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+[{"audio_id": "hANi-0juqxu", "text": {"hANi-0juqxu-00000-00000000-00005003": "Music Mix"}}, {"audio_id": "hAZCWXfgrJ0", "text": {"hAZCWXfgrJ0-00000-00000043-00000867": "this is a problem that Catherine Kozak proposed in one of her videos.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00001-00000867-00001355": "It studies a certain kind of hummingbird. The question is, we want to know", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00002-00001355-00002151": "something about the incubation time for eggs for those birds.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00003-00002151-00002733": "This looks much like a written assignment.  The idea is to to provide the", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00004-00002733-00003429": "original problem and then provide the answers so the questions that are", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00005-00003429-00003821": "being asked.  First state the random variable.  The random variable is what", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00006-00003821-00004430": "we're measuring.  We are measuring the incubation time for individual eggs.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00007-00004430-00005003": "Let's  call that random variable X.  It is the number of days it takes", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00008-00005003-00005375": "to incubate an egg.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00009-00005845-00006332": "The next question is what can we say about the sample distribution of sample means.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00010-00006332-00006809": "Let's look at a picture.  The random variable is x.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00011-00006809-00007231": "It is the number of days it takes to incubate an egg.  Now the problem doesn't say anything about", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00012-00007231-00007703": "how normal that is, but usually these kinds of things are somewhat normally distributed.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00013-00007703-00008495": "The mean is 16.  If I remember right from looking at the problem. Yep,", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00014-00008495-00009172": "it's got a mean of 16 . We are assuming that the standard deviation is 2.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00015-00009172-00009809": "So,  that's the distribution of the x's. We're looking at a sample of size 30.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00016-00009809-00010469": "We now look at the distribution of the sample means.  That is, for every", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00017-00010469-00010946": "possible sample of size 30, we're thinking of what the mean of each of", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00018-00010946-00010996": "those samples is.  Then what does the", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00019-00010996-00011046": "distribution of sample means look like? Because this", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00020-00011350-00011860": "sample is 30 or larger, the Central Limit Theorem tells us that this distribution", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00021-00011861-00012192": "is normally distributed", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00022-00012297-00013007": "Furthermore, the mean of the sample means will be the same as the mean of the", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00023-00013007-00013676": "original population. So it is  equal to 16 and the standard deviation", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00024-00013676-00014315": "of the distribution of the sample means will be the standard", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00025-00014315-00014822": "deviation of the original population divided by the square root of the sample", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00026-00014822-00015386": "size.  Now this information is coming from the Central Limit Theorem.  Of course", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00027-00015386-00016034": "this is just going to be equal to a 2 divided by the square root of 30.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00028-00016034-00016570": "This standard deviation is sometimes called a standard error.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00029-00016570-00017251": "It will be convenient for us to call that SE.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00030-00017251-00017762": "SE is the standard deviation of the distribution of the sample means. Those are the things that we can say", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00031-00017762-00018220": "about this distribution of sample means. We can tell what its mean is.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00032-00018220-00018629": "It's mean is equal to the mean of the original distribution.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00033-00018629-00019306": "It's standard deviation is the standard deviation or original distribution divided by the square root of 30.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00034-00019306-00019784": "That answers both questions in part in Part B. Those answers are", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00035-00019784-00020714": "essentially because of the Central Limit Theorem.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00036-00020714-00021356": "Our third question is what is the probability that a sample mean is", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00037-00021356-00022085": "between 16 and 17 days. We are looking at this", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00038-00022085-00022910": "distribution and finding the probability that the mean of a sample is going to be", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00039-00022910-00023828": "between 16 and 17 days.  We are looking for this red area. The pnorm", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00040-00023828-00024551": "will help us find those.  This blue area could be found with the pnorm.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00041-00024551-00025121": "We will write a script for that in just a minute. This orange area can also be found", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00042-00025121-00025583": "with the pnorm.  Actually because that orange area goes from the mean all the", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00043-00025583-00026027": "way to the left, that orange area is going to be one half.  But we can use a", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00044-00026027-00026585": "pnorm to find it.  The blue area minus the orange area is the probability", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00045-00026585-00027149": "of that red area--that is what we're looking for. Let's write a script that does that.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00046-00027149-00027733": "Now because I'm going to need to use this mean a number of times I'm going to say", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00047-00027733-00028292": "define mu to be assigned the value of 16.  I'm going to need to use this", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00048-00028292-00028823": "standard deviation more than once so I'll call that sig for Sigma. So sig is", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00049-00028823-00029513": "is assigned the value of 2. Because n is our sample size so I'm going to define that as well.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00050-00029513-00030044": "Those are the given values in this particular problem. Now let's do some", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00051-00030044-00030731": "calculations. This standard error or the standard deviation of the distribution", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00052-00030731-00031550": "of sample means is going to be calculated as the standard deviation", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00053-00031550-00032077": "of original distribution divided by the square root of n. So, sig divided by the square root of n", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00054-00032077-00032585": "is two divided by the square root of 30.  Now I need to find", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00055-00032585-00033641": "this blue area which is just a pnorm of 17 in a distribution that has a mean of", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00056-00033641-00034226": "mu (that's the 16) and a standard deviation that we calculated as that", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00057-00034226-00034976": "standard error, minus the orange area which will be pnorm of 16 in a", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00058-00034976-00035459": "distribution that has a mean of mu and a standard deviation of that standard error", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00059-00035459-00036398": "that we calculated. Okay, so that's going to be about 49 percent.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00060-00036398-00036728": "That means that this 17 probably should have been a little further over here, because that's", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00061-00036728-00037484": "nearly all of this  right half. It's up to close to 50%.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00062-00037484-00038225": "My handwritten drawing is   out of whack.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00063-00038225-00038722": "This calculation could have also been done by using a standard normal distribution by simply", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00064-00038722-00039155": "transforming these values to their z-scores.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00065-00039155-00039731": "The z-score tells how far in standard deviations how many standard deviations", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00066-00039731-00040516": "a particular value is away from the mean. So of course the mean itself will have a", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00067-00040516-00041000": "z-score of zero the standard normal distribution is a normal distribution.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00068-00041000-00042005": "We need to find this z-score of 17. The z-score for 17 is how far 17, how", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00069-00042005-00042728": "many standard deviations 17 is away from the mean.  The standard deviations", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00070-00042728-00043613": "is SE that we calculated earlier. So z of 17 is going to be 17 minus", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00071-00043613-00044552": "mu divided by this standard error, that is the standard deviation of this", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00072-00044552-00045061": "distribution, so divided by the standard error.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00073-00045246-00046183": "Let's put this into the script. The z-score for 17 is going to be 17", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00074-00046183-00046897": "minus the MU, how far 17 is away from the mean, divided by the standard deviation", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00075-00046897-00047662": "for this distribution that we're looking at.  z(16) will be 16 minus mu, in this case  mu", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00076-00047662-00048202": "is 16, so that amount is going to be 0. But 0 divided by something is 0.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00077-00048202-00048883": "So z(16) is 0.  Now we just need to find", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00078-00048883-00049811": "the pnorm of z(17), where  pnorm is Z 17 will be this blue area which will be the", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00079-00049811-00050971": "same as the blue area that we had up here, minus P norm of z(16). And the pnorm", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00080-00050971-00051529": "of z(16) will be this orange area. which is going to be 1/2 because it's", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00081-00051529-00052025": "everything to the left of the mean. And it' is that orange area which is the", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00082-00052025-00052531": "same as the orange area that we had up here. So that blue area minus the orange", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00083-00052531-00053188": "area will equal that area in between here, which is this red area which will", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00084-00053188-00053827": "be exactly the same areas that we had up there. You will notice that we get the same result.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00085-00053827-00054924": "The area between 16 and 17 is 49.69% about almost 50%.", "hAZCWXfgrJ0-00086-00054924-00055755": "Okay, that's the idea. Good luck.  I hope that's helpful"}}, {"audio_id": "hBN3TY9OzNo", "text": {"hBN3TY9OzNo-00000-00000003-00000468": "This slide shows the role of the library and you in obtaining journal articles", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00001-00000468-00000941": "you can also add books book chapters and other sources to the above chart", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00002-00000941-00001484": "basically an author write the piece of information here's an article which is", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00003-00001484-00001932": "then published in a journal the information is analyzed for contact and", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00004-00001932-00002432": "index in a library database so others can find it based by topic", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00005-00002432-00002918": "databases are sold by particular vendors think of a database as a specific", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00006-00002918-00003504": "channel by cable provider for example each CTV through Comcast so for example", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00007-00003504-00003909": "you might be searching the database psycinfo which is for psychology and", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00008-00003909-00004439": "related fields sold to us by ebsco the vendor so the librarians or professor", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00009-00004439-00004896": "asks you what database did you search and your reply is exco that's like", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00010-00004896-00005469": "saying you're watching Xfinity instead of espn2 or to update the analogy a bit", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00011-00005469-00005955": "you say you're watching YouTube instead of insert your favorite bloggers or ASMR", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00012-00005955-00006576": "artists here we want to know the channel we buy this information for a lot of", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00013-00006576-00006954": "money which is why you need to authenticate through the library to", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00014-00006954-00007467": "access these sources that is if you want to search the database JSTOR you need to", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00015-00007467-00007908": "go to the link we provide on the library's homepage instead of just going", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00016-00007908-00008475": "to JSTO.org let's explain the database part a little more experts", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00017-00008475-00008877": "research and write an article and it gets published in the journal they", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00018-00008877-00009275": "supply some keywords to describe the topic they have written about on this", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00019-00009275-00009678": "article call too close and too far counseling emerging adults in a", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00020-00009678-00010172": "technological age the author is saying her article is about emerging adults", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00021-00010172-00010845": "internet social media and psychotherapy a subject database such as psycinfo will", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00022-00010845-00011310": "index this article indexers categorize this article according to the vocabulary", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00023-00011310-00011949": "of the discipline psychology and the database the database will call certain", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00024-00011949-00012393": "concepts by different words just as we might agree that the words car and", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00025-00012393-00012906": "automobile will be covered by the phrase motor vehicle you will see in our", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00026-00012906-00013259": "example here that there are more subject terms applied to this article", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00027-00013259-00013694": "such as interpersonal relations, social identity and social", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00028-00013694-00014193": "skills the biggest problem for you or any researcher including me and I've", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00029-00014193-00014577": "been doing this for well over 20 years is that you are trying to match up the", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00030-00014577-00015009": "ideas in your head was not only what the author is calling the concepts but what", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00031-00015009-00015501": "the field or database is calling the concept this is one reason why searching", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00032-00015501-00016062": "is hard but don't be discouraged you can use the databases to help you they have", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00033-00016062-00016520": "more structure and thus more information than an open internet search or even", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00034-00016520-00017004": "Google Scholar to make the searching and discovering process easier you do this", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00035-00017004-00017439": "by choosing and combining terms examining your results and using", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00036-00017439-00017892": "database categories to limit and refine your results in a circular or iterative", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00037-00017892-00018531": "fashion take notes save results and you will save yourself time energy and", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00038-00018531-00019293": "frustration my point is to remember to ask librarian for help and also know", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00039-00019293-00019779": "that searching can be anxiety-producing there are research studies all about", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00040-00019779-00020238": "this I still get anxious when I search because you never know what the outcome", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00041-00020238-00020729": "will be or how long it will take searching like anything done well takes", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00042-00020729-00021411": "effort so if you're stuck and need help or just want some advice chat with the", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00043-00021411-00021873": "librarian our chat box is available on the library home screen and there's also", "hBN3TY9OzNo-00044-00021873-00022276": "a text number so you can text us as well"}}, {"audio_id": "hBNp8lAxwm4", "text": {"hBNp8lAxwm4-00000-00000575-00000782": "- This is really my last lecture", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00001-00000782-00001110": "and the thing I wanted to talk about here is fusing data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00002-00001110-00001262": "and by that I'm talking about", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00003-00001262-00001622": "how we combine multiple sources of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00004-00001622-00002036": "In the book, and in the grad version of this course,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00005-00002036-00002271": "I actually cover this earlier in this semester,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00006-00002489-00002650": "I think right after state-space models", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00007-00002650-00002928": "but before uncertainty propagation and data simulation.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00008-00002928-00003311": "But, really, I wanted you guys to get that material earlier", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00009-00003311-00003500": "so you could start applying it", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00010-00003500-00003761": "and figured we can actually talk about", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00011-00003761-00003997": "how you deal with multiple sources of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00012-00003997-00004081": "a little bit later.