency you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00606-00144470-00144634": "know substantially over time so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00607-00144635-00145029": "basically it's it becomes too much of a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00608-00145030-00145270": "without proof of work that is some way", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00609-00145271-00145426": "for people to show up who don't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00610-00145427-00145672": "necessarily yet have you know skin in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00611-00145673-00145936": "the game in the form of coins without a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00612-00145937-00146191": "system for people to show up and put", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00613-00146192-00146371": "their skin in the game you know in a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00614-00146372-00146653": "physical way the the people who own the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00615-00146654-00146890": "currency first end up holding the gross", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00616-00146891-00147073": "majority of it and it's so it's sort of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00617-00147074-00147241": "like you know it's sort of like an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00618-00147242-00147409": "oligarchy in that sense you know if you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00619-00147410-00147547": "showed up and you're Duke so-and-so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00620-00147548-00147745": "you're always going to be Duke so-and-so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00621-00147746-00147949": "and you know so will your kids and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00622-00147950-00148219": "everybody who's related to you and you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00623-00148220-00148426": "know whereas it with proof work it's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00624-00148427-00148606": "little bit more like hey you know like I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00625-00148607-00148795": "could show up and do something really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00626-00148796-00148942": "useful for you and you'll pay me for it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00627-00148943-00149149": "so there are some useful mechanics to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00628-00149150-00149353": "proof of work and I can't deny the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00629-00149354-00149515": "things that you said about how it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00630-00149516-00149647": "affects the governance that is there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00631-00149648-00149821": "the people on are aware and who make you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00632-00149822-00149992": "know most of the decisions or all the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00633-00149993-00150130": "really all the decisions and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00634-00150131-00150442": "proof-of-work currencies and then there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00635-00150443-00150700": "are you know the proof of stake holders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00636-00150701-00150934": "and I feel like if we completely got rid", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00637-00150935-00151105": "of proof of work we'd be throwing away", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00638-00151106-00151306": "something that we know works and we know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00639-00151307-00151483": "it works pretty well but we know it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00640-00151484-00151639": "doesn't work when it comes to governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00641-00151640-00151819": "so you know in terms of a sort of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00642-00151820-00152068": "zeroth-order way of decentralizing the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00643-00152069-00152314": "ledger it works great but then once you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00644-00152315-00152497": "start to get into the intricacies to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00645-00152498-00152713": "like well where are all the a six who's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00646-00152714-00152926": "paying for the a six are government", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00647-00152927-00153139": "subsidizing that power you know there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00648-00153140-00153301": "all kinds of nastiness that gets", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00649-00153302-00153457": "involved there so we saw it as proof", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00650-00153458-00153673": "north works but just not out on you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00651-00153674-00153781": "and governance context", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00652-00153782-00154177": "which is why we left it so let them walk", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00653-00154178-00154513": "through your your sort of governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00654-00154514-00154789": "system or yeah like the debt donor", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00655-00154790-00154927": "system of decreed right so you have", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00656-00154928-00155206": "these you have this system of tickets by", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00657-00155207-00155440": "which is like a mechanism by which like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00658-00155441-00155686": "shareholders can influence this or and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00659-00155687-00155989": "exert the influence on blogs and like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00660-00155990-00156175": "future changes so explain to us the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00661-00156176-00156622": "system of tickets so the the concept is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00662-00156623-00156946": "is that you ever every block is approved", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00663-00156947-00157144": "by it's kind of like a two-factor", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00664-00157145-00157342": "authentication system the proof-of-work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00665-00157343-00157591": "miners create a block and then the proof", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00666-00157592-00157870": "of stake miners have their tickets are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00667-00157871-00158065": "called the vote and then those votes", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00668-00158066-00158470": "either approve or under prove or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00669-00158471-00158704": "disprove of the previous block so the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00670-00158705-00159007": "way the these votes occur though is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00671-00159008-00159286": "the the proof of stake miners first lock", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00672-00159287-00159550": "up some coins there's an algorithm that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00673-00159551-00159727": "determines how many coins that need to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00674-00159728-00159898": "be locked up in any given time in order", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00675-00159899-00160108": "to maintain a target pool size of these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00676-00160109-00160255": "tickets that are outstanding to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00677-00160256-00160594": "chosen to be chosen from however the so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00678-00160595-00160876": "they did a high-level the stake holders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00679-00160877-00161188": "lock up some coins for an average of 28", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00680-00161189-00161446": "days however it could be up to 142 days", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00681-00161447-00161596": "there's there's a range in there it's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00682-00161597-00161743": "it's just like mining and there's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00683-00161744-00161878": "Python distribution there's a target", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00684-00161879-00162049": "however it you know it varies depending", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00685-00162050-00162313": "on probability so they lock up these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00686-00162314-00162526": "coins for this period of time and then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00687-00162527-00162742": "their ticket is randomly selected from", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00688-00162743-00162916": "the pool and when that ticket is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00689-00162917-00163150": "selected its given the the power to vote", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00690-00163151-00163345": "and that's where five of those are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00691-00163346-00163551": "selected per block so that's kind of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00692-00163552-00163840": "thousand-yard view of how it works as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00693-00163841-00164011": "far as the the tickets are concerned", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00694-00164012-00164194": "well I think I think another thing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00695-00164195-00164334": "that's worth pointing out here is the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00696-00164335-00164635": "high-level approach which is that say", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00697-00164636-00164797": "when we talk about proof of work to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00698-00164798-00165037": "connect to your prior question gufa work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00699-00165038-00165301": "is basically a gamification of the time", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00700-00165302-00165490": "stamping system so basically it creates", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00701-00165491-00165673": "a game out of time stamps it goes hey", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00702-00165674-00165865": "guys let's create a time stamp so that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00703-00165866-00166072": "none of us are the one time stamp", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00704-00166073-00166237": "creator and we can you know basically", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00705-00166238-00166435": "keep this ball rolling it turns into a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00706-00166436-00166585": "game people mind their computers so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00707-00166586-00166765": "based on your relative share of hash", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00708-00166766-00167035": "power it's like a lottery where you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00709-00167036-00167227": "ethical machines you spin them up you go", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00710-00167228-00167410": "to the lottery and oh you won the ticket", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00711-00167411-00167518": "ten percent of the time because you have", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00712-00167519-00167737": "ten percent of hash with deke red what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00713-00167738-00167920": "we've done is we've gamified the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00714-00167921-00168130": "governance layer and the proof of stake", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00715-00168131-00168412": "layer at the same time by going there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00716-00168413-00168610": "a there's these tickets and then the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00717-00168611-00168841": "idea is that you buy tickets and buying", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00718-00168842-00169059": "tickets is supposed to be analogous to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00719-00169060-00169306": "purchasing Hardware for proof of work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00720-00169307-00169498": "now mining the idea that you're going I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00721-00169499-00169693": "have some skin in this game I'm going to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00722-00169694-00169849": "sort of put some money on the table and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00723-00169850-00170092": "like you know let's let's hope they call", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00724-00170093-00170338": "my numbers and by doing that what you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00725-00170339-00170557": "would the gamification means that we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00726-00170558-00170836": "spread out and distribute the process of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00727-00170837-00171139": "you know validating blocks and steering", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00728-00171140-00171313": "the currency because ultimately proof of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00729-00171314-00171502": "stake sort of trumps proof of working in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00730-00171503-00171586": "deep red", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00731-00171587-00171871": "so this ticketing system where and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00732-00171872-00172015": "there's a ticket price that goes up and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00733-00172016-00172194": "down internally per Dave's explanation", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00734-00172195-00172489": "that allows for the gamification to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00735-00172490-00172771": "incur internal 2d cred as opposed to you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00736-00172772-00172915": "know having to have some other mechanism", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00737-00172916-00173122": "like follow the Satoshi or you know a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00738-00173123-00173331": "more standard proof of activity", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00739-00173332-00173665": "algorithm one thing that I'm not quite", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00740-00173666-00173899": "understanding is the relation to this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00741-00173900-00174229": "and governing updates in the system so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00742-00174230-00174457": "as far as I understand it right now I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00743-00174458-00174616": "mean what you're describing is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00744-00174617-00174835": "describing block validation so the the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00745-00174836-00175111": "miners will will mine a miner will mine", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00746-00175112-00175315": "a block and then that block will be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00747-00175316-00175810": "voted on in in a in an approved steak", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00748-00175811-00175996": "with a proof of steak algorithm but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00749-00175997-00176215": "that's that's the validate blocks and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00750-00176216-00176500": "and and write them into the blockchain", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00751-00176501-00176920": "how does that tie in to block ten", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00752-00176921-00177058": "governance such as like we need to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00753-00177059-00177286": "update the protocol to like say to make", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00754-00177287-00177667": "like blocks and we're going to use this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00755-00177668-00178021": "system to do that whatever those votes", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00756-00178022-00178201": "take place there are actually some", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00757-00178202-00178428": "additional things we call vote bits but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00758-00178429-00178693": "signalling making mechanism essentially", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00759-00178694-00179053": "is what it is that allow for whenever an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00760-00179054-00179251": "upgrade is or something is up for vote", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00761-00179252-00179488": "those bits get assigned certain meaning", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00762-00179489-00179704": "so for example if you're voting on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00763-00179705-00179884": "upgrading which we've already done the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00764-00179885-00180202": "the ticket price algorithm or in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00765-00180203-00180301": "case of if you want to vote on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00766-00180302-00180402": "increasing the block", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00767-00180403-00180684": "or anything really that bit has a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00768-00180685-00180873": "certain meaning and so the stakeholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00769-00180874-00181038": "whenever they cast their bit are their", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00770-00181039-00181246": "vote excuse me they'll set those bits", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00771-00181247-00181389": "according to whatever their preferences", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00772-00181390-00181684": "are and then the consensus rules that is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00773-00181685-00181884": "every note on the network all agrees in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00774-00181885-00182079": "it and every note does this is they will", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00775-00182080-00182337": "end up tallying up all of those all", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00776-00182338-00182514": "those votes that got cast of the bits", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00777-00182515-00182760": "across a certain interval and you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00778-00182761-00183019": "either passes or it doesn't so there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00779-00183020-00183303": "it's a pretty complex system and I think", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00780-00183304-00183465": "it later on we'll go into it a little", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00781-00183466-00183714": "bit more but the the general idea is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00782-00183715-00183946": "that these boats when they get cast in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00783-00183947-00184140": "addition to approving the previous block", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00784-00184141-00184611": "also allow preferences to be set or that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00785-00184612-00184797": "way they're actually voting on specific", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00786-00184798-00185103": "issues or agendas and then those are in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00787-00185104-00185521": "turn enforced by consensus to consensus", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00788-00185522-00185721": "basically says okay well there was a yes", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00789-00185722-00185889": "vote we're going to activate the new", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00790-00185890-00186060": "rules there was a no vote we're not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00791-00186061-00186208": "going to activate it and there's no", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00792-00186209-00186346": "there's no way to change that that's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00793-00186347-00186528": "those are what you can change it over", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00794-00186529-00186883": "time but that's the it there's no user", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00795-00186884-00187059": "interactivity there right I mean the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00796-00187060-00187254": "vote happens and it succeeds or it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00797-00187255-00187391": "doesn't and then the rules themselves", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00798-00187392-00187886": "enforce that result so for example if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00799-00187887-00188154": "that's I don't know like decreed will", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00800-00188155-00188395": "ultimately have 21 million coins this is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00801-00188396-00188668": "the same as Bitcoin right and if you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00802-00188669-00188808": "know four or five million of them", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00803-00188809-00189146": "already exist so so assume like a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00804-00189147-00189402": "relatively large holder I only see", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00805-00189403-00189753": "100,000 coins then the way I can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00806-00189754-00189947": "participate in this governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00807-00189948-00190274": "gamification the governance game is I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00808-00190275-00190627": "lock up these hundred thousand coins and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00809-00190628-00190772": "[Music]", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00810-00190773-00191172": "these hundred thousand coins when I lock", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00811-00191173-00191354": "these hundred five thousand coins up", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00812-00191355-00191731": "there is a variable amount of time on 28", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00813-00191732-00192024": "days to 142 days and when that variable", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00814-00192025-00192216": "amount of time is up I will be issuing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00815-00192217-00192528": "some tickets right and the system sort", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00816-00192529-00192808": "of balances in such a way that there are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00817-00192809-00193146": "like 40,000 outstanding tickets at all", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00818-00193147-00193241": "times", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00819-00193242-00193541": "and like once I get one of these tickets", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00820-00193542-00194189": "I can it's like when a block is created", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00821-00194190-00194435": "there are 40,000 tickets in total five", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00822-00194436-00194663": "of these tickets will be chosen to vote", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00823-00194664-00195080": "on one excepting the previous block as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00824-00195081-00195362": "well as the agenda outstanding agendas", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00825-00195363-00195509": "correct as well as the outstanding", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00826-00195510-00195752": "agenda so so basically when I'm when I'm", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00827-00195753-00195992": "locking the coins I'm getting a claim on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00828-00195993-00196268": "the future tickets that will be issued", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00829-00196269-00196589": "and once I have these tickets that those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00830-00196590-00196976": "allow me to sometimes randomly become", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00831-00196977-00197282": "part of the pool of five tickets that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00832-00197283-00197540": "will that we vote on these top issues", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00833-00197541-00197851": "correct so the one thing is when you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00834-00197852-00198071": "instead of like you lock the coins up", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00835-00198072-00198197": "but when you're locking the coins you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00836-00198198-00198323": "are locking them in exchange for a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00837-00198324-00198488": "ticket so that that process is opposed", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00838-00198489-00198647": "to being delayed it happens right down", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00839-00198648-00198920": "there you get a ticket technically", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00840-00198921-00199076": "there's actually a day that it has to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00841-00199077-00199319": "wait for maturity reasons but after", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00842-00199320-00199553": "those maturities is over your ticket", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00843-00199554-00199787": "goes into that pool and then from that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00844-00199788-00200057": "pool the five are randomly chosen each", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00845-00200058-00200396": "block and that is why there's a variable", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00846-00200397-00200584": "amount of time because there are no", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00847-00200585-00200846": "every ticket in the pool has the exact", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00848-00200847-00201014": "same probability it's all independent", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00849-00201015-00201227": "probability and so you know you could", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00850-00201228-00201428": "buy a ticket and it goes into the pool", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00851-00201429-00201635": "and it could vote the very first block", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00852-00201636-00201845": "that it's eligible to vote or you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00853-00201846-00202040": "it can expire all the way there's a very", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00854-00202041-00202175": "small chance that will expire without", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00855-00202176-00202520": "ever voting and so the the reasoning for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00856-00202521-00202697": "that is kind of I think where you were", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00857-00202698-00202883": "going with your question is that you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00858-00202884-00203099": "know you you don't want to have a system", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00859-00203100-00203342": "where it's easy to game the results", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00860-00203343-00203432": "right you know you want to make sure", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00861-00203433-00203591": "that it's fair for everybody involved", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00862-00203592-00203873": "and so by having to lock up those coins", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00863-00203874-00203999": "and by making it an independent", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00864-00204000-00204257": "probability for every ticket you're not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00865-00204258-00204452": "giving any unfair advantage to any", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00866-00204453-00204758": "individual person or individual entity", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00867-00204759-00205081": "it's completely independent probability", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00868-00205082-00205502": "so that's it today all a million coins", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00869-00205503-00205694": "are being locked up in order to get", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00870-00205694-00205952": "these tickets right and suddenly for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00871-00205953-00206319": "some reason in the next five days", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00872-00206319-00206573": "an extra million also get locked up", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00873-00206573-00206831": "right like for some reason like people", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00874-00206832-00207041": "go crazy like everyone wants tickets now", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00875-00207042-00207225": "in these five days a lot of new coins", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00876-00207226-00207573": "come in locked up and I had locked up my", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00877-00207573-00207746": "clothes previously so my hundred", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00878-00207748-00207927": "thousand coins will be part of the early", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00879-00207928-00208178": "million will it be that when more people", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00880-00208179-00208350": "lock up their coins I will get less", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00881-00208351-00208650": "tickets the way the ticket price", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00882-00208651-00208904": "algorithm works is as follows in order", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00883-00208905-00209240": "to maintain a stable ticket pool size of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00884-00209241-00209555": "roughly forty thousand tickets the price", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00885-00209556-00209783": "will go up in response to demand for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00886-00209784-00210039": "more tickets so in the scenario you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00887-00210040-00210192": "described let's say you have a million", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00888-00210192-00210426": "coins staked the way it works is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00889-00210427-00210608": "there's effectively you know over time", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00890-00210609-00210963": "if you average everyone's ticket", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00891-00210964-00211082": "purchases and you know what's the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00892-00211083-00211292": "average price of a ticket in the ticket", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00893-00211294-00211467": "pool that you're going to pay somewhere", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00894-00211467-00211709": "near that number before this the second", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00895-00211710-00211866": "million coins show so the first million", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00896-00211867-00211979": "you got them in there you got them at", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00897-00211980-00212219": "price X then when the second million", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00898-00212221-00212471": "comes the price of the tickets is going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00899-00212473-00212654": "to surge in an effort to basically", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00900-00212655-00212957": "prevent the meta the ticket pool size", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00901-00212958-00213155": "from bloating and the reason we do that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00902-00213156-00213369": "is so that we can maintain sort of you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00903-00213369-00213473": "know we can manage everyone's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00904-00213475-00213639": "expectations people have an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00905-00213640-00213755": "understanding that there's going to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00906-00213756-00213935": "roughly 0.5 percent of the tickets", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00907-00213936-00214208": "expire without voting you don't really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00908-00214209-00214371": "lose any money you lose a fee from that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00909-00214371-00214667": "but then the rest of the tickets will", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00910-00214669-00214907": "vote and there every no with a rough", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00911-00214908-00215187": "average of 28 days until they vote from", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00912-00215188-00215384": "the time that they they've matured and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00913-00215385-00215798": "after you bought them the it's funny", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00914-00215800-00215916": "that you mentioned this idea you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00915-00215917-00216090": "what would happen if a million of these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00916-00216091-00216369": "coins show up what would in the previous", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00917-00216369-00216557": "system now we had the the we recently", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00918-00216558-00216762": "changed the ticket pricing algorithm in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00919-00216763-00216963": "with the old ticket pricing algorithm it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00920-00216964-00217176": "would have gone absolutely berserk and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00921-00217177-00217346": "the price would have gone all over the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00922-00217348-00217610": "place but we actually modeled this as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00923-00217611-00217973": "part of our design of the new ticket", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00924-00217975-00218265": "price algorithm so that in the case that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00925-00218266-00218435": "the price surges they didn't you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00926-00218436-00218648": "the pool size will surge for a little", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00927-00218650-00218901": "bit but then it will come back down over", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00928-00218902-00219083": "time as a function of basically the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00929-00219084-00219260": "ticket price shoots up people stopped", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00930-00219261-00219423": "buying tickets and wait for it to come", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00931-00219423-00219554": "back down then it comes back down and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00932-00219555-00219650": "people slowly", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00933-00219651-00219809": "buying tickets again and then it comes", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00934-00219810-00220007": "back to a you know like a stable ticket", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00935-00220008-00220196": "price and what that will do is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00936-00220196-00220403": "won't affect tickets it could affect", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00937-00220404-00220567": "tickets that you bought in the sense", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00938-00220569-00220832": "that the amount of time until those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00939-00220833-00221129": "tickets vote is longer but in it won't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00940-00221130-00221288": "affect the price you paid for those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00941-00221289-00221489": "tickets so your rate of return is really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00942-00221490-00221705": "mostly a function of what you paid for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00943-00221706-00221927": "the ticket if the pool size surge is a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00944-00221928-00222182": "bit it'll affect your returns a bit but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00945-00222183-00222365": "it won't it won't drastically change", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00946-00222366-00222571": "your your returns so then if you if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00947-00222573-00222677": "you're the person showed up and bought", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00948-00222678-00222875": "the you know the second you know raft of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00949-00222876-00223007": "knitting a million coins worth of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00950-00223008-00223123": "tickets you're going to get a higher", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00951-00223125-00223298": "ticket price and your return will be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00952-00223298-00223459": "lower and if you know there's more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00953-00223460-00223721": "demand for tickets in general the price", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00954-00223721-00223877": "of tickets goes up and then the yield", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00955-00223878-00224077": "from those tickets goes down over time", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00956-00224078-00224516": "so with the system once once the proof", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00957-00224517-00225085": "of stake users have voted on blocks that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00958-00225086-00225298": "have previewed that that have previously", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00959-00225300-00225728": "been mined by miners what prevents", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00960-00225729-00225985": "miners from ignoring these votes and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00961-00225986-00226471": "just continue mining blocks as they were", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00962-00226473-00226698": "mining them previously so presumably not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00963-00226700-00226904": "implementing changes that would have", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00964-00226905-00227048": "been voted on by the proof of statement", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00965-00227048-00227321": "validators right so again it comes down", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00966-00227321-00227513": "to the consensus rules that are encoded", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00967-00227514-00227792": "in all of the clients one of the it will", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00968-00227792-00227894": "think I mentioned it but one of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00969-00227894-00228098": "requirements is is that a block has to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00970-00228098-00228266": "have three votes the miner must include", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00971-00228267-00228442": "three votes and since the miner can't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00972-00228444-00228632": "choose those votes it's all it's chosen", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00973-00228633-00228830": "specifically by this lottery process", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00974-00228831-00229028": "they don't have a choice", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00975-00229029-00229175": "they have to include those votes or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00976-00229176-00229319": "their block simply will be rejected by", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00977-00229319-00229498": "the network so they have to include", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00978-00229500-00229642": "there has to be at least three of those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00979-00229644-00230057": "five votes that extends a bit I think", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00980-00230058-00230156": "where you were going when you start", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00981-00230157-00230312": "talking about Forks and things like that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00982-00230313-00230438": "like why don't they just keep you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00983-00230439-00230569": "why don't they ignore the new rule there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00984-00230571-00230816": "why can't it just work right and so the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00985-00230817-00231128": "the reason for that is is because you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00986-00231129-00231329": "think of it this way that the majority", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00987-00231330-00231592": "of the votes follow the the majority", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00988-00231594-00231788": "well whichever way they voted so they're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00989-00231789-00231902": "going to follow the majority chain in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00990-00231903-00232055": "that case and because they're not going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00991-00232056-00232262": "to cast votes on the other chain the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00992-00232263-00232484": "other chain can't continue it won't get", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00993-00232485-00232669": "the votes so because every block", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00994-00232671-00232865": "requires those three votes to even", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00995-00232866-00233006": "extend the chain now", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00996-00233007-00233396": "can keep trying go too much in depth", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00997-00233396-00233612": "here but the the fact is there there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00998-00233613-00233771": "there is a way that you can remind the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-00999-00233771-00233921": "block to change the hash which will in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01000-00233921-00234053": "turn cause different tickets to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01001-00234054-00234271": "chosen so you can keep trying but it's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01002-00234273-00234461": "so much more expensive to try and keep", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01003-00234462-00234629": "that old chain going that way because", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01004-00234630-00234769": "you're not getting the folks people", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01005-00234771-00234986": "people aren't nobody's voting if you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01006-00234987-00235151": "keep trying again and again you keep", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01007-00235152-00235301": "mining the same block over and over and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01008-00235302-00235598": "the further back you get it's it's worse", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01009-00235598-00235781": "right same principle is whenever you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01010-00235782-00235955": "have a reason you don't have very long", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01011-00235956-00236144": "reorders and bitcoin is because the fact", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01012-00236144-00236353": "that the further the deeper it gets the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01013-00236354-00236609": "lower the probability gets that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01014-00236610-00236759": "something is if the people are going to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01015-00236760-00236930": "go back and mind that many and it's the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01016-00236931-00237104": "same principle here you can't get the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01017-00237105-00237284": "votes on the minority chain it gets", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01018-00237285-00237560": "increasingly more expensive and then the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01019-00237561-00237821": "changes dies I think there's another", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01020-00237821-00238031": "point to add here which is that beyond", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01021-00238032-00238259": "the three vote minimum per buy you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01022-00238260-00238508": "per block there's a linear there's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01023-00238509-00238771": "linear scaling of the proof-of-work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01024-00238773-00239044": "reward so if your proof of if the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01025-00239046-00239186": "proof-of-work block that you mind", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01026-00239187-00239423": "includes all five votes you get a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01027-00239423-00239596": "hundred percent of the proof-of-work", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01028-00239598-00239837": "subsidy and then for every vote less", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01029-00239838-00240077": "than that that you include it scales it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01030-00240078-00240353": "down by 20% so if you only include four", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01031-00240354-00240598": "votes you're going to get 80% or three", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01032-00240600-00240791": "votes 60% then anything less than that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01033-00240792-00241139": "is not a valid block so so there is so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01034-00241140-00241342": "there is a real tangible penalty for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01035-00241344-00241601": "trying to omit votes from from blocks", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01036-00241602-00241690": "that you mind", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01037-00241691-00242092": "and speaking of mind blocks can this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01038-00242092-00242510": "voting mechanism for instance rollback", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01039-00242511-00242741": "the blockchain so could proof of stake", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01040-00242742-00243160": "miners decide that a set of transactions", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01041-00243161-00243377": "shouldn't be included into the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01042-00243378-00243548": "blockchain I don't know say for instance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01043-00243548-00243959": "after some sort of wallet being hacked", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01044-00243960-00244296": "or you know some sort of contract", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01045-00244298-00244594": "executing replay attack could could", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01046-00244596-00244730": "could the previous take miners decide", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01047-00244731-00244952": "okay we don't want these transactions to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01048-00244953-00245312": "be included in blotching so technically", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01049-00245313-00245480": "yes it would require a hard fork vote", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01050-00245481-00245651": "and the sense that you know somebody", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01051-00245652-00245858": "would have to somebody being developers", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01052-00245859-00246057": "would have to code up the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01053-00246058-00246323": "the new rules that say that okay we're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01054-00246325-00246561": "going to you know either ignore these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01055-00246562-00246750": "transactions or undo them or whatever", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01056-00246751-00246909": "the case may be and then that would", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01057-00246910-00247041": "create a hard fork and it would have to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01058-00247042-00247188": "go through the majority vote so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01059-00247189-00247482": "theoretically it is possible however I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01060-00247483-00247704": "think one of the big differences is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01061-00247705-00247902": "rather than there being some benevolent", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01062-00247903-00248061": "dictator that just says not too bad", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01063-00248062-00248256": "we're doing it you need majority", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01064-00248257-00248364": "stakeholder approval", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01065-00248365-00248556": "everybody has to vote on that for it to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01066-00248557-00248879": "happen and I personally believe that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01067-00248880-00249183": "such a vote like that most likely won't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01068-00249184-00249402": "pass because it's a pretty gross", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01069-00249403-00249621": "violation of trust right I mean one of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01070-00249621-00249798": "the biggest fundamental things is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01071-00249798-00250005": "you know somebody else can't mess with", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01072-00250006-00250230": "your wallet right I mean if you're going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01073-00250231-00250383": "to try and steal coins from somebody", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01074-00250384-00250527": "else what's going to stop anybody else", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01075-00250528-00250692": "from time to steal coins from you and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01076-00250692-00250938": "you know I think that most stakeholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01077-00250939-00251226": "understand that that is a sort of a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01078-00251227-00251436": "slippery slope so I personally believe", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01079-00251437-00251598": "you would have a very difficult time", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01080-00251598-00251787": "getting a majority stake to vote on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01081-00251788-00252271": "doing that so your ticketing system is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01082-00252273-00252513": "you're saying that complex right yeah", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01083-00252514-00252711": "yeah it's actually quite any more right", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01084-00252712-00252896": "like there's a coin and then these coins", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01085-00252898-00253092": "allow you to get tickets when you log", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01086-00253092-00253311": "these coins up and then something is a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01087-00253312-00253512": "randomly chosen to vote on each block", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01088-00253513-00254156": "has there been any any academic study of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01089-00254157-00254444": "suitability of this system and on like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01090-00254446-00254721": "how people could game the system using", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01091-00254721-00255027": "some kind of strategic behaviour there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01092-00255028-00255300": "has been some exploration of that topic", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01093-00255301-00255516": "with there's a there's a proof of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01094-00255517-00255735": "activity paper which was I think it was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01095-00255736-00255930": "released sometime in 2014 so it was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01096-00255931-00256227": "really you know six - you know six to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01097-00256228-00256563": "twelve months after the original mc2", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01098-00256564-00257117": "coin paper and the what had ended up", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01099-00257119-00257403": "happening was they looked at this attack", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01100-00257404-00257586": "from the perspective of a proof of that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01101-00257587-00257754": "proof of activity where it was it had a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01102-00257755-00257976": "follow this Satoshi prescription but it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01103-00257977-00258198": "was the same idea that there's proof of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01104-00258198-00258330": "stake and proof of work and they're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01105-00258331-00258486": "hybridized and then they ask questions", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01106-00258487-00258729": "how much would it cost to execute a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01107-00258730-00258992": "successful attack on a currency that has", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01108-00258994-00259196": "a hybridization system like this and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01109-00259198-00259357": "basically the conclusion is the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01110-00259358-00259575": "yes there are attacks where you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01111-00259576-00259757": "basically own a big chunk of steak and a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01112-00259758-00259928": "big chunk of the mining and you collude", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01113-00259929-00260190": "but the cost of executing one of those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01114-00260191-00260403": "attacks is substantially greater than", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01115-00260404-00260577": "just proof-of-work alone", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01116-00260578-00260766": "and I think that Dave is much more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01117-00260767-00261028": "familiar with the details of the the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01118-00261029-00261332": "cost of the attack than I am offhand but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01119-00261333-00261530": "I believe it you know it's a substantial", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01120-00261531-00261857": "multiplier over the 51% attack cost so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01121-00261858-00262026": "you know in terms of its attack", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01122-00262027-00262290": "resistance it has been looked at and the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01123-00262291-00262544": "analysis provided in the paper by is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01124-00262545-00262968": "limas Rossi Lee Mizrahi Rosenfeld and I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01125-00262969-00263178": "think there's a fourth author on tough", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01126-00263179-00263523": "men talk okay Ben's up and so there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01127-00263524-00263903": "paper really covered this attack vector", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01128-00263904-00264158": "and it does apply fully to deep read as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01129-00264159-00264345": "far as I know the only caveat to being", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01130-00264346-00264540": "that in you know in terms of how much", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01131-00264541-00264678": "stake you need to control it's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01132-00264679-00264864": "question of how much of the state funds", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01133-00264865-00265055": "you need to control relative to how much", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01134-00265056-00265263": "and it's not quite an apples to apples", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01135-00265264-00265430": "comparison but it's very close maybe you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01136-00265431-00265703": "can say more about it Dave this is a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01137-00265704-00265890": "little bit outdated information but it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01138-00265891-00266159": "still holds true and you know in the in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01139-00266160-00266313": "the proof of work system you only really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01140-00266314-00266496": "have to purchase 51% of the hash power", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01141-00266497-00266748": "and if you calculate all that out it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01142-00266749-00267008": "actually is roughly around 500 million", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01143-00267009-00267216": "dollars right now to carry out that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01144-00267217-00267506": "attack if you assume the exact same", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01145-00267507-00267765": "price of the Bitcoin has the same number", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01146-00267766-00267935": "of coins that are outstanding the same", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01147-00267936-00268106": "hash power that it has in order to do an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01148-00268107-00268299": "apples-to-apples comparison underneath", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01149-00268300-00268521": "the D credit system that same attack", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01150-00268522-00268866": "would be roughly 2.8 billion dollars and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01151-00268867-00269064": "the reason is because you have to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01152-00269065-00269298": "purchase a lot of the stake too so you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01153-00269299-00269507": "have to own a lot of the currency in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01154-00269508-00269715": "addition to 2 hash power there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01155-00269716-00269868": "actually a formula", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01156-00269869-00270120": "isn't that proof of activity paper that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01157-00270121-00270339": "allows you to specifically calculate", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01158-00270340-00270570": "what percentage of each you need in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01159-00270571-00270801": "order to successfully carry out any kind", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01160-00270802-00271023": "of attack against it and so you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01161-00271024-00271232": "we've used that in order to calculate", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01162-00271233-00271610": "these figures there is one other piece", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01163-00271611-00271879": "of that that is relevant that the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01164-00271880-00272100": "formula doesn't take into account and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01165-00272101-00272346": "that is in order to acquire that much", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01166-00272347-00272689": "stake to begin with you're going to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01167-00272690-00272908": "cause the price to go up even more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01168-00272909-00273148": "because a lot of remember that we you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01169-00273149-00273256": "know you a lot of these coins your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01170-00273257-00273403": "stakes so they're not on the market so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01171-00273404-00273484": "they're not for sale", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01172-00273485-00273673": "so somebody wants to come in and try and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01173-00273674-00274036": "get 30% 50% of the stake or whatever the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01174-00274037-00274180": "coins aren't even available first of all", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01175-00274181-00274369": "because they're locked up but even if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01176-00274370-00274552": "they could in order to purchase that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01177-00274553-00274753": "many coins on the market you're going to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01178-00274754-00274912": "cause the price to skyrocket because", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01179-00274913-00275062": "you're trying to buy up every single", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01180-00275063-00275284": "outstanding coin so it makes the attack", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01181-00275285-00275574": "even more expensive than just that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01182-00275575-00275911": "formula shows so that you know in short", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01183-00275912-00276238": "it is it is really a more robust system", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01184-00276239-00276469": "and it's a whole lot more expensive to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01185-00276470-00276822": "attack than appear proof of work system", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01186-00276823-00277036": "this episode is brought to you by", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01187-00277037-00277228": "shape-shift the world's leading", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01188-00277229-00277492": "trustless official app exchange quickly", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01189-00277493-00277705": "swap between dozens of leading", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01190-00277706-00277876": "cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01191-00277877-00278320": "ethers V cash gnosis Monaro golem or cur", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01192-00278321-00278476": "and so many more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01193-00278477-00278719": "when you go to shape-shift IO you simply", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01194-00278720-00278914": "select your currency pair gives me", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01195-00278915-00279183": "receiving address sent the content boom", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01196-00279184-00279372": "shape-shift is not your traditional", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01197-00279373-00279601": "cryptocurrency change you don't need to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01198-00279602-00279802": "create an account you don't need to give", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01199-00279803-00279994": "them your personal information and they", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01200-00279995-00280225": "don't hold your coins so you are never", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01201-00280226-00280492": "at risk from a hacker or other malicious", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01202-00280493-00280795": "actor shape-shift has competitive rates", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01203-00280796-00280966": "and is even integrated in some your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01204-00280967-00281179": "favorite wallet apps like Jack's so you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01205-00281180-00281407": "can swap your digital assets directly", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01206-00281408-00281629": "within your wallet just as easily as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01207-00281630-00281827": "putting on your slippers whenever you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01208-00281828-00281989": "see that good-looking Fox you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01209-00281990-00282196": "that's where shape-shift is so the get", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01210-00282197-00282400": "started visits shape-shift I oh and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01211-00282401-00282574": "start trading and we'd like to thank", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01212-00282575-00282703": "shape-shift for those supportive", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01213-00282704-00283084": "epicenter so let's move on to this idea", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01214-00283085-00283422": "of heart fork voting can you describe", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01215-00283423-00283720": "how the hard fork voting works and then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01216-00283721-00284098": "afterwards let's talk about a real live", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01217-00284099-00284578": "example of a heart hard fork vote that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01218-00284579-00284859": "was carried out on decried", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01219-00284860-00285159": "sure so it's a pretty involved process", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01220-00285160-00285303": "but I'll try to keep it pretty", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01221-00285304-00285480": "high-level and so we can get there", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01222-00285481-00285810": "quickly the the basic process is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01223-00285811-00286167": "first the developers code up whatever", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01224-00286168-00286410": "the changes and they're also it has to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01225-00286411-00286521": "be a company with technical", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01226-00286522-00286698": "documentation that describes you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01227-00286699-00286860": "what the change is what the pros and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01228-00286861-00287115": "cons are so that stakeholders are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01229-00287116-00287367": "informed enough to be or educated enough", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01230-00287368-00287469": "to be able to make an informed decision", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01231-00287470-00287763": "so the first stage is that that you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01232-00287764-00288042": "coded up and you actually put it into", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01233-00288043-00288198": "the software and it's put in an inactive", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01234-00288199-00288519": "State there are versions we have several", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01235-00288520-00288752": "versions involved here that have to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01236-00288753-00288984": "basically happen in sort of in lockstep", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01237-00288985-00289242": "so one of them is the block version this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01238-00289243-00289431": "is very similar to Bitcoin and that is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01239-00289432-00289626": "the proof that the proof-of-work miners", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01240-00289627-00289776": "have upgraded they bumped the block", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01241-00289777-00289968": "version to say they've upgraded now a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01242-00289969-00290205": "big difference in our system versus the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01243-00290206-00290421": "systems and other proof of work points", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01244-00290422-00290718": "is that upgrading itself does not mean", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01245-00290719-00290883": "that the new feature is going to take", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01246-00290884-00291108": "place in most the other systems when you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01247-00291109-00291276": "upgrade the block version they're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01248-00291277-00291429": "signalling hey I want the changes that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01249-00291430-00291627": "come along with this block version indie", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01250-00291628-00291777": "cred that's not the case the only reason", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01251-00291778-00291933": "the version exists is to signal that I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01252-00291934-00292158": "have upgraded therefore I am capable of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01253-00292159-00292359": "understanding the new rules I don't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01254-00292360-00292539": "necessarily agree with them doesn't mean", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01255-00292540-00292725": "I want them but I can understand them", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01256-00292726-00293046": "and it should the rules become active I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01257-00293047-00293202": "know how to properly validate them", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01258-00293203-00293421": "that's sort of that version the other", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01259-00293422-00293568": "version that we have is on the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01260-00293569-00293745": "stakeholder side because in addition to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01261-00293746-00293946": "the the proof-of-work miners that are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01262-00293947-00294153": "creating the blocks you also have the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01263-00294154-00294363": "the wallets the people the stakeholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01264-00294364-00294543": "that are casting the votes so they also", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01265-00294544-00294885": "obviously obviously but as we discussed", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01266-00294886-00295116": "before there are those vote fix that set", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01267-00295117-00295329": "the preferences so those change over", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01268-00295330-00295494": "time depending on what the agendas that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01269-00295495-00295719": "are being voted on are and that means", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01270-00295720-00295878": "that the version and the proof of stake", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01271-00295879-00296244": "side needs to be able to understand what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01272-00296245-00296454": "those bits mean to say I know what I'm", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01273-00296455-00296610": "folding on you know I understand the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01274-00296611-00296844": "agenda this is what I'm voting on so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01275-00296845-00297060": "once those two things happen there are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01276-00297061-00297234": "some thresholds that have to be reached", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01277-00297235-00297414": "in order for those two things to to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01278-00297415-00297639": "proceed but once those are done then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01279-00297640-00297837": "that's when the actual vote itself", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01280-00297838-00298170": "starts the vote takes roughly it's about", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01281-00298171-00298249": "a month", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01282-00298250-00298444": "and the primary purpose of that is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01283-00298445-00298618": "we want to make sure that there is a at", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01284-00298619-00298897": "least one full turnover of that target", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01285-00298898-00299041": "ticket full size that we discussed", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01286-00299042-00299200": "before we want to make sure that there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01287-00299201-00299347": "at least one full turn over so that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01288-00299348-00299713": "there's a very good you know selection", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01289-00299714-00299848": "that we're actually taking everybody's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01290-00299849-00300010": "voice into account that we possibly can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01291-00300011-00300436": "recently so after that month passes you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01292-00300437-00300679": "either you pass the vote with a majority", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01293-00300680-00300895": "yes or you fail the vote with a majority", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01294-00300896-00301210": "no or you had somewhere in between if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01295-00301211-00301513": "there's a majority yes there's a lock-in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01296-00301514-00301729": "period those rules and the purpose of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01297-00301730-00301999": "this is that those rules will activate", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01298-00302000-00302158": "at that point they were voted in they", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01299-00302159-00302296": "are going to activate but they're not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01300-00302297-00302485": "activated yet and the reason this is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01301-00302486-00302668": "important is because you have businesses", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01302-00302669-00302848": "out there that what might have to make", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01303-00302849-00303013": "changes to their software because of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01304-00303014-00303199": "these changes whatever they are and so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01305-00303200-00303352": "you need to make sure to give the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01306-00303353-00303595": "businesses time this is a hey guys you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01307-00303596-00303754": "know this will happen you need to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01308-00303755-00303892": "upgrade your software not just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01309-00303893-00304003": "businesses but all the users to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01310-00304004-00304189": "everybody who's running the software it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01311-00304190-00304446": "needs to upgrade so it's to give them a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01312-00304447-00304711": "sufficient period to do the necessary", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01313-00304712-00305041": "upgrades and indicate and then after", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01314-00305042-00305245": "that lock-in period is done it just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01315-00305246-00305494": "activates that's already in the the the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01316-00305495-00305731": "consensus rules the new rules activate", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01317-00305732-00305935": "and it's at that point that the actual", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01318-00305936-00306160": "hard fork takes place so if you have not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01319-00306161-00306346": "upgraded your software by that point you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01320-00306347-00306511": "get worked off the network you know you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01321-00306512-00306763": "have to upgrade so in the very beginning", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01322-00306764-00307063": "when you signal your intention to want", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01323-00307064-00307285": "to vote on a new piece of software you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01324-00307286-00307375": "said that you had to upgrade your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01325-00307376-00307600": "software so you can understand those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01326-00307601-00307819": "bits does that imply that the software", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01327-00307820-00308089": "is always sort of in two states like one", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01328-00308090-00308475": "where it understands the current", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01329-00308476-00308839": "consensus model mechanism but also can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01330-00308840-00309109": "understand the potential future", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01331-00309110-00309433": "consensus mechanism should it be voted", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01332-00309434-00309799": "upon like is there like a like an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01333-00309800-00309946": "in-between state where the software", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01334-00309947-00310222": "understands to consensus maximum you can", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01335-00310223-00310378": "think about it like this right which is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01336-00310379-00310531": "that you come in with one set of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01337-00310532-00310690": "consensus rules and what you're voting", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01338-00310691-00310891": "on is you're voting on changes to those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01339-00310892-00311137": "consensus rules so you have consensus", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01340-00311138-00311419": "rule set one and then you're voting on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01341-00311420-00311599": "whether you should change it to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01342-00311600-00311737": "we'll set two which has the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01343-00311738-00311944": "modifications or leave it the same in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01344-00311945-00312163": "the future we might have multiple you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01345-00312164-00312322": "know knobs that people can turn it to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01346-00312323-00312513": "but the upshot really is is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01347-00312514-00312769": "hardwork voting is just for voting on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01348-00312770-00313048": "consensus changes and you know these are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01349-00313049-00313258": "the these are some of the most", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01350-00313259-00313462": "contentious and difficult to execute", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01351-00313463-00313657": "changes I mean typically if you know if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01352-00313658-00313804": "we're talking about a theorem or Mineiro", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01353-00313805-00314116": "or you know or any of these other sort", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01354-00314117-00314434": "of you know less governance focused you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01355-00314435-00314617": "know coins out there which is that and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01356-00314618-00314878": "when they execute a hard fork or when", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01357-00314879-00315034": "they execute a hard work there's someone", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01358-00315035-00315226": "there literally like throwing the switch", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01359-00315227-00315364": "there might be a soft signaling", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01360-00315365-00315595": "mechanism to say oh we want to hard fork", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01361-00315596-00315868": "per day sees comments earlier you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01362-00315869-00316288": "earlier in the talk but the hard you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01363-00316289-00316483": "know switch throwing act is something", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01364-00316484-00316672": "that you know hard the hard work voting", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01365-00316673-00316870": "is basically we wire up a switch in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01366-00316871-00317152": "track and then everyone votes on which", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01367-00317153-00317412": "on which switch of the track we take and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01368-00317413-00317668": "in doing that you know there's there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01369-00317669-00317836": "some soft signaling that needs happening", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01370-00317837-00317938": "like you said you know there's this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01371-00317939-00318166": "issue of are you interpreting to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01372-00318167-00318361": "consensus rule sets are one and really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01373-00318362-00318637": "you're only interpreting one and then as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01374-00318638-00318898": "of a certain marker which is at the end", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01375-00318899-00319123": "of the activation waiting period that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01376-00319124-00319390": "they've described only then does the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01377-00319391-00319708": "consensus rule set to activate if it had", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01378-00319709-00320020": "enough votes okay so you walk us through", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01379-00320021-00320497": "an example so recently there was you put", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01380-00320498-00320686": "this into practice by upgrading the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01381-00320687-00320863": "difficulty algorithm so there was an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01382-00320864-00321076": "upgrade to the consensus rules talk", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01383-00321077-00321406": "about how that went through it was it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01384-00321407-00321670": "successful how that sort of happened and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01385-00321671-00322036": "play them the old algorithm that we had", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01386-00322037-00322243": "we mentioned earlier in the talk that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01387-00322244-00322420": "you want to try to maintain that sort of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01388-00322421-00322611": "target pull size so that everybody", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01389-00322612-00322822": "expectations are managed you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01390-00322823-00322966": "approximately how long it's going to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01391-00322967-00323160": "take before your vote happens and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01392-00323161-00323464": "approximately what your exploration", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01393-00323465-00323620": "percentage is going to be so those are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01394-00323621-00323836": "all tied to that pool size and the old", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01395-00323837-00324028": "algorithm did a pretty good job of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01396-00324029-00324235": "maintaining that full size a little over", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01397-00324236-00324364": "target but overall they're pretty good", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01398-00324365-00324673": "but the price swung wildly it would go", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01399-00324674-00324917": "from a price that was really low so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01400-00324918-00325067": "everybody would want to buy tickets and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01401-00325068-00325289": "there was this huge mad rush where", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01402-00325290-00325415": "everybody was like I want these cheap", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01403-00325416-00325605": "tickets my yield is really high and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01404-00325606-00325828": "there's a whole bunch of competition and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01405-00325829-00326018": "that caused the fees to get really high", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01406-00326019-00326281": "and then the price would jump up a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01407-00326282-00326501": "significant portion outside of the range", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01408-00326502-00326723": "that people were willing to pay for for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01409-00326724-00326878": "three more periods and then it would", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01410-00326879-00327047": "return to that low period and so I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01411-00327048-00327358": "created this resonant cycle where at all", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01412-00327359-00327604": "the ticket purchases were happening in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01413-00327605-00327890": "the low wind intervals and it was a not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01414-00327891-00328051": "a very good user experience and then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01415-00328052-00328190": "there was some other negative", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01416-00328191-00328391": "consequences of that as far as the hash", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01417-00328392-00328520": "powers concerned", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01418-00328521-00328712": "basically the proof-of-work miners", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01419-00328713-00328871": "realized that hey I get more fees if I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01420-00328872-00329056": "point my power at D credit during this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01421-00329057-00329201": "there's low interval when people are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01422-00329202-00329399": "paying higher fees on the tickets and so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01423-00329400-00329567": "it would cause this sort of perverse", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01424-00329568-00329837": "incentive to direct your hash power at", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01425-00329838-00330001": "the network during a very short interval", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01426-00330002-00330188": "and then take it away and of course that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01427-00330189-00330398": "would cause some some not really havoc", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01428-00330399-00330616": "per se but it would change the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01429-00330617-00330853": "expectation of how quickly blocks are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01430-00330854-00331088": "being produced so it would speed up", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01431-00331089-00331217": "during the period and then elongate", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01432-00331218-00331405": "during the other periods and so you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01433-00331406-00331534": "we realized then we saw that this was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01434-00331535-00331742": "going to be an issue it was becoming one", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01435-00331743-00331892": "more and more as more people one of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01436-00331893-00332048": "stake and stake participation was rising", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01437-00332049-00332431": "and so we created the new algorithm we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01438-00332432-00332726": "did an entire simulation framework for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01439-00332727-00332908": "it we simulated it it was all open on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01440-00332909-00333157": "github we got feedback from several", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01441-00333158-00333328": "different community members we tried I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01442-00333329-00333596": "want to say in total I ran something", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01443-00333597-00334043": "like 350 simulations but in the end we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01444-00334044-00334295": "landed on an algorithm we implemented it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01445-00334296-00334558": "in the code and then we started the you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01446-00334559-00334775": "know that all the stakeholders know what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01447-00334776-00335021": "was going on and we started the vote the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01448-00335022-00335281": "vote progressed and so I think an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01449-00335282-00335468": "interesting point here is that it was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01450-00335469-00335738": "actually a controversial change because", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01451-00335739-00335959": "of the fact that as I mentioned the fees", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01452-00335960-00336125": "were really high during those periods so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01453-00336126-00336362": "part of changing this algorithm so that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01454-00336363-00336553": "the ticket purchases are spread out more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01455-00336554-00336778": "evenly across the blocks means that the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01456-00336779-00337156": "proof-of-work miners earn less fees so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01457-00337157-00337373": "they didn't want to change right even", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01458-00337374-00337598": "though it's better for the credit as a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01459-00337599-00337783": "whole it solved a lot of the other", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01460-00337784-00337916": "things that I talked about from those", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01461-00337917-00338077": "issues and of course proof of stake", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01462-00338078-00338223": "miners wanted it the proof", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01463-00338224-00338364": "work miners really didn't want it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01464-00338365-00338556": "because it's going to reduce the amount", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01465-00338557-00338810": "of money that they can make and so the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01466-00338811-00339035": "interesting thing though is that after", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01467-00339036-00339260": "the vote ended up going through it ended", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01468-00339261-00339501": "up being like a 98% I don't remember", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01469-00339502-00339744": "exact percentage maybe 98.6 but a high", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01470-00339745-00340020": "ninety-eight percentage of voters who", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01471-00340021-00340193": "voted YES for the algorithm and the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01472-00340194-00340470": "primary reason for that is that a lot of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01473-00340471-00340685": "times when you have what seems to be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01474-00340686-00340851": "what appears to be a lot of contention", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01475-00340852-00340959": "because there's a lot of people on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01476-00340960-00341163": "social media they're you know there's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01477-00341164-00341331": "one or two guys out there being really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01478-00341332-00341484": "loud saying oh we you know this is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01479-00341485-00341628": "terrible into the world is going to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01480-00341629-00341820": "happen whatever they're you know the the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01481-00341821-00341976": "contentiousness usually comes from a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01482-00341977-00342201": "very small minority of people and the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01483-00342202-00342321": "reality is it that when you actually", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01484-00342322-00342540": "have these on chain voting mechanism and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01485-00342541-00342795": "you can actually pull people in a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01486-00342796-00343110": "trustus lee Democratic fashion you'll", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01487-00343111-00343305": "find that a lot of times there isn't as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01488-00343306-00343467": "much contention as there seems to be and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01489-00343468-00343638": "that was actually the result here it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01490-00343639-00343731": "looked like there was a ton of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01491-00343732-00343854": "contention but when the vote actually", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01492-00343855-00344076": "came down it was you know 98% positive", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01493-00344077-00344352": "and so the vote happened the new", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01494-00344353-00344532": "algorithm you know it happened exactly", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01495-00344533-00344700": "as planned there was a lock-in period", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01496-00344701-00345132": "the new algorithm took effect and we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01497-00345133-00345284": "could show the chart at some point if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01498-00345285-00345456": "you want to but it went from having a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01499-00345457-00345630": "sort of sinusoid pattern and the ticket", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01500-00345631-00345809": "price to being almost a straight line", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01501-00345810-00346005": "now and the number of ticket purchases", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01502-00346006-00346235": "are spread evenly across the blocks", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01503-00346236-00346464": "which is a much preferred situation it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01504-00346465-00346638": "improves the user experience for the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01505-00346639-00346914": "users and it got rid of the you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01506-00346915-00347073": "perverse incentives for the hash power", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01507-00347074-00347232": "that I was speaking out earlier and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01508-00347233-00347409": "something else that I think is relevant", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01509-00347410-00347658": "here is is that all of this happened", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01510-00347659-00347931": "pretty recently the the first hard fork", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01511-00347932-00348264": "vote on you know on the ticket price", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01512-00348265-00348588": "algorithm I think we push the code out", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01513-00348589-00349029": "sometime in April these you know the the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01514-00349030-00349221": "proof-of-work minors and the proof of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01515-00349222-00349440": "stake miners upgraded per the process", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01516-00349441-00349680": "they have described and then the voting", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01517-00349681-00349959": "began and I think the voting began in", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01518-00349960-00350301": "early May it ended in early June and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01519-00350302-00350577": "then the new rules activated I think it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01520-00350578-00350943": "was either July 8th or July 9th so you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01521-00350944-00351081": "know so all of this you know at least it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01522-00351082-00351315": "working in production is a very new", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01523-00351316-00351522": "and one of the reasons that you and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01524-00351523-00351648": "everyone else might not have heard about", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01525-00351649-00351851": "it is because we we didn't want to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01526-00351852-00352076": "publicize it too much and then you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01527-00352077-00352328": "not have it work when we when we had it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01528-00352329-00352652": "running on maintenance so so that's a so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01529-00352653-00352899": "that's the sort of recent history of of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01530-00352900-00353234": "this boat is this like one of the first", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01531-00353235-00353585": "of heart swaps like so for example like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01532-00353586-00353937": "when this was this I feel one of these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01533-00353938-00354114": "selling points well okay there's going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01534-00354115-00354350": "to be a protocol and like while the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01535-00354351-00354551": "chain is running you could change the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01536-00354552-00354966": "rules like like one key chain chain is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01537-00354967-00355266": "running but it seems that you have", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01538-00355267-00355569": "already done it yeah it's it's their", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01539-00355570-00355883": "their goal is basically the same thing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01540-00355884-00356075": "that you know they want to have a way to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01541-00356076-00356316": "vote on consensus changes that just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01542-00356317-00356574": "happen whenever the vote succeed and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01543-00356575-00356801": "that is correct that was exactly what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01544-00356802-00356950": "decrypt does and it has already happened", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01545-00356951-00357165": "is there any other project that that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01546-00357166-00357495": "that has capability like this there are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01547-00357496-00357656": "none that I know of there are projects", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01548-00357657-00357819": "that have voting type systems however", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01549-00357820-00358034": "they're all what I was speaking of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01550-00358035-00358296": "earlier is that they're all pretty much", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01551-00358297-00358526": "at a layer where it's sort of soft", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01552-00358527-00358655": "signaling and I think Jake mentioned it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01553-00358656-00358863": "too it's like hey we want this but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01554-00358864-00359046": "ultimately it's up to you know one guy", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01555-00359047-00359274": "to flip the switch right it's not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01556-00359275-00359568": "actually on chain you know with this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01557-00359569-00359957": "system the sister the rule change is put", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01558-00359958-00360123": "in place and then you know we could all", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01559-00360124-00360288": "go get hit by a bus it doesn't matter", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01560-00360289-00360438": "it's going to happen if the stakeholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01561-00360439-00360599": "vote again there's nobody that has to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01562-00360600-00360776": "flip the switch it's built into the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01563-00360777-00361014": "protocol it's transparent it's provable", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01564-00361015-00361283": "it's cryptographically secure totally", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01565-00361284-00361521": "trustless and I don't know of any other", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01566-00361522-00361740": "system that actually and I know teases", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01567-00361741-00361896": "wants to tell us have you say I know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01568-00361897-00362102": "that that's their ultimate goal but it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01569-00362103-00362391": "you know it they don't have it yet and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01570-00362392-00362504": "that's the only other project that I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01571-00362505-00362793": "know the hard part for us to you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01572-00362794-00362954": "when we when we're answering questions", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01573-00362955-00363179": "about tezo's is is that until we you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01574-00363180-00363356": "know until there's a production code", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01575-00363357-00363573": "base that we can look at and go uh this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01576-00363574-00363785": "is how they're doing it it is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01577-00363786-00363972": "legitimately difficult to do a compare", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01578-00363973-00364149": "and contrast like say in the case of -", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01579-00364150-00364320": "you know I think - is a production", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01580-00364321-00364566": "system they beat us to the governance", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01581-00364567-00364702": "thing I'll give them that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01582-00364703-00364978": "but their system is per Dave's comments", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01583-00364979-00365131": "it's a soft signalling system at least", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01584-00365132-00365419": "it is right now where changes will be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01585-00365420-00365614": "proposed and people can have a snap vote", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01586-00365615-00365806": "that occurs very quickly so they can get", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01587-00365807-00365974": "you know they can they can assess their", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01588-00365975-00366262": "their you know what masternode sentiment", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01589-00366263-00366556": "very quickly but even if the masternodes", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01590-00366557-00366763": "all vote yes someone you know someone", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01591-00366764-00366949": "within the project has to go wire up the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01592-00366950-00367114": "consensus changes just you know just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01593-00367115-00367321": "like we were discussing and then you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01594-00367322-00367543": "know they have to throw a centralized", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01595-00367544-00367723": "switch as opposed to the way we've done", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01596-00367724-00367924": "it where we pre wire all the changes and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01597-00367925-00368182": "go we can go whichever way you guys want", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01598-00368183-00368341": "we hope we didn't wire this up in vain", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01599-00368342-00368500": "but if you guys don't want to do it it's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01600-00368501-00368764": "not going to happen you know one of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01601-00368765-00368953": "key points there that I find really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01602-00368954-00369142": "attractive is that a lot of times people", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01603-00369143-00369406": "look at it from the standpoint of you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01604-00369407-00369577": "know did this get activated or not", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01605-00369578-00369847": "however a key point is that it's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01606-00369848-00369988": "actually quite important that if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01607-00369989-00370147": "something doesn't get activated that if", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01608-00370148-00370321": "you get a majority no vote that is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01609-00370322-00370492": "actually a very desirable outcome to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01610-00370493-00370654": "sure you may not be happy that you put", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01611-00370655-00370804": "the work in and you're you know whatever", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01612-00370805-00370981": "didn't get activated but that tells you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01613-00370982-00371287": "move on right find another solution you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01614-00371288-00371377": "know you're not going to spend the next", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01615-00371378-00371551": "two years arguing about it it's done it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01616-00371552-00371728": "with the majority know you know find", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01617-00371729-00371929": "another way all right let's move on and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01618-00371930-00372217": "just keep things rolling cool oh yeah", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01619-00372218-00372397": "this systems sound sounds really", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01620-00372398-00372544": "interesting right yeah the idea of like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01621-00372545-00372948": "pre-wiring on all the clients to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01622-00372949-00373180": "understand both the old chain and the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01623-00373181-00373441": "new chain and then they're dating a wood", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01624-00373442-00373792": "and an automatic like hot swap from the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01625-00373793-00374047": "old consensus rules to the new consensus", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01626-00374048-00374398": "rules while the chain is running yeah", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01627-00374399-00374641": "this to me somehow it feels like yeah", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01628-00374642-00374902": "this is it this is at least one of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01629-00374903-00375109": "directions all cryptocurrency systems", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01630-00375110-00375328": "will end up going going to one way or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01631-00375329-00375676": "another but yeah congratulations on", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01632-00375677-00375844": "there being probably one of the first", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01633-00375845-00376207": "tool to implement it so that that kind", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01634-00376208-00376434": "of brings us to the final topic which is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01635-00376435-00376954": "that with decried as far as I understand", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01636-00376955-00377164": "part of the block reward actually goes", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01637-00377165-00377369": "the developers which", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01638-00377370-00377738": "case is you and your company and we like", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01639-00377739-00377983": "to understand how much we'll see", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01640-00377984-00378227": "developers and like how how are these", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01641-00378228-00378532": "funds rate of these funds go to and how", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01642-00378533-00379025": "are they utilized and what how do you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01643-00379026-00379463": "seek to evolve that system so the way", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01644-00379464-00379667": "the the development subsidy works right", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01645-00379668-00379964": "now is 10% of every block subsidy gets", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01646-00379965-00380254": "sent to a multi-sig address that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01647-00380255-00380474": "multisig address can corresponds to what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01648-00380475-00380741": "is currently a centralized entity that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01649-00380742-00380939": "manages development called decreed", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01650-00380940-00381224": "Holdings Group LLC it's a Nevis LLC and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01651-00381225-00381829": "I'm I'm a manager of the LLC so the way", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01652-00381830-00382046": "we've been doing this is that in terms", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01653-00382047-00382325": "of how the development organization fits", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01654-00382326-00382478": "into the development of the project", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01655-00382479-00382807": "overall is that people show up and some", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01656-00382808-00382906": "of these people are very interested", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01657-00382907-00383078": "decribe there's a lot of people who are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01658-00383079-00383206": "just you know who show up in our slack", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01659-00383207-00383356": "they want to talk they want to hang out", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01660-00383357-00383581": "some of these people are even more", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01661-00383582-00383755": "interested and they and they go you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01662-00383756-00383903": "what I really want to take a close look", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01663-00383904-00384095": "at your source code or you know I want", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01664-00384096-00384229": "to help you build that build this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01665-00384230-00384433": "software I want to help you mark it or", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01666-00384434-00384685": "I'm really good at documentation I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01667-00384686-00384797": "noticed there were some gaps in your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01668-00384798-00385060": "documentation so people show up and are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01669-00385061-00385295": "interested and you know what we what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01670-00385296-00385528": "we've been doing is is that company zero", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01671-00385529-00385801": "is really sort of the the main", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01672-00385802-00386072": "contractor at this point and they and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01673-00386073-00386314": "and that's the company that I run and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01674-00386315-00386560": "what we do is is that we do all the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01675-00386561-00386843": "development work you know in-house and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01676-00386844-00387133": "then we build a project for that for", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01677-00387134-00387478": "that work at no markup and the purpose", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01678-00387479-00387725": "of doing this is that any you need money", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01679-00387726-00387893": "to build out one of these systems", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01680-00387894-00388121": "Bitcoin is a great example of a tragedy", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01681-00388122-00388277": "of the Commons in the sense that you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01682-00388278-00388435": "know say before block stream there are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01683-00388436-00388571": "some you know the Bitcoin core", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01684-00388572-00388712": "developers are there's some very", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01685-00388713-00388901": "talented people there but no one was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01686-00388902-00389141": "really getting paid so it creates a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01687-00389142-00389297": "tragedy in the common situation we've", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01688-00389298-00389468": "sort of fixed that by having this", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01689-00389469-00389731": "developer subsidy but this is just a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01690-00389732-00389932": "short-term arrangement the idea being", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01691-00389933-00390283": "that over the next six to 12 months what", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01692-00390284-00390398": "we'll be doing is we'll actually be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01693-00390399-00390626": "dissolving the development organism", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01694-00390627-00390797": "and placing these funds that are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01695-00390798-00391022": "currently in a multi-sig wallet into", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01696-00391023-00391211": "what it what might be a you know a paid", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01697-00391212-00391469": "to script hash or you know or another", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01698-00391470-00391742": "form of storage and then those funds", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01699-00391743-00391946": "will be controlled by the stakeholders", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01700-00391947-00392228": "via a proposal system where I mean let", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01701-00392229-00392495": "me give you an example you might be you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01702-00392496-00392594": "know someone who's a marketing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01703-00392595-00392759": "contractor you show up and you have a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01704-00392760-00392924": "really great idea for a marketing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01705-00392925-00393086": "campaign you talk to some of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01706-00393087-00393239": "marketing people they go at the pretty", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01707-00393240-00393449": "video you make a proposal and then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01708-00393450-00393599": "people vote on it if enough people", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01709-00393600-00393800": "enough of the stakeholders say yes it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01710-00393801-00394034": "will it'll get funded and fun and your", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01711-00394035-00394268": "work will be paid for from what is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01712-00394269-00394673": "essentially the Deek red dao it doesn't", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01713-00394674-00394811": "exist yet but we're sort of building", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01714-00394812-00395048": "backwards to get to that point so the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01715-00395049-00395210": "way everything is funded right now is we", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01716-00395211-00395375": "have a stopgap which is a centralized", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01717-00395376-00395585": "entity that pays contractors basically", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01718-00395586-00395726": "if you're interesting you show up and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01719-00395727-00395930": "you do some work and the work is and the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01720-00395931-00396191": "work is good will will talk to you about", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01721-00396192-00396425": "you know paying you to continue doing", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01722-00396426-00396755": "this work and that's sort of how things", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01723-00396756-00397001": "are running now and you know we hope to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01724-00397002-00397211": "basically continue a similar model but", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01725-00397212-00397430": "one where stakeholder approval is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01726-00397431-00397873": "explicit and on chain so tell us about", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01727-00397874-00398249": "the the current use case for 4d cred I", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01728-00398250-00398504": "mean it's a currency those are there's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01729-00398505-00398873": "market cap there's a price is it being", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01730-00398874-00399152": "used as a currency our merchants", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01731-00399153-00399356": "accepting it other use cases that are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01732-00399357-00399527": "being built around it there are a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01733-00399528-00399767": "handful of merchants who you know are", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01734-00399768-00400037": "services that accept Dee cred as a means", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01735-00400038-00400433": "of payment wyrex is one of them another", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01736-00400434-00400613": "one is coin payments coin payments head", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01737-00400614-00400778": "I think had the payment that you know", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01738-00400779-00401129": "had decreed offline for a little bit the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01739-00401130-00401285": "upshot I mean the way I see it is that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01740-00401286-00401489": "any of these projects whether it's", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01741-00401490-00401672": "Bitcoin or any of you know or any of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01742-00401673-00401846": "follow-on cryptocurrency that we seen", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01743-00401847-00402023": "over the past several years it's it", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01744-00402024-00402221": "almost always starts out as a store of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01745-00402222-00402542": "value first and then you know after that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01746-00402543-00402803": "store of value sort of gains some you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01747-00402804-00403043": "know legitimacy people want to then", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01748-00403044-00403247": "start spending it as opposed to just", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01749-00403248-00403559": "trading in a speculative context so you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01750-00403560-00403718": "know I feel like we're still in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01751-00403719-00403892": "phase where it's more a store of value", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01752-00403893-00404009": "than it is", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01753-00404010-00404225": "a you know a what is it a means of", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01754-00404226-00404435": "transmitting that value and I think that", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01755-00404436-00404636": "the reason that people consider it an", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01756-00404637-00404843": "attractive store value is because of the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01757-00404844-00405020": "returns you can earn from being a stake", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01758-00405021-00405239": "you know a stake er in addition to the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01759-00405240-00405371": "fact that you get to participate in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01760-00405372-00405557": "governance at the same time so it's a", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01761-00405558-00405755": "you know it's we're more in the store", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01762-00405756-00406073": "value phase right now but you know as", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01763-00406074-00406325": "the project matures we're really going", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01764-00406326-00406496": "to be focusing a lot more on merchant", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01765-00406497-00406802": "acceptance and payment processing okay", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01766-00406803-00407030": "great well Jake and Dave thank you so", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01767-00407031-00407150": "much for coming on the show today I was", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01768-00407151-00407351": "fascinating to learn all about D cred", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01769-00407352-00407477": "and the interesting work that you're", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01770-00407478-00407663": "doing around governance and be", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01771-00407664-00408053": "interested in hearing developments about", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01772-00408054-00408302": "D credit in the future and as you roll", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01773-00408303-00408701": "out more features and as the community", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01774-00408702-00408907": "and the and the and the currency itself", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01775-00408908-00409286": "can you continue to grow thank you all", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01776-00409287-00409493": "right thank you for having us and thank", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01777-00409494-00409658": "you to our listeners for tuning in the", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01778-00409659-00409832": "epicenter is part of let's talk Bitcoin", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01779-00409833-00409955": "network you could find this show and", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01780-00409956-00410105": "lots of other great shows at let's take", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01781-00410106-00410297": "one calm of course if you like the show", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01782-00410297-00410495": "there's multiple ways you can support us", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01783-00410496-00410734": "you can leave us a tip and the tipping", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01784-00410735-00410855": "address will be in the show description", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01785-00410856-00411104": "and if you don't want to twist it you", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01786-00411105-00411380": "can suggest a suicide interview go to", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01787-00411381-00411547": "iTunes leave us a review it helps people", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01788-00411549-00411728": "find the show and for this try to get", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01789-00411729-00411896": "reference there so thanks so much", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01790-00411897-00412162": "ambulatory", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01791-00412163-00413121": "[Music]", "e5PzlQnyaPM-01792-00413122-00413427": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e5T5nO-UaSI", "text": {"e5T5nO-UaSI-00000-00000023-00000296": "sighs Oh Ethan Allah Dean or die carbon", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00001-00000297-00000380": "monosulphide", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00002-00000381-00000614": "is a reactive hetero cooling molecule", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00003-00000615-00001266": "with formula CCS", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00004-00001267-00001602": "topic occurrence", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00005-00001603-00001800": "you", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00006-00001801-00002050": "ccs is found in space in large", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00007-00002051-00002277": "quantities this includes the torus", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00008-00002278-00002692": "molecular cloud in dmc1 TMC 1 C and L 1", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00009-00002693-00003010": "5 2 1 B these are likely in young", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00010-00003011-00003665": "starless molecular cloud cores", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00011-00003667-00004179": "topic production", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00012-00004180-00004392": "by condensing propane he ended at the", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00013-00004393-00004791": "own SCC CS or theok cipro PD no no C CCS", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00014-00004792-00005007": "in solid argon and irradiating with", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00015-00005008-00005283": "ultraviolet radiation CCS is formed", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00016-00005284-00005577": "another way is via a glow discharge in a", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00017-00005578-00005799": "mixture of carbon disulfide and helium", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00018-00005800-00006039": "yet another way is through electron", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00019-00006040-00006204": "irradiation of sulfur containing", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00020-00006205-00006600": "heterocycles CCS and the anion CCS - can", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00021-00006601-00007342": "be formed in solid neon matrices also", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00022-00007343-00007625": "topic properties", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00023-00007626-00007870": "you", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00024-00007872-00008159": "ccs can be a ligand it can form an", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00025-00008161-00008322": "asymmetrical bridge between two", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00026-00008323-00008676": "molybdenum atoms in mode 2 mu sigma c 8", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00027-00008677-00009186": "a 2 C's CCS Co for Hydra trous 3 5 di m", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00028-00009187-00009702": "ET h yl p yr azo l1 y al bouri 2 in this", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00029-00009703-00009918": "one carbon atom has a triple bond to a", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00030-00009919-00010098": "molybdenum and the other has a double", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00031-00010099-00010287": "bond to the other molybdenum atom which", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00032-00010288-00010488": "also has a single bond to the sulfur", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00033-00010489-00010686": "atom the ultraviolet spectrum shows", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00034-00010687-00010899": "absorption bands between two thousand", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00035-00010900-00011070": "eight hundred and three thousand three", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00036-00011071-00011253": "hundred seventy and also in the", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00037-00011254-00011451": "near-infrared between seven thousand", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00038-00011452-00011814": "five hundred and ten thousand a CCS can", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00039-00011815-00012105": "react with CCC s to form C 5s the", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00040-00012106-00012336": "infrared spectrum in solid argon shows a", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00041-00012337-00012705": "vibration band at 1666 point six", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00042-00012706-00012933": "centimeters minus one called v1 and", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00043-00012934-00013244": "another called v2 at 862 point seven", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00044-00013246-00013575": "centimeters minus one the 2v1 overtone", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00045-00013576-00013863": "is at 3300 eleven point one centimeters", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00046-00013863-00014208": "minus one a combination vibration and", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00047-00014209-00014412": "bending band is at two thousand seven", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00048-00014413-00014571": "hundred sixty three point four", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00049-00014572-00014781": "centimeters minus one the microwave", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00050-00014782-00015141": "spectrum has emission lines 43-32 at", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00051-00015141-00015344": "forty five point four gigahertz and", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00052-00015345-00015555": "twenty one to ten at twenty two point", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00053-00015556-00015762": "three gigahertz important for detection", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00054-00015763-00015954": "of molecules in molecular clouds", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00055-00015955-00016163": "theoretical predictions showed that the", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00056-00016165-00016386": "CC bond is one point three zero four", "e5T5nO-UaSI-00057-00016387-00016962": "along and the CS bond dyes one 550"}}, {"audio_id": "e6iy4fyFCfQ", "text": {"e6iy4fyFCfQ-00000-00000300-00002030": "[Music]", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00001-00002032-00002359": "aloha youtube this is your boy crypto", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00002-00002360-00002471": "roots", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00003-00002472-00002775": "and i'm estoy rilagente on la playa in", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00004-00002776-00002975": "mexico", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00005-00002976-00003150": "and which challenge is going for our", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00006-00003151-00003351": "early morning walk", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00007-00003352-00003654": "and yo we're in the bull market price of", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00008-00003655-00003870": "cryptocurrencies are going up", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00009-00003871-00004127": "they are going up but i'm seeing some of", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00010-00004128-00004254": "my investments", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00011-00004255-00004511": "dramatically sell off and i'm like hey", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00012-00004512-00004679": "what's going on here", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00013-00004680-00004959": "nothing has changed so in my mind some", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00014-00004960-00005263": "of these assets are severely undervalued", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00015-00005264-00005567": "severely undervalued and i'm just", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00016-00005568-00005815": "it's my mouth is watering bro my mouth", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00017-00005816-00005951": "is watering i'm like yo", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00018-00005952-00006183": "i gotta get more i gotta get more this", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00019-00006184-00006383": "is my opportunity to build generational", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00020-00006384-00006470": "wealth", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00021-00006472-00006687": "right right i'm starting at warren", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00022-00006688-00006870": "buffett my [__] crypto investing i'm", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00023-00006872-00007031": "starting to really have the patience", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00024-00007031-00007231": "and really starting to see how these", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00025-00007231-00007391": "markets work right", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00026-00007392-00007695": "and so let's talk about how to how to", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00027-00007695-00007942": "figure out how to understand or realize", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00028-00007943-00008199": "when something's severely undervalued", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00029-00008200-00008359": "okay first of all you got to understand", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00030-00008360-00008519": "how what makes it valuable in the first", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00031-00008520-00008599": "place", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00032-00008600-00008910": "right so let's get into that i like to", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00033-00008911-00009142": "refer to the crypto markets", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00034-00009143-00009510": "as a jungle like as a jungle", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00035-00009511-00009735": "and in the jungle everything is out to", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00036-00009736-00009855": "survive", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00037-00009856-00010046": "every single thing is out to survive in", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00038-00010047-00010271": "the jungle so when people say yo", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00039-00010272-00010463": "the crypto markets can be manipulated", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00040-00010464-00010687": "the crypto markets can be manipulated", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00041-00010688-00011031": "well [__] everything's out to survive so", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00042-00011032-00011174": "i don't i don't see i don't see that", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00043-00011175-00011327": "markets that it's like the beast is", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00044-00011328-00011463": "going to be the beast in every way", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00045-00011464-00011542": "possible", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00046-00011543-00011767": "every single trader of every kind well", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00047-00011768-00011935": "or small is going to want to survive and", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00048-00011936-00011999": "make money", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00049-00012000-00012214": "and not lose money so i don't see the", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00050-00012215-00012383": "crypto market being manipulated it's", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00051-00012384-00012431": "like yo", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00052-00012432-00012606": "the jungle's being manipulated no", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00053-00012607-00012830": "everything's out to survive", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00054-00012831-00013175": "right even at the cost of you right", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00055-00013176-00013375": "so it's like how are you going to know", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00056-00013376-00013575": "when something's severely undervalued", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00057-00013576-00013743": "well first of all you have to first of", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00058-00013744-00013919": "all know the jungle", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00059-00013919-00014103": "right you actually have to know the", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00060-00014104-00014311": "jungle you have to know", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00061-00014312-00014558": "the different plants trees minerals", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00062-00014559-00014663": "waters", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00063-00014663-00014838": "and you have to know it and you actually", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00064-00014840-00015127": "have to be aware of what is lacking", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00065-00015128-00015286": "what is i what does the jungle need the", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00066-00015287-00015486": "most well you know what type of salt", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00067-00015487-00015647": "minerals what type of plants", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00068-00015647-00015958": "is the jungle severely uh dying off", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00069-00015959-00016015": "right", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00070-00016016-00016222": "what can what can what can be more added", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00071-00016223-00016366": "to the jungle to make it", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00072-00016368-00016486": "everyone better so that's the same thing", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00073-00016487-00016679": "where i see a cryptocurrency it's like", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00074-00016680-00016863": "oh this is severely unvalued because", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00075-00016864-00017158": "it can bring so much more benefit and", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00076-00017159-00017335": "value to the whole crypto", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00077-00017336-00017591": "crypto ecosystem itself let alone the", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00078-00017592-00017767": "industry that it's in", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00079-00017768-00017999": "hopefully this is coming through clearly", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00080-00018000-00018167": "right so you have to know the jungle to", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00081-00018168-00018335": "know what the jungle is missing", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00082-00018336-00018494": "right to actually understand how", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00083-00018495-00018711": "valuable some of these plants herbs", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00084-00018712-00018991": "minerals or insects or what organisms", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00085-00018992-00019022": "are", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00086-00019023-00019230": "to the whole ecosystem of the jungle to", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00087-00019231-00019463": "understand how important they are", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00088-00019464-00019767": "right same thing with cryptocurrency you", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00089-00019768-00019799": "actually", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00090-00019800-00020094": "have to know cryptocurrency very well", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00091-00020095-00020119": "and", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00092-00020120-00020399": "understand what is barely being severely", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00093-00020400-00020519": "sold off", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00094-00020520-00020775": "and that's your opportunity that is your", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00095-00020776-00020975": "opportunity to build wealth", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00096-00020976-00021199": "right to buy some of these assets it is", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00097-00021200-00021286": "it is as", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00098-00021287-00021543": "it should be as exciting to buy as it is", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00099-00021544-00021639": "to sell", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00100-00021640-00021814": "it should it should and you it should", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00101-00021815-00022127": "not even involve your emotions", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00102-00022128-00022358": "sorry it's hot out here man it's hot out", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00103-00022359-00022463": "here i'm trying to get this through", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00104-00022464-00022550": "clearly", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00105-00022551-00022855": "but severely undervalued", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00106-00022856-00023030": "from now on that's only time that's the", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00107-00023031-00023183": "only thing i'm spending my money on", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00108-00023184-00023494": "assets that are severely undervalued", "e6iy4fyFCfQ-00109-00023495-00023808": "and how will you know"}}, {"audio_id": "e6mU71kJMgY", "text": {"e6mU71kJMgY-00000-00000133-00000423": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00001-00000424-00000663": "well then happy new year everyone", "e6mU71kJMgY-00002-00000664-00000782": "welcome", "e6mU71kJMgY-00003-00000783-00000862": "to", "e6mU71kJMgY-00004-00000863-00001191": "niji sanji express", "e6mU71kJMgY-00005-00001192-00001350": "what do you know there's a lot of things", "e6mU71kJMgY-00006-00001351-00001630": "in store here in this place uh", "e6mU71kJMgY-00007-00001632-00001959": "this is a concept by celan", "e6mU71kJMgY-00008-00001960-00002028": "herself", "e6mU71kJMgY-00009-00002029-00002191": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00010-00002192-00002431": "i'm happy that they're giving creative", "e6mU71kJMgY-00011-00002432-00002626": "freedoms on what to do with stuff", "e6mU71kJMgY-00012-00002627-00002823": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00013-00002824-00003206": "it shows the trust", "e6mU71kJMgY-00014-00003207-00003559": "yes poppers it shows the trust", "e6mU71kJMgY-00015-00003560-00003735": "that niji sanji", "e6mU71kJMgY-00016-00003736-00003847": "has", "e6mU71kJMgY-00017-00003847-00003990": "to", "e6mU71kJMgY-00018-00003992-00004367": "these talents his talented personalities", "e6mU71kJMgY-00019-00004368-00004543": "so on this uh", "e6mU71kJMgY-00020-00004544-00004727": "uh on this", "e6mU71kJMgY-00021-00004728-00004935": "space", "e6mU71kJMgY-00022-00004936-00005238": "we are now", "e6mU71kJMgY-00023-00005239-00005470": "here at the lobby perhaps and then", "e6mU71kJMgY-00024-00005471-00005559": "there's", "e6mU71kJMgY-00025-00005560-00005791": "pairs and stuff for everyone there's oh", "e6mU71kJMgY-00026-00005792-00005934": "there's a money gun", "e6mU71kJMgY-00027-00005935-00006470": "and here this time there's a cafe", "e6mU71kJMgY-00028-00006472-00006639": "so let's check", "e6mU71kJMgY-00029-00006640-00006783": "palmer rice", "e6mU71kJMgY-00030-00006784-00007159": "miss parfait very up pinatos", "e6mU71kJMgY-00031-00007159-00007551": "crunchy rice", "e6mU71kJMgY-00032-00007552-00007878": "all right roasty mom swine yes mom", "e6mU71kJMgY-00033-00007879-00008239": "lemonade gamernade petra steers", "e6mU71kJMgY-00034-00008240-00008399": "son of banana", "e6mU71kJMgY-00035-00008400-00008767": "hey", "e6mU71kJMgY-00036-00008768-00008974": "i love i love", "e6mU71kJMgY-00037-00008975-00009214": "i i i love the", "e6mU71kJMgY-00038-00009215-00009471": "i love the food yeah", "e6mU71kJMgY-00039-00009472-00009759": "yeah they have this express cafe", "e6mU71kJMgY-00040-00009760-00009895": "so yeah", "e6mU71kJMgY-00041-00009896-00010119": "uh there's a kitchen there's a chat the", "e6mU71kJMgY-00042-00010120-00010278": "cashier there's the", "e6mU71kJMgY-00043-00010279-00010498": "there's a coupon there's the cash", "e6mU71kJMgY-00044-00010499-00010727": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00045-00010728-00011063": "and at the background uh you all guys", "e6mU71kJMgY-00046-00011064-00011317": "are listening to low-fi versions of", "e6mU71kJMgY-00047-00011318-00011559": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00048-00011560-00011638": "the", "e6mU71kJMgY-00049-00011639-00011742": "tracks", "e6mU71kJMgY-00050-00011743-00011831": "that", "e6mU71kJMgY-00051-00011832-00011999": "are produced", "e6mU71kJMgY-00052-00012000-00012278": "for their debuts so we're now at the", "e6mU71kJMgY-00053-00012279-00012446": "area where", "e6mU71kJMgY-00054-00012447-00012658": "there's", "e6mU71kJMgY-00055-00012659-00012951": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00056-00012952-00013143": "there's rooms for", "e6mU71kJMgY-00057-00013144-00013486": "uh the members some of them are not", "e6mU71kJMgY-00058-00013487-00013791": "finished yet or are not built yet but", "e6mU71kJMgY-00059-00013791-00014391": "yeah this is palmu's room", "e6mU71kJMgY-00060-00014391-00014551": "that's fomo", "e6mU71kJMgY-00061-00014552-00014675": "and this is the guide", "e6mU71kJMgY-00062-00014676-00014822": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00063-00014823-00015015": "show this to your fellows if you want to", "e6mU71kJMgY-00064-00015016-00015119": "chant", "e6mU71kJMgY-00065-00015119-00015263": "all right", "e6mU71kJMgY-00066-00015263-00015438": "okay so", "e6mU71kJMgY-00067-00015440-00015807": "we'll close up for a while", "e6mU71kJMgY-00068-00015808-00016022": "oh it's only palmu's room is uh that's", "e6mU71kJMgY-00069-00016023-00016215": "available at the moment maybe in the", "e6mU71kJMgY-00070-00016216-00016463": "next few weeks this goes up for only a", "e6mU71kJMgY-00071-00016464-00016647": "month so i'm i don't know", "e6mU71kJMgY-00072-00016648-00017165": "yeah we have uh celen's room", "e6mU71kJMgY-00073-00017166-00017399": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00074-00017400-00017686": "this lens room is cute", "e6mU71kJMgY-00075-00017687-00017911": "okay let me end let me end", "e6mU71kJMgY-00076-00017912-00018135": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00077-00018136-00018239": "that's", "e6mU71kJMgY-00078-00018240-00018463": "that's our rooms", "e6mU71kJMgY-00079-00018464-00018686": "very comfy", "e6mU71kJMgY-00080-00018687-00018814": "gives you a", "e6mU71kJMgY-00081-00018815-00019094": "thing or two about interior design", "e6mU71kJMgY-00082-00019095-00019271": "maybe you could decorate your room like", "e6mU71kJMgY-00083-00019272-00019479": "that", "e6mU71kJMgY-00084-00019480-00019727": "i see em i see coffee cup don't mind", "e6mU71kJMgY-00085-00019728-00019991": "that", "e6mU71kJMgY-00086-00019992-00020367": "yeah on this on the side it's uh", "e6mU71kJMgY-00087-00020368-00020591": "it's the lens room that's", "e6mU71kJMgY-00088-00020592-00020886": "built the rosamis rosumi's", "e6mU71kJMgY-00089-00020887-00021391": "let's go to rosamus", "e6mU71kJMgY-00090-00021392-00022399": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00091-00022400-00022750": "this looks like but she is", "e6mU71kJMgY-00092-00022751-00022863": "yes", "e6mU71kJMgY-00093-00022864-00023063": "i consider the salad to to have the", "e6mU71kJMgY-00094-00023064-00023375": "biggest mouth in all of uh", "e6mU71kJMgY-00095-00023376-00023614": "sanji and for some odd reason you know", "e6mU71kJMgY-00096-00023615-00023847": "how she smells he has this big white", "e6mU71kJMgY-00097-00023848-00024041": "smile", "e6mU71kJMgY-00098-00024042-00024407": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00099-00024408-00024822": "yeah she has big that big smile", "e6mU71kJMgY-00100-00024823-00024911": "okay", "e6mU71kJMgY-00101-00024912-00025207": "we go to etheria in various rooms thank", "e6mU71kJMgY-00102-00025208-00025447": "you", "e6mU71kJMgY-00103-00025448-00025734": "there's nothing much yet", "e6mU71kJMgY-00104-00025735-00025943": "like there's no rooms yet but maybe in", "e6mU71kJMgY-00105-00025944-00026111": "the next few days", "e6mU71kJMgY-00106-00026112-00026311": "or weeks", "e6mU71kJMgY-00107-00026312-00026479": "and then luxian", "e6mU71kJMgY-00108-00026480-00026646": "five of them", "e6mU71kJMgY-00109-00026647-00026807": "remember", "e6mU71kJMgY-00110-00026808-00026911": "uh", "e6mU71kJMgY-00111-00026912-00027239": "in niki sanji yan alone we have five", "e6mU71kJMgY-00112-00027239-00027446": "six seven eight nine", "e6mU71kJMgY-00113-00027447-00027590": "ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen", "e6mU71kJMgY-00114-00027591-00027831": "fifteen feet troopers", "e6mU71kJMgY-00115-00027832-00028127": "and we'll go back to the lobby", "e6mU71kJMgY-00116-00028127-00028232": "just to check", "e6mU71kJMgY-00117-00028233-00028527": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00118-00028527-00028799": "we go back there oh that's a mess", "e6mU71kJMgY-00119-00028800-00029124": "doozy", "e6mU71kJMgY-00120-00029125-00029470": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00121-00029472-00029783": "it's already bsd", "e6mU71kJMgY-00122-00029783-00030070": "it's already new year so", "e6mU71kJMgY-00123-00030072-00030302": "actually we can customize the fireworks", "e6mU71kJMgY-00124-00030303-00030574": "and the night so", "e6mU71kJMgY-00125-00030575-00030902": "let's pull up the fireworks again", "e6mU71kJMgY-00126-00030903-00031287": "okay so things have calmed down", "e6mU71kJMgY-00127-00031288-00031511": "let's press it again", "e6mU71kJMgY-00128-00031512-00031774": "now look at this", "e6mU71kJMgY-00129-00031775-00032111": "happy new year niki sanji", "e6mU71kJMgY-00130-00032112-00032327": "how about that", "e6mU71kJMgY-00131-00032327-00032574": "and if you if you are longing for that", "e6mU71kJMgY-00132-00032575-00032767": "new year's feeling", "e6mU71kJMgY-00133-00032768-00032911": "yeah you can", "e6mU71kJMgY-00134-00032912-00033127": "you can check out this room so i'll", "e6mU71kJMgY-00135-00033128-00033318": "climb upstairs", "e6mU71kJMgY-00136-00033319-00033535": "i'll just", "e6mU71kJMgY-00137-00033536-00033787": "go", "e6mU71kJMgY-00138-00033788-00034039": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00139-00034040-00034231": "i'll just stare at these fireworks maybe", "e6mU71kJMgY-00140-00034232-00034518": "this this could be my", "e6mU71kJMgY-00141-00034519-00034935": "you know my next", "e6mU71kJMgY-00142-00034936-00035095": "video to see", "e6mU71kJMgY-00143-00035096-00035383": "maybe someone stays here on vr chat for", "e6mU71kJMgY-00144-00035384-00035599": "one heart", "e6mU71kJMgY-00145-00035600-00035823": "and then just loops these tracks", "e6mU71kJMgY-00146-00035824-00036039": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00147-00036040-00036311": "but yeah that's", "e6mU71kJMgY-00148-00036312-00036583": "that's our train", "e6mU71kJMgY-00149-00036584-00036751": "let's see where it's uh where it's going", "e6mU71kJMgY-00150-00036752-00036918": "forward", "e6mU71kJMgY-00151-00036919-00037151": "this is the niji sanji express", "e6mU71kJMgY-00152-00037152-00037367": "you see it's moving", "e6mU71kJMgY-00153-00037368-00037543": "yeah", "e6mU71kJMgY-00154-00037544-00037951": "i don't want to fall down yet", "e6mU71kJMgY-00155-00037952-00038174": "well they say if you fall down you can", "e6mU71kJMgY-00156-00038175-00038327": "just respawn", "e6mU71kJMgY-00157-00038328-00038518": "but nah", "e6mU71kJMgY-00158-00038519-00038767": "i don't wanna", "e6mU71kJMgY-00159-00038768-00038862": "all right", "e6mU71kJMgY-00160-00038863-00039455": "so we could turn off this night setting", "e6mU71kJMgY-00161-00039456-00039590": "and", "e6mU71kJMgY-00162-00039591-00039902": "go climb again you see those", "e6mU71kJMgY-00163-00039903-00040095": "those falling stars", "e6mU71kJMgY-00164-00040096-00040511": "there's a lot", "e6mU71kJMgY-00165-00040512-00040887": "there's a lot", "e6mU71kJMgY-00166-00040888-00041374": "gives you a good ambiance it's this is a", "e6mU71kJMgY-00167-00041375-00041695": "welcoming world you see so", "e6mU71kJMgY-00168-00041696-00041895": "yeah", "e6mU71kJMgY-00169-00041896-00042083": "i guess that's about it for", "e6mU71kJMgY-00170-00042084-00042351": "me maybe i can", "e6mU71kJMgY-00171-00042352-00042695": "use this", "e6mU71kJMgY-00172-00042696-00043007": "yeah nice i love this i love this", "e6mU71kJMgY-00173-00043008-00043127": "so", "e6mU71kJMgY-00174-00043128-00043262": "with that said", "e6mU71kJMgY-00175-00043263-00043551": "my name is jay this is keepsakes happy", "e6mU71kJMgY-00176-00043552-00043895": "new year and enjoy the nijisanji express", "e6mU71kJMgY-00177-00043896-00044087": "for", "e6mU71kJMgY-00178-00044088-00044479": "a month it's it's running for a month so", "e6mU71kJMgY-00179-00044480-00044949": "happy new year", "e6mU71kJMgY-00180-00044950-00045818": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00181-00045819-00047079": "[Music]", "e6mU71kJMgY-00182-00047080-00047287": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "e6TzEIMkXHu", "text": {"e6TzEIMkXHu-00000-00000119-00000359": "hi everyone welcome to online voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00001-00000360-00000471": "theory and practice", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00002-00000472-00000719": "by porter adams and emily stam we're at", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00003-00000720-00000894": "the defcon crypto village in august", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00004-00000896-00001199": "2020.", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00005-00001200-00001407": "my name is porter adams i'm a software", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00006-00001408-00001550": "engineer at blacktop government", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00007-00001551-00001607": "solutions", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00008-00001607-00001798": "and founder of disappear digital you can", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00009-00001800-00002167": "contact me at twitter at privacy porter", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00010-00002168-00002415": "i'm emily i'm a security research", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00011-00002416-00002575": "engineer at allstate", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00012-00002576-00002918": "i'm also the ceo and co-founder of cyber", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00013-00002919-00003231": "nonprofit or csmp and you can find me on", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00014-00003232-00003303": "instagram", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00015-00003304-00003767": "at crypto.emily", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00016-00003768-00003983": "so talk outline we've got three major", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00017-00003984-00004167": "pieces we're doing a quick intro now", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00018-00004168-00004335": "and then i will be talking about the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00019-00004336-00004511": "practice of online voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00020-00004512-00004767": "and emily will talk about the theory of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00021-00004768-00004879": "online voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00022-00004880-00005102": "going into homomorphic encryption mixed", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00023-00005103-00005391": "nets and blind signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00024-00005392-00005599": "the scope of our talk so we're talking", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00025-00005600-00005767": "about online voting so not all", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00026-00005768-00006079": "election security not even all voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00027-00006080-00006367": "just online voting so what do i mean by", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00028-00006368-00006695": "that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00029-00006695-00006975": "so one form of online voting is anything", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00030-00006976-00007127": "it's called electronic voting or", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00031-00007128-00007239": "e-voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00032-00007240-00007398": "and that just refers to something that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00033-00007400-00007655": "includes at least some electronics", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00034-00007656-00007814": "so the united states a lot of our voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00035-00007815-00008031": "systems already use e-voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00036-00008031-00008255": "by having computer screens that you can", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00037-00008256-00008542": "touch but e-voting does not necessarily", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00038-00008543-00008599": "mean", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00039-00008600-00008942": "all online internet voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00040-00008943-00009135": "is what people would think of as like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00041-00009136-00009303": "100 online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00042-00009304-00009495": "internet voting is when it's all gone", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00043-00009496-00009671": "fully digital and there's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00044-00009672-00009974": "no need for it in person", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00045-00009975-00010423": "anything in person", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00046-00010424-00010655": "so safety of voting machines i'm just", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00047-00010656-00010814": "going to refer you to the defcon voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00048-00010815-00010878": "village", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00049-00010879-00011038": "they do a lot of really great work over", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00050-00011039-00011255": "there it's not the focus of our talk", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00051-00011256-00011383": "we're going to be talking more about", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00052-00011384-00011542": "internet voting side of things", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00053-00011543-00011846": "and how it would be possible to vote", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00054-00011847-00012206": "like entirely online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00055-00012207-00012367": "so this is this is the biggest question", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00056-00012368-00012559": "i get is why can't we all vote from our", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00057-00012560-00012646": "phones", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00058-00012647-00012966": "and it's a really like great question", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00059-00012967-00013166": "and so we're gonna spend some time", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00060-00013168-00013391": "explaining the actual reasons why", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00061-00013391-00013711": "we can't yet the advantage", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00062-00013712-00013838": "and why people want to vote from our", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00063-00013840-00014086": "phones in the first place uh the first", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00064-00014087-00014151": "one", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00065-00014152-00014543": "is uh just the convenience factor", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00066-00014544-00014783": "it's so much easier if i can sit at home", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00067-00014784-00014919": "uh and vote for my phone", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00068-00014919-00015127": "it's also especially easier for overseas", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00069-00015128-00015222": "voters", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00070-00015223-00015455": "who if they currently have to vote by", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00071-00015456-00015686": "mail that can take a long time for their", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00072-00015687-00015838": "mail to get in", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00073-00015840-00016055": "and their votes may not even be counted", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00074-00016056-00016230": "by the time", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00075-00016231-00016535": "and so it's a lot easier for ex", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00076-00016536-00016999": "expats to vote from their phones", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00077-00017000-00017175": "it also would hopefully improve voter", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00078-00017176-00017367": "turnout because it's a lot less effort", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00079-00017368-00017422": "to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00080-00017423-00017575": "download an app on my phone and click", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00081-00017576-00017767": "some buttons than it is to show up at", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00082-00017768-00018079": "the polling station", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00083-00018080-00018399": "less human error so we all remember", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00084-00018400-00018686": "the 2000 election with the hanging chads", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00085-00018687-00018775": "in florida", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00086-00018776-00018943": "and not being able to determine which", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00087-00018944-00019094": "way the votes went", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00088-00019095-00019271": "uh when we vote on a computer it's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00089-00019272-00019455": "either a zero or one so it's pretty", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00090-00019456-00019527": "clear", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00091-00019528-00019799": "and doesn't leave room for human error", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00092-00019800-00019886": "when filling out", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00093-00019887-00020255": "the ballot", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00094-00020256-00020519": "so let's talk a bit about usability so", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00095-00020520-00020614": "even if we had", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00096-00020615-00020894": "a totally working mobile app that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00097-00020895-00020991": "everyone like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00098-00020992-00021183": "could download and use and was all safe", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00099-00021184-00021367": "and private which are concerns i'll get", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00100-00021368-00021519": "to later in the talk", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00101-00021520-00021783": "uh in finland in 2008 they had some", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00102-00021784-00021863": "issues", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00103-00021864-00022239": "with uh the user interface and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00104-00022240-00022519": "what happened was people when they were", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00105-00022520-00022622": "going to vote", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00106-00022623-00022814": "they would see the screen they would tap", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00107-00022815-00022943": "through click all the candidates they", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00108-00022944-00023063": "wanted to vote for", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00109-00023064-00023263": "but at the bottom of the screen was a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00110-00023264-00023391": "submit button", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00111-00023392-00023678": "and about two percent of voters did not", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00112-00023679-00023807": "see the submit button", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00113-00023808-00024047": "on the screen and therefore their votes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00114-00024048-00024158": "were not counted", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00115-00024159-00024503": "in uh the finland election 2008.", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00116-00024504-00024799": "uh it is a user interface problem that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00117-00024800-00024903": "would be a big issue", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00118-00024904-00025150": "if people tried to vote but mistakenly", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00119-00025151-00025399": "like didn't hit submit button", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00120-00025400-00025567": "that would be a concern even if", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00121-00025568-00025743": "everything else was safe and secure and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00122-00025744-00025918": "working", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00123-00025919-00026102": "the other case i want to bring up as", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00124-00026104-00026246": "iowa and 2020", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00125-00026247-00026551": "at the democratic caucus had", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00126-00026552-00026831": "many problems with their mobile app that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00127-00026832-00026879": "they", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00128-00026880-00027199": "tried to use to help tally up the votes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00129-00027200-00027374": "we can learn a lot of lessons from that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00130-00027375-00027502": "but one i want to highlight", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00131-00027504-00027718": "is that some people had trouble even", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00132-00027719-00027951": "downloading the app correctly", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00133-00027952-00028287": "and so even again if we had like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00134-00028288-00028439": "all the security and privacy stuff", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00135-00028439-00028662": "worked out there's still some usability", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00136-00028663-00028783": "concerns with", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00137-00028783-00028983": "can people download the app can people", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00138-00028983-00029118": "use the app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00139-00029119-00029335": "um all of this kind of comes down to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00140-00029336-00029431": "like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00141-00029432-00029767": "comfort with electronics which a lot of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00142-00029768-00030070": "us have here at like defcon but not", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00143-00030072-00030239": "everyone else in the world is as", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00144-00030239-00030399": "comfortable as we are with using these", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00145-00030400-00030887": "things", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00146-00030888-00031143": "so here are some of the big concerns and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00147-00031144-00031231": "security", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00148-00031232-00031527": "is by far the biggest one we need to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00149-00031527-00031583": "make sure", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00150-00031583-00031951": "that our elections actually safe um", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00151-00031952-00032262": "privacy is making sure like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00152-00032263-00032455": "is it possible to even do a secret", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00153-00032456-00032583": "ballot online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00154-00032583-00032799": "because we all know there's so much", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00155-00032800-00032951": "tracking and surveillance with what we", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00156-00032952-00032974": "do", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00157-00032975-00033207": "online that having actually private vote", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00158-00033208-00033295": "would be pretty tough", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00159-00033296-00033407": "so i'm going to try and answer both", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00160-00033408-00033551": "these questions in the remainder of my", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00161-00033552-00033727": "talk", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00162-00033728-00034071": "so first security is it safe there is a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00163-00034072-00034207": "huge attack service", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00164-00034208-00034423": "for anything that's going to be online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00165-00034424-00034567": "some sort of mobile app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00166-00034568-00034774": "and so let's just kind of go quickly", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00167-00034775-00034983": "over like all the different ways", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00168-00034984-00035287": "that would need to be like that could be", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00169-00035288-00035607": "a voting app could be attacked by and we", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00170-00035608-00035767": "would need if we wanted to do this in", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00171-00035768-00035871": "practice", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00172-00035872-00036183": "to sure up all of these things and make", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00173-00036184-00036246": "sure that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00174-00036247-00036567": "none of these could happen so if i was a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00175-00036568-00036623": "hacker", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00176-00036624-00036951": "trying to attack a voting app i could", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00177-00036952-00037199": "install a back door either as you vote", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00178-00037200-00037383": "on the client side or when the votes are", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00179-00037384-00037574": "tallied on the server side", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00180-00037575-00037799": "i could create an exploit for the voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00181-00037800-00037879": "app itself", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00182-00037880-00038151": "or for the phone operating system or for", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00183-00038152-00038335": "the server code a server operating", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00184-00038336-00038423": "system", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00185-00038424-00038646": "i could spy on votes by intercepting the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00186-00038647-00038823": "connection maybe with a fake wireless", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00187-00038824-00038911": "access point", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00188-00038912-00039246": "or a key logger on the person's device", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00189-00039247-00039430": "there's always social engineering you'd", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00190-00039431-00039702": "have to worry about with phishing app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00191-00039703-00040039": "uh insider threat whoever like created", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00192-00040040-00040390": "the the code for any of these pieces", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00193-00040391-00040559": "you have to watch out for and whoever's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00194-00040560-00040718": "running the election", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00195-00040719-00041071": "and then just destructive attacks like a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00196-00041072-00041367": "distributed denial of service where the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00197-00041368-00041502": "the app just goes down", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00198-00041503-00042083": "on the day we're all supposed to be", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00199-00042084-00042327": "voting okay so usually when i'm trying", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00200-00042328-00042487": "to explain all this to someone", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00201-00042488-00042679": "they always come up with but banks have", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00202-00042680-00042807": "mobile apps", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00203-00042808-00043135": "and this is a really smart point and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00204-00043136-00043479": "so it's worth addressing why uh", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00205-00043480-00043718": "even though banks have mobile apps it's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00206-00043719-00043839": "still very tough", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00207-00043840-00044158": "for a voting system to be on a mobile", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00208-00044159-00044487": "app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00209-00044488-00044615": "so what's the difference between a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00210-00044616-00044807": "voting app and a banking app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00211-00044808-00044990": "first one is identity when you're", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00212-00044991-00045151": "banking basically anyone with your", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00213-00045152-00045295": "credit card info can", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00214-00045296-00045590": "go online order some stuff on amazon but", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00215-00045591-00045767": "when you're voting we need to make sure", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00216-00045768-00045862": "that is really", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00217-00045863-00046230": "only you uh in terms of security", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00218-00046231-00046415": "banking has the benefit of being able to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00219-00046416-00046607": "detect fraud kind of later and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00220-00046608-00046743": "afterwards", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00221-00046744-00046999": "whereas with an election if there's any", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00222-00047000-00047127": "sort of fraud going on", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00223-00047128-00047455": "we need to know about it immediately and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00224-00047456-00047615": "privacy is one of the biggest", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00225-00047616-00047871": "differences where when it's just you and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00226-00047872-00047999": "your bank talking", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00227-00048000-00048255": "and your bank knows everything and you", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00228-00048256-00048439": "know all of your own stuff", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00229-00048440-00048623": "that's fairly easy to figure out just", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00230-00048624-00048783": "between the two of you", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00231-00048784-00048967": "but for voting we all have secret", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00232-00048968-00049095": "ballots", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00233-00049096-00049311": "which i'll get to in a little bit it", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00234-00049312-00049486": "makes it very challenging for", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00235-00049487-00049686": "my vote to stay secret while everybody", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00236-00049687-00049879": "else still trusting that votes were", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00237-00049880-00050199": "placed correctly and then lastly trust", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00238-00050200-00050486": "uh in banking like it's really just", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00239-00050487-00050615": "between you and the bank", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00240-00050616-00050807": "and other accounts like don't really", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00241-00050808-00051015": "affect you or like other people using", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00242-00051016-00051111": "your bank", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00243-00051112-00051438": "versus uh in a voting system and a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00244-00051439-00051502": "voting app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00245-00051503-00051758": "i need to trust all of the votes from", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00246-00051759-00051823": "everybody", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00247-00051824-00052142": "not just my own and so", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00248-00052144-00052823": "trust is very different for a voting app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00249-00052824-00053071": "so the privacy challenges specifically", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00250-00053072-00053207": "of online voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00251-00053208-00053415": "first you got the secret ballot and so", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00252-00053416-00053535": "what does that mean", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00253-00053536-00053807": "more or less that i need to be anonymous", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00254-00053808-00053894": "when i vote", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00255-00053895-00054150": "so no one should be able to figure out", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00256-00054151-00054199": "based", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00257-00054200-00054366": "on like like no one should be able to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00258-00054367-00054559": "figure out who i voted for", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00259-00054560-00054750": "and there shouldn't even be a way for me", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00260-00054751-00054991": "to prove it to anyone next to each other", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00261-00054991-00055230": "next to me or around me so no one can", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00262-00055232-00055326": "force me to vote", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00263-00055327-00055599": "a certain way it's very important for", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00264-00055600-00055726": "elections", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00265-00055727-00056063": "voter registration is not exactly a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00266-00056064-00056247": "privacy challenge it's like an identity", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00267-00056248-00056350": "thing but it's going to be kind of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00268-00056351-00056423": "related", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00269-00056424-00056759": "so i include it here voter registration", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00270-00056760-00057094": "it needs i need to be very sure that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00271-00057095-00057287": "like whoever is submitting the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00272-00057288-00057438": "information this voting app is the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00273-00057439-00057750": "person on the ed registration list", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00274-00057751-00057966": "and this counts against like double", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00275-00057967-00058135": "voting which on the internet", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00276-00058136-00058526": "is much more it would be much easier to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00277-00058527-00058591": "happen", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00278-00058591-00058815": "where you could submit something twice", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00279-00058816-00058950": "and have it accidentally be double", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00280-00058951-00059142": "counted", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00281-00059144-00059447": "and trust is the big third privacy", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00282-00059448-00059519": "challenge where", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00283-00059520-00059847": "all votes must be trusted and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00284-00059848-00060071": "typically to ensure that trust that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00285-00060072-00060279": "means lots of visibility", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00286-00060279-00060591": "and so the big uh", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00287-00060591-00060854": "the challenge here overall is combining", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00288-00060855-00060991": "the secret ballots", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00289-00060991-00061399": "with trust and you have to somehow", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00290-00061400-00061742": "like include all the anonymity expected", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00291-00061744-00061775": "for", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00292-00061776-00062038": "voters while still having all the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00293-00062039-00062175": "visibility needed", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00294-00062176-00062382": "for the overall election and everyone to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00295-00062383-00062559": "trust the results", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00296-00062560-00062894": "and putting these two together digitally", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00297-00062895-00063126": "is actually extremely tough and will", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00298-00063127-00063230": "require", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00299-00063232-00063423": "some really cool math that emily will", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00300-00063424-00063566": "talk about in the second half of this", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00301-00063567-00063879": "talk", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00302-00063879-00064103": "uh so it's cryptography for online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00303-00064104-00064191": "voting is", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00304-00064191-00064382": "is the answer it's going to solve all of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00305-00064383-00064647": "our privacy concerns and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00306-00064648-00064806": "i just want to say big thanks to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00307-00064807-00064966": "cryptographer david chom", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00308-00064967-00065223": "for inventing a lot of the stuff i know", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00309-00065224-00065335": "if you're at the crypto", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00310-00065336-00065519": "privacy village at def con and have not", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00311-00065520-00065671": "heard of david john before", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00312-00065672-00065823": "please look up some of his work he's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00313-00065824-00066263": "done awesome stuff", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00314-00066264-00066519": "okay so how does estonia vote online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00315-00066520-00066694": "especially in the united states", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00316-00066695-00066903": "anytime this gets brought up it's like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00317-00066904-00067079": "how is some other country doing it but", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00318-00067080-00067191": "we can't", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00319-00067192-00067511": "uh the first steps identity in estonia", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00320-00067512-00067647": "they all have a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00321-00067648-00067950": "national id card that includes a chip", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00322-00067951-00068111": "on it where they can create digital", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00323-00068112-00068255": "signatures from", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00324-00068256-00068463": "which essentially means their like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00325-00068464-00068606": "government-issued ids", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00326-00068607-00068943": "can uh act as a form of identity on the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00327-00068944-00068999": "internet", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00328-00069000-00069294": "so they can log in using these chips", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00329-00069295-00069399": "although i believe", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00330-00069400-00069671": "in the last two years they have switched", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00331-00069672-00069726": "from", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00332-00069727-00070031": "hardware chips to an authenticator app", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00333-00070032-00070206": "but this still stands that they have", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00334-00070207-00070526": "some sort of way of converting from your", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00335-00070527-00070743": "real life presence to your online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00336-00070744-00070935": "presence", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00337-00070936-00071319": "secondly cryptography estonia", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00338-00071320-00071591": "uses a combination of i think mixnets", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00339-00071592-00071638": "and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00340-00071639-00071887": "homomorphic encryption uh specifically", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00341-00071888-00072079": "using elgamal", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00342-00072080-00072406": "and emily will explain what those are", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00343-00072407-00072638": "in the in the later half of this talk", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00344-00072639-00072791": "and in terms of trust", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00345-00072792-00073071": "estonia has been voting online since i", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00346-00073072-00073103": "think", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00347-00073104-00073487": "2005 and every year they keep making", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00348-00073488-00073647": "gradual improvements", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00349-00073648-00073847": "anytime security people go check out", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00350-00073848-00074055": "there's always something that's broken", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00351-00074056-00074279": "which isn't really a surprise but", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00352-00074280-00074438": "estonia has done a good job", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00353-00074439-00074759": "of fixing the things that are broken and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00354-00074760-00074999": "over time it's the system's gotten a lot", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00355-00075000-00075087": "better", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00356-00075088-00075415": "and hopefully is", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00357-00075416-00075711": "is mostly safe from real threats they", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00358-00075712-00075823": "haven't had any", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00359-00075824-00076159": "giant accusations of election", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00360-00076160-00076287": "interference", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00361-00076288-00076599": "so either that means they haven't caught", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00362-00076600-00076871": "anyone interfering in their elections or", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00363-00076872-00077431": "they've actually been doing a good job", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00364-00077432-00077726": "in 2019 uh almost a quarter million", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00365-00077727-00077791": "estonian", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00366-00077792-00078055": "estonians voted online which is very", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00367-00078056-00078175": "impressive numbers", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00368-00078176-00078526": "and goes to show that this is like", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00369-00078527-00078782": "possible in the future if it is done", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00370-00078783-00079287": "slowly and correctly", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00371-00079288-00079543": "now one big thing to watch out for is", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00372-00079544-00079599": "crypto", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00373-00079600-00079862": "cryptographic backdoors these are are", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00374-00079863-00079967": "tough to catch", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00375-00079968-00080167": "so switzerland has been doing online", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00376-00080168-00080271": "voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00377-00080272-00080655": "and uh some researchers looked into", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00378-00080656-00080991": "their mixnet shuffle proof", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00379-00080992-00081326": "and found a naive implementation", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00380-00081327-00081543": "of the zero knowledge proofs inside of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00381-00081544-00081735": "there which would have allowed", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00382-00081736-00082126": "for all of the votes to be changed", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00383-00082127-00082471": "by an attacker and so", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00384-00082472-00082655": "just making sure that like every last", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00385-00082656-00082831": "inch of the app needs to be like very", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00386-00082832-00082959": "carefully done", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00387-00082960-00083071": "and especially when it comes to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00388-00083072-00083359": "cryptography you need the person who's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00389-00083360-00083431": "coding it", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00390-00083432-00083750": "to be aware of all the cryptographic", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00391-00083751-00083982": "assumptions and make sure that they're", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00392-00083983-00084175": "coding in", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00393-00084176-00084575": "everything properly", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00394-00084576-00084750": "so let's look at voting cryptography", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00395-00084751-00084950": "around the world", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00396-00084951-00085182": "three big ones i want to point out are", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00397-00085183-00085279": "in estonia", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00398-00085280-00085550": "switzerland and then moscow has some", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00399-00085551-00085687": "local elections", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00400-00085688-00085982": "that are online and estonia uses a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00401-00085983-00086150": "combination of homomorphic encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00402-00086151-00086231": "and mixed nets", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00403-00086232-00086471": "same thing for switzerland and moscow is", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00404-00086472-00086679": "using homomorphic encryption and blind", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00405-00086680-00086871": "signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00406-00086872-00087167": "so not too many like countries or places", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00407-00087168-00087271": "around the world", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00408-00087272-00087503": "have an online option right now there", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00409-00087504-00087679": "are a lot more countries that have tried", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00410-00087680-00087759": "doing this", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00411-00087760-00088038": "and quit uh belgium finland france", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00412-00088039-00088238": "germany ireland kazakhstan netherlands", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00413-00088239-00088318": "and norway", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00414-00088319-00088647": "are on the list and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00415-00088648-00088991": "the reasons for for quitting are mostly", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00416-00088992-00089255": "either every security person says it's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00417-00089256-00089399": "not very safe", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00418-00089400-00089711": "or the the voter trust", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00419-00089712-00089950": "in an online system is just not very", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00420-00089951-00090038": "high", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00421-00090039-00090206": "and one of the most important things for", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00422-00090207-00090367": "an election is that voters do", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00423-00090368-00090711": "trust the system and so", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00424-00090712-00090950": "even if online voting is safe if the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00425-00090951-00091199": "voters all think that it's not safe", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00426-00091200-00091423": "then it's not a good idea to offer an", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00427-00091424-00091815": "internet voting option", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00428-00091816-00091975": "all right so now i'll talk about the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00429-00091976-00092487": "cryptography behind the scheme", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00430-00092488-00092606": "all right so now i'll talk about the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00431-00092607-00092775": "cryptography behind the scenes that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00432-00092776-00093135": "makes online voting possible", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00433-00093136-00093335": "so some of the considerations we have", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00434-00093336-00093479": "the first is security", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00435-00093480-00093694": "so preventing attacks preventing", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00436-00093695-00093847": "adversaries from tampering with the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00437-00093848-00093926": "election", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00438-00093927-00094126": "and be able to detect faulty voters and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00439-00094127-00094247": "centers", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00440-00094248-00094487": "the second is robustness so no small set", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00441-00094488-00094655": "of servers should be able to disrupt the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00442-00094656-00094799": "election", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00443-00094800-00095006": "accuracy the result should reflect the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00444-00095007-00095238": "way people actually voted", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00445-00095239-00095415": "verifiability we should be able to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00446-00095416-00095623": "verify that the votes are accurate", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00447-00095624-00095823": "in particular individuals should be able", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00448-00095824-00095935": "to verify that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00449-00095936-00096155": "their vote was counted correctly", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00450-00096156-00096279": "confidentiality", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00451-00096280-00096526": "keeping votes secret is crucial", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00452-00096527-00096694": "usability for all ages", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00453-00096695-00096918": "and speed and efficiency including", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00454-00096919-00097094": "casting the votes processing them and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00455-00097095-00097359": "counting them", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00456-00097360-00097471": "so there are three types of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00457-00097472-00097671": "cryptographic protocols i'll cover in", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00458-00097672-00097750": "this talk", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00459-00097751-00098079": "homomorphic encryption mixed networks", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00460-00098080-00098343": "and blind signatures so first", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00461-00098344-00098567": "homomorphic encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00462-00098568-00098838": "so homomorphic encryption is computation", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00463-00098839-00098991": "on encrypted data", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00464-00098992-00099174": "so this form of encryption actually", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00465-00099175-00099415": "allows us to do computations on the data", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00466-00099416-00099655": "when it's in its encrypted state", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00467-00099656-00099815": "there's been a lot of research into this", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00468-00099816-00100047": "area and it's very promising", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00469-00100048-00100255": "because generally our cryptography when", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00470-00100256-00100359": "we have", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00471-00100360-00100606": "our data and it's encrypted we can't use", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00472-00100607-00100806": "that data in any way the only way we can", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00473-00100807-00101023": "actually make use of it is to decrypt it", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00474-00101024-00101247": "back into its original form", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00475-00101248-00101471": "but with homomorphic encryption we can", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00476-00101472-00101638": "actually perform computations", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00477-00101639-00101935": "on the encrypted data so this means we", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00478-00101936-00102079": "could outsource data to cloud", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00479-00102080-00102215": "environments for processing", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00480-00102216-00102575": "all while encrypted we could perform", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00481-00102576-00102678": "data analysis", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00482-00102679-00102854": "again while data remains in its", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00483-00102855-00103047": "encrypted form", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00484-00103048-00103263": "and in particular with election voting", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00485-00103264-00103447": "we could obtain a tally of the encrypted", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00486-00103448-00103630": "votes without actually having to decrypt", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00487-00103631-00103718": "the individual", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00488-00103719-00103958": "individual votes maintaining privacy the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00489-00103959-00104230": "entire time", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00490-00104231-00104678": "so to give a little bit more of the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00491-00104679-00105031": "mathematics of the scheme so homomorphic", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00492-00105032-00105207": "the term actually comes from a math term", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00493-00105208-00105351": "called homomorphism", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00494-00105352-00105575": "which is a map that preserves some", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00495-00105576-00105727": "structure so that's what you can kind of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00496-00105728-00105902": "think of homomorphic encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00497-00105903-00106119": "as doing it preserves some underlying", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00498-00106120-00106223": "structure enough", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00499-00106224-00106534": "to perform functions on it", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00500-00106535-00106902": "so you have a message you encrypt that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00501-00106903-00106966": "message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00502-00106967-00107175": "you perform a function on it and then", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00503-00107176-00107327": "you decrypt it and that would be the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00504-00107328-00107471": "same thing as if you", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00505-00107472-00107883": "apply the function directly to the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00506-00107883-00108063": "message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00507-00108064-00108166": "and there's different types of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00508-00108167-00108415": "homomorphic encryption uh", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00509-00108416-00108686": "generally they are categorized based on", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00510-00108688-00108790": "what kinds of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00511-00108791-00108958": "computations you can perform whether", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00512-00108959-00109095": "it's just um", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00513-00109096-00109283": "partial whether it's addition", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00514-00109283-00109454": "multiplication", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00515-00109455-00109678": "but we even have fully homomorphic", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00516-00109679-00109790": "encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00517-00109791-00110039": "and that actually can perform arbitrary", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00518-00110040-00110143": "gates and depth", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00519-00110144-00110583": "meaning really arbitrary computations", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00520-00110583-00110799": "the only practical and secure fully", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00521-00110800-00110990": "homomorphic encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00522-00110991-00111166": "implementations currently are based off", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00523-00111167-00111583": "of lattices", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00524-00111583-00111934": "so lattice cryptography it's this new", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00525-00111935-00112143": "relatively new form of cryptography that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00526-00112144-00112247": "is", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00527-00112248-00112471": "been getting a lot of attention recently", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00528-00112472-00112558": "partially because", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00529-00112559-00112839": "it's quantum secure cryptography meaning", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00530-00112840-00112966": "that it's secure against quantum", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00531-00112967-00113095": "computers", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00532-00113096-00113399": "and it's actually most of the finalists", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00533-00113400-00113575": "and the post-quantum cryptography nist", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00534-00113576-00113695": "competitions", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00535-00113696-00113958": "are lattice-based and lattice", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00536-00113959-00114127": "cryptography has some very strong", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00537-00114128-00114310": "security assumptions", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00538-00114311-00114583": "um especially compared to our classical", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00539-00114583-00114799": "cryptography like rsa", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00540-00114800-00115110": "it's also very flexible and efficient", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00541-00115111-00115286": "generally the main downside is that it", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00542-00115288-00115423": "has large key sizes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00543-00115424-00115623": "but depending on the scheme they're not", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00544-00115624-00115743": "even always that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00545-00115744-00116271": "much larger than rsa so", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00546-00116272-00116471": "lattice cryptography is very important", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00547-00116472-00116599": "um", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00548-00116600-00116878": "for the fully homomorphic encryption but", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00549-00116879-00117054": "we'll also touch on it when we come back", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00550-00117055-00117223": "to blind signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00551-00117224-00117663": "so i just wanted to mention what that is", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00552-00117664-00117839": "and so now we'll turn back to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00553-00117840-00118015": "homomorphic encryption and voting in", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00554-00118016-00118143": "particular", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00555-00118144-00118454": "so how does it help um so we can tally", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00556-00118455-00118615": "the votes in the encrypted state", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00557-00118616-00118807": "which means we take all the votes in in", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00558-00118808-00118958": "their encrypted state", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00559-00118959-00119158": "add them together and then decrypt the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00560-00119159-00119286": "result", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00561-00119288-00119431": "and because of the homework encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00562-00119432-00119558": "we get the same result as if we", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00563-00119559-00119743": "decrypted them separately", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00564-00119744-00120086": "and added them together so this allows", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00565-00120088-00120399": "voters to maintain their privacy", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00566-00120400-00120623": "there's also a protocol that allows us", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00567-00120624-00120710": "to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00568-00120711-00121134": "allows voters to verify their votes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00569-00121135-00121310": "and even if we don't use homomorphic", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00570-00121311-00121447": "encryption in the election", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00571-00121448-00121599": "we can still use it for ballot", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00572-00121600-00121839": "comparison so ballot comparison is very", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00573-00121840-00121975": "important", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00574-00121976-00122166": "in the election process to inspire voter", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00575-00122167-00122334": "confidence by comparing", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00576-00122335-00122607": "ballots and the electronic records and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00577-00122608-00122727": "the way we could use homomorphic", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00578-00122728-00122799": "encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00579-00122800-00123063": "is this in this is that we can actually", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00580-00123064-00123239": "do this comparison", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00581-00123240-00123502": "on the votes in their encrypted state so", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00582-00123503-00123727": "we would inspire voter confidence", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00583-00123728-00123919": "without actually giving any information", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00584-00123920-00124047": "about the votes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00585-00124048-00124254": "um and how this is done now is the votes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00586-00124255-00124423": "are anonymous but", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00587-00124424-00124743": "even still with anonymous but not tying", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00588-00124744-00125054": "them back to the individuals", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00589-00125055-00125271": "you can still find patterns so it would", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00590-00125272-00125431": "be more secure if they were", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00591-00125432-00125766": "in their encrypted state", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00592-00125767-00126014": "so next i'll talk about mixed networks", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00593-00126015-00126271": "so mix networks also called mixnets", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00594-00126272-00126454": "are routing protocols that use a chain", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00595-00126455-00126614": "of proxy servers", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00596-00126615-00126895": "mixes to take in messages from senders", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00597-00126896-00127047": "and send them to receivers", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00598-00127048-00127302": "in some random order additionally they", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00599-00127303-00127486": "use encryption at each", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00600-00127488-00127910": "state and it makes it harder to trace", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00601-00127911-00128239": "and you can also think of it as being", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00602-00128240-00128534": "kind of like a russian doll some nested", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00603-00128535-00128599": "encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00604-00128600-00128783": "going through so there's two types", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00605-00128783-00129014": "there's the decryption mixnet", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00606-00129015-00129166": "so that's where you do all the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00607-00129167-00129302": "encryption in the beginning and then you", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00608-00129303-00129607": "partially decrypt and mix at each stage", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00609-00129608-00129814": "there's also re-encryption where you", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00610-00129815-00129990": "re-encrypt and mix at each stage and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00611-00129991-00130031": "they", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00612-00130032-00130366": "do the full decryption at the last round", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00613-00130367-00130543": "and there's also shuffle and decrypt", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00614-00130544-00131207": "proofs for verifications as well", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00615-00131208-00131383": "so lastly we'll talk about blind", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00616-00131384-00131527": "signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00617-00131528-00131743": "so just to recall a digital signature", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00618-00131744-00131919": "provides authenticity", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00619-00131920-00132207": "so verifying that you're talking to the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00620-00132208-00132351": "person you think you are verifying a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00621-00132352-00132454": "known sender", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00622-00132455-00132702": "and integrity verifying that the message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00623-00132703-00132807": "you're receiving", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00624-00132808-00132983": "has not been altered in transit", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00625-00132984-00133231": "maliciously or accidentally", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00626-00133232-00133631": "so how it works is one party signs", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00627-00133632-00133878": "the message and creates a signature with", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00628-00133879-00134023": "a private key", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00629-00134024-00134351": "and then the other party will verify", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00630-00134352-00134735": "that with a public key", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00631-00134736-00134966": "so with blind signatures it's a digital", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00632-00134967-00135095": "signature where the message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00633-00135096-00135511": "is masked or blinded and then sent", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00634-00135512-00135783": "and then signed so blind signatures can", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00635-00135784-00135911": "then be verified", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00636-00135912-00136071": "against the original message the same", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00637-00136072-00136214": "way digital signatures are", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00638-00136215-00136383": "the key difference is that with blind", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00639-00136384-00136575": "signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00640-00136576-00136807": "the person signing them doesn't know the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00641-00136808-00136966": "contents of the message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00642-00136967-00137207": "so voting is actually a common analogy", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00643-00137208-00137414": "with blind signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00644-00137415-00137623": "so imagine you have a voter and they", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00645-00137624-00137823": "complete an anonymous ballot", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00646-00137824-00138047": "which they then place in an envelope", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00647-00138048-00138278": "with their credentials", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00648-00138279-00138439": "they hand that envelope to an official", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00649-00138440-00138687": "who signs it and the signature of the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00650-00138688-00138854": "official imprints through the envelope", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00651-00138855-00138959": "onto the ballot", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00652-00138960-00139102": "and they return that envelope to the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00653-00139103-00139447": "voter", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00654-00139448-00139719": "the voter then places the ballot in a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00655-00139720-00139766": "different", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00656-00139767-00140159": "unmarked envelope before submitting it", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00657-00140160-00140390": "so now the message was correctly and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00658-00140391-00140599": "sufficiently signed by an official", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00659-00140600-00140766": "without the official having to know the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00660-00140767-00140999": "contents of the message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00661-00141000-00141199": "so it provided the authenticity and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00662-00141200-00141335": "integrity", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00663-00141336-00141751": "but maintained the confidentiality", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00664-00141752-00141966": "so to talk a little bit more about the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00665-00141967-00142078": "scheme", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00666-00142079-00142247": "in a less analogous way what actually", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00667-00142248-00142487": "happens so a user has some message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00668-00142488-00142847": "d and they blind the message to get a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00669-00142848-00143199": "new message d star", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00670-00143200-00143390": "and that's what they send to the signer", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00671-00143391-00143566": "the signer then uses the private key to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00672-00143567-00143775": "generate a signature sigma star for that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00673-00143776-00144126": "message dstar and returns it to the user", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00674-00144127-00144519": "the user can then create from sigma star", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00675-00144520-00144783": "a valid signature sigma corresponding to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00676-00144784-00144959": "the original message", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00677-00144960-00145183": "so any recipient can now validate the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00678-00145184-00145295": "signature sigma", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00679-00145296-00145535": "as they would any other signature and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00680-00145536-00145719": "the signer gets no information about the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00681-00145720-00145878": "contents of the message or", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00682-00145879-00146343": "the actual signature", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00683-00146344-00146519": "and there's different mathematics behind", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00684-00146520-00146711": "blind signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00685-00146712-00147087": "there are rsa-based options i don't", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00686-00147088-00147326": "i wouldn't recommend um using these", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00687-00147327-00147502": "because", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00688-00147503-00147654": "with where we are right now if we're", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00689-00147655-00147814": "implementing new technology we want to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00690-00147815-00148063": "be looking as far ahead as possible", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00691-00148064-00148351": "and in the long run rsa is not secure", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00692-00148352-00148478": "against quantum computers", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00693-00148479-00148711": "and just as not secure compared to these", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00694-00148712-00148902": "other types of schemes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00695-00148903-00149126": "but there's also some attacks on the rsa", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00696-00149127-00149278": "based blind signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00697-00149279-00149607": "so i'm mostly going to focus on the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00698-00149608-00149790": "lattice and the multivariate base", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00699-00149791-00150135": "so a lot of space blind signatures um", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00700-00150136-00150471": "again they're post quantum secure and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00701-00150472-00150702": "they rely on similar problems similar", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00702-00150703-00150863": "types of schemes as those that are", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00703-00150864-00151023": "finalists in the nist post quantum", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00704-00151024-00151190": "cryptography competition", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00705-00151191-00151431": "um so we have a lot of faith in these", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00706-00151432-00151535": "lattice-based schemes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00707-00151536-00151719": "and we can create blind signatures from", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00708-00151720-00151839": "them", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00709-00151840-00152071": "um additionally multivariate there's a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00710-00152072-00152223": "scheme called the rainbow scheme that's", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00711-00152224-00152366": "a finalist in the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00712-00152367-00152559": "niss post quantum cryptography signature", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00713-00152560-00152766": "schemes competition", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00714-00152767-00152975": "so again believe to be post quantum", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00715-00152976-00153223": "secure and we can turn this scheme", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00716-00153224-00153454": "into a blind signature scheme and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00717-00153455-00153566": "there's a lot of benefits to", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00718-00153567-00153759": "multivariate cryptography such as having", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00719-00153760-00154083": "very fast and short", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00720-00154084-00154326": "signatures and this diagram just kind of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00721-00154327-00154487": "shows how the rainbow scheme", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00722-00154488-00154926": "works essentially you have a message w", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00723-00154927-00155263": "the hashed message and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00724-00155264-00155599": "you recursively obtain inverses", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00725-00155600-00155911": "of these functions to get the signature", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00726-00155912-00156095": "z", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00727-00156096-00156326": "and then that signature z can be", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00728-00156327-00156566": "verified by using the public key", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00729-00156567-00156783": "function and just applying that to see", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00730-00156784-00156911": "if you get the correct", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00731-00156912-00157190": "message back with blind signatures", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00732-00157191-00157254": "there's just an", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00733-00157255-00157575": "extra some extra steps in this process", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00734-00157576-00157902": "you use a special function called r", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00735-00157903-00158414": "that actually by using that you", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00736-00158415-00158623": "create the blind aspect of it and then", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00737-00158624-00158726": "you use", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00738-00158727-00158966": "zero knowledge proofs at the end as well", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00739-00158967-00159078": "um", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00740-00159079-00159399": "as part of the verification proof", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00741-00159400-00159647": "so a little bit more complicated but", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00742-00159648-00159743": "again", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00743-00159744-00160159": "very similar mathematics", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00744-00160160-00160407": "so in summary we talked about", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00745-00160408-00160551": "homomorphic encryption", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00746-00160552-00160814": "so computation on encrypted votes which", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00747-00160815-00160975": "allows us to tally the votes in their", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00748-00160976-00161111": "encrypted form", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00749-00161112-00161263": "and it can use different types of", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00750-00161264-00161495": "cryptography but lattice base is one", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00751-00161496-00161551": "that is", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00752-00161552-00161878": "post quantum secure and very flexible", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00753-00161879-00162039": "then we talked about the mixed networks", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00754-00162040-00162239": "protocol where you have a nested", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00755-00162240-00162423": "series of encryption or re-encryptions", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00756-00162424-00162551": "and shufflings", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00757-00162552-00162831": "and this way cannot determine which", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00758-00162832-00162983": "person the vote came from", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00759-00162984-00163175": "and there's also a range of underlying", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00760-00163176-00163390": "public key cryptography mathematics that", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00761-00163391-00163575": "i didn't go over but the protocol itself", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00762-00163576-00163838": "is fairly flexible", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00763-00163839-00163975": "and finally we talked about blind", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00764-00163976-00164207": "signatures so this is where you create a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00765-00164208-00164383": "valid signature", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00766-00164384-00164551": "without knowing the contents of the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00767-00164552-00164766": "message so you're verifying authenticity", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00768-00164767-00164902": "and integrity of a vote", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00769-00164903-00165087": "while maintaining confidentiality of a", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00770-00165088-00165319": "voter and we talked about lattice and", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00771-00165320-00165559": "multivariate-based schemes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00772-00165560-00165759": "to summarize everything is it possible", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00773-00165760-00165895": "theoretically yes", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00774-00165896-00166078": "eventually cryptographers will help us", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00775-00166079-00166319": "get it right as well as security people", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00776-00166320-00166535": "is it ready in practice not yet in the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00777-00166536-00166631": "united states", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00778-00166632-00166863": "let's start small scale and maybe", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00779-00166864-00167031": "eventually we'll be able to have more", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00780-00167032-00167087": "voters", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00781-00167088-00167575": "vote from their phones", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00782-00167576-00167951": "so thank you thank you for coming to the", "e6TzEIMkXHu-00783-00167952-00168191": "talk"}}, {"audio_id": "e6TTWRWUE4o", "text": {"e6TTWRWUE4o-00000-00000050-00000275": "Boston is the capital and most populous", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00001-00000276-00000505": "municipality of the Commonwealth of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00002-00000506-00000788": "Massachusetts in the United States the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00003-00000789-00001066": "city proper covers 48 square miles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00004-00001067-00001361": "124 square kilometers with an estimated", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00005-00001362-00001565": "population of six hundred eighty-five", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00006-00001566-00001850": "thousand ninety four in 2017 making it", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00007-00001851-00002045": "also the most populous city in the New", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00008-00002046-00002293": "England region Boston is the seed of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00009-00002294-00002476": "Suffolk County as well although the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00010-00002477-00002675": "county government was disbanded on July", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00011-00002676-00003041": "1st 1999 the city is the economic and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00012-00003042-00003233": "cultural anchor of a substantially", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00013-00003234-00003406": "larger metropolitan area known as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00014-00003407-00003613": "Greater Boston a Metropolitan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00015-00003614-00003725": "Statistical Area", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00016-00003726-00003979": "MSA home to a census estimated four", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00017-00003980-00004244": "point eight million people in 2016 and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00018-00004245-00004445": "ranking as the tenth largest such area", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00019-00004446-00004747": "in the country as a combined Statistical", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00020-00004748-00005038": "Area CSA this wider commuting region is", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00021-00005039-00005302": "home to some 8.2 million people making", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00022-00005303-00005452": "it the sixth largest in the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00023-00005453-00005668": "States Boston is one of the oldest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00024-00005669-00005876": "cities in the United States founded on", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00025-00005877-00006149": "the shammed Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00026-00006150-00006400": "settlers from England it was the scene", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00027-00006401-00006592": "of several key events of the American", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00028-00006593-00006781": "Revolution such as the Boston Massacre", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00029-00006783-00007013": "the Boston Tea Party the Battle of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00030-00007014-00007309": "Bunker Hill and the siege of Boston upon", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00031-00007311-00007498": "gaining u.s. independence from Great", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00032-00007500-00007691": "Britain it continued to be an important", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00033-00007692-00007885": "port and manufacturing hub as well as a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00034-00007886-00008159": "center for education and culture the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00035-00008159-00008327": "city has expanded beyond the original", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00036-00008328-00008560": "Peninsula through land reclamation and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00037-00008561-00008824": "municipal annexation its rich history", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00038-00008825-00009044": "attracts many tourists with Fanueil Hall", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00039-00009045-00009233": "alone drawing more than 20 million", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00040-00009234-00009364": "visitors per year", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00041-00009365-00009623": "Boston's many firsts include the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00042-00009624-00009898": "States first public park Boston Common", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00043-00009899-00010178": "16:34 first public or state school", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00044-00010179-00010502": "Boston Latin School 1635 and first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00045-00010503-00010838": "subway system Tremont Street subway 1897", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00046-00010839-00011053": "the Boston area's many colleges and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00047-00011054-00011267": "universities make it an international", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00048-00011268-00011492": "center of higher education including law", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00049-00011493-00011731": "medicine engineering and business and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00050-00011732-00011899": "the city is considered to be a world", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00051-00011900-00012026": "leader in innovation and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00052-00012027-00012233": "entrepreneurship with nearly 2000", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00053-00012234-00012313": "startups", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00054-00012314-00012587": "Boston's economic base also includes", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00055-00012588-00012763": "finance professional and business", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00056-00012764-00013036": "services biotechnology information", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00057-00013037-00013303": "technology and government activities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00058-00013304-00013519": "households in the city claim the highest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00059-00013519-00013689": "average rate of philanthropy in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00060-00013690-00013866": "United States businesses and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00061-00013868-00014064": "institutions ranked among the top in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00062-00014065-00014256": "country for environmental sustainability", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00063-00014257-00014536": "and investment the city has one of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00064-00014537-00014683": "highest costs of living in the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00065-00014684-00014850": "States as it has undergone", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00066-00014851-00015061": "gentrification though it remains high on", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00067-00015062-00015716": "world livability rankings", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00068-00015716-00016216": "topic history", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00069-00016216-00016555": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00070-00016556-00017062": "topic colonial", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00071-00017063-00017314": "Boston's early European settlers had", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00072-00017315-00017500": "first called the area try mountain after", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00073-00017501-00017812": "heads three mountains only traces of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00074-00017813-00018016": "which remained today but later renamed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00075-00018017-00018226": "it Boston after Boston Lincolnshire", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00076-00018227-00018445": "England the origin of several prominent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00077-00018446-00018769": "colonists the renaming on September 7th", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00078-00018770-00018859": "1630", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00079-00018860-00019105": "old style was by Puritan colonists from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00080-00019106-00019228": "England who had moved over from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00081-00019229-00019435": "Charlestown earlier that year in quest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00082-00019436-00019678": "of fresh water their settlement was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00083-00019679-00019819": "initially limited to the Shawmut", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00084-00019820-00020032": "Peninsula at that time surrounded by the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00085-00020033-00020248": "Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00086-00020249-00020392": "connected to the mainland by a narrow", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00087-00020393-00020674": "isthmus the peninsula is thought to have", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00088-00020675-00020956": "been inhabited as early as 5000 BC in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00089-00020957-00021250": "1629 the Massachusetts Bay Colony 'z", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00090-00021251-00021445": "first governor John Winthrop led the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00091-00021446-00021643": "signing of the Cambridge agreement a key", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00092-00021644-00021919": "founding document of the city Puritan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00093-00021920-00022117": "ethics and their focus on education", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00094-00022118-00022336": "influenced its early history America's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00095-00022337-00022516": "first public school was founded in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00096-00022517-00022945": "Boston in 1635 over the next 130 years", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00097-00022946-00023200": "the city participated in four French and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00098-00023201-00023410": "Indian Wars until the British defeated", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00099-00023411-00023572": "the French and their Indian allies in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00100-00023573-00023854": "North America Boston was the largest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00101-00023855-00024034": "town in British America until", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00102-00024035-00024271": "Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00103-00024272-00024351": "century", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00104-00024352-00024613": "Boston's oceanfront location made it a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00105-00024614-00024811": "lively port and the city primarily", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00106-00024812-00025000": "engaged in shipping and fishing during", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00107-00025001-00025297": "its colonial days however Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00108-00025298-00025495": "stagnated in the decades prior to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00109-00025496-00025762": "revolution by the mid 18th century New", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00110-00025763-00025959": "York City and Philadelphia surpassed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00111-00025960-00026233": "Boston in wealth Boston encountered", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00112-00026233-00026431": "financial difficulties even as other", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00113-00026432-00027105": "cities in New England grew rapidly", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00114-00027106-00027737": "topic revolution and the siege of Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00115-00027738-00027938": "many of the crucial events of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00116-00027939-00028142": "American Revolution occurred in her near", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00117-00028143-00028420": "Boston Boston's penchant for mob action", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00118-00028422-00028592": "along with the colonists growing", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00119-00028593-00028757": "distrust in Britain fostered a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00120-00028758-00029033": "revolutionary spirit in the city when", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00121-00029033-00029207": "the British government passed the Stamp", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00122-00029208-00029545": "Act in 1765 a Boston mob ravaged the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00123-00029547-00029747": "homes of Andrew Oliver the official", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00124-00029748-00029951": "tasked with enforcing the act and Thomas", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00125-00029952-00030137": "Hutchinson then the lieutenant governor", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00126-00030138-00030401": "of Massachusetts the British sent two", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00127-00030402-00030680": "regiments to Boston in 1768 in an", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00128-00030681-00030869": "attempt to quell the angry colonists", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00129-00030870-00031142": "this did not sit well with the colonists", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00130-00031143-00031477": "in 1770 during the Boston Massacre the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00131-00031479-00031679": "army killed several people in response", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00132-00031680-00031949": "to a mob in Boston the colonists", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00133-00031950-00032111": "compelled the British to withdraw their", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00134-00032112-00032320": "troops the event was widely publicized", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00135-00032322-00032564": "and fuelled a revolutionary movement in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00136-00032564-00032894": "America in 1773 Britain passed the Tea", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00137-00032895-00033182": "Act many of the colonists saw the act as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00138-00033183-00033359": "an attempt to force them to accept the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00139-00033360-00033562": "taxes established by the Townshend Acts", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00140-00033563-00033812": "the act prompted the Boston Tea Party", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00141-00033813-00034004": "where a group of rebels through an", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00142-00034005-00034172": "entire shipment of tea sent by the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00143-00034173-00034385": "British East India Company into Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00144-00034386-00034667": "Harbor the Boston Tea Party was a key", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00145-00034668-00034844": "event leading up to the revolution as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00146-00034845-00035009": "the British government responded", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00147-00035010-00035180": "furiously with the Intolerable Acts", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00148-00035181-00035408": "demanding compensation for the lost tea", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00149-00035409-00035627": "from the rebels this angered the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00150-00035628-00035789": "colonists further and led to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00151-00035790-00036095": "American Revolutionary War the war began", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00152-00036096-00036284": "in the area surrounding Boston with the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00153-00036285-00036620": "battles of Lexington and Concord Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00154-00036621-00036809": "itself was besieged for almost a year", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00155-00036810-00037025": "during the siege of Boston which began", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00156-00037026-00037436": "on April 19 1775 the New England militia", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00157-00037437-00037640": "impeded the movement of the British Army", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00158-00037641-00037910": "William Howe v by count how then the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00159-00037911-00038090": "commander-in-chief of the British forces", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00160-00038091-00038336": "in North America led the British Army in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00161-00038337-00038630": "the siege on June 17th the British", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00162-00038631-00038825": "captured the Charlestown Peninsula in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00163-00038826-00039022": "Boston during the Battle of Bunker Hill", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00164-00039023-00039296": "the British Army outnumbered the militia", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00165-00039297-00039476": "stationed there but it was a Pyrrhic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00166-00039477-00039635": "victory for the British because their", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00167-00039636-00039866": "army suffered devastating casualties it", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00168-00039867-00040130": "was also a testament to the power and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00169-00040131-00040322": "courage of the militia as their stubborn", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00170-00040323-00040478": "defending made it difficult for the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00171-00040479-00040667": "British to capture Charlestown without", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00172-00040668-00040856": "losing many troops several weeks later", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00173-00040857-00041109": "George Washington took over the militia", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00174-00041110-00041204": "after the Continental Congress", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00175-00041205-00041424": "established the Continental Army to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00176-00041425-00041682": "unify the revolutionary effort both", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00177-00041683-00041895": "sides faced difficulties and supply", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00178-00041896-00042093": "shortages in the siege and the fighting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00179-00042094-00042282": "was limited to small-scale raids and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00180-00042283-00042678": "skirmishes on March 4th 1776 Washington", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00181-00042679-00042876": "commanded his army to fortified", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00182-00042877-00043176": "Dorchester Heights an area of Boston the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00183-00043177-00043362": "army placed cannons there to repel a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00184-00043363-00043554": "British Invasion against their stake in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00185-00043555-00043827": "Boston Washington was confident that the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00186-00043828-00043980": "army would be able to resist a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00187-00043981-00044130": "small-scale invasion with their", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00188-00044131-00044373": "fortifications how planned an invasion", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00189-00044374-00044595": "into Boston but bad weather delayed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00190-00044596-00044844": "their