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00013-00004081-00004267": "So, some of this is going to jump back", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00014-00004267-00004583": "from issues that have more to do with calibration", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00015-00004583-00004763": "but they definitely come into play", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00016-00004763-00005111": "during the data simulation, as well.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00017-00005111-00005475": "One of the things I think is important about data fusion", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00018-00005475-00005737": "is that fusion is fundamentally about synthesis.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00019-00005737-00005930": "It's about bringing multiple sources", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00020-00005930-00006197": "of information together.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00021-00006197-00006473": "Synthesis is a key complement", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00022-00006632-00006727": "to forecasting.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00023-00006906-00007237": "To do good forecasts, we need to do good synthesis.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00024-00007237-00007511": "Synthesis is (mumbles)", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00025-00007511-00007805": "it's this complement to reduction as scientists...science,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00026-00007805-00007943": "and it deals with the fact that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00027-00007943-00008229": "virtually every system we study", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00028-00008229-00008424": "there's no single data set", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00029-00008424-00008823": "that provides the complete picture of how that system works.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00030-00008823-00009290": "And very often, you have a lot of ecological processes", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00031-00009290-00009790": "where the processes (mumbles) have multiple parts,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00032-00009796-00010000": "that we might have information on those different parts.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00033-00010000-00010189": "So, I'm trying to project a population,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00034-00010189-00010363": "it may have age or stage structure,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00035-00010363-00010510": "so, I might have different information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00036-00010510-00010697": "on different life history stages.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00037-00010697-00010996": "I might have some information that's on the individual level", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00038-00010996-00011266": "and some information that's on a population level.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00039-00011266-00011631": "If I'm working with a carbon cycle model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00040-00011631-00011748": "or biogeochemical model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00041-00011748-00011946": "I might have different pools and different fluxes,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00042-00011946-00012145": "and I might have different ways of making measurements", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00043-00012145-00012315": "of those different things.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00044-00012315-00012464": "Important thing about data fusion:", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00045-00012464-00012772": "data fusion is far more than just the informatics challenge", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00046-00012856-00013079": "of bringing different data sets together.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00047-00013079-00013237": "It involves much more", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00048-00013237-00013443": "than just concatenating files together.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00049-00013443-00013763": "That would actually probably be the last thing", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00050-00013763-00013847": "you want to do", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00051-00013847-00014011": "(laughs)", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00052-00014011-00014094": "if you have data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00053-00014094-00014184": "that were collected differently,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00054-00014184-00014455": "is to just put them all together in one file", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00055-00014455-00014646": "and lose the fact that they were collected differently.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00056-00014760-00014900": "And the other challenge is that we often", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00057-00014900-00015136": "have data observed at different scales", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00058-00015136-00015325": "and there's different uncertainties associated with", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00059-00015325-00015544": "different scales and different measurement types.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00060-00015544-00015793": "So we need to deal with the fact that we can't just have", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00061-00015793-00016100": "a single observation error", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00062-00016236-00016326": "just plopped down", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00063-00016326-00016639": "on top of all different data sources.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00064-00016893-00017144": "It's also worth talking about data fusion", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00065-00017144-00017281": "because, if you look in the literature,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00066-00017281-00017613": "I think there's a lot of naive approaches out there", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00067-00017613-00018011": "that just drop the uncertainties and drop the covariances.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00068-00018011-00018247": "There was a time,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00069-00018247-00018368": "not that long ago,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00070-00018368-00018497": "where a lot of folks thought that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00071-00018497-00018684": "the right way to build a model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00072-00018684-00019156": "was to build models for each subcomponent,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00073-00019156-00019355": "to put those subcomponents together,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00074-00019355-00019650": "and when you put all your pieces together,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00075-00019650-00019826": "it should make the right prediction.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00076-00019826-00019973": "That's great,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00077-00019973-00020452": "but when you calibrate each part of a model independently,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00078-00020452-00020813": "you don't estimate the covariances between them.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00079-00020923-00021257": "Those covariances are often essential.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00080-00021257-00021476": "I think a great example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00081-00021476-00021867": "that I've seen in the literature I've worked with,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00082-00021867-00022252": "imagine I'm trying to predict the composition of a forest,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00083-00022252-00022401": "or specifically let's say I'm trying to predict", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00084-00022401-00022671": "the leaf area in a forest.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00085-00022671-00022869": "I could do this by trying to predict the leaf area", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00086-00022869-00023105": "of every individual species in the forest", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00087-00023105-00023427": "and then sum those independent predictions up.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00088-00023427-00023649": "If I sum those independent predictions up,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00089-00023649-00023916": "the range of variability in that prediction", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00090-00023916-00023999": "is going to be huge", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00091-00023999-00024214": "because each individual species", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00092-00024214-00024553": "is going to be fairly variable, fairly uncertain,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00093-00024553-00024813": "and the overall prediction would be very large.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00094-00024813-00024995": "But, does that actually reflect our understanding", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00095-00024995-00025189": "of how canopies behave?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00096-00025189-00025533": "No, canopies have emergent phenomena whereby", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00097-00025533-00025752": "it doesn't matter what species are there,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00098-00025752-00026093": "the LAI in a certain biome is fairly predictable", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00099-00026093-00026323": "and that's because predictions aren't independent,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00100-00026323-00026562": "there are these covariances between them", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00101-00026562-00026852": "and if you don't capture those in the process", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00102-00026852-00027137": "you have to capture them in the error structure.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00103-00027137-00027342": "They have to be part of that calibration.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00104-00027448-00027649": "So, I'm going to go through a couple ways", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00105-00027649-00027811": "that we think about synthesis.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00106-00027910-00028095": "I'm going to start with the simplest", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00107-00028095-00028326": "which is meta-analytical methods.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00108-00028326-00028514": "These are things that have become more popular", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00109-00028514-00028972": "in ecology as ways of synthesizing information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00110-00028972-00029154": "One thing that's improving these days", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00111-00029154-00029401": "is the ability to access raw data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00112-00029401-00029617": "from previously published studies,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00113-00029617-00029910": "but there's a lot of legacy research out there", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00114-00029910-00030102": "where all you get from a published study", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00115-00030102-00030252": "are the numbers in the published study.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00116-00030252-00030423": "So, summary statistics, you might have a mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00117-00030423-00030652": "and a sample size, and a standard error,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00118-00030652-00031013": "or some summary statistic", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00119-00031013-00031196": "from different studies.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00120-00031196-00031341": "And when you do a meta-analysis,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00121-00031341-00031685": "you often have some effect size that you're interested in,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00122-00031685-00031886": "such as difference between means, correlation coefficients,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00123-00031886-00032045": "and regression slopes,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00124-00032045-00032493": "that you're trying to use to combine information about.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00125-00032493-00032945": "In the context of a lot of predictive synthesis,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00126-00032945-00033107": "and predictive forecasting,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00127-00033107-00033330": "the things that are often of interest to us,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00128-00033330-00033528": "and the work that we've done,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00129-00033528-00033817": "are things that map onto model parameters,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00130-00033817-00034122": "the things that constrain specific processes.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00131-00034122-00034401": "It's always worth noting that when you do a meta-analysis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00132-00034401-00034711": "you face this challenge of reporting bias,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00133-00034711-00034901": "that neutral or negative results are less likely", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00134-00034901-00035148": "to be published than positive results.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00135-00035148-00035541": "That can give you skewed estimates of parameters.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00136-00035541-00035788": "The fact that this has become very common in ecology", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00137-00035788-00036118": "is a source of inspiration to me.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00138-00036359-00036561": "About a year ago, Frank Davis,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00139-00036561-00036823": "who is one of the former directors of NCs", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00140-00036823-00037016": "came to B.U. to start a sabbatical here,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00141-00037016-00037140": "he's been here all year,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00142-00037140-00037253": "and I was telling him about some of the", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00143-00037253-00037415": "forecasting stuff we're doing", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00144-00037415-00037678": "and how we're trying to advance ecological forecasting,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00145-00037678-00037826": "and he kind of told me this story", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00146-00037826-00038080": "that when NCs started", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00147-00038080-00038416": "you could spot any NCs paper in the literature,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00148-00038416-00038555": "very easily,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00149-00038555-00038741": "and they knew they had essentially", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00150-00038741-00038942": "achieved their mission goals.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00151-00039046-00039188": "When you would look through the literature", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00152-00039188-00039407": "and you'd find lots of synthesis papers", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00153-00039407-00039524": "and you couldn't tell which ones", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00154-00039524-00039668": "were coming form NC's working groups", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00155-00039668-00040030": "and which ones were just done by the rest of the field.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00156-00040030-00040401": "So, that's kind of my inspirational thought about", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00157-00040401-00040630": "that's what I want ecological forecasting (mumbles).", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00158-00040859-00041147": "I expect that for the next few years", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00159-00041147-00041437": "I'll see you guys publishing on ecological forecasting,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00160-00041437-00041695": "when folks that haven't come through here", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00161-00041695-00041810": "are the ones publishing on it,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00162-00041810-00042079": "I think when we're starting to make a difference.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00163-00042221-00042407": "There's lots of ways of doing meta-analysis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00164-00042407-00042618": "of figures like this", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00165-00042702-00042922": "really highlight in my mind", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00166-00042922-00043081": "the connection between meta-analysis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00167-00043081-00043351": "and some of the things we've been talking about", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00168-00043351-00043458": "over the past few days,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00169-00043458-00043893": "about updating our inference as we go along.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00170-00044178-00044471": "Often meta-analysis might take a series of effect scores,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00171-00044471-00044884": "each of which have a lot of uncertainty,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00172-00044884-00045292": "and try to synthesize them into an overall aggregate story", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00173-00045292-00045411": "that combines the information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00174-00045411-00045679": "across all these different individual studies,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00175-00045882-00046265": "often we can reach a confident conclusion", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00176-00046265-00046733": "by the sum of a whole bunch fairly unconfident results.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00177-00046733-00046929": "What I like is this figure here,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00178-00046929-00047177": "the cumulative meta-analysis that says,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00179-00047177-00047383": "\"What if we start with the first study,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00180-00047383-00047609": "and then what do we get if we combine the information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00181-00047609-00047833": "from the first study with the second study?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00182-00047833-00048001": "Then what do we do if we combine that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00183-00048001-00048095": "with the third study,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00184-00048095-00048188": "and then combine it with the fourth study,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00185-00048188-00048310": "and then combine it with the fifth study?\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00186-00048310-00048605": "Which you're actually here seeing is essentially", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00187-00048605-00048934": "this Bayesian updating process", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00188-00048934-00049273": "that's similar to what we use in forecasting.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00189-00049273-00049489": "Every time there's a new study,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00190-00049489-00049649": "they're adding that information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00191-00049649-00049901": "I mean, they're doing this all retrospectively,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00192-00049901-00050175": "but the thing that I find amazing about this,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00193-00050175-00050409": "you can realize that as a community", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00194-00050622-00050859": "you could distinguish your hypotheses", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00195-00050859-00051291": "from some known model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00196-00051291-00051451": "often quite early,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00197-00051451-00051704": "and you're just gaining confidence on this", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00198-00051704-00052019": "and things like these huge sample size studies", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00199-00052019-00052138": "actually don't really change", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00200-00052138-00052363": "what was already a clear picture.