advance how decided to withdraw", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00191-00044845-00045072": "because the storm gave Washington's army", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00192-00045073-00045210": "more time to improve their", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00193-00045211-00045519": "fortifications British troops evacuated", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00194-00045520-00045765": "Boston on March 17th which solidified", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00195-00045766-00046444": "the revolutionaries control of the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00196-00046445-00046747": "topic post Revolution and the war of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00197-00046748-00047158": "1812", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00198-00047159-00047404": "after the Revolution Boston's long", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00199-00047405-00047605": "seafaring tradition helped make it one", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00200-00047606-00047794": "of the world's wealthiest international", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00201-00047795-00048079": "ports with the slave trade rum fish salt", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00202-00048080-00048342": "and tobacco being particularly important", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00203-00048343-00048556": "Boston's Harbor activity was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00204-00048557-00048765": "significantly curtailed by the Embargo", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00205-00048766-00048990": "Act of 1807 adopted during the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00206-00048991-00049257": "Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00207-00049258-00049477": "foreign trade returned after these", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00208-00049478-00049693": "hostilities but Boston's merchants had", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00209-00049694-00049870": "found alternatives for their capital", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00210-00049871-00050158": "investments in the interim manufacturing", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00211-00050159-00050335": "became an important component of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00212-00050336-00050565": "city's economy and the city's industrial", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00213-00050566-00050773": "manufacturing overtook international", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00214-00050774-00050980": "trade and economic importance by the mid", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00215-00050981-00051291": "19th century Boston remained one of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00216-00051292-00051511": "nation's largest manufacturing centers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00217-00051512-00051720": "until the early 20th century and was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00218-00051721-00051889": "known for its garment production and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00219-00051890-00052144": "leather goods industries a network of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00220-00052145-00052329": "small rivers bordering the city and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00221-00052330-00052504": "connecting it to the surrounding region", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00222-00052504-00052711": "facilitated shipment of goods and led to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00223-00052712-00052923": "a proliferation of mills and factories", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00224-00052924-00053197": "later a dense network of railroads", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00225-00053198-00053365": "furthered the region's industry and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00226-00053366-00053674": "commerce during this period Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00227-00053675-00053878": "flourished culturally as well admired", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00228-00053879-00054079": "for its rarefied literary life and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00229-00054079-00054295": "generous artistic patronage with members", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00230-00054296-00054577": "of old Boston families eventually dubbed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00231-00054578-00054847": "Boston Brahmins coming to be regarded as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00232-00054848-00055048": "the nation's social and cultural elites", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00233-00055049-00055270": "Boston was an early port of the Atlantic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00234-00055271-00055453": "triangular slave trade in the New", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00235-00055454-00055657": "England colonies but was soon overtaken", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00236-00055658-00055894": "by Salem Massachusetts in Newport Rhode", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00237-00055895-00055974": "Island", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00238-00055975-00056227": "Boston eventually became a center of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00239-00056228-00056482": "abolitionist movement the city reacted", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00240-00056483-00056686": "strongly to the Fugitive Slave Act of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00241-00056687-00056959": "1850 contributing to President Franklin", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00242-00056960-00057166": "Pierce his attempt to make an example of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00243-00057166-00057385": "Boston after the Anthony burns fugitive", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00244-00057386-00057673": "slave case in 1822 the citizens of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00245-00057674-00057867": "Boston voted to change the official name", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00246-00057869-00058198": "from the town of Boston to the City of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00247-00058199-00058579": "Boston and on March 4th 1822 the people", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00248-00058579-00058741": "of Boston accepted the Charter", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00249-00058741-00058963": "incorporating the city at the time", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00250-00058964-00059176": "Boston was chartered as a city the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00251-00059177-00059580": "population was about 40 6226 while the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00252-00059582-00059782": "area of the city was only four point", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00253-00059783-00060194": "seven square miles 12 square kilometers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00254-00060195-00060517": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00255-00060519-00061071": "topic nineteenth-century", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00256-00061072-00061377": "in the 1820s Boston's population grew", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00257-00061378-00061536": "rapidly and the city's ethnic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00258-00061537-00061725": "composition changed dramatically with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00259-00061726-00061922": "the first wave of European immigrants", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00260-00061923-00062178": "Irish immigrants dominated the first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00261-00062179-00062352": "wave of newcomers during this period", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00262-00062353-00062577": "especially following the Irish potato", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00263-00062578-00062942": "famine by 1850 about 35,000 Irish lived", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00264-00062944-00063240": "in Boston in the latter half of the 19th", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00265-00063241-00063465": "century the city saw increasing numbers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00266-00063466-00063777": "of Irish Germans Lebanese Syrians French", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00267-00063778-00063990": "Canadians and Russian and Polish Jews", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00268-00063991-00064239": "settling in the city by the end of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00269-00064240-00064353": "19th century", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00270-00064354-00064529": "Boston's corn neighborhoods had become", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00271-00064530-00064691": "enclaves of ethnically distinct", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00272-00064692-00064979": "immigrants Italians inhabited the north", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00273-00064980-00065022": "end", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00274-00065023-00065214": "Irish dominated South Boston and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00275-00065215-00065421": "Charlestown and Russian Jews lived in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00276-00065422-00065670": "the West End Irish and Italian", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00277-00065671-00065814": "immigrants brought with them Roman", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00278-00065815-00066078": "Catholicism currently Catholics make up", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00279-00066079-00066306": "Boston's largest religious community and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00280-00066307-00066477": "the Irish have played a major role in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00281-00066478-00066726": "Boston politics since the early 20th", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00282-00066727-00066924": "century prominent figures include the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00283-00066925-00067116": "Kennedys Tip O'Neill and John F", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00284-00067117-00067467": "Fitzgerald between 1631 and 1890 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00285-00067468-00067638": "city tripled its area through land", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00286-00067639-00067857": "reclamation by filling in marshes mud", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00287-00067858-00068073": "flats and gaps between wharves along the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00288-00068074-00068331": "waterfront the largest reclamation", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00289-00068332-00068523": "efforts took place during the 19th", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00290-00068524-00068793": "century beginning in 1807 the crown of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00291-00068794-00069021": "Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00292-00069022-00069249": "acre 20 hectares Mill Pond that later", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00293-00069250-00069510": "became the Haymarket Square area the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00294-00069511-00069723": "present-day state house sits atop this", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00295-00069724-00070011": "lowered Beacon Hill reclamation projects", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00296-00070012-00070161": "in the middle of the century created", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00297-00070162-00070383": "significant parts of the South End the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00298-00070384-00070590": "West End the financial district and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00299-00070591-00070922": "Chinatown after the Great Boston Fire of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00300-00070923-00071226": "1872 workers used building rubble as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00301-00071227-00071432": "landfill along the downtown waterfront", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00302-00071433-00071664": "during the mid to late 19th century", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00303-00071665-00072027": "workers filled almost 600 acres 2.4", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00304-00072028-00072240": "square kilometers of brackish Charles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00305-00072241-00072462": "River marshlands west of Boston Common", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00306-00072463-00072627": "with gravel brought by rail from the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00307-00072628-00072855": "hills of Needham Heights the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00308-00072856-00073047": "annexed the adjacent towns of South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00309-00073048-00073472": "Boston 1804 East Boston 1836 Roxbury", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00310-00073473-00073782": "1868 Dorchester including present-day", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00311-00073783-00074003": "Mattapan and a portion of South Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00312-00074004-00074262": "1870 Brighton including present-day", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00313-00074263-00074371": "Alston 8", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00314-00074372-00074661": "74 West Roxbury including present-day", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00315-00074662-00074955": "Jamaica Plain in Roslindale 1874", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00316-00074956-00075438": "Charlestown 1874 in Hyde Park 1912 other", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00317-00075439-00075651": "proposals were unsuccessful for the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00318-00075652-00075867": "annexation of Brookline Cambridge and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00319-00075868-00076404": "Chelsea", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00320-00076405-00076946": "topic 20th century", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00321-00076947-00077192": "the city went into decline by the early", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00322-00077193-00077423": "to mid 20th century as factories became", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00323-00077424-00077642": "old and obsolete and businesses moved", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00324-00077643-00077792": "out of the region for cheaper labor", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00325-00077793-00077875": "elsewhere", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00326-00077876-00078158": "Boston responded by initiating various", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00327-00078159-00078329": "urban renewal projects under the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00328-00078330-00078473": "direction of the Boston Redevelopment", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00329-00078474-00078889": "Authority Brahe established in 1957 in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00330-00078890-00079190": "1958 Brahe initiated a project to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00331-00079191-00079334": "improve the historic West End", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00332-00079335-00079604": "neighborhood extensive demolition was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00333-00079605-00079811": "met with strong public opposition the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00334-00079812-00080012": "Bross subsequently reevaluated its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00335-00080013-00080216": "approach to urban renewal in its future", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00336-00080217-00080414": "projects including the construction of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00337-00080415-00080747": "the government center in 1965 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00338-00080748-00080939": "Columbia Point Health Center opened in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00339-00080940-00081107": "the Dorchester neighborhood the first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00340-00081108-00081293": "community health center in the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00341-00081294-00081560": "States it mostly served the massive", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00342-00081561-00081749": "Columbia Point public housing complex", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00343-00081750-00082127": "adjoining it which was built in 1953 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00344-00082128-00082328": "health center is still in operation and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00345-00082329-00082586": "was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00346-00082587-00082829": "Gibson community health center the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00347-00082830-00083036": "Columbia Point complex itself was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00348-00083037-00083327": "redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00349-00083328-00083591": "1990 into a mixed income residential", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00350-00083592-00083744": "development called Harbor Point", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00351-00083745-00084002": "Apartments by the 1970s the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00352-00084003-00084233": "economy had recovered after 30 years of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00353-00084234-00084488": "economic downturn a large number of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00354-00084489-00084665": "high-rises were constructed in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00355-00084666-00084869": "financial district and in Boston's Back", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00356-00084870-00085115": "Bay during this period this boom", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00357-00085116-00085367": "continued into the mid 1980s and resumed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00358-00085368-00085661": "after a few pauses hospitals such as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00359-00085662-00085871": "Massachusetts General Hospital Beth", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00360-00085872-00086072": "Israel Deaconess Medical Center and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00361-00086073-00086261": "Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00362-00086262-00086468": "nation in medical innovation in patient", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00363-00086469-00086753": "care schools such as Boston College", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00364-00086754-00086966": "Boston University the Harvard Medical", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00365-00086967-00087185": "School Tufts University School of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00366-00087186-00087397": "Medicine Northeastern University", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00367-00087398-00087602": "Massachusetts College of Art and Design", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00368-00087603-00087827": "Wentworth Institute of Technology", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00369-00087828-00088049": "Berklee College of Music and Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00370-00088050-00088241": "Conservatory attracts students to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00371-00088242-00088544": "area nevertheless the city experienced", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00372-00088545-00088802": "conflict starting in 1974 over", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00373-00088803-00089015": "disaggregation busing which resulted in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00374-00089016-00089207": "unrest and violence around public", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00375-00089208-00089893": "schools throughout the mid-1970s", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00376-00089894-00090466": "topic 21st century", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00377-00090467-00090751": "Boston as an intellectual technological", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00378-00090752-00090961": "and political center but has lost some", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00379-00090962-00091135": "important regional institutions", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00380-00091136-00091315": "including the loss to mergers and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00381-00091316-00091486": "acquisitions of local financial", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00382-00091487-00091699": "institutions such as flee busting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00383-00091700-00091852": "financial which was acquired by", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00384-00091853-00092157": "Charlotte based Bank of America in 2004", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00385-00092158-00092425": "Boston based department stores Jordan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00386-00092426-00092623": "Marsh and filings have both merged into", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00387-00092624-00093010": "the Cincinnati based Macy's the 1993", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00388-00093011-00093205": "acquisition of the Boston Globe by the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00389-00093206-00093469": "New York Times was reversed in 2013 when", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00390-00093470-00093688": "it was resold to Boston businessman John", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00391-00093689-00094048": "W Henry in 2016 it was announced that", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00392-00094049-00094222": "General Electric would be moving its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00393-00094223-00094405": "corporate headquarters from Connecticut", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00394-00094406-00094573": "to the innovation district in South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00395-00094574-00094798": "Boston joining many other companies in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00396-00094799-00095022": "this rapidly developing neighborhood", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00397-00095023-00095317": "Boston has experienced gentrification in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00398-00095318-00095533": "the latter half of the 20th century with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00399-00095534-00095749": "housing prices increasing sharply since", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00400-00095750-00096067": "the 1990s living expenses have risen", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00401-00096068-00096286": "Boston has one of the highest costs of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00402-00096287-00096454": "living in the United States and was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00403-00096455-00096724": "ranked the 129th most expensive major", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00404-00096725-00096973": "city in the world in a 2011 survey of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00405-00096974-00097336": "214 cities despite cost of living issues", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00406-00097337-00097597": "Boston ranks high on livability ratings", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00407-00097598-00097855": "ranking 36th worldwide in quality of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00408-00097856-00098197": "living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00409-00098198-00098452": "cities on April 15 2013", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00410-00098453-00098686": "two chechen islamist brothers detonated", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00411-00098687-00098881": "a pair of bombs near the finish line of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00412-00098882-00099097": "the Boston Marathon killing three people", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00413-00099098-00099478": "and injuring roughly 264 in 2016", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00414-00099479-00099667": "Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00415-00099668-00099868": "u.s. applicant for the 2024 Summer", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00416-00099869-00100159": "Olympics the bid was supported by the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00417-00100160-00100336": "mayor and a coalition of business", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00418-00100337-00100549": "leaders and local philanthropists but", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00419-00100550-00100735": "was eventually dropped due to public", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00420-00100736-00101062": "opposition the USOC then selected Los", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00421-00101063-00101260": "Angeles to be the American candidate", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00422-00101261-00101485": "with Los Angeles ultimately securing the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00423-00101486-00102247": "right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00424-00102248-00102781": "topic geography", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00425-00102782-00103039": "Boston has an area of eighty nine point", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00426-00103040-00103408": "six three square miles 230 2.1 square", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00427-00103408-00103669": "kilometers forty eight point four square", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00428-00103670-00103731": "miles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00429-00103732-00104143": "125 point four square kilometers 54% of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00430-00104144-00104599": "land and 41.2 square miles 106.7 square", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00431-00104600-00104958": "kilometers 46% of water the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00432-00104959-00105181": "official elevation as measured at Logan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00433-00105182-00105400": "International Airport is nineteen feet", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00434-00105401-00105611": "five point eight meters above sea level", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00435-00105613-00105909": "the highest point in Boston is Bellevue", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00436-00105910-00106209": "Hill at 330 feet 100 meters above sea", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00437-00106210-00106410": "level and the lowest point is at sea", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00438-00106411-00106479": "level", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00439-00106480-00106717": "situated on shore of the Atlantic Ocean", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00440-00106718-00106963": "Boston is the only state capital in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00441-00106964-00107149": "contiguous United States with an oceanic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00442-00107150-00107467": "shoreline the geographical center of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00443-00107468-00107731": "Boston is in Roxbury due north of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00444-00107732-00107971": "center we find the South End this is not", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00445-00107972-00108169": "to be confused with South Boston which", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00446-00108170-00108372": "lies directly east from the South End", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00447-00108373-00108679": "north of South Boston as East Boston and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00448-00108680-00108871": "south west of East Boston as the North", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00449-00108872-00108957": "End", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00450-00108958-00109216": "Boston is surrounded by the Greater", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00451-00109217-00109480": "Boston region and is contiguously", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00452-00109481-00109663": "bordered by the cities and towns of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00453-00109664-00109876": "Winthrop Revere Chelsea Everett", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00454-00109877-00110143": "Somerville Cambridge Watertown Newton", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00455-00110144-00110428": "Brookline Needham Dedham Canton Milton", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00456-00110429-00110709": "and Quincy the Charles River separates", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00457-00110710-00110941": "Boston from Watertown and the majority", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00458-00110942-00111139": "of Cambridge and the mass of Boston from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00459-00111140-00111376": "its own Charlestown neighborhood to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00460-00111377-00111565": "east lie Boston Harbor in the Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00461-00111566-00111826": "Harbor Islands National Recreation Area", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00462-00111827-00112008": "which includes part of the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00463-00112009-00112240": "territory specifically calf island", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00464-00112241-00112458": "gallops island great Brewster Island", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00465-00112459-00112659": "Green Island little Brewster Island", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00466-00112660-00112894": "little calf Island Long Island Lovells", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00467-00112895-00113128": "Island middle Brewster Island mixes mate", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00468-00113129-00113358": "outter Brewster Island Rainsford Island", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00469-00113359-00113610": "shag rocks spectacle Island the graves", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00470-00113611-00113851": "and Thompson Island the Neponset River", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00471-00113852-00114058": "forms the boundary between Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00472-00114058-00114241": "southern neighborhoods and the city of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00473-00114242-00114523": "Quincy in the town of Milton the Mystic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00474-00114524-00114745": "River separates Charlestown from Chelsea", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00475-00114746-00114955": "and Everett and Chelsea Creek and Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00476-00114956-00115171": "harbor separate East Boston from Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00477-00115172-00115370": "Proper", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00478-00115371-00115696": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00479-00115697-00116199": "topic cityscapes", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00480-00116200-00116541": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00481-00116542-00117056": "topic neighborhoods", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00482-00117057-00117334": "Boston is sometimes called a city of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00483-00117335-00117581": "neighborhoods because of the perfusion", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00484-00117582-00117758": "of diverse subsections the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00485-00117758-00117916": "government's office of Neighborhood", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00486-00117917-00118165": "Services has officially designated 23", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00487-00118166-00118411": "neighborhoods more than two-thirds of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00488-00118413-00118639": "inner Boston's modern land area did not", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00489-00118640-00118927": "exist when the city was founded instead", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00490-00118928-00119147": "it was created via the gradual filling", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00491-00119148-00119341": "in of the surrounding tidal areas over", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00492-00119342-00119512": "the centuries with Earth from leveling", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00493-00119513-00119689": "or lowering Boston's three original", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00494-00119690-00119981": "hills the Tri mountain after which", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00495-00119982-00120202": "Tremont Street is named and with gravel", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00496-00120203-00120374": "brought by train from Needham to fill", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00497-00120375-00120583": "the Back Bay downtown and its immediate", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00498-00120584-00120808": "surroundings consist largely of low-rise", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00499-00120809-00121036": "masonry buildings often federal style", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00500-00121037-00121240": "and Greek Revival interspersed with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00501-00121241-00121433": "modern high-rises in the financial", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00502-00121433-00121619": "district government center and South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00503-00121620-00121922": "Boston back Bay includes many prominent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00504-00121923-00122125": "landmarks such as the Boston Public", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00505-00122126-00122389": "Library Christian Science Center Copley", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00506-00122390-00122618": "Square Newbury Street and New England's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00507-00122619-00122809": "two tallest buildings the John Hancock", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00508-00122810-00123133": "Tower and the Prudential Center near the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00509-00123134-00123332": "John Hancock Tower is the old John", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00510-00123333-00123502": "Hancock building with its prominent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00511-00123503-00123700": "illuminated beacon the color of which", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00512-00123701-00123995": "forecasts the weather smaller commercial", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00513-00123996-00124208": "areas are interspersed among areas of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00514-00124208-00124402": "single-family homes and wooden brick", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00515-00124403-00124706": "multi-family row houses the South End", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00516-00124707-00124864": "historic district as the largest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00517-00124865-00125077": "surviving contiguous Victorian era", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00518-00125078-00125359": "neighborhood in the u.s. the geography", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00519-00125360-00125546": "of downtown and South Boston was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00520-00125547-00125740": "particularly affected by the central", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00521-00125741-00125921": "artery tunnel project known unofficially", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00522-00125922-00126221": "as the Big Dig which removed the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00523-00126222-00126449": "unsightly elevated central artery and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00524-00126450-00126676": "incorporated new green spaces in open", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00525-00126677-00127204": "areas", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00526-00127205-00127670": "topic climate", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00527-00127671-00127884": "under the köppen climate classification", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00528-00127885-00128110": "Boston has a hot summer humid", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00529-00128111-00128434": "continental climate köppen dfa summers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00530-00128435-00128621": "are typically warm and humid while", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00531-00128622-00128798": "winters are cold and stormy with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00532-00128799-00129098": "occasional periods of heavy snow spring", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00533-00129099-00129323": "and fall are usually cool to mild with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00534-00129324-00129511": "varying conditions dependent on wind", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00535-00129513-00129721": "direction and Jetstream positioning", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00536-00129722-00129940": "prevailing wind patterns that blow", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00537-00129941-00130129": "offshore minimize the influence of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00538-00130130-00130441": "Atlantic Ocean however in winter areas", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00539-00130442-00130631": "near the immediate coast will often see", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00540-00130632-00130847": "more rain than snow as warm air is drawn", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00541-00130848-00131126": "off the Atlantic at times the city lies", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00542-00131127-00131365": "at the transition between USDA Plant", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00543-00131366-00131629": "Hardiness zone 6b most of the city and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00544-00131630-00131882": "7/8 downtown South Boston and East", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00545-00131883-00132079": "Boston neighborhoods the hottest month", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00546-00132080-00132269": "is July with a mean temperature of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00547-00132270-00132427": "seventy three point four degrees", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00548-00132428-00132695": "Fahrenheit 23 point O degrees Celsius", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00549-00132696-00132991": "the coldest month is January with a mean", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00550-00132992-00133283": "of 29.0 degrees Fahrenheit minus one", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00551-00133284-00133579": "point seven degrees Celsius periods", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00552-00133580-00133828": "exceeding 90 degrees Fahrenheit 32", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00553-00133829-00134038": "degrees Celsius in summer and below", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00554-00134039-00134254": "freezing in winter are not uncommon but", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00555-00134255-00134510": "rarely extended with about 13 and 25", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00556-00134511-00134732": "days per year seeing each respectively", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00557-00134733-00135023": "the most recent sub - zero degrees", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00558-00135024-00135326": "Fahrenheit - 18 degrees Celsius reading", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00559-00135327-00135608": "occurred on January 7th 2018 when the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00560-00135609-00135782": "temperature dipped down to minus 2", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00561-00135783-00135988": "degrees Fahrenheit minus 19 degrees", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00562-00135989-00136334": "Celsius in addition several decades may", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00563-00136335-00136622": "pass between 100 degrees Fahrenheit 38", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00564-00136623-00136826": "degrees Celsius readings with the most", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00565-00136827-00137116": "recent such occurrence on July 22nd 2011", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00566-00137117-00137393": "when the temperature reached 103 degrees", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00567-00137394-00137735": "Fahrenheit 39 degrees Celsius the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00568-00137736-00137941": "average window for freezing temperatures", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00569-00137942-00138148": "as November 9th through April 5th", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00570-00138149-00138403": "official temperature records have ranged", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00571-00138404-00138656": "from minus 18 degrees Fahrenheit minus", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00572-00138657-00139058": "28 degrees Celsius On February 9 1934 up", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00573-00139059-00139325": "to 104 degrees Fahrenheit 40 degrees", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00574-00139326-00139709": "Celsius on July 4th 1911 the record cold", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00575-00139710-00139951": "daily maximum as 2 degrees Fahrenheit", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00576-00139952-00140225": "minus 17 degrees Celsius on December", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00577-00140226-00140527": "30th 1917 while conversely the record", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00578-00140528-00140740": "warm daily minimum as 83 degrees", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00579-00140741-00141015": "Fahrenheit 28 degrees Celsius on", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00580-00141016-00141447": "second 1975 Boston's coastal location on", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00581-00141448-00141597": "the North Atlantic moderates its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00582-00141598-00141792": "temperature but makes the city very", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00583-00141793-00141981": "prone to nor'easter weather systems that", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00584-00141982-00142269": "can produce much snow and rain the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00585-00142270-00142449": "average is forty three point eight", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00586-00142450-00142734": "inches 1110 millimeters of precipitation", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00587-00142735-00143163": "a year with 43.8 inches 111 centimeters", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00588-00143164-00143460": "of snowfall per season snowfall", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00589-00143461-00143655": "increases dramatically as one goes", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00590-00143656-00143826": "inland away from the city especially", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00591-00143827-00144099": "north and west of the city away from the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00592-00144100-00144366": "moderating influence of the ocean most", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00593-00144367-00144528": "snowfall occurs from mid-november", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00594-00144529-00144768": "through early April and snow is rare in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00595-00144769-00145017": "May in October there is also high", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00596-00145018-00145269": "year-to-year variability in snowfall for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00597-00145270-00145551": "instance the winter of 2011-12 saw only", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00598-00145552-00145764": "nine point three in twenty three point", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00599-00145765-00146019": "six centimeters of accumulating snow but", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00600-00146020-00146205": "the previous winter the corresponding", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00601-00146206-00146565": "figure was eighty 1.0 and 2.0 six meters", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00602-00146566-00146793": "fog is fairly common particularly in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00603-00146794-00147039": "spring and early summer due to its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00604-00147040-00147234": "location along the North Atlantic the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00605-00147235-00147402": "city often receives sea breezes", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00606-00147403-00147636": "especially in the late spring when water", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00607-00147637-00147843": "temperatures are still quite cold and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00608-00147844-00148014": "temperatures at the coast can be more", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00609-00148015-00148218": "than twenty degrees Fahrenheit 11", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00610-00148219-00148428": "degrees Celsius colder than a few miles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00611-00148429-00148626": "inland sometimes dropping by that amount", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00612-00148627-00148962": "near midday thunderstorms occur from May", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00613-00148963-00149142": "to September that are occasionally", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00614-00149143-00149349": "severe with large hail damaging winds", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00615-00149350-00149628": "and heavy downpours although downtown", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00616-00149629-00149799": "Boston has never been struck by a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00617-00149800-00150003": "violent tornado the city itself has", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00618-00150004-00150245": "experienced many tornado warnings", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00619-00150246-00150513": "damaging storms are more common to areas", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00620-00150514-00150752": "north west and northwest of the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00621-00150753-00151014": "Boston has a relatively sunny climate", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00622-00151015-00151185": "for a coastal city at its latitude", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00623-00151186-00151500": "averaging over 2600 hours of sunshine", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00624-00151501-00152067": "per annum", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00625-00152068-00152615": "topic demographics", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00626-00152616-00153121": "in 2016 Boston was estimated to have 670", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00627-00153122-00153554": "3184 residents a density of 13,000 841", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00628-00153555-00153965": "persons per square mile or 5,000 344 per", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00629-00153966-00154397": "square kilometers living in 270 mm 481", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00630-00154398-00154721": "housing units a 9% population increase", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00631-00154722-00155018": "over 2010 the city is the third most", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00632-00155019-00155282": "densely populated large US city of over", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00633-00155283-00155570": "half a million residents some 1.2", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00634-00155571-00155789": "million persons may be within Boston's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00635-00155790-00155999": "boundaries during work hours and as many", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00636-00156000-00156290": "as 2 million during special events this", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00637-00156291-00156494": "fluctuation of people is caused by", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00638-00156495-00156665": "hundreds of thousands of suburban", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00639-00156666-00156851": "residents who travel to the city for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00640-00156852-00157103": "work education health care and special", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00641-00157104-00157304": "events in the city the population was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00642-00157305-00157649": "spread out with 21.9% at age 19 and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00643-00157650-00158231": "under 14.3% from 20 to 24 33.2% from 25", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00644-00158232-00158656": "to 44 20 point 4% from 45 to 64 and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00645-00158657-00158992": "10.1% who were 65 years of age or older", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00646-00158993-00159365": "the median age was 30 point 8 years for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00647-00159366-00159635": "every 100 females there were 90 2.0", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00648-00159636-00159989": "males for every 100 females age 18 and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00649-00159990-00160348": "over there were 89.9 males there were", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00650-00160349-00160928": "250 2699 households of which 20.4% had", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00651-00160929-00161141": "children under the age of 18 living in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00652-00161142-00161450": "them 25.5% were married couples living", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00653-00161451-00161762": "together 16.3% had a female householder", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00654-00161763-00162137": "with no husband present and 50 4.0% were", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00655-00162138-00162220": "non-families", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00656-00162221-00162536": "37.1% of all households were made up of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00657-00162537-00162806": "individuals and 9.0 percent had someone", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00658-00162807-00163055": "living alone who was 65 years of age or", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00659-00163056-00163342": "older the average household size was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00660-00163343-00163603": "2.26 and the average family size was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00661-00163604-00163727": "3.08", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00662-00163728-00163957": "boston has one of the largest LGBT", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00663-00163958-00164291": "populations in the United States the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00664-00164292-00164530": "median household income in Boston was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00665-00164531-00164921": "51,000 $739 while the median income for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00666-00164922-00165338": "a family was 61,000 $35 full-time", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00667-00165339-00165533": "year-round male workers had a median", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00668-00165534-00165976": "income of fifty 2544 dollars versus 46", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00669-00165977-00166169": "thousand five hundred forty dollars for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00670-00166170-00166462": "full-time year-round female workers the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00671-00166463-00166633": "per capita income for the city was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00672-00166634-00166840": "thirty three thousand one hundred fifty", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00673-00166841-00167047": "eight dollars twenty one point four", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00674-00167048-00167258": "percent of the population and sixteen", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00675-00167259-00167428": "point Oh percent of families are below", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00676-00167429-00167740": "the poverty line of the total population", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00677-00167741-00167911": "twenty-eight point eight percent of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00678-00167912-00168058": "those under the age of eighteen and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00679-00168059-00168316": "twenty point four percent of those 65", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00680-00168317-00168496": "and older were living below the poverty", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00681-00168497-00168676": "line in nineteen fifty whites", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00682-00168677-00168865": "represented ninety four point seven", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00683-00168866-00169156": "percent of Boston's population from the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00684-00169157-00169375": "1950s to the end of the twentieth", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00685-00169376-00169432": "century", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00686-00169433-00169651": "the proportion of non-hispanic whites in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00687-00169652-00169999": "the city declined in 2000 non-hispanic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00688-00170000-00170176": "whites made up forty nine point five", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00689-00170177-00170395": "percent of the city's population making", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00690-00170396-00170611": "the city majority minority for the first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00691-00170612-00170953": "time however in the 21st century the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00692-00170954-00171133": "city has experienced significant", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00693-00171134-00171328": "gentrification in which affluent White's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00694-00171329-00171535": "have moved into formerly non-white areas", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00695-00171536-00171952": "in 2006 the US Census Bureau estimated", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00696-00171953-00172157": "that non-hispanic whites again formed a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00697-00172158-00172420": "slight majority but as of 2010 in part", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00698-00172421-00172600": "due to the housing crash as well as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00699-00172601-00172741": "increased efforts to make more", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00700-00172742-00172939": "affordable housing more available the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00701-00172940-00173227": "non-white population has rebounded this", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00702-00173228-00173437": "may also have to do with increased Latin", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00703-00173438-00173665": "American and Asian populations and more", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00704-00173666-00173848": "clarity surrounding u.s. census", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00705-00173849-00174085": "statistics which indicate a non-hispanic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00706-00174086-00174332": "white population of 47 percent some", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00707-00174333-00174546": "reports give slightly lower figures", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00708-00174547-00174832": "people of Irish descent form the largest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00709-00174833-00175063": "single ethnic group in the city making", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00710-00175064-00175264": "up fifteen point eight percent of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00711-00175265-00175459": "population followed by Italians", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00712-00175460-00175660": "accounting for eight point three percent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00713-00175661-00175943": "of the population people of West Indian", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00714-00175944-00176122": "and Caribbean ancestry are another", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00715-00176123-00176440": "sizable group at 6.0% about half of whom", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00716-00176441-00176671": "are of Haitian ancestry over", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00717-00176672-00176896": "twenty-seven thousand Chinese Americans", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00718-00176897-00177124": "made their home in Boston City proper in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00719-00177125-00177356": "2013 and the city hosts a growing", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00720-00177357-00177581": "Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00721-00177582-00177770": "Chinese owned bus lines to and from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00722-00177771-00177990": "Chinatown Manhattan in New York City", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00723-00177991-00178268": "some neighborhoods such as Dorchester", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00724-00178269-00178457": "have received an influx of people of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00725-00178458-00178716": "Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00726-00178717-00178946": "neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00727-00178947-00179171": "Roslindale have experienced a growing", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00728-00179172-00179368": "number of Dominican Americans", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00729-00179369-00179605": "the city and greater area also has a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00730-00179606-00179803": "growing immigrant population of South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00731-00179804-00179974": "Asians including the tenth largest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00732-00179975-00180370": "Indian population in the country the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00733-00180371-00180538": "city especially the East Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00734-00180539-00180772": "neighborhood has a significant Hispanic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00735-00180773-00181138": "population in 2010 Hispanics in Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00736-00181139-00181459": "were mostly of Puerto Rican 30,500 six", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00737-00181460-00181687": "or four point nine percent of total city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00738-00181688-00181894": "population Dominican twenty-five", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00739-00181895-00182170": "thousand six hundred forty eight or 4.2", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00740-00182171-00182377": "percent of total city population", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00741-00182378-00182575": "Salvadoran ten thousand eight hundred", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00742-00182576-00182872": "fifty or 1.8 percent of city population", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00743-00182873-00183112": "Columbian six thousand six hundred forty", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00744-00183113-00183331": "nine or one point one percent of total", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00745-00183332-00183616": "city population Mexican five thousand", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00746-00183617-00183895": "nine hundred sixty one or 1.0 percent of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00747-00183896-00184144": "total city population in Guatemalan four", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00748-00184145-00184339": "thousand four hundred fifty one or zero", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00749-00184340-00184564": "point seven percent of total city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00750-00184565-00184879": "population ethnic origin Hispanics of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00751-00184880-00185104": "all national origins totaled one hundred", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00752-00185105-00185323": "seven thousand nine hundred seventeen in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00753-00185324-00185635": "2010 in Greater Boston these numbers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00754-00185636-00185836": "grew significantly with Puerto Ricans", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00755-00185837-00186169": "numbering 175,000 plus Dominicans", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00756-00186170-00186403": "ninety-five thousand plus Salvadorans", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00757-00186404-00186667": "40,000 plus Guatemalans thirty-one", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00758-00186668-00186898": "thousand plus Mexicans twenty-five", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00759-00186899-00187111": "thousand plus and Colombians numbering", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00760-00187112-00187724": "twenty-two thousand plus", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00761-00187725-00188223": "topic ancestry", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00762-00188224-00188559": "according to the 2012 to 2016 American", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00763-00188560-00188823": "Community Survey 5-year estimates the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00764-00188824-00189024": "largest ancestry groups in Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00765-00189025-00189499": "Massachusetts are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00766-00189500-00190162": "topic demographic breakdown by zip code", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00767-00190163-00190491": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00768-00190492-00190946": "topic income", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00769-00190947-00191294": "data is from the 2008 to 2012 American", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00770-00191295-00191978": "Community Survey 5-year estimates", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00771-00191979-00192458": "topic religion", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00772-00192459-00192734": "according to a 2014 study by the Pew", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00773-00192735-00193070": "Research Center 57% of the population of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00774-00193071-00193244": "the city identified themselves as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00775-00193245-00193552": "Christians with 25% attending a variety", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00776-00193553-00193840": "Protestant churches and 29% professing", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00777-00193841-00194138": "Roman Catholic beliefs 33% claim no", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00778-00194139-00194300": "religious affiliation while the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00779-00194301-00194522": "remaining 10% are made up of adherents", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00780-00194523-00194803": "of Judaism Buddhism Islam Hinduism and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00781-00194804-00195143": "other faiths as of 2010 the Catholic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00782-00195144-00195287": "Church had the highest number of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00783-00195288-00195509": "adherents as a single denomination in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00784-00195510-00195722": "the Boston Cambridge Newton metro area", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00785-00195723-00195915": "with more than two million members and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00786-00195916-00196211": "339 churches followed by the Episcopal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00787-00196212-00196520": "Church with 58,000 adherents in 160", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00788-00196521-00196826": "churches the United Church of Christ had", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00789-00196827-00197231": "55 thousand members in 213 churches the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00790-00197232-00197452": "UCC is the successor of the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00791-00197453-00197744": "Puritan religious traditions Old South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00792-00197745-00197945": "Church in Boston is one of the oldest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00793-00197946-00198224": "congregations in the United States it", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00794-00198225-00198521": "was organized in 1669 by dissenters from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00795-00198522-00198875": "the First Church in Boston 1630 past", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00796-00198876-00199109": "members include Samuel Adams William", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00797-00199110-00199349": "Dawes Benjamin Franklin Samuel Sewell", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00798-00199350-00199769": "and Phyllis Wheatley in 1773 Adams gave", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00799-00199770-00199910": "the signals from the Old South meeting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00800-00199911-00200178": "house that started the Boston Tea Party", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00801-00200179-00200483": "the city has a Jewish population with an", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00802-00200484-00200636": "estimated two hundred forty-eight", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00803-00200637-00200858": "thousand Jews within the Boston metro", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00804-00200859-00201149": "area more than half of Jewish households", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00805-00201150-00201356": "in the Greater Boston area reside in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00806-00201357-00201434": "city itself", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00807-00201435-00201691": "Brookline Newton Cambridge Somerville or", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00808-00201692-00202307": "adjacent towns", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00809-00202308-00202829": "topic economy", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00810-00202830-00203105": "a global city Boston is placed among the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00811-00203106-00203348": "top 30 most economically powerful cities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00812-00203349-00203732": "in the world encompassing 363 billion", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00813-00203733-00203963": "dollars the Greater Boston metropolitan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00814-00203964-00204194": "area has the sixth largest economy in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00815-00204195-00204374": "the country and 12th largest in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00816-00204375-00204419": "world", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00817-00204420-00204650": "Boston's colleges and universities exert", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00818-00204651-00204830": "a significant impact on the regional", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00819-00204831-00204910": "economy", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00820-00204911-00205250": "Boston attracts more than 350,000", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00821-00205251-00205396": "college students from around the world", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00822-00205398-00205652": "who contribute more than 4.8 billion", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00823-00205653-00205864": "dollars annually to the city's economy", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00824-00205865-00206156": "the area's schools are major employers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00825-00206157-00206344": "and attract industries to the City and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00826-00206346-00206615": "surrounding region the city is home to a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00827-00206616-00206821": "number of technology companies and as a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00828-00206823-00207038": "hub for biotechnology with the Milken", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00829-00207039-00207248": "Institute rating Boston as the top life", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00830-00207248-00207544": "sciences cluster in the country Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00831-00207546-00207742": "receives the highest absolute amount of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00832-00207744-00207902": "annual funding from the National", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00833-00207903-00208082": "Institutes of Health of all cities in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00834-00208083-00208316": "the United States the city is considered", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00835-00208317-00208484": "highly innovative for a variety of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00836-00208485-00208661": "reasons including the presence of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00837-00208662-00208891": "academia access to venture capital and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00838-00208892-00209084": "the presence of many high-tech companies", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00839-00209085-00209426": "the route 128 corridor and Greater", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00840-00209427-00209636": "Boston continued to be a major center", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00841-00209637-00209834": "for venture capital investment and high", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00842-00209835-00210112": "technology remains an important sector", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00843-00210113-00210394": "tourism also composes a large part of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00844-00210396-00210656": "Boston's economy with 20 1.2 million", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00845-00210657-00210863": "domestic and international visitors", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00846-00210864-00211013": "spending eight point three billion", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00847-00211014-00211364": "dollars in 2011 excluding visitors from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00848-00211365-00211642": "Canada and Mexico over 1.4 million", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00849-00211644-00211898": "international tourists visited Boston in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00850-00211898-00212159": "2014 with those from China in the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00851-00212160-00212305": "Kingdom leading the list", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00852-00212306-00212567": "Boston's status as a state capital as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00853-00212567-00212735": "well as the regional home of federal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00854-00212736-00212948": "agencies has rendered law in government", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00855-00212948-00213116": "to be another major component of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00856-00213117-00213362": "city's economy the city is a major", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00857-00213363-00213569": "seaport along the east coast of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00858-00213569-00213721": "United States and the oldest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00859-00213723-00213938": "continuously operated industrial and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00860-00213939-00214091": "fishing port in the Western Hemisphere", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00861-00214092-00214328": "the financial services industry is", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00862-00214329-00214553": "important to Boston especially involving", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00863-00214554-00214892": "mutual funds and insurance in the 2017", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00864-00214892-00215153": "global financial centers index Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00865-00215154-00215303": "was ranked as having the ninth most", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00866-00215304-00215492": "competitive financial center in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00867-00215492-00215684": "world in the fourth most competitive in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00868-00215685-00215996": "the United States Boston based fidelity", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00869-00215996-00216229": "investments helped popularize the mutual", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00870-00216230-00216464": "fund in the 1980s and has made Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00871-00216465-00216658": "one of the top financial centers in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00872-00216659-00216934": "United States the city is home to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00873-00216935-00217123": "headquarters of Santander bank and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00874-00217124-00217285": "Boston as a center for venture capital", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00875-00217286-00217616": "firms State Street Corporation which", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00876-00217617-00217819": "specialises in asset management and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00877-00217820-00218070": "custody services is based in the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00878-00218071-00218272": "Boston as a printing and publishing", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00879-00218273-00218537": "center houghton mifflin harcourt is", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00880-00218538-00218707": "headquartered within the city along with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00881-00218708-00219010": "Bedford Street Martin's Press and beacon", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00882-00219011-00219328": "press pearson PLC publishing units also", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00883-00219329-00219543": "employ several hundred people in Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00884-00219544-00219788": "the city is home to three major", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00885-00219789-00220051": "convention centers the Hynes Convention", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00886-00220052-00220252": "Center in the Back Bay and the Seaport", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00887-00220253-00220471": "World Trade Center in Boston Convention", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00888-00220472-00220630": "and Exhibition Center on the South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00889-00220631-00220885": "Boston waterfront the General Electric", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00890-00220886-00221165": "Corporation announced in January 2016", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00891-00221166-00221356": "its decision to move the company's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00892-00221357-00221533": "global headquarters to the Seaport", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00893-00221534-00221714": "District in Boston from Fairfield", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00894-00221715-00221939": "Connecticut citing factors including", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00895-00221940-00222113": "Boston's preeminence in the realm of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00896-00222114-00222394": "higher education Boston is home to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00897-00222395-00222607": "headquarters of several major athletic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00898-00222608-00222766": "and Footwear companies including", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00899-00222767-00223108": "converse New Balance and Reebok Rockport", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00900-00223109-00223297": "puma and Wolverine Worldwide Inc", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00901-00223298-00223516": "headquarters her regional offices are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00902-00223517-00224192": "located just outside the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00903-00224192-00224748": "topic education", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00904-00224750-00224973": "topic primary and secondary education", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00905-00224975-00225348": "the Boston Public Schools enroll 57,000", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00906-00225350-00225669": "students attending 145 schools including", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00907-00225671-00225904": "the renowned Boston Latin Academy John", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00908-00225905-00226141": "do Bryant school of math and science and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00909-00226142-00226408": "Boston Latin School the Boston Latin", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00910-00226409-00226717": "School was established in 1635 and is", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00911-00226717-00226884": "the oldest public high school in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00912-00226885-00227208": "u.s. Boston also operates the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00913-00227209-00227419": "States second oldest public high school", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00914-00227419-00227626": "in its oldest public elementary school", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00915-00227627-00227985": "the system students are 40% Hispanic or", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00916-00227986-00228403": "Latino 35% black or african-american 13%", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00917-00228404-00228706": "white and 9% Asian there are private", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00918-00228707-00228928": "parochial and charter schools as well an", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00919-00228929-00229242": "approximately 3,300 minority students", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00920-00229244-00229444": "attend participating suburban schools", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00921-00229444-00229633": "through the metropolitan educational", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00922-00229634-00230227": "opportunity Council", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00923-00230228-00230757": "topic higher education", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00924-00230758-00230965": "some of the most renowned and highly", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00925-00230966-00231144": "ranked universities in the world are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00926-00231145-00231432": "located near Boston three universities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00927-00231433-00231589": "with a major presence in the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00928-00231590-00231879": "Harvard MIT and Tufts are located just", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00929-00231880-00232066": "outside of Boston in the cities of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00930-00232067-00232264": "cambridge and somerville known as the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00931-00232265-00232513": "brain power triangle Harvard as the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00932-00232514-00232687": "nation's oldest Institute of higher", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00933-00232688-00232884": "education and is centered across the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00934-00232885-00233052": "Charles River in Cambridge though the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00935-00233053-00233235": "majority of its land holdings and a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00936-00233236-00233437": "substantial amount of its educational", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00937-00233438-00233713": "activities are in Boston its business", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00938-00233714-00233941": "medical dental and public health schools", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00939-00233942-00234147": "are located in Boston's Austin and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00940-00234148-00234327": "Longwood neighborhoods and Harvard has", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00941-00234328-00234525": "plans for additional expansion into", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00942-00234526-00234739": "Austin the Massachusetts Institute of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00943-00234740-00235050": "Technology MIT originated in Boston and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00944-00235051-00235350": "was long known as Boston Tech it moved", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00945-00235351-00235605": "across the river to Cambridge in 1916", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00946-00235606-00235891": "Tufts University's main campus is north", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00947-00235892-00236034": "of the city in Somerville and Medford", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00948-00236035-00236253": "though it locates its medical and dental", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00949-00236254-00236502": "schools in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00950-00236503-00236829": "Medical Center a 450 one-bed academic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00951-00236830-00237045": "medical institution that is home to both", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00952-00237046-00237265": "a full-service hospital for adults in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00953-00237266-00237463": "the floating hospital for children for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00954-00237464-00237641": "members of the Association of American", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00955-00237642-00237889": "Universities are in Greater Boston more", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00956-00237890-00238114": "than any other metropolitan area Harvard", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00957-00238115-00238305": "University the Massachusetts Institute", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00958-00238306-00238560": "of Technology Boston University and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00959-00238561-00238864": "Brandeis University furthermore Greater", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00960-00238865-00239085": "Boston contains seven highest research", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00961-00239086-00239349": "activity our one universities as per the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00962-00239350-00239634": "Carnegie classification this includes in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00963-00239635-00239805": "addition to the aforementioned for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00964-00239806-00239994": "Boston College Northeastern University", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00965-00239995-00240345": "and Tufts University this is by a large", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00966-00240346-00240570": "margin the highest concentration of such", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00967-00240571-00240790": "institutions in a single metropolitan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00968-00240791-00241146": "area hospitals universities and research", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00969-00241147-00241374": "institutions in Greater Boston received", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00970-00241375-00241608": "more than one point seven seven billion", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00971-00241609-00241800": "dollars in National Institutes of Health", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00972-00241801-00242089": "grants in 2013 more money than any other", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00973-00242090-00242295": "American metropolitan area Greater", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00974-00242296-00242541": "Boston has more than 100 colleges and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00975-00242542-00242817": "universities with 250,000 students", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00976-00242818-00243006": "enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00977-00243007-00243303": "the city's largest private universities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00978-00243304-00243531": "include Boston University also the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00979-00243532-00243744": "city's fourth largest employer with its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00980-00243745-00243933": "main campus along Commonwealth Avenue", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00981-00243934-00244171": "and a medical campus in the south", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00982-00244173-00244373": "Northeastern University in the Fenway", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00983-00244373-00244625": "area Suffolk University near Beacon Hill", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00984-00244626-00244835": "which includes law school and Business", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00985-00244836-00245057": "School in Boston College which straddles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00986-00245058-00245266": "the Boston Brighton Newton border", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00987-00245267-00245528": "Boston's only public university is the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00988-00245529-00245762": "University of Massachusetts Boston on", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00989-00245763-00246053": "Columbia Point in Dorchester Roxbury", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00990-00246054-00246230": "Community College and Bunker Hill", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00991-00246231-00246431": "Community College are the city's two", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00992-00246432-00246719": "public community colleges altogether", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00993-00246719-00246926": "Boston's colleges and universities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00994-00246927-00247238": "employ more than forty 2600 people", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00995-00247239-00247444": "accounting for nearly seven percent of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00996-00247446-00247637": "the city's workforce smaller private", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00997-00247638-00247889": "colleges include Babson College Bentley", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00998-00247890-00248132": "University Boston Architectural College", "e6TTWRWUE4o-00999-00248133-00248405": "Emanuel college Fisher College MGH", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01000-00248406-00248578": "Institute of Health Professions", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01001-00248579-00248804": "Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01002-00248805-00248971": "health sciences Simmons College", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01003-00248973-00249152": "Wellesley College Wheelock College", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01004-00249153-00249428": "Wentworth Institute of Technology New", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01005-00249429-00249617": "England School of Law originally", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01006-00249617-00249779": "established as America's first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01007-00249780-00250021": "all-female Law School in Emerson College", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01008-00250021-00250255": "metropolitan Boston is home to several", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01009-00250256-00250496": "conservatories and art schools including", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01010-00250496-00250706": "Leslie University College of Art and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01011-00250707-00250948": "Design Massachusetts College of Art the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01012-00250950-00251132": "school of the Museum of Fine Arts", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01013-00251133-00251360": "New England Institute of Art New England", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01014-00251361-00251552": "School of Art and Design Suffolk", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01015-00251553-00251783": "University long G School of Music of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01016-00251784-00251939": "Bard College and the New England", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01017-00251940-00252115": "Conservatory the oldest independent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01018-00252116-00252433": "conservatory in the United States other", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01019-00252434-00252629": "conservatories include the Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01020-00252630-00252827": "Conservatory and Berklee College of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01021-00252828-00253048": "Music which has made Boston an important", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01022-00253050-00253679": "city for jazz music", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01023-00253680-00254192": "topic public safety", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01024-00254192-00254487": "like many major American cities Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01025-00254488-00254688": "has seen a great reduction in violent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01026-00254689-00254912": "crime since the early 1990s", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01027-00254913-00255228": "Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01028-00255229-00255392": "has been credited to the Boston Police", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01029-00255394-00255584": "Department's collaboration with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01030-00255585-00255777": "neighborhood groups and church parishes", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01031-00255778-00255981": "to prevent youth from joining gangs as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01032-00255982-00256158": "well as involvement from the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01033-00256159-00256346": "States Attorney and District Attorneys", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01034-00256348-00256629": "offices this helped lead in part to what", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01035-00256630-00256889": "has been touted as the Boston miracle", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01036-00256890-00257260": "murders in the city dropped from 152 in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01037-00257261-00257691": "1994 a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01038-00257692-00257964": "people to just 31 not one of them a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01039-00257965-00258308": "juvenile in 1999 for a murder rate of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01040-00258309-00258741": "5.2 6 per 100,000 in 2008 there were 62", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01041-00258742-00259058": "reported homicides through December 30th", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01042-00259059-00259401": "2016 major crime was down 7% and there", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01043-00259402-00259632": "were forty six homicides compared to 40", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01044-00259633-00260237": "in 2015", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01045-00260238-00260751": "topic culture", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01046-00260752-00261006": "Boston shares many cultural roots with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01047-00261007-00261219": "Greater New England including a dialect", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01048-00261219-00261375": "of the non-rhotic eastern New England", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01049-00261376-00261627": "accent known as the Boston accent and a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01050-00261628-00261792": "regional cuisine with a large emphasis", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01051-00261792-00262069": "on seafood salt and dairy products", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01052-00262071-00262329": "Boston also has its own collection of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01053-00262330-00262578": "neologisms known as Boston slang in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01054-00262579-00262701": "early 1800s", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01055-00262702-00262884": "William Tudor wrote that Boston was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01056-00262885-00263142": "perhaps the most perfect and certainly", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01057-00263143-00263391": "the best regulated democracy that ever", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01058-00263392-00263475": "existed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01059-00263476-00263763": "there is something so impossible in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01060-00263764-00263979": "immortal fame of Athens that the very", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01061-00263980-00264204": "name makes everything modern shrink from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01062-00264205-00264420": "comparison but since the days of that", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01063-00264421-00264642": "glorious City I know of none that has", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01064-00264643-00264825": "approached so near in some points", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01065-00264826-00265017": "distant as it may still be from that", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01066-00265018-00265272": "illustrious model from this Boston has", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01067-00265273-00265641": "been called the Athens of America also a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01068-00265642-00265842": "nickname of Philadelphia for its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01069-00265843-00266106": "literary culture earning a reputation as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01070-00266107-00266424": "the intellectual capital of the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01071-00266425-00266718": "States in the 19th century Ralph Waldo", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01072-00266719-00267021": "Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nathaniel", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01073-00267022-00267282": "Hawthorne Margaret Fuller James Russell", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01074-00267283-00267489": "Lowell and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01075-00267490-00267834": "wrote in Boston some considered the old", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01076-00267835-00268113": "corner bookstore to be the cradle of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01077-00268114-00268299": "American literature the place where", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01078-00268300-00268482": "these writers met and where the Atlantic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01079-00268483-00268839": "Monthly was first published in 1852 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01080-00268840-00269061": "Boston Public Library was founded as the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01081-00269062-00269321": "first free library in the United States", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01082-00269322-00269550": "Boston's literary culture continues", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01083-00269551-00269718": "today thanks to the city's many", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01084-00269719-00269996": "universities in the Boston Book Festival", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01085-00269997-00270282": "music is afforded a high degree of civic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01086-00270283-00270501": "support in Boston the Boston Symphony", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01087-00270502-00270837": "Orchestra is one of the big five a group", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01088-00270838-00271035": "of the greatest American orchestras and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01089-00271036-00271254": "the classical music magazine gramophone", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01090-00271255-00271493": "called it one of the world's best", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01091-00271494-00271815": "orchestras Symphony Hall located west of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01092-00271816-00272022": "Back Bay is home to the Boston Symphony", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01093-00272023-00272241": "Orchestra and the Related Boston Youth", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01094-00272242-00272433": "Symphony Orchestra which is the largest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01095-00272434-00272634": "Youth Orchestra in the nation and to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01096-00272635-00272883": "Boston Pops Orchestra the British", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01097-00272884-00273069": "newspaper The Guardian called Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01098-00273070-00273345": "Symphony Hall one of the top venues for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01099-00273346-00273642": "classical music in the world adding that", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01100-00273643-00273891": "Symphony Hall in Boston was where", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01101-00273892-00274130": "science became an essential part of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01102-00274131-00274448": "sir tall design other concerts are held", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01103-00274449-00274649": "at the New England Conservatory Jordan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01104-00274650-00274890": "Hall the Boston Ballet performs at the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01105-00274891-00275174": "Boston Opera House other performing arts", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01106-00275175-00275372": "organizations located in the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01107-00275373-00275579": "include the Boston Lyric Opera Company", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01108-00275580-00275849": "Opera Boston Boston Baroque the first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01109-00275850-00276056": "permanent Baroque Orchestra in the US", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01110-00276057-00276275": "and the Handel and Haydn society one of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01111-00276276-00276443": "the oldest choral companies in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01112-00276444-00276719": "United States the city is a center for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01113-00276720-00276920": "contemporary classical music with a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01114-00276921-00277130": "number of performing groups several of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01115-00277131-00277295": "which are associated with the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01116-00277296-00277566": "conservatories and universities these", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01117-00277567-00277760": "include the Boston modern orchestra", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01118-00277761-00278037": "project in Boston music Aviva several", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01119-00278038-00278219": "theaters are located in or near the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01120-00278220-00278435": "theatre district south of Boston Common", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01121-00278436-00278627": "including the Cutler majestic theater", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01122-00278628-00278873": "city Performing Arts Center the Colonial", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01123-00278874-00279168": "Theatre in the Orpheum Theatre there are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01124-00279169-00279380": "several major annual events such as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01125-00279381-00279560": "first night which occurs on New Year's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01126-00279561-00279803": "Eve the Boston early music festival the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01127-00279804-00279987": "annual Boston Arts Festival at", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01128-00279988-00280205": "Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01129-00280206-00280385": "annual Boston gay pride parade and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01130-00280386-00280634": "festival held in June and Italian summer", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01131-00280635-00280764": "feasts in the north end", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01132-00280765-00281033": "honoring Catholic saints the city is the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01133-00281034-00281217": "site of several events during the fourth", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01134-00281218-00281450": "of July period they include the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01135-00281451-00281669": "week-long Harborfest festivities in a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01136-00281670-00281855": "Boston Pops concert accompanied by", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01137-00281856-00282032": "fireworks on the banks of the Charles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01138-00282033-00282272": "River several historic sites relating to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01139-00282273-00282455": "the American Revolution period are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01140-00282456-00282653": "preserved as part of the Boston National", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01141-00282654-00282843": "Historical Park because of the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01142-00282844-00283106": "prominent role many are found along the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01143-00283107-00283290": "Freedom Trail which is marked by a red", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01144-00283291-00283478": "line of bricks embedded in the ground", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01145-00283479-00283764": "the city is also home to several art", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01146-00283765-00283955": "museums and galleries including the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01147-00283956-00284139": "Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01148-00284140-00284423": "Stewart Gardner Museum the Institute of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01149-00284424-00284594": "Contemporary Art is housed in a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01150-00284595-00284793": "contemporary building designed by Diller", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01151-00284794-00285012": "Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01152-00285013-00285299": "District Boston's South End Art and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01153-00285300-00285545": "Design District ZOA & Newbury Street are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01154-00285546-00285840": "both art gallery destinations Columbia", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01155-00285841-00286055": "Point is the location of the University", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01156-00286056-00286271": "of Massachusetts Boston the Edward M", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01157-00286272-00286478": "Kennedy Institute for the United States", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01158-00286479-00286697": "Senate the John F Kennedy Presidential", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01159-00286698-00286883": "Library and Museum and the Massachusetts", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01160-00286884-00287183": "archives and Commonwealth Museum the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01161-00287184-00287375": "Boston Athenaeum one of the oldest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01162-00287376-00287535": "independent libraries in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01163-00287536-00287826": "States Boston Children's Museum bull and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01164-00287827-00288021": "Finch pump who's building is known from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01165-00288022-00288228": "the television show Cheers Museum of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01166-00288229-00288438": "Science and the New England Aquarium are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01167-00288439-00288711": "within the city Boston has been a noted", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01168-00288712-00288891": "religious center from its earliest days", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01169-00288892-00289164": "the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01170-00289165-00289443": "serves nearly 300 parishes and is based", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01171-00289444-00289749": "in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross 1875", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01172-00289750-00289956": "in the South End while the Episcopal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01173-00289957-00290169": "Diocese of Massachusetts serves just", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01174-00290170-00290367": "under 200 congregations with the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01175-00290368-00290670": "Cathedral Church of st. Paul 1819 as its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01176-00290671-00290982": "Episcopal seat Unitarian Universalism", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01177-00290983-00291231": "has its headquarters on Beacon Hill the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01178-00291232-00291414": "Christian Scientists are headquartered", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01179-00291415-00291699": "in Back Bay at the Mother Church 1894", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01180-00291700-00291957": "the oldest church in Boston his first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01181-00291958-00292311": "Church in Boston founded in 1630 King's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01182-00292312-00292521": "chapel was the city's first Anglican", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01183-00292522-00292808": "Church founded in 1686 and converted to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01184-00292809-00293169": "unitarianism in 1785 other churches", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01185-00293170-00293400": "include Christchurch better known as Old", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01186-00293401-00293691": "North Church 1723 the oldest church", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01187-00293692-00294012": "building in the city Trinity Church 1733", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01188-00294013-00294341": "Park Street Church 1809 Old South Church", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01189-00294342-00294606": "1874 Jubilee Christian Church and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01190-00294607-00294801": "Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01191-00294802-00295595": "Perpetual Help on Mission Hill 1878", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01192-00295596-00296116": "topic environment", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01193-00296117-00296457": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01194-00296458-00297008": "topic Pollution Control", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01195-00297009-00297281": "air-quality in Boston is generally very", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01196-00297282-00297629": "good between 2004 to 2013 there were", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01197-00297630-00297815": "only four days in which the air was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01198-00297816-00297995": "unhealthy for the general public", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01199-00297996-00298196": "according to the EPA some of the cleaner", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01200-00298197-00298424": "energy facilities in Boston include the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01201-00298425-00298589": "Austin Green District with three", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01202-00298590-00298778": "ecologically compatible housing", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01203-00298779-00299054": "facilities Boston is also breaking", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01204-00299055-00299243": "ground on multiple green affordable", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01205-00299244-00299435": "housing facilities to help reduce the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01206-00299436-00299591": "carbon impact of the city while", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01207-00299592-00299783": "simultaneously making these initiatives", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01208-00299784-00299972": "financially available to a greater", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01209-00299973-00300070": "population", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01210-00300071-00300341": "Boston's climate plan is updated every", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01211-00300342-00300467": "three years and was most recently", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01212-00300468-00300839": "modified in 2013 this legislature", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01213-00300840-00301034": "includes the building energy reporting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01214-00301035-00301193": "and Disclosure ordinance which requires", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01215-00301194-00301445": "the city's larger buildings to disclose", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01216-00301446-00301616": "their yearly energy and water use", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01217-00301617-00301823": "statistics and to partake in an energy", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01218-00301824-00302066": "assessment every five years these", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01219-00302067-00302267": "statistics are made public by the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01220-00302268-00302459": "thereby increasing incentives for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01221-00302460-00302630": "buildings to be more environmentally", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01222-00302631-00302849": "conscious Mayor Thomas Menino introduced", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01223-00302850-00303008": "the renew Boston whole building", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01224-00303009-00303194": "incentive which reduces the cost of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01225-00303195-00303329": "living in buildings that are deemed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01226-00303330-00303593": "energy efficient this gives people an", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01227-00303594-00303764": "opportunity to find housing in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01228-00303765-00303887": "neighborhoods that support the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01229-00303888-00304133": "environment the ultimate goal of this", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01230-00304134-00304400": "initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01231-00304401-00304616": "to participate in a free in home energy", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01232-00304617-00305172": "assessment", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01233-00305173-00305795": "topic water purity and availability", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01234-00305796-00306050": "many older buildings in certain areas of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01235-00306051-00306263": "Boston are supported by wooden piles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01236-00306264-00306484": "driven into the areas fill these piles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01237-00306485-00306716": "remain sound if submerged in water but", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01238-00306717-00306932": "are subject to dry rot if exposed to air", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01239-00306933-00307271": "for long periods groundwater levels have", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01240-00307272-00307463": "been dropping in many areas of the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01241-00307464-00307649": "due in part to an increase in the amount", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01242-00307650-00307880": "of rainwater discharged directly into", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01243-00307881-00308039": "sewers rather than absorbed by the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01244-00308040-00308315": "ground the Boston groundwater trust", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01245-00308316-00308498": "coordinates monitoring groundwater", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01246-00308499-00308678": "levels throughout the city via a network", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01247-00308679-00308927": "of public and private monitoring wells", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01248-00308928-00309218": "however Boston's drinking water supply", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01249-00309219-00309368": "from the Quabbin and watch Shusett", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01250-00309369-00309569": "reservoirs as one of the very few in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01251-00309570-00309749": "country so pure as to satisfy the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01252-00309750-00309902": "federal Clean Water Act without", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01253-00309903-00310478": "filtration", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01254-00310479-00311004": "topic sports", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01255-00311005-00311262": "Boston has teams in the four major North", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01256-00311263-00311460": "American professional sports leagues", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01257-00311461-00311727": "Plus Major League Soccer and has 137", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01258-00311728-00311925": "championships in these leagues as of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01259-00311926-00312270": "2017 it is one of five cities along with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01260-00312271-00312507": "Chicago Los Angeles New York and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01261-00312508-00312705": "Philadelphia to have won championships", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01262-00312706-00312975": "in all four major sports it has been", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01263-00312976-00313230": "suggested that Boston as the new title", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01264-00313231-00313578": "town USA as the city's professional", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01265-00313579-00313794": "sports teams have won 11 championships", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01266-00313795-00314394": "since 2001 Patriots 2001 2003 2004 2014", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01267-00314395-00314529": "and 2016", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01268-00314530-00315066": "Red Sox 2004 2007 2013 and 2018 Celtics", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01269-00315067-00315474": "2008 and bruins 2011 this love of sports", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01270-00315475-00315684": "made Boston the United States Olympic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01271-00315685-00315864": "Committee's choice to bid to hold the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01272-00315865-00316146": "2024 Summer Olympic Games but the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01273-00316147-00316332": "cited financial concerns when it", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01274-00316333-00316677": "withdrew its bid on July 27 2015 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01275-00316678-00316896": "Boston Red Sox a founding member of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01276-00316897-00317055": "American League of Major League Baseball", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01277-00317056-00317376": "in 1901 play their home games at Fenway", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01278-00317377-00317574": "Park near Kenmore Square in the city's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01279-00317575-00317907": "Fenway section built in 1912 it is the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01280-00317908-00318150": "oldest sports arena or Stadium in active", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01281-00318151-00318354": "use in the United States among the four", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01282-00318355-00318552": "major professional American sports", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01283-00318553-00318744": "leagues Major League Baseball the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01284-00318745-00318933": "National Football League National", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01285-00318934-00319110": "Basketball Association and the National", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01286-00319111-00319422": "Hockey League Boston was the site of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01287-00319423-00319599": "first game of the first modern World", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01288-00319600-00319950": "Series in 1903 the series was played", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01289-00319951-00320178": "between the AL champion Boston Americans", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01290-00320179-00320426": "and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01291-00320427-00320643": "persistent reports that the team was", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01292-00320644-00320948": "known in 1903 as the Boston pilgrims", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01293-00320949-00321231": "appear to be unfounded Boston's first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01294-00321232-00321450": "professional baseball team was the Red", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01295-00321451-00321651": "Stockings one of the charter members of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01296-00321652-00321948": "the National Association in 1871 and of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01297-00321949-00322284": "the National League in 1876 the team", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01298-00322285-00322551": "played under that name until 1883 under", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01299-00322552-00322797": "the name Beaneaters until 1911 and under", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01300-00322798-00323016": "the name Braves from 1912 until they", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01301-00323017-00323294": "moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01302-00323295-00323643": "since 1966 they have played in Atlanta", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01303-00323644-00323946": "as the Atlanta Braves the TD Garden", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01304-00323947-00324141": "formerly called the fleet center and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01305-00324142-00324297": "built to replace the old since", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01306-00324298-00324395": "demolished boss", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01307-00324396-00324602": "garden is a joint to North Station and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01308-00324603-00324776": "as the home of two major league teams", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01309-00324777-00324982": "the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01310-00324983-00325166": "League and the Boston Celtics of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01311-00325167-00325445": "National Basketball Association the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01312-00325446-00325643": "arena seats eighteen thousand six", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01313-00325644-00325858": "hundred twenty four for basketball games", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01314-00325859-00326030": "and seventeen thousand five hundred", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01315-00326031-00326327": "sixty-five for ice hockey games the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01316-00326328-00326522": "Bruins were the first American member of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01317-00326523-00326687": "the National Hockey League in an", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01318-00326688-00326966": "original six franchise the Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01319-00326967-00327133": "Celtics were founding members of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01320-00327134-00327389": "Basketball Association of America one of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01321-00327390-00327554": "the two leagues that merged to form the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01322-00327555-00327842": "NBA the Celtics have the distinction of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01323-00327843-00328025": "having won more championships than any", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01324-00328026-00328265": "other NBA team with seventeen while they", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01325-00328266-00328472": "have played in suburban Foxborough since", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01326-00328473-00328589": "1971", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01327-00328590-00328799": "the New England Patriots of the National", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01328-00328800-00329054": "Football League were founded in 1960 as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01329-00329055-00329257": "the Boston Patriots changing their name", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01330-00329258-00329546": "after relocating the team won the Super", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01331-00329547-00330032": "Bowl after the 2001 2003 2004 2014 and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01332-00330033-00330334": "2016 seasons they shared Gillette", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01333-00330335-00330484": "Stadium with the New England Revolution", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01334-00330485-00330791": "of Major League Soccer the Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01335-00330792-00330950": "Breakers of women's professional soccer", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01336-00330951-00331238": "which formed in 2009 play their home", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01337-00331239-00331445": "games at dill boy Stadium in Somerville", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01338-00331446-00331721": "the Boston Storm of the United women's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01339-00331722-00332081": "lacrosse league was formed in 2015 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01340-00332082-00332294": "area's many colleges and universities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01341-00332295-00332528": "are active in college athletics for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01342-00332529-00332768": "n-c-double-a division one members play", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01343-00332769-00333023": "in the area Boston College Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01344-00333024-00333224": "University Harvard University and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01345-00333225-00333542": "Northeastern University of the for only", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01346-00333543-00333770": "Boston College participates in college", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01347-00333771-00333941": "football at the highest level the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01348-00333942-00334093": "Football Bowl Subdivision", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01349-00334094-00334346": "Harvard participates in the second", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01350-00334347-00334514": "highest level the Football Championship", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01351-00334515-00334823": "Subdivision the Boston Cannons of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01352-00334824-00335153": "MLL play at Harvard Stadium one of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01353-00335154-00335345": "best-known sporting events in the city", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01354-00335346-00335731": "as the Boston Marathon the 26 two mile", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01355-00335732-00335983": "42.2 kilometres race which is the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01356-00335984-00336194": "world's oldest annual marathon run on", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01357-00336195-00336548": "Patriots Day in April on April 15 2013", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01358-00336549-00336806": "two explosions killed three people and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01359-00336807-00337094": "injured hundreds at the marathon another", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01360-00337095-00337282": "major annual event as the head of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01361-00337283-00337620": "Charles regatta held in October", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01362-00337621-00337971": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01363-00337972-00338554": "topic parks and recreation", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01364-00338555-00338833": "Boston Common located near the financial", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01365-00338834-00339043": "district and Beacon Hill is the oldest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01366-00339044-00339331": "public park in the United States along", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01367-00339332-00339508": "with the adjacent Boston Public Garden", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01368-00339509-00339715": "it is part of the Emerald Necklace a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01369-00339716-00339910": "string of parks designed by Frederick", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01370-00339911-00340180": "Law Olmsted to encircle the city the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01371-00340181-00340411": "Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica pond", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01372-00340412-00340642": "Boston's largest body of fresh water in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01373-00340643-00340864": "Franklin Park the city's largest park", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01374-00340865-00341043": "and home of the Franklin Park Zoo", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01375-00341044-00341308": "another major park is the Esplanade", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01376-00341309-00341485": "located along the banks of the Charles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01377-00341486-00341803": "River the hatch shell an outdoor concert", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01378-00341804-00342037": "venue is located adjacent to the Charles", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01379-00342038-00342277": "River Esplanade other parks are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01380-00342278-00342451": "scattered throughout the city with major", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01381-00342452-00342679": "parks and beaches located near Castle", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01382-00342680-00342874": "Island in Charlestown and along the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01383-00342875-00343102": "Dorchester South Boston and East Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01384-00343103-00343348": "shorelines Boston's park system is well", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01385-00343349-00343675": "reputed nationally in its 2013 parks", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01386-00343676-00343852": "core ranking the Trust for Public Land", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01387-00343853-00344053": "reported that Boston was tied with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01388-00344054-00344281": "Sacramento and San Francisco for having", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01389-00344282-00344500": "the third best park system among the 50", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01390-00344501-00344833": "most populous US cities parks core ranks", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01391-00344834-00345022": "city park systems by a formula that", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01392-00345023-00345253": "analyzes the city's median Park size", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01393-00345254-00345514": "Park acres as percent of city area the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01394-00345515-00345703": "percent of residents within a half mile", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01395-00345704-00345934": "of a park spending of Park Service's per", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01396-00345935-00346108": "resident and the number of playgrounds", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01397-00346109-00346744": "per 10,000 residents", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01398-00346745-00347341": "topic government and politics", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01399-00347342-00347590": "Boston has a strong mayor council", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01400-00347591-00347749": "government system in which the mayor", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01401-00347750-00347977": "elected every fourth year has extensive", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01402-00347978-00348279": "executive power Marty Walsh became mayor", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01403-00348280-00348595": "in January 2014 his predecessor Thomas", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01404-00348596-00348807": "Menino's 20 year tenure having been the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01405-00348808-00349123": "longest in the city's history the Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01406-00349124-00349312": "City Council is elected every two years", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01407-00349313-00349537": "there are nine district seats and four", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01408-00349538-00349878": "citywide at-large seats the School", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01409-00349879-00350071": "Committee which oversees the Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01410-00350072-00350272": "Public Schools is appointed by the mayor", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01411-00350273-00350494": "in addition to city government numerous", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01412-00350495-00350622": "commissions and state authorities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01413-00350623-00350863": "including the Massachusetts Department", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01414-00350864-00351100": "of Conservation and Recreation the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01415-00351101-00351277": "Boston Public Health Commission the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01416-00351278-00351495": "Massachusetts Water Resources Authority", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01417-00351496-00351751": "MWRA and the Massachusetts Port", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01418-00351752-00352008": "Authority Massport play a role in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01419-00352009-00352123": "life of Bostonians", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01420-00352124-00352404": "as the capital of Massachusetts Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01421-00352405-00352762": "plays a major role in state politics the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01422-00352763-00352963": "city has several federal facilities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01423-00352964-00353176": "including the John F Kennedy federal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01424-00353177-00353425": "office building the Thomas P O'Neal jr.", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01425-00353426-00353655": "Federal Building the John W McCormack", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01426-00353656-00353872": "post office and courthouse the Federal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01427-00353873-00354100": "Reserve Bank of Boston the United States", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01428-00354101-00354262": "Court of Appeals for the First Circuit", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01429-00354263-00354483": "and the United States District Court for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01430-00354484-00354732": "the District of Massachusetts both", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01431-00354733-00354916": "courts are housed in the John Joseph", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01432-00354917-00355152": "Moakley United States courthouse", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01433-00355153-00355407": "federally Boston is split between two", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01434-00355408-00355618": "congressional districts the northern", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01435-00355619-00355777": "three-fourths of the city is in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01436-00355778-00355978": "seventh District represented by Mike", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01437-00355979-00356328": "Capuano since 1998 the southern fourth", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01438-00356329-00356521": "is in the eighth District represented by", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01439-00356522-00356800": "Stephen Lynch both are Democrats a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01440-00356801-00356992": "Republican has not represented a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01441-00356993-00357193": "significant portion of Boston in over a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01442-00357194-00357463": "century the state's senior member of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01443-00357464-00357657": "United States Senate as Democrat", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01444-00357658-00357919": "Elizabeth Warren first elected in 2012", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01445-00357920-00358192": "the state's junior member of the United", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01446-00358193-00358407": "States Senate as Democrat Edie Markey", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01447-00358408-00358678": "who is elected in 2013 to succeed John", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01448-00358679-00358854": "Kerry after Kerry's appointment in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01449-00358855-00359026": "confirmation as the United States", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01450-00359027-00359344": "Secretary of State the city uses an", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01451-00359345-00359497": "algorithm created by the Walsh", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01452-00359498-00359706": "administration called City score to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01453-00359707-00359845": "measure the effectiveness of various", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01454-00359846-00360172": "city services this score is available on", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01455-00360173-00360378": "a public online dashboard and allows", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01456-00360379-00360697": "city managers in police fire schools", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01457-00360698-00360979": "agency management services and 3-1-1 to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01458-00360980-00361150": "take action and make adjustments in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01459-00361151-00361756": "areas of concern", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01460-00361757-00362247": "topic media", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01461-00362248-00362585": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01462-00362586-00363112": "topic newspapers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01463-00363113-00363343": "the Boston Globe and the Boston Herald", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01464-00363344-00363531": "are two of the city's major daily", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01465-00363532-00363817": "newspapers the city is also served by", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01466-00363818-00364026": "other publications such as Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01467-00364027-00364251": "Magazine the improper Bostonian dig", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01468-00364252-00364457": "Boston and the Boston edition of Metro", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01469-00364458-00364665": "the Christian Science Monitor", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01470-00364666-00364908": "headquartered in Boston was formerly a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01471-00364909-00365127": "worldwide daily newspaper but ended", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01472-00365128-00365344": "publication of daily print editions in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01473-00365345-00365641": "2009 switching to continuous online and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01474-00365642-00365941": "weekly magazine format publications the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01475-00365942-00366145": "Boston Globe also releases a team", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01476-00366146-00366348": "publication to the city's public high", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01477-00366349-00366595": "schools called teams in print or T IP", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01478-00366596-00366828": "which is written by the cities teams and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01479-00366829-00366984": "delivered quarterly within the school", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01480-00366985-00367120": "year the city's growing Latino", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01481-00367121-00367374": "population has given rise to a number of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01482-00367375-00367560": "local and regional Spanish language", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01483-00367561-00367824": "newspapers these include el planeta", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01484-00367825-00368020": "owned by the former publisher of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01485-00368021-00368178": "Boston Phoenix El Mundo", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01486-00368179-00368515": "and la semana siglo 21 with its main", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01487-00368516-00368733": "offices in nearby Lawrence is also", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01488-00368734-00368914": "widely distributed there are a number of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01489-00368915-00369145": "weekly newspapers dedicated to Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01490-00369146-00369423": "neighborhoods among them as South Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01491-00369424-00369708": "online founded in 1999 which appears in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01492-00369709-00369927": "print and online and covers events in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01493-00369928-00370170": "South Boston and the Seaport District", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01494-00370171-00370489": "various LGBT publications serve the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01495-00370490-00370795": "city's large LGBT lesbian gay bisexual", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01496-00370796-00371073": "and transgender population such as the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01497-00371074-00371283": "rainbow times the only minority and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01498-00371284-00371634": "lesbian owned LGBT news magazine founded", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01499-00371635-00371920": "in 2006 the rainbow times is now based", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01500-00371921-00372108": "out of Boston but serves all of New", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01501-00372109-00372490": "England topic radio and television", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01502-00372491-00372712": "Boston as the largest broadcasting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01503-00372713-00372889": "market in New England with the radio", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01504-00372890-00373071": "market being the ninth largest in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01505-00373072-00373407": "United States several major AM stations", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01506-00373408-00373722": "include talk radio W RKO Sports Talk", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01507-00373723-00374310": "station WEEI and CBS radio WBZ WBZ AM", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01508-00374311-00374662": "broadcasts a news radio format a variety", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01509-00374663-00374910": "of commercial FM radio formats serve the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01510-00374911-00375356": "area as do NPR stations WBUR in WGBH", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01511-00375357-00375640": "college and university radio stations", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01512-00375641-00375951": "include where's Emerson WH RB Harvard", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01513-00375952-00376452": "one UMass Boston WM BR MIT w CBC", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01514-00376453-00376800": "Boston College wmf Oh Tufts University w", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01515-00376801-00377178": "BRS Brandeis University WT bu Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01516-00377179-00377373": "University campus and web-only", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01517-00377374-00377724": "WR BB Northeastern University and w ml", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01518-00377725-00378015": "and FM Curry College the Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01519-00378016-00378243": "television DMA which also includes", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01520-00378244-00378426": "Manchester New Hampshire is the eighth", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01521-00378427-00378729": "largest in the United States the city is", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01522-00378730-00378937": "served by stations representing every", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01523-00378938-00379203": "major American network including wbz-tv", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01524-00379204-00379656": "4 and its sister station WSBK TV 38 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01525-00379657-00379902": "former a CBS oh and oh the ladder and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01526-00379903-00380322": "mynetworktv affiliate WCVB TV 5 and its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01527-00380323-00380856": "sister station WMUR TV 9 both ABC WHDH 7", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01528-00380857-00381183": "and its sister station WL VI 56 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01529-00381184-00381360": "former and independent station the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01530-00381361-00381795": "latter of CW affiliate WBTV 8 NB c-- o", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01531-00381796-00382264": "and O and WFXT 25 Fox the city is also", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01532-00382265-00382692": "home to PBS member station WGBH TV - a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01533-00382693-00382956": "major producer of PBS programs which", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01534-00382957-00383346": "also operates wgb X 44 spanish-language", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01535-00383347-00383706": "television networks including Azteca wfx", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01536-00383707-00384255": "z CD 24 Univision W uni 27 Telemundo W", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01537-00384256-00384651": "and EU 60 a sister station to WB t s LD", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01538-00384652-00385074": "and nuna mas w UT fdt 66 have a presence", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01539-00385075-00385353": "in the region with w ng u and w UT f", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01540-00385354-00385509": "serving as network owned and operated", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01541-00385510-00385837": "stations most of the area's television", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01542-00385838-00385995": "stations have their transmitters in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01543-00385996-00386178": "nearby needham and Newton along the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01544-00386179-00386583": "route 128 corridor six Boston television", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01545-00386584-00386757": "stations are carried by Canadian", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01546-00386758-00386991": "satellite television provider Bell TV", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01547-00386992-00387195": "and by cable television providers in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01548-00387196-00387717": "Canada", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01549-00387718-00388323": "topic film films have been made in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01550-00388324-00388593": "Boston since as early as 1903 and it", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01551-00388594-00388791": "continues to be both a popular setting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01552-00388792-00389505": "and a popular site for location shooting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01553-00389506-00390023": "topic healthcare", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01554-00390024-00390290": "the Longwood medical and academic area", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01555-00390291-00390521": "adjacent to the Fenway district is home", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01556-00390522-00390695": "to a large number of medical and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01557-00390696-00390883": "research facilities including Beth", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01558-00390884-00391121": "Israel Deaconess Medical Center Brigham", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01559-00391122-00391307": "and Women's Hospital Boston Children's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01560-00391308-00391522": "Hospital Dana Farber Cancer Institute", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01561-00391523-00391772": "Harvard Medical School Joslin Diabetes", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01562-00391773-00392030": "Center and the Massachusetts College of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01563-00392031-00392339": "Pharmacy and health sciences prominent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01564-00392340-00392507": "medical facilities including", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01565-00392508-00392674": "Massachusetts General Hospital", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01566-00392675-00392912": "Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01567-00392913-00393119": "Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01568-00393120-00393292": "located in the Beacon Hill area", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01569-00393293-00393566": "st. Elizabeth's Medical Center as in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01570-00393567-00393737": "Brighton Center of the city's Brighton", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01571-00393738-00393977": "neighborhood New England Baptist", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01572-00393978-00394232": "Hospital as in Mission Hill the city has", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01573-00394233-00394442": "Veterans Affairs Medical Center's in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01574-00394443-00394607": "Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01575-00394608-00394862": "neighborhoods the Boston Public Health", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01576-00394863-00395021": "Commission an agency of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01577-00395022-00395233": "Massachusetts government oversees health", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01578-00395234-00395531": "concerns for city residents Boston Em's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01579-00395532-00395780": "provides pre-hospital emergency medical", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01580-00395781-00396089": "services to residents and visitors many", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01581-00396090-00396287": "of Boston's medical facilities are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01582-00396288-00396500": "associated with universities the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01583-00396501-00396701": "facilities in the Longwood medical and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01584-00396702-00396914": "academic area and in Massachusetts", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01585-00396915-00397094": "General Hospital are affiliated with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01586-00397095-00397340": "Harvard Medical School Tufts Medical", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01587-00397341-00397574": "Center formerly Tufts New England", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01588-00397575-00397769": "Medical Center located in the southern", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01589-00397770-00397976": "portion of the Chinatown neighborhood is", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01590-00397977-00398192": "affiliated with Tufts University School", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01591-00398193-00398458": "of Medicine Boston Medical Center", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01592-00398459-00398669": "located in the south end neighborhood is", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01593-00398670-00398876": "the primary teaching facility for the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01594-00398877-00399098": "Boston University School of Medicine as", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01595-00399099-00399296": "well as the largest trauma center in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01596-00399297-00399515": "Boston area it was formed by the merger", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01597-00399516-00399764": "of Boston University Hospital and Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01598-00399765-00399938": "City Hospital which was the first", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01599-00399939-00400676": "municipal hospital in the United States", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01600-00400677-00401209": "topic infrastructure", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01601-00401210-00401550": "you", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01602-00401551-00402071": "topic transportation", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01603-00402072-00402393": "Logan Airport located in East Boston and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01604-00402394-00402573": "operated by the Massachusetts Port", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01605-00402574-00402813": "Authority massport is Boston's principal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01606-00402814-00403152": "airport nearby general aviation airports", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01607-00403153-00403344": "are Beverly Municipal Airport to the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01608-00403345-00403542": "north Hanscom field to the west and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01609-00403543-00403748": "Norwood Memorial Airport to the south", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01610-00403749-00404040": "mass port also operates several major", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01611-00404041-00404211": "facilities within the port of Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01612-00404212-00404436": "including a cruise ship terminal and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01613-00404437-00404634": "facilities to handle bulk and container", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01614-00404635-00404823": "cargo in South Boston and other", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01615-00404824-00405045": "facilities in Charlestown in East Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01616-00405046-00405246": "downtown Boston's streets grew", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01617-00405247-00405423": "organically so they do not form a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01618-00405424-00405594": "planned grid unlike those in later", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01619-00405595-00405852": "developed Back Bay East Boston the South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01620-00405853-00406137": "End and South Boston Boston as the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01621-00406138-00406338": "eastern terminus of i-90 which in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01622-00406339-00406485": "Massachusetts runs along the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01623-00406486-00406743": "Massachusetts Turnpike the elevated", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01624-00406744-00406935": "portion of the central artery which", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01625-00406936-00407115": "carried most of the through traffic in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01626-00407116-00407307": "downtown Boston was replaced with the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01627-00407308-00407475": "O'Neill tunnel during the Big Dig", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01628-00407476-00407789": "substantially completed in early 2006", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01629-00407790-00408090": "with nearly 1/3 of Bostonians using", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01630-00408091-00408261": "public transit for their commute to work", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01631-00408262-00408474": "Boston has the fifth highest rate of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01632-00408475-00408759": "public transit usage in the country the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01633-00408760-00408951": "city of Boston has a higher than average", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01634-00408952-00409167": "percentage of households without a car", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01635-00409168-00409497": "in 2015 thirty five point four percent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01636-00409498-00409746": "of Boston households lacked a car which", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01637-00409747-00409938": "decreased slightly to thirty three point", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01638-00409939-00410253": "eight percent in 2016 the national", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01639-00410254-00410468": "average was eight point seven percent in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01640-00410470-00410555": "2016", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01641-00410556-00410817": "Boston averaged zero point nine four", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01642-00410818-00411120": "cars per household in 2016 compared to a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01643-00411121-00411309": "national average of one point eight", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01644-00411310-00411513": "busting z' public transportation agency", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01645-00411514-00411676": "the Massachusetts Bay Transportation", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01646-00411677-00412032": "Authority MBTA operates the oldest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01647-00412033-00412245": "underground rapid transit system in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01648-00412246-00412472": "Americas and is the fourth busiest rapid", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01649-00412474-00412695": "transit system in the country with sixty", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01650-00412696-00412985": "five point five miles 105 kilometers of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01651-00412987-00413121": "track on four lines", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01652-00413122-00413459": "the MBTA also operates busy bus and", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01653-00413460-00413624": "commuter rail networks and water", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01654-00413625-00413991": "shuttles Amtrak intercity rail to Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01655-00413992-00414203": "is provided through four stations South", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01656-00414204-00414468": "Station North Station Back Bay and Route", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01657-00414468-00414857": "128 South Station as a major intermodal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01658-00414858-00415074": "transportation hub and as the terminus", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01659-00415075-00415299": "of Amtrak's Northeast Regional as cell", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01660-00415300-00415530": "express and lakeshore limited routes in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01661-00415531-00415863": "addition to multiple MBTA services Back", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01662-00415864-00416124": "Bay is also served by MBTA and those", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01663-00416125-00416397": "three Amtrak routes while route 128", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01664-00416397-00416628": "located in the southwestern suburbs of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01665-00416629-00416822": "Boston is only served by the Acela", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01666-00416824-00417114": "Express in Northeast Regional meanwhile", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01667-00417114-00417314": "Amtrak's Downeaster to Brunswick", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01668-00417316-00417507": "terminates in North Station and is the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01669-00417508-00417771": "only Amtrak route to do so nicknamed The", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01670-00417772-00418017": "Walking City Boston hosts more", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01671-00418018-00418176": "pedestrian commuters than do other", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01672-00418177-00418446": "comparably populated cities owing to", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01673-00418447-00418620": "factors such as necessity the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01674-00418621-00418784": "compactness of the city and large", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01675-00418785-00419037": "student population 13% of the population", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01676-00419038-00419276": "commutes by foot making it the highest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01677-00419277-00419472": "percentage of pedestrian commuters in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01678-00419472-00419643": "the country out of the major American", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01679-00419643-00420003": "cities in 2011 Walk Score ranked Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01680-00420004-00420177": "the third most walkable city in the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01681-00420178-00420531": "United States as of 2015 walk score", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01682-00420532-00420729": "still ranks Boston as the third most", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01683-00420730-00420981": "walkable US city with a walk score of 80", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01684-00420982-00421284": "a transit score of 75 and a bike score", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01685-00421285-00421680": "of 70 between 1999 and 2006 bicycling", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01686-00421681-00421920": "magazine named Boston three times as one", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01687-00421921-00422088": "of the worst cities in the US for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01688-00422089-00422285": "cycling regardless it has one of the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01689-00422287-00422532": "highest rates of bicycle commuting in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01690-00422533-00422810": "2008 as a consequence of improvements", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01691-00422812-00423000": "made to bicycling conditions within the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01692-00423001-00423237": "city the same magazine put Boston on its", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01693-00423238-00423576": "five for the future list is a future", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01694-00423577-00423858": "best city for biking and Boston's", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01695-00423859-00424062": "bicycle commuting percentage increased", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01696-00424063-00424377": "from 1 percent in 2000 to 2.1 percent in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01697-00424378-00424710": "2009 the bike share program called hub", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01698-00424710-00424971": "Way launched in late July 2011 logging", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01699-00424972-00425247": "more than 140,000 rides before the close", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01700-00425247-00425484": "of its first season the neighboring", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01701-00425485-00425709": "municipalities of Cambridge Somerville", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01702-00425710-00425922": "and Brookline joined the hub way program", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01703-00425922-00426368": "in the summer of 2012 in 2016 there are", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01704-00426368-00426750": "1461 bikes and 158 docking stations", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01705-00426751-00427092": "across the city PBSC urban solutions", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01706-00427093-00427320": "provides bicycles and technology for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01707-00427321-00427581": "this bike sharing system in 2013 the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01708-00427582-00427788": "Boston Cambridge Newton Metropolitan", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01709-00427789-00428055": "Statistical Area Boston MSA had the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01710-00428056-00428264": "seventh lowest percentage of workers who", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01711-00428266-00428487": "commuted by private automobile seventy", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01712-00428488-00428664": "five point six percent with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01713-00428666-00428833": "point two percent of area workers", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01714-00428834-00429118": "traveling via rail transit during the", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01715-00429118-00429391": "period starting in 2006 and ending in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01716-00429392-00429667": "2013 the Boston MSA had the greatest", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01717-00429668-00429885": "percentage decline of workers commuting", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01718-00429887-00430075": "by automobile three point three percent", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01719-00430076-00430321": "among MSAs with more than a half million", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01720-00430322-00430895": "residents", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01721-00430896-00431552": "topic twin towns and sister cities", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01722-00431553-00431804": "the city of Boston has 11 official", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01723-00431805-00432322": "sister cities Kyoto Japan 1959", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01724-00432323-00432814": "Strasbourg France 1960 Barcelona Spain", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01725-00432815-00433268": "1980 Hangzhou People's Republic of China", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01726-00433268-00433833": "1982 Padua Italy 1983 Melbourne", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01727-00433834-00434387": "Australia 1985 bara Mozambique 1990", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01728-00434388-00434904": "Taipei Taiwan 1996 secondi Takoradi", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01729-00434905-00435281": "Ghana 2001 Belfast Northern Ireland", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01730-00435282-00435735": "United Kingdom 2014 praia cape verde", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01731-00435735-00436022": "2015 the city of Boston has formal", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01732-00436023-00436181": "partnership relationships through a", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01733-00436182-00436385": "Memorandum of Understanding MoU with", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01734-00436386-00436643": "four additional cities or regions", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01735-00436643-00436910": "Guangzhou People's Republic of China", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01736-00436910-00437539": "2014 lyon france 2016 copenhagen denmark", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01737-00437540-00438158": "2017 Mexico City Mexico 2017 North West", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01738-00438159-00438381": "of Ireland Ireland and United Kingdom", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01739-00438382-00438729": "2017 in 1900 Americans from Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01740-00438730-00438893": "bought a piece of land in Belleville", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01741-00438894-00439139": "Western Cape South Africa and developed", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01742-00439140-00439425": "it for residential purposes in memory of", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01743-00439426-00440081": "their hometown they called it Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01744-00440082-00440612": "topic see also", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01745-00440613-00440846": "Boston City Leake High School Athletic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01746-00440847-00441278": "Conference Boston nicknames Boston", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01747-00441279-00441605": "Halifax relations list of diplomatic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01748-00441606-00441902": "missions in Boston list of people from", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01749-00441903-00442189": "Boston list of tallest buildings in", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01750-00442191-00442505": "Boston National Register of Historic", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01751-00442506-00442847": "Places listings in Boston Boston bid for", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01752-00442847-00443210": "the 2024 Summer Olympics equals equals", "e6TTWRWUE4o-01753-00443210-00443443": "notes"}}, {"audio_id": "e6Wf1XQZVOc", "text": {"e6Wf1XQZVOc-00000-00000000-00000303": "my name is steve sang i am the director", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00001-00000304-00000719": "of the source china institute", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00002-00000720-00001070": "before i introduce the subject and the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00003-00001071-00001491": "speaker let me just remind you that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00004-00001492-00001767": "um if you would like to raise", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00005-00001768-00002102": "a question or a comment please", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00006-00002103-00002607": "use the q and a box at the bottom", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00007-00002608-00002855": "when you do so it will be very helpful", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00008-00002856-00002910": "to me", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00009-00002911-00003126": "if you could give information so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00010-00003127-00003263": "identified", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00011-00003264-00003583": "who you are but if you would then", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00012-00003584-00003927": "like to stay anonymous you can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00013-00003928-00004279": "say so indeed please say so and i will", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00014-00004280-00004535": "respect that and not reveal your", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00015-00004536-00004654": "identity", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00016-00004655-00004806": "but knowing where the question comes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00017-00004807-00005070": "from will help me to pick questions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00018-00005071-00005422": "to push to the speaker if we have a lot", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00019-00005423-00005799": "of questions to be put", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00020-00005800-00006238": "the subject is a very important one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00021-00006239-00006527": "in the current situation which is on the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00022-00006528-00006663": "subject of the great", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00023-00006664-00007006": "decoupling china america and the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00024-00007008-00007103": "struggle for", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00025-00007104-00007495": "technological supremacy as we are still", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00026-00007495-00007870": "in an era when the americans", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00027-00007872-00008183": "and the chinese are feeling", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00028-00008184-00008446": "increasingly uncomfortable with each", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00029-00008447-00008519": "other", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00030-00008520-00008727": "and they certainly are competing in a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00031-00008728-00008927": "whole range of areas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00032-00008928-00009231": "in particular in the most advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00033-00009232-00009614": "of technologies and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00034-00009615-00009895": "to address this subject i'm delighted", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00035-00009896-00010103": "that we have", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00036-00010104-00010551": "nigel inkster who is probably", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00037-00010552-00010855": "if not then at least one of the world's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00038-00010856-00011223": "leading authorities on the subject", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00039-00011224-00011471": "and indeed he has just published a book", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00040-00011472-00011559": "on this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00041-00011560-00011919": "very title which was released i think at", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00042-00011920-00011991": "the end", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00043-00011992-00012614": "of last year in december 2020", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00044-00012615-00012935": "nigel is a senior", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00045-00012936-00013255": "advisor on china and cyber security", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00046-00013256-00013566": "at double iws in london", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00047-00013568-00013791": "where he had previously served as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00048-00013791-00013879": "director of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00049-00013880-00014247": "future conflict and cyber security nigel", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00050-00014247-00014319": "is of course", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00051-00014319-00014694": "also a research associate at the sawas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00052-00014695-00015007": "china institute and also a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00053-00015008-00015327": "director or other director of geo", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00054-00015328-00015750": "strategy and intelligence had", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00055-00015751-00016279": "another economics", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00056-00016280-00016694": "some of you will know some may note", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00057-00016695-00017030": "that nigel had served", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00058-00017031-00017391": "for 31 years in the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00059-00017392-00017719": "sis the british intelligence service", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00060-00017720-00018055": "and he retired as assistant chief", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00061-00018056-00018263": "and director of operations and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00062-00018264-00018375": "intelligence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00063-00018376-00018750": "in 2006. i think since then he was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00064-00018751-00018863": "mostly with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00065-00018864-00019222": "the double i double s and has been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00066-00019223-00019558": "very generous in sharing his", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00067-00019559-00019871": "insights and thoughts with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00068-00019872-00020247": "various institutions so over to you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00069-00020248-00020543": "nigel well steve thank you very much and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00070-00020544-00020727": "thanks to everybody who's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00071-00020728-00021078": "taken time out to come and listen", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00072-00021079-00021358": "on this one of the hottest days of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00073-00021359-00021422": "summer", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00074-00021423-00021775": "thus far um in london at least", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00075-00021776-00022222": "um i'd like to start with a small", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00076-00022223-00022655": "disclaimer stroke apologia um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00077-00022656-00022975": "in that um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00078-00022976-00023255": "when i was asked by my publisher to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00079-00023256-00023471": "write this book i had no plans to write", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00080-00023472-00023655": "it or any other book on china i'd", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00081-00023656-00023783": "already written one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00082-00023784-00024014": "called china's cyber power which looked", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00083-00024015-00024222": "at you know the ways in which china was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00084-00024223-00024407": "using its growing technological", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00085-00024408-00024630": "capabilities for broader", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00086-00024631-00024847": "geostrategic purposes and i was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00087-00024848-00025007": "wondering whether i would really have", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00088-00025008-00025222": "anything to add here", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00089-00025223-00025535": "but this coincided with a period when as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00090-00025536-00025655": "steve mentioned", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00091-00025656-00025974": "uh u.s china relations were", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00092-00025975-00026235": "undergoing a sudden and dramatic uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00093-00026236-00026414": "deterioration", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00094-00026416-00026687": "um and a lot of things were being said", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00095-00026688-00026879": "in the west about china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00096-00026880-00027231": "that in my view critically lacked any", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00097-00027232-00027583": "uh historical or cultural context", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00098-00027583-00027767": "and so i thought even if from the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00099-00027768-00027951": "technical perspective i may not be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00100-00027952-00027999": "saying", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00101-00028000-00028207": "too much that's original it was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00102-00028208-00028343": "important to try and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00103-00028344-00028655": "write an accessible book that set out", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00104-00028656-00028918": "the context and sought to explain", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00105-00028919-00029231": "in a nutshell why china feels driven to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00106-00029232-00029583": "behave in the ways that it is doing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00107-00029583-00029758": "before then going on to look", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00108-00029760-00030046": "at you know china's behavior and what uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00109-00030047-00030190": "the implications", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00110-00030191-00030495": "of that are in particular uh with the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00111-00030495-00030607": "united states", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00112-00030608-00030887": "and viewed very much through the prism", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00113-00030888-00030943": "of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00114-00030944-00031295": "advanced technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00115-00031295-00031679": "um so one of my main purposes was to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00116-00031680-00031879": "address the phenomenon of what uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00117-00031880-00032046": "professor christopher andrew", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00118-00032047-00032318": "of the intelligence historian of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00119-00032319-00032535": "cambridge university has referred to as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00120-00032536-00032614": "historical", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00121-00032616-00032887": "amnesia so i have to say in the case of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00122-00032888-00033071": "western policy makers it's less", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00123-00033072-00033279": "amnesia because that at least implies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00124-00033280-00033487": "that you knew something to start with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00125-00033488-00033807": "um then those are pretty pervasive", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00126-00033808-00034127": "uh lack of understanding uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00127-00034128-00034431": "where where china is concerned", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00128-00034432-00034767": "i'm always you know have in my mind um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00129-00034768-00035167": "this image of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00130-00035168-00035527": "great um historian of chinese", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00131-00035528-00035879": "um technology and science joseph needham", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00132-00035880-00036207": "standing in the library of his cambridge", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00133-00036208-00036390": "college keys college", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00134-00036391-00036718": "reflecting on the fact that the shells", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00135-00036719-00036815": "were groaning", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00136-00036816-00037095": "beneath the weight of books about every", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00137-00037096-00037287": "conceivable aspect of british and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00138-00037288-00037439": "european history", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00139-00037440-00037671": "and yet there was not a single volume", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00140-00037672-00037790": "about china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00141-00037791-00038071": "in that entire collection not a lot has", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00142-00038072-00038279": "changed i'm afraid", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00143-00038280-00038630": "um so let's start with the phenomenon of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00144-00038631-00038771": "china as a major", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00145-00038772-00039071": "civilizational power and a major global", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00146-00039072-00039279": "technology power because for most of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00147-00039280-00039423": "recorded history", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00148-00039424-00039751": "that is what china was um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00149-00039752-00040111": "china um accounts", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00150-00040112-00040527": "for probably 50 of pre-industrial", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00151-00040528-00040683": "revolution", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00152-00040684-00041055": "inventions um china's own record", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00153-00041056-00041399": "of um knowledge", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00154-00041400-00041687": "uh about technology and not really", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00155-00041688-00041855": "science but proto-science", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00156-00041856-00042207": "certainly um is very expensive", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00157-00042208-00042399": "um and this is something that i don't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00158-00042400-00042535": "think anybody", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00159-00042536-00042751": "really appreciated until the gentleman i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00160-00042752-00042935": "just referred to professor joseph", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00161-00042936-00043046": "needham", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00162-00043047-00043423": "um began to to study the subjects", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00163-00043424-00043823": "um and produced a multi-volume", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00164-00043824-00044079": "uh series um looking at all the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00165-00044080-00044239": "different things that uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00166-00044240-00044479": "you know china had done and if you look", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00167-00044480-00044639": "at agriculture", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00168-00044640-00045102": "astronomy um civil engineering mining", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00169-00045103-00045455": "um hydraulics", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00170-00045456-00045799": "um you know china you know really had", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00171-00045800-00046071": "um developed uh very significant", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00172-00046072-00046190": "capabilities", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00173-00046191-00046495": "and ironically um although china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00174-00046496-00046702": "thinks of itself as a land-based rather", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00175-00046703-00046967": "than a maritime civilization", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00176-00046968-00047335": "um it was china's maritime discoveries", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00177-00047336-00047695": "um you know the compass um you know the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00178-00047696-00048046": "general design of ships um that that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00179-00048047-00048374": "uh basically um um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00180-00048375-00048751": "enabled uh the age of exploration", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00181-00048752-00049118": "that uh china itself uh did not", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00182-00049119-00049446": "engage in um and the west did", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00183-00049447-00049718": "and the big question that joseph needham", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00184-00049719-00049958": "addressed in this multi-volume", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00185-00049959-00050302": "uh series that he produced on china's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00186-00050303-00050567": "science and technology was it has been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00187-00050568-00050695": "called different things the grand", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00188-00050696-00050823": "question etc", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00189-00050824-00051095": "how come china that was you know in the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00190-00051096-00051151": "middle", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00191-00051152-00051438": "in our middle ages so technologically", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00192-00051439-00051535": "advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00193-00051536-00051854": "how come china did not make the leap", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00194-00051855-00052182": "to the knowledge that enabled the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00195-00052183-00052519": "industrial revolution and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00196-00052520-00052863": "um this was you know he you know he made", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00197-00052864-00053007": "the point that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00198-00053008-00053254": "to do this what you needed was an", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00199-00053255-00053607": "application of mathematical hypotheses", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00200-00053608-00053863": "to nature full understanding in the use", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00201-00053864-00054071": "of experimental method", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00202-00054072-00054247": "the distinction between primary and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00203-00054248-00054407": "secondary qualities", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00204-00054408-00054630": "the geometrization of space and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00205-00054632-00054807": "acceptance of a mechanical", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00206-00054808-00055150": "model of reality and you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00207-00055151-00055359": "for better or worse you know the the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00208-00055360-00055550": "truth is that china had some of this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00209-00055551-00055807": "uh but didn't have all of it and somehow", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00210-00055808-00055911": "the institutional", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00211-00055912-00056311": "underpinnings to make that leap", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00212-00056312-00056542": "towards a kind of truly scientific", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00213-00056544-00056623": "culture", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00214-00056624-00056879": "are simply not there and it remains an", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00215-00056879-00057223": "issue today i remember", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00216-00057224-00057494": "middle of last year listening to a very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00217-00057495-00057599": "interesting speech", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00218-00057600-00057991": "given by prof um a gentleman by the name", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00219-00057991-00058254": "of leo yadong who is the chief editor of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00220-00058255-00058526": "science and technology daily where he", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00221-00058527-00058711": "was reflecting on", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00222-00058712-00059023": "china's technological and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00223-00059024-00059415": "um scientific prowess and saying", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00224-00059416-00059711": "essentially not so fast we need to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00225-00059712-00059799": "remember", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00226-00059800-00060007": "that one thing china never really did", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00227-00060008-00060135": "was develop its own", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00228-00060136-00060438": "indigenous scientific tradition and you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00229-00060439-00060559": "know for better or worse", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00230-00060560-00060950": "that that is um the case", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00231-00060951-00061254": "and of course that reality", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00232-00061255-00061471": "came home to roost when china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00233-00061472-00061566": "encountered", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00234-00061567-00061854": "the more materially advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00235-00061855-00062135": "civilizations of the industrialized", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00236-00062136-00062471": "western nations led by um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00237-00062472-00062847": "the united kingdom and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00238-00062848-00063199": "this kind of fall from grace", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00239-00063200-00063375": "and this is the next really thing i i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00240-00063376-00063511": "want to talk about you know there's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00241-00063512-00063903": "this sense of a fall from grace um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00242-00063904-00064271": "is something the impact of which simply", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00243-00064272-00064599": "cannot be exaggerated in terms of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00244-00064600-00064863": "its impact on the kind of collective", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00245-00064864-00065054": "chinese psyche", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00246-00065055-00065399": "one can argue to to the end of time", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00247-00065400-00065767": "about um what china's civilizational", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00248-00065768-00065926": "history consisted of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00249-00065927-00066263": "and whether china was a unitary state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00250-00066264-00066647": "um etc etc but the simple fact is that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00251-00066648-00067055": "you know for probably the best part of 4", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00252-00067056-00067287": "000 years at least maybe longer there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00253-00067288-00067375": "was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00254-00067376-00067643": "a sort of basic sense of a chinese", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00255-00067644-00067879": "civilizational state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00256-00067880-00068231": "um and for at least 2", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00257-00068232-00068631": "000 years an expression of that as a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00258-00068632-00068767": "geographical", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00259-00068768-00069167": "reality albeit you know one that waxed", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00260-00069168-00069499": "and waned and underwent all kinds of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00261-00069500-00069823": "alterations um but the fact is that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00262-00069824-00070006": "there was this very very strong", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00263-00070007-00070211": "sense of a chinese kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00264-00070212-00070326": "civilizational", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00265-00070327-00070631": "identity um that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00266-00070632-00070887": "saw the world as essentially divided", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00267-00070888-00070967": "between", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00268-00070968-00071231": "china and the sinusized states like", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00269-00071232-00071423": "vietnam japan and korea", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00270-00071424-00071606": "that were essentially civilized and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00271-00071607-00071735": "hence mattered", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00272-00071736-00071903": "and the rest of the world which they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00273-00071904-00072055": "sort of knew about but didn't really", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00274-00072056-00072262": "care because it was populated with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00275-00072263-00072623": "uncouth barbarians like the british um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00276-00072624-00072919": "and uh you know really care about them", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00277-00072920-00072967": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00278-00072968-00073206": "but this sense that china was you know i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00279-00073207-00073399": "mean you know this this term china as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00280-00073400-00073647": "uh the middle kingdom jungle is is a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00281-00073648-00073887": "very recent neologism", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00282-00073888-00074071": "china never really used to refer to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00283-00074072-00074215": "itself in that way", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00284-00074216-00074535": "or conceive of itself in that sense um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00285-00074536-00074750": "but this idea that china was you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00286-00074751-00074871": "the kind of epitome", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00287-00074872-00075262": "of civilization uh were was very deeply", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00288-00075263-00075391": "embedded", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00289-00075392-00075703": "and to encounter a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00290-00075704-00076055": "um a more materially advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00291-00076056-00076367": "civilization um you know with guns", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00292-00076368-00076687": "and steam ships and railways", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00293-00076688-00077006": "um but in china's eyes um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00294-00077007-00077326": "um uncouth and lacking in any", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00295-00077327-00077638": "sense of ethics was a big shock and set", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00296-00077639-00077815": "off got a massive", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00297-00077816-00078150": "um drive to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00298-00078151-00078447": "secure a modern identity but one that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00299-00078448-00078671": "had a distinctly chinese", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00300-00078672-00078943": "civilizational character and i would", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00301-00078944-00079119": "argue that's essentially what china has", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00302-00079120-00079423": "been at for the last 150 plus years", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00303-00079424-00079743": "and still is you know this really is a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00304-00079744-00079782": "kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00305-00079783-00080094": "key um feature or", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00306-00080095-00080399": "of um what china's up to and then", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00307-00080400-00080494": "certainly since", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00308-00080495-00080671": "the establishment of the people's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00309-00080672-00080806": "republic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00310-00080807-00081215": "um in 1949 there's been this very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00311-00081216-00081471": "sort of strong sense and you know the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00312-00081472-00081719": "the chinese term of artists ganchao", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00313-00081720-00082031": "to catch up with and overtake", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00314-00082032-00082391": "the west um this was very much", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00315-00082392-00082735": "uh what um um and then you know this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00316-00082736-00082815": "precedes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00317-00082816-00083143": "you know um the people's republic um but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00318-00083144-00083335": "getting from here to there has been a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00319-00083336-00083535": "very difficult process", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00320-00083536-00083887": "um initially um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00321-00083888-00084103": "the arrival of the west encountered a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00322-00084104-00084223": "lot of conservative", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00323-00084224-00084535": "resistance for example trains you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00324-00084536-00084615": "were seen as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00325-00084616-00084838": "unacceptable because these you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00326-00084839-00084926": "straight", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00327-00084927-00085206": "steel lines carving up the landscape was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00328-00085207-00085294": "seen as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00329-00085295-00085543": "entirely antithetical to to the concepts", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00330-00085544-00085631": "of feng shui", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00331-00085632-00085959": "um geomancy um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00332-00085960-00086223": "uh you know there was lots of resistance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00333-00086224-00086343": "and it really was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00334-00086344-00086623": "a kind of epic struggle between", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00335-00086624-00086799": "intellectual conservatives", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00336-00086800-00087118": "and modernizers um to to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00337-00087119-00087518": "kind of move uh china uh forward", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00338-00087519-00087806": "um the situation was further complicated", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00339-00087807-00087903": "by", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00340-00087904-00088206": "um a very um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00341-00088207-00088518": "difficult set of geopolitical uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00342-00088519-00088662": "relationships i'm not going to give you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00343-00088663-00088823": "a product history of china in two", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00344-00088824-00088903": "minutes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00345-00088904-00089199": "uh but suffice to say that um by the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00346-00089200-00089311": "time the people's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00347-00089312-00089638": "republic was established in 1949", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00348-00089639-00089943": "um you know china which um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00349-00089944-00090338": "had been uh one of the world's foremost", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00350-00090339-00090703": "civilizations um accounting probably for", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00351-00090704-00090887": "about thirty percent of total global", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00352-00090888-00091094": "economic activity and as i said fifty", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00353-00091095-00091206": "percent of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00354-00091207-00091623": "pre-industrial um revolution inventions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00355-00091624-00091859": "uh were was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00356-00091860-00091999": "[Music]", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00357-00092000-00092350": "in a pretty battered state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00358-00092351-00092699": "and it got worse thanks to the early", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00359-00092700-00093047": "administrations of chairman mao", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00360-00093048-00093367": "whose focus on class struggle", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00361-00093368-00093774": "as the key link eclipsed", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00362-00093775-00093950": "any considerations of economic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00363-00093951-00094087": "development", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00364-00094088-00094391": "um and you know led", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00365-00094392-00094679": "to a series of disasters the great leap", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00366-00094680-00094743": "forward", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00367-00094744-00095087": "the cultural revolution um which", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00368-00095088-00095335": "you know had the effect of stopping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00369-00095336-00095431": "china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00370-00095432-00095791": "in its tracks and you know science", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00371-00095792-00096174": "um and technology obviously played", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00372-00096175-00096582": "an important role there because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00373-00096583-00096926": "for most of the maoist era scientists", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00374-00096927-00097255": "and engineers were seen as you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00375-00097256-00097559": "um class enemies you know members of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00376-00097560-00097823": "bourgeoisie", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00377-00097824-00098103": "many chinese scientists from overseas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00378-00098104-00098255": "came back to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00379-00098256-00098479": "join the the people's republic and build", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00380-00098480-00098582": "a new china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00381-00098583-00098823": "only to find that they were subject to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00382-00098824-00098974": "you know investigation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00383-00098975-00099247": "thought reform and often you know sort", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00384-00099248-00099391": "of sent down to the countryside to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00385-00099392-00099543": "shovel", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00386-00099544-00099815": "rather than doing anything you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00387-00099816-00100071": "professionally useful", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00388-00100072-00100374": "by the time of the cultural revolution", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00389-00100375-00100694": "um the only", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00390-00100695-00100991": "chinese scientists left standing were", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00391-00100992-00101071": "those", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00392-00101072-00101374": "um involved in china's nuclear", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00393-00101375-00101694": "and satellite programs and even many of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00394-00101695-00101767": "them", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00395-00101768-00102031": "were subject to violent abuse leading to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00396-00102032-00102174": "to to their", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00397-00102175-00102486": "um to their deaths and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00398-00102488-00102839": "um the extent you know to which ideology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00399-00102840-00103286": "trumped um science and technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00400-00103288-00103599": "uh can be seen from the struggle against", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00401-00103600-00103823": "einstein that took place in the latter", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00402-00103824-00104047": "phase of the cultural revolution", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00403-00104048-00104382": "and is graphically depicted in the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00404-00104383-00104782": "um the chinese science fiction classic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00405-00104783-00104951": "the three-body problem", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00406-00104952-00105134": "you know einstein was basically the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00407-00105135-00105366": "subject of struggle because his concept", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00408-00105367-00105463": "of relativity", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00409-00105464-00105847": "was seen as contrary to a marxist", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00410-00105848-00106158": "vision of of the universe as uh steady", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00411-00106159-00106327": "state and infinite", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00412-00106328-00106631": "um which was of course based on uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00413-00106632-00107166": "no scientific uh assessment whatsoever", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00414-00107167-00107486": "so anyway china has been through", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00415-00107488-00107883": "you know a very uh long and difficult", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00416-00107883-00108239": "process of pursuing a modern identity", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00417-00108240-00108327": "with distinct", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00418-00108328-00108615": "chinese civilizational characteristics", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00419-00108616-00108766": "but it was really only", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00420-00108767-00109158": "um in the late 1970s after the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00421-00109159-00109478": "cultural revolution was put to bed um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00422-00109479-00109823": "and xiaoping's pragmatism started to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00423-00109824-00109951": "take hold", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00424-00109952-00110399": "that um china really began to develop", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00425-00110400-00110831": "its potential um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00426-00110832-00111086": "advanced technology was from the very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00427-00111088-00111183": "early stages", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00428-00111183-00111543": "seen as uh critical for this you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00429-00111544-00111919": "i i first visited china in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00430-00111920-00112254": "november 1976 the day after the cultural", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00431-00112255-00112423": "revolution had formally", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00432-00112424-00112758": "drawn to an end and it really was um you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00433-00112759-00112943": "know to call it backward didn't begin", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00434-00112944-00113295": "to to describe it um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00435-00113296-00113551": "and you know there was a a long way to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00436-00113552-00113647": "make up", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00437-00113648-00114175": "but from the very outset china's leaders", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00438-00114176-00114510": "were seized of the importance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00439-00114511-00114883": "of advanced technology to promote", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00440-00114883-00115310": "china's economic modernization", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00441-00115311-00115534": "and this was thanks largely to the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00442-00115535-00115695": "writings of one man", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00443-00115696-00116134": "alvin toffler an american futurologist", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00444-00116135-00116583": "whose books third wave and future shock", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00445-00116583-00116910": "um were selling like hotcakes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00446-00116911-00117143": "in china when i was there during the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00447-00117144-00117351": "early 1980s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00448-00117352-00117647": "read by the top leadership and as with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00449-00117648-00117799": "all futurologists", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00450-00117800-00118071": "a lot of what uh toffler said was kind", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00451-00118072-00118175": "of off the mark", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00452-00118176-00118623": "and and a bit mad um but when it came to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00453-00118624-00118895": "assessing how modern information", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00454-00118896-00119083": "communications technologies would", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00455-00119083-00119207": "transform", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00456-00119208-00119471": "uh human existence he was absolutely on", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00457-00119472-00119590": "the money", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00458-00119591-00119823": "and china's top leadership up to and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00459-00119824-00119990": "including dan xiaoping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00460-00119991-00120358": "bought into that um and even though", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00461-00120359-00120495": "you know the visitors were at a time", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00462-00120496-00120831": "when you know when ordinary phone lines", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00463-00120832-00121151": "were a rare luxury", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00464-00121152-00121527": "the potential of modern communications", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00465-00121528-00122047": "was uh very apparent", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00466-00122048-00122375": "to that of course china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00467-00122376-00122623": "had to um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00468-00122624-00122790": "[Music]", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00469-00122791-00123134": "work out", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00470-00123135-00123486": "how to leverage u.s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00471-00123488-00123766": "technology expertise um i mean the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00472-00123767-00123886": "internet didn't come", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00473-00123888-00124302": "to china until 1996", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00474-00124303-00124590": "at least not for general access but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00475-00124591-00124686": "prior to that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00476-00124688-00124990": "a lot of preparatory work was going on", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00477-00124991-00125047": "because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00478-00125048-00125334": "there was a recognition of how important", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00479-00125335-00125463": "the internet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00480-00125464-00125807": "would be and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00481-00125808-00126063": "initially a lot of china's technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00482-00126064-00126278": "advanced technology success", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00483-00126279-00126431": "was the product of a close", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00484-00126432-00126654": "interdependence between the us", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00485-00126655-00126910": "and china you know china needed the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00486-00126911-00126990": "basic u.s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00487-00126991-00127214": "technology the software the hardware the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00488-00127215-00127351": "know-how", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00489-00127352-00127543": "and the offer that it was able to make", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00490-00127544-00127695": "in return was of course", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00491-00127696-00128110": "the um ability to manufacture", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00492-00128111-00128486": "um to do low-end manufacture", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00493-00128488-00128727": "at a scale and cost that no other", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00494-00128728-00128839": "economy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00495-00128840-00129039": "could match you know by just being", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00496-00129040-00129199": "rather rude about mao zedong", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00497-00129200-00129327": "i don't want to be rude about him", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00498-00129328-00129551": "because in his own way he was a rather", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00499-00129552-00129727": "special person", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00500-00129728-00129966": "and not everything he did for china was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00501-00129967-00130102": "a disaster", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00502-00130103-00130471": "um under his rule um some some of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00503-00130472-00130799": "very uh important basics were got right", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00504-00130800-00130958": "in terms of uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00505-00130959-00131278": "literacy education and public health uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00506-00131279-00131335": "so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00507-00131336-00131647": "you know when the opportunities um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00508-00131648-00131911": "for china arose after the end of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00509-00131912-00132071": "cold war as the next phase of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00510-00132072-00132263": "globalization took hold", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00511-00132264-00132614": "china was um particularly well placed to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00512-00132615-00132887": "um to ride that wave and did so very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00513-00132888-00132951": "well", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00514-00132952-00133214": "but as i said it was a joint effort with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00515-00133215-00133263": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00516-00133264-00133654": "with the united states um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00517-00133655-00133854": "and you know the extent of that can be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00518-00133855-00133990": "seen from the fact that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00519-00133991-00134327": "uh um in in the mid-noughties", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00520-00134328-00134687": "um uh windows xp", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00521-00134688-00135071": "was the um communications", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00522-00135072-00135390": "technology of choice for the whole of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00523-00135391-00135527": "china the entire", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00524-00135528-00135783": "chinese government ran on it but it was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00525-00135784-00136047": "actually mostly pirated um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00526-00136048-00136390": "versions of window xp that didn't get", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00527-00136391-00136678": "the technology upgrades and when i think", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00528-00136679-00136839": "2014 windows", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00529-00136840-00136999": "you know microsoft decided that they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00530-00137000-00137151": "were no longer going to support", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00531-00137152-00137447": "windows xp they had to make an exception", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00532-00137448-00137583": "for china because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00533-00137584-00137831": "the consequence would have been you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00534-00137832-00137990": "the result would have been disaster have", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00535-00137991-00138023": "they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00536-00138024-00138414": "had they not um had they not done so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00537-00138415-00138575": "but china wasn't just helplessly", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00538-00138576-00138799": "dependent on u.s technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00539-00138800-00139102": "what they also were able to do was to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00540-00139103-00139190": "leverage", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00541-00139191-00139535": "a lot of uh chinese talent that had gone", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00542-00139536-00139623": "abroad", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00543-00139624-00139911": "for education had done so to speak", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00544-00139912-00140111": "apprenticeships at silicon valley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00545-00140112-00140383": "and then came back to china and were", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00546-00140384-00140495": "starting to use", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00547-00140496-00140847": "their particular skills to develop", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00548-00140848-00141207": "a range of digital goods and services", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00549-00141208-00141483": "that chinese consumers were eager to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00550-00141484-00141702": "address and this i think is a sort of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00551-00141703-00141775": "key", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00552-00141776-00142111": "to china's success so far in terms of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00553-00142112-00142231": "technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00554-00142232-00142502": "um in that it's a combination of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00555-00142503-00142631": "relentless", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00556-00142632-00142999": "um succession of down", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00557-00143000-00143231": "deerishest planning you know the five", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00558-00143232-00143319": "year you know the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00559-00143320-00143623": "the five-year planning cycle um but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00560-00143624-00143751": "beneath that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00561-00143752-00144102": "the creation of you know an enabling", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00562-00144103-00144231": "environment", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00563-00144232-00144535": "in which um private sector corporations", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00564-00144536-00144687": "could compete", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00565-00144688-00145047": "in a in a no holds barred um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00566-00145048-00145326": "red in tooth and claw capitalist uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00567-00145327-00145495": "competition", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00568-00145496-00145823": "um at the end of which um some", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00569-00145824-00146247": "major national champions emerged", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00570-00146248-00146566": "whereupon the chinese party state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00571-00146567-00146854": "started to move in and you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00572-00146855-00146951": "gradually", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00573-00146952-00147271": "over time exercise greater", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00574-00147272-00147566": "control it was a high risk strategy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00575-00147567-00147759": "because china was very much aware that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00576-00147760-00147926": "the internet while conferring", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00577-00147927-00148247": "a lot of economic advantages", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00578-00148248-00148799": "was also a potential vector for", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00579-00148800-00149223": "ideas and concepts that would challenge", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00580-00149224-00149526": "the prevailing narrative of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00581-00149527-00149823": "the party state and and this was you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00582-00149824-00149951": "know a risk they kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00583-00149952-00150302": "had to be prepared to take but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00584-00150303-00150590": "um they very quickly i think moved to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00585-00150591-00150775": "get on top of this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00586-00150776-00151066": "um through a variety of means um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00587-00151067-00151199": "[Music]", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00588-00151200-00151478": "were able relatively quickly to get you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00589-00151479-00151551": "know a grip", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00590-00151552-00151878": "on control of internet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00591-00151879-00152214": "content and we saw a rising this idea of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00592-00152215-00152375": "cyber sovereignty", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00593-00152376-00152623": "the the right enshrined in international", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00594-00152624-00152743": "law", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00595-00152744-00153054": "for states to control um the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00596-00153055-00153302": "data and information that transited", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00597-00153303-00153495": "their sovereign", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00598-00153496-00153783": "cyber space this has not been accepted", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00599-00153784-00153823": "yet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00600-00153824-00154135": "as a kind of aspect of international law", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00601-00154136-00154199": "but it's something", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00602-00154200-00154439": "that china has been very very vigorously", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00603-00154440-00154543": "promoting", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00604-00154544-00154799": "and it enjoys much resonance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00605-00154800-00155087": "particularly in the developing world", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00606-00155088-00155566": "um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00607-00155567-00155966": "so well", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00608-00155967-00156295": "china very quickly moved", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00609-00156296-00156559": "to a position of being what xi jinping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00610-00156560-00156663": "when he came to power", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00611-00156664-00156983": "called a big cyber", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00612-00156984-00157311": "in other words it it was a a country", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00613-00157312-00157614": "in you know with which it very rapidly", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00614-00157615-00157854": "uh acquired a huge user base", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00615-00157855-00158007": "particularly once", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00616-00158008-00158311": "um smartphones uh came", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00617-00158312-00158751": "um into to being in the mid 2000s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00618-00158752-00159054": "um and it was um a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00619-00159055-00159383": "country that was very quick to develop", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00620-00159384-00159687": "a digital economy um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00621-00159688-00159999": "in ways that were very ingenious", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00622-00160000-00160199": "um and um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00623-00160200-00160326": "[Music]", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00624-00160327-00160647": "outstripped anything that uh us uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00625-00160648-00160814": "competitors were able to do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00626-00160815-00161199": "and you know give you an example ebay", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00627-00161200-00161478": "the u.s thought that they could run", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00628-00161479-00161559": "china in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00629-00161560-00161895": "ebay as just another branch of ebay", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00630-00161896-00162263": "everything run from america with no", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00631-00162264-00162678": "um account taken of the particular", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00632-00162679-00163175": "preferences of chinese consumers", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00633-00163176-00163407": "chinese competitors arose who you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00634-00163408-00163502": "like jack ma", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00635-00163503-00163838": "of alibaba who were very alert to the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00636-00163839-00164214": "preferences of chinese consumers", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00637-00164215-00164414": "and they were very quick to develop a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00638-00164415-00164551": "range of services", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00639-00164552-00164766": "that far outstrip what ebay was able to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00640-00164767-00164951": "do and essentially ebay was run out of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00641-00164952-00165023": "town", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00642-00165024-00165199": "and we've seen this with a number of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00643-00165200-00165366": "other things with fintech where", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00644-00165367-00165566": "companies like alibaba", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00645-00165567-00165951": "and financial and tencent another one of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00646-00165952-00166031": "the major", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00647-00166032-00166311": "chinese digital giants that has emerged", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00648-00166312-00166519": "over the last few years", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00649-00166520-00166831": "have provided digital payment", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00650-00166832-00167143": "service that enabled um china to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00651-00167144-00167263": "leapfrog", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00652-00167264-00167631": "the the credit card all together um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00653-00167632-00167943": "and is now already um uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00654-00167944-00168271": "paving the way for china to develop", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00655-00168272-00168583": "its own digital currency in ways that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00656-00168584-00168671": "interalia", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00657-00168672-00168983": "will enable it to minimize the impact of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00658-00168984-00169023": "u.s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00659-00169024-00169487": "financial sanctions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00660-00169488-00169790": "but inevitably as china got", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00661-00169791-00170126": "bigger and more powerful so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00662-00170127-00170471": "its ambitions um expanded", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00663-00170472-00170759": "and in my book i i talk a lot about that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00664-00170760-00170919": "because i think it's very important to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00665-00170920-00171014": "understand", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00666-00171015-00171399": "what china's kind of um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00667-00171400-00171751": "long-term uh vision should be i i i'll", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00668-00171752-00171831": "come to that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00669-00171832-00172195": "um in a minute and as they became", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00670-00172196-00172407": "technologically", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00671-00172408-00172751": "more confident", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00672-00172752-00173254": "so we saw the chinese party state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00673-00173255-00173566": "using its growing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00674-00173567-00173878": "technological expertise", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00675-00173879-00174254": "and reach to shape", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00676-00174255-00174511": "an international environment that was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00677-00174512-00174654": "better suited", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00678-00174655-00174975": "to the interests", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00679-00174976-00175343": "of that party state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00680-00175344-00175654": "and this is where i think", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00681-00175655-00176071": "geopolitics and culture", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00682-00176072-00176535": "come into the mix", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00683-00176536-00176911": "um the us and china never had an easy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00684-00176912-00177238": "relationship and it was a relationship", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00685-00177239-00177575": "that to a very significant degree", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00686-00177576-00177887": "i think depended upon both sides", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00687-00177888-00178231": "papering over the cracks and not", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00688-00178232-00178575": "um and accentuating the positive and not", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00689-00178576-00178799": "belaboring the very significant", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00690-00178800-00178902": "differences", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00691-00178903-00179287": "that existed between them", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00692-00179288-00179535": "i think this is very important you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00693-00179536-00179735": "to get this in context because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00694-00179736-00180047": "there has i think arisen within", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00695-00180048-00180390": "the united states in recent um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00696-00180391-00180575": "years in the last couple of years at", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00697-00180576-00180814": "least this narrative", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00698-00180815-00181119": "that um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00699-00181120-00181431": "us engagement with china has been a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00700-00181432-00181566": "failure", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00701-00181567-00181902": "rather than creating", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00702-00181903-00182183": "a china that is a benign international", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00703-00182184-00182295": "presence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00704-00182296-00182638": "um that is very much a status quo", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00705-00182639-00182990": "power um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00706-00182991-00183295": "you know um one that can be expected", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00707-00183296-00183383": "over time", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00708-00183384-00183735": "to converge with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00709-00183736-00184038": "international norms that have been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00710-00184039-00184238": "dictated by the victorious", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00711-00184239-00184566": "western powers after world war ii", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00712-00184567-00184902": "instead engagement has created a kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00713-00184903-00184999": "frankenstein's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00714-00185000-00185214": "monster if you like you know an", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00715-00185215-00185438": "ideologically hostile state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00716-00185439-00185743": "that is uh revisionist and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00717-00185744-00186135": "um um you know in in the sort of worst", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00718-00186136-00186311": "imaginings of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00719-00186312-00186471": "you know some of the hawks and the trump", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00720-00186472-00186711": "administration uh aspiring to take over", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00721-00186712-00186814": "the world", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00722-00186815-00187214": "um and displace the united states", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00723-00187215-00187511": "as the number one power um well we can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00724-00187512-00187631": "discuss all of that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00725-00187632-00187959": "uh in the q a what i would say is that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00726-00187960-00188207": "it's important to remember that the us", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00727-00188208-00188487": "engagement with china was not by and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00728-00188488-00188566": "large", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00729-00188567-00188838": "um built on this sort of polyanish", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00730-00188839-00189078": "expectation that everybody would", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00731-00189079-00189343": "join hands and march together towards", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00732-00189344-00189511": "the sunlit uplands", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00733-00189512-00189799": "but rather on a more hard-headed uh set", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00734-00189800-00189871": "of uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00735-00189872-00190207": "pragmatic um calculations", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00736-00190208-00190559": "um the the that were you know much less", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00737-00190560-00190590": "uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00738-00190591-00190863": "focused on the expectations that china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00739-00190864-00190919": "would", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00740-00190920-00191190": "um in inverted commas become more like", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00741-00191191-00191263": "us", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00742-00191264-00191575": "that was a relatively late um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00743-00191576-00191926": "kind of conceit", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00744-00191927-00192183": "which i think was you know fed very much", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00745-00192184-00192247": "by", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00746-00192248-00192519": "um the commercial the u.s commercial", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00747-00192520-00192775": "community for its own reasons", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00748-00192776-00193214": "um but the simple fact is that um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00749-00193215-00193519": "there is you know that you know you can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00750-00193520-00193583": "track", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00751-00193584-00193983": "um the process by which um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00752-00193984-00194438": "the u.s and china have um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00753-00194439-00194671": "experienced parting of the ways and in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00754-00194672-00194814": "the book i highlight", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00755-00194815-00195150": "three key dates um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00756-00195151-00195526": "which are firstly 2001.", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00757-00195527-00195750": "that was the year in which china was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00758-00195751-00195990": "admitted to the world trade organization", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00759-00195991-00196302": "on a developing nation basis", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00760-00196303-00196671": "um at the time that seemed like", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00761-00196672-00196911": "you know a highly desirable thing and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00762-00196912-00197087": "there is no question that china's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00763-00197088-00197287": "accession to the wto", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00764-00197288-00197559": "turbo charged its economic growth you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00765-00197560-00197599": "know that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00766-00197600-00197887": "that was a period when we saw you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00767-00197888-00198007": "year after year", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00768-00198008-00198335": "um high um two-figure digital", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00769-00198336-00198695": "um uh gdp growth you know year in year", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00770-00198696-00198807": "out", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00771-00198808-00199126": "um but um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00772-00199127-00199607": "was problematic because um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00773-00199608-00199911": "well simply because an economy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00774-00199912-00200366": "of china's size that was still", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00775-00200367-00200743": "very much a closed economy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00776-00200744-00201023": "has had the effect um i would argue of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00777-00201024-00201159": "bending the whole world trade", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00778-00201160-00201390": "organization mechanism out of shape", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00779-00201391-00201678": "it was never designed to cope with an", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00780-00201679-00201750": "economy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00781-00201751-00202038": "that big that wasn't you know uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00782-00202039-00202119": "prepared", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00783-00202120-00202471": "to move towards playing by the rules so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00784-00202472-00202631": "to speak and i'm happy to you know sort", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00785-00202632-00202759": "of pick up on that and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00786-00202760-00202943": "you know talk about it further in q and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00787-00202944-00203111": "a the second", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00788-00203112-00203431": "key date was 2008 the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00789-00203432-00203847": "global financial crisis um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00790-00203848-00204063": "notwithstanding the fact that china was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00791-00204064-00204271": "at least as much responsible for this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00792-00204272-00204350": "crisis", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00793-00204351-00204702": "as the united states um for china's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00794-00204703-00204871": "leaders this was seen as a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00795-00204871-00205166": "kind of moment of epiphany you know the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00796-00205167-00205262": "the you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00797-00205263-00205527": "proof if needed that the washington", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00798-00205528-00205638": "consensus", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00799-00205639-00206038": "um was a false god uh proof", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00800-00206039-00206262": "that the united states could not be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00801-00206263-00206366": "relied upon", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00802-00206367-00206703": "prudently to manage the global", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00803-00206704-00206846": "economy and i think they had a point", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00804-00206848-00207079": "there um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00805-00207080-00207406": "and um that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00806-00207407-00207734": "if china was to avoid the very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00807-00207735-00207975": "deleterious consequences to its own", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00808-00207976-00208038": "economy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00809-00208039-00208351": "of this particular crisis and they were", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00810-00208352-00208703": "um that it would have to strike", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00811-00208704-00209006": "its own path and then of course the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00812-00209007-00209094": "third", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00813-00209096-00209398": "key date was 2012 when", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00814-00209400-00209631": "a certain gentleman by the name of xi", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00815-00209632-00209839": "jinping was elected", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00816-00209840-00210006": "secretary general of the chinese", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00817-00210007-00210151": "communist party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00818-00210152-00210471": "replacing uh hujin tao who um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00819-00210471-00210767": "was a very different uh personality um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00820-00210767-00210934": "all together", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00821-00210935-00211398": "um and i think you know the these three", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00822-00211400-00211687": "milestones if you will um you know help", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00823-00211688-00211863": "us to sort of track", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00824-00211864-00212175": "um the beginnings of the dramatic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00825-00212176-00212519": "changes that we have seen", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00826-00212519-00212882": "between the u.s and china in recent", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00827-00212883-00212998": "years", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00828-00213000-00213342": "um and in particular uh i think we", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00829-00213344-00213791": "um um you know the the impact", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00830-00213792-00214131": "of xi jinping as a leader cannot be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00831-00214132-00214351": "overestimated it's worth saying a couple", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00832-00214352-00214606": "of words about him because i do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00833-00214607-00214758": "you know touch upon him quite a lot in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00834-00214759-00214910": "the book", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00835-00214911-00215191": "um and you know she's an interesting", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00836-00215192-00215327": "character", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00837-00215328-00215631": "um his father xi jong shin was one of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00838-00215632-00215879": "the founding fathers of the party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00839-00215880-00216079": "but fell foul of mao zedong and spent a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00840-00216080-00216415": "lot of time in um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00841-00216416-00216879": "in in custody of various forms", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00842-00216880-00217279": "xi jinping himself was rusticated", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00843-00217280-00217598": "uh to remote uh rural", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00844-00217600-00217951": "um chancey during the cultural", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00845-00217952-00218294": "revolution um and it doesn't get", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00846-00218296-00218655": "more rural than remote rural chancey", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00847-00218656-00219015": "um and yet notwithstanding", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00848-00219016-00219367": "uh that um rather than seeing his you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00849-00219367-00219510": "know not notwithstanding the fact that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00850-00219511-00219742": "his family was persecuted by mao", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00851-00219744-00220006": "notwithstanding this um rustication to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00852-00220007-00220151": "the countryside", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00853-00220152-00220494": "rather than undermine his faith in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00854-00220496-00220791": "the chinese communist party it seems to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00855-00220792-00220967": "have", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00856-00220967-00221191": "reinforced it to the point where i think", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00857-00221192-00221279": "she", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00858-00221280-00221558": "made 10 unsuccessful applications to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00859-00221559-00221615": "join the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00860-00221616-00222031": "party before he was finally allowed in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00861-00222032-00222351": "um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00862-00222352-00222671": "you'll see in your um i guess you you'd", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00863-00222671-00222831": "have to call him a princeling", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00864-00222832-00223142": "you know as in one of the uh sons and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00865-00223144-00223215": "daughters", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00866-00223216-00223487": "of the founding fathers this group of uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00867-00223488-00223527": "people", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00868-00223528-00223742": "who are not particularly homogenous or", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00869-00223744-00223863": "tight-knit", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00870-00223864-00224142": "but um you know have been brought up uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00871-00224144-00224327": "in the conviction that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00872-00224328-00224542": "the chinese communist party had earned", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00873-00224544-00224671": "the right to rule", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00874-00224671-00224910": "china and that they the sons and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00875-00224911-00224982": "daughters", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00876-00224983-00225206": "of the founding fathers um have the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00877-00225207-00225351": "right to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00878-00225352-00225655": "derive benefits uh from this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00879-00225656-00225879": "and as my grandmother would have said", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00880-00225880-00226006": "and in many ways c", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00881-00226007-00226182": "jinping's no better than he should be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00882-00226183-00226334": "but compared with many", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00883-00226335-00226639": "um people um in in the party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00884-00226640-00226863": "at the time that he took over is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00885-00226864-00227006": "actually relatively puritan", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00886-00227007-00227279": "in terms of his inclination he took over", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00887-00227280-00227342": "the party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00888-00227344-00227687": "at a time when um the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00889-00227688-00227958": "the the the good days you know the the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00890-00227959-00228031": "the high", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00891-00228032-00228351": "rolling uh fast uh growth", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00892-00228352-00228758": "um era had led to a pervasive", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00893-00228759-00229079": "uh culture of um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00894-00229080-00229351": "corruption uh within the party that he", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00895-00229352-00229406": "saw", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00896-00229407-00229655": "as um potentially terminal for the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00897-00229656-00229742": "party's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00898-00229744-00230039": "future if not addressed and he also", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00899-00230040-00230158": "inherited", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00900-00230159-00230423": "the chairmanship of the communist party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00901-00230423-00230534": "at a time when", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00902-00230535-00230846": "the chinese economy was in the hands of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00903-00230848-00231063": "some