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00201-00052566-00052815": "But I like the iterative version of this.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00202-00052815-00053078": "I wanted to touch on one specific version", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00203-00053078-00053230": "of a meta-analytical model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00204-00053230-00053621": "which is one that we've been using in some of our work,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00205-00053621-00053894": "which is to think about meta-analysis in the context", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00206-00053894-00054145": "of hierarchal based model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00207-00054290-00054653": "One of the things that separates the meta-analytical model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00208-00054653-00054736": "from any other model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00209-00054736-00054876": "is that in the data model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00210-00054876-00055082": "you don't have the raw observations.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00211-00055082-00055329": "You have things like sample mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00212-00055329-00055561": "sample standardizations, and sample sizes,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00213-00055561-00055849": "you have some summary statistics.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00214-00055954-00056190": "What we do is we then write down,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00215-00056190-00056586": "as our process model stage relating something,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00216-00056586-00056669": "for example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00217-00056669-00057095": "what we believe the latent true mean of that study was,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00218-00057095-00057414": "given the observed sample mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00219-00057414-00057578": "in summary statistics.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00220-00057578-00057954": "So, we actually have a layer that tries to say", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00221-00057954-00058178": "what is the mean of that study,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00222-00058178-00058297": "even though the mean of that study", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00223-00058297-00058458": "was what was reported in the study,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00224-00058458-00058742": "but what's reported in the study is the sample mean.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00225-00058829-00059007": "So, we might say, for example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00226-00059007-00059237": "the sample mean might be normally distributed around", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00227-00059237-00059515": "the latent true mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00228-00059515-00059685": "given some standard error,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00229-00059685-00060091": "it depends on, say, a within site variability,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00230-00060091-00060294": "and then the actual sample size.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00231-00060380-00060579": "We might similarly write down a model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00232-00060673-00061173": "that might say that the within study variance", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00233-00061202-00061702": "might be related to the actual variance in,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00234-00061717-00061915": "again, the sample sizes.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00235-00061915-00062117": "So one of the things that's important about a meta-analysis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00236-00062117-00062404": "is when you combine information across multiple studies,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00237-00062404-00062565": "is they don't all count equally.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00238-00062738-00062942": "Studies that have larger sample sizes", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00239-00062942-00063078": "tend to count more.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00240-00063078-00063389": "Studies that are more precise tend to count more.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00241-00063490-00063665": "We can then, as a hierarchal level,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00242-00063665-00063975": "write down a model, for example, just a simple mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00243-00063975-00064316": "describing what's the mean of these individual studies,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00244-00064316-00064572": "and then the cross study variance.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00245-00065023-00065491": "These are unknowns and so we need to put priors on them.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00246-00065491-00065989": "Likewise, we might write down a model describing", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00247-00065989-00066489": "the study of variability in the variance itself,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00248-00066597-00066875": "and again we need priors on these parameters,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00249-00066875-00067194": "and we need priors on those parameters.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00250-00067194-00067281": "So, we could actually end up with", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00251-00067281-00067599": "a hierarchal model for the site-to-site mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00252-00067682-00067863": "a hierarchal model for the site-to-site variance.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00253-00067863-00068169": "In practice we often make the simplified assumption", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00254-00068169-00068669": "that within study's variability is actually fairly similar", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00255-00068678-00068985": "which just turns this into a prior,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00256-00068985-00069180": "takes that extra hierarchal layer away.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00257-00069615-00070115": "We've actually, in our system, operationalized this", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00258-00070129-00070579": "into a meta-analytical model that runs on trait databases", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00259-00070579-00070875": "largely in a fully automated way.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00260-00070875-00071102": "Anytime we run ecosystem models", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00261-00071102-00071495": "it goes into the trait databases we're connected to,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00262-00071495-00071643": "pulls the latest trait data down,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00263-00071643-00071915": "and updates parameters.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00264-00071915-00072316": "We have a system is we start with uninformative,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00265-00072316-00072632": "or expert elicited priors on model parameters,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00266-00072632-00073014": "we then update those with these trait data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00267-00073014-00073160": "So this is just a graphical version", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00268-00073160-00073353": "of what we're talking about.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00269-00073353-00073593": "We're fitting an overall, across site mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00270-00073593-00073847": "a random site effect,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00271-00073847-00073999": "we also include, in our version,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00272-00073999-00074123": "a random treatment effect,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00273-00074123-00074478": "because often we are synthesizing information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00274-00074478-00074714": "that's coming from experimental studies,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00275-00074714-00074920": "and, so, we might have different treatments.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00276-00074920-00075005": "And then we actually,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00277-00075005-00075195": "since we're dealing with plants mostly,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00278-00075195-00075591": "we have a fixed effect for any sort of greenhouse", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00279-00075591-00075797": "or potted plant study,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00280-00075797-00076147": "knowing that the traits that come out of those studies", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00281-00076147-00076346": "may be systematically biased", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00282-00076346-00076772": "relative to those that you find in natural systems.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00283-00076772-00077214": "Then again, we combine those to get study specific means,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00284-00077214-00077504": "constraining them by the observed means,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00285-00077504-00077656": "observed sample size, and observed....", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00286-00077656-00077836": "The next thing I want to introduce", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00287-00077836-00078202": "is what if we wanted to assimilate all of the data at once", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00288-00078202-00078561": "rather than doing this as an iterative process?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00289-00078561-00078644": "Though, pointing out,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00290-00078644-00078884": "that mathematically they are equivalent.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00291-00078884-00079021": "So, if I have", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00292-00079176-00079428": "posterior one", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00293-00079513-00079853": "is proportional to likelihood one", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00294-00079853-00080075": "times the original prior,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00295-00080075-00080369": "posterior two is proportional to likelihood two", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00296-00080369-00080564": "times prior one,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00297-00080564-00081035": "posterior three proportional likelihood three, prior two.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00298-00081035-00081268": "That's actually mathematically equivalent to saying", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00299-00081268-00081521": "posterior three is proportional to likelihood one,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00300-00081521-00081657": "times likelihood two,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00301-00081657-00081785": "times likelihood three,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00302-00081785-00082028": "times the original prior.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00303-00082216-00082300": "It's worth noting,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00304-00082300-00082543": "whether you fit your data all at once,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00305-00082543-00082800": "or fit iteratively,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00306-00082800-00083006": "you should get the same answer.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00307-00083165-00083518": "In practice, because we have issues", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00308-00083518-00083714": "like the thing that comes out of the posterior", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00309-00083714-00083904": "is a set of samples", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00310-00083904-00084200": "and, then you either have to particle filter them", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00311-00084200-00084339": "or assume a distribution,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00312-00084339-00084584": "you can lose a little bit of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00313-00084584-00084747": "when you do it iteratively,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00314-00084747-00085170": "but on the flip side if you do it iteratively,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00315-00085170-00085434": "you don't have to go back and refit your whole model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00316-00085434-00085678": "any time you get new information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00317-00085678-00086002": "So, those are trade offs.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00318-00086002-00086246": "But, either way, whether you're doing this iteratively", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00319-00086246-00086329": "or all at once,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00320-00086329-00086555": "I want to point out the idea of", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00321-00086555-00086804": "what if I have some process model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00322-00086804-00086960": "that's making a prediction,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00323-00086960-00087098": "and doesn't matter what this is,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00324-00087098-00087197": "but I'm predicting the mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00325-00087197-00087534": "given some covariants and some parameters.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00326-00087534-00087907": "What if I have K different types of observations", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00327-00087907-00088092": "that are relevant to that prediction?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00328-00088092-00088184": "So I'm predicting something", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00329-00088184-00088334": "and I have a bunch of different ways", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00330-00088334-00088545": "of observing that thing.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00331-00088545-00089039": "So I might end up with K different observation models,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00332-00089039-00089405": "which essentially translates to K different likelihoods", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00333-00089405-00089653": "describing the probability of that data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00334-00089754-00089955": "given the model's predictions.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00335-00090123-00090293": "So how do we combine them?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00336-00090293-00090533": "I'm going to give a simple example", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00337-00090533-00090636": "of just a regression", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00338-00090636-00090845": "because I feel regression is something that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00339-00090845-00091007": "people can get their heads around.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00340-00091007-00091290": "So imagine I have two types of data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00341-00091290-00091676": "that both tell me about the relationship between X and Y,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00342-00091676-00091922": "and let's also assume that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00343-00091922-00092335": "they're actually measuring the same X and Y,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00344-00092335-00092451": "which is an important assumption", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00345-00092451-00092682": "because it's not uncommon", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00346-00092775-00093150": "for when you have two different approaches to measuring", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00347-00093150-00093286": "what are supposed to be the same thing", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00348-00093286-00093377": "that they're actually measuring", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00349-00093377-00093617": "slightly different things.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00350-00093617-00093781": "Let's here assume that they're actually", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00351-00093781-00093913": "measuring the same thing,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00352-00093913-00094357": "but what I'm seeing is a trade off between one method,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00353-00094357-00094668": "the blue method, which might be cheap,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00354-00094668-00094942": "but more uncertain,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00355-00094942-00095247": "and the green method, which is more precise,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00356-00095247-00095367": "but probably was more expensive,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00357-00095367-00095566": "so I have less of that data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00358-00095690-00095968": "So I have precise data, less of it,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00359-00095968-00096152": "less precise data, more of it.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00360-00096279-00096481": "I know lots of people who would just be like,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00361-00096481-00096594": "\"Well, let's throw out the blue data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00362-00096594-00096678": "\"it's less precise.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00363-00096678-00096814": "\"Let's just use the green.\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00364-00096814-00096962": "Well, that's throwing out information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00365-00096962-00097357": "Especially, the total amount of information contribution", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00366-00097357-00097482": "might actually be similar", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00367-00097644-00097774": "because with enough low quality data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00368-00097774-00098120": "you actually still end up often getting a constraint.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00369-00098120-00098407": "So here's what I would get if I fit a Bayesian regression", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00370-00098407-00098680": "to these two data sets independently.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00371-00098847-00099142": "You can see I get slightly different slopes,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00372-00099142-00099394": "but they're not incompatible with each other.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00373-00099394-00099796": "I could fit each of these individually by just writing down,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00374-00099890-00100100": "this is just the JAGs code for how I might", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00375-00100100-00100213": "write down a regression.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00376-00100213-00100407": "I have some prior on the slope of intercept,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00377-00100407-00100631": "I have some prior on the standard deviation,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00378-00100631-00100775": "I loop over all the data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00379-00100775-00101048": "I have my regression model and I have my data model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00380-00101328-00101781": "How do I expand this to fitting both of these data sets", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00381-00101781-00101889": "at the same time?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00382-00102003-00102169": "Because that's what I want to do.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00383-00102169-00102306": "So I want to fit this,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00384-00102306-00102803": "which is the synthesis fit across both data sets.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00385-00103032-00103325": "So, here's an example of how I might do that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00386-00103449-00103803": "So, first I have one set of priors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00387-00103888-00104190": "because I'm fitting one line to both data sets.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00388-00104190-00104366": "I have the same exact process model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00389-00104366-00104688": "with the same parameters in both places.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00390-00104857-00105043": "But when I fit one regression", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00391-00105043-00105286": "it has it's own observation error,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00392-00105286-00105476": "when I fit the second regression", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00393-00105476-00105691": "it has a different observation error.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00394-00105860-00106063": "So I have two likelihoods,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00395-00106063-00106289": "each with their own uncertainty,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00396-00106289-00106603": "but fitting the same underlying process model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00397-00106603-00106868": "What we get out of that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00398-00106868-00107053": "is kind of what we would expect", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00399-00107053-00107272": "given all that we've talked about", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00400-00107272-00107496": "in terms of updating the forecast,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00401-00107496-00107652": "and stuff like that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00402-00107652-00107898": "The resulting line is more precise", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00403-00107898-00108034": "than either individually,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00404-00108128-00108322": "because we've combined their information,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00405-00108322-00108590": "we're using both pieces of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00406-00108764-00108969": "Obviously, if these were not measuring", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00407-00108969-00109135": "the exact same things", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00408-00109135-00109419": "your observation models might end up being more complicated.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00409-00109419-00109521": "For example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00410-00109521-00109849": "if you took one of these types of observations as truth", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00411-00109966-00110254": "you might need an observation model on the other", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00412-00110254-00110567": "that involves some sort of calibration process", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00413-00110567-00110780": "for it being a proxy.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00414-00110780-00110979": "So I might actually end up with a linear model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00415-00110979-00111413": "relating the latent state to a proxy variable,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00416-00111413-00111686": "or some other thing relating that latent state", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00417-00111686-00111884": "to that proxy variable,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00418-00111884-00112157": "which is completely fine and valid to do.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00419-00112283-00112508": "I'm going to give a few more more complicated examples", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00420-00112508-00112933": "of trying to combine multiple pieces of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00421-00112933-00113226": "This one comes from the plots", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00422-00113226-00113599": "I actually did my dissertation work on in North Carolina.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00423-00113599-00113930": "Shannon's lost almost as much blood to these plots", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00424-00113930-00114013": "as I have.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00425-00114184-00114417": "There's lots of things that like to bite you in them.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00426-00114417-00114636": "But this is aerial imagery,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00427-00114636-00114825": "at fairly high resolution", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00428-00114825-00115029": "where you can pick out individual tree crowns.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00429-00115029-00115267": "In a colleague of Shannon and I's, Mike Wallison,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00430-00115267-00115350": "for his dissertation,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00431-00115350-00115675": "was actually digitizing the individual tree crowns", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00432-00115675-00115999": "to estimate how much light those trees received.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00433-00116115-00116615": "We actually have multiple pieces of information,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00434-00116660-00116905": "not just the remotely sensed image,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00435-00116905-00117314": "to try to understand how much light each tree is receiving.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00436-00117314-00117622": "And so in the end we ended up realizing we had", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00437-00117622-00117883": "three pieces of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00438-00117883-00118212": "that actually enter through four different likelihoods.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00439-00118506-00119006": "We had this remotely sensed estimate of light availability.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00440-00119109-00119433": "First of all, what I'm trying to estimate here is lambda,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00441-00119433-00119758": "an estimate tree by tree of it's light environment,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00442-00119758-00120061": "how much light is reaching each individual tree.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00443-00120061-00120413": "I have an estimate of that that's coming from", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00444-00120413-00120532": "the remotely sensed imagery.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00445-00120532-00120721": "I can measure the size of it's crown", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00446-00120721-00121159": "and translate that to the scale of light estimate,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00447-00121159-00121285": "which I think is actually expressed", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00448-00121285-00121445": "in terms of crown area.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00449-00121539-00121806": "But, you know, it's measured with some uncertainty.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00450-00121806-00122034": "But we also found that remote sensing", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00451-00122034-00122234": "doesn't see every tree in the forest.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00452-00122234-00122494": "It mostly sees the ones at the top.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00453-00122494-00122766": "So we also ended up with a logistic regression", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00454-00122766-00123266": "describing the probability of being observed in these images", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00455-00123291-00123515": "versus not being observed in the images", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00456-00123515-00123934": "and that that itself was a function of light availability.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00457-00124047-00124249": "So, whether we saw the tree or not", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00458-00124249-00124567": "an imagery itself gave us information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00459-00124567-00124842": "about how much light a tree was getting.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00460-00124842-00124950": "Because if we didn't see it", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00461-00124950-00125222": "we'd know it was receiving less.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00462-00125222-00125610": "So in that case the missing data was actually information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00463-00125610-00125793": "Then we have a, sort of, field data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00464-00125793-00126083": "that traditionally gets collected", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00465-00126083-00126201": "if you're wondering around in the woods", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00466-00126201-00126360": "doing a forest inventory.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00467-00126360-00126475": "Status.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00468-00126475-00126706": "Was this tree in the canopy?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00469-00126706-00126873": "Was this tree in the midstory", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00470-00126873-00127094": "or was this tree in the understory?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00471-00127094-00127507": "So, we get estimates of light as a function", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00472-00127507-00127664": "of a multinomial regression", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00473-00127664-00127871": "for these canopy statuses.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00474-00127871-00128072": "And then we had a mechanistic model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00475-00128072-00128246": "so we had mapped every tree in this stand,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00476-00128246-00128492": "we could put it into a 3D ray tracing model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00477-00128492-00128841": "to predict each tree's light environment,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00478-00128841-00129009": "but those models are also imperfect.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00479-00129009-00129301": "So we have a mechanistic model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00480-00129301-00129503": "and the overall estimate of the light environment", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00481-00129503-00129734": "is the synthesis of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00482-00129734-00129880": "coming from this remote sensing,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00483-00129880-00130161": "coming from this canopy field data, on the canopy status,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00484-00130161-00130387": "and coming from this process based model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00485-00130387-00130578": "on the light environment.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00486-00130578-00131051": "Each of which has the same latent variable", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00487-00131051-00131434": "entering in as the X on all of them.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00488-00131574-00132035": "Four likelihoods all constrain the same latent variable.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00489-00132035-00132317": "When these examples we've talked mostly up to now", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00490-00132317-00132588": "about combining multiple sources of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00491-00132588-00132905": "at a specific point in time,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00492-00132905-00133054": "kind of a snap shot,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00493-00133054-00133334": "which is very common for regression analyses.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00494-00133334-00133644": "I want to next think about how we combine information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00495-00133644-00133744": "across space and time.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00496-00133744-00134036": "So, essentially, bring this idea of data synthesis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00497-00134036-00134285": "into thinking about our state-space models.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00498-00134484-00134692": "Imagine we have our state-space model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00499-00134692-00134979": "some latent X that's evolving through time,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00500-00134979-00135146": "according to our process model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00501-00135146-00135389": "We have some observations, Y,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00502-00135389-00135619": "and one of the things that we learned,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00503-00135619-00135779": "from Shannon's lecture,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00504-00135779-00135889": "is that the state-space model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00505-00135889-00136149": "is fairly robust to missing data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00506-00136238-00136514": "I might not have an observation for Y here,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00507-00136514-00136860": "I might have observations for Y here and here,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00508-00136860-00136943": "and that's fine.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00509-00136943-00137109": "I'm kind of borrowing the strength From this", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00510-00137109-00137328": "to make an inference about this.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00511-00137328-00137466": "But we can apply what we did,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00512-00137466-00137667": "for example the simple regression model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00513-00137667-00137750": "here as well.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00514-00137750-00138126": "I might have a second set of observations", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00515-00138126-00138480": "that give me an estimate of X,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00516-00138480-00138744": "and they might have their own observation model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00517-00138744-00138965": "they might have their own observation error,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00518-00138965-00139224": "similar to that first example of regression", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00519-00139224-00139472": "that had two likelihoods,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00520-00139472-00139828": "each related to the same underlying model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00521-00140007-00140149": "And the nice thing about the state-space model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00522-00140149-00140297": "was it's very flexible", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00523-00140297-00140387": "and it can deal with the fact", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00524-00140387-00140594": "that maybe I just have one,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00525-00140594-00140707": "maybe I just have the other,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00526-00140707-00140826": "or maybe I have both.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00527-00140949-00141038": "So when I have both,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00528-00141038-00141208": "I'm going to have the most constraint on X", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00529-00141208-00141551": "because I literally have four pieces of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00530-00141551-00142048": "The previous X, the next X, Y, and Z constraining that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00531-00142048-00142149": "While in these other cases,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00532-00142149-00142378": "here I might have two", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00533-00142378-00142739": "because I have the previous and the observation,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00534-00142739-00143066": "I might not have a future observation.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00535-00143066-00143311": "Likewise if I'm at the start of the time series,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00536-00143311-00143394": "I might have two.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00537-00143394-00143609": "So, you have different levels of constraint", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00538-00143609-00144070": "in proportion to the different number of likelihoods.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00539-00144070-00144195": "If all of these are Gaussian,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00540-00144195-00144466": "the constraint, again, just ends up being the sums", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00541-00144466-00144684": "of all of their precisions.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00542-00144684-00144940": "If they're not, it's conceptually similar.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00543-00145200-00145577": "So, it's straight forward to extend the state-space model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00544-00145577-00145791": "to take into this idea of trying to fuse", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00545-00145791-00146021": "multiple types of observations.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00546-00146021-00146286": "What to do if they come from different scales though?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00547-00146405-00146667": "There's basically two options:", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00548-00146667-00146884": "one is to scale the process model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00549-00147010-00147379": "and the other is to aggregate the data model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00550-00147379-00147618": "Let's look at what that might be.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00551-00147785-00148093": "First option, let's think about this in terms of time.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00552-00148093-00148593": "Imagine I have Y is operating on a courser timescale than Z,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00553-00148647-00148858": "so Z's at a fine timescale.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00554-00148858-00149172": "I might choose to write down my process model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00555-00149172-00149451": "at the time scale of Z", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00556-00149451-00149929": "and then when I write down the observation model for Y,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00557-00149929-00150429": "a single Y may actually be mapped to multiple latent states.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00558-00150642-00151050": "Worth noting: if Y is just instantaneous,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00559-00151050-00151265": "but courser resolution in time,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00560-00151265-00151609": "and I'm mapping it to individual Ys, just infrequently,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00561-00151609-00151885": "but often you have type of measurements", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00562-00151885-00152105": "that integrate over space,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00563-00152105-00152188": "or integrate over time.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00564-00152188-00152535": "So what was the cumulative discharge through a weir,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00565-00152535-00152985": "or what was the cumulative flux observed,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00566-00152985-00153163": "what was the cumulative number of individuals", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00567-00153163-00153368": "that fell into a pitfall trap?