very powerful vested groups", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00904-00231064-00231415": "who stood in the way of reform", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00905-00231416-00231831": "and further necessary modernization", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00906-00231832-00232151": "so he was appointed with a remit to kind", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00907-00232152-00232215": "of clean", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00908-00232216-00232503": "things up but nobody quite expected the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00909-00232504-00232694": "spanish inquisition which was what they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00910-00232696-00232782": "got", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00911-00232783-00233110": "in the form of a very pervasive um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00912-00233111-00233487": "and continuing anti-corruption campaign", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00913-00233488-00233758": "that usefully enabled him to mop up all", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00914-00233759-00233903": "his major", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00915-00233904-00234215": "opponents knowing that everybody's hands", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00916-00234216-00234519": "had been dipped in the blood", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00917-00234519-00234834": "and also a dramatic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00918-00234835-00235182": "reinforcement of party orthodoxy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00919-00235183-00235455": "and doctrine and you know we we you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00920-00235456-00235542": "we're saying", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00921-00235544-00235734": "we you know i know i've lost count of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00922-00235735-00235927": "the number of important speeches", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00923-00235928-00236239": "uh that xi jinping has been made on um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00924-00236240-00236558": "aspects of uh party dogma um you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00925-00236559-00236710": "the number of uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00926-00236711-00236942": "dense and impenetrable books that he has", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00927-00236944-00237023": "uh written", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00928-00237023-00237342": "on the subject um but it you know it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00929-00237344-00237591": "it is absolutely pervasive and kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00930-00237592-00237646": "all", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00931-00237648-00237919": "consuming but one of the things that xi", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00932-00237919-00238006": "jinping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00933-00238007-00238327": "was very very big on was again", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00934-00238328-00238655": "grasping um the um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00935-00238656-00239006": "importance of technology um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00936-00239007-00239327": "and bringing it under control because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00937-00239328-00239663": "you know the 2000s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00938-00239664-00239934": "where china's technology concerned you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00939-00239935-00240046": "know they had seen", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00940-00240048-00240334": "a dramatic expansion of capabilities but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00941-00240335-00240406": "in kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00942-00240407-00240703": "wild east conditions with very little in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00943-00240704-00240934": "the way of effective regulation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00944-00240935-00241294": "um a focus on content", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00945-00241296-00241615": "control at the expense", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00946-00241616-00241967": "of actual technical security", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00947-00241967-00242327": "so china when she took over", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00948-00242328-00242727": "found itself with a large sprawling", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00949-00242728-00243094": "very lucrative um cyber", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00950-00243096-00243455": "domain but one that was um regulated", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00951-00243456-00243534": "poorly", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00952-00243535-00243934": "if at all and was very uh vulnerable", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00953-00243935-00244382": "to um outside um interference and attack", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00954-00244383-00244646": "to the point where you know russian uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00955-00244648-00244855": "cyber criminals were regularly using", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00956-00244856-00245023": "china as a springboard for their", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00957-00245023-00245223": "exploits because it was so easy to get", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00958-00245223-00245319": "in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00959-00245319-00245694": "um and she took this all in hand", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00960-00245696-00246046": "and began to set in place um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00961-00246048-00246510": "meticulously over time", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00962-00246511-00246855": "a regulatory environment um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00963-00246856-00247223": "for the cyber domain and for cybertech", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00964-00247223-00247542": "and for advanced technologies together", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00965-00247544-00247598": "with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00966-00247600-00247934": "you know a further relentless", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00967-00247935-00248246": "drive to become what he termed a strong", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00968-00248248-00248551": "cyber power but also um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00969-00248552-00248894": "to set out centenary goals", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00970-00248896-00249271": "um which envisioned china becoming", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00971-00249271-00249582": "the leading global technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00972-00249583-00250006": "power in the world by 2035.", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00973-00250007-00250303": "um and we saw a variety of plans things", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00974-00250304-00250575": "like made in china 2025", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00975-00250576-00250800": "um we saw um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00976-00250801-00251015": "[Music]", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00977-00251016-00251327": "national uh telecommunications champion", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00978-00251328-00251703": "huawei deployed overseas to develop", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00979-00251704-00252071": "um mobile networks", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00980-00252071-00252342": "um in countries all around the world and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00981-00252344-00252415": "to become", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00982-00252416-00252758": "a leader in fifth generation mobile", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00983-00252759-00253158": "technology and at the same time", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00984-00253159-00253542": "we've seen china moving", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00985-00253544-00253855": "to um you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00986-00253856-00254158": "to aspiring to a dominant position in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00987-00254159-00254351": "global technology standards", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00988-00254352-00254575": "in a variety of different technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00989-00254576-00254798": "starting with but by no means", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00990-00254800-00255223": "restricted to 5g", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00991-00255223-00255479": "because china is well aware that if it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00992-00255480-00255727": "can get its technological", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00993-00255728-00256046": "standards accepted as the global norm", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00994-00256048-00256463": "it can then leverage its unique um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00995-00256464-00256806": "combination of manufacturing capacity", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00996-00256807-00257110": "and economic power to really achieve", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00997-00257111-00257415": "uh domination in in you know globally", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00998-00257416-00257623": "in these technologies and there was a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-00999-00257623-00257727": "huge", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01000-00257728-00258079": "amount to play for and china has also", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01001-00258080-00258358": "appreciated that it can use its dominant", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01002-00258359-00258558": "position or is growing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01003-00258559-00258903": "dominance in technology to shape", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01004-00258904-00259271": "global norms rules in relation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01005-00259271-00259582": "to how these technologies are employed", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01006-00259583-00260063": "so you know um we see china very active", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01007-00260064-00260319": "in uh international discussions on cyber", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01008-00260319-00260406": "governance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01009-00260407-00260710": "promoting ideas like cyber sovereignty", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01010-00260711-00261023": "um and we see china very much engaged in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01011-00261023-00261423": "uh global discussions on cyber security", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01012-00261423-00261663": "again you know promoting very much its", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01013-00261664-00261734": "own", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01014-00261735-00262110": "uh vision of how things should be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01015-00262111-00262310": "and this vision is very broad and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01016-00262311-00262479": "all-encompassing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01017-00262480-00262782": "um it's encapsulated in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01018-00262783-00263134": "a phrase that seems bland to the point", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01019-00263135-00263271": "of innocuousness", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01020-00263272-00263479": "you know the community of common destiny", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01021-00263480-00263734": "for mankind", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01022-00263735-00263943": "who could addre who could object to that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01023-00263944-00264110": "you know what curmudgeon", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01024-00264111-00264343": "what you know sort of scrooge figure", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01025-00264344-00264455": "could object", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01026-00264456-00264819": "to an idea like that but uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01027-00264820-00265071": "deconstructed it turns out to be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01028-00265072-00265158": "essentially", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01029-00265159-00265543": "an idea for a a chinese-led", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01030-00265544-00265847": "world order led in a very different way", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01031-00265848-00266063": "from how the british did it in the 19th", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01032-00266064-00266287": "century and the americans in the 20th", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01033-00266288-00266527": "century but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01034-00266528-00266830": "a global order led by china um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01035-00266831-00267239": "nonetheless um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01036-00267240-00267727": "so yeah um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01037-00267728-00267975": "and you know this you know china's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01038-00267976-00268095": "technology has been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01039-00268096-00268415": "shaping uh uh china internally", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01040-00268416-00268751": "uh in many uh you know dramatic ways", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01041-00268752-00269110": "uh we've seen for example how", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01042-00269111-00269510": "technology within china has been used", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01043-00269511-00269815": "for purposes of social control and to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01044-00269816-00270119": "enhance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01045-00270120-00270430": "national security which under xi jinping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01046-00270431-00270527": "has become", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01047-00270528-00270863": "all encompassing there is no facet of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01048-00270864-00271110": "human existence in china that does not", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01049-00271111-00271247": "come under the rubric", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01050-00271248-00271591": "of national security under xi jinping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01051-00271592-00271887": "but um you know i mean we've seen the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01052-00271888-00272015": "emergence of china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01053-00272016-00272258": "china you know turning into a kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01054-00272259-00272455": "techno-security state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01055-00272456-00272879": "with a variety of uh surveillance uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01056-00272880-00273255": "mechanisms in place like skynet um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01057-00273256-00273599": "you know that that provide uh um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01058-00273600-00273967": "wide-ranging um visibility of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01059-00273968-00274223": "actions of ordinary citizens you've got", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01060-00274224-00274367": "this concept", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01061-00274368-00274782": "of um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01062-00274783-00275206": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01063-00275207-00275423": "that sorry i had a mental blank about", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01064-00275424-00275510": "what it's called", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01065-00275511-00275815": "um after talking so long but um you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01066-00275816-00276087": "there's a social credit uh concept", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01067-00276088-00276239": "which is often misunderstood and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01068-00276240-00276487": "misreported in the west but essentially", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01069-00276488-00276734": "seeks to use uh awareness and knowledge", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01070-00276735-00276903": "of people's digital", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01071-00276904-00277358": "and offline activities uh to incentivize", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01072-00277359-00277663": "good behavior and sanction bad", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01073-00277664-00277991": "and of course we've seen um the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01074-00277992-00278303": "the the um xinjiang", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01075-00278304-00278630": "um turn into a kind of test bed", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01076-00278631-00278967": "for all these and other uh surveillance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01077-00278968-00279199": "technologies many of which are you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01078-00279200-00279295": "enabled by", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01079-00279296-00279647": "by uh western counterparts so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01080-00279648-00279806": "two more points that i want to make and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01081-00279807-00279958": "i'll sort of shut up and uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01082-00279959-00280151": "you know leave the floor open for", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01083-00280152-00280327": "questions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01084-00280328-00280534": "in the last couple of years we've seen", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01085-00280535-00280663": "the us", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01086-00280664-00280919": "mounting a pushback and that pushback", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01087-00280920-00281071": "has been quite brutal", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01088-00281072-00281406": "in its intensity", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01089-00281407-00281751": "china though very advanced is um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01090-00281752-00282071": "highly dependent on some key areas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01091-00282072-00282382": "of u.s technology in particular the most", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01092-00282383-00282823": "advanced um advanced logic microchips", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01093-00282824-00283023": "um you know in in the sort of set you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01094-00283024-00283247": "know sort of 14 to five nanometer range", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01095-00283248-00283430": "not that those figures really mean very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01096-00283431-00283510": "much", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01097-00283511-00283871": "um and um essentially the usa", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01098-00283872-00284191": "has found you know it has been um um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01099-00284192-00284519": "able to deny china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01100-00284520-00284863": "access to these most advanced microchips", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01101-00284864-00284903": "because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01102-00284904-00285047": "everywhere that makes them and there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01103-00285048-00285263": "aren't many places um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01104-00285264-00285606": "does so using equipment ideas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01105-00285607-00285871": "intellectual property that is american", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01106-00285872-00286023": "so the american government can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01107-00286024-00286375": "can prevent uh this uh from happening", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01108-00286376-00286734": "um and this has really led uh china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01109-00286735-00286958": "a to conclude that the united states is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01110-00286959-00287110": "determined to constrain", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01111-00287111-00287343": "china's rise which i think now is a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01112-00287344-00287575": "pretty correct and obvious conclusion", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01113-00287576-00287767": "and that china has to redouble its", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01114-00287768-00287903": "efforts to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01115-00287904-00288230": "um detach itself from dependence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01116-00288231-00288551": "on u.s technology whilst at the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01117-00288552-00288815": "same time stealing as much of it as they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01118-00288816-00289030": "can lay their hands on", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01119-00289031-00289430": "or buying it where that possibility", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01120-00289431-00289782": "still exists", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01121-00289783-00290023": "but what the usa has done is effectively", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01122-00290024-00290119": "stop", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01123-00290120-00290423": "the 5g national champion huawei in its", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01124-00290424-00290534": "tracks", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01125-00290535-00290910": "um and it's also um cramped the style of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01126-00290911-00291103": "a lot of other", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01127-00291104-00291439": "prominent chinese companies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01128-00291440-00291806": "that still rely on u.s technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01129-00291807-00292191": "um but it's not that simple", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01130-00292192-00292543": "because at the moment we see a biden", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01131-00292544-00292695": "administration", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01132-00292696-00293023": "that has maintained in place", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01133-00293024-00293423": "the various measures imposed by uh trump", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01134-00293424-00293767": "um and is trying to orchestrate a more", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01135-00293768-00293999": "coherent pushback against china than the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01136-00294000-00294158": "trump administration", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01137-00294159-00294527": "uh was able to do but the united states", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01138-00294528-00294847": "has to contend with two very powerful", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01139-00294848-00295047": "constituencies in its own", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01140-00295048-00295327": "um country that are opposed to this one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01141-00295328-00295375": "is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01142-00295376-00295710": "wall street the other silicon valley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01143-00295711-00295919": "and in particular i think silicon valley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01144-00295920-00296039": "there are those like", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01145-00296040-00296247": "um eric schmidt the former chairman of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01146-00296248-00296479": "google who now take the view that the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01147-00296480-00296695": "united states needs to adopt a strategic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01148-00296696-00296791": "approach to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01149-00296792-00297127": "the challenge stroke threat from china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01150-00297128-00297423": "and accept that from a technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01151-00297424-00297639": "perspective some parting of the ways is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01152-00297640-00297782": "both", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01153-00297783-00298230": "inevitable and desirable", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01154-00298231-00298606": "but i can assure you that uh the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01155-00298607-00298934": "vast majority of opinion in silicon", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01156-00298935-00299030": "valley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01157-00299031-00299319": "um goes in the other direction and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01158-00299320-00299463": "continues to favor", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01159-00299464-00299687": "the closest possible technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01160-00299688-00299903": "collaboration with china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01161-00299904-00300134": "both for re you know for for financial", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01162-00300135-00300295": "reasons but also because of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01163-00300296-00300463": "philosophical reasons", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01164-00300464-00300630": "there are still many in silicon valley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01165-00300631-00300847": "imbued with the ideals of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01166-00300848-00301215": "founding fathers um of of the internet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01167-00301216-00301495": "um and this you know of course the the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01168-00301496-00301582": "discipline", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01169-00301583-00301775": "and you know we also have to take into", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01170-00301776-00301910": "account the reality", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01171-00301911-00302279": "that in all in areas of advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01172-00302280-00302471": "technology which are now the subject of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01173-00302472-00302623": "this intense competition", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01174-00302624-00302847": "between the us and china whether it's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01175-00302848-00303015": "artificial intelligence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01176-00303016-00303399": "robotics you know biotechnology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01177-00303400-00303687": "all the achievements that have been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01178-00303688-00303775": "registered", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01179-00303776-00304110": "to date have in varying ways been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01180-00304111-00304367": "the result of collaboration between the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01181-00304368-00304430": "us", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01182-00304431-00304782": "and china unraveling", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01183-00304783-00305215": "that is a pretty big ask", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01184-00305216-00305527": "and um has very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01185-00305528-00305863": "uncertain consequences and this is what", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01186-00305864-00306175": "i try to address in in the final section", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01187-00306176-00306351": "of the book you know getting to the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01188-00306352-00306582": "finally getting to the point", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01189-00306583-00306839": "in the title the great decoupling", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01190-00306840-00307095": "there's this parting of the ways", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01191-00307096-00307439": "uh between uh the uh us and china which", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01192-00307440-00307599": "is beginning to look more", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01193-00307600-00307903": "of you know um fundamental and and more", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01194-00307904-00307958": "critical", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01195-00307959-00308287": "to to how the world will evolve in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01196-00308288-00308630": "in the coming decades um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01197-00308631-00308847": "and it's very difficult to say how that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01198-00308848-00309030": "will play out", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01199-00309031-00309271": "and it's very difficult to know who's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01200-00309272-00309375": "going to come out", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01201-00309376-00309671": "on top i'm often asked to draw a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01202-00309672-00309775": "comparison", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01203-00309776-00310095": "between the us and china when it comes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01204-00310096-00310463": "to all these technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01205-00310464-00310815": "um and you know it is very difficult to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01206-00310816-00310903": "do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01207-00310904-00311206": "but the short answer is that the united", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01208-00311207-00311327": "states", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01209-00311328-00311639": "enjoys the advantages of incumbency", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01210-00311640-00311815": "so to speak they got there first and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01211-00311816-00312063": "have a deeper base", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01212-00312064-00312415": "and um greater strengths much greater", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01213-00312416-00312471": "strengths", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01214-00312472-00312671": "in foundational science which is still", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01215-00312672-00312830": "very much of a weakness", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01216-00312831-00313175": "where china is concerned china on the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01217-00313176-00313247": "other hand", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01218-00313248-00313527": "has shown remarkable ingenuity and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01219-00313528-00313647": "innovation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01220-00313648-00313863": "in the application of existing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01221-00313864-00314158": "technologies but it goes beyond that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01222-00314159-00314399": "ten years ago i could have conversations", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01223-00314400-00314519": "in silicon valley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01224-00314520-00314863": "or in wall street with people who say", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01225-00314864-00315023": "well we don't need to worry about china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01226-00315024-00315175": "because they can copy but they can't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01227-00315176-00315263": "innovate", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01228-00315264-00315454": "well i think people have got the message", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01229-00315455-00315630": "now because china is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01230-00315631-00315943": "showing a capacity uh to innovate and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01231-00315944-00316023": "not just", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01232-00316024-00316254": "in you know the lower order technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01233-00316255-00316430": "but in some of the very much higher", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01234-00316431-00316639": "order technologies like for example", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01235-00316640-00316782": "quantum encryption", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01236-00316783-00317110": "where china is clearly you know um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01237-00317111-00317406": "leading the global field under professor", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01238-00317407-00317558": "pangenwei", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01239-00317559-00317815": "uh a remarkably brilliant man the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01240-00317816-00317910": "youngest", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01241-00317911-00318103": "member of the academy of science you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01242-00318104-00318223": "know ever", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01243-00318224-00318471": "and he definitely deserves uh to be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01244-00318472-00318543": "there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01245-00318544-00318767": "but we're also seeing you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01246-00318768-00318910": "remarkable innovation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01247-00318911-00319247": "in in lots of other areas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01248-00319248-00319430": "and it's certainly no longer the case", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01249-00319431-00319615": "that the west kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01250-00319616-00319991": "rules uh the roost um here", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01251-00319992-00320463": "um the united states", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01252-00320464-00320703": "has its own problems its own education", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01253-00320704-00320806": "system isn't really", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01254-00320807-00321127": "producing the sort of educated uh um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01255-00321128-00321351": "people that it needs so it has to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01256-00321352-00321671": "continue relying on people from outside", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01257-00321672-00321919": "uh and it's been able to attract some of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01258-00321920-00322015": "the world's best", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01259-00322016-00322254": "talent but now no longer so much from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01260-00322255-00322399": "china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01261-00322400-00322679": "um because relations have deteriorated", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01262-00322680-00322799": "to the extent", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01263-00322800-00323206": "that they have um so i mean i can talk", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01264-00323207-00323406": "a lot more about you know who's up and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01265-00323407-00323615": "who's down in relation to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01266-00323616-00323927": "uh particular um technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01267-00323928-00324310": "if uh you want me to do so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01268-00324311-00324534": "but my sense is that you know the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01269-00324535-00324630": "parting of the ways", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01270-00324631-00324830": "is starting to happen it's going to be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01271-00324831-00324999": "slow it's going to be uneven it's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01272-00325000-00325223": "probably a process that will never be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01273-00325224-00325519": "completely um you know it will not be a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01274-00325520-00325623": "process that has", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01275-00325624-00325999": "you know a clear end point um but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01276-00326000-00326319": "the implications are probably that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01277-00326320-00326495": "everybody will end up losing to some", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01278-00326496-00326582": "degree", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01279-00326583-00326895": "because um if we end up with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01280-00326896-00327391": "um more separation less integration", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01281-00327392-00327695": "less collaboration i'm pretty sure that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01282-00327696-00327967": "translates into less innovation over", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01283-00327968-00328134": "time", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01284-00328135-00328567": "and it's also created um particularly", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01285-00328568-00328823": "some very difficult geopolitics and this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01286-00328824-00328999": "is where of course taiwan", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01287-00329000-00329351": "comes to the fore because taiwan", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01288-00329352-00329678": "semiconductor manufacturing corporation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01289-00329679-00330023": "has kind of cornered the global market", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01290-00330024-00330367": "in the production of the most high-end", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01291-00330368-00330687": "advanced logic chips under production", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01292-00330688-00330895": "nobody in america makes these well", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01293-00330896-00331063": "actually that's not true because intel", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01294-00331064-00331110": "does", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01295-00331111-00331423": "but it's fallen behind tsmc in terms of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01296-00331424-00331503": "what it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01297-00331504-00331919": "what it can produce um most american", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01298-00331920-00332119": "chip designers have outsourced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01299-00332120-00332334": "manufacturer for", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01300-00332335-00332678": "reasons of economic logic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01301-00332679-00333047": "china can't make the most advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01302-00333048-00333247": "microchips you know there's several", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01303-00333248-00333495": "generations behind the usa", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01304-00333496-00333815": "in both design and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01305-00333816-00334143": "production this puts", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01306-00334144-00334478": "taiwan in a very very interesting", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01307-00334479-00334839": "position indeed as the source", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01308-00334840-00335023": "of the most sought after and most", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01309-00335024-00335287": "desired um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01310-00335288-00335615": "microchips on the planet 100 miles away", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01311-00335616-00335671": "from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01312-00335672-00335958": "the uh coastline of china and the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01313-00335959-00336030": "subject", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01314-00336031-00336406": "of chinese irredentist claims that could", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01315-00336407-00336799": "um before too long um be prosecuted", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01316-00336800-00337182": "um with military means", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01317-00337183-00337510": "so that i think is kind of emblematic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01318-00337511-00337863": "of the sort of challenges that um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01319-00337864-00338167": "we you know confront um in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01320-00338168-00338503": "in the 21st", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01321-00338504-00338943": "century um and it is very much", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01322-00338944-00339303": "a two-horse race between china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01323-00339304-00339558": "and the usa it is a contest that is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01324-00339559-00339623": "driven", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01325-00339624-00339999": "by uh values and ideology as much as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01326-00340000-00340303": "by raw power you know xi jinping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01327-00340304-00340615": "has said you know there's a kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01328-00340616-00340806": "there's a disjunct in china's um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01329-00340807-00340919": "discourse on this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01330-00340920-00341087": "because you know the diplomats talk", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01331-00341088-00341254": "about uh china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01332-00341255-00341399": "you know only wishing to achieve a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01333-00341400-00341647": "motive for vendi uh with the rest of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01334-00341648-00341751": "world", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01335-00341752-00341958": "xi jinping in speeches to the party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01336-00341959-00342206": "faithful is saying that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01337-00342207-00342367": "the world is in a contest between", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01338-00342368-00342615": "capitalism and socialism and socialism", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01339-00342616-00342663": "must", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01340-00342664-00342967": "prevail so um you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01341-00342968-00343351": "there's no doubt that this is a contest", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01342-00343352-00343734": "from which neither side seems likely", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01343-00343735-00344175": "to back down advanced technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01344-00344176-00344519": "are critical to this so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01345-00344520-00344727": "i've come in pretty much on the hour i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01346-00344728-00344823": "think steve", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01347-00344824-00345071": "and i wanted to leave time for questions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01348-00345072-00345239": "so i'll end it there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01349-00345240-00345543": "well thank you very much um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01350-00345544-00345847": "nigel for this fantastic and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01351-00345848-00346215": "thoughtful talk i wanted to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01352-00346216-00346487": "press you a bit on the three key days", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01353-00346488-00346695": "that you put forward", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01354-00346696-00347175": "because the wto days the quick financial", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01355-00347176-00347406": "global financial crisis date and above", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01356-00347407-00347647": "all the date when xi jinping became", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01357-00347648-00347982": "leader yeah it comes it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01358-00347983-00348319": "came across to me that of the three days", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01359-00348320-00348682": "in the narrative the last was the most", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01360-00348683-00348951": "important the first one kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01361-00348952-00349182": "opened the door for china the second one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01362-00349183-00349303": "was the date of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01363-00349304-00349543": "awakening but the third was the date", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01364-00349544-00349647": "when things really", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01365-00349648-00349934": "changed yeah yeah i agree entirely with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01366-00349935-00350082": "that steve", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01367-00350083-00350391": "um certainly what xi jinping was doing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01368-00350392-00350623": "when he came to power was a continuation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01369-00350624-00350806": "of trends that were already starting to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01370-00350807-00350934": "become apparent", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01371-00350935-00351127": "you know we you know we we saw under", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01372-00351128-00351351": "gujan tower that china had you know in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01373-00351352-00351567": "terms of his international relations", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01374-00351568-00351695": "moved away from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01375-00351696-00351934": "hide and by you know this strategy of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01376-00351935-00352047": "dang xiaoping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01377-00352048-00352303": "lilo you know so keep a low profile you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01378-00352304-00352503": "know don't take a leading position etc", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01379-00352504-00352591": "etc", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01380-00352592-00352871": "china had moved away from that um though", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01381-00352872-00353078": "it had not formally acknowledge this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01382-00353079-00353406": "to be the case um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01383-00353407-00353727": "relations with the usa were already", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01384-00353728-00353903": "and the west more generally were", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01385-00353904-00354103": "becoming more tense", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01386-00354104-00354327": "but i think you know the the arrival of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01387-00354328-00354439": "xi jinping did", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01388-00354440-00354791": "kind of crystallize um these", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01389-00354792-00355103": "uh emerging trends and kind of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01390-00355104-00355463": "supercharge them um and it's very much i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01391-00355464-00355558": "think the case", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01392-00355559-00355830": "you know you know that i mean people", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01393-00355831-00355999": "often ask me do i think xi jinping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01394-00356000-00356182": "really is a communist and you know my", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01395-00356183-00356278": "reply is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01396-00356279-00356439": "actually yes i think he is a true", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01397-00356440-00356630": "believer i think he believes that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01398-00356631-00356854": "communism has got china where it is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01399-00356855-00356958": "today", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01400-00356959-00357303": "and um you know it you know uh communism", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01401-00357304-00357503": "will get it to where you know he wants", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01402-00357504-00357695": "it to be the realization of the chinese", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01403-00357696-00357799": "dream", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01404-00357800-00357951": "uh so i think he really you know he", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01405-00357952-00358110": "really where whereas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01406-00358111-00358358": "you know under hujin tower membership of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01407-00358359-00358551": "the chinese communist party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01408-00358552-00358782": "was coming to be seen as just another", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01409-00358783-00358927": "line in the cv", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01410-00358928-00359254": "you know um you know the the the thing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01411-00359255-00359439": "that would tip the balance between you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01412-00359440-00359558": "and the other guy if you were", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01413-00359559-00359734": "interviewing for a job you were a party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01414-00359735-00359951": "member he wasn't you'd get the job", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01415-00359952-00360206": "that was about you know or all you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01416-00360207-00360447": "um in a mountain to nobody really", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01417-00360448-00360639": "you know took it and took it that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01418-00360640-00360751": "seriously", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01419-00360752-00360919": "but under seating thing this has you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01420-00360920-00361039": "know we've seen this remarkable", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01421-00361040-00361199": "transformation in terms of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01422-00361200-00361415": "you know the way in which ideology is at", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01423-00361416-00361630": "the forefront of everything", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01424-00361631-00361919": "okay we have quite a lot of questions so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01425-00361920-00362071": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01426-00362072-00362391": "we could sort of tackle them", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01427-00362392-00362727": "briskly uh the first question i think", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01428-00362728-00362991": "comes from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01429-00362992-00363327": "johann charcoal from sawast", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01430-00363328-00363654": "how does xi jinping's politburo define", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01431-00363655-00363999": "technology is it largely focused on", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01432-00364000-00364099": "computing and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01433-00364100-00364447": "communications the plc still has", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01434-00364448-00364830": "trouble mastering the jack engine", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01435-00364831-00365103": "is that at the same priority level as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01436-00365104-00365430": "the building of their own microprocessor", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01437-00365431-00365743": "i've also heard claims that china has", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01438-00365744-00365919": "embraced building a state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01439-00365920-00366223": "a space-based economy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01440-00366224-00366447": "along the lines being drawn up by gerald", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01441-00366448-00366551": "o'neal", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01442-00366552-00366823": "and pursued by jeff bezos do you take", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01443-00366824-00366967": "them seriously", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01444-00366968-00367206": "oh absolutely seriously yes you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01445-00367207-00367367": "china china you know china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01446-00367368-00367599": "you know china is aiming for uh global", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01447-00367600-00367687": "dominance in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01448-00367688-00368039": "every uh area of uh scientific", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01449-00368040-00368158": "achievement i mean", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01450-00368159-00368415": "i just the other day read a speech that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01451-00368416-00368551": "xi jinping gave", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01452-00368552-00368854": "on science and technology to the science", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01453-00368855-00369054": "and you know scientists and engineers", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01454-00369055-00369358": "um of the academy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01455-00369359-00369682": "of science and the academy of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01456-00369683-00369887": "engineering and you know it is a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01457-00369888-00369982": "remarkable", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01458-00369983-00370382": "um you know list of achievements", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01459-00370383-00370703": "in all areas of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01460-00370704-00370951": "technology including you know aviation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01461-00370952-00371087": "industry i know china has been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01462-00371088-00371295": "struggling to produce its own indigenous", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01463-00371296-00371358": "uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01464-00371359-00371551": "jet engine and that's proven to be one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01465-00371552-00371758": "of the more difficult things", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01466-00371759-00372039": "um and you know its progress towards all", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01467-00372040-00372158": "of these technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01468-00372159-00372343": "is going to be uneven because that isn't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01469-00372344-00372543": "the nature of these technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01470-00372544-00372727": "you know some sometimes you know what", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01471-00372728-00372902": "seems like a promising start", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01472-00372903-00373143": "turns out to be you know a blind alley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01473-00373144-00373302": "and you have to kind of go back to the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01474-00373303-00373423": "drawing board", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01475-00373424-00373695": "um other things suddenly you know uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01476-00373696-00373806": "leap ahead when you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01477-00373807-00374134": "you you didn't think that um they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01478-00374135-00374478": "they were going to um but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01479-00374479-00374791": "she um in in um in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01480-00374792-00375063": "in in this speech you know makes you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01481-00375064-00375127": "know there's an", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01482-00375128-00375454": "absolutely compelling case for um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01483-00375455-00375647": "the achievements the very real", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01484-00375648-00375847": "achievements that china has registered", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01485-00375848-00375982": "in all areas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01486-00375983-00376375": "and you know a very ambitious um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01487-00376376-00376727": "uh statement of where", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01488-00376728-00377006": "china needs to go so the short answer is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01489-00377007-00377063": "it goes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01490-00377064-00377278": "far beyond just information", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01491-00377279-00377439": "communication technologies it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01492-00377440-00377519": "encompasses", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01493-00377520-00377910": "every area of advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01494-00377911-00378247": "technology and i think it is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01495-00378248-00378534": "emblematic of the way in which these", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01496-00378535-00378591": "things", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01497-00378592-00379030": "are taken seriously that last year", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01498-00379031-00379447": "the politburo devoted two whole days", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01499-00379448-00379654": "two whole days to the study of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01500-00379655-00379806": "blockchain", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01501-00379807-00380063": "i can't think of any other uh government", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01502-00380064-00380151": "in the world", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01503-00380152-00380454": "that would ever do anything like that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01504-00380455-00380654": "but blockchain is obviously important to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01505-00380655-00380847": "china because they see it as a key to a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01506-00380848-00381023": "successful development of a digital", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01507-00381024-00381119": "currency", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01508-00381120-00381358": "a way out of uh you know about from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01509-00381359-00381478": "under the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01510-00381479-00381830": "um you know the grip of uh the us", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01511-00381831-00382206": "uh dollar um and and the message", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01512-00382207-00382534": "you know the relentless uh message from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01513-00382535-00382815": "um china's leadership is its foot to the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01514-00382816-00382863": "floor", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01515-00382864-00383175": "in all areas um of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01516-00383176-00383430": "uh technological development this is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01517-00383431-00383687": "front and center", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01518-00383688-00384095": "okay next question i picked comes from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01519-00384096-00384295": "uh somebody who would like to stay", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01520-00384296-00384471": "anonymous", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01521-00384472-00384847": "and he thanks to he thank you for your", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01522-00384848-00385015": "fantastic talk", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01523-00385016-00385327": "you spoke about how", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01524-00385328-00385575": "with china's drive for technological", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01525-00385576-00385710": "advancement", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01526-00385711-00385991": "china can increasingly shape global", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01527-00385992-00386151": "rules and standards on", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01528-00386152-00386639": "cyber governance security etc this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01529-00386640-00387030": "may result in a china-led world order", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01530-00387031-00387343": "but this world order would be led in a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01531-00387344-00387582": "different way compared to how the uk", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01532-00387583-00387951": "or the u.s did could you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01533-00387952-00388310": "please explain further how china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01534-00388311-00388599": "would lead a world order in a different", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01535-00388600-00388654": "way", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01536-00388655-00388934": "yeah now it's a very fair question and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01537-00388935-00388982": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01538-00388983-00389278": "yeah i think i can explain it because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01539-00389279-00389471": "i'm in good company because i just read", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01540-00389472-00389558": "a lengthy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01541-00389559-00389806": "uh report by the rand corporation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01542-00389807-00389863": "looking at", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01543-00389864-00390199": "exactly this problem um and and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01544-00390200-00390430": "the authors of that seemed broadly to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01545-00390431-00390575": "agree with me which you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01546-00390576-00390887": "um elicited a huge sigh of relief as you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01547-00390888-00391023": "can imagine", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01548-00391024-00391302": "um but i think you know china's looked", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01549-00391303-00391343": "at", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01550-00391344-00391654": "um how britain ran the world in the 19th", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01551-00391655-00391871": "century with colonies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01552-00391872-00392175": "expensive um the natives aren't very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01553-00392176-00392319": "friendly sooner or later", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01554-00392320-00392471": "they you know they get uppity and want", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01555-00392472-00392671": "independence um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01556-00392672-00392902": "you know more trouble than it's worth", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01557-00392903-00393063": "they've looked at the us", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01558-00393064-00393399": "model of um global hegemony", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01559-00393400-00393647": "800 military bases scattered around the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01560-00393648-00393702": "world", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01561-00393703-00393967": "you know very expensive very demanding", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01562-00393968-00394015": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01563-00394016-00394263": "you know we don't want and they they've", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01564-00394264-00394463": "decided very clearly we don't want to go", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01565-00394464-00394606": "down this road", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01566-00394607-00394775": "so i think what they're you know what", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01567-00394776-00394951": "what uh beijing sees", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01568-00394952-00395263": "as the way forward is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01569-00395264-00395606": "um through primarily um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01570-00395607-00395927": "economic and technological means", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01571-00395928-00396175": "and we see this already in how china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01572-00396176-00396254": "deals", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01573-00396255-00396519": "with other countries displease them and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01574-00396520-00396639": "you get cut out", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01575-00396640-00396958": "from access to chinese markets", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01576-00396959-00397263": "um australia knows all about that you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01577-00397264-00397471": "know other countries have experienced it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01578-00397472-00397799": "to varying degrees um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01579-00397800-00398071": "you know play ball and you know we'll", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01580-00398072-00398158": "give you some", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01581-00398159-00398543": "you know sort of um economic uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01582-00398544-00398854": "you know benefits and uh you you can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01583-00398855-00399134": "you know have our technology you know do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01584-00399135-00399271": "do what you like with it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01585-00399272-00399471": "and all we really want you to do in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01586-00399472-00399582": "return", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01587-00399583-00399902": "um is not piss us off yeah don't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01588-00399903-00400119": "you know uh allow you know some", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01589-00400120-00400239": "anti-chinese", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01590-00400240-00400639": "activities on your um soil", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01591-00400640-00400910": "um you know send us back our dissidents", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01592-00400911-00400951": "when", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01593-00400952-00401367": "we ask you to um you know don't allow", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01594-00401368-00401591": "your newspapers to write rude things", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01595-00401592-00401878": "about china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01596-00401879-00402175": "and uh we'll get along famously um i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01597-00402176-00402271": "think in essence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01598-00402272-00402495": "is is what what they kind of what they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01599-00402496-00402599": "envisage", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01600-00402600-00402782": "it is i mean i you know i know people", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01601-00402783-00402967": "talk about you know the tributaries", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01602-00402968-00403143": "you know the tributary system and of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01603-00403144-00403319": "course they never you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01604-00403320-00403471": "there was never anything really called", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01605-00403472-00403639": "that at least not by the chinese you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01606-00403640-00403678": "know with", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01607-00403679-00403982": "the term we coined um but you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01608-00403983-00404030": "something", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01609-00404031-00404223": "something a bit like that you know where", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01610-00404224-00404334": "where where you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01611-00404335-00404615": "the chairman of the communist party sits", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01612-00404616-00404910": "facing south to use the daoist uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01613-00404911-00405165": "um analogy um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01614-00405166-00405302": "[Music]", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01615-00405303-00405630": "and uh everything works because um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01616-00405631-00405943": "you know it it's all you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01617-00405944-00406271": "the world is harmonious", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01618-00406272-00406743": "and ruled ethically", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01619-00406744-00407095": "okay next question comes from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01620-00407096-00407415": "mikhail theolog", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01621-00407416-00407727": "china is displaying a superpowers", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01622-00407728-00408047": "ambition until recently", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01623-00408048-00408358": "it was believed that china would seek an", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01624-00408359-00408463": "expanded", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01625-00408464-00408815": "regional road they reduced u.s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01626-00408816-00409199": "road but would defer to the distant", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01627-00409200-00409271": "future", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01628-00409272-00409591": "any global ambitions now", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01629-00409592-00409926": "however the signs are that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01630-00409927-00410263": "china is gearing up to contest", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01631-00410264-00410591": "america's global leadership and this is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01632-00410592-00410782": "becoming unmistakable", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01633-00410783-00411247": "and they are ubiquitous do you agree", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01634-00411247-00411582": "partly not all together i think that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01635-00411583-00411918": "china's leaders are realistic and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01636-00411919-00412159": "then you know their primary concern is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01637-00412160-00412230": "is to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01638-00412231-00412510": "um secure effective control of their own", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01639-00412512-00412663": "backyard", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01640-00412664-00412991": "um so um i mean china looks", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01641-00412992-00413334": "at the world in concentric circles um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01642-00413335-00413510": "and i think what what they want to do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01643-00413512-00413670": "first and foremost is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01644-00413671-00413934": "get america you know out of their your", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01645-00413935-00414022": "backyard", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01646-00414023-00414287": "you know out of the first island chain", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01647-00414288-00414422": "and preferably out", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01648-00414423-00414726": "of the second island chain um if they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01649-00414727-00414766": "can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01650-00414767-00414999": "or at least with a very much reduced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01651-00415000-00415070": "presence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01652-00415071-00415430": "um and uh and impact that is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01653-00415431-00415655": "you know i think where where where their", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01654-00415656-00415847": "immediate uh priority", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01655-00415847-00416182": "uh lies um certainly", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01656-00416183-00416447": "um you know that you know maybe you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01657-00416447-00416591": "the chinese leadership have made it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01658-00416592-00416791": "clear on multiple occasions that they no", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01659-00416792-00416918": "longer see the u.s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01660-00416919-00417134": "led global order as fit for purpose in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01661-00417135-00417303": "the 21st century", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01662-00417304-00417463": "they you know make the point quite", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01663-00417464-00417622": "legitimately that it was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01664-00417623-00417991": "uh you know um um put together by the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01665-00417992-00418222": "usa and its allies in the aftermath of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01666-00418223-00418287": "world war", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01667-00418288-00418614": "ii and reflected you know western norms", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01668-00418615-00418895": "um and values and failed to take account", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01669-00418896-00418982": "of uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01670-00418983-00419318": "you know other ways of of looking at", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01671-00419319-00419631": "the world um all to varying", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01672-00419632-00419975": "degrees true um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01673-00419976-00420231": "what china is you know and it's been a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01674-00420232-00420510": "world war that's been characterized by", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01675-00420512-00420887": "um armed blocks and alliances", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01676-00420888-00421207": "um you know um and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01677-00421208-00421447": "what china is proposing is something", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01678-00421447-00421607": "much more benign", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01679-00421608-00421910": "uh much less belligerent", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01680-00421912-00422279": "um and something that takes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01681-00422280-00422607": "more account of what they call diversity", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01682-00422608-00422783": "by which they mean different uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01683-00422784-00423118": "political uh and cultural um perspective", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01684-00423119-00423279": "and all these things you know to varying", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01685-00423280-00423351": "degrees", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01686-00423352-00423614": "you can can be said to you know to to be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01687-00423615-00423710": "true but", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01688-00423712-00423943": "you know there is obviously a downside", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01689-00423943-00424039": "if you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01690-00424039-00424447": "uh reject um universal values", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01691-00424447-00424870": "uh which china explicitly does", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01692-00424871-00425270": "um you know that that that that can be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01693-00425271-00425518": "can be problematic so i think what china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01694-00425519-00425655": "wants you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01695-00425656-00425895": "you know is as much uh global influence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01696-00425896-00425991": "as possible", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01697-00425992-00426191": "but this reminds me of a conversation i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01698-00426192-00426303": "had with uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01699-00426304-00426535": "the then state councillor davinco back", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01700-00426535-00426743": "in 2007", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01701-00426743-00426966": "and you know he he was still sort of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01702-00426967-00427070": "chanting the mantra", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01703-00427071-00427279": "of you know hide and by you know china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01704-00427280-00427375": "has no", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01705-00427376-00427614": "ambition status quo power etc and i said", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01706-00427615-00427703": "well you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01707-00427704-00428031": "state councillor uh you're acquiring", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01708-00428032-00428447": "you know global interests and uh um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01709-00428447-00428718": "um global you know you're just getting", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01710-00428719-00428775": "more", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01711-00428776-00429039": "you know involved in the world generally", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01712-00429039-00429127": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01713-00429128-00429422": "and you might want to bear in mind that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01714-00429423-00429479": "you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01715-00429480-00429710": "the british didn't uh set out to you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01716-00429712-00429783": "know paint", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01717-00429784-00429999": "a quarter of the world pink it all", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01718-00430000-00430222": "happened as a result of a dynamic we got", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01719-00430223-00430343": "caught up in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01720-00430343-00430518": "ended up with us doing all sorts of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01721-00430519-00430679": "things we'd never planned or wanted to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01722-00430680-00430863": "do like ruling india", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01723-00430864-00431135": "um and i suspect state councillor that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01724-00431135-00431207": "you will", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01725-00431208-00431470": "find yourself in a similar dynamic and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01726-00431471-00431583": "once you do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01727-00431584-00431895": "there's no knowing where you end up so i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01728-00431896-00431991": "think this is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01729-00431992-00432231": "very much the situation where china is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01730-00432232-00432343": "in at the moment", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01731-00432343-00432583": "they have got a fairly strong sense of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01732-00432584-00432863": "how far they want their immediate reach", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01733-00432864-00433055": "to go but the problem with power is once", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01734-00433056-00433270": "you've got it and you exercise it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01735-00433271-00433566": "you know it kind of runs away with you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01736-00433567-00433663": "okay", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01737-00433664-00433975": "you you mentioned taiwan in your answer", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01738-00433976-00434039": "so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01739-00434039-00434247": "i'll pick the question next which i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01740-00434247-00434422": "think very specifically about the taiwan", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01741-00434423-00434479": "issue", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01742-00434480-00434687": "and this comes from graham leslie in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01743-00434688-00434918": "cardiff", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01744-00434919-00435279": "do you implies that china wants taiwan", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01745-00435280-00435483": "not just for political reasons of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01746-00435484-00435614": "unification", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01747-00435615-00435943": "but also for economic reasons to ensure", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01748-00435943-00436087": "that it can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01749-00436088-00436310": "lay his hands on the most advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01750-00436312-00436495": "microchips", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01751-00436496-00436807": "the spiner wished over time to have his", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01752-00436808-00437183": "own china controlled internet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01753-00437184-00437591": "to have his cyber sovereignty as it were", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01754-00437592-00437831": "yeah okay well there's more than one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01755-00437832-00438014": "question there so i'll break it down", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01756-00438015-00438375": "um i think where taiwan is concerned for", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01757-00438376-00438687": "the chinese party states um you know the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01758-00438688-00438870": "this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01759-00438871-00439175": "is a matter of honor and it's also you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01760-00439176-00439359": "know a matter of real politic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01761-00439360-00439695": "because um the ability of the party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01762-00439696-00439766": "state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01763-00439767-00440166": "to um you know realize", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01764-00440167-00440487": "national reunification is an important", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01765-00440488-00440743": "part of its claim to legitimacy", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01766-00440743-00440927": "now if you know it's got hong kong back", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01767-00440928-00441055": "it's got macau back", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01768-00441056-00441231": "but taiwan still eludes it and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01769-00441232-00441431": "unfortunately for them taiwan's moving", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01770-00441432-00441583": "in the opposite direction", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01771-00441584-00441814": "fewer and fewer taiwanese want any part", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01772-00441815-00441903": "of the mainland", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01773-00441904-00442118": "and they certainly no longer believe in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01774-00442119-00442207": "one country", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01775-00442208-00442614": "two systems um so it's it's getting uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01776-00442615-00442791": "getting more difficult", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01777-00442792-00443135": "but um you know fukudiris um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01778-00443135-00443463": "said that the drivers of uh conflict", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01779-00443464-00443799": "are fair honor and advantage", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01780-00443800-00444087": "for us getting misque philos and that's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01781-00444088-00444327": "as true today as it was 2000 whatever it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01782-00444328-00444591": "was years ago when the pedis wrote it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01783-00444592-00444814": "um and you know i think you've you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01784-00444815-00444975": "fear honor and advantage", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01785-00444976-00445270": "are all there in the taiwan equation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01786-00445271-00445583": "both for china and the united states", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01787-00445584-00446055": "um and china's behavior is driven by", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01788-00446056-00446383": "by all of them fear that if they don't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01789-00446384-00446647": "get uh taiwan back you know they're", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01790-00446647-00446807": "never going to be able to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01791-00446808-00447063": "um exercise effective control of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01792-00447064-00447159": "waters in their", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01793-00447160-00447422": "backyard fear also that their", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01794-00447423-00447599": "credibility could suffer", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01795-00447600-00447910": "you know um if they don't make good on", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01796-00447912-00447951": "their", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01797-00447952-00448295": "on on their commitments but also yes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01798-00448296-00448599": "benefit uh does come into it it's not", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01799-00448600-00448887": "quite that simple because even if china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01800-00448888-00449014": "were able to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01801-00449015-00449455": "take over intact uh the tsmc foundries", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01802-00449456-00449639": "and that's a big if", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01803-00449639-00449887": "i'm not sure america would countenance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01804-00449888-00449975": "it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01805-00449976-00450335": "um that still doesn't mean that they've", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01806-00450335-00450439": "got", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01807-00450439-00450783": "the design skills to actually design", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01808-00450784-00451095": "the high-end chips that tsmc", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01809-00451096-00451383": "is there to make and much would also", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01810-00451384-00451566": "depend on the extent to which which", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01811-00451567-00451983": "if any tsmc skilled staff were there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01812-00451984-00452295": "to um to make them and it's not just", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01813-00452296-00452414": "that either because", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01814-00452415-00452718": "you know this is a process that involves", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01815-00452719-00453055": "enormously complex uh supply chains the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01816-00453056-00453151": "silicon", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01817-00453152-00453391": "the chemicals for the etching and of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01818-00453392-00453510": "course you know the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01819-00453512-00453791": "the technology for for the advanced", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01820-00453792-00454014": "extreme ultraviolet uh etching", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01821-00454015-00454422": "uh uh techniques so um just getting hold", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01822-00454423-00454655": "of the tsmc foundries even if", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01823-00454656-00454822": "all the machinery was intact wouldn't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01824-00454823-00455079": "necessarily be a panacea", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01825-00455080-00455414": "for china's uh china's problems", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01826-00455415-00455591": "but on the last part of the question you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01827-00455592-00455743": "say does china want its own internet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01828-00455743-00455903": "well to all intents and purposes it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01829-00455904-00456022": "already has one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01830-00456023-00456295": "i mean the the chinese internet is in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01831-00456296-00456483": "many ways a kind of self-contained", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01832-00456484-00456607": "phenomenon", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01833-00456608-00456870": "uh similar to but in some ways very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01834-00456871-00456991": "different from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01835-00456992-00457327": "the internet that we in the west um are", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01836-00457328-00457614": "are familiar with and and you know i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01837-00457615-00457783": "think you know can be characterized as", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01838-00457784-00458007": "very much its own kind of uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01839-00458008-00458310": "you know sort of um cultural zone", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01840-00458312-00458518": "you know with its own more as its own", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01841-00458519-00458718": "you know terminology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01842-00458719-00459103": "um you know um you know it it is already", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01843-00459104-00459366": "very different and it is largely", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01844-00459367-00459566": "i think the chinese party state have", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01845-00459567-00459670": "achieved uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01846-00459671-00459918": "technology dominance over the chinese", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01847-00459919-00459999": "internet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01848-00460000-00460143": "doesn't mean to say that people can't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01849-00460143-00460343": "say things they don't want them to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01850-00460343-00460679": "but they can you know sort of stifle um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01851-00460680-00461007": "unwelcome discussions very quickly", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01852-00461008-00461222": "uh if the need arises and you know if", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01853-00461223-00461439": "need be they can go and find the people", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01854-00461439-00461807": "making um um you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01855-00461808-00462047": "disobliging remarks and uh make them an", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01856-00462047-00462151": "offer they're not going to be able to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01857-00462152-00462295": "refuse", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01858-00462296-00462599": "okay we got plenty of very very good", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01859-00462600-00462710": "questions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01860-00462712-00462863": "so you could give them very quick", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01861-00462864-00463039": "answers that would be fantastic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01862-00463039-00463447": "next one comes from philip mead", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01863-00463447-00463751": "how will the great e-coupling", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01864-00463752-00463983": "impact china's ability to innovate", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01865-00463984-00464070": "without", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01866-00464071-00464414": "u.s collaboration how does china's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01867-00464415-00464527": "education system", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01868-00464528-00464879": "itself lend itself to the creative", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01869-00464880-00465270": "creativity required to innovate", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01870-00465271-00465551": "and do you think that decoupling will", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01871-00465552-00465766": "encourage china's to resort", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01872-00465767-00466070": "more to covert activities", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01873-00466071-00466335": "such as cyber hacking espionage and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01874-00466335-00466407": "intellectual", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01875-00466408-00466727": "piracy field the war", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01876-00466728-00466975": "yeah well on the last point it is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01877-00466976-00467159": "actually quite hard to imagine how much", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01878-00467160-00467279": "more they could do than what they're", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01879-00467280-00467543": "doing already but yes most certainly", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01880-00467543-00467814": "i think it would lead to more more of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01881-00467815-00467855": "those", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01882-00467856-00468127": "activities no question about it you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01883-00468128-00468191": "um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01884-00468192-00468503": "what china cannot get um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01885-00468504-00468718": "legitimately in inverted commerce it is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01886-00468719-00468831": "going to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01887-00468832-00469063": "seek to acquire illegitimately also in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01888-00469064-00469222": "inverted commerce because these things", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01889-00469223-00469399": "are not straightforward", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01890-00469400-00469743": "um i think you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01891-00469743-00469959": "there is again this pervasive myth in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01892-00469960-00470159": "the west the chinese education system is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01893-00470160-00470222": "all about", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01894-00470223-00470422": "rote learning and you know the the poor", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01895-00470423-00470591": "ideas can't think for themselves and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01896-00470592-00470703": "it's really not like", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01897-00470704-00470991": "that at all um yes of course the formal", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01898-00470992-00471175": "exams require", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01899-00471176-00471495": "a lot of rote learning and uh yeah um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01900-00471496-00471655": "particularly the ones this year", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01901-00471656-00471814": "celebrating the centenary of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01902-00471815-00471959": "communist party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01903-00471960-00472255": "um but um you know chinese people can of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01904-00472256-00472391": "course think for themselves can be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01905-00472392-00472551": "innovative creative and there's plenty", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01906-00472552-00472631": "of evidence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01907-00472632-00472822": "uh to suggest that so i don't think that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01908-00472823-00473007": "all of a sudden you know this is this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01909-00473008-00473166": "feels like the reverse of the argument", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01910-00473167-00473335": "that the changes he made in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01911-00473335-00473566": "the 19th century that if we you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01912-00473567-00473791": "deprive the barbarians of their rhubarb", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01913-00473792-00473999": "their intestines will seize up and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01914-00474000-00474127": "you know we'll have them where we want", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01915-00474128-00474359": "them uh it's not going to be like that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01916-00474360-00474495": "but the point is that you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01917-00474496-00474655": "innovation benefits most from", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01918-00474656-00474831": "international collaboration and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01919-00474832-00475118": "um where where an international exchange", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01920-00475119-00475207": "of ideas", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01921-00475208-00475527": "and where that is reduced you know uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01922-00475528-00475831": "innovation will be okay um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01923-00475832-00476359": "next questions comes from ham jan", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01924-00476360-00476655": "you did say that uh decouplings will", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01925-00476656-00476822": "make both u.s and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01926-00476823-00477183": "china lost question is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01927-00477184-00477510": "china had almost a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01928-00477512-00477791": "free ride so far in engineering's", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01929-00477792-00477943": "technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01930-00477943-00478255": "transfer purchase theft western", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01931-00478256-00478535": "universities", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01932-00478535-00478943": "etc if this fee rise", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01933-00478943-00479279": "stops which looks likely", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01934-00479280-00479639": "can chinese develop their own technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01935-00479639-00480031": "really efficiently at reasonable cost", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01936-00480032-00480431": "and market it credibly if this is not", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01937-00480432-00480759": "possible will china not be the greater", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01938-00480760-00480959": "loser", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01939-00480960-00481191": "well you know we can we can't say uh for", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01940-00481192-00481335": "a certain one way or another you can't", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01941-00481335-00481462": "predict the future", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01942-00481463-00481662": "but um i don't think it's necessarily", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01943-00481663-00481839": "the case i mean the fact is that if you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01944-00481839-00482039": "look at technology around the world", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01945-00482039-00482318": "um china you know has um very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01946-00482319-00482414": "significant", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01947-00482415-00482759": "um engagement um in both developed and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01948-00482760-00482847": "developing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01949-00482847-00483095": "uh countries but particularly in the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01950-00483096-00483318": "latter you know the chinese technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01951-00483319-00483447": "offered to these countries", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01952-00483447-00483622": "is something that they find genuinely", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01953-00483623-00483847": "attractive for all sorts of reasons", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01954-00483847-00484095": "and when you look at efforts by the usa", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01955-00484096-00484295": "to to impose things like", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01956-00484296-00484607": "you know the clean network uh initiative", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01957-00484608-00484807": "you find that um you know countries", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01958-00484808-00484999": "who've signed up pay lip service to it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01959-00485000-00485103": "but aren't really", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01960-00485104-00485399": "sort of taking it all that seriously so", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01961-00485400-00485470": "i mean i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01962-00485471-00485831": "you know um i think china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01963-00485832-00486151": "can and will develop um its own", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01964-00486152-00486495": "technologies and b i think that um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01965-00486496-00486759": "the way which it can deploy and market", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01966-00486760-00486799": "those", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01967-00486800-00487070": "uh internationally will be and is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01968-00487071-00487143": "already", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01969-00487143-00487399": "uh very effective it doesn't mean that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01970-00487400-00487566": "you know everybody's going to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01971-00487567-00487910": "flock to chinese technology everywhere", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01972-00487912-00488135": "um but i think china is in with a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01973-00488135-00488255": "fighting chance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01974-00488256-00488479": "um and i don't think it can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01975-00488480-00488599": "automatically be", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01976-00488600-00488918": "assumed that um china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01977-00488919-00489214": "will fall behind the usa will search", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01978-00489215-00489399": "ahead i think i can see", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01979-00489400-00489670": "a future in which things take the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01980-00489671-00489791": "opposite path", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01981-00489792-00490007": "you know we we've just had four years of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01982-00490008-00490247": "a us government that's fundamentally", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01983-00490247-00490439": "anti-science", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01984-00490439-00490855": "and has defunded a lot of u.s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01985-00490856-00491175": "original research work you've got a u.s", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01986-00491176-00491359": "congress that seems", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01987-00491360-00491687": "uh determined to regulate silicon valley", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01988-00491688-00491847": "through what looks to me like a lot of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01989-00491847-00492039": "the wrong sort of regulation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01990-00492039-00492239": "in contrast to china which is regulating", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01991-00492239-00492375": "its own tech sector", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01992-00492376-00492527": "through what looks like the right sort", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01993-00492528-00492791": "of um regulation", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01994-00492792-00492983": "so you know don't take it for granted", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01995-00492984-00493166": "that the united states will carry", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01996-00493167-00493559": "seamlessly on its current trajectory", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01997-00493560-00493879": "okay next question i picked", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01998-00493880-00494214": "comes from the facebook feed", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-01999-00494215-00494559": "from kanchana raman", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02000-00494560-00494927": "nunjam despite its technological", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02001-00494928-00495055": "advancement", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02002-00495056-00495295": "why does china lag behind in the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02003-00495296-00495383": "microchip", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02004-00495384-00495670": "area and what will it take before it can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02005-00495671-00495799": "catch up", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02006-00495800-00495927": "that's a very good question and the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02007-00495928-00496087": "short answer is nobody knows if they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02008-00496088-00496287": "knew that it sorted it out by now", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02009-00496288-00496543": "but this goes back a long way um back in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02010-00496543-00496799": "the 1960s china", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02011-00496800-00497031": "was probably about where the usa was in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02012-00497032-00497375": "terms of um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02013-00497376-00497727": "semiconductor technology and then", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02014-00497728-00497991": "you know the the intervention of the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02015-00497992-00498159": "cultural revolution", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02016-00498160-00498495": "basically decimated china's um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02017-00498496-00498814": "um emerging nascent um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02018-00498815-00499135": "uh indigenous uh sector there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02019-00499135-00499375": "he completely you know uh uh uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02020-00499376-00499518": "obliterated", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02021-00499519-00499814": "it and you know things like that you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02022-00499815-00500055": "know carry a long tail uh and i think", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02023-00500056-00500214": "china is in part suffering", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02024-00500215-00500599": "uh from from that um what else um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02025-00500600-00500903": "um i mean you know the the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02026-00500904-00501135": "different technologies can be acquired", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02027-00501135-00501343": "by different means you know some", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02028-00501343-00501655": "you know to be put bluntly some are very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02029-00501656-00501743": "easy to steal", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02030-00501743-00502055": "and copy microchip manufacturer is not", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02031-00502056-00502166": "one of those", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02032-00502167-00502343": "because manufacturing designing and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02033-00502343-00502566": "manufacturing microchips requires what", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02034-00502567-00502647": "the germans call", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02035-00502647-00502927": "fingerspitz this kind of innate", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02036-00502928-00503214": "intuitive knowledge that only comes", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02037-00503215-00503551": "from constant engagement and uh you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02038-00503552-00503718": "learning by doing", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02039-00503719-00504039": "so if you're not doing that you're at", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02040-00504039-00504366": "a disadvantage um so i think these are", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02041-00504367-00504527": "some of the reasons why", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02042-00504528-00504910": "why china is uh still um behind", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02043-00504912-00505127": "we've seen a lot of uh efforts by the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02044-00505128-00505287": "chinese state to throw money at the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02045-00505288-00505391": "problem", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02046-00505392-00505670": "and most of this hasn't worked i think", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02047-00505671-00505831": "it may in time", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02048-00505832-00505999": "uh but this is one of the more difficult", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02049-00506000-00506175": "technologies as i said you can't just", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02050-00506176-00506375": "get a little get the manual and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02051-00506376-00506807": "you know take it from there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02052-00506808-00507014": "next one i'm combining uh two sets of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02053-00507015-00507207": "questions but they are all related to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02054-00507208-00507359": "standards", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02055-00507360-00507543": "uh the first one comes from somebody who", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02056-00507543-00507791": "prefers to stay anonymous", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02057-00507792-00507991": "and she said that she's always a bit", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02058-00507992-00508283": "confused by this tenders", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02059-00508284-00508535": "conversations", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02060-00508535-00508751": "could you give a couple of examples of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02061-00508752-00508975": "standards and the technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02062-00508976-00509255": "that this applies to and perhaps how", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02063-00509256-00509318": "they", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02064-00509319-00509631": "differ between the us and china related", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02065-00509632-00509703": "to this is a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02066-00509704-00510110": "question from a source student", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02067-00510112-00510503": "murray stokey", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02068-00510504-00510791": "do the national champions also promote", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02069-00510792-00510855": "technical", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02070-00510856-00511191": "standards and norms such as internet", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02071-00511192-00511351": "certainty abroad", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02072-00511352-00511647": "how resilient is the chinese private", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02073-00511647-00511822": "state nexus", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02074-00511823-00512166": "in activities abroad yeah okay", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02075-00512167-00512414": "well um the the answer to the last", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02076-00512415-00512470": "question", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02077-00512471-00512735": "is very you know there's the the the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02078-00512735-00512799": "state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02079-00512800-00513055": "and the private sector you know um have", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02080-00513056-00513247": "been working together very well", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02081-00513247-00513503": "but it's it's less so now because i", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02082-00513504-00513559": "think that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02083-00513560-00513879": "um in in recent uh uh times", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02084-00513880-00514166": "um some of uh china's big tech", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02085-00514167-00514375": "entrepreneurs have been brought to heal", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02086-00514376-00514462": "by the party", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02087-00514463-00514791": "and reminded who's really in charge um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02088-00514792-00515047": "and that i think has crimped their uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02089-00515047-00515151": "confidence", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02090-00515152-00515487": "uh somewhat uh but broadly speaking the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02091-00515488-00515614": "chinese party state", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02092-00515615-00515879": "is able to get uh its private sector do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02093-00515880-00516014": "to do what it needs it", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02094-00516015-00516422": "to do um so i i don't think that is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02095-00516423-00516727": "going uh going to change um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02096-00516728-00517022": "in terms of standards well i think um 5g", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02097-00517023-00517166": "is the obvious one to point you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02098-00517167-00517247": "well you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02099-00517247-00517399": "let's look at one one area where", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02100-00517400-00517591": "standards kind of work and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02101-00517592-00517903": "and where they don't um one you know is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02102-00517904-00518151": "ordinary electrical appliances", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02103-00518152-00518407": "um you know now you know there there are", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02104-00518408-00518503": "no sort of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02105-00518504-00518679": "global standards for electrical", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02106-00518680-00518870": "appliances when you travel from one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02107-00518871-00519127": "you know uh part of the world to another", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02108-00519128-00519335": "you know none of the plugs match", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02109-00519335-00519591": "you know they're all different and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02110-00519592-00519647": "you've got to", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02111-00519647-00519807": "you know if you're if you're traveling a", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02112-00519808-00519927": "lot you've got to have you know these", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02113-00519928-00520143": "huge adapters that you know sort of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02114-00520143-00520422": "enable you to plug in you know all sorts", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02115-00520423-00520575": "of different sectors", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02116-00520576-00520766": "but on the other hand take um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02117-00520767-00521007": "information communication technology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02118-00521008-00521255": "you know there is you know so one set of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02119-00521256-00521391": "plugs", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02120-00521392-00521695": "that work for all computers and all", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02121-00521696-00521822": "smartphones", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02122-00521823-00522007": "you don't have to carry you know lots of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02123-00522008-00522183": "different ones with you and adapters", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02124-00522184-00522310": "every where you go", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02125-00522312-00522470": "and that's because there has been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02126-00522471-00522687": "effective international agreement", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02127-00522688-00522943": "on what these standards should be now", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02128-00522943-00523095": "it's not one that particularly affected", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02129-00523096-00523318": "china because it was a usa that was", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02130-00523319-00523622": "the dominant factor but let's take 5g", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02131-00523623-00523887": "where the national china's national", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02132-00523888-00524007": "champion huawei", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02133-00524008-00524279": "has been filing patents on 5g like", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02134-00524280-00524399": "there's no tomorrow", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02135-00524400-00524655": "has been very heavily involved in all", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02136-00524656-00524791": "the international", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02137-00524792-00525118": "uh negotiations on 5g", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02138-00525119-00525495": "standards um and has therefore", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02139-00525496-00525783": "you know been very effective at shaping", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02140-00525784-00525991": "uh these standards in ways that", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02141-00525992-00526279": "uh you know reflect its own emerging you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02142-00526280-00526391": "know technologies", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02143-00526392-00526743": "and and and capabilities um", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02144-00526744-00527022": "um it is just a kind of you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02145-00527023-00527143": "virtuous circle", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02146-00527144-00527391": "uh where huawei has been concerned in", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02147-00527392-00527575": "relation to 5g", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02148-00527576-00527831": "so that is an example of how you you can", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02149-00527832-00528031": "do this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02150-00528032-00528359": "okay we have one minutes left so uh one", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02151-00528360-00528431": "last", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02152-00528432-00528814": "uh question from us phd student", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02153-00528815-00529191": "uh malacca robinson", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02154-00529192-00529583": "is this u.s china tech competitions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02155-00529584-00529895": "primarily an ideological battle", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02156-00529896-00530166": "rather than a technological or economic", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02157-00530167-00530375": "conflict", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02158-00530376-00530718": "i would say yes uh in a word um the the", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02159-00530719-00530831": "the uh", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02160-00530832-00531087": "that it's at the bottom of this you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02161-00531088-00531199": "it's about raw", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02162-00531200-00531414": "you know geopolitical power it's about", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02163-00531415-00531543": "technology dominance", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02164-00531544-00531759": "but what's really at the bottom of it is", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02165-00531760-00531983": "values and ideology", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02166-00531984-00532207": "you know and and then two sets of values", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02167-00532208-00532366": "and ideology that are very very", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02168-00532367-00532559": "difficult to reconcile", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02169-00532560-00532751": "so yes i think that is at the heart of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02170-00532752-00532991": "it and uh you know", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02171-00532992-00533222": "in essence technology has simply served", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02172-00533223-00533366": "as an accelerator", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02173-00533367-00533718": "and a catalyst uh for this", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02174-00533719-00534103": "um um division", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02175-00534104-00534318": "that that has already been there and", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02176-00534319-00534543": "always been there", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02177-00534544-00534862": "well required to believe i have been", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02178-00534863-00534935": "defeated", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02179-00534936-00535279": "by the clock once again", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02180-00535280-00535599": "so i will have to draw this webinar", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02181-00535600-00535959": "to