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00568-00153368-00153544": "It integrates over the whole time", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00569-00153544-00153762": "that the sensor was making the measurement,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00570-00153762-00153998": "it doesn't map to a specific discrete time.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00571-00153998-00154197": "But that's actually not hard to do.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00572-00154197-00154512": "You might say that the sum or the average", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00573-00154512-00154724": "of all of these latent states", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00574-00154724-00154997": "are related to some other state,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00575-00154997-00155169": "according to a likelihood.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00576-00155169-00155666": "Advantages of this is we're working at the full resolutions,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00577-00155666-00156166": "or taking advantage of the high resolution data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00578-00156246-00156399": "Cons is the computation.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00579-00156399-00156583": "When you're working at the high resolution", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00580-00156583-00156900": "you have a lot more states to estimate.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00581-00156900-00157116": "And then potentially identifiability.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00582-00157116-00157381": "So if I had a period where I didn't have the Zs", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00583-00157381-00157629": "and I only had the Ys,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00584-00157629-00157864": "then there's potentially an infinite number", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00585-00157864-00158074": "of permutations on these Xs", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00586-00158074-00158409": "that are compatible with their sum.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00587-00158497-00158791": "Again, that's not a problem if you do have the Zs.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00588-00158791-00158953": "And it's also not a problem", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00589-00158953-00159156": "if you have a strong process model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00590-00159156-00159600": "that's linking these that say I was observing a trend", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00591-00159600-00159952": "and then I saw the aggregate over that trend.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00592-00159952-00160131": "Yeah, it's not hard to disentangle that,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00593-00160131-00160437": "but if all you're seeing is course resolution,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00594-00160437-00160578": "so, as an extreme,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00595-00160578-00160835": "if I only had course resolution data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00596-00160835-00161281": "and decided to model the model to very high resolution,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00597-00161281-00161596": "I might have any way of disaggregating that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00598-00161596-00161774": "I might just end up with four latent states", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00599-00161774-00162023": "that are highly correlated with each other", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00600-00162023-00162150": "and just trading off.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00601-00162544-00162708": "I can also do the opposite.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00602-00162708-00163120": "I might choose to model at the course resolution,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00603-00163120-00163292": "in which case I might write down a likelihood", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00604-00163292-00163734": "that compares this course timescale step to,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00605-00163734-00164208": "for example, the sum or mean of my high resolution data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00606-00164307-00164576": "That is computationally more efficient,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00607-00164576-00164863": "but potentially involves a loss of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00608-00164863-00165165": "because I'm taking high resolution data I have", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00609-00165165-00165382": "and aggregating it to a courser scale.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00610-00165498-00165911": "In this example I talk about doing this in time,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00611-00165911-00166343": "but everything here also works in space as well.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00612-00166440-00166722": "So here's an example, not mine,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00613-00166722-00167028": "of applying this concept to, for example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00614-00167028-00167355": "dealing with irregularly polygon data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00615-00167355-00167570": "such as GIS layers,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00616-00167570-00167864": "where the observations might be township's", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00617-00167864-00168122": "or county's level summary statistics", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00618-00168122-00168275": "and you're trying to make an inference", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00619-00168275-00168595": "about the latent continuous process.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00620-00168595-00168775": "So, there's some continuous process", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00621-00168775-00169014": "in which you observe, might be,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00622-00169014-00169168": "county level summary statistics", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00623-00169168-00169423": "and you're trying to disaggregate that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00624-00169423-00169715": "Again, it's not strictly identifiable", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00625-00169715-00170199": "if every single high resolution pixel is independent,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00626-00170199-00170427": "but if you make some assumption about", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00627-00170427-00170709": "the spatial smoothness of that,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00628-00170709-00170877": "and it doesn't actually make a strong assumption,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00629-00170877-00171077": "I'm just saying it is, for example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00630-00171077-00171330": "if you assumed it was a spatially smooth process", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00631-00171330-00171609": "with some spatial auto correlation parameter", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00632-00171609-00171757": "that has to be estimated,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00633-00171858-00171962": "just saying what it is,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00634-00171962-00172189": "you can actually do that disaggregation.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00635-00172189-00172441": "And it works even better if you then do have", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00636-00172441-00172831": "other data sets at other scales that give you information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00637-00172831-00173071": "If you need to dive into this literature", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00638-00173071-00173271": "these sorts of things are often referred to", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00639-00173271-00173599": "as change of support problems in the stats literature,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00640-00173599-00173963": "because you're dealing with integrating data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00641-00173963-00174185": "across different scales.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00642-00174185-00174442": "In the spatial stats literature there's also a whole series", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00643-00174442-00174888": "of examples in the literature dealing with, for example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00644-00174888-00175388": "combining point data with aerial extent data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00645-00175433-00175630": "whether it be polygon or raster.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00646-00175757-00176179": "Other take away is that the way our GIS does it", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00647-00176179-00176378": "is completely wrong.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00648-00176378-00176590": "(laughs)", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00649-00176590-00176791": "They do all of their upscaling and downscaling", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00650-00176791-00177032": "without any accounting for uncertainty;", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00651-00177032-00177157": "ARC would just smooth it.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00652-00177411-00177592": "The nice thing about the state-space approach", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00653-00177592-00177942": "is when you ask it to disaggregate information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00654-00177942-00178121": "you have the full posterior", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00655-00178121-00178255": "about the thing you disaggregated.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00656-00178255-00178535": "You don't just have an interpellated surface,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00657-00178535-00178675": "which can be really important", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00658-00178773-00178995": "because if I was taking this map", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00659-00178995-00179177": "and feeding it into some other analysis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00660-00179177-00179375": "as a covariant or as an input", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00661-00179375-00179625": "I don't want to treat each of those disaggregated", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00662-00179625-00179926": "pieces of information as if they were data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00663-00179926-00180226": "because you can result in a lot of false confidence.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00664-00180226-00180630": "I could set this up at some fine spatial resolution", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00665-00180630-00180934": "and have millions of data points entering", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00666-00180934-00181192": "into the next stage of the analysis.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00667-00181192-00181371": "I don't really have millions of data points,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00668-00181371-00181805": "I have like thirty townships.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00669-00182142-00182403": "So changing of support, changing of scales,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00670-00182403-00182701": "can create a false impression of more information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00671-00182701-00182871": "than you actually have.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00672-00182871-00183242": "By contrast if we do this in a Bayesian way,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00673-00183242-00183369": "not only do we have the uncertainty,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00674-00183369-00183869": "but remember when we draw things from posteriors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00675-00183887-00183993": "we draw them jointly,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00676-00183993-00184154": "so you might draw a whole row.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00677-00184252-00184335": "So you might draw a whole map", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00678-00184335-00184789": "that would account for the uncertainties appropriately.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00679-00184875-00185132": "The next challenge that I've seen a lot,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00680-00185132-00185255": "when it comes to data fusion", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00681-00185255-00185592": "is our challenges with identifiability.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00682-00185592-00186082": "In my line of work the classic example of this", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00683-00186082-00186301": "are eddy covariance towers.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00684-00186301-00186472": "If you've not seen these before", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00685-00186472-00186627": "they're a cool bit of technology.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00686-00186627-00186957": "You set up a scaffold in an ecosystem", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00687-00186957-00187210": "and it has a bunch of toys on them", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00688-00187210-00187602": "that measure wind speed using sound waves", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00689-00187602-00187898": "and concentrations of gas using lasers,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00690-00187898-00188105": "and it's cool.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00691-00188105-00188320": "It's neat because it can measure the net flux", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00692-00188320-00188698": "of gases between the atmosphere and the land surface,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00693-00188698-00189127": "most commonly the CO2 flux and the water flux.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00694-00189127-00189405": "So it might give me the net carbon flux", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00695-00189405-00189576": "in and out of the system", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00696-00189576-00189857": "and the net water flux in and out of the system.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00697-00189857-00190154": "Okay, but that's made out of a whole bunch", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00698-00190154-00190342": "of underlying processes.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00699-00190342-00190574": "And there's literally an infinite way", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00700-00190574-00190755": "to get that net flux", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00701-00190916-00191330": "from all the trade offs among these different processes.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00702-00191330-00191495": "So if all you observe is the net", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00703-00191584-00191974": "it's very hard to disentangle that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00704-00191974-00192138": "So, this is, again, an example", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00705-00192138-00192403": "where synthesis is very valuable", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00706-00192403-00192561": "because if I have that net flux", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00707-00192561-00192722": "but I also combine that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00708-00192967-00193467": "with a lot of detailed information about specific processes", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00709-00193516-00193812": "than I have way of starting to disaggregate it.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00710-00193812-00194176": "So this is an example where I might have a model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00711-00194176-00194341": "that has multiple processes", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00712-00194341-00194818": "and some observations constrain the aggregate", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00713-00194818-00195127": "that comes out of it and others constrain parts.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00714-00195127-00195284": "A population analog, again,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00715-00195284-00195583": "would be something like an age or stage structured model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00716-00195583-00195829": "where I might have detailed information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00717-00195829-00196006": "about specific transitions,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00718-00196006-00196158": "I might have individual level data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00719-00196158-00196395": "and then I also might have population level data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00720-00196395-00196727": "that's constraining the net overall behavior", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00721-00196727-00196818": "of this system", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00722-00196818-00197124": "and then combine both of those pieces of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00723-00197124-00197392": "This study, don't by Trevor Keenan a few years ago,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00724-00197392-00197563": "I thought was a neat example", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00725-00197563-00197944": "of exploring some of the challenges", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00726-00197944-00198222": "of fusing multiple pieces of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00727-00198222-00198483": "and trying to understand the information contribution", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00728-00198483-00198732": "of different sources of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00729-00198732-00199187": "Each of these are different data sets", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00730-00199187-00199341": "and this is actually an attempt", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00731-00199341-00199578": "to restrain a carbon cycle model at Harvard Forest.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00732-00199578-00199798": "Harvard Forest is an LTER and NEON site", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00733-00199798-00200298": "that's about an hour and a half due west of us,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00734-00200329-00200488": "in central Mass.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00735-00200488-00200853": "What we see here is the posterior distribution", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00736-00200853-00201145": "of our error estimate on a log scale.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00737-00201145-00201324": "And when he starts with just the first data set", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00738-00201324-00201459": "it's kind of off the scale.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00739-00201610-00201787": "Then here's the posterior estimates", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00740-00201787-00202136": "of individual parameters plotted as violin plots.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00741-00202136-00202455": "Then here is his carbon cycle prediction", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00742-00202455-00202699": "from 2000 out to 2100.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00743-00202699-00202887": "We can see that there's a good bit of uncertainty", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00744-00202887-00203040": "in the forecast,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00745-00203040-00203153": "a lot of uncertainty in the parameters,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00746-00203153-00203351": "and a lot of process error.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00747-00203462-00203694": "What he did was he went through and assimilated", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00748-00203694-00203851": "one data set at a time,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00749-00203851-00203959": "kind of that iterative process,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00750-00203959-00204088": "take the posteriors from one,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00751-00204088-00204271": "feed it as the priors for the next.