a close this is the last webinar", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02182-00535960-00536279": "we are holding this academic year", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02183-00536280-00536551": "hopefully with the new academic year", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02184-00536552-00536775": "most of our events will return", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02185-00536776-00537111": "to physical seminar at source", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02186-00537112-00537391": "but we're also planning to have a small", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02187-00537392-00537470": "number of", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02188-00537471-00537727": "webinars that will reach out to people", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02189-00537728-00537822": "who are", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02190-00537823-00538175": "not based in london so please do", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02191-00538176-00538462": "keep an eye on our events moving forward", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02192-00538463-00538575": "let me just", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02193-00538576-00538870": "thank nigel inkster for a really", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02194-00538871-00538991": "inspiring", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02195-00538992-00539318": "and knowledgeable and insightful webinar", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02196-00539319-00539535": "and to all of you who have taken part", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02197-00539536-00539711": "and raised questions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02198-00539712-00539966": "i apologize to those of you whose", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02199-00539967-00540127": "questions i have not been able", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02200-00540128-00540462": "to reach out to the speaker", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02201-00540463-00540783": "but please be sure that your questions", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02202-00540784-00541103": "will be sent on to him so he will please", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02203-00541104-00541479": "know what have been raised by you", "e6Wf1XQZVOc-02204-00541480-00542184": "thank you very soon as well and goodbye"}}, {"audio_id": "e72fxlrvH6U", "text": {"e72fxlrvH6U-00000-00000000-00001278": "[Music]", "e72fxlrvH6U-00001-00001279-00001543": "have you ever been so tired and stressed", "e72fxlrvH6U-00002-00001544-00001751": "out that you just couldn't function your", "e72fxlrvH6U-00003-00001752-00001967": "hectic schedule hasn't even allowed you", "e72fxlrvH6U-00004-00001968-00002223": "time to schedule an appointment to see a", "e72fxlrvH6U-00005-00002224-00002326": "doctor", "e72fxlrvH6U-00006-00002327-00002542": "what if you had a simple way to select", "e72fxlrvH6U-00007-00002543-00002823": "the doctor of your choice and schedule", "e72fxlrvH6U-00008-00002824-00003079": "an appointment that suited the time that", "e72fxlrvH6U-00009-00003080-00003438": "you're available well now you can", "e72fxlrvH6U-00010-00003439-00003790": "introducing the doctor app this simple", "e72fxlrvH6U-00011-00003792-00004031": "easy to use app will save you time and", "e72fxlrvH6U-00012-00004032-00004279": "reduce your stress load you're already", "e72fxlrvH6U-00013-00004280-00004527": "feeling better just knowing about it", "e72fxlrvH6U-00014-00004528-00004799": "so go ahead and download the doctor app", "e72fxlrvH6U-00015-00004800-00005079": "now it's available for both iphone and", "e72fxlrvH6U-00016-00005080-00005335": "android devices and get that very", "e72fxlrvH6U-00017-00005336-00007690": "important doctor appointment scheduled", "e72fxlrvH6U-00018-00007691-00007983": "[Music]", "e72fxlrvH6U-00019-00007984-00010764": "do", "e72fxlrvH6U-00020-00010765-00011046": "[Music]", "e72fxlrvH6U-00021-00011047-00011256": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "e743dEBCZ8Y", "text": {"e743dEBCZ8Y-00000-00000183-00000516": "so consider this melody", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00001-00000517-00000862": "[Music]", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00002-00000863-00001023": "i like it personally but i think it", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00003-00001024-00001262": "needs to be a bit more cursed so how do", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00004-00001263-00001527": "we fix this absolute travis well we can", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00005-00001528-00001879": "throw this melody into", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00006-00001880-00002118": "throw this melody into sample app then", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00007-00002119-00002287": "we can take the resulting midi and drag", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00008-00002288-00002487": "it back into itself and now we can use", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00009-00002488-00002687": "the flip function in fl studio to flip", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00010-00002688-00003485": "it vertically and now we get this", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00011-00003486-00004543": "[Music]", "e743dEBCZ8Y-00012-00004544-00004816": "christmas"}}, {"audio_id": "e7kgig3IJtE", "text": {"e7kgig3IJtE-00000-00000000-00000347": "catch him", "e7kgig3IJtE-00001-00000348-00000746": "self", "e7kgig3IJtE-00002-00000747-00001876": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00003-00001877-00003293": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00004-00003294-00005820": "flowers", "e7kgig3IJtE-00005-00005821-00007831": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00006-00007831-00008159": "so the differences between the new poly", "e7kgig3IJtE-00007-00008159-00008309": "and tracker mini and the original", "e7kgig3IJtE-00008-00008310-00008542": "tracker that we have are that it's", "e7kgig3IJtE-00009-00008543-00008753": "completely battery powered we have eight", "e7kgig3IJtE-00010-00008754-00008974": "hours of battery life four times more", "e7kgig3IJtE-00011-00008975-00009185": "memory so you can fit more samples on it", "e7kgig3IJtE-00012-00009186-00009401": "and also we have support for stereo", "e7kgig3IJtE-00013-00009402-00009635": "samples not just through manually", "e7kgig3IJtE-00014-00009636-00009851": "putting samples into the SD card but", "e7kgig3IJtE-00015-00009852-00010121": "also with the stereo line in it's also", "e7kgig3IJtE-00016-00010122-00010283": "not so heavy", "e7kgig3IJtE-00017-00010284-00010499": "it's definitely very lightweight it's", "e7kgig3IJtE-00018-00010500-00010714": "made to be portable and so that you can", "e7kgig3IJtE-00019-00010715-00010901": "make an album on the go", "e7kgig3IJtE-00020-00010902-00014938": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00021-00014940-00017350": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00022-00017351-00022553": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00023-00022554-00024622": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00024-00024623-00024800": "okay", "e7kgig3IJtE-00025-00024801-00027964": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00026-00027966-00028951": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00027-00028952-00030130": "thank you", "e7kgig3IJtE-00028-00030131-00030799": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00029-00030800-00031290": "the second one", "e7kgig3IJtE-00030-00031291-00032152": "like invested a lot of times", "e7kgig3IJtE-00031-00032154-00034679": "thank you very much", "e7kgig3IJtE-00032-00034680-00035519": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00033-00035520-00036712": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00034-00036713-00037733": "we're here in the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00035-00037734-00038837": "world", "e7kgig3IJtE-00036-00038838-00042467": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00037-00042468-00046096": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00038-00046097-00047874": "difficult", "e7kgig3IJtE-00039-00047875-00049595": "because it's a long time yeah", "e7kgig3IJtE-00040-00049596-00051623": "maybe use one two three", "e7kgig3IJtE-00041-00051624-00053194": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00042-00053195-00053315": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00043-00053316-00055016": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00044-00055017-00055796": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00045-00055797-00058552": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00046-00058553-00060316": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00047-00060317-00062001": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00048-00062002-00064138": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00049-00064139-00064204": "right", "e7kgig3IJtE-00050-00064205-00064487": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00051-00064488-00064888": "harmonic outputs is harmonic content is", "e7kgig3IJtE-00052-00064889-00065254": "set by your slide and focus controls and", "e7kgig3IJtE-00053-00065255-00065459": "then of course an oscillator with a", "e7kgig3IJtE-00054-00065460-00066100": "frequency control as well so", "e7kgig3IJtE-00055-00066101-00067273": "good", "e7kgig3IJtE-00056-00067274-00068425": "expensive all the time", "e7kgig3IJtE-00057-00068426-00068849": "announce this model yesterday and send", "e7kgig3IJtE-00058-00068850-00069106": "us an email and we will add you to the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00059-00069107-00074071": "list to be notified", "e7kgig3IJtE-00060-00074072-00075959": "so like if you do", "e7kgig3IJtE-00061-00075960-00076193": "so heat maybe you want that at the very", "e7kgig3IJtE-00062-00076194-00076471": "end to like destroy everything", "e7kgig3IJtE-00063-00076472-00076931": "it looks flexible very complexity and", "e7kgig3IJtE-00064-00076932-00077497": "then you of course", "e7kgig3IJtE-00065-00077498-00077879": "nice so we have one envelope following", "e7kgig3IJtE-00066-00077880-00078209": "okay nice and each of those have two", "e7kgig3IJtE-00067-00078210-00078521": "destinations okay we can do crazy stuff", "e7kgig3IJtE-00068-00078522-00078721": "yeah what about uh", "e7kgig3IJtE-00069-00078722-00079085": "okay to know is that if you go to the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00070-00079086-00079271": "very end here after all the other course", "e7kgig3IJtE-00071-00079272-00079625": "if you have a matrix", "e7kgig3IJtE-00072-00079626-00079992": "your destinations here yeah nice", "e7kgig3IJtE-00073-00079993-00080057": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00074-00080058-00080147": "[Applause]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00075-00080148-00081089": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00076-00081090-00081440": "[Applause]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00077-00081441-00081449": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00078-00081450-00082140": "[Applause]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00079-00082141-00083745": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00080-00083746-00083987": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00081-00083988-00084426": "[Applause]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00082-00084427-00085024": "all right", "e7kgig3IJtE-00083-00085025-00086219": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00084-00086220-00086402": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00085-00086403-00088631": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00086-00088632-00089376": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00087-00089377-00089711": "stuff it's quite interesting I have to", "e7kgig3IJtE-00088-00089712-00089956": "say I'm not entirely sure where to kind", "e7kgig3IJtE-00089-00089957-00090209": "of like place it you know end of the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00090-00090210-00090581": "chain or effects or wherever but yeah", "e7kgig3IJtE-00091-00090582-00090737": "I'm looking forward to checking it out", "e7kgig3IJtE-00092-00090738-00091025": "even more do you know a half year I", "e7kgig3IJtE-00093-00091026-00091318": "bought bought a normal okay but now I'm", "e7kgig3IJtE-00094-00091319-00091582": "sad okay for sure", "e7kgig3IJtE-00095-00091583-00091823": "the Mark II or the normal one mark two", "e7kgig3IJtE-00096-00091824-00093802": "yeah yeah", "e7kgig3IJtE-00097-00093803-00094519": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00098-00094520-00096990": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00099-00096991-00097897": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00100-00097898-00098261": "it is a dual oscillator like the DPO but", "e7kgig3IJtE-00101-00098262-00098555": "this one's digital oh okay it's a it's a", "e7kgig3IJtE-00102-00098556-00098861": "it's a it's a spectral oscillator and", "e7kgig3IJtE-00103-00098862-00099071": "it's under the sound hack name so it's a", "e7kgig3IJtE-00104-00099072-00099250": "collaboration with Tom Erb from sound", "e7kgig3IJtE-00105-00099251-00099503": "hack we worked with Tom on the mimia", "e7kgig3IJtE-00106-00099504-00099961": "phone in the morning", "e7kgig3IJtE-00107-00099962-00100331": "a bunch of things okay so so it's an", "e7kgig3IJtE-00108-00100332-00100517": "oscillator that um", "e7kgig3IJtE-00109-00100518-00100689": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00110-00100690-00101316": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00111-00101317-00102392": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00112-00102393-00103483": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00113-00103484-00103804": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00114-00103805-00103868": "really", "e7kgig3IJtE-00115-00103869-00104044": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00116-00104045-00104308": "and I had detuned the even harmonics so", "e7kgig3IJtE-00117-00104309-00104410": "that they're kind of creating an", "e7kgig3IJtE-00118-00104411-00104610": "interval", "e7kgig3IJtE-00119-00104611-00104963": "a little bit the atmosphere with Reverb", "e7kgig3IJtE-00120-00104964-00105065": "or something", "e7kgig3IJtE-00121-00105066-00106134": "I'll turn that off so you can hear it", "e7kgig3IJtE-00122-00106135-00107947": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00123-00107948-00108202": "thank you", "e7kgig3IJtE-00124-00108203-00108493": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00125-00108494-00108784": "this other oscillator I've put into the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00126-00108785-00108977": "other mode you can switch between modes", "e7kgig3IJtE-00127-00108978-00109127": "on on either oscillator or whatever you", "e7kgig3IJtE-00128-00109128-00109402": "want okay with the uh the uh this isn't", "e7kgig3IJtE-00129-00109403-00109589": "what we're calling spectral amplitude", "e7kgig3IJtE-00130-00109590-00109799": "modulation or Sam", "e7kgig3IJtE-00131-00109800-00110147": "let's pull that real quick so it listens", "e7kgig3IJtE-00132-00110148-00110333": "to the input put something into the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00133-00110333-00110608": "input and it will use the slide", "e7kgig3IJtE-00134-00110609-00110878": "parameter to decide what fundamental", "e7kgig3IJtE-00135-00110879-00111119": "frequency it's listening for", "e7kgig3IJtE-00136-00111120-00111419": "then it'll interpret this sound as a set", "e7kgig3IJtE-00137-00111420-00111581": "of harmonics of that fundamental", "e7kgig3IJtE-00138-00111582-00111719": "frequency", "e7kgig3IJtE-00139-00111720-00111971": "and it'll re-synthesize them at the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00140-00111972-00112375": "frequency you set with this control", "e7kgig3IJtE-00141-00112376-00113319": "you can any kinds of sounds or opinions", "e7kgig3IJtE-00142-00113320-00114998": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00143-00114999-00115199": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00144-00115200-00115477": "water", "e7kgig3IJtE-00145-00115478-00115889": "all right", "e7kgig3IJtE-00146-00115890-00116128": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00147-00116129-00116469": "it's a piano playing", "e7kgig3IJtE-00148-00116470-00117102": "[Music]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00149-00117103-00117389": "I gotta put a new battery in these one", "e7kgig3IJtE-00150-00117390-00119273": "second", "e7kgig3IJtE-00151-00119274-00120199": "sorry", "e7kgig3IJtE-00152-00120200-00120665": "cool stuff", "e7kgig3IJtE-00153-00120666-00120869": "this is shipping at the end of May okay", "e7kgig3IJtE-00154-00120870-00121157": "and it's gonna be 5.99 nice", "e7kgig3IJtE-00155-00121158-00121608": "and it's a 34 HP same size as the Renee", "e7kgig3IJtE-00156-00121609-00121852": "yeah it's a big and big and powerful", "e7kgig3IJtE-00157-00121853-00122093": "module okay so now this is the minutes", "e7kgig3IJtE-00158-00122094-00122321": "later of the search system or no", "e7kgig3IJtE-00159-00122322-00122536": "uh no this system we just built to", "e7kgig3IJtE-00160-00122538-00122716": "demonstrate this at Super Booth okay", "e7kgig3IJtE-00161-00122717-00122993": "shared system we're still selling yeah", "e7kgig3IJtE-00162-00122994-00123223": "with DPO okay DPO is still in production", "e7kgig3IJtE-00163-00123224-00123577": "uh this is the same the same price as", "e7kgig3IJtE-00164-00123578-00123834": "well", "e7kgig3IJtE-00165-00123835-00125497": "thank you so much thank you very much", "e7kgig3IJtE-00166-00125498-00125873": "so yeah this is Strokes so Strokes is a", "e7kgig3IJtE-00167-00125874-00126119": "sequencer sampler synthesizer and group", "e7kgig3IJtE-00168-00126120-00126316": "boxer take a look at the voices page", "e7kgig3IJtE-00169-00126317-00126478": "we've got eight voices", "e7kgig3IJtE-00170-00126479-00126754": "the voice can be a sampler or one of the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00171-00126755-00126965": "16 built-in sub dungeons the Sim", "e7kgig3IJtE-00172-00126966-00127102": "Vengeance support removable instruments", "e7kgig3IJtE-00173-00127103-00127271": "plus they sound really really good and", "e7kgig3IJtE-00174-00127272-00127408": "they respond really well to modulation", "e7kgig3IJtE-00175-00127409-00127613": "you've got stuff like FM like classic", "e7kgig3IJtE-00176-00127614-00127763": "analog shapes we've also got German", "e7kgig3IJtE-00177-00127764-00128002": "synthesizers and string models things", "e7kgig3IJtE-00178-00128003-00128213": "like that I say they respond really well", "e7kgig3IJtE-00179-00128214-00128375": "to modulation because on the sequencer", "e7kgig3IJtE-00180-00128376-00128575": "page that's where we do it", "e7kgig3IJtE-00181-00128576-00128843": "grab these four channels here", "e7kgig3IJtE-00182-00128844-00128981": "which one has like an individual", "e7kgig3IJtE-00183-00128982-00129239": "playhead okay so they can overlap they", "e7kgig3IJtE-00184-00129240-00129364": "can face they can run in different", "e7kgig3IJtE-00185-00129365-00129481": "directions", "e7kgig3IJtE-00186-00129482-00129701": "you see here as we're stepping through", "e7kgig3IJtE-00187-00129702-00129869": "this pad it's advancing the sequence", "e7kgig3IJtE-00188-00129870-00130133": "down here and I can assign that control", "e7kgig3IJtE-00189-00130133-00130457": "there to say the pitch of the bass drum", "e7kgig3IJtE-00190-00130458-00130660": "so now the picture on page has been", "e7kgig3IJtE-00191-00130661-00130871": "sequence by this here I can do that for", "e7kgig3IJtE-00192-00130872-00131033": "any of the sound promos for any of the", "e7kgig3IJtE-00193-00131033-00131189": "channels for any of the voices it's", "e7kgig3IJtE-00194-00131190-00131489": "fully modular yeah any modulation Souls", "e7kgig3IJtE-00195-00131490-00131866": "can be viewed to any sound design", "e7kgig3IJtE-00196-00131867-00132029": "foreign", "e7kgig3IJtE-00197-00132030-00133378": "[Applause]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00198-00133379-00136678": "[Applause]", "e7kgig3IJtE-00199-00136679-00136940": "foreign"}}, {"audio_id": "e7rii6KDWnc", "text": {"e7rii6KDWnc-00000-00000000-00000247": "hello this is odd from the g2 album team", "e7rii6KDWnc-00001-00000248-00000495": "and today we're doing a typing challenge", "e7rii6KDWnc-00002-00000496-00000854": "with the boys beyonce", "e7rii6KDWnc-00003-00000855-00000983": "i'm probably gonna be the fastest not", "e7rii6KDWnc-00004-00000984-00002566": "gonna lie but let's find out", "e7rii6KDWnc-00005-00002567-00002902": "[Laughter]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00006-00002903-00003087": "what are these oh my god wait there's", "e7rii6KDWnc-00007-00003088-00003254": "more yes there's more", "e7rii6KDWnc-00008-00003255-00003654": "that the spike bro come on faster", "e7rii6KDWnc-00009-00003655-00004135": "i will not wave bro oh you are awake", "e7rii6KDWnc-00010-00004136-00005215": "you literally whipped", "e7rii6KDWnc-00011-00005216-00005535": "oh what the [__]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00012-00005536-00006722": "what are you doing", "e7rii6KDWnc-00013-00006723-00007070": "[Music]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00014-00007072-00008495": "go", "e7rii6KDWnc-00015-00008496-00008751": "will not give back my opponents hello i", "e7rii6KDWnc-00016-00008752-00008814": "will", "e7rii6KDWnc-00017-00008815-00009119": "no i lost my teammate 30 seconds oh i", "e7rii6KDWnc-00018-00009120-00009342": "was not with my spray", "e7rii6KDWnc-00019-00009343-00009655": "oh he didn't win oh he didn't okay it's", "e7rii6KDWnc-00020-00009656-00010521": "locked yes", "e7rii6KDWnc-00021-00010522-00011335": "[Music]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00022-00011336-00011863": "well that's better than are these no", "e7rii6KDWnc-00023-00011864-00012229": "okay got lucky", "e7rii6KDWnc-00024-00012230-00012631": "[Music]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00025-00012632-00013015": "i will qualify oh my god oh", "e7rii6KDWnc-00026-00013016-00013399": "joking choking already oh oh oh wait", "e7rii6KDWnc-00027-00013400-00014038": "oh my god", "e7rii6KDWnc-00028-00014040-00014503": "oh yeah oh yeah", "e7rii6KDWnc-00029-00014504-00014822": "yeah this is this is not fair", "e7rii6KDWnc-00030-00014823-00015247": "can you stop patty please can you please", "e7rii6KDWnc-00031-00015247-00016647": "wow wow", "e7rii6KDWnc-00032-00016648-00016879": "i'm seeing texas i've never seen oh my", "e7rii6KDWnc-00033-00016880-00017055": "god this is disgusting", "e7rii6KDWnc-00034-00017056-00017311": "yeah it is disgusting bro i choked", "e7rii6KDWnc-00035-00017312-00017422": "actually i talked", "e7rii6KDWnc-00036-00017423-00017783": "i actually talked yeah it's like 82.", "e7rii6KDWnc-00037-00017784-00018401": "full time and i talked i put", "e7rii6KDWnc-00038-00018402-00018527": "[Music]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00039-00018528-00018807": "ready yes okay two one don't wait don't", "e7rii6KDWnc-00040-00018808-00019247": "whiff don't wait", "e7rii6KDWnc-00041-00019248-00019683": "fast i mean okay okay he's going", "e7rii6KDWnc-00042-00019684-00019903": "fast oh my", "e7rii6KDWnc-00043-00019904-00020271": "jacob is actually yeah yeah he's going", "e7rii6KDWnc-00044-00020272-00020607": "he's going safer than patrick yeah but", "e7rii6KDWnc-00045-00020608-00020814": "yeah like he's going to not miss you", "e7rii6KDWnc-00046-00020815-00020975": "know", "e7rii6KDWnc-00047-00020976-00021278": "holy [__] jacob look hello consistently", "e7rii6KDWnc-00048-00021279-00021414": "yeah", "e7rii6KDWnc-00049-00021415-00021671": "what is going on jacob what is going on", "e7rii6KDWnc-00050-00021672-00021758": "jacob", "e7rii6KDWnc-00051-00021759-00022063": "hello jacoby", "e7rii6KDWnc-00052-00022064-00022414": "you got it five seconds almost", "e7rii6KDWnc-00053-00022415-00023894": "i i i", "e7rii6KDWnc-00054-00023895-00024142": "didn't mean to like it went forward and", "e7rii6KDWnc-00055-00024143-00024239": "i said that", "e7rii6KDWnc-00056-00024240-00024494": "he was too young but now you're yeah", "e7rii6KDWnc-00057-00024495-00024765": "finally how the oldest wins", "e7rii6KDWnc-00058-00024766-00025127": "[Music]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00059-00025128-00026462": "okay how do you think you're gonna do it", "e7rii6KDWnc-00060-00026463-00026599": "imagine that you are taping an angry", "e7rii6KDWnc-00061-00026600-00029087": "tweet maybe", "e7rii6KDWnc-00062-00029088-00029351": "what do you mean he's going off he's", "e7rii6KDWnc-00063-00029352-00030902": "going up", "e7rii6KDWnc-00064-00030903-00031008": "oh my god", "e7rii6KDWnc-00065-00031010-00031446": "[Applause]", "e7rii6KDWnc-00066-00031447-00031790": "worse than are these how i mean oh my", "e7rii6KDWnc-00067-00031791-00031895": "god", "e7rii6KDWnc-00068-00031895-00032039": "no i don't like this i don't like this i", "e7rii6KDWnc-00069-00032039-00032479": "retired officially", "e7rii6KDWnc-00070-00032480-00032646": "thanks for watching guys i didn't do so", "e7rii6KDWnc-00071-00032647-00032846": "good uh the boomer jacob won again as", "e7rii6KDWnc-00072-00032847-00032990": "usual in this kind of stuff", "e7rii6KDWnc-00073-00032991-00033262": "uh and uh don't forget to subscribe to", "e7rii6KDWnc-00074-00033263-00033383": "the youtube channel", "e7rii6KDWnc-00075-00033384-00033502": "thank you so much for watching and see", "e7rii6KDWnc-00076-00033503-00033822": "you next time", "e7rii6KDWnc-00077-00033823-00035389": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e7wYf6bjqhE", "text": {"e7wYf6bjqhE-00000-00000035-00000174": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00001-00000175-00002294": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00002-00002295-00005038": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00003-00005039-00006601": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00004-00006602-00006820": "thank you", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00005-00006822-00007309": "thank you", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00006-00007311-00007481": "[Applause]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00007-00007481-00007887": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00008-00007888-00010337": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00009-00010338-00010535": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00010-00010536-00010895": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00011-00010896-00013486": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00012-00013487-00013728": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00013-00013729-00014393": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00014-00014394-00015035": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00015-00015036-00017789": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00016-00017790-00018096": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00017-00018097-00020939": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00018-00020940-00021144": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00019-00021145-00026196": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00020-00026197-00026730": "thank you", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00021-00026731-00028408": "[Music]", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00022-00028410-00029129": "foreign", "e7wYf6bjqhE-00023-00029130-00031508": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e7IukYwtNHQ", "text": {"e7IukYwtNHQ-00000-00000046-00001835": "[Music]", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00001-00001836-00002856": "No", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00002-00002857-00003754": "hey what's how you quiet franchise", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00003-00003754-00004045": "show choir what's a no-good debunk a", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00004-00004046-00004266": "running team ok Oh high five that's it", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00005-00004267-00004747": "it's all okay this is a little funky new", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00006-00004748-00005011": "Amazon as if you're ever wanted i was", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00007-00005012-00005149": "any country but he loves the fun", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00008-00005150-00006114": "together", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00009-00006115-00006318": "just select Attila without my homies", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00010-00006319-00006977": "doing how I don't get in my car", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00011-00006978-00008651": "[Music]", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00012-00008652-00009570": "so", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00013-00009571-00010017": "we are so on each and ye shall go hard", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00014-00010018-00010508": "on you", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00015-00010509-00010756": "tonari robot", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00016-00010757-00011236": "looks good", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00017-00011237-00011931": "soldier wasn't sun jian you", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00018-00011932-00015816": "consoles are hey mom is", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00019-00015818-00016543": "ok", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00020-00016544-00018301": "a disciple da da da I'll wash it a king", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00021-00018302-00018637": "tonight I was the scene TT water I'm a", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00022-00018638-00018970": "seeker away I wanted the latinum hi", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00023-00018971-00019270": "Paula karate Tommy O'Donnell", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00024-00019271-00019561": "personne so you know y'all actually fake", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00025-00019562-00019819": "fake fake fake fake fake hey like him go", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00026-00019820-00020119": "away Dalai with a GU Xiu bother to look", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00027-00020120-00020374": "pretty princess an order pinpin Pula", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00028-00020375-00020715": "will hire you to be creative engagement", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00029-00020716-00021294": "behemoth so pandiyan turbaco ciao ciao i", "e7IukYwtNHQ-00030-00021295-00021607": "recycled ah"}}, {"audio_id": "e7U6xvPGR7A", "text": {"e7U6xvPGR7A-00000-00000107-00001491": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00001-00001492-00002883": "so", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00002-00002884-00004283": "uh", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00003-00004284-00004499": "so", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00004-00004500-00005683": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00005-00005684-00006831": "oh", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00006-00006833-00007083": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00007-00007084-00007814": "nice", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00008-00007815-00009883": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00009-00009884-00010018": "oh", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00010-00010019-00010710": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00011-00010711-00011614": "okay ready yeah", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00012-00011615-00011870": "use music", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00013-00011871-00012683": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00014-00012684-00012793": "uses", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00015-00012794-00013358": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00016-00013359-00015816": "so the options", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00017-00015818-00021040": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00018-00021041-00021602": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00019-00021603-00022167": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00020-00022168-00023612": "blah blah", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00021-00023613-00026180": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00022-00026181-00026683": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00023-00026683-00027002": "oh", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00024-00027002-00029483": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00025-00029483-00029910": "right", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00026-00029911-00032283": "[Music]", "e7U6xvPGR7A-00027-00032283-00032583": "oh"}}, {"audio_id": "e7YQjtC7LpQ", "text": {"e7YQjtC7LpQ-00000-00000096-00000377": "three two one", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00001-00000378-00002007": "[Music]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00002-00002007-00002443": "um", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00003-00002444-00003281": "[Music]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00004-00003282-00004943": "[Music]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00005-00004944-00005236": "oh yeah", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00006-00005237-00006231": "[Applause]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00007-00006232-00006990": "there you are", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00008-00006991-00007278": "[Music]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00009-00007279-00008022": "hey", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00010-00008023-00008887": "[Music]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00011-00008888-00009999": "oh", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00012-00010000-00011531": "oh yeah", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00013-00011532-00013771": "[Music]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00014-00013772-00015486": "[Music]", "e7YQjtC7LpQ-00015-00015487-00015695": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "e86kAa-BwJA", "text": {"e86kAa-BwJA-00000-00000000-00000083": "[Music]", "e86kAa-BwJA-00001-00000084-00000280": "foreign", "e86kAa-BwJA-00002-00000281-00005254": "[Music]", "e86kAa-BwJA-00003-00005255-00005554": "I ain't gonna give up got too little", "e86kAa-BwJA-00004-00005555-00005867": "time imma live up head down push forward", "e86kAa-BwJA-00005-00005868-00006065": "through the tough times cause anything", "e86kAa-BwJA-00006-00006066-00006377": "we're doing is a tough climb", "e86kAa-BwJA-00007-00006378-00006683": "I ain't gonna give up got too little", "e86kAa-BwJA-00008-00006684-00006870": "time", "e86kAa-BwJA-00009-00006872-00007792": "push forward through the tough times", "e86kAa-BwJA-00010-00007793-00008632": "[Music]", "e86kAa-BwJA-00011-00008633-00011705": "[Music]", "e86kAa-BwJA-00012-00011706-00011972": "okay"}}, {"audio_id": "e8i1zvHzJUA", "text": {"e8i1zvHzJUA-00000-00000059-00000463": "so when I was 20 years old my mother who", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00001-00000463-00001022": "had not suffered from mental illness in", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00002-00001023-00001472": "an acute way had a manic episode and was", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00003-00001473-00001937": "committed to a mental hospital she was", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00004-00001938-00002090": "diagnosed with something called", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00005-00002091-00002279": "schizoaffective disorder which is a", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00006-00002280-00002665": "combination of bipolar and schizophrenia", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00007-00002666-00002977": "the current treatment options in", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00008-00002978-00003148": "conventional healthcare for this are", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00009-00003149-00003776": "very extreme and very powerful she went", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00010-00003777-00004109": "through five years of going in and out", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00011-00004110-00004670": "of mental hospitals and was on heavy", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00012-00004671-00005074": "doses of lithium as well as risperdal", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00013-00005075-00005384": "essentially no treatment plan was being", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00014-00005385-00005731": "prescribed for her internal organs when", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00015-00005732-00005991": "you're on those very very heavy", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00016-00005992-00006202": "antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00017-00006203-00006397": "your organs are going through a", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00018-00006398-00006587": "tremendous amount especially your liver", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00019-00006588-00006884": "to try to break all of that down to me I", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00020-00006884-00007234": "thought this was almost inhumane not to", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00021-00007236-00007523": "have at the same time a lot of", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00022-00007523-00007808": "detoxifying treatments such as diet", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00023-00007809-00008183": "herbs acupuncture supplements to try to", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00024-00008184-00008380": "repair the organ function to try to", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00025-00008381-00008591": "bring her back to normal", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00026-00008592-00008885": "I was really baffled and disheartened by", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00027-00008886-00009199": "the lack of a holistic approach to the", "e8i1zvHzJUA-00028-00009200-00009422": "care"}}, {"audio_id": "e8p-6OgeD9E", "text": {"e8p-6OgeD9E-00000-00000053-00000315": "Ashley national forest as a national", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00001-00000316-00000555": "forest located in northeastern Utah in", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00002-00000556-00000835": "southwestern Wyoming within the forests", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00003-00000836-00000982": "bounds are 1 million three hundred", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00004-00000983-00001222": "eighty two thousand three hundred forty", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00005-00001223-00001428": "six acres five thousand five hundred", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00006-00001429-00001645": "ninety four square kilometers with 1", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00007-00001646-00001807": "million two hundred eighty seven", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00008-00001807-00002032": "thousand nine hundred nine acres five", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00009-00002032-00002212": "thousand two hundred twelve square", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00010-00002213-00002422": "kilometers in Utah and ninety six", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00011-00002423-00002643": "thousand two hundred twenty three acres", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00012-00002644-00002808": "three hundred eighty nine square", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00013-00002809-00003058": "kilometers in Wyoming a vast forests", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00014-00003059-00003258": "lakes and mountains with elevations", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00015-00003259-00003724": "ranging from 6,000 to 13,500 feet 1,800", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00016-00003725-00003994": "to four thousand one hundred meters the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00017-00003995-00004197": "forest covers portions of daggit", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00018-00004198-00004429": "to Chesney summit Uinta and Utah", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00019-00004430-00004642": "counties in Utah and Sweetwater County", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00020-00004643-00004906": "in Wyoming some of the most popular", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00021-00004907-00005131": "landmarks located in the forest include", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00022-00005132-00005299": "the Flaming Gorge National Recreation", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00023-00005300-00005527": "Area in the UN two mountains which", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00024-00005528-00005710": "contains the highest mountain peak in", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00025-00005711-00006043": "Utah Kings Peak the forest also includes", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00026-00006044-00006256": "two hundred seventy-six thousand one", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00027-00006257-00006489": "hundred seventy-five acres one thousand", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00028-00006490-00006696": "one hundred seventeen point six four", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00029-00006697-00006931": "square kilometers or about sixty point", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00030-00006931-00007105": "five percent of the high Uintas", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00031-00007106-00007270": "wilderness with the rest being in the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00032-00007270-00007576": "uinta-wasatch-cache National Forest the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00033-00007577-00007717": "headquarters for the Ashley National", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00034-00007718-00008005": "Forest are located in Vernal Utah with", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00035-00008006-00008188": "Ranger District offices in vernal", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00036-00008189-00008566": "Duchesne Utah Roosevelt Utah Manila Utah", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00037-00008567-00009231": "and Green River Wyoming", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00038-00009232-00009752": "topic history", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00039-00009753-00009978": "petroglyphs rock art found throughout", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00040-00009979-00010155": "the forest suggests that the land had", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00041-00010156-00010338": "been hunted for centuries by Indians", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00042-00010339-00010590": "before the arrival of Europeans the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00043-00010591-00010764": "first white men believed to have set", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00044-00010765-00010974": "foot in Ashley National Forest where the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00045-00010975-00011187": "Spanish explorers de minx and Escalon", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00046-00011188-00011607": "Dee in 1776 the forest however was not", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00047-00011608-00011829": "thoroughly explored until the early 19th", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00048-00011830-00012015": "century when General William Henry", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00049-00012016-00012204": "Ashley an organizer of a Fur Company", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00050-00012205-00012432": "began looking for an outlet to the Gulf", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00051-00012433-00012593": "of Mexico for his business", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00052-00012594-00012863": "general Ashley and his team began making", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00053-00012864-00013062": "their way up the Green River one of the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00054-00013063-00013254": "many bodies of water located in the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00055-00013255-00013587": "forest in the spring of 1825 after", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00056-00013588-00013728": "passing through the flaming gorge", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00057-00013729-00013932": "general Ashley was convinced by the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00058-00013933-00014133": "local Indians to turn around and head", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00059-00014134-00014388": "back up the Uinta Mountains during his", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00060-00014388-00014616": "exploration general Ashley wrote and", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00061-00014616-00014793": "hung his name out over one of the rivers", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00062-00014794-00014963": "that he had explored which now lies", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00063-00014965-00015116": "below the water of The Flaming Gorge", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00064-00015118-00015330": "reservoir this is how Ashley National", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00065-00015331-00015603": "Forest received its name many other", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00066-00015604-00015794": "explorers would come and explore the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00067-00015795-00015957": "forest and eventually the first", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00068-00015958-00016178": "settlement in Ashley National Forest was", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00069-00016179-00016544": "made in 1872 it was settled by Captain", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00070-00016545-00016632": "pardoned Dodds", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00071-00016633-00016806": "who brought about two thousand cattle", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00072-00016807-00017025": "into the Uintah Basin in a few years all", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00073-00017026-00017169": "of the surrounding ranges were", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00074-00017170-00017337": "completely stocked with cattle and", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00075-00017338-00017675": "horses on July 1st 1908 by executive", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00076-00017676-00017828": "order of President Theodore Roosevelt", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00077-00017829-00018168": "Ashley National Forest was created the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00078-00018169-00018330": "general boundaries of the forest", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00079-00018331-00018705": "remained unchanged until 1953 the entire", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00080-00018706-00018903": "North Slope of the Uinta Mountains was", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00081-00018904-00019089": "transferred to the Wasatch National", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00082-00019090-00019293": "Forest while Ashley National Forest", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00083-00019294-00019472": "received the Rock Creek into Chesnee", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00084-00019473-00019743": "river drainages president lyndon b", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00085-00019744-00020052": "johnson added approximately 120,000", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00086-00020053-00020340": "acres 486 square kilometers to the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00087-00020341-00020535": "forest when he established the Flaming", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00088-00020536-00020763": "Gorge National Recreation Area as part", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00089-00020764-00021135": "of Ashley National Forest in 1968 since", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00090-00021136-00021285": "then there have only been slight", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00091-00021286-00021957": "boundary changes to the forest", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00092-00021958-00022574": "topic recreational activities", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00093-00022575-00022898": "with over 2.5 million visitors each year", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00094-00022899-00023093": "Ashley National Forest offers many", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00095-00023094-00023306": "different recreational activities to its", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00096-00023307-00023597": "guests the forest contains four main", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00097-00023598-00023798": "byways to drive on which take visitors", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00098-00023799-00024002": "through many different landmarks found", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00099-00024003-00024176": "in the forest and offers them a chance", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00100-00024177-00024386": "to see various forms of Wildlife", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00101-00024387-00024650": "for people who prefer to walk the forest", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00102-00024651-00024974": "contains over 1,000 miles 1600", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00103-00024975-00025271": "kilometers of hiking trails these trails", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00104-00025272-00025496": "covered the entire forest taking hikers", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00105-00025497-00025661": "from extensive forests to rugged", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00106-00025662-00025909": "mountains many of these trails are", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00107-00025910-00026114": "designated for off-road vehicles as well", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00108-00026114-00026482": "such as motorcycles ATVs and snowmobiles", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00109-00026483-00026689": "along the trails there are many", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00110-00026691-00026939": "campgrounds available to visitors during", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00111-00026939-00027086": "the winter months there are two", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00112-00027087-00027299": "facilities located in the forest called", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00113-00027300-00027497": "yurts that provide cross-country skiers", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00114-00027498-00027683": "with overnight room rentals to escape", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00115-00027683-00027956": "the cold there are also many lakes and", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00116-00027957-00028120": "rivers found throughout Ashley National", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00117-00028122-00028343": "Forest which allows guests to take in", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00118-00028344-00028564": "some fishing while visiting there are", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00119-00028566-00028775": "also some bodies of water in the forest", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00120-00028776-00028937": "that are designated for motorized", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00121-00028938-00029539": "watercraft", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00122-00029539-00030101": "topic you into mountains", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00123-00030102-00030342": "occupying a large piece of Ashley", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00124-00030343-00030536": "national forests are the Uinta Mountains", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00125-00030537-00030801": "with a main crest stretching more than", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00126-00030802-00031095": "60 miles 97 kilometers and surrounded by", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00127-00031095-00031329": "massive secondary ridges extending north", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00128-00031330-00031506": "and south this mountain range as the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00129-00031507-00031716": "largest alpine area located in the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00130-00031717-00031964": "Intermountain West this mountain range", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00131-00031966-00032199": "also contains Kings peak the highest", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00132-00032200-00032577": "peak in Utah at 13,000 528 feet four", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00133-00032577-00032808": "point one to three kilometers hundreds", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00134-00032809-00033006": "of lakes streams and meadows can be", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00135-00033007-00033213": "found within the many basins located in", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00136-00033214-00033423": "the mountain range the Uinta Mountains", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00137-00033424-00033615": "are also the home to many different", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00138-00033616-00033858": "types of wildlife including elk moose", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00139-00033859-00034185": "mule deer coyotes black bears ptarmigan", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00140-00034186-00034446": "several Raptor species beavers Marten", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00141-00034447-00034668": "river otters mountain goats bighorn", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00142-00034669-00034908": "sheep pronghorn Cougars pikas and", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00143-00034909-00035190": "marmots the mountains also contained", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00144-00035191-00035670": "sixteen designated trails 545 miles 877", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00145-00035671-00035883": "kilometres for visitors to explore from", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00146-00035884-00036486": "June to September", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00147-00036487-00036732": "topic flaming gorge national", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00148-00036733-00037220": "recreational area", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00149-00037221-00037430": "The Flaming Gorge National Recreation", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00150-00037431-00037693": "Area as a popular recreational feature", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00151-00037694-00037910": "located at the Flaming Gorge reservoir", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00152-00037911-00038195": "with an Ashley National Forest it is in", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00153-00038196-00038371": "Flaming Gorge a partially submerged", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00154-00038372-00038609": "Canyon on the Green River the National", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00155-00038610-00038837": "Recreation Area contains two hundred", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00156-00038838-00039049": "seven thousand three hundred sixty three", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00157-00039050-00039395": "acres 839 square kilometers of both land", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00158-00039396-00039626": "and water which is divided almost evenly", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00159-00039627-00039914": "in Utah and Wyoming the canyon was named", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00160-00039915-00040165": "by explorer John Wesley Powell who upon", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00161-00040166-00040355": "first looking at the red Gorge believed", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00162-00040356-00040465": "that it was on fire", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00163-00040466-00040727": "in 1958 The Flaming Gorge Dam was", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00164-00040728-00040931": "completed impounding the Green River to", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00165-00040932-00041183": "create the Flaming Gorge reservoir the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00166-00041184-00041371": "reservoir is extremely popular for", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00167-00041372-00041608": "boaters with five full-service marina is", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00168-00041609-00041780": "offering launching storage and", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00169-00041781-00042023": "maintenance facilities because the", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00170-00042024-00042248": "reservoirs water remains cool even in", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00171-00042249-00042461": "summers extreme heat it is popular with", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00172-00042462-00042746": "water sports enthusiasts the reservoir", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00173-00042747-00042932": "and Green River upstream are known for", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00174-00042933-00043130": "supporting a large number of trout which", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00175-00043131-00043327": "makes the recreational area a fishing", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00176-00043328-00043592": "destination the river is also a river", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00177-00043593-00043837": "rafting destination the recreational", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00178-00043838-00044033": "area has campgrounds and hiking trails", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00179-00044034-00044423": "along the 360 miles 580 kilometres of", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00180-00044424-00044498": "shoreline", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00181-00044499-00044771": "there are also some secluded coves only", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00182-00044772-00045346": "accessible by boat", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00183-00045347-00045837": "topic see also", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00184-00045838-00046071": "you went a Highline trail", "e8p-6OgeD9E-00185-00046072-00046594": "list of US national forests"}}, {"audio_id": "e8zZ-UebVlo", "text": {"e8zZ-UebVlo-00000-00000017-00000277": "welcome back to our Channel everyone", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00001-00000278-00000617": "today we will discuss a topic that is", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00002-00000618-00000875": "essential for every business owner", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00003-00000876-00001235": "filing income taxes as a business owner", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00004-00001236-00001582": "you must be aware of how frequently you", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00005-00001583-00001798": "must submit your income taxes in order", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00006-00001800-00002021": "to comply with tax laws and avoid", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00007-00002022-00002176": "penalties", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00008-00002177-00002650": "so let's Plunge in and quat for Sole", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00009-00002651-00002879": "proprietorships and Partnerships and", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00010-00002880-00003181": "quat however if your business", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00011-00003182-00003461": "operates on a fiscal year rather than a", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00012-00003461-00003635": "calendar year the deadline for", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00013-00003636-00003838": "submitting your income tax", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00014-00003839-00004163": "return may be different you may need to", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00015-00004164-00004415": "cancel a tax expert to determine the", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00016-00004416-00004570": "appropriate filing", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00017-00004571-00004913": "deadline for your company and quat and", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00018-00004914-00005279": "quat let's now discuss corporations", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00019-00005280-00005585": "C corporations are distinct legal", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00020-00005586-00005806": "entities from their shareholders and are", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00021-00005807-00006101": "subject to distinct tax regulations", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00022-00006102-00006484": "the income tax registration deadline for", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00023-00006486-00006748": "C corporations is typically the 15th day", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00024-00006750-00007019": "of the fourth month following the close", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00025-00007020-00007325": "of the corporation's fiscal year if your", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00026-00007326-00007559": "company's fiscal year ends on December", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00027-00007559-00007960": "31st the deadline for filing income tax", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00028-00007961-00008219": "returns is April 15th of the following", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00029-00008220-00008309": "year", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00030-00008310-00008717": "and quat it is important to observe that", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00031-00008718-00008992": "c corporations must pay estimated taxes", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00032-00008993-00009253": "throughout the year in order to avoid", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00033-00009254-00009581": "underpayment penalties these quarterly", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00034-00009582-00009814": "anticipated tax payments are typically", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00035-00009815-00010295": "due on the 15th day of the 4th 6th 9th", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00036-00010296-00010559": "and 12 months of the fiscal year", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00037-00010560-00010967": "again Consulting with a tax expert can", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00038-00010968-00011159": "assist you in determining the correct", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00039-00011160-00011417": "estimated tax payment amounts and due", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00040-00011418-00011531": "dates for", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00041-00011532-00011951": "your corporation and quat and quat that", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00042-00011952-00012142": "concludes today's talk", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00043-00012143-00012491": "I trust this information was helpful if", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00044-00012492-00012742": "you have any queries or would like more", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00045-00012743-00012983": "information about business taxes please", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00046-00012984-00013127": "leave a comment", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00047-00013128-00013438": "below remember to click the like icon", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00048-00013440-00013636": "And subscribe to our channel for", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00049-00013637-00013822": "additional informative", "e8zZ-UebVlo-00050-00013823-00014378": "videos thank you for viewing inquot"}}, {"audio_id": "e8eJEq_TC4g", "text": {"e8eJEq_TC4g-00000-00000054-00000135": "[Applause]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00001-00000136-00001110": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00002-00001111-00001705": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00003-00001705-00002023": "[Laughter]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00004-00002023-00002195": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00005-00002196-00002222": "[Laughter]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00006-00002223-00002730": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00007-00002731-00002772": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00008-00002773-00003731": "[Laughter]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00009-00003732-00003796": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00010-00003797-00007048": "[Laughter]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00011-00007048-00010752": "[Laughter]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00012-00010753-00012152": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00013-00012153-00013362": "[Music]", 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"e8eJEq_TC4g-00033-00033263-00033343": "[Applause]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00034-00033344-00035371": "[Laughter]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00035-00035372-00035965": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00036-00035966-00036486": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00037-00036487-00038005": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00038-00038006-00040146": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00039-00040147-00040786": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00040-00040787-00044890": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00041-00044891-00045576": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00042-00045577-00046533": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00043-00046534-00047686": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00044-00047687-00048952": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00045-00048953-00050264": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00046-00050265-00051538": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00047-00051539-00051914": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00048-00051915-00053691": "Oh", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00049-00053692-00055062": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00050-00055063-00055824": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00051-00055825-00056495": "[Music]", "e8eJEq_TC4g-00052-00056496-00057577": 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don't talk", "e8HIf5otGAU-00005-00001805-00001948": "about that", "e8HIf5otGAU-00006-00001950-00002363": "sounds nice", "e8HIf5otGAU-00007-00002364-00002579": "you're like God you want a hug", "e8HIf5otGAU-00008-00002580-00002915": "hi do you wanna hug oh", "e8HIf5otGAU-00009-00002916-00003203": "yeah", "e8HIf5otGAU-00010-00003204-00003370": "I'm even there", "e8HIf5otGAU-00011-00003371-00003977": "no oh I can I I can show you the world", "e8HIf5otGAU-00012-00003978-00004133": "behind you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00013-00004134-00004441": "what the [__] I have the eye of an eagle", "e8HIf5otGAU-00014-00004442-00004936": "show yourself", "e8HIf5otGAU-00015-00004937-00005134": "she's in that room", "e8HIf5otGAU-00016-00005135-00005447": "[Music]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00017-00005448-00005821": "okay ah", "e8HIf5otGAU-00018-00005822-00006514": "[Music]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00019-00006515-00006964": "hahaha", "e8HIf5otGAU-00020-00006965-00007373": "I didn't know", "e8HIf5otGAU-00021-00007373-00007723": "[__] you let's go Barbie let's go Barbie", "e8HIf5otGAU-00022-00007723-00008119": "you make me want to cry I'm glad you're", "e8HIf5otGAU-00023-00008120-00008309": "I see", "e8HIf5otGAU-00024-00008310-00008891": "will you dropped as a child", "e8HIf5otGAU-00025-00008892-00009155": "be honest where you dropped", "e8HIf5otGAU-00026-00009156-00009517": "will you draw plushie", "e8HIf5otGAU-00027-00009518-00009983": "oh you were dropped oh damn", "e8HIf5otGAU-00028-00009984-00010205": "actually I want it it's gonna be", "e8HIf5otGAU-00029-00010206-00010342": "I mean", "e8HIf5otGAU-00030-00010343-00010528": "yeah I mean I think I was too but you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00031-00010529-00010624": "know", "e8HIf5otGAU-00032-00010625-00010895": "I also fell down the stairs and kept", "e8HIf5otGAU-00033-00010896-00011038": "eating my popsicle when I fell down the", "e8HIf5otGAU-00034-00011039-00011201": "stairs I mean I was running into [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00035-00011202-00011453": "bookshelves so I can't complain", "e8HIf5otGAU-00036-00011454-00011795": "what the [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00037-00011796-00011938": "um", "e8HIf5otGAU-00038-00011939-00012233": "yeah you saw that too right oh", "e8HIf5otGAU-00039-00012234-00012419": "yo killer", "e8HIf5otGAU-00040-00012420-00013258": "I see you I smell you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00041-00013259-00013591": "how far did he go", "e8HIf5otGAU-00042-00013591-00013963": "okay you're not there", "e8HIf5otGAU-00043-00013963-00014213": "oh what the [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00044-00014213-00014561": "what", "e8HIf5otGAU-00045-00014562-00014951": "oh my God you did a lung shot take the L", "e8HIf5otGAU-00046-00014952-00015143": "boy", "e8HIf5otGAU-00047-00015144-00015569": "I got a guy on 47 blocks away", "e8HIf5otGAU-00048-00015569-00015857": "so the who's the killer", "e8HIf5otGAU-00049-00015858-00016103": "um you can't miss something you can't", "e8HIf5otGAU-00050-00016104-00016277": "miss him what the [__] does that mean", "e8HIf5otGAU-00051-00016278-00016541": "you have balloonerons you can generally", "e8HIf5otGAU-00052-00016542-00016679": "you can't miss them what the [__] does", "e8HIf5otGAU-00053-00016680-00016930": "that mean I always just said he's a", "e8HIf5otGAU-00054-00016931-00017021": "cowboy", "e8HIf5otGAU-00055-00017022-00017399": "he's a cow you can't miss them", "e8HIf5otGAU-00056-00017400-00017699": "[Music]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00057-00017700-00018005": "I got them both", "e8HIf5otGAU-00058-00018006-00018419": "I told you you can't miss I got them", "e8HIf5otGAU-00059-00018420-00018772": "both I am the savior of this town I am", "e8HIf5otGAU-00060-00018773-00019055": "the hero", "e8HIf5otGAU-00061-00019056-00019253": "all right you want to do dropper", "e8HIf5otGAU-00062-00019254-00019594": "no I mean good content", "e8HIf5otGAU-00063-00019595-00019829": "no for you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00064-00019830-00020027": "no I mean come on", "e8HIf5otGAU-00065-00020028-00020239": "no please", "e8HIf5otGAU-00066-00020240-00020555": "I I will teach you I will teach you the", "e8HIf5otGAU-00067-00020556-00020963": "way I'll teach you I will teach you I", "e8HIf5otGAU-00068-00020964-00021347": "will teach you how to get good at 12. I", "e8HIf5otGAU-00069-00021348-00021636": "rather", "e8HIf5otGAU-00070-00021637-00021900": "face again", "e8HIf5otGAU-00071-00021901-00022127": "I'll teach you how to get good at", "e8HIf5otGAU-00072-00022128-00022397": "dropper no oh my God", "e8HIf5otGAU-00073-00022398-00022590": "yo", "e8HIf5otGAU-00074-00022591-00022970": "[Applause]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00075-00022971-00023021": "[Music]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00076-00023022-00023399": "[Applause]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00077-00023400-00023675": "come on you want to", "e8HIf5otGAU-00078-00023676-00023980": "never come on", "e8HIf5otGAU-00079-00023981-00024742": "never you want to", "e8HIf5otGAU-00080-00024743-00025055": "coward get out of someone oh my [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00081-00025056-00026335": "god", "e8HIf5otGAU-00082-00026336-00026777": "[Applause]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00083-00026777-00027417": "foreign", "e8HIf5otGAU-00084-00027418-00028085": "[Applause]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00085-00028086-00028343": "why are we here I'm on a solid Minecraft", "e8HIf5otGAU-00086-00028344-00028679": "after this you just said do you want to", "e8HIf5otGAU-00087-00028680-00028967": "play Hypixel while we're on Valor and", "e8HIf5otGAU-00088-00028968-00029201": "you never actually then yeah we do but", "e8HIf5otGAU-00089-00029202-00029723": "now you want to uninstall Minecraft", "e8HIf5otGAU-00090-00029724-00029981": "you it was your idea in the [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00091-00029982-00030329": "beginning you can shut the [__] up", "e8HIf5otGAU-00092-00030330-00030743": "yeah I hate it it's your choice", "e8HIf5otGAU-00093-00030744-00031079": "it was your idea you shut the [__] up I", "e8HIf5otGAU-00094-00031080-00031264": "never played Minecraft in a while it's", "e8HIf5otGAU-00095-00031266-00032218": "your idea", "e8HIf5otGAU-00096-00032219-00032524": "oh that was so amazing", "e8HIf5otGAU-00097-00032525-00032746": "I'm telling you who the murderer is oh", "e8HIf5otGAU-00098-00032747-00033552": "come on come on don't be a grumpy pants", "e8HIf5otGAU-00099-00033553-00033917": "I'm sorry I'll tell you when the murder", "e8HIf5otGAU-00100-00033918-00034068": "kills you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00101-00034069-00034252": "come on", "e8HIf5otGAU-00102-00034253-00034609": "it was by mistake", "e8HIf5otGAU-00103-00034610-00034883": "what is this [__] doing", "e8HIf5otGAU-00104-00034884-00035815": "murder me and just stays in one spot", "e8HIf5otGAU-00105-00035816-00036223": "oh I'm the Alex please", "e8HIf5otGAU-00106-00036224-00036618": "I will ask message you right now", "e8HIf5otGAU-00107-00036619-00036910": "all right I'll go", "e8HIf5otGAU-00108-00036911-00037079": "[Music]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00109-00037080-00037468": "all right", "e8HIf5otGAU-00110-00037469-00037661": "there we go", "e8HIf5otGAU-00111-00037662-00038002": "[__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00112-00038003-00038440": "look look I had him the [__] you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00113-00038441-00038627": "I", "e8HIf5otGAU-00114-00038628-00039137": "the [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00115-00039138-00039599": "it says the murder is behind you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00116-00039600-00039929": "I'm scared", "e8HIf5otGAU-00117-00039930-00040151": "hey can you just look at this guy real", "e8HIf5otGAU-00118-00040152-00040324": "quick I know you're right here but look", "e8HIf5otGAU-00119-00040325-00040709": "at this guy he reminds me of someone", "e8HIf5otGAU-00120-00040710-00040961": "on iron", "e8HIf5otGAU-00121-00040962-00041837": "you're the [__] murder plushie", "e8HIf5otGAU-00122-00041838-00042305": "turned out oh [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00123-00042306-00042677": "why does that look like Markiplier", "e8HIf5otGAU-00124-00042678-00043001": "he does see into the future the murder", "e8HIf5otGAU-00125-00043002-00043187": "is behind you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00126-00043188-00043858": "you make", "e8HIf5otGAU-00127-00043859-00044207": "did you see that was probably no it was", "e8HIf5otGAU-00128-00044208-00044501": "amazing I love that", "e8HIf5otGAU-00129-00044502-00044795": "oh", "e8HIf5otGAU-00130-00044796-00045179": "that was so uncalled for man no that was", "e8HIf5otGAU-00131-00045180-00045424": "just amazing don't know what the [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00132-00045425-00045652": "you mean", "e8HIf5otGAU-00133-00045653-00045983": "you need to go touch some grass and make", "e8HIf5otGAU-00134-00045984-00046529": "fresh", "e8HIf5otGAU-00135-00046530-00046967": "hello hello no no no no no", "e8HIf5otGAU-00136-00046968-00047129": "no no wait wait wait", "e8HIf5otGAU-00137-00047130-00047561": "wow", "e8HIf5otGAU-00138-00047562-00050417": "foreign", "e8HIf5otGAU-00139-00050418-00050549": "hey", "e8HIf5otGAU-00140-00050550-00050843": "no [__] you okay I have a gold I have a", "e8HIf5otGAU-00141-00050844-00051876": "gold look at my gold", "e8HIf5otGAU-00142-00051877-00053735": "I hate me too oh", "e8HIf5otGAU-00143-00053736-00054113": "I had the chickens and I wanted to do it", "e8HIf5otGAU-00144-00054114-00054565": "so bad", "e8HIf5otGAU-00145-00054566-00054853": "laughs", "e8HIf5otGAU-00146-00054854-00055116": "hi", "e8HIf5otGAU-00147-00055117-00055744": "come on come back come on pushy come on", "e8HIf5otGAU-00148-00055745-00055954": "yay", "e8HIf5otGAU-00149-00055955-00056171": "wait where the [__] are you", "e8HIf5otGAU-00150-00056172-00056650": "oh hi plushie", "e8HIf5otGAU-00151-00056651-00057023": "give me come on I can make this video", "e8HIf5otGAU-00152-00057024-00057341": "called bullying plushie", "e8HIf5otGAU-00153-00057341-00057580": "you started my new video", "e8HIf5otGAU-00154-00057582-00058000": "oh okay I'm done I'm done I am innocent", "e8HIf5otGAU-00155-00058001-00058738": "okay so will you leave me alone now", "e8HIf5otGAU-00156-00058739-00059359": "hey", "e8HIf5otGAU-00157-00059360-00059765": "suck alone I've done nothing wrong I've", "e8HIf5otGAU-00158-00059766-00059957": "done nothing wrong man", "e8HIf5otGAU-00159-00059958-00060694": "I've done nothing wrong hey", "e8HIf5otGAU-00160-00060695-00061279": "hi", "e8HIf5otGAU-00161-00061279-00061541": "hey best friend", "e8HIf5otGAU-00162-00061541-00061787": "hi best friend", "e8HIf5otGAU-00163-00061788-00062092": "while you're running", "e8HIf5otGAU-00164-00062094-00062971": "anymore", "e8HIf5otGAU-00165-00062972-00063280": "you need a hug machine don't run away", "e8HIf5otGAU-00166-00063282-00063449": "from me", "e8HIf5otGAU-00167-00063450-00063829": "my friend", "e8HIf5otGAU-00168-00063829-00064103": "oh no one", "e8HIf5otGAU-00169-00064104-00064499": "oh no oh no", "e8HIf5otGAU-00170-00064500-00065026": "oh no no no no", "e8HIf5otGAU-00171-00065027-00065182": "hey plushie", "e8HIf5otGAU-00172-00065183-00065344": "[Music]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00173-00065345-00065644": "hey I want to ask you something", "e8HIf5otGAU-00174-00065645-00066587": "how much do you trust me", "e8HIf5otGAU-00175-00066588-00066785": "plushie", "e8HIf5otGAU-00176-00066786-00067294": "how much dude", "e8HIf5otGAU-00177-00067295-00068155": "how much you actually trust me", "e8HIf5otGAU-00178-00068156-00068693": "well I have to see that now", "e8HIf5otGAU-00179-00068694-00069894": "hi [__] [__]", "e8HIf5otGAU-00180-00069895-00070487": "I haven't done nothing wrong", "e8HIf5otGAU-00181-00070488-00070661": "[__] here", "e8HIf5otGAU-00182-00070662-00070949": "blue", "e8HIf5otGAU-00183-00070950-00071141": "I don't know what you mean I've done", "e8HIf5otGAU-00184-00071142-00071531": "nothing wrong man", "e8HIf5otGAU-00185-00071532-00071662": "you're right", "e8HIf5otGAU-00186-00071663-00071999": "up here", "e8HIf5otGAU-00187-00072000-00072467": "and not move a goddamn muscle", "e8HIf5otGAU-00188-00072468-00072755": "do you want to explain where you are", "e8HIf5otGAU-00189-00072756-00072965": "not in your business", "e8HIf5otGAU-00190-00072966-00073121": "go away", "e8HIf5otGAU-00191-00073122-00073325": "don't you want the hug from your best", "e8HIf5otGAU-00192-00073326-00073582": "friend", "e8HIf5otGAU-00193-00073583-00073993": "no why", "e8HIf5otGAU-00194-00073994-00074350": "I'd rather hug a [__] Cactus right", "e8HIf5otGAU-00195-00074351-00075349": "now", "e8HIf5otGAU-00196-00075350-00075588": "go away", "e8HIf5otGAU-00197-00075589-00076782": "go away", "e8HIf5otGAU-00198-00076783-00078019": "I'm sorry I had to do", "e8HIf5otGAU-00199-00078020-00078341": "you would have done it too the hell", "e8HIf5otGAU-00200-00078342-00079137": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "e8M28_Ikp58", "text": {"e8M28_Ikp58-00000-00000038-00000281": "hey guys welcome back to the online", "e8M28_Ikp58-00001-00000282-00000470": "event series Catholic and Christian", "e8M28_Ikp58-00002-00000471-00000611": "friends for intersectional racial", "e8M28_Ikp58-00003-00000612-00000790": "healing my name is Elise I'm the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00004-00000791-00000991": "organizer and fellow panelists this is a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00005-00000992-00001300": "Q&A video section with my very very good", "e8M28_Ikp58-00006-00001301-00001630": "friends Rebecca and moody they are soft", "e8M28_Ikp58-00007-00001632-00001873": "hearted friends of mine and I'm so", "e8M28_Ikp58-00008-00001875-00002197": "excited to do this with them they are", "e8M28_Ikp58-00009-00002198-00002396": "need for the first time through this", "e8M28_Ikp58-00010-00002397-00002675": "project so okay guys let's kick this off", "e8M28_Ikp58-00011-00002676-00003191": "for question one it comes from a person", "e8M28_Ikp58-00012-00003192-00003515": "who will refer to as anonymous because", "e8M28_Ikp58-00013-00003515-00003724": "they do not want to disclose her name", "e8M28_Ikp58-00014-00003725-00004006": "Budi this is a question from anonymous", "e8M28_Ikp58-00015-00004007-00004336": "how do i aggressively in support and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00016-00004337-00004649": "speak out against racism witnessing", "e8M28_Ikp58-00017-00004650-00004915": "police brutality and so much hate and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00018-00004916-00005177": "not allow the hate to penetrate my heart", "e8M28_Ikp58-00019-00005178-00005788": "while i fight against it yeah so I've", "e8M28_Ikp58-00020-00005789-00006020": "been reflecting on this question a lot", "e8M28_Ikp58-00021-00006021-00006584": "the past week and funny enough during my", "e8M28_Ikp58-00022-00006584-00006842": "church's sermon this morning they shared", "e8M28_Ikp58-00023-00006843-00007244": "the story of ruby bridges who was the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00024-00007245-00007546": "little elementary girl was the first one", "e8M28_Ikp58-00025-00007547-00008078": "to desegregate school and the story", "e8M28_Ikp58-00026-00008079-00008432": "there was about how every day when she", "e8M28_Ikp58-00027-00008433-00008645": "walked through those crowds of adults", "e8M28_Ikp58-00028-00008646-00008987": "who were threatening to kill her um and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00029-00008988-00009362": "all of these terrible things she would", "e8M28_Ikp58-00030-00009363-00009734": "pray for them and it was actually an", "e8M28_Ikp58-00031-00009735-00010003": "interview with the school I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00032-00010004-00010435": "counselor or psychiatrist um but he um", "e8M28_Ikp58-00033-00010436-00010999": "was watching for Ruby to UM step in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00034-00011000-00011346": "whenever he noticed signs of um you know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00035-00011347-00011684": "trouble or like being a troubled kid and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00036-00011685-00011876": "she never developed those signs and when", "e8M28_Ikp58-00037-00011877-00012080": "he spoke with her it's because you know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00038-00012081-00012263": "she really felt like in her heart that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00039-00012264-00012520": "these people need to meet in prayer um", "e8M28_Ikp58-00040-00012521-00012724": "and she really felt like in her heart", "e8M28_Ikp58-00041-00012725-00012877": "that these people were made in the image", "e8M28_Ikp58-00042-00012878-00013349": "of God and I think hearing that was", "e8M28_Ikp58-00043-00013350-00013568": "humbling for myself because I think I am", "e8M28_Ikp58-00044-00013569-00013757": "the type of person who can easily give", "e8M28_Ikp58-00045-00013758-00014285": "in to hate can and I can easily look at", "e8M28_Ikp58-00046-00014286-00014558": "a person with a different opinion from", "e8M28_Ikp58-00047-00014559-00014866": "me as the other um and so I think when I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00048-00014868-00015094": "answer this question I'm making a lot of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00049-00015095-00015272": "presumptions about the person who's", "e8M28_Ikp58-00050-00015272-00015733": "asking it um but for myself I think um", "e8M28_Ikp58-00051-00015734-00015997": "because I can be so easily blinded by", "e8M28_Ikp58-00052-00015999-00016453": "hate I really need to anchor myself in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00053-00016454-00016784": "the core values that I hold as a person", "e8M28_Ikp58-00054-00016785-00017051": "and how I want to treat other people and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00055-00017052-00017468": "that is you know the belief that all", "e8M28_Ikp58-00056-00017469-00017669": "humans are made in the image of God and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00057-00017670-00017828": "because of that all humans are", "e8M28_Ikp58-00058-00017829-00018421": "inherently valuable I also believe that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00059-00018422-00018893": "any cause that I want to fight for needs", "e8M28_Ikp58-00060-00018894-00019301": "to be fought for in love and I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00061-00019302-00019705": "hate can really distort um", "e8M28_Ikp58-00062-00019706-00019985": "the overarching goal that a person might", "e8M28_Ikp58-00063-00019986-00020540": "have and then I think lastly - I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00064-00020541-00020882": "forgiveness is a huge thing for me and I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00065-00020883-00021170": "think in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00066-00021171-00021593": "I think especially and actually I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00067-00021594-00021854": "forgiveness can be such a radical idea", "e8M28_Ikp58-00068-00021855-00022145": "um and it can be very challenging for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00069-00022146-00022481": "people especially when you want to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00070-00022482-00022750": "consider like accountability and justice", "e8M28_Ikp58-00071-00022751-00023174": "I think for a lot of people the idea of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00072-00023175-00023342": "forgiving someone who's wronged to you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00073-00023343-00023519": "or forgiving someone who is just so", "e8M28_Ikp58-00074-00023520-00023884": "cruel and brutal doesn't seem right um", "e8M28_Ikp58-00075-00023885-00024224": "but I know just based on my", "e8M28_Ikp58-00076-00024225-00024440": "understanding of the Bible and of who", "e8M28_Ikp58-00077-00024441-00024737": "God is is that forgiveness must happen", "e8M28_Ikp58-00078-00024738-00025082": "um not just because like we were also", "e8M28_Ikp58-00079-00025083-00025412": "forgiven as people but I think healing", "e8M28_Ikp58-00080-00025413-00025655": "really does begin um when you forgive", "e8M28_Ikp58-00081-00025656-00026300": "people and so yeah thank you so much", "e8M28_Ikp58-00082-00026301-00026717": "Mooney you know this is I I've always", "e8M28_Ikp58-00083-00026718-00027002": "known you I was such a such a humble and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00084-00027002-00027248": "brave person and thank you so much for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00085-00027249-00027416": "speaking from the heart to this person", "e8M28_Ikp58-00086-00027417-00027797": "that neither of us know I don't even", "e8M28_Ikp58-00087-00027798-00028004": "know it is it's a pre-submitted question", "e8M28_Ikp58-00088-00028005-00028214": "by somebody who saw the forum for the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00089-00028214-00028567": "project and yeah thank you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00090-00028568-00028832": "yeah I think a lot of people can really", "e8M28_Ikp58-00091-00028833-00029029": "identify with what you're saying I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00092-00029030-00029291": "anchor can really eat a person up and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00093-00029292-00029585": "also like change the direction of things", "e8M28_Ikp58-00094-00029586-00029827": "in ways that become unpredictable or", "e8M28_Ikp58-00095-00029827-00030319": "unintended so thank you for that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00096-00030320-00030739": "the next question is also from who we", "e8M28_Ikp58-00097-00030741-00030980": "will call anonymous and the question is", "e8M28_Ikp58-00098-00030981-00031322": "for Rebecca the question says I am a 60", "e8M28_Ikp58-00099-00031323-00031532": "year old woman from the south", "e8M28_Ikp58-00100-00031533-00031847": "I grew up in segregation and I hated it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00101-00031848-00032125": "my awkward question is why do we", "e8M28_Ikp58-00102-00032126-00032595": "immediately suspect why black people", "e8M28_Ikp58-00103-00032597-00032882": "that's a good question and I think when", "e8M28_Ikp58-00104-00032883-00033375": "I was reflecting on that question", "e8M28_Ikp58-00105-00033376-00033864": "I also had to I have to think of like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00106-00033865-00034112": "what resources are out there like where", "e8M28_Ikp58-00107-00034113-00034449": "where I guess like where did that come", "e8M28_Ikp58-00108-00034450-00034899": "from like why why did you and why do you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00109-00034900-00035109": "why did why I have you always like been", "e8M28_Ikp58-00110-00035110-00035485": "immediately suspect by black people and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00111-00035486-00035667": "[Music]", "e8M28_Ikp58-00112-00035668-00035943": "ah yeah as I've been like learning and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00113-00035944-00036156": "growing about like America's like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00114-00036157-00036570": "history like I've just watched and like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00115-00036571-00036774": "taking advantage of all the like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00116-00036775-00036960": "resources that happened not here out", "e8M28_Ikp58-00117-00036961-00037533": "there especially with just the second", "e8M28_Ikp58-00118-00037534-00037845": "like flow of like black lives matter", "e8M28_Ikp58-00119-00037846-00038256": "right now so I was watching like a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00120-00038257-00038867": "couple weeks ago the 13th on Netflix and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00121-00038868-00039453": "like even though it's about", "e8M28_Ikp58-00122-00039454-00039794": "oh my gosh Karen thank you her", "e8M28_Ikp58-00123-00039795-00040317": "incarceration there go yeah like they it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00124-00040318-00040479": "talks a lot about like the history and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00125-00040480-00040770": "there was like a part of there was a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00126-00040771-00040917": "part where they were talking about like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00127-00040918-00041154": "an election a presidential election and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00128-00041155-00041511": "they have said that like one commercial", "e8M28_Ikp58-00129-00041512-00041787": "that they use they like used a black", "e8M28_Ikp58-00130-00041788-00042099": "man's face to portray a criminal and I'm", "e8M28_Ikp58-00131-00042100-00042510": "like since then like it like it like in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00132-00042511-00042762": "people's mind and like associated like a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00133-00042763-00043137": "black person's face or like a black", "e8M28_Ikp58-00134-00043138-00043475": "person like related to like criminal", "e8M28_Ikp58-00135-00043476-00043893": "criminal crimes sorry and so I just", "e8M28_Ikp58-00136-00043894-00044211": "think like that's been yeah I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00137-00044212-00044391": "that's been taught it's been taught in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00138-00044392-00044774": "television in the news and how we talk", "e8M28_Ikp58-00139-00044775-00045072": "the people around you I've never been in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00140-00045073-00045670": "the south or like lived there really", "e8M28_Ikp58-00141-00045671-00045886": "and I don't know if it's good to assume", "e8M28_Ikp58-00142-00045887-00046105": "but or like if it's the right to assume", "e8M28_Ikp58-00143-00046106-00046480": "that like that's still like that's that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00144-00046481-00046705": "was a part of like that was a big part", "e8M28_Ikp58-00145-00046706-00047166": "of like culture there but yeah I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00146-00047167-00047419": "to answer the question like it's", "e8M28_Ikp58-00147-00047420-00047640": "something that's been taught and like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00148-00047641-00048224": "reinforced and I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00149-00048225-00048746": "yeah I wonder like why anonymous said", "e8M28_Ikp58-00150-00048747-00049067": "it's an opera question but it's good to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00151-00049068-00049381": "like realize that and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00152-00049382-00049993": "yes and like you have to realize that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00153-00049994-00050242": "yeah like that's that's like a messaging", "e8M28_Ikp58-00154-00050243-00050620": "that's been portrayed and so I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00155-00050621-00050777": "just like when you notice that in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00156-00050778-00051161": "yourself at least like I'm gonna I even", "e8M28_Ikp58-00157-00051162-00051488": "though I I mean I live in America as", "e8M28_Ikp58-00158-00051489-00051751": "well so like I've noticed that too and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00159-00051752-00051966": "I've noticed that bias and myself and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00160-00051967-00052337": "like there are times like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00161-00052338-00052514": "I have to think to myself like well I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00162-00052515-00053246": "like I have to be struck deconstruct", "e8M28_Ikp58-00163-00053247-00053569": "like why I was thinking that way and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00164-00053570-00053908": "yeah does it continue to like practice", "e8M28_Ikp58-00165-00053909-00054347": "anyway I'm thinking basically I hope", "e8M28_Ikp58-00166-00054348-00054839": "that answered the question about that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00167-00054840-00054995": "thanks so much for sharing from your", "e8M28_Ikp58-00168-00054996-00055337": "heart yeah", "e8M28_Ikp58-00169-00055338-00055664": "these are hard questions and the best", "e8M28_Ikp58-00170-00055665-00055850": "that we can do is one person at a time", "e8M28_Ikp58-00171-00055851-00056173": "right just talking with one another and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00172-00056174-00056390": "when there's a lot of conflict and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00173-00056391-00056641": "tension in the culture that's where we", "e8M28_Ikp58-00174-00056642-00057002": "start is just one at a time so I have a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00175-00057003-00057341": "couple questions as well the question", "e8M28_Ikp58-00176-00057341-00057592": "that I'll be answering today is I'm a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00177-00057594-00057776": "six year old woman from the sounds I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00178-00057777-00058100": "grew up in segregation and I hated it I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00179-00058101-00058337": "am very aware that everyone has implicit", "e8M28_Ikp58-00180-00058338-00058616": "bias including me when I see that in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00181-00058616-00058850": "myself I work on internally what can I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00182-00058851-00059132": "do better and what actionable goals and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00183-00059133-00059315": "tasks can we actually strive to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00184-00059316-00059735": "accomplish so you know given that I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00185-00059736-00060077": "don't know who this person is I want to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00186-00060078-00060224": "start off by saying thank you for your", "e8M28_Ikp58-00187-00060225-00060307": "attention", "e8M28_Ikp58-00188-00060308-00060653": "it's hard to say what someone could do", "e8M28_Ikp58-00189-00060654-00060926": "better without knowing them and that may", "e8M28_Ikp58-00190-00060927-00061349": "be reflective of my professional", "e8M28_Ikp58-00191-00061350-00061703": "background so you know as part of this", "e8M28_Ikp58-00192-00061704-00062067": "project i I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00193-00062069-00062477": "everyone knows a therapist but as part", "e8M28_Ikp58-00194-00062478-00062770": "of keeping my friends and the panelists", "e8M28_Ikp58-00195-00062771-00063125": "privacy safe in terms of their actual", "e8M28_Ikp58-00196-00063126-00063479": "physical safety not disclosing any of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00197-00063479-00063722": "anyone else's professional backgrounds", "e8M28_Ikp58-00198-00063723-00064076": "in this project so they're if they're", "e8M28_Ikp58-00199-00064077-00064277": "participating as experts of their own", "e8M28_Ikp58-00200-00064278-00064610": "narratives so you know so I'm coming", "e8M28_Ikp58-00201-00064611-00065017": "from like first how your question", "e8M28_Ikp58-00202-00065019-00065222": "strikes me but also with my professional", "e8M28_Ikp58-00203-00065223-00065347": "background and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00204-00065348-00065694": "and so I'm I'm wanted to lean on the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00205-00065695-00065913": "side of individually looking at people", "e8M28_Ikp58-00206-00065914-00066247": "what I can say is that in these times", "e8M28_Ikp58-00207-00066248-00066507": "people are generally fearful of being", "e8M28_Ikp58-00208-00066508-00066772": "imperfect whether it's the perfect", "e8M28_Ikp58-00209-00066773-00066981": "thoughts or the perfect words or the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00210-00066982-00067234": "perfect behavior I think it's safe to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00211-00067235-00067587": "say or fair to say reasonably that we we", "e8M28_Ikp58-00212-00067588-00067962": "the Royal need for all of us we know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00213-00067963-00068092": "what violence", "e8M28_Ikp58-00214-00068093-00068374": "looks like physical violence regardless", "e8M28_Ikp58-00215-00068375-00068611": "of what is motivated by for the person", "e8M28_Ikp58-00216-00068612-00068818": "of you ask this question it sounds to me", "e8M28_Ikp58-00217-00068819-00069043": "like they aren't really struggling with", "e8M28_Ikp58-00218-00069044-00069249": "the extreme behaviors of racial violence", "e8M28_Ikp58-00219-00069250-00069537": "for those who struggle with having", "e8M28_Ikp58-00220-00069538-00069715": "perfect behavior and perfect thoughts", "e8M28_Ikp58-00221-00069716-00070021": "which myself my suspicion is that the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00222-00070022-00070186": "person asking this question may be", "e8M28_Ikp58-00223-00070187-00070386": "struggling more with a perfect sauce", "e8M28_Ikp58-00224-00070387-00070768": "aspect my first suggestion is to break", "e8M28_Ikp58-00225-00070769-00071094": "the ice with humility by offering a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00226-00071095-00071450": "confession on the imperfect thoughts and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00227-00071451-00071716": "to do it within the relationships that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00228-00071717-00071953": "are core to you with those who love you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00229-00071954-00072250": "because in love there is room for a", "e8M28_Ikp58-00230-00072251-00072687": "natural offering of grace grace is", "e8M28_Ikp58-00231-00072688-00072918": "different from evasion and fear which", "e8M28_Ikp58-00232-00072919-00073321": "avoids dealing with the truth grace has", "e8M28_Ikp58-00233-00073322-00073561": "the ability to forgive but also to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00234-00073562-00073830": "redeem so the forgiveness and redemption", "e8M28_Ikp58-00235-00073831-00074193": "process only begins with confession or", "e8M28_Ikp58-00236-00074194-00074388": "what we or with your Christian circles", "e8M28_Ikp58-00237-00074389-00074653": "we call it repentance and when you start", "e8M28_Ikp58-00238-00074654-00074875": "in humility you also model this for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00239-00074876-00075334": "others and they can follow suit humility", "e8M28_Ikp58-00240-00075335-00075555": "is a sweet fragrance or a sweet seed to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00241-00075556-00075768": "soften difficult and challenging topics", "e8M28_Ikp58-00242-00075769-00075909": "as well as difficult and challenging", "e8M28_Ikp58-00243-00075910-00076147": "personalities and difficult and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00244-00076148-00076287": "challenging feelings that exist in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00245-00076288-00076525": "others many people these days in the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00246-00076526-00076687": "tension of our cultural climate are", "e8M28_Ikp58-00247-00076688-00076782": "feeling difficult and challenging", "e8M28_Ikp58-00248-00076783-00077175": "feelings when we practice truthful and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00249-00077176-00077422": "humble speech for those who are core to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00250-00077423-00077704": "us we can grow together grow stronger", "e8M28_Ikp58-00251-00077705-00078091": "together in truth on unfair evasion or", "e8M28_Ikp58-00252-00078092-00078304": "avoidance or making excuses but in truth", "e8M28_Ikp58-00253-00078305-00078523": "and then extending the model to others", "e8M28_Ikp58-00254-00078524-00078667": "who are close to us but not", "e8M28_Ikp58-00255-00078668-00078898": "core until gradually as we go outwards", "e8M28_Ikp58-00256-00078899-00079107": "in our social circles we can model it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00257-00079108-00079332": "and grow for those who are not in our", "e8M28_Ikp58-00258-00079333-00079603": "immediate vicinity so in conclusion what", "e8M28_Ikp58-00259-00079604-00079885": "I'm describing is after working on", "e8M28_Ikp58-00260-00079886-00080146": "yourself all these years being a 60 year", "e8M28_Ikp58-00261-00080147-00080467": "old woman seeing deep-seated hatred and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00262-00080468-00080812": "racial violence where you were and if it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00263-00080813-00081063": "wasn't physical violence then maybe it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00264-00081064-00081316": "was redlining in real estate maybe it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00265-00081317-00081529": "was the financial practices maybe it was", "e8M28_Ikp58-00266-00081530-00081909": "the the school system whatever it was", "e8M28_Ikp58-00267-00081910-00082225": "you identified yourself as having grown", "e8M28_Ikp58-00268-00082226-00082516": "up in seg in the segregated south that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00269-00082517-00082711": "you did not like it that you that you've", "e8M28_Ikp58-00270-00082712-00082954": "clearly done a lot of work over these", "e8M28_Ikp58-00271-00082955-00083305": "years and I want to encourage you I feel", "e8M28_Ikp58-00272-00083306-00083665": "like you're in a prime position to help", "e8M28_Ikp58-00273-00083666-00084004": "others grow by being a soft teacher or", "e8M28_Ikp58-00274-00084005-00084271": "moderator for your friends family and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00275-00084272-00084403": "neighbors and you can help your", "e8M28_Ikp58-00276-00084404-00084610": "community grow in your corner of the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00277-00084611-00084919": "world so whoever you are anonymous I'm", "e8M28_Ikp58-00278-00084920-00085099": "excited for you I think you can have", "e8M28_Ikp58-00279-00085100-00085417": "really great conversations and if you do", "e8M28_Ikp58-00280-00085418-00085609": "end up having them I would love to hear", "e8M28_Ikp58-00281-00085610-00085876": "about them if you would like to share", "e8M28_Ikp58-00282-00085877-00086232": "about them and how it goes for you so", "e8M28_Ikp58-00283-00086233-00086518": "all that said at this moment I just want", "e8M28_Ikp58-00284-00086519-00086824": "to share the share the whole um share", "e8M28_Ikp58-00285-00086825-00087037": "with the whole table so with Rebecca and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00286-00087038-00087274": "Rudy if you have any thoughts with the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00287-00087275-00087523": "other questions and answers that we had", "e8M28_Ikp58-00288-00087524-00087732": "if you have for the reflections you're", "e8M28_Ikp58-00289-00087733-00088375": "more than welcome to chime in - yeah I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00290-00088376-00088831": "was thinking about my question again and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00291-00088832-00089005": "I was just rereading it just to make", "e8M28_Ikp58-00292-00089006-00089188": "sure I was understanding what she was", "e8M28_Ikp58-00293-00089189-00089587": "asking because she's an awkward question", "e8M28_Ikp58-00294-00089588-00090013": "and is why am i immediately suspect by", "e8M28_Ikp58-00295-00090014-00090334": "black people so I'm just wondering if", "e8M28_Ikp58-00296-00090335-00090762": "you guys are interpreting it like she's", "e8M28_Ikp58-00297-00090763-00091101": "like black people or suspect of her or", "e8M28_Ikp58-00298-00091102-00091255": "at the opposite because I think I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00299-00091256-00091759": "answered it the opposite way yeah I I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00300-00091760-00091921": "mean have a couple thoughts of booty", "e8M28_Ikp58-00301-00091922-00092056": "what about you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00302-00092057-00092563": "I interpreted it as the other way um I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00303-00092564-00093134": "think it would be more clarifying if we", "e8M28_Ikp58-00304-00093135-00093475": "knew the race of the person who is", "e8M28_Ikp58-00305-00093476-00093815": "asking this question but the way that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00306-00093816-00094132": "it's worded I interpreted it as being", "e8M28_Ikp58-00307-00094133-00094391": "suspect by black people were like black", "e8M28_Ikp58-00308-00094392-00094675": "people are suspecting her um that's how", "e8M28_Ikp58-00309-00094676-00095242": "I interpret it yeah you know I don't", "e8M28_Ikp58-00310-00095243-00095524": "know either so I I made this forum so", "e8M28_Ikp58-00311-00095525-00095722": "that people who are afraid to ask", "e8M28_Ikp58-00312-00095723-00095917": "questions or feeling uncomfortable", "e8M28_Ikp58-00313-00095918-00096122": "having conversations in the GART in the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00314-00096123-00096442": "current climate of culture could pre", "e8M28_Ikp58-00315-00096443-00096871": "submit some questions for our panel and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00316-00096872-00097078": "especially if they're free to say it to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00317-00097079-00097225": "their own friends so I don't even know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00318-00097226-00097405": "who this person is to be honest if I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00319-00097406-00097624": "might what is that I actually don't", "e8M28_Ikp58-00320-00097625-00097753": "really know who it is because there's no", "e8M28_Ikp58-00321-00097754-00098098": "last name so you know like yeah it's up", "e8M28_Ikp58-00322-00098099-00098167": "for grabs", "e8M28_Ikp58-00323-00098168-00098590": "and um it's interesting because you know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00324-00098591-00098759": "like we can interpret this so many ways", "e8M28_Ikp58-00325-00098760-00099061": "right like if this is a person who isn't", "e8M28_Ikp58-00326-00099062-00099349": "that classical white bright white black", "e8M28_Ikp58-00327-00099350-00099610": "framework of the segregated status and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00328-00099611-00099799": "if she's white and she's suspect by", "e8M28_Ikp58-00329-00099800-00099943": "black people that has certain", "e8M28_Ikp58-00330-00099944-00100393": "connotations if she is black and in or", "e8M28_Ikp58-00331-00100394-00100672": "if she's like an african-american", "e8M28_Ikp58-00332-00100673-00100912": "first-generation immigrant and if she's", "e8M28_Ikp58-00333-00100913-00101149": "like suspect by black people that has", "e8M28_Ikp58-00334-00101150-00101390": "new connotations and if a person of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00335-00101391-00101678": "color whose white passing like biracial", "e8M28_Ikp58-00336-00101679-00101857": "or multi-ethnic or whatever white", "e8M28_Ikp58-00337-00101858-00102163": "passing and and then she says she's", "e8M28_Ikp58-00338-00102164-00102355": "suspect by black people that has another", "e8M28_Ikp58-00339-00102356-00102754": "connotation if she's you know there's", "e8M28_Ikp58-00340-00102755-00103129": "all these different possibilities maybe", "e8M28_Ikp58-00341-00103130-00103437": "she's black but then is she also like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00342-00103438-00103801": "was she adopted was she by race like was", "e8M28_Ikp58-00343-00103802-00104092": "she fostered in a foster family was she", "e8M28_Ikp58-00344-00104093-00104404": "like with her birth family who was she", "e8M28_Ikp58-00345-00104405-00104699": "raised by and what world that the family", "e8M28_Ikp58-00346-00104700-00104972": "members have in the community you know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00347-00104973-00105184": "what are the relationships what causes", "e8M28_Ikp58-00348-00105185-00105263": "the feelings", "e8M28_Ikp58-00349-00105264-00105886": "of people must be suspect of me yeah", "e8M28_Ikp58-00350-00105888-00106280": "are these founded on real like tangible", "e8M28_Ikp58-00351-00106281-00106601": "things or is it like microaggressions", "e8M28_Ikp58-00352-00106602-00106823": "or is it paranoia like there's so many", "e8M28_Ikp58-00353-00106824-00107185": "things so many possibilities so I I feel", "e8M28_Ikp58-00354-00107186-00108040": "like I can't really I don't know yeah", "e8M28_Ikp58-00355-00108041-00108371": "yeah how do you feel with like you know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00356-00108372-00108533": "as you're reflecting on that question", "e8M28_Ikp58-00357-00108533-00108752": "and some of bootys thoughts and my", "e8M28_Ikp58-00358-00108753-00109411": "thoughts yeah I mean I think I answered", "e8M28_Ikp58-00359-00109413-00109880": "it I think yeah yeah but there's so many", "e8M28_Ikp58-00360-00109881-00110308": "things that are not like I don't know so", "e8M28_Ikp58-00361-00110308-00110588": "about the question and who asked it so", "e8M28_Ikp58-00362-00110589-00110954": "ah they I think like the answer I gave", "e8M28_Ikp58-00363-00110955-00111326": "is like as much as I can give at this", "e8M28_Ikp58-00364-00111327-00112001": "time sure yeah I mean I feel like from", "e8M28_Ikp58-00365-00112002-00112289": "your heart and the way that I really the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00366-00112290-00112622": "last several years of being friends here", "e8M28_Ikp58-00367-00112623-00112904": "so thoughtful so thank you thank you for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00368-00112905-00113147": "for thinking of like multiple angles on", "e8M28_Ikp58-00369-00113148-00113792": "this on this question yeah so yeah are", "e8M28_Ikp58-00370-00113793-00113939": "there other any other thoughts that you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00371-00113940-00114098": "have about these pre submitted questions", "e8M28_Ikp58-00372-00114099-00114751": "you guys um I also wanted to add on to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00373-00114752-00115232": "for the question about implicit bias for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00374-00115233-00115616": "the woman who submitted that I think my", "e8M28_Ikp58-00375-00115617-00115943": "immediate thought was good for you that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00376-00115944-00116393": "you are 60 years old and you are being", "e8M28_Ikp58-00377-00116394-00116672": "mindful of the ways that your implicit", "e8M28_Ikp58-00378-00116673-00116888": "bias comes out because I think at that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00379-00116889-00117089": "age so many people are just like you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00380-00117090-00117368": "know what I've left your life I paid my", "e8M28_Ikp58-00381-00117369-00117551": "dues I'm just gonna be stuck in my ways", "e8M28_Ikp58-00382-00117552-00117835": "and continue living this way right and I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00383-00117836-00118151": "have I think I've encountered and met", "e8M28_Ikp58-00384-00118152-00118411": "and worked with so many people who are", "e8M28_Ikp58-00385-00118413-00118660": "at that age and they just refuse", "e8M28_Ikp58-00386-00118661-00118982": "you know to see life any other way", "e8M28_Ikp58-00387-00118983-00119291": "so again just thank you so much for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00388-00119292-00119519": "continuing to be open-minded and wanting", "e8M28_Ikp58-00389-00119520-00120083": "to continue to work just yourself and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00390-00120083-00120385": "your character um so that you can love", "e8M28_Ikp58-00391-00120386-00120572": "people for who they are and not the way", "e8M28_Ikp58-00392-00120573-00120883": "that your brain is wired to view them um", "e8M28_Ikp58-00393-00120884-00121229": "and so with that I think to like it's", "e8M28_Ikp58-00394-00121230-00121459": "important to remember that our brains", "e8M28_Ikp58-00395-00121460-00121949": "will like to take shortcuts in anything", "e8M28_Ikp58-00396-00121950-00122276": "that it can and that also includes the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00397-00122277-00122495": "way that they put our brain views people", "e8M28_Ikp58-00398-00122496-00122761": "and so I think when it comes to things", "e8M28_Ikp58-00399-00122763-00123119": "like implicit bias um it's just", "e8M28_Ikp58-00400-00123120-00123283": "something that our brains have been", "e8M28_Ikp58-00401-00123284-00123551": "wired to think throughout our lives", "e8M28_Ikp58-00402-00123552-00123749": "whether it's you know the way that we", "e8M28_Ikp58-00403-00123750-00123910": "grew up the people that we surround", "e8M28_Ikp58-00404-00123911-00124166": "ourselves with the messages that the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00405-00124167-00124526": "media we take in throws at us um and so", "e8M28_Ikp58-00406-00124527-00124973": "it's it's a lot of effort and a lot of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00407-00124974-00125560": "work to really confront um preset you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00408-00125561-00125882": "know ideas and concepts that we have of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00409-00125883-00126259": "people and of different races um but I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00410-00126260-00126491": "think even the fact that you ask this", "e8M28_Ikp58-00411-00126492-00126740": "question um is a great first step in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00412-00126741-00127431": "working towards that so thank you", "e8M28_Ikp58-00413-00127432-00127633": "that is so beautiful", "e8M28_Ikp58-00414-00127633-00127825": "thanks woody you know as you were saying", "e8M28_Ikp58-00415-00127826-00128286": "those things I was reminded of I think", "e8M28_Ikp58-00416-00128288-00128545": "some of my toughest race race related", "e8M28_Ikp58-00417-00128546-00128815": "conversations happened during grad", "e8M28_Ikp58-00418-00128816-00129346": "school like a long time ago and in grad", "e8M28_Ikp58-00419-00129347-00129601": "school most of my colleagues and peers", "e8M28_Ikp58-00420-00129602-00130003": "were in there like second career they", "e8M28_Ikp58-00421-00130004-00130213": "have like a lot of them were middle-aged", "e8M28_Ikp58-00422-00130214-00130583": "or beyond middle-aged or tired even and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00423-00130584-00130864": "coming back into the field to do what", "e8M28_Ikp58-00424-00130865-00131029": "they thought they were always called to", "e8M28_Ikp58-00425-00131030-00131182": "do but you know counseling", "e8M28_Ikp58-00426-00131183-00131392": "administration you can't always support", "e8M28_Ikp58-00427-00131393-00131575": "a family on that so any on for whatever", "e8M28_Ikp58-00428-00131576-00131899": "reason that people had denied pursue it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00429-00131900-00132247": "before they came back and they were", "e8M28_Ikp58-00430-00132248-00132625": "working on their degrees so a lot of my", "e8M28_Ikp58-00431-00132626-00132853": "friends my best friends from that time", "e8M28_Ikp58-00432-00132854-00133105": "were in their 40s and 50s and some even", "e8M28_Ikp58-00433-00133106-00133645": "in their 60s and that potential for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00434-00133646-00133867": "change even for those who are older was", "e8M28_Ikp58-00435-00133868-00134178": "so evident to me in that time because", "e8M28_Ikp58-00436-00134179-00134497": "some of my best friends like I've never", "e8M28_Ikp58-00437-00134498-00134848": "really had exposure to Asian people", "e8M28_Ikp58-00438-00134849-00135193": "whether they're white or black ended up", "e8M28_Ikp58-00439-00135194-00135439": "becoming my best friends became becoming", "e8M28_Ikp58-00440-00135440-00135631": "like one of them became like a second", "e8M28_Ikp58-00441-00135632-00136072": "mom to me and you know like all that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00442-00136073-00136303": "change that happened was in the in the", "e8M28_Ikp58-00443-00136304-00136519": "place of relationship through friendship", "e8M28_Ikp58-00444-00136520-00136726": "and developing love for each other it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00445-00136727-00136972": "was like my friend you know the one that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00446-00136973-00137119": "became like a second mom she's like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00447-00137120-00137446": "you're my friend and I'm not gonna let", "e8M28_Ikp58-00448-00137447-00137944": "people treat you badly and okay I'll go", "e8M28_Ikp58-00449-00137945-00138121": "there for you wherever that you know", "e8M28_Ikp58-00450-00138122-00138370": "wherever you need me to be and you just", "e8M28_Ikp58-00451-00138371-00138623": "tell me and I'm gonna show up and like", "e8M28_Ikp58-00452-00138624-00138854": "you know she was so she's so sweet and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00453-00138855-00139196": "um like to this day we're so close and", "e8M28_Ikp58-00454-00139197-00139412": "she's like well this is what I do for my", "e8M28_Ikp58-00455-00139413-00139718": "other friends why not you know like of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00456-00139719-00139889": "course it's gonna carry over for you too", "e8M28_Ikp58-00457-00139890-00140381": "so like in that context change was in", "e8M28_Ikp58-00458-00140382-00140725": "love was very natural and very easy I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00459-00140726-00140990": "mean not that was easy is the right word", "e8M28_Ikp58-00460-00140991-00141185": "but it was it was natural it was organic", "e8M28_Ikp58-00461-00141186-00141737": "and it wasn't forced so um yeah I just", "e8M28_Ikp58-00462-00141738-00141914": "want to echo what you said thanks for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00463-00141915-00142094": "thanks for what you said woody that", "e8M28_Ikp58-00464-00142095-00142289": "encouragement because it reminded me of", "e8M28_Ikp58-00465-00142290-00142703": "a of a relationship I'm seeing arrogant", "e8M28_Ikp58-00466-00142704-00143132": "ones yeah so um yeah at this point I'm", "e8M28_Ikp58-00467-00143133-00143507": "sorry to cut this panel panel Q&A short", "e8M28_Ikp58-00468-00143508-00143693": "but as it organized her I have to play", "e8M28_Ikp58-00469-00143694-00143873": "backup and keep watch all the time", "e8M28_Ikp58-00470-00143874-00144116": "thanks so much for your time you guys", "e8M28_Ikp58-00471-00144117-00144473": "Rebecca and woody it was so fun and I", "e8M28_Ikp58-00472-00144474-00144698": "hope that this Q&A was encouraging for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00473-00144699-00144845": "those who submitted the questions for", "e8M28_Ikp58-00474-00144846-00145064": "those who are watching and that maybe it", "e8M28_Ikp58-00475-00145065-00145247": "inspires you to start some conversations", "e8M28_Ikp58-00476-00145248-00145466": "with the core people in your life", "e8M28_Ikp58-00477-00145467-00145691": "whether you have questions or you want", "e8M28_Ikp58-00478-00145692-00145790": "to share something from your own", "e8M28_Ikp58-00479-00145791-00146108": "experience or just to make the topic", "e8M28_Ikp58-00480-00146109-00146456": "less intimidating and more manageable as", "e8M28_Ikp58-00481-00146457-00146702": "a talking point and with that we wish", "e8M28_Ikp58-00482-00146703-00147029": "you all complex"}}, {"audio_id": "e8X2wLlXCV0", "text": {"e8X2wLlXCV0-00000-00000000-00000196": "hi everyone my name is Mayor Burak today", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00001-00000197-00000424": "we're going to learn on how to add to a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00002-00000425-00000569": "trade and sometimes it makes all the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00003-00000570-00000790": "difference because when you add you", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00004-00000791-00000958": "normally add to a trade that you like", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00005-00000959-00001283": "and you do not add size to a trade that", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00006-00001284-00001481": "you do not like we're going to go", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00007-00001482-00001745": "through this real quick now first take a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00008-00001746-00001937": "look at the S P 500 the s p started with", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00009-00001938-00002092": "the gap down today it's moving up it's", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00010-00002093-00002291": "likely to come down under the lows", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00011-00002292-00002459": "that's how you start your trading", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00012-00002460-00002602": "session you look for the direction of", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00013-00002603-00002825": "the S P 500 yesterday the market came", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00014-00002826-00003010": "down very strong it's likely to continue", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00015-00003011-00003203": "today so I'm looking for stocks that", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00016-00003204-00003383": "will behave the same like Tesla which is", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00017-00003384-00003569": "down one and a half percent it tried to", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00018-00003570-00003736": "move higher it failed now it's reversing", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00019-00003738-00004001": "I'm gonna short here 2 000 shares", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00020-00004002-00004229": "expecting it to come down with the S P", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00021-00004230-00004570": "500 again it's all based on the S P 500", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00022-00004571-00004745": "because that's where the institutional", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00023-00004746-00004972": "money comes from Tesla is touching the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00024-00004973-00005129": "lows I'm up three thousand dollars", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00025-00005130-00005345": "taking my partial here leaving just 200", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00026-00005346-00005567": "shares and s p as you can see as", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00027-00005568-00005831": "expected continues yesterday's downtrend", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00028-00005832-00006070": "and moves Down Under the loss now", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00029-00006071-00006304": "Tesla's not the only one Boeing moved up", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00030-00006305-00006425": "at the beginning of the trading sessions", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00031-00006426-00006610": "a little bit different right here it's a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00032-00006611-00006767": "nice technical formation nice cup and", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00033-00006768-00006941": "handle formation I'm going to show it", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00034-00006942-00007259": "here uh 2 000 shares now the thing with", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00035-00007259-00007517": "Boeing is I like the technical formation", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00036-00007518-00007660": "I don't like the fact that it's only", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00037-00007661-00007919": "down 0.2 percent but I really like the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00038-00007920-00008153": "way it looks mainly because I was", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00039-00008154-00008309": "watching the Airlines and the airlines", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00040-00008310-00008555": "are crashing and that's why Boeing is", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00041-00008556-00008801": "very very likely to follow so Boeing is", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00042-00008802-00009046": "doing well it's moving down it just", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00043-00009047-00009245": "moved down under the lows it's a bit", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00044-00009246-00009395": "spready so", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00045-00009396-00009641": "I'm kind of waiting for a bigger move", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00046-00009642-00009989": "I'm up 400 500 it's nowhere close to my", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00047-00009990-00010217": "target but look what happens now a spike", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00048-00010218-00010577": "up I would call this a retest this is", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00049-00010578-00010823": "what we call a retest it moves up to", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00050-00010824-00011003": "latest the breakdown point now look at", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00051-00011004-00011201": "the s p it's still down you always look", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00052-00011202-00011423": "back at the s p to make sure that Boeing", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00053-00011424-00011591": "is not moving up because the s p is", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00054-00011592-00011764": "moving up no the s p is running lower", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00055-00011765-00012053": "Boeing one minute candles is just spiked", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00056-00012054-00012317": "up it retested the breakdown point when", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00057-00012318-00012491": "something like this happened you add I", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00058-00012492-00012695": "just added another 2000 shares normally", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00059-00012696-00012880": "when the stock is breaking down under", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00060-00012881-00013151": "the support it will move back up to", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00061-00013152-00013415": "retest what was a support and now", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00062-00013416-00013721": "becomes a resistance it's normal and you", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00063-00013722-00013955": "can add this kind of points now it's the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00064-00013956-00014129": "same for stock that is moving up and", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00065-00014130-00014303": "then coming down and re-test and then", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00066-00014304-00014597": "continues to move higher now it's just", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00067-00014597-00014794": "reached my target I'm taking my profit", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00068-00014795-00014986": "and leaving 400 shares I'll talk about", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00069-00014987-00015197": "retest some other times but please", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00070-00015197-00015358": "remember when the stock is trending", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00071-00015359-00015593": "global breaking down then touches the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00072-00015594-00015936": "point where it originally broke down", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00073-00015937-00016336": "this is what we call every test now with", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00074-00016337-00016585": "JD it's quite simple", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00075-00016586-00016822": "it's much more simple it's down four", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00076-00016823-00017003": "percent it's a nice reversal it will", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00077-00017004-00017153": "continue the trend and again the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00078-00017154-00017375": "Market's coming down I'm shorting 2 000", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00079-00017376-00017729": "shares now I will also add soon to JD as", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00080-00017730-00017980": "you can see it's going sideways it", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00081-00017981-00018191": "didn't yet prove to me that it wants to", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00082-00018192-00018407": "continue coming down but at some point", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00083-00018408-00018575": "when the market continue to move down", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00084-00018576-00018791": "and right here it looks like it has a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00085-00018792-00019061": "beautiful breakdown formation I will add", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00086-00019062-00019307": "so I'm adding 2 000 shares now I'm sure", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00087-00019308-00019517": "four thousand shares because of this", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00088-00019518-00019697": "beautiful breakdown point so unlike", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00089-00019698-00020075": "unlike Boeing that's not a retest it did", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00090-00020076-00020303": "not pop up and give me an opportunity to", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00091-00020304-00020483": "add to a winning trade just came down", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00092-00020484-00020717": "I'm up sixteen hundred dollars right now", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00093-00020718-00020963": "a small pullback taking my profits and", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00094-00020964-00021233": "leaving 400 shares so I added to JD", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00095-00021234-00021544": "because of the breakdown own nice", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00096-00021545-00021827": "technical formation it did not happen", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00097-00021828-00022078": "with Boeing again Boeing was adding on a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00098-00022079-00022469": "retest