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00752-00204390-00204690": "You can see how, when he added different data sets,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00753-00204690-00205190": "how he constrained the overall error,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00754-00205217-00205515": "constrained individual parameters,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00755-00205515-00205736": "some of which still never ended up well constrained,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00756-00205736-00206189": "and then how that affected the forecast error in the end.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00757-00206189-00206369": "Trevor's working with a fairly simple model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00758-00206369-00206641": "so he was able to do something that I rarely do,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00759-00206641-00207036": "which is he did this as a forward selection problem", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00760-00207036-00207202": "like he would do in a regression.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00761-00207202-00207459": "Where the first stage he literally tried fitting", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00762-00207459-00207762": "every single data set by itself", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00763-00207762-00208029": "and said, \"Which data set gave me", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00764-00208029-00208255": "\"the best constraint on the model?\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00765-00208255-00208485": "So the first thing at the top was actually", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00766-00208485-00208753": "the single data set that gave the best constraint", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00767-00208753-00208989": "on the whole system.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00768-00208989-00209334": "He then said to the N minus one data sets remaining,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00769-00209334-00209455": "I fit all of them, conditional on the posterior from this,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00770-00209455-00209920": "and said, \"What's the second most important data set?\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00771-00210011-00210217": "This why it's called \"Rate my data\".", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00772-00210217-00210507": "He could actually say what was the order of importance", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00773-00210507-00210590": "of the data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00774-00210714-00211158": "And as a nice contrast to the idea of", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00775-00211158-00211392": "the value of multiple constraints,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00776-00211392-00211746": "Trevor will also point at that when you get to the end", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00777-00211746-00212073": "there's also the reality of redundancy.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00778-00212073-00212203": "That two pieces of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00779-00212203-00212377": "may be providing you essentially", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00780-00212377-00212652": "the same constraint on the system.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00781-00212806-00212942": "While they still constrain parameters,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00782-00212942-00213146": "they're not nearly as valuable", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00783-00213146-00213508": "as additional, independent axes of constraint.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00784-00213761-00214052": "For example, he found that some of the explicit", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00785-00214052-00214351": "phenological measurements were not as valuable", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00786-00214351-00214723": "because a lot of the information about phenology", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00787-00214723-00214972": "was already embedded in the flux data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00788-00215187-00215344": "This isn't the last thing I want to focus on", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00789-00215344-00215657": "but it sets me up for, what I think is,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00790-00215763-00216075": "one of the biggest and most underappreciated", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00791-00216075-00216413": "challenges in data synthesis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00792-00216413-00216812": "which is what happens when you combine data sets", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00793-00216812-00217189": "that are not equal in size.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00794-00217189-00217405": "If I have the same number of samples", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00795-00217405-00217589": "from 10 different data sets,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00796-00217589-00217715": "I combine them together,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00797-00217715-00217834": "I get a decent constraint,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00798-00217834-00218065": "they all contribute, roughly, equally.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00799-00218065-00218332": "If I have something like this.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00800-00218417-00218917": "This is the NAE data, so this is half hourly data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00801-00218967-00219069": "throughout the year.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00802-00219204-00219369": "At the Harvard Forest,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00803-00219369-00219669": "towers have been running for over 20 years,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00804-00219669-00219935": "so that's 17,000 observations per day", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00805-00219935-00220102": "times over 20 years.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00806-00220102-00220492": "This is a very large amount of data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00807-00220492-00220727": "By contrast, soil carbon.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00808-00220812-00221042": "How many time are going to go out with soil cord", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00809-00221042-00221162": "hammering it into the ground?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00810-00221162-00221407": "You're definitely not doing that every half hour.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00811-00221554-00221787": "Unless you want to kill your undergraduates,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00812-00221787-00222032": "or be killed by mutinous undergraduates,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00813-00222129-00222326": "you're never going to have someone to verify", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00814-00222326-00222641": "soil carbon on a half hourly timescale.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00815-00222641-00222821": "What happens when you combine", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00816-00222935-00223262": "something that is measured manually", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00817-00223262-00223463": "at a small number of samples", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00818-00223463-00223852": "with something that's measured in an automated sense?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00819-00223852-00224040": "Well, on one hand,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00820-00224167-00224435": "you definitely want to include both,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00821-00224435-00224627": "because usually the reason you're combining", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00822-00224627-00224777": "this additional information is because", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00823-00224777-00225277": "it's giving you that additional access of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00824-00225304-00225572": "You're trying to use it to tell you something", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00825-00225572-00225816": "you didn't already know from the big data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00826-00225816-00226229": "But often your likelihood will end up dominated", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00827-00226229-00226358": "by the larger data set,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00828-00226358-00226659": "such that your model calibration will often", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00829-00226659-00227159": "just ignore that other high quality manually collected data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00830-00227214-00227381": "just because it's getting overwhelmed", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00831-00227381-00227542": "by the large volume of data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00832-00227719-00227996": "If you look at the existing literature,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00833-00227996-00228126": "at least the literature that I've found,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00834-00228126-00228414": "it's full of AdHawk solutions.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00835-00228414-00228690": "Things like multiply the likelihoods", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00836-00228690-00228934": "by arbitrarily expert chosen numbers", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00837-00228934-00229126": "in order to make one data set more important", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00838-00229126-00229306": "and the other one less important,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00839-00229306-00229806": "or subsample the data to make this lower frequency,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00840-00229830-00230041": "or average the data to make this lower frequency", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00841-00230041-00230214": "to bring them into balance.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00842-00230214-00230357": "Well, that works but,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00843-00230357-00230541": "if you're subsampling or averaging the data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00844-00230541-00230792": "you're essentially throwing out all this information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00845-00230792-00230982": "that you actually have,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00846-00230982-00231166": "which is painful.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00847-00231166-00231461": "First of all, this one's technically invalid,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00848-00231461-00231667": "because if you just multiply your likelihood", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00849-00231667-00231861": "by arbitrary numbers,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00850-00231861-00231984": "not only does it affect your mean,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00851-00231984-00232204": "but it can have a real big impact", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00852-00232204-00232348": "on your confidence intervals.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00853-00232436-00232798": "It's like yeah, if I measure 10 observations,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00854-00232798-00233117": "but I multiply my likelihood by the number 100,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00855-00233117-00233337": "my confidence intervals looks great.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00856-00233337-00233519": "(laughs)", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00857-00233519-00233689": "It doesn't actually mean I know what's going on,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00858-00233689-00233851": "it just I means I artificially pretended", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00859-00233851-00234146": "I had a 100 times more information that I actually do.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00860-00234146-00234337": "Then we have loss of information,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00861-00234337-00234482": "again, this is somewhat arbitrary.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00862-00234482-00234938": "You can in some sense get the answer you want", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00863-00234938-00235276": "by tuning the degree of averaging.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00864-00235404-00235604": "If I don't like this answer", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00865-00235604-00235986": "I can try monthly or try daily or try weekly,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00866-00235986-00236192": "and at some point I'm going to get something", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00867-00236192-00236454": "where I say, \"Okay,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00868-00236454-00236716": "\"I've decided that I like the answer I got,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00869-00236716-00236984": "\"because it seems to balance these two pieces of", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00870-00236984-00237184": "\"competing information,\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00871-00237184-00237382": "but, again, it's arbitrary.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00872-00237382-00237673": "So how about we do this in a little less arbitrary way.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00873-00237673-00237786": "Oh yeah, and avoid double dipping.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00874-00237786-00237944": "I've also seen people do things,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00875-00237944-00238301": "like, actually, I've seen Trevor do it.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00876-00238301-00238497": "Any day, any month,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00877-00238605-00238784": "any annual.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00878-00238784-00239044": "Are those independent pieces of information?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00879-00239044-00239128": "No.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00880-00239128-00239466": "He's put in the same data three times", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00881-00239466-00239717": "as three different constraints.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00882-00239982-00240065": "I love Trevor", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00883-00240065-00240305": "but I don't always agree with all of his choices.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00884-00240537-00240652": "But he's not the only one who's done that,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00885-00240652-00240817": "I've seen lots of people do this.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00886-00241016-00241468": "This animation is kind of meant to give an example", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00887-00241653-00241998": "of something I think is intuitive to a lot of people,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00888-00241998-00242498": "which is when we have high frequency automated measurements", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00889-00242586-00242876": "that may make thousands and thousands of observations", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00890-00242876-00242959": "per year,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00891-00242959-00243071": "it doesn't actually mean that we have", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00892-00243071-00243316": "thousands and thousands of pieces of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00893-00243411-00243834": "Here I am starting with a full data set", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00894-00243834-00243971": "that's not thinned,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00895-00243971-00244179": "and I'm thinning it by half each time,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00896-00244179-00244440": "and I'm looking at how the autocorrelation changes", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00897-00244440-00244792": "and you can also just visually look and see that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00898-00244792-00244946": "when I first did this initially,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00899-00244946-00245233": "I'm not actually losing much information,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00900-00245233-00245541": "even though I'm halfing the sample size", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00901-00245541-00245649": "every single time.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00902-00245767-00245878": "So, the point there is", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00903-00246014-00246514": "when we put in a high frequency automated measurements", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00904-00246608-00246769": "in space or time", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00905-00246769-00246927": "and we ignore our auto correlation", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00906-00246927-00247109": "we're giving them too much weight,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00907-00247203-00247471": "partly because the observations are not independent.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00908-00247651-00247937": "So here, for that simple simulated example,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00909-00247937-00248325": "I'm actually plotting log number of observations,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00910-00248325-00248612": "log autocorrelation,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00911-00248612-00248879": "and saying that there's just a strong trade off", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00912-00249063-00249285": "between how as I'm fitting,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00913-00249285-00249465": "how the autocorrelation is changing,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00914-00249567-00249937": "such that the effective sample size in the data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00915-00249937-00250151": "does not change nearly as quickly", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00916-00250290-00250421": "as the reduction.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00917-00250421-00250536": "In some sense,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00918-00250536-00250855": "it's the the effective sample size", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00919-00250855-00250987": "that's closer to a real measure", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00920-00250987-00251332": "of the information contribution of a data set.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00921-00251332-00251719": "I guess the point there is treat the uncertainties in data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00922-00251719-00251901": "appropriately when you try to combine", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00923-00251901-00252071": "multiple pieces of information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00924-00252071-00252511": "Things like when you have repeated measures data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00925-00252612-00252894": "include the fact that it is repeated measures data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00926-00252894-00253216": "If you ignore the autocorrelation in space and time", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00927-00253216-00253569": "you will give a lot of these automated data sets", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00928-00253569-00253823": "much more weight than they deserve.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00929-00253823-00254110": "If you treat each observation as independent", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00930-00254110-00254249": "you're really inflating it.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00931-00254249-00254650": "That's one of the reasons that these automated measurements", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00932-00254650-00254844": "can swamp other measurements", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00933-00255034-00255423": "because if done naively we can treat as independent", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00934-00255423-00255565": "and inflate their importance.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00935-00255565-00255790": "The other thing that we can think about", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00936-00255790-00256157": "is when someone goes out and puts a flux tower up", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00937-00256157-00256371": "or puts any other sort of automated measurement up,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00938-00256371-00256773": "and I do have data loggers running out lots of places,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00939-00256773-00256920": "I usually put out one sensor.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00940-00257047-00257410": "I may have a lot of time series information,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00941-00257516-00257771": "but I have sample size of one.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00942-00257771-00258001": "So at the the same time, if you think about it,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00943-00258001-00258211": "if I have sampling uncertainty,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00944-00258211-00258494": "how do we even estimate my sampling uncertainty", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00945-00258494-00258625": "if I only take one sample?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00946-00258731-00259032": "That's another thing that's interesting, again,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00947-00259032-00259392": "it effects why he need to think about the uncertainty", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00948-00259392-00259552": "in these sorts of measurements appropriately.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00949-00259552-00259984": "So if you have high temporal resolution information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00950-00259984-00260142": "that's unreplicated,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00951-00260142-00260244": "how do you deal with the fact", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00952-00260244-00260629": "that you don't know its replication?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00953-00260629-00261105": "In fact if you believe that there's some overall mean", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00954-00261105-00261289": "that you're sampling from", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00955-00261289-00261548": "and you don't know where", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00956-00261548-00261696": "you've drawn from that distribution,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00957-00261696-00261998": "where you happen to set up your data logger,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00958-00261998-00262288": "you can essentially treat that as a bias.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00959-00262288-00262446": "So, think about it this way,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00960-00262446-00262946": "if I had unlimited money and I set up a dozen flux towers", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00961-00263016-00263329": "I could get a could get a good estimate of their sample mean", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00962-00263329-00263577": "and their variability", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00963-00263736-00264124": "and it's really that overall landscape mean", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00964-00264124-00264276": "that I'm interested in.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00965-00264276-00264389": "If I happened", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00966-00264677-00264881": "to have put up that tower", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00967-00265320-00265534": "then all of the information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00968-00265534-00265638": "I'm collecting at that tower", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00969-00265638-00265838": "has some bias associated with it", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00970-00266002-00266135": "and I don't know what bias is", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00971-00266135-00266427": "because I don't have any sampling.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00972-00266427-00266792": "If I have any way of estimating that sampling uncertainty,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00973-00266901-00267179": "I sure as heck should put an informative prior on it.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00974-00267179-00267294": "If I have an uninformed prior,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00975-00267294-00267498": "essentially, the whole thing blows up.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00976-00267498-00267663": "I've never even tried that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00977-00267864-00268084": "But, in some sense,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00978-00268084-00268216": "that's something that you would want to think about.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00979-00268216-00268385": "How do you account for that?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00980-00268514-00268783": "And then the other thing I want to focus more on", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00981-00268783-00269007": "for the rest of this lecture is systematic errors.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00982-00269007-00269252": "This gives kind of a hint of it.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00983-00269252-00269501": "By chance I've set up some place", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00984-00269501-00269724": "that's slightly different than average", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00985-00269724-00269866": "but every place I've set up", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00986-00269866-00270053": "is slightly different from average.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00987-00270053-00270327": "But, there's also lots of measurement techniques out there", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00988-00270327-00270644": "that are, themselves, have some errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00989-00270644-00270756": "associated with them.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00990-00270880-00271158": "The important thing about systematic errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00991-00271158-00271342": "is they don't average out.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00992-00271477-00271903": "So we talked about if you treat data independently,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00993-00271903-00272107": "it over-inflates its information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00994-00272107-00272300": "If I can account for it's autocorrelation", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00995-00272300-00272517": "I can reduce that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00996-00272517-00272613": "but I still have this property", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00997-00272613-00272934": "that random errors will average out.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00998-00272934-00273089": "But if there's also a systematic error", "hBNp8lAxwm4-00999-00273089-00273451": "I can have 17,000 observations a year.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01000-00273451-00273703": "The random component of that will essentially go to zero", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01001-00273703-00273819": "at the end of the year,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01002-00273952-00274153": "but any systematic errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01003-00274153-00274428": "that I have in that observation persist,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01004-00274428-00274610": "no matter how many observations I pick.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01005-00274610-00274889": "You've got summarized data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01006-00274889-00275093": "every single second I could take an observation", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01007-00275093-00275176": "on a process,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01008-00275176-00275419": "but if the way I'm taking that observation is biased,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01009-00275558-00275805": "I'm still getting a biased estimate.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01010-00276187-00276413": "Something happened to me when I was a post-doc,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01011-00276413-00276716": "one of the first times I tried to constrain a process model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01012-00276716-00277006": "I was working with data from Bartlett Forest,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01013-00277006-00277109": "up in New Hampshire,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01014-00277248-00277709": "and I knew that I couldn't just use the net carbon flux", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01015-00277709-00277906": "because of the identifiability problem", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01016-00277906-00278280": "so I also had soil respiration fluxes.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01017-00278373-00278523": "But in the raw data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01018-00278821-00279073": "the soil respiration numbers", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01019-00279073-00279384": "were bigger than the total ecosystem respiration numbers.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01020-00279659-00279974": "I didn't realize that until after I tried the calibration.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01021-00280063-00280433": "I can tell you the optimal solution to try to make", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01022-00280433-00280747": "a mechanistic model produce higher sol respiration", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01023-00280747-00281128": "than ecosystem respiration results in a crazy ecosystem.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01024-00281128-00281444": "It basically says there is no autotrophic respiration,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01025-00281444-00281692": "there's a whole lot of heterotrophic respiration.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01026-00281692-00281924": "Plants grow absolutely insane,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01027-00281924-00282103": "because they have a constraint", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01028-00282103-00282411": "that is physically impossible.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01029-00282411-00282619": "The data sets have systematic errors.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01030-00282619-00282954": "In this case you didn't actually know which one was wrong,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01031-00282954-00283225": "but you knew that they had to be.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01032-00283225-00283407": "They were incompatible with each other.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01033-00283407-00283578": "In examples like that it's obvious,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01034-00283578-00283928": "but it's also true that it's not always obvious", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01035-00283928-00284272": "and it's definitely true that you get really funky errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01036-00284272-00284532": "because of these systematic errors.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01037-00284666-00284906": "Don't forget that systematic errors are present,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01038-00285008-00285316": "even when we're only calibrating with one data set.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01039-00285316-00285654": "But, they often become much more obvious", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01040-00285654-00285877": "when we're trying to do synthesis", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01041-00285877-00286048": "because if you're only calibrating models", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01042-00286048-00286139": "against one data set,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01043-00286139-00286571": "you can often get the model to fit that data quite well.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01044-00286571-00286789": "But when you're trying to calibrate a model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01045-00286789-00286897": "with multiple data sets", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01046-00286897-00287198": "you can get to a point where that really highlights", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01047-00287198-00287515": "that there's no way to get the model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01048-00287515-00287828": "compatible with both sets of observations.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01049-00287941-00288258": "So, the last bit here comes from", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01050-00288258-00288462": "some work I did with David Cameron,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01051-00288462-00288962": "the Scottish ecologist, not the Prime Minister.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01052-00289281-00289397": "A few years ago I started working", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01053-00289397-00289765": "with across E.U. cost action,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01054-00289765-00290101": "cost actions are kind of similar to what we have as RCNs", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01055-00290101-00290184": "here in the U.S.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01056-00290275-00290459": "I found a kindred spirit in someone else", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01057-00290459-00290765": "who also was obsessed with the challenge of", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01058-00290765-00290996": "synthesizing multiple sources of information", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01059-00290996-00291341": "and some of these challenges of systematic errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01060-00291341-00291597": "and inconsistencies in data imbalance.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01061-00291597-00291793": "So one of the things that David and I did", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01062-00291793-00291956": "was some psuedodata experiments", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01063-00291956-00292202": "with a very simple ecosystem model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01064-00292202-00292634": "In fact we named the model very simple ecosystem model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01065-00292634-00292897": "and this is a very similar to what you guys played with", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01066-00292897-00293098": "in the particle filter model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01067-00293098-00293383": "so we just had an NPP process", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01068-00293383-00293620": "that allocates carbon to leaf and wood,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01069-00293620-00293779": "that turns over to the soil,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01070-00293779-00294057": "and then we have some turn over to the soil,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01071-00294057-00294460": "and then the amount of leaves affects the amount of NPP.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01072-00294460-00294567": "Pretty simple model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01073-00294752-00294998": "What we did was we took that model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01074-00294998-00295132": "we simulated data from it,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01075-00295132-00295412": "we then simulated it with the different types of errors,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01076-00295530-00295728": "systematic and random errors in the data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01077-00295728-00296008": "and the systematic and random errors in the model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01078-00296135-00296453": "and explored some trade offs", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01079-00296453-00296729": "with balanced and unbalanced data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01080-00296729-00297082": "First, if you have a perfect model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01081-00297082-00297275": "so we didn't put any errors in the model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01082-00297275-00297501": "and we have very balanced data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01083-00297501-00297761": "you get a good fit of the model for the data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01084-00297761-00297968": "and you recover the right parameters.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01085-00298059-00298234": "- [Student] What do you mean by balanced data?", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01086-00298234-00298530": "- So the sample size in the different things.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01087-00298530-00298921": "I think we simulated measurements of net carbon flux,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01088-00298921-00299287": "soil carbon, and above ground carbon,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01089-00299287-00299571": "and we made measurements of each of those things,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01090-00299571-00299871": "we made the same number of observations", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01091-00299871-00299988": "of each of these different things.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01092-00299988-00300357": "So, this avoids that problem of unbalanced data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01093-00300357-00300449": "that I was talking about before.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01094-00300449-00300599": "If I have a lot of data on one thing", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01095-00300599-00300809": "and a little bit of data on another thing.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01096-00300989-00301275": "Next, we created that unbalanced data situation", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01097-00301275-00301515": "which we had observed led to some of these problems", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01098-00301515-00301896": "we've seen previously with real data and real models,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01099-00301896-00302141": "which was we had unbalanced data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01100-00302141-00302240": "the model would fit", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01101-00302240-00302522": "one of the high volume data set very well", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01102-00302522-00302664": "and just ignore the others.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01103-00302750-00303198": "Well it turns out if you have a perfect model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01104-00303198-00303606": "you still get a good fit and the right parameters", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01105-00303606-00304003": "if you're fitting the right data to the right model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01106-00304245-00304698": "That highlighted that the problems of unbalanced data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01107-00304698-00305096": "are not inherently in the fact that they're unbalanced.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01108-00305369-00305632": "We then introduced errors in the model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01109-00305727-00305869": "and in some sense that meant", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01110-00305869-00306245": "that the model we were fitting the data to", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01111-00306245-00306468": "was slightly different than the model used", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01112-00306468-00306666": "to generate the data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01113-00306666-00306812": "So, the model that we fit the data to", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01114-00306812-00307081": "was an approximation of the true model.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01115-00307384-00307541": "When we did that with balanced data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01116-00307541-00307960": "we could get the model to fit the data well,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01117-00307960-00308242": "but we did not actually recover the true parameters.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01118-00308560-00308731": "But if we fit to unbalanced data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01119-00308731-00308853": "we didn't recover the true parameters,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01120-00308853-00309289": "we couldn't get the model to fit the low volume data well.