JD is adding on a breakdown but", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00099-00022470-00022678": "both of them did very well and again I'm", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00100-00022679-00022943": "getting an advantage while I'm adding to", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00101-00022944-00023189": "a trade that I think looks better than", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00102-00023190-00023471": "the normal trade now Netflix", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00103-00023472-00023777": "is coming down uh it's a nice again", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00104-00023778-00024041": "reversal right now not the greatest", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00105-00024042-00024275": "technical pattern I'm shorting 2000", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00106-00024276-00024478": "shares expecting a breakdown you always", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00107-00024479-00024736": "want to short before a stock is breaking", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00108-00024737-00024928": "under the laws you need to anticipate", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00109-00024929-00025144": "the loss well it broke down a little bit", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00110-00025145-00025361": "and then it kind of goes sideways now", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00111-00025362-00025571": "it's building a cup and handle formation", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00112-00025572-00025756": "which is much better than the breakdown", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00113-00025757-00025967": "formation so I'm adding I'm adding", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00114-00025968-00026225": "another 1000 shares to my Netflix show", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00115-00026226-00026483": "now Netflix is a big mover so I add a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00116-00026483-00026627": "little bit less than I added to the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00117-00026627-00026837": "other stocks you watched me add to them", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00118-00026838-00027077": "earlier like Boeing and JD look it's", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00119-00027077-00027311": "beautiful breakdown I'm up five grand", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00120-00027312-00027617": "it's a bigger movie it's it's it's the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00121-00027618-00027802": "risk is much higher taking my partial", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00122-00027804-00028205": "right here 400 shares left now I had", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00123-00028206-00028624": "several other trades like uh lift and a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00124-00028625-00028877": "loser in CRM I showed you some of them", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00125-00028877-00029261": "mainly the ones that I added size to so", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00126-00029262-00029627": "please remember when you add size to a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00127-00029627-00029885": "long all to a short you look for an", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00128-00029886-00030107": "advantage you always add when you think", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00129-00030108-00030299": "you have an advantage the technical", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00130-00030300-00030574": "formation is being built you start with", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00131-00030575-00030893": "smaller size tekless risk and then when", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00132-00030894-00031061": "the stock comes to the point where you", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00133-00031062-00031324": "think you have an advantage you add and", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00134-00031325-00031511": "then of course if you have a stock that", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00135-00031512-00031696": "does not look like it has any kind of an", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00136-00031697-00031883": "events you just don't add so just", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00137-00031883-00032068": "imagine your winners would be double", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00138-00032069-00032320": "size your losers not all of them will be", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00139-00032322-00032531": "losers of course will have your normal", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00140-00032532-00032843": "size or a small size that's one of the", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00141-00032844-00033089": "ways to stay in green while trading", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00142-00033090-00033227": "thank you very much for watching this", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00143-00033228-00033401": "video if you liked it please give me a", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00144-00033402-00033605": "like don't forget to subscribe to my", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00145-00033606-00033815": "channel right over here there's plenty", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00146-00033816-00034018": "of links right here below one of them is", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00147-00034019-00034265": "for my trading home I trade live each", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00148-00034266-00034487": "and every day and all of these trades", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00149-00034488-00034768": "were cold like in my trading room I look", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00150-00034769-00035015": "forward to see you there uh you don't it", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00151-00035016-00035255": "does not require a credit card to join", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00152-00035256-00035489": "so just click on the link below and I'll", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00153-00035490-00035711": "see you in my live trading home thank", "e8X2wLlXCV0-00154-00035712-00036025": "you for watching bye"}}, {"audio_id": "e8aXaxpOUIQ", "text": {"e8aXaxpOUIQ-00000-00000028-00000095": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00001-00000096-00000311": "oh it's big bow", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00002-00000312-00001877": "the tough guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00003-00001878-00004585": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00004-00004586-00005683": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00005-00005684-00006056": "guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00006-00006057-00008018": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00007-00008019-00008483": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00008-00008484-00008785": "guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00009-00008786-00011283": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00010-00011284-00011425": "guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00011-00011426-00012193": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00012-00012194-00014083": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00013-00014084-00014494": "guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00014-00014494-00016883": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00015-00016884-00017233": "guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00016-00017234-00021083": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00017-00021084-00021409": "guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00018-00021410-00023883": "[Music]", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00019-00023884-00024567": "guys", "e8aXaxpOUIQ-00020-00024568-00024776": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "e9l19ooQNKI", "text": {"e9l19ooQNKI-00000-00004336-00007183": "[Music]", "e9l19ooQNKI-00001-00007184-00013541": "the", "e9l19ooQNKI-00002-00013541-00014007": "[Music]", "e9l19ooQNKI-00003-00014008-00018167": "foreign", "e9l19ooQNKI-00004-00018168-00019519": "foreign", "e9l19ooQNKI-00005-00019520-00020903": "foreign", "e9l19ooQNKI-00006-00020904-00026527": "foreign", "e9l19ooQNKI-00007-00026527-00028641": "[Music]", "e9l19ooQNKI-00008-00028642-00029330": "[Music]", "e9l19ooQNKI-00009-00029331-00030452": "[Music]", "e9l19ooQNKI-00010-00030454-00031661": "[Music]", "e9l19ooQNKI-00011-00031662-00034079": "[Music]", "e9l19ooQNKI-00012-00034080-00034436": "ramadan kareem"}}, {"audio_id": "e9mnGSh-ouk", "text": {"e9mnGSh-ouk-00000-00000046-00000345": "in radio an antenna as the interface", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00001-00000346-00000602": "between radio waves propagating through", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00002-00000603-00000825": "space and electric currents moving in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00003-00000826-00001059": "metal conductors used with a transmitter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00004-00001060-00001410": "or receiver in transmission a radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00005-00001411-00001664": "transmitter supplies an electric current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00006-00001666-00001854": "to the antennas terminals and the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00007-00001855-00002082": "antenna radiates the energy from the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00008-00002083-00002337": "current as electromagnetic waves radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00009-00002338-00002721": "waves in reception an antenna intercepts", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00010-00002722-00002949": "some of the power of a radio wave in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00011-00002950-00003180": "order to produce an electric current at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00012-00003181-00003386": "its terminals that is applied to a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00013-00003388-00003717": "receiver to be amplified antennas are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00014-00003718-00003909": "essential components of all radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00015-00003910-00004125": "equipment and are used in radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00016-00004126-00004386": "broadcasting broadcast television", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00017-00004387-00004683": "two-way radio communications receivers", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00018-00004684-00004931": "radar cell phones satellite", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00019-00004932-00005236": "communications and other devices an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00020-00005237-00005495": "antenna is an array of conductors", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00021-00005496-00005736": "elements electrically connected to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00022-00005737-00006009": "receiver or transmitter during", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00023-00006010-00006216": "transmission the oscillating current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00024-00006217-00006459": "applied to the antenna by a transmitter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00025-00006459-00006671": "creates an oscillating electric field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00026-00006672-00006923": "and magnetic field around the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00027-00006925-00007253": "elements these time varying fields", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00028-00007254-00007476": "radiate energy away from the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00029-00007477-00007706": "into space as a moving transverse", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00030-00007708-00008059": "electromagnetic field wave a radio wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00031-00008061-00008316": "conversely during reception the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00032-00008317-00008571": "oscillating electric and magnetic fields", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00033-00008572-00008828": "of an incoming radio wave exert force on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00034-00008829-00009035": "the electrons in the antenna elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00035-00009036-00009282": "causing them to move back and forth", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00036-00009283-00009510": "creating oscillating currents in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00037-00009511-00009839": "antenna antennas can be designed to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00038-00009840-00010107": "transmit and receive radio waves in all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00039-00010108-00010308": "horizontal directions equally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00040-00010309-00010502": "omnidirectional antennas or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00041-00010503-00010733": "preferentially in a particular direction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00042-00010734-00011033": "directional or high gain antennas an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00043-00011034-00011339": "antenna may include parasitic elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00044-00011340-00011613": "parabolic reflectors or horns which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00045-00011614-00011864": "serve to direct the radio waves into a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00046-00011865-00012176": "beam or other desired radiation pattern", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00047-00012177-00012588": "the first antennas were built in 1888 by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00048-00012589-00012830": "German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00049-00012831-00013052": "pioneering experiments to prove the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00050-00013053-00013272": "existence of electromagnetic waves", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00051-00013272-00013394": "predicted by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00052-00013396-00013743": "Yury of James Clerk Maxwell Hertz placed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00053-00013744-00013997": "dipole antennas at the focal point of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00054-00013999-00014184": "parabolic reflectors for both", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00055-00014185-00014502": "transmitting and receiving he published", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00056-00014503-00014847": "his work in annalen der physik ume vol", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00057-00014847-00015576": "36 1889", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00058-00015577-00016125": "topic terminology", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00059-00016126-00016397": "the words antenna and aerial are used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00060-00016398-00016686": "interchangeably occasionally the term", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00061-00016687-00017014": "aerial is used to mean a wire antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00062-00017015-00017330": "the origin of the word antenna relative", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00063-00017331-00017592": "to wireless apparatus as attributed to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00064-00017593-00017889": "Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00065-00017890-00018303": "in the summer of 1895 Marconi began", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00066-00018304-00018578": "testing his wireless system outdoors on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00067-00018579-00018797": "his father's estate near Bologna and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00068-00018798-00019058": "soon began to experiment with long wire", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00069-00019059-00019488": "aerials suspended from a pole in Italian", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00070-00019489-00019755": "a tent pole as known as Lantana central", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00071-00019756-00019980": "and the pole with the wire was simply", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00072-00019981-00020105": "called Lantana", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00073-00020106-00020378": "until then wireless radiating", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00074-00020379-00020606": "transmitting and receiving elements were", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00075-00020607-00020943": "known simply as terminals because of his", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00076-00020944-00021021": "prominence", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00077-00021022-00021267": "Marconi's use of the word antenna spread", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00078-00021268-00021509": "among wireless researchers and later to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00079-00021510-00021747": "the general public antenna may refer", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00080-00021748-00022008": "broadly to an entire assembly including", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00081-00022009-00022334": "support structure enclosure if any etc", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00082-00022335-00022550": "in addition to the actual functional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00083-00022551-00022856": "components especially at microwave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00084-00022857-00023121": "frequencies a receiving antenna may", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00085-00023122-00023375": "include not only the actual electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00086-00023376-00023589": "antenna but an integrated pre amplifier", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00087-00023590-00024205": "or mixer", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00088-00024206-00024731": "topic overview", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00089-00024732-00025002": "antennas are required by any radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00090-00025003-00025242": "receiver or transmitter to couple its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00091-00025243-00025395": "electrical connection to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00092-00025396-00025737": "electromagnetic field radio waves are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00093-00025738-00025958": "electromagnetic waves which carry", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00094-00025960-00026187": "signals through the air or through space", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00095-00026188-00026412": "at the speed of light with almost no", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00096-00026413-00026769": "transmission loss radio transmitters and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00097-00026770-00027030": "receivers are used to convey signals in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00098-00027031-00027348": "broadcast audio radio television mobile", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00099-00027349-00027732": "telephones Wi-Fi WLAN data networks and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00100-00027733-00028039": "remote control devices among many others", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00101-00028041-00028352": "radio waves are also used directly for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00102-00028354-00028632": "measurements in radar GPS and radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00103-00028633-00028967": "astronomy transmitters and receivers", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00104-00028968-00029220": "require antennas although these are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00105-00029220-00029463": "sometimes hidden such as the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00106-00029464-00029745": "inside an AM radio or inside a laptop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00107-00029745-00030144": "computer equipped with Wi-Fi antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00108-00030145-00030352": "can be classified as omnidirectional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00109-00030354-00030639": "radiating energy approximately equally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00110-00030639-00030888": "in all directions or directional where", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00111-00030889-00031167": "energy radiates more along one direction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00112-00031168-00031425": "than others antennas are reciprocal so", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00113-00031426-00031656": "the same effect occurs for reception of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00114-00031657-00031893": "radio waves a completely uniform", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00115-00031894-00032097": "omnidirectional antenna is not", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00116-00032098-00032406": "physically possible many important", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00117-00032407-00032627": "antenna types have a uniform radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00118-00032629-00032934": "pattern in the horizontal plane but send", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00119-00032935-00033272": "little energy upward or downward a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00120-00033273-00033633": "directional antenna usually is intended", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00121-00033634-00033825": "to maximize its coupling to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00122-00033826-00034041": "electromagnetic field in the direction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00123-00034042-00034395": "of the other station one example of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00124-00034396-00034626": "omnidirectional antennas is the very", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00125-00034627-00034868": "common vertical antenna or whip antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00126-00034869-00035205": "consisting of a metal rod a dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00127-00035206-00035475": "antenna is similar but consists of two", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00128-00035476-00035709": "such conductors extending in opposite", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00129-00035710-00036012": "directions dipoles are typically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00130-00036013-00036267": "oriented horizontally in which case they", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00131-00036268-00036483": "are weakly directional signals are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00132-00036484-00036720": "reasonably well radiated toward or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00133-00036721-00036915": "received from all directions with the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00134-00036916-00037122": "exception of the direction along the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00135-00037123-00037338": "conductor itself this region is called", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00136-00037339-00037731": "the antenna blind cone or null both the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00137-00037732-00037980": "vertical and dipole antennas are simple", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00138-00037981-00038073": "in construction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00139-00038074-00038382": "and relatively inexpensive the dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00140-00038383-00038607": "antenna which is the basis for most", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00141-00038608-00038895": "antenna designs is a balanced component", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00142-00038896-00039129": "with equal but opposite voltages and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00143-00039130-00039336": "currents applied at its two terminals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00144-00039337-00039564": "through a balanced transmission line or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00145-00039565-00039824": "to a coaxial transmission line through a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00146-00039825-00040164": "so-called ballon the vertical antenna on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00147-00040165-00040487": "the other hand is a monopole antenna it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00148-00040488-00040692": "is typically connected to the inner", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00149-00040693-00040962": "conductor of a coaxial transmission line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00150-00040963-00041190": "or a matching network the shield of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00151-00041191-00041405": "transmission line is connected to ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00152-00041406-00041748": "in this way the ground or any large", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00153-00041749-00041990": "conductive surface plays the role of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00154-00041991-00042230": "second conductor of a dipole thereby", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00155-00042231-00042510": "forming a complete circuit since", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00156-00042511-00042774": "monopole antennas rely on a conductive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00157-00042775-00043011": "ground a so-called grounding structure", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00158-00043012-00043205": "may be employed to provide a better", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00159-00043206-00043430": "ground contact to the earth or which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00160-00043431-00043695": "itself acts as a ground plane to perform", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00161-00043696-00043893": "that function regardless of or in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00162-00043894-00044139": "absence of an actual contact with the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00163-00044140-00044489": "earth antennas more complex than the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00164-00044490-00044751": "dipole or vertical designs are usually", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00165-00044752-00044985": "intended to increase the directivity and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00166-00044986-00045196": "consequently the gain of the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00167-00045197-00045456": "this can be accomplished in many", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00168-00045457-00045677": "different ways leading to a plethora of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00169-00045678-00046026": "antenna designs the vast majority of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00170-00046027-00046257": "designs are fed with a balanced line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00171-00046258-00046502": "unlike a monopole antenna and are based", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00172-00046503-00046727": "on the dipole antenna with additional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00173-00046728-00046964": "components or elements which increase", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00174-00046965-00047408": "its directionality antenna gain in this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00175-00047409-00047664": "instance describes the concentration of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00176-00047665-00047945": "radiated power into a particular solid", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00177-00047946-00048162": "angle of space as opposed to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00178-00048163-00048380": "spherically uniform radiation of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00179-00048381-00048729": "ideal radiator the increased power in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00180-00048730-00048954": "the desired direction is at the expense", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00181-00048955-00049193": "of that in the undesired directions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00182-00049194-00049508": "power is conserved and there is no net", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00183-00049509-00049739": "power increase over that delivered from", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00184-00049740-00050145": "the power source the transmitter for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00185-00050146-00050430": "instance a phased array consists of two", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00186-00050431-00050633": "or more simple antennas which are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00187-00050634-00050837": "connected together through an electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00188-00050838-00051158": "network this often involves a number of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00189-00051159-00051414": "parallel dipole antennas with a certain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00190-00051415-00051516": "space", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00191-00051517-00051724": "depending on the relative phase", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00192-00051725-00051916": "introduced by the network the same", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00193-00051917-00052180": "combination of dipole antennas can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00194-00052181-00052462": "operate as a broad side array", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00195-00052463-00052738": "directional normal to align connecting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00196-00052739-00053076": "the elements or as an end fire array", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00197-00053077-00053303": "directional along the line connecting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00198-00053304-00053626": "the elements antenna arrays may employ", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00199-00053627-00053891": "any basic omnidirectional or weakly", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00200-00053891-00054166": "directional antenna type such as dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00201-00054167-00054536": "loop or slot antennas these elements are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00202-00054537-00054923": "often identical however a log periodic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00203-00054924-00055162": "dipole array consists of a number of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00204-00055163-00055409": "dipole elements of different lengths in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00205-00055410-00055640": "order to obtain a somewhat directional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00206-00055641-00055849": "antenna having an extremely wide", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00207-00055850-00056092": "bandwidth these are frequently used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00208-00056094-00056443": "television reception in fringe areas the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00209-00056444-00056678": "dipole antennas composing it are all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00210-00056679-00057025": "considered active elements since they", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00211-00057026-00057215": "are all electrically connected together", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00212-00057216-00057536": "and to the transmission line on the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00213-00057537-00057718": "other hand a superficially similar", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00214-00057719-00058105": "dipole array the yagi antenna or simply", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00215-00058106-00058499": "yagi has only one dipole element with an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00216-00058500-00058669": "electrical connection the other", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00217-00058670-00058900": "so-called parasitic elements interact", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00218-00058901-00059149": "with the electromagnetic field in order", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00219-00059150-00059407": "to realize a fairly directional antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00220-00059408-00059605": "but one which is limited to a rather", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00221-00059606-00059944": "narrow bandwidth the yagi antenna has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00222-00059945-00060161": "similar looking parasitic dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00223-00060162-00060388": "elements but which act differently due", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00224-00060389-00060565": "to their somewhat different lengths", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00225-00060566-00060844": "there may be a number of so-called", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00226-00060845-00061190": "directors in front of the active element", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00227-00061191-00061381": "in the direction of propagation and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00228-00061382-00061650": "usually a single but possibly more", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00229-00061651-00061973": "reflector on the opposite side of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00230-00061974-00062291": "active element greater directionality", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00231-00062291-00062540": "can be obtained using beam forming", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00232-00062541-00062737": "techniques such as a parabolic reflector", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00233-00062738-00062892": "or a horn", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00234-00062893-00063181": "since high directivity in an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00235-00063182-00063430": "depends on it being large compared to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00236-00063431-00063655": "the wavelength narrow beams of this type", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00237-00063656-00063913": "are more easily achieved at UHF and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00238-00063914-00064158": "microwave frequencies", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00239-00064159-00064485": "at low frequencies such as AM broadcast", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00240-00064486-00064742": "arrays of vertical towers are used to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00241-00064744-00064941": "achieve directionality and they will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00242-00064941-00065325": "occupy large areas of land for reception", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00243-00065326-00065538": "a long beverage antenna can have", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00244-00065539-00065778": "significant directivity for non", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00245-00065779-00066009": "directional portable use a short", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00246-00066010-00066261": "vertical antenna or small loop antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00247-00066262-00066459": "works well with the main design", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00248-00066460-00066651": "challenge being that of impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00249-00066652-00066939": "matching with a vertical antenna a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00250-00066940-00067170": "loading coil at the base of the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00251-00067171-00067413": "may be employed to cancel the reactive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00252-00067414-00067641": "component of impedance small loop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00253-00067642-00067830": "antennas are tuned with parallel", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00254-00067831-00068196": "capacitors for this purpose an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00255-00068197-00068463": "led in as the transmission line or feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00256-00068464-00068688": "line which connects the antenna to a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00257-00068689-00069105": "transmitter or receiver the antenna feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00258-00069106-00069405": "may refer to all components connecting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00259-00069406-00069597": "the antenna to the transmitter or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00260-00069598-00069828": "receiver such as an impedance matching", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00261-00069829-00070077": "Network in addition to the transmission", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00262-00070078-00070398": "line in a so called aperture antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00263-00070399-00070683": "such as a horn or parabolic dish the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00264-00070684-00071046": "feed may also refer to a basic antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00265-00071047-00071328": "inside the entire system normally at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00266-00071329-00071565": "focus of the parabolic dish or at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00267-00071566-00071730": "throat of a horn which could be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00268-00071731-00071946": "considered the one active element in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00269-00071947-00072288": "that antenna system a microwave antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00270-00072289-00072510": "may also be fed directly from a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00271-00072511-00072717": "waveguide in place of a conductive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00272-00072718-00072940": "transmission line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00273-00072941-00073222": "an antenna counterpoise or ground plane", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00274-00073223-00073468": "is a structure of conductive material", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00275-00073469-00073690": "which improves or substitutes for the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00276-00073691-00073968": "ground it may be connected to or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00277-00073969-00074256": "insulated from the natural ground in a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00278-00074257-00074469": "monopole antenna this aids in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00279-00074470-00074634": "function of the natural ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00280-00074635-00074880": "particularly where variations or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00281-00074881-00075130": "limitations of the characteristics of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00282-00075131-00075349": "the natural ground interfere with its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00283-00075350-00075667": "proper function such a structure as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00284-00075668-00075843": "normally connected to the return", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00285-00075844-00076084": "connection of an unbalanced transmission", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00286-00076085-00076309": "line such as the shield of a coaxial", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00287-00076310-00076451": "cable", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00288-00076452-00076727": "an electromagnetic wave refractor in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00289-00076728-00076952": "some aperture antennas as a component", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00290-00076953-00077138": "which due to its shape and position", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00291-00077139-00077390": "functions to selectively delay or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00292-00077391-00077621": "advance portions of the electromagnetic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00293-00077622-00077819": "wave front passing through it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00294-00077820-00078086": "the refractor alters the spatial", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00295-00078087-00078332": "characteristics of the wave on one side", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00296-00078333-00078653": "relative to the other side it can for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00297-00078654-00078899": "instance bring the wave to a focus or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00298-00078900-00079091": "alter the wavefront in other ways", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00299-00079092-00079346": "generally in order to maximize the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00300-00079347-00079655": "directivity of the antenna system this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00301-00079656-00079880": "is the radio equivalent of an optical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00302-00079881-00080048": "lens", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00303-00080049-00080315": "an antenna coupling Network is a passive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00304-00080316-00080540": "network generally a combination of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00305-00080541-00080741": "inductive and capacitive circuit", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00306-00080742-00080987": "elements used for impedance matching in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00307-00080988-00081194": "between the antenna and the transmitter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00308-00081195-00081509": "or receiver this may be used to improve", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00309-00081510-00081785": "the standing wave ratio in order to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00310-00081786-00082004": "minimize losses in the transmission line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00311-00082005-00082223": "and to present the transmitter or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00312-00082224-00082439": "receiver with a standard resistive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00313-00082440-00082658": "impedance that it expects to see for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00314-00082659-00083299": "optimum operation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00315-00083300-00083845": "topic reciprocity", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00316-00083846-00084142": "it is a fundamental property of antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00317-00084143-00084358": "that the electrical characteristics of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00318-00084359-00084604": "an antenna described in the next section", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00319-00084605-00084922": "such as gain radiation pattern impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00320-00084923-00085144": "band width resonant frequency and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00321-00085145-00085384": "polarization are the same whether the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00322-00085385-00085735": "antenna is transmitting or receiving for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00323-00085736-00086049": "example the receiving pattern", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00324-00086050-00086269": "sensitivity as a function of direction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00325-00086270-00086575": "of an antenna when used for reception as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00326-00086576-00086806": "identical to the radiation pattern of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00327-00086807-00087004": "the antenna when it is driven and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00328-00087005-00087286": "functions as a radiator this is a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00329-00087287-00087520": "consequence of the reciprocity theorem", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00330-00087521-00087796": "of electromagnetics therefore in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00331-00087797-00088051": "discussions of antenna properties no", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00332-00088052-00088243": "distinction is usually made between", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00333-00088244-00088504": "receiving and transmitting terminology", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00334-00088505-00088705": "and the antenna can be viewed as either", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00335-00088706-00088957": "transmitting or receiving whichever is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00336-00088958-00089317": "more convenient a necessary condition", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00337-00089318-00089485": "for the aforementioned reciprocity", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00338-00089486-00089746": "property is that the materials in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00339-00089747-00089968": "antenna and transmission medium are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00340-00089969-00090277": "linear and reciprocal reciprocal or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00341-00090278-00090538": "bilateral means that the material has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00342-00090539-00090793": "the same response to an electric current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00343-00090794-00091066": "or magnetic field in one direction as it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00344-00091067-00091258": "has to the field or current in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00345-00091259-00091597": "opposite direction most materials used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00346-00091598-00091846": "in antennas meet these conditions but", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00347-00091847-00092098": "some microwave antennas use high-tech", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00348-00092099-00092296": "components such as Isolators and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00349-00092297-00092521": "circulators made of non-reciprocal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00350-00092522-00092860": "materials such as ferrite these can be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00351-00092861-00093058": "used to give the antenna a different", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00352-00093059-00093277": "behavior on receiving than it has on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00353-00093278-00093499": "transmitting which can be useful in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00354-00093500-00094177": "applications like radar", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00355-00094178-00094747": "topic characteristics", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00356-00094748-00094991": "antennas are characterized by a number", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00357-00094992-00095237": "of performance measures which a user", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00358-00095238-00095480": "would be concerned with in selecting or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00359-00095481-00095705": "designing an antenna for a particular", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00360-00095706-00096026": "application chief among these relate to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00361-00096027-00096236": "the directional characteristics as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00362-00096237-00096464": "depicted in the antennas radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00363-00096465-00096788": "pattern and the resulting gain even in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00364-00096789-00097028": "omnidirectional or weakly directional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00365-00097029-00097286": "antennas the gain can often be increased", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00366-00097287-00097529": "by concentrating more of its power in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00367-00097530-00097793": "the horizontal directions sacrificing", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00368-00097794-00098071": "power radiated toward the sky and ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00369-00098072-00098474": "the antennas power gain or simply gain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00370-00098475-00098792": "also takes into account the antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00371-00098793-00098996": "efficiency and is often the primary", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00372-00098997-00099383": "figure of Merit resonant antennas are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00373-00099384-00099581": "expected to be used around a particular", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00374-00099582-00099857": "resonant frequency an antenna must", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00375-00099858-00100073": "therefore be built or ordered to match", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00376-00100074-00100280": "the frequency range of the intended", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00377-00100281-00100628": "application a particular antenna design", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00378-00100629-00100874": "will present a particular feed point", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00379-00100875-00101132": "impedance while this may affect the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00380-00101133-00101336": "choice of an antenna and antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00381-00101337-00101567": "impedance can also be adapted to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00382-00101568-00101795": "desired impedance level of a system", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00383-00101796-00101978": "using a matching network while", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00384-00101979-00102185": "maintaining the other characteristics", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00385-00102186-00102514": "except for a possible loss of efficiency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00386-00102515-00102755": "although these parameters can be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00387-00102756-00102992": "measured in principle such measurements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00388-00102993-00103169": "are difficult and require very", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00389-00103170-00103493": "specialized equipment beyond tuning a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00390-00103494-00103781": "transmitting antenna using an SWR meter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00391-00103782-00104024": "the typical user will depend on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00392-00104025-00104240": "theoretical predictions based on the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00393-00104241-00104615": "antenna design or on claims of a vendor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00394-00104616-00104895": "an antenna transmits and receives radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00395-00104896-00105074": "waves with a particular polarization", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00396-00105075-00105372": "which can be reoriented by tilting the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00397-00105373-00105653": "axis of the antenna in many but not all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00398-00105654-00106028": "cases the physical size of an antenna is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00399-00106029-00106304": "often a practical issue particularly at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00400-00106305-00106585": "lower frequencies longer wavelengths", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00401-00106586-00106883": "highly directional antennas need to be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00402-00106884-00107108": "significantly larger than the wavelength", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00403-00107108-00107408": "resonant antennas usually use a linear", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00404-00107409-00107672": "conductor or element or pair of such", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00405-00107673-00107861": "elements each of which is about a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00406-00107862-00108069": "quarter of the wavelength in length an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00407-00108070-00108314": "odd multiple of quarter wavelengths will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00408-00108315-00108602": "also be resonant antennas that are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00409-00108603-00108833": "required to be small compared to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00410-00108834-00109064": "wavelength sacrifice efficiency and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00411-00109065-00109364": "cannot be very directional at higher", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00412-00109365-00109733": "frequencies UHF microwaves trading off", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00413-00109734-00110003": "performance to obtain a smaller physical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00414-00110004-00110700": "size as usually not required", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00415-00110701-00111263": "topic resonant antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00416-00111264-00111533": "the majority of antenna designs are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00417-00111533-00111778": "based on the resonance principle this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00418-00111779-00111979": "relies on the behavior of moving", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00419-00111980-00112238": "electrons which reflect off surfaces", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00420-00112239-00112496": "where the dielectric constant changes in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00421-00112497-00112703": "a fashion similar to the way light", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00422-00112704-00112954": "reflects when optical properties change", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00423-00112955-00113303": "in these designs the reflective surface", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00424-00113304-00113525": "has created by the end of a conductor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00425-00113526-00113813": "normally a thin metal wire or rod which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00426-00113814-00114065": "in the simplest case has a feed point at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00427-00114066-00114251": "one end where it is connected to a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00428-00114252-00114548": "transmission line the conductor or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00429-00114549-00114790": "element is aligned with the electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00430-00114791-00115028": "field of the desired signal normally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00431-00115029-00115234": "meaning it is perpendicular to the line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00432-00115235-00115435": "from the antenna to the source or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00433-00115436-00115619": "receiver in the case of a broadcast", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00434-00115620-00115879": "antenna the radio signals electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00435-00115880-00116134": "component induces a voltage in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00436-00116135-00116432": "conductor this causes an electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00437-00116433-00116603": "current to begin flowing in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00438-00116604-00116828": "direction of the signals instantaneous", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00439-00116829-00117146": "field when the resulting current reaches", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00440-00117147-00117361": "the end of the conductor it reflects", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00441-00117363-00117638": "which is equivalent to a 180 degree", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00442-00117639-00117974": "change in phase if the conductor is one", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00443-00117975-00118208": "quarter of a wavelength long current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00444-00118208-00118424": "from the feed point will undergo 90", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00445-00118425-00118636": "degree phase change by the time it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00446-00118638-00118871": "reaches the end of the conductor reflect", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00447-00118872-00119179": "through 180 degrees and then another 90", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00448-00119180-00119515": "degrees as it travels back that means it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00449-00119516-00119852": "has undergone a total 360 degree phase", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00450-00119853-00120074": "change returning it to the original", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00451-00120075-00120374": "signal the current in the element thus", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00452-00120375-00120602": "adds to the current being created from", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00453-00120603-00120908": "the source at that instant this process", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00454-00120908-00121151": "creates a standing wave in the conductor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00455-00121152-00121400": "with the maximum current at the feed the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00456-00121401-00121652": "ordinary half wave dipole as probably", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00457-00121653-00122008": "the most widely used antenna design this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00458-00122009-00122243": "consists of two one quarter wavelength", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00459-00122244-00122519": "elements arranged end-to-end and lying", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00460-00122520-00122753": "along essentially the same axis or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00461-00122754-00123026": "collinear each feeding one side of a two", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00462-00123027-00123361": "conductor transmission wire the physical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00463-00123363-00123593": "arrangement of the two elements places", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00464-00123594-00123878": "them 180 degrees out of phase which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00465-00123879-00124115": "means that at any given instant one of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00466-00124116-00124333": "the elements as driving current into the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00467-00124334-00124540": "transmission line while the other as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00468-00124541-00124576": "pole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00469-00124577-00124858": "it out the monopole antenna is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00470-00124859-00125074": "essentially one half of the half wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00471-00125075-00125311": "dipole a single one quarter wavelength", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00472-00125312-00125575": "element with the other side connected to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00473-00125576-00125809": "ground or an equivalent ground plane or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00474-00125810-00126182": "counterpoise mono poles which are 1/2", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00475-00126183-00126445": "the size of a dipole are common for long", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00476-00126446-00126721": "wavelength radio signals where a dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00477-00126722-00127007": "would be impractically large another", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00478-00127008-00127285": "common design as the folded dipole which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00479-00127286-00127540": "has essentially two dipoles placed side", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00480-00127541-00127777": "by side and connected at their ends to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00481-00127778-00128132": "make a single one wavelength antenna the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00482-00128133-00128357": "standing wave forms with this desired", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00483-00128358-00128669": "pattern at the design frequency F 0 and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00484-00128670-00128890": "antennas are normally designed to be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00485-00128891-00129232": "this size however feeding that element", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00486-00129233-00129581": "with 3 F 0 whose wavelength is 1/3 that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00487-00129582-00129874": "of F 0 will also lead to a standing wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00488-00129875-00130249": "pattern thus an antenna element is also", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00489-00130250-00130525": "resonant when its length is 3/4 of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00490-00130526-00130816": "wavelength this is true for all odd", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00491-00130817-00131053": "multiples of one quarter wavelength", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00492-00131054-00131326": "this allows some flexibility of design", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00493-00131327-00131557": "in terms of antenna lengths and feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00494-00131558-00131896": "points antennas used in such a fashion", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00495-00131897-00132597": "are known to be harmonically operated", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00496-00132598-00133235": "topic current and voltage distribution", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00497-00133236-00133489": "the quarter-wave elements imitate a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00498-00133490-00133748": "series resonant electrical element due", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00499-00133749-00133963": "to the standing wave present along the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00500-00133964-00134300": "conductor at the resonant frequency the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00501-00134301-00134519": "standing wave has a current peak and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00502-00134520-00134809": "voltage node minimum at the feed-in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00503-00134810-00135100": "electrical terms this means the element", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00504-00135101-00135347": "has minimum reactance generating the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00505-00135348-00135664": "maximum current for minimum voltage this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00506-00135665-00135901": "is the ideal situation because it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00507-00135902-00136114": "produces the maximum output for the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00508-00136115-00136310": "minimum input producing the highest", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00509-00136311-00136697": "possible efficiency contrary to an ideal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00510-00136698-00136946": "lossless series resonant circuit a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00511-00136947-00137234": "finite resistance remains corresponding", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00512-00137235-00137459": "to the relatively small voltage at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00513-00137460-00137711": "feed point due to the antennas radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00514-00137712-00137914": "resistance as well as any actual", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00515-00137915-00138269": "electrical losses recall that a current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00516-00138270-00138475": "will reflect when there are changes in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00517-00138476-00138652": "the electrical properties of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00518-00138653-00138983": "material in order to efficiently send", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00519-00138984-00139220": "the signal into the transmission line it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00520-00139221-00139436": "is important that the transmission line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00521-00139437-00139675": "has the same impedance as the elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00522-00139676-00139879": "otherwise some of the signal will be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00523-00139880-00140168": "reflected back into the antenna this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00524-00140169-00140372": "leads to the concept of impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00525-00140373-00140563": "matching the design of the overall", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00526-00140564-00140812": "system of antenna and transmission lines", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00527-00140813-00141063": "so the impedance as as close as possible", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00528-00141064-00141458": "thereby reducing these losses impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00529-00141459-00141644": "matching between antennas and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00530-00141645-00141889": "transmission lines as commonly handled", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00531-00141890-00142073": "through the use of a ballon although", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00532-00142074-00142337": "other solutions are also used in certain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00533-00142338-00142675": "roles an important measure of this basic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00534-00142676-00142966": "concept as the standing wave ratio which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00535-00142967-00143183": "measures the magnitude of the reflected", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00536-00143184-00143490": "signal consider a half wave dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00537-00143491-00143776": "designed to work with signals one meter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00538-00143777-00144013": "wavelength meaning the antenna would be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00539-00144014-00144295": "approximately 50 centimeters across if", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00540-00144296-00144553": "the element has a length to diameter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00541-00144554-00144889": "ratio of 1000 it will have an inherent", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00542-00144890-00145168": "resistance of about 63 ohms", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00543-00145169-00145453": "using the appropriate transmission wire", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00544-00145454-00145706": "or ballon we match that resistance to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00545-00145707-00146038": "ensure minimum signal loss feeding that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00546-00146039-00146297": "antenna with a current of 1 ampere will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00547-00146298-00146582": "require 63 volts of RF and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00548-00146583-00146912": "antenna will radiate 63 watts ignoring", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00549-00146913-00147263": "losses of radiofrequency power now", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00550-00147264-00147497": "consider the case when the antenna is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00551-00147498-00147794": "fed a signal with a wavelength of 1.25", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00552-00147795-00148043": "meters in this case the reflected", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00553-00148044-00148247": "current would arrive at the feed out of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00554-00148248-00148463": "phase with the signal causing the net", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00555-00148464-00148649": "current to drop while the voltage", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00556-00148650-00148949": "remains the same electrically this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00557-00148950-00149254": "appears to be a very high impedance the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00558-00149255-00149527": "antenna and transmission line no longer", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00559-00149528-00149747": "have the same impedance and the signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00560-00149748-00149960": "will be reflected back into the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00561-00149961-00150272": "reducing output this could be addressed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00562-00150273-00150502": "by changing the matching system between", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00563-00150503-00150766": "the antenna and transmission line but", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00564-00150767-00151000": "that solution only works well at the new", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00565-00151001-00151361": "design frequency the end result is that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00566-00151362-00151579": "the resonant antenna will efficiently", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00567-00151580-00151832": "feed a signal into the transmission line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00568-00151833-00152081": "only when the source signals frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00569-00152082-00152321": "as close to that of the design frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00570-00152322-00152537": "of the antenna or one of the resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00571-00152538-00152613": "multiples", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00572-00152614-00152909": "this makes resonant antenna designs", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00573-00152910-00153143": "inherently narrowband and they are most", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00574-00153144-00153347": "commonly used with a single target", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00575-00153348-00153683": "signal they are particularly common on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00576-00153684-00153956": "radar systems where the same antenna is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00577-00153957-00154213": "used for both broadcast and reception or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00578-00154214-00154477": "for radio and television broadcasts", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00579-00154478-00154663": "where the antenna is working with a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00580-00154664-00154985": "single frequency they are less commonly", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00581-00154986-00155215": "used for reception where multiple", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00582-00155216-00155425": "channels are present in which case", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00583-00155426-00155662": "additional modifications are used to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00584-00155663-00155858": "increase the bandwidth or entirely", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00585-00155859-00156558": "different antenna designs are used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00586-00156559-00157152": "topic electrically short antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00587-00157153-00157437": "it is possible to use simple impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00588-00157438-00157647": "matching techniques to allow the use of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00589-00157648-00157870": "monopole or dipole antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00590-00157871-00158131": "substantially shorter than the 1/4 or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00591-00158132-00158395": "1/2 wavelength respectively at which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00592-00158396-00158703": "they are resonant as these antennas are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00593-00158704-00158956": "made shorter for a given frequency their", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00594-00158957-00159213": "impedance becomes dominated by a series", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00595-00159214-00159489": "capacitive negative reactance by adding", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00596-00159490-00159706": "a series inductance with the opposite", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00597-00159707-00159975": "positive reactance a so-called loading", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00598-00159976-00160203": "coil the antennas reactance may be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00599-00160204-00160494": "canceled leaving only a pure resistance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00600-00160495-00160827": "sometimes the resulting lower electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00601-00160828-00161064": "resonant frequency of such a system", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00602-00161065-00161286": "antenna plus matching network is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00603-00161287-00161494": "described using the concept of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00604-00161495-00161760": "electrical length so an antenna used at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00605-00161761-00161976": "a lower frequency than its resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00606-00161977-00162177": "frequency is called an electrically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00607-00162178-00162414": "short antenna for example at 30", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00608-00162415-00162675": "megahertz 10 meters wavelength a true", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00609-00162676-00162931": "resonant one quarter wavelength monopole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00610-00162932-00163233": "would be almost 2.5 meters long and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00611-00163234-00163584": "using an antenna only 1.5 meters tall", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00612-00163585-00163797": "would require the addition of a loading", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00613-00163798-00164103": "coil then it may be said that the coil", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00614-00164104-00164334": "has lengthened the antenna to achieve an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00615-00164335-00164733": "electrical length of 2.5 meters however", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00616-00164734-00164904": "the resulting resistive impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00617-00164905-00165153": "achieved will be quite a bit lower than", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00618-00165154-00165433": "that of a true one quarter wave resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00619-00165434-00165648": "monopole often requiring further", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00620-00165649-00165912": "impedance matching a transformer to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00621-00165913-00166200": "desired transmission line forever", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00622-00166201-00166482": "shorter antennas requiring greater", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00623-00166483-00166791": "electrical lengthening the radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00624-00166792-00167010": "resistance plummets approximately", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00625-00167011-00167211": "according to the square of the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00626-00167212-00167443": "length so that the mismatch due to a net", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00627-00167444-00167649": "reactance away from the electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00628-00167650-00167968": "resonance worsens or one could as well", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00629-00167969-00168169": "say that the equivalent resonance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00630-00168170-00168382": "circuit of the antenna system has a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00631-00168383-00168612": "higher Q factor and thus a reduced", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00632-00168613-00168783": "bandwidth which can even become", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00633-00168784-00169014": "inadequate for the transmitted signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00634-00169015-00169335": "spectrum resistive losses due to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00635-00169336-00169560": "loading coil relative to the decreased", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00636-00169561-00169819": "radiation resistance entail a reduced", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00637-00169820-00170058": "electrical efficiency which can be of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00638-00170059-00170347": "great concern for a transmitting antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00639-00170348-00170578": "bandwidth is the major factor that sets", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00640-00170579-00170809": "the size of antennas at one megahertz", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00641-00170810-00171424": "and lower frequencies", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00642-00171425-00171986": "topic arrays and reflectors", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00643-00171987-00172244": "the amount of signal received from a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00644-00172245-00172429": "distant transmission source as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00645-00172430-00172664": "essentially geometric in nature due to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00646-00172665-00172898": "the inverse square law and this leads to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00647-00172899-00173198": "the concept of effective area this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00648-00173199-00173404": "measures the performance of an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00649-00173405-00173633": "by comparing the amount of power it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00650-00173634-00173861": "generates to the amount of power in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00651-00173862-00174103": "original signal measured in terms of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00652-00174104-00174335": "signals power density in watts per", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00653-00174336-00174686": "square meter a half wave dipole has an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00654-00174687-00175291": "effective area of 0.1 3 lambda display", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00655-00175292-00175757": "style lambda - if more performance as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00656-00175758-00175990": "needed one cannot simply make the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00657-00175991-00176270": "antenna larger although this would", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00658-00176271-00176501": "intercept more energy from the signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00659-00176502-00176744": "due to the considerations above it would", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00660-00176745-00176999": "decrease the output significantly due to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00661-00177000-00177197": "it moving away from the resonant length", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00662-00177198-00177521": "in rolls where higher performance is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00663-00177522-00177770": "needed designers often use multiple", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00664-00177771-00178006": "elements combined together", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00665-00178007-00178274": "returning to the basic concept of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00666-00178275-00178516": "current flows in a conductor consider", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00667-00178517-00178763": "what happens if a half wave dipole is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00668-00178764-00178970": "not connected to a feed point but", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00669-00178971-00179278": "instead shorted out electrically this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00670-00179279-00179563": "forms a single 1/2 wavelength element", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00671-00179564-00179831": "but the overall current pattern is the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00672-00179832-00180071": "same the current will be zero at the two", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00673-00180072-00180315": "ends and reach a maximum in the center", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00674-00180316-00180638": "the signals near the design frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00675-00180639-00180865": "will continue to create a standing wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00676-00180866-00181201": "pattern any varying electrical current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00677-00181202-00181412": "like the standing wave in the element", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00678-00181413-00181772": "will radiate a signal in this case aside", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00679-00181773-00182018": "from resistive losses in the element the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00680-00182019-00182263": "rebroadcast signal will be significantly", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00681-00182264-00182503": "similar to the original signal in both", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00682-00182504-00182831": "magnitude and shape if this element is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00683-00182832-00183059": "placed so its signal reaches the main", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00684-00183060-00183332": "dipole in phase it will reinforce the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00685-00183333-00183551": "original signal and increase the current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00686-00183552-00183889": "in the dipole elements used in this way", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00687-00183890-00184183": "are known as passive elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00688-00184184-00184495": "a yoggi oda array uses passive elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00689-00184496-00184762": "to greatly increase gain it is built", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00690-00184763-00184989": "along a support boom that is pointed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00691-00184990-00185194": "toward the signal and thus sees no", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00692-00185195-00185410": "induced signal and does not contribute", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00693-00185411-00185764": "to the antennas operation the end closer", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00694-00185765-00185979": "to the source has referred to as the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00695-00185980-00186291": "front near the rear as a single active", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00696-00186292-00186571": "element typically a half wave dipole or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00697-00186572-00186879": "folded dipole passive elements are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00698-00186880-00187132": "arranged in front directors and behind", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00699-00187133-00187393": "reflectors the active element along the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00700-00187394-00187728": "boom the yogi has the inherent quality", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00701-00187729-00187951": "that it becomes increasingly directional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00702-00187952-00188190": "and thus has higher gain as the number", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00703-00188191-00188541": "of elements increases however this also", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00704-00188542-00188773": "makes it increasingly sensitive to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00705-00188774-00189010": "changes in frequency if the signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00706-00189011-00189256": "frequency changes not only does the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00707-00189257-00189472": "active element receive less energy", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00708-00189473-00189714": "directly but all of the passive elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00709-00189715-00189931": "adding to that signal also decrease", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00710-00189932-00190135": "their output as well and their signals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00711-00190136-00190377": "no longer reach the active element in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00712-00190378-00190704": "phase it is also possible to use", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00713-00190705-00190948": "multiple active elements and combine", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00714-00190949-00191178": "them together with transmission lines to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00715-00191179-00191403": "produce a similar system where the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00716-00191404-00191654": "phases add up to reinforce the output", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00717-00191655-00191952": "the antenna array and very similar", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00718-00191953-00192199": "reflective array antenna consists of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00719-00192200-00192424": "multiple elements often half-wave dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00720-00192425-00192690": "x' spaced out on a plane and wired", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00721-00192691-00192922": "together with transmission lines with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00722-00192923-00193140": "specific phase lengths to produce a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00723-00193141-00193468": "single in phase signal at the output the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00724-00193469-00193752": "log periodic antenna is a more complex", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00725-00193753-00193977": "design that uses multiple inline", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00726-00193978-00194190": "elements similar in appearance to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00727-00194191-00194446": "yagi Yuda but using transmission lines", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00728-00194447-00194659": "between the elements to produce the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00729-00194660-00195007": "output reflection of the original signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00730-00195008-00195264": "also occurs when it hits an extended", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00731-00195265-00195499": "conductive surface in a fashion similar", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00732-00195500-00195859": "to a mirror this effect can also be used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00733-00195860-00196077": "to increase signal through the use of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00734-00196078-00196306": "reflector normally placed behind the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00735-00196307-00196515": "active element and spaced so the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00736-00196516-00196752": "reflected signal reaches the element in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00737-00196753-00197062": "phase generally the reflector will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00738-00197063-00197299": "remain highly reflective even if it is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00739-00197300-00197623": "not solid gaps less than 1", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00740-00197624-00198139": "lambda display style lambda generally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00741-00198140-00198439": "have little effect on the outcome for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00742-00198440-00198670": "this reason reflectors often take the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00743-00198671-00198946": "form of wire meshes or rows of passive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00744-00198947-00199150": "elements which makes them lighter and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00745-00199151-00199384": "less subject to wind load effects of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00746-00199385-00199618": "particular importance when mounted at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00747-00199619-00199843": "higher elevations with respect to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00748-00199844-00200122": "surrounding structures the parabolic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00749-00200123-00200347": "reflector is perhaps the best known", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00750-00200348-00200599": "example of a reflector based antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00751-00200600-00200857": "which has an effective area far greater", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00752-00200858-00201530": "than the active element alone", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00753-00201531-00202019": "topic band width", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00754-00202020-00202303": "although a resonant antenna has a purely", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00755-00202304-00202535": "resistive feed point impedance at a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00756-00202536-00202822": "particular frequency many if not most", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00757-00202823-00203084": "applications require using an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00758-00203085-00203381": "over a range of frequencies the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00759-00203382-00203614": "frequency range or bandwidth over which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00760-00203615-00203870": "an antenna functions well can be very", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00761-00203871-00204146": "wide as in a log periodic antenna or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00762-00204147-00204383": "narrow as in a small loop antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00763-00204384-00204656": "outside this range the antenna impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00764-00204657-00204892": "becomes a poor match to the transmission", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00765-00204894-00205282": "line and transmitter or receiver in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00766-00205283-00205531": "case of the yagi Yuda and other director", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00767-00205532-00205819": "reflector arrays use of the antenna well", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00768-00205821-00206071": "away from its design frequency affects", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00769-00206073-00206303": "its radiation pattern reducing its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00770-00206304-00206546": "directive gain so the usable bandwidth", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00771-00206546-00206773": "is then limited regardless of impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00772-00206775-00207115": "matching aside from the problem of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00773-00207116-00207334": "changed directional pattern the feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00774-00207335-00207562": "impedance of an antenna system can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00775-00207563-00207769": "always be accommodated at any frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00776-00207771-00208048": "by using a suitable matching network", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00777-00208048-00208336": "this is most efficiently accomplished", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00778-00208337-00208544": "using a matching network at the feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00779-00208544-00208798": "point on the antenna in effect changing", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00780-00208800-00209011": "the resonant frequency of the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00781-00209012-00209263": "however simply adjusting a remote", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00782-00209264-00209480": "matching network at the transmitter or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00783-00209481-00209702": "receiver will leave the transmission", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00784-00209703-00209962": "line with a poor standing wave ratio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00785-00209963-00210302": "with low impedance lines such as the now", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00786-00210303-00210583": "popular coaxial cable the consequently", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00787-00210584-00210815": "high currents will result in high loss", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00788-00210816-00211081": "in the cable and low overall efficiency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00789-00211082-00211330": "instead it is often desired to have an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00790-00211331-00211598": "antenna whose impedance does not vary so", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00791-00211598-00211885": "greatly over a certain bandwidth it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00792-00211886-00212126": "turns out that the amount of reactants", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00793-00212127-00212321": "seen at the terminals of a resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00794-00212321-00212542": "antenna when the frequency has shifted", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00795-00212544-00212917": "say by 5% depends on the diameter of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00796-00212919-00213298": "conductor used a long thin wire used as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00797-00213300-00213523": "a half-wave dipole or quarter wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00798-00213525-00213716": "monopole will have a reactance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00799-00213717-00213934": "significantly greater than the resistive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00800-00213935-00214190": "impedance it has at resonance leading to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00801-00214191-00214430": "a poor match and generally unacceptable", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00802-00214431-00214759": "performance making the element using a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00803-00214760-00215030": "tube of a diameter perhaps one fiftieth", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00804-00215031-00215317": "of its length however results in a react", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00805-00215319-00215530": "ten said this altered frequency which is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00806-00215531-00215762": "not so great and a much less serious", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00807-00215763-00216031": "mismatch and effect on the antennas net", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00808-00216032-00216362": "performance thus rather thick tubes are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00809-00216363-00216587": "often used for the elements these also", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00810-00216588-00216919": "have reduced parasitic resistance loss", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00811-00216919-00217223": "rather than just using a thick tube", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00812-00217223-00217432": "there are similar techniques used to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00813-00217433-00217684": "same effect such as replacing thin wire", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00814-00217685-00217906": "elements with cages to simulate a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00815-00217907-00218173": "thicker element this widens the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00816-00218175-00218431": "bandwidth of the resonance on the other", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00817-00218432-00218680": "hand it is desired for amateur radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00818-00218681-00218939": "antennas to operate at several bands", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00819-00218940-00219160": "which are widely separated from each", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00820-00219161-00219503": "other but not in between this can often", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00821-00219504-00219698": "be accomplished by simply connecting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00822-00219698-00219923": "elements resonant at those different", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00823-00219923-00220223": "frequencies in parallel most of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00824-00220223-00220459": "transmitters power will flow into the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00825-00220460-00220630": "resonant element while the others", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00826-00220631-00220909": "present a high reactive impedance thus", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00827-00220910-00221105": "drawing little current from the same", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00828-00221106-00221467": "voltage another popular solution uses", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00829-00221469-00221719": "so-called traps consisting of parallel", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00830-00221721-00221879": "resonant circuits which are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00831-00221880-00222101": "strategically placed in breaks along", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00832-00222102-00222421": "each antenna element when used at one", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00833-00222423-00222653": "particular frequency band the trap", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00834-00222654-00222926": "presents a very high impedance parallel", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00835-00222927-00223156": "resonance effectively truncating the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00836-00223157-00223357": "element at that length making it a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00837-00223358-00223652": "proper resonant antenna at a lower", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00838-00223653-00223885": "frequency the trap allows the full", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00839-00223886-00224075": "length of the element to be employed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00840-00224076-00224351": "albeit with a shifted resonant frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00841-00224352-00224569": "due to the inclusion of the traps net", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00842-00224571-00224896": "reactance at that lower frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00843-00224898-00225113": "the bandwidth characteristics of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00844-00225114-00225314": "resonant antenna element can be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00845-00225315-00225578": "characterized according to its cue just", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00846-00225579-00225776": "as one uses to characterize the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00847-00225777-00226054": "sharpness of an LC resonant circuit a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00848-00226055-00226340": "common mistake is to assume that there", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00849-00226341-00226577": "is an advantage in an antenna having a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00850-00226578-00226916": "high Q the so-called quality factor in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00851-00226917-00227225": "the context of electronic circuitry a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00852-00227226-00227504": "low Q generally signifies greater loss", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00853-00227505-00227785": "due to unwanted resistance in a resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00854-00227786-00228005": "LC circuit and poorer receiver", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00855-00228006-00228123": "selectivity", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00856-00228125-00228389": "however this understanding does not", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00857-00228390-00228617": "apply to resonant antennas where the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00858-00228617-00228803": "resistance involved as the radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00859-00228804-00229076": "resistance a desired quantity which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00860-00229077-00229321": "removes energy from the resonant element", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00861-00229323-00229550": "in order to radiate it the purpose of an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00862-00229551-00229706": "antenna after all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00863-00229707-00230063": "the q of an LCR circuit as defined as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00864-00230064-00230327": "the ratio of the inductors or capacitors", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00865-00230328-00230579": "reactance to the resistance so for a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00866-00230580-00230792": "certain radiation resistance the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00867-00230792-00231031": "radiation resistance at resonance does", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00868-00231032-00231254": "not vary greatly with diameter the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00869-00231255-00231508": "greater reactance off resonance causes", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00870-00231509-00231692": "the poorer bandwidth of an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00871-00231692-00232006": "employing a very thin conductor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00872-00232007-00232221": "the queue of such a narrow band antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00873-00232223-00232621": "can be as high as 15 on the other hand", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00874-00232621-00232873": "the reactance at the same off resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00875-00232873-00233140": "frequency of one using thick elements as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00876-00233141-00233389": "much less consequently resulting in a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00877-00233390-00233686": "cue as low as five these two antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00878-00233687-00233973": "may perform equivalently at the resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00879-00233975-00234205": "frequency but the second antenna will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00880-00234206-00234463": "perform over a bandwidth three times as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00881-00234464-00234706": "wide as the antenna consisting of a thin", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00882-00234707-00235071": "conductor antennas for use over much", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00883-00235073-00235315": "broader frequency ranges are achieved", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00884-00235316-00235651": "using further techniques adjustment of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00885-00235652-00235915": "matching Network can in principle allow", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00886-00235916-00236134": "for any antenna to be matched at any", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00887-00236135-00236479": "frequency thus the small loop antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00888-00236480-00236761": "built into most AM broadcast medium", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00889-00236762-00236971": "waved receivers has a very narrow", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00890-00236971-00237217": "bandwidth but as tuned using a parallel", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00891-00237217-00237471": "capacitance which is adjusted according", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00892-00237473-00237778": "to the receiver tuning on the other hand", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00893-00237779-00238060": "log periodic antennas are not resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00894-00238061-00238291": "at any frequency but can be built to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00895-00238292-00238548": "attain similar characteristics including", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00896-00238550-00238819": "feed point impedance over any frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00897-00238819-00239142": "range these are therefore commonly used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00898-00239144-00239394": "in the form of directional log periodic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00899-00239396-00240171": "dipole arrays as television antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00900-00240173-00240636": "topic gain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00901-00240637-00240888": "gained as a parameter which measures the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00902-00240889-00241125": "degree of directivity of the antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00903-00241126-00241455": "radiation pattern a high gain antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00904-00241456-00241686": "will radiate most of its power in a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00905-00241687-00241911": "particular direction while a low gain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00906-00241912-00242180": "antenna will radiate over a wider angle", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00907-00242181-00242511": "the antenna gain or power gain of an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00908-00242512-00242763": "antenna is defined as the ratio of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00909-00242764-00243236": "intensity power per unit surface area I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00910-00243237-00243681": "display style script style I radiated by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00911-00243682-00243869": "the antenna in the direction of its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00912-00243871-00244134": "maximum output at an arbitrary distance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00913-00244135-00244773": "divided by the intensity I ISO display", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00914-00244773-00245192": "style script style i underscore text iso", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00915-00245192-00245436": "radiated at the same distance by a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00916-00245437-00245694": "hypothetical isotropic antenna which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00917-00245694-00245981": "radiates equal power in all directions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00918-00245982-00246269": "this dimensionless ratio is usually", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00919-00246271-00246537": "expressed logarithmically in decibels", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00920-00246538-00246780": "these units are called decibels", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00921-00246781-00247507": "isotropic DB i g DB i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00922-00247508-00248080": "equals 10 log", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00923-00248081-00248402": "aye-aye-aye so", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00924-00248403-00248756": "display style G underscore text DB I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00925-00248757-00249148": "equals 10 log I over i underscore text i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00926-00249150-00249544": "so a second unit used to measure gain as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00927-00249546-00249788": "the ratio of the power radiated by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00928-00249789-00250058": "antenna to the power radiated by a half", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00929-00250059-00250673": "wave dipole antenna i dipole display", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00930-00250673-00250946": "style script style i underscore text", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00931-00250946-00251344": "dipole these units are called decibels", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00932-00251346-00252771": "dipole DB d g DB d equals 10 log i i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00933-00252773-00253256": "dipole display style G underscore text", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00934-00253257-00253616": "DB D equals 10 log I over i underscore", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00935-00253617-00253988": "text dipole since the gain of a half", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00936-00253989-00254384": "wave dipole as 2.15 d bi and the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00937-00254385-00254623": "logarithm of a product as additive the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00938-00254625-00254944": "gain in DB i as just two point one five", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00939-00254946-00255430": "decibels greater than the gain in DB d g", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00940-00255431-00255964": "DB i equals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00941-00255965-00256871": "g-d bd+ 2.15 display style g underscore", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00942-00256871-00257296": "text DB i equals g underscore text DB d", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00943-00257298-00257780": "+ 2.15 high gain antennas have the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00944-00257781-00257996": "advantage of longer range and better", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00945-00257996-00258206": "signal quality but must be aimed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00946-00258207-00258448": "carefully at the other antenna an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00947-00258448-00258719": "example of a high gain antenna as a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00948-00258719-00258950": "parabolic dish such as a satellite", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00949-00258951-00259289": "television antenna low-gain antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00950-00259290-00259546": "have shorter range but the orientation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00951-00259548-00259754": "of the antenna is relatively unimportant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00952-00259755-00260144": "an example of a low gain antenna as the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00953-00260144-00260387": "whip antenna found on portable radios", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00954-00260388-00260744": "and cordless phones antenna gain should", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00955-00260744-00261008": "not be confused with amplifier gain a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00956-00261009-00261200": "separate parameter measuring the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00957-00261201-00261428": "increase in signal power due to an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00958-00261429-00261650": "amplifying device placed at the front", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00959-00261651-00261884": "end of the system such as a low noise", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00960-00261885-00262471": "amplifier", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00961-00262472-00263117": "topic effective area or aperture", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00962-00263118-00263399": "the effective area or effective aperture", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00963-00263400-00263651": "of a receiving antenna expresses the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00964-00263652-00263845": "portion of the power of a passing", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00965-00263846-00264077": "electromagnetic wave which it delivers", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00966-00264078-00264326": "to its terminals expressed in terms of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00967-00264327-00264656": "an equivalent area for instance if a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00968-00264657-00264929": "radio wave passing a given location has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00969-00264930-00265328": "a flux of one PW per square meter 10-12", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00970-00265329-00265553": "watts per square meter and an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00971-00265554-00265820": "has an effective area of 12 square", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00972-00265821-00266087": "meters then the antenna would deliver 12", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00973-00266088-00266462": "PW of RF power to the receiver 30 micro", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00974-00266463-00266752": "volts RMS at 75 ohms", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00975-00266753-00267029": "since the receiving antenna is not", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00976-00267030-00267245": "equally sensitive to signals received", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00977-00267246-00267503": "from all directions the effective area", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00978-00267504-00267725": "as a function of the direction to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00979-00267726-00268076": "source due to reciprocity discussed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00980-00268077-00268310": "above the gain of an antenna used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00981-00268311-00268550": "transmitting must be proportional to its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00982-00268551-00268837": "effective area when used for receiving", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00983-00268838-00269162": "consider an antenna with no loss that is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00984-00269163-00269450": "one whose electrical efficiency as 100", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00985-00269451-00269714": "percent it can be shown that it's", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00986-00269715-00269909": "effective area averaged over all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00987-00269910-00270230": "directions must be equal to lambda 2/4", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00988-00270231-00270491": "pi the wavelength squared divided by 4", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00989-00270492-00270887": "pi gain is defined such that the average", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00990-00270888-00271124": "gain over all directions for an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00991-00271125-00271472": "with 100% electrical efficiency as equal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00992-00271473-00271805": "to one therefore the effective area", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00993-00271806-00272129": "AE FF in terms of the gain G in a given", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00994-00272130-00272651": "direction as given by a E", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00995-00272652-00273944": "F F equals lambda to four PI G display", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00996-00273945-00274226": "style a underscore math erm f equals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00997-00274227-00274712": "lambda caret two over four PI G for an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00998-00274713-00274925": "antenna with an efficiency of less than", "e9mnGSh-ouk-00999-00274926-00275267": "100% both the effective area and gain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01000-00275268-00275500": "are reduced by that same amount", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01001-00275501-00275777": "therefore the above relationship between", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01002-00275778-00276055": "gain and effective area still holds", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01003-00276056-00276338": "these are thus two different ways of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01004-00276339-00276671": "expressing the same quantity ae FF has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01005-00276672-00276914": "especially convenient when computing the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01006-00276915-00277121": "power that would be received by an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01007-00277122-00277325": "antenna of a specified gain as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01008-00277326-00278035": "illustrated by the above example", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01009-00278036-00278600": "topic radiation pattern", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01010-00278601-00278884": "the radiation pattern of an antenna as a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01011-00278885-00279107": "plot of the relative field strength of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01012-00279108-00279326": "the radio waves emitted by the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01013-00279327-00279614": "at different angles in the far field it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01014-00279615-00279862": "is typically represented by a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01015-00279863-00280118": "three-dimensional graph or polar plots", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01016-00280119-00280291": "of the horizontal and vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01017-00280292-00280619": "cross-sections the pattern of an ideal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01018-00280620-00280916": "isotropic antenna which radiates equally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01019-00280917-00281105": "in all directions would look like a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01020-00281106-00281423": "sphere many non directional antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01021-00281424-00281687": "such as mono poles and dipoles emit", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01022-00281688-00281957": "equal power in all horizontal directions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01023-00281958-00282173": "with the power dropping off at higher", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01024-00282174-00282401": "and lower angles this is called an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01025-00282402-00282641": "omnidirectional pattern and when plotted", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01026-00282642-00282947": "looks like a torus or doughnut the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01027-00282948-00283178": "radiation of many antennas shows a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01028-00283179-00283565": "pattern of Maxima or lobes at various", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01029-00283566-00283964": "angles separated by Mol's angles where", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01030-00283965-00284252": "the radiation falls to zero this is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01031-00284253-00284453": "because the radio waves emitted by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01032-00284454-00284684": "different parts of the antenna typically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01033-00284685-00284963": "interfere causing Maxima at angles where", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01034-00284964-00285221": "the radio waves arrive at distant points", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01035-00285222-00285467": "in phase and zero radiation at other", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01036-00285468-00285716": "angles where the radio waves arrive out", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01037-00285717-00285974": "of phase in a directional antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01038-00285975-00286256": "designed to project radio waves in a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01039-00286257-00286481": "particular direction the lobe in that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01040-00286482-00286694": "direction as designed larger than the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01041-00286695-00287039": "others and is called the main lobe the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01042-00287040-00287309": "other lobes usually represent unwanted", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01043-00287310-00287687": "radiation and are called side lobes the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01044-00287688-00287929": "axis through the main lobe is called the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01045-00287930-00288841": "principal axis or boresight axis", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01046-00288842-00289393": "topic filled regions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01047-00289394-00289665": "the space surrounding an antenna can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01048-00289666-00289902": "divided into three concentric regions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01049-00289903-00290190": "the reactive near-field also called the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01050-00290191-00290408": "inductive near-field the radiating", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01051-00290409-00290622": "near-field Fresnel region and the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01052-00290623-00290967": "far-field fraunhofer regions these", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01053-00290968-00291240": "regions are useful to identify the field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01054-00291241-00291458": "structure in each although there are no", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01055-00291459-00291822": "precise boundaries the far field region", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01056-00291823-00292085": "is far enough from the antenna to ignore", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01057-00292086-00292310": "its size and shape it can be assumed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01058-00292311-00292551": "that the electromagnetic wave is purely", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01059-00292552-00292808": "a radiating plane wave electric and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01060-00292809-00293006": "magnetic fields are in phase and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01061-00293007-00293217": "perpendicular to each other and to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01062-00293218-00293541": "direction of propagation this simplifies", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01063-00293542-00293753": "the mathematical analysis of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01064-00293754-00294307": "radiated field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01065-00294308-00294816": "topic impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01066-00294817-00295101": "as an electromagnetic wave travels", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01067-00295102-00295256": "through the different parts of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01068-00295257-00295578": "antenna system radio feed line antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01069-00295579-00295856": "free space it may encounter differences", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01070-00295857-00296309": "in impedance e h v i etc at each", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01071-00296310-00296544": "interface depending on the impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01072-00296545-00296772": "match some fraction of the waves energy", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01073-00296773-00297042": "will reflect back to the source forming", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01074-00297043-00297342": "a standing wave in the feed line the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01075-00297343-00297618": "ratio of maximum power to minimum power", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01076-00297619-00297825": "in the wave can be measured and is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01077-00297826-00298023": "called the standing wave ratio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01078-00298024-00298739": "SWR SWR of one to one as ideal SWR of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01079-00298740-00299025": "1.51 is considered to be marginally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01080-00299026-00299277": "acceptable in low power applications", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01081-00299278-00299493": "where power loss has more critical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01082-00299494-00299799": "although in SW are as high as six to one", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01083-00299800-00300000": "may still be usable with the right", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01084-00300001-00300276": "equipment minimizing impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01085-00300277-00300528": "differences at each interface impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01086-00300529-00300849": "matching will reduce SWR and maximize", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01087-00300850-00301077": "power transfer through each part of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01088-00301078-00301464": "antenna system complex impedance of an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01089-00301465-00301685": "antenna is related to the electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01090-00301686-00301883": "length of the antenna at the wavelength", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01091-00301884-00302228": "in use the impedance of an antenna can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01092-00302229-00302475": "be matched to the feed line and radio by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01093-00302476-00302697": "adjusting the impedance of the feed line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01094-00302698-00302906": "using the feed line as an impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01095-00302907-00303278": "transformer more commonly the impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01096-00303279-00303530": "has adjusted at the load see below with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01097-00303531-00303777": "an antenna tuner a Belen a matching", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01098-00303778-00304026": "transformer matching networks composed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01099-00304027-00304283": "of inductors and capacitors or matching", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01100-00304284-00304971": "sections such as the gamma match", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01101-00304972-00305483": "topic efficiency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01102-00305484-00305778": "efficiency of a transmitting antenna as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01103-00305779-00306072": "the ratio of power actually radiated in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01104-00306073-00306313": "all directions to the power absorbed by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01105-00306314-00306657": "the antenna terminals the power supplied", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01106-00306658-00306879": "to the antenna terminals which is not", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01107-00306880-00307194": "radiated as converted into heat this is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01108-00307195-00307455": "usually through lost resistance in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01109-00307456-00307722": "antennas conductors but can also be due", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01110-00307723-00308001": "to dielectric or magnetic core losses in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01111-00308002-00308292": "antennas or antenna systems using such", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01112-00308293-00308638": "components such loss effectively robs", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01113-00308639-00308898": "power from the transmitter requiring a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01114-00308899-00309099": "stronger transmitter in order to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01115-00309100-00309363": "transmit a signal of a given strength", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01116-00309364-00309681": "for instance if a transmitter delivers", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01117-00309682-00309964": "100 W into an antenna having an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01118-00309965-00310264": "efficiency of 80% then the antenna will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01119-00310265-00310569": "radiate 80 W as radio waves and produce", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01120-00310570-00311022": "20 W of heat in order to radiate 100 W", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01121-00311023-00311212": "of power one would need to use a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01122-00311213-00311610": "transmitter capable of supplying 125 W", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01123-00311611-00311934": "to the antenna antenna efficiency as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01124-00311935-00312156": "separate from impedance matching which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01125-00312157-00312366": "may also reduce the amount of power", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01126-00312367-00312744": "radiated using a given transmitter if an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01127-00312745-00313173": "SWR meter reads 150 W of incident power", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01128-00313174-00313494": "and 50 W of reflected power that means", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01129-00313495-00313813": "100 W have actually been absorbed by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01130-00313814-00314046": "antenna ignoring transmission line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01131-00314047-00314355": "losses how much of that power has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01132-00314356-00314590": "actually been radiated cannot be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01133-00314591-00314793": "directly determined through electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01134-00314794-00315018": "measurements at or before the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01135-00315019-00315276": "terminals but would require for instance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01136-00315277-00315497": "careful measurement of field strength", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01137-00315498-00315825": "the lost resistance and efficiency of an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01138-00315826-00316094": "antenna can be calculated", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01139-00316095-00316319": "the lost resistance will generally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01140-00316320-00316556": "affect the feed point impedance adding", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01141-00316557-00316820": "to its resistive component that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01142-00316821-00317033": "resistance will consist of the sum of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01143-00317034-00317318": "the radiation resistance RR and the lost", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01144-00317319-00317705": "resistance RL OSS if a current I is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01145-00317706-00317936": "delivered to the terminals of an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01146-00317937-00318269": "then a power of i2 RR will be radiated", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01147-00318270-00318593": "and a power of I to RL OSS will be lost", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01148-00318594-00318926": "as heat therefore the efficiency of an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01149-00318927-00319369": "antenna as equal to RR RR plus RL OSS", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01150-00319370-00319814": "only the total resistance RR plus RL OSS", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01151-00319815-00320138": "can be directly measured according to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01152-00320139-00320411": "reciprocity the efficiency of an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01153-00320412-00320681": "used as a receiving antenna as identical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01154-00320682-00321017": "to the efficiency as defined above the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01155-00321018-00321239": "power that an antenna will deliver to a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01156-00321240-00321476": "receiver with a proper impedance match", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01157-00321477-00321809": "is reduced by the same amount in some", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01158-00321810-00322016": "receiving applications the very", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01159-00322017-00322238": "inefficient antennas may have little", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01160-00322239-00322607": "impact on performance at low frequencies", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01161-00322608-00322856": "for example atmospheric or man-made", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01162-00322857-00323206": "noise can mask antenna inefficiency for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01163-00323207-00323720": "example see Cir rep 258 to 3 indicates", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01164-00323721-00323957": "man-made noise in a residential setting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01165-00323958-00324260": "at 40 megahertz as about 28 decibels", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01166-00324261-00324493": "above the thermal noise floor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01167-00324494-00324764": "consequently an antenna with a 20", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01168-00324765-00325028": "decibels loss due to inefficiency would", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01169-00325029-00325229": "have little impact on system noise", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01170-00325230-00325556": "performance the loss within the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01171-00325557-00325784": "will affect the intended signal and the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01172-00325785-00326045": "noise interference identically leading", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01173-00326046-00326321": "to no reduction in signal-to-noise ratio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01174-00326322-00326505": "SNR", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01175-00326506-00326757": "antennas which are not a significant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01176-00326758-00326985": "fraction of a wavelength in size are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01177-00326986-00327183": "inevitably inefficient due to their", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01178-00327184-00327579": "small radiation resistance AM broadcast", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01179-00327580-00327876": "radios include a small loop antenna for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01180-00327877-00328110": "reception which has an extremely poor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01181-00328111-00328437": "efficiency this has little effect on the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01182-00328438-00328653": "receivers performance but simply", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01183-00328654-00328902": "requires greater amplification by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01184-00328903-00329265": "receivers electronics contrast this tiny", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01185-00329266-00329502": "component to the massive and very tall", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01186-00329503-00329826": "towers used at AM broadcast stations for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01187-00329827-00330060": "transmitting at the very same frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01188-00330061-00330297": "where every percentage point of reduced", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01189-00330298-00330585": "antenna efficiency entails a substantial", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01190-00330586-00330957": "cost the definition of antenna gain or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01191-00330958-00331179": "power gain already includes the effect", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01192-00331180-00331542": "of the antennas efficiency therefore if", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01193-00331543-00331797": "one is trying to radiate a signal toward", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01194-00331798-00332022": "a receiver using a transmitter of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01195-00332023-00332283": "given power one need only compare the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01196-00332284-00332505": "gain of various antennas rather than", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01197-00332506-00332733": "considering the efficiency as well", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01198-00332734-00333045": "this is likewise true for a receiving", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01199-00333046-00333239": "antenna at very high especially", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01200-00333240-00333543": "microwave frequencies where the point is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01201-00333544-00333753": "to receive a signal which is strong", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01202-00333754-00333930": "compared to the receivers noise", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01203-00333931-00334269": "temperature however in the case of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01204-00334270-00334512": "directional antenna used for receiving", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01205-00334513-00334737": "signals with the intention of rejecting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01206-00334738-00334953": "interference from different directions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01207-00334954-00335175": "one is no longer concerned with the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01208-00335176-00335448": "antenna efficiency as discussed above in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01209-00335449-00335724": "this case rather than quoting the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01210-00335725-00335967": "antenna gain one would be more concerned", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01211-00335968-00336183": "with the directive gain or simply", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01212-00336184-00336411": "directivity which does not include the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01213-00336412-00336729": "effect of antenna in efficiency the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01214-00336730-00336933": "directive gain of an antenna can be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01215-00336934-00337176": "computed from the published gain divided", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01216-00337177-00337533": "by the antennas efficiency in equation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01217-00337534-00337833": "form gain equals directivity times", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01218-00337834-00338041": "efficiency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01219-00338042-00338452": "equals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01220-00338453-00339012": "topic polarization", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01221-00339013-00339401": "equals the polarization of an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01222-00339402-00339626": "refers to the orientation of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01223-00339627-00339896": "electric field e plane of the radio wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01224-00339897-00340116": "with respect to the Earth's surface and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01225-00340117-00340346": "as determined by the physical structure", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01226-00340347-00340592": "of the antenna and by its orientation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01227-00340593-00340869": "this is distinct from the antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01228-00340870-00341159": "directionality thus a simple straight", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01229-00341160-00341435": "wire antenna will have one polarization", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01230-00341436-00341660": "when mounted vertically and a different", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01231-00341661-00341849": "polarization when mounted horizontally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01232-00341850-00342254": "as a transverse wave the magnetic field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01233-00342255-00342513": "of a radio wave is at right angles to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01234-00342514-00342696": "that of the electric field but by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01235-00342697-00342941": "convention talk of an antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01236-00342942-00343247": "polarization is understood to refer to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01237-00343248-00343549": "the direction of the electric field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01238-00343550-00343760": "reflections generally affect", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01239-00343761-00344013": "polarization for radio waves", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01240-00344014-00344201": "one important reflector as the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01241-00344202-00344422": "ionosphere which can change the waves", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01242-00344423-00344766": "polarization thus for signals received", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01243-00344767-00345026": "following reflection by the ionosphere a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01244-00345027-00345278": "sky wave a consistent polarization", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01245-00345279-00345599": "cannot be expected for a line-of-sight", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01246-00345600-00345770": "communications or ground-wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01247-00345771-00346041": "propagation horizontally or vertically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01248-00346042-00346310": "polarized transmissions generally remain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01249-00346311-00346559": "in about the same polarization state at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01250-00346560-00346847": "the receiving location matching the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01251-00346848-00347094": "receiving antennas polarization to that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01252-00347095-00347273": "of the transmitter can make a very", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01253-00347274-00347493": "substantial difference in received", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01254-00347494-00347825": "signal strength polarization is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01255-00347826-00348066": "predictable from an antennas geometry", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01256-00348067-00348312": "although in some cases it is not at all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01257-00348313-00348617": "obvious such as for the quad antenna an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01258-00348618-00348875": "antennas linear polarization as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01259-00348876-00349113": "generally along the direction as viewed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01260-00349114-00349304": "from the receiving location of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01261-00349305-00349545": "antennas currents when such a direction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01262-00349546-00349895": "can be defined for instance a vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01263-00349896-00350177": "whip antenna or Wi-Fi antenna vertically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01264-00350178-00350423": "oriented will transmit and receive in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01265-00350424-00350750": "the vertical polarization antennas with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01266-00350751-00351039": "horizontal elements such as most rooftop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01267-00351040-00351305": "TV antennas in the United States are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01268-00351306-00351629": "horizontally polarized broadcast TV in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01269-00351630-00351875": "the u.s. usually uses horizontal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01270-00351876-00352181": "polarization even when the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01271-00352182-00352342": "system has a vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01272-00352343-00352560": "orientation such as an array of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01273-00352561-00352782": "horizontal dipole antennas the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01274-00352783-00352993": "polarization is in the horizontal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01275-00352994-00353221": "direction corresponding to the current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01276-00353222-00353512": "flow the polarization of a commercial", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01277-00353513-00353904": "antenna as an essential specification", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01278-00353905-00354151": "polarization as the sum of the e plane", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01279-00354152-00354445": "orientations over time projected onto an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01280-00354446-00354676": "imaginary plane perpendicular to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01281-00354677-00354922": "direction of motion of the radio wave in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01282-00354923-00355264": "the most general case polarization as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01283-00355265-00355453": "elliptical meaning that the polarization", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01284-00355454-00355864": "of the radio waves varies over time two", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01285-00355865-00356128": "special cases our linear polarization", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01286-00356129-00356350": "the ellipse collapses into a line as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01287-00356351-00356532": "discussed above and circular", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01288-00356533-00356784": "polarization in which the two axes of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01289-00356785-00357066": "the ellipse are equal in linear", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01290-00357067-00357313": "polarization the electric field of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01291-00357314-00357523": "radio wave oscillates back and forth", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01292-00357524-00357810": "along one direction this can be affected", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01293-00357811-00357991": "by the mounting of the antenna but", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01294-00357992-00358225": "usually the desired direction as either", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01295-00358226-00358542": "horizontal or vertical polarization in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01296-00358543-00358854": "circular polarization the electric field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01297-00358855-00359092": "and magnetic field of the radio wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01298-00359093-00359317": "rotates at the radio frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01299-00359318-00359518": "circularly around the axis of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01300-00359519-00359842": "propagation circular or elliptically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01301-00359843-00360112": "polarized radio waves are designated as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01302-00360113-00360349": "right-handed or left-handed using the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01303-00360350-00360544": "thumb in the direction of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01304-00360545-00360858": "propagation rule for circular", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01305-00360859-00361144": "polarization optical researchers use the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01306-00361145-00361351": "opposite right-hand rule from the one", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01307-00361352-00361642": "used by radio engineers", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01308-00361643-00361903": "it is best for the receiving antenna to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01309-00361904-00362062": "match the polarization of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01310-00362063-00362388": "transmitted wave for optimum reception", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01311-00362389-00362626": "intermediate matchings will lose some", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01312-00362627-00362833": "signal strength but not as much as a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01313-00362834-00363193": "complete mismatch a circularly polarized", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01314-00363194-00363421": "antenna can be used to equally well", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01315-00363422-00363660": "match vertical or horizontal linear", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01316-00363661-00363985": "polarizations transmission from a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01317-00363986-00364267": "circularly polarized antenna received by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01318-00364268-00364477": "a linearly polarized antenna or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01319-00364478-00364726": "vice-versa entails a three decibels", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01320-00364727-00365008": "reduction in signal-to-noise ratio as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01321-00365009-00365251": "the received power has thereby been cut", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01322-00365252-00365798": "in half", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01323-00365799-00366367": "topic impedance matching", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01324-00366368-00366665": "maximum power transfer requires matching", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01325-00366666-00366914": "the impedance of an antenna system as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01326-00366915-00367139": "seen looking into the transmission line", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01327-00367140-00367337": "to the complex conjugate of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01328-00367338-00367562": "impedance of the receiver or transmitter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01329-00367563-00367832": "in the case of a transmitter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01330-00367833-00368036": "however the desired matching impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01331-00368037-00368300": "might not correspond to the dynamic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01332-00368301-00368528": "output impedance of the transmitter as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01333-00368529-00368756": "analyzed as a source impedance but", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01334-00368757-00369020": "rather the design value typically 50", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01335-00369021-00369260": "ohms required for efficient and safe", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01336-00369261-00369517": "operation of the transmitting circuitry", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01337-00369518-00369812": "the intended impedance is normally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01338-00369813-00370025": "resistive but a transmitter and some", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01339-00370026-00370202": "receivers may have additional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01340-00370203-00370430": "adjustments to cancel a certain amount", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01341-00370431-00370781": "of reactants in order to tweak the match", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01342-00370782-00371051": "when a transmission line is used in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01343-00371052-00371252": "between the antenna and the transmitter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01344-00371253-00371525": "or receiver one generally would like an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01345-00371526-00371738": "antenna system whose impedance as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01346-00371739-00371942": "resistive and near the characteristic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01347-00371943-00372173": "impedance of that transmission line in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01348-00372174-00372377": "order to minimize the standing wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01349-00372378-00372440": "ratio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01350-00372441-00372725": "SWR and the increase in transmission", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01351-00372726-00373007": "line losses it entails in addition to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01352-00373008-00373169": "supplying a good match at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01353-00373170-00373538": "transmitter or receiver itself antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01354-00373539-00373787": "tuning generally refers to cancellation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01355-00373788-00374036": "of any reactants seen at the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01356-00374037-00374264": "terminals leaving only a resistive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01357-00374265-00374480": "impedance which might or might not be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01358-00374481-00374729": "exactly the desired impedance that of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01359-00374730-00374993": "the transmission line although an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01360-00374994-00375239": "antenna may be designed to have a purely", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01361-00375240-00375488": "resistive feed point impedance such as a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01362-00375489-00375827": "dipole 97% of a half wavelength long", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01363-00375828-00376088": "this might not be exactly true at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01364-00376089-00376334": "frequency that it is eventually used at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01365-00376335-00376661": "in some cases the physical length of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01366-00376662-00377027": "antenna can be trimmed to obtain a pure", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01367-00377028-00377291": "resistance on the other hand the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01368-00377292-00377498": "addition of a series inductance or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01369-00377499-00377729": "parallel capacitance can be used to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01370-00377730-00377972": "cancel a residual capacitative or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01371-00377973-00378365": "inductive reactance respectively in some", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01372-00378366-00378593": "cases this is done in a more extreme", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01373-00378594-00378848": "manner not simply to cancel a small", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01374-00378849-00379088": "amount of residual reactance but to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01375-00379089-00379289": "resonate an antenna whose resonance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01376-00379290-00379502": "frequency is quite different from the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01377-00379503-00379829": "intended frequency of operation for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01378-00379830-00380174": "instance a whip antenna can be made", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01379-00380175-00380411": "significantly shorter than one-quarter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01380-00380412-00380642": "wavelength long for practical reasons", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01381-00380643-00380855": "and then resonated using a so-called", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01382-00380856-00381173": "loading coil this physically large", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01383-00381174-00381416": "inductor at the base of the antenna has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01384-00381417-00381620": "an inductive reactance which is the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01385-00381621-00381788": "opposite of the capacitive reactance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01386-00381789-00382097": "that such a vertical antenna has at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01387-00382098-00382439": "desired operating frequency the result", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01388-00382440-00382676": "is a pure resistance seen at feed point", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01389-00382677-00382904": "of the loading coil that resistance as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01390-00382905-00383123": "somewhat lower than would be desired to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01391-00383124-00383357": "match commercial coax so an additional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01392-00383358-00383627": "problem beyond cancelling the unwanted", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01393-00383628-00383837": "reactance as of matching the remaining", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01394-00383838-00383984": "resistive impedance to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01395-00383985-00384158": "characteristic impedance of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01396-00384159-00384500": "transmission line in principle this can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01397-00384501-00384662": "be done with a transformer", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01398-00384663-00384956": "however the turns ratio of a transformer", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01399-00384957-00385268": "is not adjustable a general matching", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01400-00385269-00385493": "network with at least two adjustments", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01401-00385494-00385691": "can be made to correct both components", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01402-00385692-00386036": "of impedance matching networks using", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01403-00386037-00386273": "discrete inductors and capacitors will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01404-00386274-00386477": "have losses associated with those", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01405-00386478-00386645": "components and we'll have power", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01406-00386646-00386850": "restrictions when used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01407-00386851-00387138": "and smitten avoiding these difficulties", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01408-00387139-00387360": "commercial antennas are generally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01409-00387361-00387594": "designed with fixed matching elements or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01410-00387595-00387840": "feeding strategies to get an approximate", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01411-00387841-00388212": "match to standard coax such as 50 or 75", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01412-00388213-00388581": "ohms antennas based on the dipole rather", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01413-00388582-00388815": "than vertical antennas may include a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01414-00388816-00389043": "ballon between the transmission line and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01415-00389044-00389253": "antenna element which may be integrated", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01416-00389254-00389581": "into any such matching Network", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01417-00389582-00389812": "another extreme case of impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01418-00389813-00390067": "matching occurs when using a small loop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01419-00390068-00390352": "antenna usually but not always for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01420-00390353-00390568": "receiving at a relatively low frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01421-00390569-00390820": "where it appears almost as a pure", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01422-00390821-00391141": "inductor resonating such an inductor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01423-00391142-00391360": "with a capacitor at the frequency of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01424-00391361-00391648": "operation not only cancels the reactance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01425-00391649-00391888": "but greatly magnifies the very small", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01426-00391889-00392236": "radiation resistance of such a loop this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01427-00392237-00392494": "is implemented in most AM broadcast", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01428-00392495-00392737": "receivers with a small ferrite loop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01429-00392738-00392998": "antenna resonated by a capacitor which", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01430-00392999-00393226": "is varied along with the receiver tuning", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01431-00393227-00393466": "in order to maintain resonance over the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01432-00393467-00394040": "AM broadcast band", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01433-00394041-00394608": "topic antenna types", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01434-00394609-00394849": "antennas can be classified in various", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01435-00394850-00395155": "ways the list below groups together", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01436-00395156-00395374": "antennas under common operating", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01437-00395375-00395632": "principles following the way antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01438-00395633-00395814": "are classified in many engineering", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01439-00395815-00396097": "textbooks isotropic and isotropic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01440-00396098-00396355": "antenna isotropic radiator is a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01441-00396356-00396637": "hypothetical antenna that radiates equal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01442-00396638-00396970": "signal power in all directions it is a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01443-00396971-00397210": "mathematical model that is used as the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01444-00397211-00397450": "base of comparison to calculate the gain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01445-00397451-00397810": "of real antennas no real antenna can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01446-00397811-00398041": "have an isotropic radiation pattern", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01447-00398042-00398386": "however approximately isotropic antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01448-00398387-00398617": "constructed with multiple elements are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01449-00398618-00398989": "used in antenna testing the first four", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01450-00398990-00399223": "groups below are usually resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01451-00399224-00399445": "antennas when driven at their resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01452-00399446-00399646": "frequency their elements act as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01453-00399647-00399937": "resonators waves of current and voltage", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01454-00399938-00400219": "bounce back and forth between the ends", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01455-00400220-00400435": "creating standing waves along the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01456-00400436-00400988": "elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01457-00400989-00401472": "topic dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01458-00401473-00401751": "the dipole as the prototypical antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01459-00401752-00401997": "on which a large class of antennas are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01460-00401998-00402387": "based a basic dipole antenna consists of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01461-00402388-00402654": "two conductors usually metal rods or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01462-00402655-00402915": "wires arranged symmetrically with one", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01463-00402916-00403133": "side of the balanced feed line from the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01464-00403134-00403388": "transmitter or receiver attached to each", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01465-00403389-00403685": "the most common type the half wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01466-00403686-00403989": "dipole consists of two resonant elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01467-00403990-00404216": "just under a quarter wavelength long", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01468-00404217-00404531": "this antenna radiates maximally in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01469-00404532-00404778": "directions perpendicular to the antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01470-00404779-00405074": "axis giving it a small directive gain of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01471-00405075-00405516": "2.15 DB I although half wave dipole z'", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01472-00405517-00405689": "are used alone as omnidirectional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01473-00405690-00405975": "antennas they are also a building block", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01474-00405976-00406143": "of many other more complicated", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01475-00406144-00406590": "directional antennas turnstile to dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01476-00406591-00406845": "antennas mounted at right angles fed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01477-00406846-00407083": "with a phase difference of 90 degrees", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01478-00407084-00407400": "this antenna is unusual in that it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01479-00407401-00407580": "radiates in all directions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01480-00407581-00407826": "no Knowles in the radiation pattern with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01481-00407827-00408048": "horizontal polarization in directions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01482-00408049-00408303": "coplanar with the elements circular", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01483-00408304-00408516": "polarization normal to that plane", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01484-00408517-00408744": "an elliptical polarization in other", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01485-00408745-00409085": "directions used for receiving signals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01486-00409086-00409371": "from satellites a circular polarization", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01487-00409372-00409757": "as transmitted by many satellites corner", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01488-00409758-00409980": "reflector a directive antenna with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01489-00409981-00410289": "moderate gain of about 8 DB I often used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01490-00410289-00410660": "at UHF frequencies consists of a dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01491-00410662-00410924": "mounted in front of two reflective metal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01492-00410925-00411224": "screens joined at an angle usually 90", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01493-00411225-00411597": "degrees used as a rooftop UHF television", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01494-00411597-00411864": "antenna and for point-to-point data", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01495-00411864-00412164": "links patch microstrip a type of antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01496-00412164-00412409": "with elements consisting of metal sheets", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01497-00412410-00412751": "mounted over a ground plane similar to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01498-00412752-00413084": "dipole with gain of 6 to 9 DB I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01499-00413085-00413343": "integrated into surfaces such as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01500-00413343-00413655": "aircraft bodies they're easy fabrication", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01501-00413656-00413922": "using PCB techniques have made them", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01502-00413922-00414257": "popular in modern wireless devices often", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01503-00414258-00414884": "combined into arrays", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01504-00414885-00415374": "topic monopole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01505-00415375-00415689": "a monopole antenna consists of a single", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01506-00415690-00415953": "conductor such as a metal rod usually", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01507-00415954-00416164": "mounted over the ground or an artificial", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01508-00416164-00416418": "conducting surface a so-called ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01509-00416419-00416754": "plane one side of the feed line from the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01510-00416755-00416976": "receiver or transmitter is connected to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01511-00416977-00417193": "the conductor and the other side to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01512-00417193-00417420": "ground or the artificial ground plane", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01513-00417421-00417714": "the radio waves reflected from the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01514-00417715-00417945": "ground plane seem to come from an image", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01515-00417946-00418134": "antenna below the ground with the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01516-00418135-00418377": "monopole and it's image forming a dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01517-00418378-00418653": "so the monopole antenna has a radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01518-00418654-00418899": "pattern identical to the top half of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01519-00418900-00419135": "pattern of a similar dipole antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01520-00419136-00419406": "since all of the equivalent dipoles", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01521-00419407-00419647": "radiation is concentrated in a half", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01522-00419647-00419902": "space the antenna has twice three", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01523-00419903-00420100": "decibels increase of the gain of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01524-00420101-00420381": "similar dipole not considering losses in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01525-00420382-00420747": "the ground plane the most common form as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01526-00420748-00420981": "the quarter wave monopole which is one", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01527-00420982-00421204": "quarter of a wavelength long and has a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01528-00421205-00421506": "gain of five point one two dbi when", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01529-00421507-00421827": "mounted over a ground plane mana poles", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01530-00421828-00422047": "have an omnidirectional radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01531-00422047-00422245": "pattern so they are used for broad", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01532-00422246-00422472": "coverage of an area and have vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01533-00422473-00422814": "polarization the ground waves used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01534-00422815-00423070": "broadcasting at low frequencies must be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01535-00423071-00423312": "vertically polarized so large vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01536-00423313-00423531": "monopole antennas are used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01537-00423532-00423927": "broadcasting in the MF LF and VLF bands", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01538-00423928-00424197": "small mono poles are used as non", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01539-00424198-00424447": "directional antennas on portable radios", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01540-00424447-00424993": "in the HF VHF and uhf bands WIPP type of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01541-00424993-00425200": "antenna used on mobile and portable", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01542-00425201-00425566": "radios in the VHF and uhf bands such as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01543-00425567-00425854": "boom boxes consists of a flexible rod", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01544-00425855-00426189": "often made of telescoping segments", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01545-00426189-00426518": "rubber ducky most common antenna used on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01546-00426519-00426774": "portable two-way radios and cordless", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01547-00426775-00427047": "phones due to its compactness consists", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01548-00427047-00427370": "of an electrically short wire helix the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01549-00427371-00427608": "helix adds inductance to cancel the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01550-00427609-00427809": "capacitive reactance of the short", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01551-00427810-00428141": "radiator making it resonant very low", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01552-00428142-00428538": "gain ground plane a whip antenna with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01553-00428539-00428795": "several rods extending horizontally from", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01554-00428796-00429033": "base of whip attached to the ground side", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01555-00429034-00429345": "of the feed line since whips are mounted", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01556-00429346-00429614": "above ground the horizontal rods form an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01557-00429615-00429810": "artificial ground plane under the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01558-00429810-00430149": "antenna to increase its gain used as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01559-00430150-00430370": "base station antennas for land mobile", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01560-00430371-00430626": "radio systems such as police ambulance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01561-00430627-00431076": "and taxi dispatchers mast radiator a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01562-00431077-00431322": "radio tower in which the tower structure", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01563-00431322-00431682": "itself serves as the antenna common form", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01564-00431683-00431922": "of transmitting antenna for AM radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01565-00431922-00432245": "stations and other MF + LF transmitters", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01566-00432246-00432612": "at its base the tower is usually but not", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01567-00432613-00432852": "necessarily mounted on a ceramic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01568-00432853-00433135": "insulator to isolate it from the ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01569-00433137-00433466": "T an inverted L consists of a long", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01570-00433467-00433734": "horizontal wire suspended between two", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01571-00433735-00433983": "towers with insulators with a vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01572-00433984-00434229": "wire hanging down from it attached to a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01573-00434230-00434491": "feed line to the receiver or transmitter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01574-00434492-00434928": "used on LF and VLF bands the vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01575-00434929-00435218": "wire serves as the radiator since at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01576-00435219-00435456": "these frequencies the vertical wire is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01577-00435457-00435672": "electrically short much shorter than a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01578-00435672-00435909": "quarter wave length the horizontal wires", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01579-00435910-00436251": "serve as a capacitive hat to increase", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01580-00436252-00436445": "the current in the vertical radiator", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01581-00436446-00436743": "increasing the gain very narrow", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01582-00436743-00437028": "bandwidth requires loading coil to tune", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01583-00437029-00437324": "out any remaining capacitive reactance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01584-00437325-00437583": "requires lower resistance ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01585-00437584-00437856": "inverted F combines the advantages of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01586-00437857-00438093": "the compactness of inverted L antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01587-00438093-00438285": "and the good matching of the f-type", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01588-00438285-00438612": "antenna the antenna is grounded at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01589-00438613-00438854": "base and fed at some intermediate point", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01590-00438855-00439101": "the position of the feed point", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01591-00439102-00439401": "determines the antenna impedance thus", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01592-00439402-00439491": "matching", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01593-00439492-00439670": "can be achieved without the need for an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01594-00439671-00439899": "extraneous matching Network umbrella", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01595-00439900-00440168": "very large wire transmitting antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01596-00440169-00440559": "used on VLF bands consists of a central", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01597-00440560-00440832": "mast radiator tower attached at the top", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01598-00440833-00441108": "to multiple wires extending out radially", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01599-00441109-00441341": "from the mast to ground like a tent or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01600-00441342-00441720": "umbrella insulated at the ends extremely", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01601-00441721-00441972": "narrow bandwidth requires large loading", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01602-00441972-00442218": "coil and low resistance counterpoise", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01603-00442218-00442568": "ground used for long-range military", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01604-00442568-00443132": "communications", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01605-00443133-00443610": "topic array", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01606-00443612-00443860": "array antennas consist of multiple", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01607-00443860-00444135": "antennas working as a single antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01608-00444135-00444393": "typically they consist of arrays of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01609-00444395-00444595": "identical driven elements usually", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01610-00444596-00444889": "dipoles fed in phase giving increased", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01611-00444889-00445160": "gain over that of a single dipole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01612-00445162-00445420": "collinear consists of a number of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01613-00445421-00445768": "dipoles in a vertical line it is a high", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01614-00445768-00446020": "gain omnidirectional antenna meaning", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01615-00446021-00446214": "more of the power is radiated in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01616-00446216-00446452": "horizontal directions and less into the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01617-00446453-00446824": "sky or ground and wasted gain of 8 to 10", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01618-00446825-00447184": "DB I used as base station antennas for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01619-00447185-00447468": "land mobile radio systems such as Police", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01620-00447470-00447789": "Fire ambulance and taxi dispatchers and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01621-00447791-00448009": "sector antennas for cellular base", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01622-00448010-00448152": "stations", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01623-00448153-00448435": "yagi Oda one of the most common", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01624-00448435-00448818": "directional antennas at HF VHF and UHF", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01625-00448820-00449160": "frequencies consists of multiple half", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01626-00449162-00449410": "wave dipole elements in a line with a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01627-00449410-00449626": "single driven element and multiple", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01628-00449627-00449857": "parasitic elements which serve to create", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01629-00449858-00450205": "a unidirectional or beam antenna these", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01630-00450206-00450514": "typically have gains between 10 to 20 DB", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01631-00450514-00450721": "AI depending on the number of elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01632-00450722-00450970": "used and are very narrow band with a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01633-00450971-00451185": "usable bandwidth of only a few percent", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01634-00451187-00451396": "though there are derivative designs", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01635-00451397-00451743": "which relax this limitation used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01636-00451745-00451933": "rooftop television antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01637-00451934-00452176": "point-to-point communication links and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01638-00452177-00452416": "long distance shortwave communication", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01639-00452417-00452788": "using skywave skip reflection from the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01640-00452789-00452964": "ionosphere", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01641-00452966-00453313": "log periodic dipole array often confused", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01642-00453314-00453568": "with the yagi Yuda this consists of many", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01643-00453568-00453796": "dipole elements along a boom with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01644-00453797-00453982": "gradually increasing lengths all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01645-00453983-00454218": "connected to the transmission line with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01646-00454220-00454539": "alternating polarity it is a directional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01647-00454541-00454828": "antenna with a wide bandwidth this makes", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01648-00454829-00455107": "it ideal for use as a rooftop television", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01649-00455108-00455302": "antenna although it's gained as much", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01650-00455303-00455637": "less than a yogi of comparable size", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01651-00455638-00455953": "reflective array multiple dipoles in a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01652-00455954-00456189": "two dimensional array mounted in front", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01653-00456191-00456526": "of a flat reflecting screen used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01654-00456527-00456838": "radar in UHF television transmitting and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01655-00456839-00457218": "receiving antennas phased array a high", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01656-00457220-00457537": "gain antenna used at UHF and microwave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01657-00457538-00457753": "frequencies which is electronically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01658-00457754-00458020": "steerable it consists of multiple", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01659-00458021-00458317": "dipoles in a two-dimensional array each", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01660-00458318-00458557": "fed through an electronic phase shifter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01661-00458558-00458776": "with the phase shifters controlled by a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01662-00458777-00459112": "computer control system the beam can be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01663-00459113-00459367": "instantly pointed in any direction over", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01664-00459368-00459609": "a wide angle in front of the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01665-00459610-00459928": "used for military radar and jamming", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01666-00459929-00460330": "systems curtain or a large directional", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01667-00460331-00460639": "wire transmitting antenna used at HF by", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01668-00460639-00460954": "shortwave broadcasting stations it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01669-00460955-00461221": "consists of a vertical rectangular array", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01670-00461222-00461497": "of wire dipoles suspended in front of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01671-00461497-00461739": "flat reflector screen consisting of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01672-00461741-00462082": "vertical curtain of parallel wires all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01673-00462083-00462382": "supported between two metal towers it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01674-00462383-00462634": "radiates a horizontal beam of radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01675-00462635-00462841": "waves into the sky above the horizon", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01676-00462842-00463135": "which is reflected by the ionosphere to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01677-00463135-00463477": "earth beyond the horizon batwing or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01678-00463478-00463732": "super turnstile a specialized antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01679-00463733-00463945": "used in television broadcasting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01680-00463946-00464176": "consisting of perpendicular pairs of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01681-00464177-00464431": "dipoles with radiators resembling bat", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01682-00464432-00464767": "wings multiple bat wing antennas are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01683-00464768-00465064": "stacked vertically on a mast to make VHF", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01684-00465064-00465303": "television broadcast antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01685-00465304-00465618": "omnidirectional radiation pattern with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01686-00465620-00465918": "high gain in horizontal directions the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01687-00465920-00466257": "batwing shape gives them wide bandwidth", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01688-00466258-00466560": "microstrip an array of patch antennas on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01689-00466562-00466889": "a substrate fed by microstrip feed lines", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01690-00466891-00467182": "microwave antenna that can achieve large", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01691-00467183-00467467": "gains in compact space ease of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01692-00467468-00467776": "fabrication by PCB techniques have made", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01693-00467777-00468057": "them popular in modern wireless devices", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01694-00468058-00468355": "beam width and polarization can be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01695-00468356-00468954": "actively reconfigurable", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01696-00468955-00469422": "topic loop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01697-00469423-00469732": "loop antennas consist of a loop or coil", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01698-00469733-00470095": "of wire loop antennas interact directly", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01699-00470096-00470322": "with the magnetic field of the radio", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01700-00470323-00470539": "wave rather than its electric field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01701-00470539-00470733": "making them relatively insensitive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01702-00470734-00470995": "electrical noise within about a quarter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01703-00470996-00471184": "wavelength of the antenna there are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01704-00471185-00471435": "essentially two broad categories of loop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01705-00471437-00471724": "antennas large loops or full wave loops", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01706-00471725-00472063": "and small loops loops with circumference", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01707-00472064-00472267": "of a full wavelength or an integer", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01708-00472268-00472462": "multiple of a full wavelength are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01709-00472463-00472687": "naturally resonant and act somewhat", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01710-00472688-00472947": "similarly to the full wave or multi wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01711-00472948-00473227": "dipole when it is necessary to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01712-00473228-00473472": "distinguish them from small loops they", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01713-00473473-00473722": "are called full wave loops full loops", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01714-00473722-00473950": "have the highest radiation resistance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01715-00473951-00474187": "and hence the highest efficiency of all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01716-00474188-00474454": "antennas their radiation resistances are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01717-00474455-00474625": "several hundreds of ohms", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01718-00474626-00474864": "whereas dipoles and mono poles are tens", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01719-00474866-00475120": "of ohms and small loops are a few ohms", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01720-00475121-00475408": "or even fractions of an ohm loops that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01721-00475409-00475606": "are a half wavelength in circumference", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01722-00475607-00475855": "with a small gap cut in the loop are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01723-00475856-00476047": "called halo antennas and are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01724-00476047-00476206": "intermediate in form and function", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01725-00476207-00476493": "between small and large loops if the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01726-00476495-00476685": "loop circumference is smaller than a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01727-00476687-00476884": "half wavelength the loop must be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01728-00476885-00477127": "modified in some way to make it resonant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01729-00477128-00477454": "if that is necessary small loops are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01730-00477455-00477679": "called magnetic loops and if modified", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01731-00477680-00477945": "for resonance they are also called tuned", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01732-00477946-00478300": "loops their directionality and radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01733-00478301-00478525": "as drastically different from full wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01734-00478526-00478810": "loops the great disadvantage of small", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01735-00478810-00479089": "loops or any small antenna is a very", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01736-00479089-00479362": "small radiation resistance typically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01737-00479363-00479566": "much smaller than the lost resistance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01738-00479567-00479847": "making small loops very inefficient for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01739-00479848-00480103": "transmitting however small loops are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01740-00480104-00480316": "very effective receiving antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01741-00480317-00480585": "especially at low frequencies where all", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01742-00480587-00480841": "feasible antennas are small compared to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01743-00480842-00481189": "a wavelength small loops are also widely", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01744-00481189-00481420": "used as compact direction-finding", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01745-00481421-00481689": "antennas quad", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01746-00481691-00481910": "although quad can refer to a single", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01747-00481912-00482134": "quadrilateral shaped loop the term", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01748-00482135-00482425": "usually refers to two or more such loops", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01749-00482426-00482677": "stacked side-by-side at first glance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01750-00482678-00482818": "quads resemble", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01751-00482818-00483181": "box kite frame quad antennas are highly", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01752-00483182-00483414": "directional made of multiple full-sized", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01753-00483416-00483616": "loops lined up in a row with their", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01754-00483617-00483849": "planes in parallel like sheets hanging", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01755-00483850-00484078": "side-by-side on multiple parallel", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01756-00484079-00484435": "clotheslines one loop in the quad is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01757-00484435-00484654": "connected to the feed line and functions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01758-00484655-00484882": "as the driver for the antenna and as the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01759-00484883-00485155": "main signal radiator quad antennas are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01760-00485156-00485437": "the exact analog for loops to a yogi", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01761-00485438-00485716": "Yuda antenna made out of dipoles in fact", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01762-00485717-00485983": "a yogi can be built using a mixture of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01763-00485984-00486325": "loops and dipoles similar to Yaga's", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01764-00486326-00486595": "quads are used as a directional antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01765-00486596-00486796": "on the hf bands for shortwave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01766-00486797-00486960": "communication and are sometimes", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01767-00486962-00487222": "preferred for longer wavelengths because", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01768-00487222-00487309": "if square", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01769-00487310-00487560": "they are half as wide as a yogi in Quad", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01770-00487562-00487762": "antennas the loops which are not", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01771-00487763-00487954": "connected to the feed line act as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01772-00487955-00488160": "helpers for the driven loop that is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01773-00488162-00488332": "connected to the feed line they are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01774-00488333-00488589": "spaced and tuned so that they absorb and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01775-00488591-00488821": "re-radiate signal power from the main", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01776-00488822-00489052": "loop beneficially for the directivity of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01777-00489053-00489301": "the antenna exactly like mirrors and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01778-00489302-00489457": "lenses in a flashlight", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01779-00489458-00489768": "the single helper loop behind the driven", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01780-00489770-00489988": "loop intercepts and reflects back", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01781-00489989-00490218": "forward the rearward travelling signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01782-00490220-00490417": "from the driven loop and is called the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01783-00490418-00490708": "reflector the loops in front of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01784-00490709-00490893": "driven loop focused the forward", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01785-00490895-00491128": "traveling signal into a narrower beam", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01786-00491129-00491437": "and are called directors because the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01787-00491438-00491683": "helper loops draw power from the field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01788-00491684-00491908": "created by the driven element they are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01789-00491909-00492213": "called in general parasitic elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01790-00492214-00492496": "ferrite loop stick loop stick antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01791-00492497-00492691": "are omnidirectional around their axis", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01792-00492692-00492958": "and our premiere examples of small loop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01793-00492959-00493297": "antennas they are the magnetic analog of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01794-00493297-00493579": "the short dipole antenna these are used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01795-00493580-00493780": "as the receiving antenna in most", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01796-00493781-00494064": "consumer am radios operating in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01797-00494066-00494296": "medium wave broadcast band and lower", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01798-00494297-00494641": "frequencies wire is coiled around a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01799-00494642-00494902": "ferrite core which greatly increases the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01800-00494903-00495103": "coils inductance and it's effective", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01801-00495104-00495430": "signal capturing area the radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01802-00495431-00495643": "pattern as maximum at directions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01803-00495643-00495949": "perpendicular to the ferrite rod the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01804-00495950-00496197": "null direction of ferrite core antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01805-00496199-00496414": "are bi-directional and much sharper than", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01806-00496414-00496743": "the maximal directionality this often", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01807-00496745-00496930": "makes the direction of the null more", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01808-00496931-00497188": "useful for locating a signal source than", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01809-00497189-00497392": "the direction of the strongest signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01810-00497393-00497697": "the null direction of small loops can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01811-00497699-00497953": "also be exploited to reject unwanted", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01812-00497954-00498196": "signals from an interfering station or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01813-00498197-00498765": "noise source", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01814-00498766-00499272": "topic aperture", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01815-00499272-00499539": "aperture antennas are the main type of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01816-00499539-00499772": "directional antennas used at microwave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01817-00499773-00500114": "frequencies and above they consist of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01818-00500116-00500409": "small dipole or loop feed antenna inside", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01819-00500410-00500634": "a three-dimensional guiding structure a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01820-00500635-00500864": "large compared to a wavelength with an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01821-00500866-00501213": "aperture to emit the radio waves since", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01822-00501214-00501441": "the antenna structure itself is non", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01823-00501442-00501660": "resonant they can be used over a wide", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01824-00501660-00501951": "frequency range by replacing or tuning", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01825-00501952-00502293": "the feed antenna parabolic the most", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01826-00502293-00502524": "widely used high gain antenna at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01827-00502525-00502884": "microwave frequencies and above consists", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01828-00502885-00503088": "of a dish shaped metal parabolic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01829-00503089-00503307": "reflector with a feed antenna at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01830-00503308-00503559": "focus it can have some of the highest", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01831-00503560-00503916": "gains of any antenna type up to 60 dB I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01832-00503917-00504197": "but the dish must be large compared to a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01833-00504198-00504518": "wavelength used for radar antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01834-00504520-00504774": "point-to-point data links satellite", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01835-00504775-00505170": "communication and radio telescopes horn", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01836-00505171-00505422": "a simple antenna with moderate gain of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01837-00505422-00505812": "15 to 25 DB I that consists of a flaring", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01838-00505813-00506142": "metal horn attached to a waveguide used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01839-00506143-00506410": "for applications such as radar guns", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01840-00506412-00506679": "radiometers and as feed antennas for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01841-00506680-00507057": "parabolic dishes slot consists of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01842-00507058-00507318": "waveguide with one or more slots cut in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01843-00507318-00507651": "it to emit the microwaves linear slot", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01844-00507652-00507924": "antennas emit narrow fan shaped beams", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01845-00507925-00508284": "used as UHF broadcast antennas and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01846-00508285-00508653": "marine radar antennas lens a lens", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01847-00508654-00508887": "antenna consists of layer of dielectric", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01848-00508888-00509181": "or a metal screen or multiple waveguide", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01849-00509182-00509424": "structure of varying thickness in front", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01850-00509425-00509660": "of a feed antenna which acts as a lens", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01851-00509662-00509949": "which refracts the radio waves focusing", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01852-00509950-00510252": "them on the feed antenna dielectric", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01853-00510253-00510531": "resonator consists of small ball or puck", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01854-00510532-00510768": "shaped piece of dielectric material", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01855-00510768-00511059": "excited by aperture in waveguide used at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01856-00511060-00511637": "millimeter wave frequencies", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01857-00511638-00512163": "topic traveling wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01858-00512164-00512447": "unlike the above antennas traveling-wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01859-00512449-00512693": "antennas are non resonant so they have", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01860-00512695-00512976": "inherently broad bandwidth they are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01861-00512977-00513216": "typically wire antennas multiple", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01862-00513217-00513405": "wavelengths long through which the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01863-00513406-00513651": "voltage and current waves travel in one", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01864-00513652-00513888": "direction instead of bouncing back and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01865-00513889-00514110": "forth to form standing waves as in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01866-00514110-00514392": "resonant antennas they have linear", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01867-00514393-00514629": "polarization except for the helical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01868-00514630-00514920": "antenna unidirectional traveling wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01869-00514921-00515187": "antennas are terminated by a resistor at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01870-00515188-00515379": "one end equal to the antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01871-00515380-00515643": "characteristic resistance to absorb the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01872-00515643-00515801": "waves from one direction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01873-00515802-00516045": "this makes them inefficient as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01874-00516046-00516439": "transmitting antennas Beverage simplest", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01875-00516441-00516701": "unidirectional traveling wave antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01876-00516702-00516963": "consists of a straight wire one to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01877-00516964-00517227": "several wavelengths long suspended near", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01878-00517228-00517452": "the ground connected to the receiver at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01879-00517453-00517680": "one end and terminated by a resistor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01880-00517681-00517897": "equal to its characteristic impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01881-00517899-00518292": "400 to 800 ohms at the other end its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01882-00518293-00518562": "radiation pattern has a main lobe at a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01883-00518563-00518772": "shallow angle in the sky off the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01884-00518772-00519108": "terminated end it is used for reception", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01885-00519109-00519276": "of sky waves reflected off the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01886-00519277-00519602": "ionosphere in long distance skip", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01887-00519603-00520059": "shortwave communication rhombic consists", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01888-00520060-00520332": "of four equal wire sections shaped like", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01889-00520333-00520671": "a rhombus it is fed by a balanced feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01890-00520672-00520905": "line at one of the acute corners and the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01891-00520906-00521118": "two sides are connected to a resistor", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01892-00521118-00521346": "equal to the characteristic resistance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01893-00521347-00521631": "of the antenna at the other it has a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01894-00521632-00521889": "main lobe in a horizontal direction off", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01895-00521889-00522204": "the terminated end of the rhombus used", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01896-00522205-00522450": "for skywave communication on shortwave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01897-00522451-00522759": "bands leaking WAV microwave antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01898-00522760-00523010": "consisting of a waveguide or coaxial", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01899-00523012-00523284": "cable with a slot or apertures cut in it", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01900-00523285-00523533": "so it radiates continuously along its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01901-00523534-00524056": "length", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01902-00524057-00524643": "topic other antenna types", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01903-00524644-00524925": "the following two antenna types do not", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01904-00524926-00525135": "quite properly fit in any of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01905-00525136-00525345": "sections above or fit into several", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01906-00525346-00525582": "depending on the wavelength two antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01907-00525583-00525990": "length ratio random wire this describes", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01908-00525991-00526221": "the typical antenna used to receive", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01909-00526222-00526485": "shortwave radio consisting of a random", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01910-00526486-00526716": "lengths of wire either strung out doors", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01911-00526717-00526968": "between supports or indoors in a zig-zag", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01912-00526969-00527220": "pattern along walls connected to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01913-00527221-00527499": "receiver at one end the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01914-00527500-00527757": "typically will have complex radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01915-00527758-00528015": "patterns with several lobes at angles to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01916-00528016-00528297": "the wire random wire antennas typically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01917-00528298-00528522": "are categorized as folded monopole", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01918-00528523-00528729": "antennas when their lengths are two", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01919-00528730-00528960": "wavelengths or less but become similar", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01920-00528961-00529164": "to Beverage antennas when they are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01921-00529165-00529563": "several wavelengths long helical axial", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01922-00529564-00529821": "mode consists of a wire in the shape of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01923-00529822-00530034": "a helix mounted above a reflecting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01924-00530035-00530391": "screen it radiates circularly polarized", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01925-00530392-00530604": "waves in a beam off the end with a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01926-00530605-00531027": "typical gain of 15 DB I it is used at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01927-00531028-00531450": "VHF and UHF frequencies often used for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01928-00531451-00531699": "satellite communication which uses", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01929-00531700-00531918": "circular polarization because it is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01930-00531919-00532164": "insensitive to the relative rotation on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01931-00532165-00532354": "the beam axis", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01932-00532355-00532624": "when a helical antenna has about ten", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01933-00532625-00532828": "turns or more each turn of full", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01934-00532829-00533014": "wavelength then it is a form of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01935-00533015-00533338": "traveling wave antenna if it only has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01936-00533339-00533557": "one or a few turns and their total", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01937-00533558-00533788": "circumference one or a few wavelengths", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01938-00533789-00534025": "then it is some variety of a large loop", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01939-00534026-00534352": "antenna when the total circumference of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01940-00534353-00534565": "all the turns taken together are less", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01941-00534566-00534793": "than one wavelength then the helix as a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01942-00534794-00535084": "loaded monopole called a rubber ducky", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01943-00535085-00535310": "antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01944-00535311-00535530": "topic effect of ground ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01945-00535531-00535731": "reflections as one of the common types", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01946-00535732-00536016": "of multipath the radiation pattern and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01947-00536017-00536232": "even the driving point impedance of an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01948-00536233-00536424": "antenna can be influenced by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01949-00536425-00536633": "dielectric constant and especially", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01950-00536634-00536997": "conductivity of nearby objects for a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01951-00536998-00537212": "terrestrial antenna the ground as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01952-00537213-00537464": "usually one such object of importance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01953-00537465-00537789": "the antennas height above the ground as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01954-00537790-00537953": "well as the electrical properties", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01955-00537954-00538224": "permittivity and conductivity of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01956-00538225-00538581": "ground can then be important also in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01957-00538582-00538820": "particular case of a monopole antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01958-00538821-00539085": "the ground or an artificial ground plane", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01959-00539086-00539318": "serves as the return connection for the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01960-00539319-00539502": "antenna current thus having an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01961-00539503-00539730": "additional effect particularly on the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01962-00539731-00540057": "impedance seen by the feed line when an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01963-00540058-00540297": "electromagnetic wave strikes a plane", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01964-00540298-00540533": "surface such as the ground part of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01965-00540534-00540762": "wave is transmitted into the ground and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01966-00540763-00540993": "part of it is reflected according to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01967-00540994-00541310": "Fresnel coefficients if the ground is a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01968-00541311-00541545": "very good conductor then almost all of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01969-00541546-00541875": "the wave is reflected 180 degrees out of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01970-00541876-00542114": "phase whereas a ground modeled as a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01971-00542115-00542376": "lossy dielectric can absorb a large", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01972-00542377-00542658": "amount of the waves power the power", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01973-00542659-00542897": "remaining in the reflected wave and the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01974-00542898-00543147": "phase shift upon reflection strongly", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01975-00543148-00543381": "depend on the waves angle of incidence", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01976-00543382-00543743": "and polarization the dielectric constant", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01977-00543744-00543999": "and conductivity or simply the complex", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01978-00544000-00544262": "dielectric constant is dependent on the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01979-00544263-00544460": "soil type and as a function of frequency", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01980-00544461-00544808": "for very low frequencies to high", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01981-00544809-00545091": "frequencies at frequencies between three", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01982-00545092-00545339": "and thirty megahertz a large portion of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01983-00545340-00545547": "the energy from a horizontally polarized", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01984-00545548-00545820": "antenna reflects off the ground with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01985-00545821-00546035": "almost total reflection at the grazing", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01986-00546036-00546245": "angles important for ground wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01987-00546246-00546593": "propagation that reflected wave with its", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01988-00546594-00546822": "phase reversed can either cancel or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01989-00546823-00547080": "reinforce the direct wave depending on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01990-00547081-00547293": "the antenna height in wave lengths and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01991-00547294-00547629": "elevation angle for a sky wave on the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01992-00547630-00547793": "other hand vertically polarized", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01993-00547794-00548079": "radiation as not well reflected by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01994-00548080-00548322": "ground except at grazing incidence or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01995-00548323-00548583": "over very highly conducting surfaces", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01996-00548584-00548743": "such as sea water", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01997-00548744-00549026": "however the grazing angle reflection", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01998-00549027-00549263": "important for ground wave propagation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-01999-00549264-00549530": "using vertical polarization is in phase", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02000-00549531-00549766": "with the direct wave providing a boost", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02001-00549767-00550028": "of up to six decibels as as detailed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02002-00550029-00550385": "below at VHF and above greater than", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02003-00550386-00550622": "thirty megahertz the ground becomes a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02004-00550623-00550955": "poorer reflector however it remains a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02005-00550956-00551207": "good reflector especially for horizontal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02006-00551208-00551441": "polarization and grazing angles of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02007-00551442-00551732": "incidence that is important as these", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02008-00551733-00551984": "higher frequencies usually depend on", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02009-00551985-00552220": "horizontal line of sight propagation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02010-00552221-00552488": "except for satellite communications the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02011-00552489-00552730": "ground then behaving almost as a mirror", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02012-00552731-00553025": "the net quality of a ground reflection", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02013-00553026-00553300": "depends on the topography of the surface", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02014-00553301-00553586": "when the irregularities of the surface", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02015-00553587-00553802": "are much smaller than the wavelength the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02016-00553803-00554015": "dominant regime is that of specular", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02017-00554016-00554245": "reflection and the receiver sees both", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02018-00554246-00554465": "the real antenna and an image of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02019-00554466-00554641": "antenna under the ground due to", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02020-00554642-00554918": "reflection but if the ground has", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02021-00554919-00555170": "irregularities not small compared to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02022-00555171-00555380": "wavelength reflections will not be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02023-00555381-00555649": "coherent but shifted by random phases", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02024-00555650-00555899": "with shorter wavelengths higher", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02025-00555900-00556320": "frequencies this is generally the case", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02026-00556321-00556545": "whenever both the receiving or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02027-00556546-00556749": "transmitting antenna are placed at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02028-00556750-00556932": "significant Heights above the ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02029-00556933-00557124": "relative to the wavelength waves", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02030-00557125-00557373": "specularly reflected by the ground will", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02031-00557374-00557598": "travel a longer distance than direct", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02032-00557599-00557859": "waves inducing a phase shift which can", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02033-00557860-00558201": "sometimes be significant when a sky wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02034-00558202-00558432": "is launched by such an antenna that", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02035-00558433-00558672": "phase shift is always significant unless", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02036-00558673-00558918": "the antenna is very close to the ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02037-00558919-00559257": "compared to the wavelength the phase of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02038-00559258-00559476": "reflection of electromagnetic waves", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02039-00559477-00559686": "depends on the polarization of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02040-00559687-00559959": "incident wave given the larger", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02041-00559960-00560220": "refractive index of the ground typically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02042-00560221-00560538": "an equals to compared to air n equals 1", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02043-00560539-00560727": "the phase of horizontally polarized", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02044-00560728-00561042": "radiation as reversed upon reflection a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02045-00561043-00561552": "phase shift of pi display style script", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02046-00561553-00562082": "style pi radians are 180 degrees", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02047-00562083-00562322": "on the other hand the vertical component", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02048-00562323-00562562": "of the waves electric field as reflected", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02049-00562563-00562754": "at grazing angles of incidents", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02050-00562755-00563057": "approximately in phase these phase", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02051-00563058-00563330": "shifts apply as well to a ground modeled", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02052-00563331-00563648": "as a good electrical conductor this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02053-00563649-00563951": "means that a receiving antenna sees an", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02054-00563952-00564143": "image of the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02055-00564144-00564413": "but with reversed currents that current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02056-00564414-00564650": "is in the same absolute direction as the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02057-00564651-00564872": "actual antenna if the antenna is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02058-00564873-00565115": "vertically oriented and thus vertically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02059-00565116-00565331": "polarized but opposite the actual", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02060-00565332-00565544": "antenna if the antenna current is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02061-00565545-00565913": "horizontal the actual antenna which is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02062-00565914-00566153": "transmitting the original wave then also", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02063-00566154-00566420": "may receive a strong signal from its own", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02064-00566421-00566714": "image from the ground this will induce", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02065-00566715-00566924": "an additional current in the antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02066-00566925-00567161": "element changing the current at the feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02067-00567162-00567394": "point for a given feed point voltage", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02068-00567395-00567722": "thus the antennas impedance given by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02069-00567723-00567956": "ratio of feed point voltage to current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02070-00567957-00568250": "is altered due to the antennas proximity", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02071-00568251-00568505": "to the ground this can be quite a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02072-00568506-00568745": "significant effect when the antenna is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02073-00568746-00568975": "within a wavelength or two of the ground", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02074-00568976-00569264": "but as the antenna height has increased", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02075-00569265-00569504": "the reduced power of the reflected wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02076-00569505-00569759": "due to the inverse square law allows the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02077-00569760-00570017": "antenna to approach its asymptotic feed", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02078-00570018-00570362": "point impedance given by theory at lower", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02079-00570363-00570584": "Heights the effect on the antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02080-00570585-00570848": "impedance is very sensitive to the exact", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02081-00570849-00571073": "distance from the ground as this affects", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02082-00571074-00571301": "the phase of the reflected wave relative", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02083-00571302-00571604": "to the currents in the antenna changing", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02084-00571605-00571796": "the antennas height by a quarter", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02085-00571797-00572024": "wavelength then changes the phase of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02086-00572025-00572297": "reflection by 180 degrees with a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02087-00572298-00572483": "completely different effect on the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02088-00572484-00572736": "antennas impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02089-00572737-00572970": "the ground reflection has an important", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02090-00572971-00573225": "effect on the net far-field radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02091-00573226-00573471": "pattern in the vertical plane that is as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02092-00573472-00573700": "a function of elevation angle which is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02093-00573701-00573931": "thus different between a vertically and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02094-00573932-00574266": "horizontally polarized antenna consider", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02095-00574267-00574473": "an antenna at a height H above the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02096-00574474-00574737": "ground transmitting a wave considered at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02097-00574738-00575013": "the elevation angle theta for a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02098-00575014-00575250": "vertically polarized transmission the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02099-00575251-00575466": "magnitude of the electric field of the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02100-00575467-00575691": "electromagnetic wave produced by the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02101-00575692-00576203": "direct ray plus the reflected ray as E", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02102-00576204-00576374": "Vee", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02103-00576375-00577609": "equals to e zero coz 2 pi H", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02104-00577610-00578251": "lambda sin theta display style text", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02105-00578252-00578575": "style left e underscore V write equals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02106-00578576-00578956": "to left e underscore 0 right left coz", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02107-00578957-00579352": "left to PI H over lambda sin theta right", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02108-00579353-00579435": "right", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02109-00579436-00579748": "thus the power received can be as high", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02110-00579749-00580015": "as 4 times that due to the direct wave", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02111-00580016-00580300": "alone such as when theta equals 0", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02112-00580301-00580527": "following the square of the cosine the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02113-00580528-00580807": "sine inversion for the reflection of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02114-00580808-00581062": "horizontally polarized emission instead", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02115-00581063-00581544": "results in e H", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02116-00581545-00583049": "equals to e 0 sin 2 pi H lambda sin", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02117-00583050-00583503": "theta display style text style left e", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02118-00583504-00583827": "underscore H right equals to left e", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02119-00583828-00584244": "underscore 0 right left sin left to PI H", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02120-00584245-00584667": "over lambda sin theta right right where", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02121-00584668-00585282": "e 0 display style script style e", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02122-00585283-00585678": "underscore 0 is the electrical field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02123-00585679-00585888": "that would be received by the direct", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02124-00585889-00586227": "wave if there were no ground theta as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02125-00586228-00586446": "the elevation angle of the wave being", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02126-00586447-00586923": "considered lambda display style script", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02127-00586924-00587529": "style lambda is the wavelength H display", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02128-00587530-00587883": "style script style H is the height of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02129-00587884-00588072": "the antenna half the distance between", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02130-00588073-00588525": "the antenna and its image for horizontal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02131-00588526-00588753": "propagation between transmitting and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02132-00588754-00588969": "receiving antennas situated near the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02133-00588970-00589200": "ground reasonably far from each other", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02134-00589201-00589443": "the distances travelled by the direct", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02135-00589444-00589685": "and reflected rays are nearly the same", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02136-00589686-00590025": "there is almost no relative phase shift", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02137-00590026-00590298": "if the emission is polarized vertically", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02138-00590299-00590577": "the two fields direct and reflected at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02139-00590578-00590820": "and there is maximum of received signal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02140-00590821-00591089": "if the signal is polarized horizontally", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02141-00591090-00591363": "the two signals subtract and the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02142-00591364-00591699": "received signal as largely canceled the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02143-00591700-00591945": "vertical plane radiation patterns are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02144-00591946-00592197": "shown in the image at right with", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02145-00592198-00592437": "vertical polarization there is always a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02146-00592438-00592677": "maximum for theta equals zero", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02147-00592678-00593052": "horizontal propagation left pattern for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02148-00593053-00593253": "horizontal polarization there is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02149-00593254-00593433": "cancellation at that angle", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02150-00593434-00593685": "note that the above formula and these", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02151-00593686-00593910": "plots assume the ground as a perfect", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02152-00593911-00594207": "conductor these plots of the radiation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02153-00594208-00594468": "pattern correspond to a distance between", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02154-00594469-00594851": "the antenna and its image of 2.5 lambda", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02155-00594852-00595124": "as the antenna height has increased the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02156-00595125-00595466": "number of lobes increases as well the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02157-00595467-00595679": "difference in the above factors for the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02158-00595680-00595940": "case of theta equals zero as the reason", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02159-00595941-00596165": "that most broadcasting transmissions", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02160-00596166-00596411": "intended for the public uses vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02161-00596412-00596723": "polarization for receivers near the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02162-00596724-00596914": "ground horizontally polarized", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02163-00596915-00597224": "transmissions suffer cancellation for", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02164-00597225-00597452": "best reception the receiving antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02165-00597453-00597620": "for these signals are likewise", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02166-00597621-00597902": "vertically polarized in some", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02167-00597903-00598115": "applications where the receiving antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02168-00598116-00598409": "must work in any position as in mobile", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02169-00598410-00598661": "phones the base station antennas use", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02170-00598662-00598898": "mixed polarization such as linear", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02171-00598899-00599126": "polarization at an angle with both", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02172-00599127-00599372": "vertical and horizontal components or", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02173-00599373-00599750": "circular polarization on the other hand", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02174-00599751-00599996": "analog television transmissions are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02175-00599997-00600245": "usually horizontally polarized because", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02176-00600246-00600518": "in urban areas buildings can reflect the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02177-00600519-00600764": "electromagnetic waves and create ghost", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02178-00600765-00601045": "images due to multipath propagation", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02179-00601046-00601385": "using horizontal polarization ghosting", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02180-00601386-00601562": "is reduced because the amount of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02181-00601563-00601694": "reflection in the horizontal", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02182-00601695-00601961": "polarization off the side of a building", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02183-00601962-00602171": "is generally less than in the vertical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02184-00602172-00602519": "direction vertically polarized analog", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02185-00602520-00602750": "television have been used in some rural", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02186-00602751-00603056": "areas in digital terrestrial television", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02187-00603057-00603311": "such reflections are less problematic", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02188-00603312-00603515": "due to robustness of binary", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02189-00603516-00604237": "transmissions and error correction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02190-00604238-00604610": "topic mutual impedance and interaction", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02191-00604611-00605076": "between antennas", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02192-00605077-00605331": "currents circulating in one antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02193-00605332-00605601": "generally induces a voltage across the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02194-00605602-00605865": "feed point of nearby antennas or antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02195-00605866-00606198": "elements the mathematics presented below", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02196-00606199-00606462": "are useful in analyzing the electrical", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02197-00606463-00606693": "behavior of antenna arrays where the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02198-00606694-00606894": "properties of the individual array", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02199-00606895-00607149": "elements such as half wave dipole are", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02200-00607150-00607458": "already known if those elements were", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02201-00607459-00607716": "widely separated and driven in a certain", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02202-00607717-00607959": "amplitude and phase then each would act", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02203-00607960-00608190": "independently as that element is known", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02204-00608191-00608489": "to however because of the mutual", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02205-00608490-00608730": "interaction between their electric and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02206-00608731-00608973": "magnetic fields due to proximity the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02207-00608974-00609201": "currents in each element are not simply", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02208-00609202-00609357": "a function of the applied voltage", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02209-00609358-00609588": "according to its driving point impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02210-00609589-00609840": "but depend on the currents in the other", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02211-00609841-00610224": "nearby elements this now is a near field", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02212-00610225-00610464": "phenomenon which could not be properly", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02213-00610465-00610635": "accounted for using the freeze", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02214-00610636-00610971": "transmission formula for instance this", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02215-00610972-00611214": "near field effect creates a different", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02216-00611215-00611445": "set of currents at the antenna terminals", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02217-00611446-00611670": "resulting in distortions in the far", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02218-00611671-00611946": "field radiation patterns however the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02219-00611947-00612171": "distortions may be removed using a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02220-00612172-00612414": "simple set of Network equations the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02221-00612415-00612597": "elements feed point currents and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02222-00612598-00612813": "voltages can be related to each other", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02223-00612814-00613338": "using the concept of mutual impedance Z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02224-00613339-00613509": "J", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02225-00613510-00613875": "I display style script style Z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02226-00613876-00614223": "underscore G between every pair of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02227-00614224-00614590": "antennas just as the mutual impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02228-00614591-00615268": "J Omega M display style script style J", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02229-00615269-00615683": "Omega M describes the voltage induced in", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02230-00615684-00615871": "one inductor by a current through a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02231-00615872-00616090": "nearby coil coupled to it through a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02232-00616091-00616702": "mutual inductance M the mutual impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02233-00616703-00617158": "z21 display style script style Z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02234-00617159-00617579": "underscore 21 between two antennas as", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02235-00617580-00618071": "defined as Z J", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02236-00618072-00618224": "I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02237-00618225-00619130": "equals V J I I display styles Z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02238-00619131-00619529": "underscore G equals V underscore J / i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02239-00619530-00620035": "underscore i where i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02240-00620036-00620434": "I display style text style i underscore", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02241-00620435-00620800": "I is the current flowing in antenna I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02242-00620801-00621475": "and v-j display style text style V", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02243-00621476-00621883": "underscore J is the voltage induced at", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02244-00621884-00622123": "the open circuited feed point of antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02245-00622124-00622807": "J due to i1 display style text style i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02246-00622808-00623167": "underscore one when all other current", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02247-00623168-00623500": "SiC are zero the mutual impendence is", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02248-00623501-00623686": "can be viewed as the elements of a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02249-00623687-00623962": "symmetric square impedance matrix Z note", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02250-00623963-00624531": "that the diagonal elements z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02251-00624532-00625587": "I equals V I I I display styles Z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02252-00625588-00625929": "underscore e equals V underscore I over", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02253-00625930-00626310": "i underscore i are simply the driving", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02254-00626311-00626648": "point impedance --is of each element", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02255-00626649-00626928": "using this definition the voltages", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02256-00626929-00627144": "present at the feed points of a set of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02257-00627145-00627387": "coupled antennas can be expressed as the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02258-00627388-00627594": "multiplication of the impedance matrix", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02259-00627595-00627939": "times the vector of currents written out", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02260-00627940-00628544": "as discrete equations that means V 1", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02261-00628545-00630689": "equals i1 z11 plus i2 z12 plus plus i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02262-00630690-00631325": "z 1n v", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02263-00631326-00633314": "two equals i1 z21 plus i2 z22 plus plus", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02264-00633315-00633821": "I and Z 2 NV n equals I 1 Z and 1 plus I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02265-00633822-00634331": "2 Zn 2 + + I + ZN + display style begin", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02266-00634332-00634676": "matrix v underscore one and equals and i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02267-00634677-00635054": "underscore one z underscore 11 + + + i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02268-00635055-00635486": "underscore 2 z underscore 12 + + + c do", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02269-00635487-00635936": "t SN + + i underscore + z underscore 1n", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02270-00635937-00636263": "v underscore 2 + equals and i underscore", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02271-00636264-00636767": "1 z underscore 21 + + + i underscore 2 z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02272-00636768-00637265": "underscore 22 + + + c do t SN + + i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02273-00637266-00637808": "underscore n z underscore 2n video TS NN", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02274-00637809-00638378": "video TS NN video TS NN NN video TS v", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02275-00638379-00638723": "underscore n + equals and i underscore 1", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02276-00638724-00639164": "z underscore n 1 + + + i underscore 2 z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02277-00639165-00639647": "underscore n 2 and + n CD o TS + + + i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02278-00639648-00639989": "underscore n z underscore n n end matrix", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02279-00639990-00640352": "where VI display style script style v", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02280-00640353-00640583": "underscore i is the voltage at the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02281-00640584-00640877": "terminals of antenna i display style III", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02282-00640878-00641162": "display style script style i underscore", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02283-00641163-00641396": "I is the current flowing between the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02284-00641397-00641660": "terminals of antenna I display style i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02285-00641661-00641987": "zi i display style script style z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02286-00641988-00642212": "underscore e is the driving point", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02287-00642213-00642491": "impedance of antenna i display style i", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02288-00642492-00642827": "zi j display style script style zi", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02289-00642828-00643109": "underscore IJ is the mutual impedance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02290-00643110-00643442": "between antennas i display style i and j", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02291-00643443-00643756": "display style j", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02292-00643757-00644100": "as is the case for mutual inductances", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02293-00644101-00644314": "Zee", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02294-00644315-00645422": "i J equals Z J I display style script", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02295-00645423-00645739": "style Z underscore IJ equals Z", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02296-00645740-00646118": "underscore G this is a consequence of", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02297-00646119-00646418": "Lorentz reciprocity for an antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02298-00646419-00647051": "element I display style I not connected", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02299-00647052-00647406": "to anything open circuited one can write", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02300-00647407-00647543": "I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02301-00647544-00648212": "I equals zero display style i underscore", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02302-00648213-00648785": "I equals zero but for an element I", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02303-00648786-00649200": "display style I which is short circuited", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02304-00649201-00649452": "a current as generated across that short", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02305-00649453-00649662": "but no voltage as allowed so the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02306-00649663-00650003": "corresponding V", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02307-00650004-00650708": "I equals zero display style text style v", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02308-00650709-00651104": "underscore I equals zero this is the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02309-00651105-00651332": "case for instance with the so called", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02310-00651333-00651566": "parasitic elements of a yogi' Yuda", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02311-00651567-00651791": "antenna where the solid rod can be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02312-00651792-00652010": "viewed as a dipole antenna shorted", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02313-00652011-00652322": "across its feed point parasitic elements", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02314-00652323-00652589": "are unpowered elements that absorb and", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02315-00652590-00652850": "re-radiate RF energy according to the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02316-00652851-00653111": "induced current calculated using such a", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02317-00653112-00653474": "system of equations with a particular", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02318-00653475-00653747": "geometry it is possible for the mutual", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02319-00653748-00654005": "impedance between nearby antennas to be", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02320-00654006-00654323": "zero this is the case for instance", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02321-00654324-00654578": "between the crossed dipoles used in the", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02322-00654579-00655207": "turnstile antenna", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02323-00655208-00655755": "topic see also", "e9mnGSh-ouk-02324-00655756-00656139": "equals equals notes"}}]