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01121-00309289-00309584": "Again, this is exactly what we see in the real world,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01122-00309584-00309943": "that with unbalanced you fit to the high volume data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01123-00309943-00310254": "and you kind of ignore the low volume data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01124-00310254-00310489": "So that kind of highlights that it's actually", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01125-00310489-00310824": "not the unbalanceness that's the problem", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01126-00310824-00310974": "when you're synthesizing data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01127-00311189-00311527": "One problem is error in the models themselves.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01128-00311527-00311664": "You may ask, \"Okay, great.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01129-00311664-00311839": "\"Why don't you just fix the model?\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01130-00312041-00312214": "You can't actually ever do that.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01131-00312214-00312374": "I mean you can improve the model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01132-00312479-00312796": "but models are always approximations of reality.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01133-00312903-00313118": "Models are always approximate.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01134-00313118-00313279": "So I can improve the model to deal", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01135-00313279-00313542": "with some of the known errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01136-00313542-00313876": "but the model will never be perfect,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01137-00313876-00314043": "the model will never be reality,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01138-00314207-00314543": "and therefore if I have high volume data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01139-00314543-00314946": "and in some parts of ecology we are getting to big data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01140-00314946-00315445": "if I have big data I will always cause a conflict", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01141-00315445-00315685": "between the model and reality at some point.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01142-00315981-00316126": "Because the model is perfect,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01143-00316214-00316429": "it always becomes unbalanced at some point.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01144-00316641-00316905": "So here is a simple example what this looks like.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01145-00317019-00317182": "Model error, unbalanced data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01146-00317182-00317393": "high volume data, we fit great,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01147-00317393-00317600": "low volume data, here's the truth,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01148-00317600-00317834": "here's what the model tried to reconstruct", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01149-00317834-00318011": "what it tried to reconstruct is driven", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01150-00318011-00318466": "by this much more than the true observations.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01151-00318580-00318760": "This is our classic thing we see a lot,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01152-00318760-00319156": "which is models ignoring low volume information.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01153-00319292-00319509": "Then we ask, \"Well what if the data isn't perfect too?\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01154-00319509-00319717": "I highlighted that earlier.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01155-00319717-00319876": "So we ran a couple simulations.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01156-00319876-00320365": "First, model is perfect, the data sets are balanced,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01157-00320365-00320658": "so we have the same volumes of information,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01158-00320658-00320890": "but we have a bias in the data now.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01159-00320890-00320988": "We can get a good fit,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01160-00320988-00321264": "but we can't recover the exact true parameters", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01161-00321264-00321574": "because the data itself has a systematic error in it", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01162-00321574-00321687": "but we can still get a good fit", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01163-00321687-00321905": "that we can use to make good predictions.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01164-00322068-00322326": "On the flip side, if the data's unbalanced", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01165-00322326-00322496": "and there's some bias in the data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01166-00322708-00323083": "that even if we use the true model as truth,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01167-00323212-00323545": "we fit back to that true model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01168-00323545-00323862": "but if there's some bias in the data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01169-00323862-00324108": "we can't get it to fit right", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01170-00324108-00324297": "once it's unbalanced.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01171-00324297-00324570": "Then, obviously, if we have errors in the data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01172-00324570-00324713": "and errors in the model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01173-00325001-00325117": "no, it doesn't work.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01174-00325245-00325405": "Especially when it's unbalanced.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01175-00325525-00325677": "So here's another example.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01176-00325677-00325852": "Errors in the model, unbalanced data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01177-00325852-00326078": "errors in the data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01178-00326234-00326429": "fit the high volume well,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01179-00326429-00326805": "but we don't even have the direction", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01180-00326805-00327259": "of what's going on in this term correct.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01181-00327259-00327560": "What we then ask is the question,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01182-00327560-00327977": "\"What if we build corrections for the systematic errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01183-00327977-00328477": "\"in the data or in the models into the likelihood itself?\"", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01184-00328542-00328730": "So here linear model meant", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01185-00328730-00329004": "that we've put in a linear bias correction model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01186-00329004-00329157": "into the likelihood.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01187-00329157-00329404": "We've said that the data may be additively biased,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01188-00329404-00329567": "it might be multiplicatively biased,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01189-00329567-00329696": "so we just put both in.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01190-00329848-00330051": "All of these are cases where it's unbalanced", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01191-00330051-00330315": "but we explored where there was an error in the model,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01192-00330315-00330555": "where there's errors in the data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01193-00330555-00330811": "or where there's errors in the model and the data.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01194-00330982-00331390": "In all of these cases we can actually get good fits to data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01195-00331390-00331890": "once we include the fact that there are systematic errors", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01196-00332056-00332376": "as part of the data model itself,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01197-00332376-00332527": "as part of the likelihood.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01198-00332527-00332942": "We never recover the true parameters when there's biases,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01199-00332942-00333120": "but we actually can get good fits.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01200-00333382-00333565": "So here's an example.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01201-00333565-00334065": "NEE, soil carbon, vegetative carbon, low volume data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01202-00334121-00334550": "bias data, we can get things to behave right,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01203-00334550-00334774": "and we can actually get the bias correction", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01204-00334861-00334976": "to get the state right.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01205-00335096-00335353": "Some of the take home was that", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01206-00335353-00335853": "while information content is important to fusing data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01207-00335857-00336051": "the errors and biases in the models and data", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01208-00336051-00336307": "were actually much more important.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01209-00336307-00336614": "Perfect models can deal with unbalanced data,", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01210-00336614-00336967": "though if you don't account for the autocorrelation", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01211-00336967-00337331": "you can still end up with over confident estimates", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01212-00337331-00337443": "of your parameters.", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01213-00337563-00337839": "Then building the bias correction into the calibration", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01214-00337839-00338230": "can lead to good performance of your model", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01215-00338230-00338361": "so you can make decent productions", "hBNp8lAxwm4-01216-00338361-00338804": "but you're never actually recovering the true system."}}, {"audio_id": "hBbJhifQK3M", "text": {"hBbJhifQK3M-00000-00000057-00000306": "Ramen shop", "hBbJhifQK3M-00001-00000832-00001156": "Subscribe to the channel", "hBbJhifQK3M-00002-00001494-00001868": "MY MINECRAFT HOUSE products", "hBbJhifQK3M-00003-00002118-00002422": "Let's do it together", "hBbJhifQK3M-00004-00002666-00002986": "the leg of the noodle shop", "hBbJhifQK3M-00005-00002986-00003240": "This is the foot size image of the store", "hBbJhifQK3M-00006-00003765-00003942": "begin", "hBbJhifQK3M-00007-00004054-00004542": "Hi everyone, welcome to my channel.I wish you lots of health", "hBbJhifQK3M-00008-00004598-00005002": "Today I'm going to show you how to build a small ramen shop in Minecraft", "hBbJhifQK3M-00009-00005068-00005238": "will be very simple", "hBbJhifQK3M-00010-00050538-00050714": "finish", "hBbJhifQK3M-00011-00051220-00051600": "Thank you for watching the End of the video", "hBbJhifQK3M-00012-00051886-00052308": "I wish you success in the store", "hBbJhifQK3M-00013-00052312-00052934": "If you like this product or leave me a like and a share", "hBbJhifQK3M-00014-00053032-00053340": "Please subscribe to me"}}, {"audio_id": "hCgrzGXIS4U", "text": {"hCgrzGXIS4U-00000-00001504-00001955": "Marco searching for the alicante", "hCgrzGXIS4U-00001-00001955-00002400": "Part 2", "hCgrzGXIS4U-00002-00033314-00033608": "To be continued"}}, {"audio_id": "hChY0rJX090", "text": {"hChY0rJX090-00000-00000200-00000944": "Persona 5 Strikers is really, really good. In fact, it’s absolutely the game that I personally", "hChY0rJX090-00001-00000944-00001456": "needed right now, in 2021 – which is why you have to tolerate me yammering at you for five minutes", "hChY0rJX090-00002-00001456-00001968": "instead of BretonStripes’ more soothing voice. A quick bit of context, for historical purposes:", "hChY0rJX090-00003-00001968-00002400": "it is currently March 2021. It’s been one full year since I last saw", "hChY0rJX090-00004-00002400-00002968": "my friends, and many of my family members. I could really use a holiday. I don’t care", "hChY0rJX090-00005-00002968-00003415": "if I hit the beach, or enjoy a nice city break. I just need to get out of the house for a change of", "hChY0rJX090-00006-00003415-00004024": "scenery. I’m also, because of reasons, probably not going to get a vacation any time soon.", "hChY0rJX090-00007-00004024-00004440": "A few years ago I “reviewed”, if that’s the right word, Persona Q2:", "hChY0rJX090-00008-00004440-00004928": "New Cinema Labyrinth. I said that it’s a phenomenal, well-written game that most 3DS", "hChY0rJX090-00009-00004928-00005448": "owners should nevertheless avoid unless they have a couple of spare months to do all their homework,", "hChY0rJX090-00010-00005448-00005912": "playing the past ten years of Persona games. The 2020 commenters pointed out that they", "hChY0rJX090-00011-00005912-00006344": "genuinely did have a couple of spare months, so more fool me I suppose.", "hChY0rJX090-00012-00006344-00006856": "Persona 5 Strikers is a direct sequel to the original Persona 5, which at the time of writing", "hChY0rJX090-00013-00006856-00007400": "is still locked on PlayStation platforms, even as Strikers is released on PC and Nintendo Switch.", "hChY0rJX090-00014-00007400-00007808": "If you go into this game blind, you’re not going to know who all the characters are, you’re going", "hChY0rJX090-00015-00007808-00008248": "to get a few minor spoilers for Persona 5, and it’s going to take a while to catch up.", "hChY0rJX090-00016-00008248-00008912": "That said, I actually think it kind of…might be worth it anyway? Because Persona 5 Strikers", "hChY0rJX090-00017-00008912-00009568": "offers something that even the original Persona 5 doesn’t give right now: catharsis. Freedom.", "hChY0rJX090-00018-00009568-00010104": "Persona 5’s primary message is that society is a prison and that breaking the rules to enact social", "hChY0rJX090-00019-00010104-00010696": "justice can free you from bondage. Yet right now, Persona 5 Strikers offers the freedom that I crave", "hChY0rJX090-00020-00010696-00011248": "more than ever. Why? Because it’s literally a game about going on vacation with your friends.", "hChY0rJX090-00021-00011248-00011712": "Right from the moment I first turned on the game, I couldn’t help but smile. Just, grin,", "hChY0rJX090-00022-00011712-00012304": "ear to ear. The story starts with the protagonist, Joker, the Smash Bros guy, not Joaquin Phoenix,", "hChY0rJX090-00023-00012304-00012680": "returning to visit his old schoolfriends for the first time in several months.", "hChY0rJX090-00024-00012680-00013176": "It’s wonderful. Because Persona 5 – all of the Persona games, for that matter – are so", "hChY0rJX090-00025-00013176-00013704": "well written, these characters feel like genuine, real people. Actual friends.", "hChY0rJX090-00026-00013704-00014119": "We’ve made videos before on how the social simulator side of Persona works.", "hChY0rJX090-00027-00014119-00014519": "By night you play Pokemon, capturing monsters and fighting in turn-based battles.", "hChY0rJX090-00028-00014519-00015040": "By day, it’s a time management social sim. You decide whether to work your part-time job, study", "hChY0rJX090-00029-00015040-00015488": "in the library, or hang out with your friends. As you spend time with people, you develop bonds with", "hChY0rJX090-00030-00015488-00015880": "them which help you in battles, but you also get the joy of seeing their character growth,", "hChY0rJX090-00031-00015880-00016328": "of learning about them and enjoying their company. So for Persona 5 Strikers to give me the chance to", "hChY0rJX090-00032-00016328-00016840": "hang out with my old friends again? That’s incredibly satisfying right now. Everyone’s", "hChY0rJX090-00033-00016840-00017208": "cracking jokes and teasing each other, there’s a lot of playful banter, we hear a little about what", "hChY0rJX090-00034-00017208-00017624": "everyone’s been up to since we last met up. It’s just beautiful.", "hChY0rJX090-00035-00017624-00017976": "It’s also, you might have noticed, probably a little impenetrable if", "hChY0rJX090-00036-00017976-00018512": "you haven’t previously played Persona 5. For me, getting the gang back together is a vicarious joy", "hChY0rJX090-00037-00018512-00018960": "because I can kinda sorta pretend these digital friends are my actual friends in the real world,", "hChY0rJX090-00038-00018960-00019064": "who I miss. Hi Dan.", "hChY0rJX090-00039-00019064-00019432": "If you’re coming to this new, it’s going to feel a lot like you’re hanging out with a group of", "hChY0rJX090-00040-00019432-00019872": "friends who all know each other really well, and all already have their own in-jokes. It might", "hChY0rJX090-00041-00019872-00020248": "take a while to learn everyone’s names and get a sense of their personalities and backstories.", "hChY0rJX090-00042-00020304-00020696": "Even so, I feel like this is worth doing, because, after spending some time hanging", "hChY0rJX090-00043-00020696-00021128": "out in Shibuya in environments from the first game, the road trip begins.", "hChY0rJX090-00044-00021128-00021624": "As much fun as I might have had visiting my old haunts across Tokyo, I have been having perhaps", "hChY0rJX090-00045-00021624-00022112": "even more fun with the rest of the game’s content. Going on vacation with my friends, visiting local", "hChY0rJX090-00046-00022112-00022608": "landmarks, seeing new cities, blowing all my money buying cheap souvenirs and tasty local delicacies.", "hChY0rJX090-00047-00022608-00023000": "It’s so much fun, even if I’m just pretending. When we got to our first proper stop on the", "hChY0rJX090-00048-00023000-00023400": "vacation, a brand new city I’d never visited before, something in my brain", "hChY0rJX090-00049-00023400-00023896": "lit up for the first time in a long time. My wife, BretonStripes, the usual voice for", "hChY0rJX090-00050-00023896-00024312": "this channel, travels for work, up and down the UK. My daughter and I often go with her,", "hChY0rJX090-00051-00024312-00024688": "staying in hotels, wandering around cities, visiting museums and parks and", "hChY0rJX090-00052-00024744-00025256": "just generally soaking up the local atmosphere. I remember distinctly sitting in a soft play in", "hChY0rJX090-00053-00025256-00025800": "the Legoland Discovery Centre in Birmingham in January 2020, and thinking that the days where", "hChY0rJX090-00054-00025800-00026248": "my daughter and I get to go on these mini vacations are my favourite part of life.", "hChY0rJX090-00055-00026312-00026856": "…And that was the last trip we got to go on. All of Mummy’s in-person training got cancelled.", "hChY0rJX090-00056-00026856-00027344": "We haven’t been anywhere in a year now. So for me personally, as someone who’s always", "hChY0rJX090-00057-00027344-00027848": "connected strongly with the roleplaying element of the Persona games, Strikers feels tailor made", "hChY0rJX090-00058-00027848-00028312": "to help me muddle through at a very stressful time. It might be a make-believe holiday with", "hChY0rJX090-00059-00028312-00028752": "make-believe friends, but that’s the best I can get at this particular moment in time.", "hChY0rJX090-00060-00028752-00029208": "Oh, also, I did want to speak briefly about the other side of the game; the Pokemon gameplay.", "hChY0rJX090-00061-00029208-00029832": "I like it a lot more than standard Persona games. Persona 5 is all turn-based RPG battling, which", "hChY0rJX090-00062-00029904-00030408": "is…fine, I guess, but to be honest, I’ve done more than enough of that throughout my life already.", "hChY0rJX090-00063-00030408-00030952": "Persona 5 Strikers, on the other hand, transplants many of the original game’s battle mechanics into", "hChY0rJX090-00064-00030952-00031495": "an action RPG setting, and I feel it works a lot better. I started this game having played", "hChY0rJX090-00065-00031495-00032008": "quite a lot of Hyrule Warriors: Age of Calamity in recent months, and I expected that I’d be", "hChY0rJX090-00066-00032008-00032536": "getting more of the same: big open fields filled with monsters to slay, but Persona-flavoured", "hChY0rJX090-00067-00032536-00032774": "instead of coated in a Zelda glaze. I even expected the controls to be the same.", "hChY0rJX090-00068-00032774-00033256": "That is not this game at all. Persona 5 Strikers is, perhaps understandably,", "hChY0rJX090-00069-00033256-00033752": "a lot more like Persona 5 than Hyrule Warriors. Most of the combat involves smaller pockets of", "hChY0rJX090-00070-00033752-00034168": "enemies rather than entire armies across a huge battlefield, which better suits the", "hChY0rJX090-00071-00034168-00034704": "Persona 5 story of thieves sneaking into enemy strongholds and quietly dispatching guards.", "hChY0rJX090-00072-00034704-00035064": "Considering that the tutorial for Persona 5 runs for around twenty hours,", "hChY0rJX090-00073-00035064-00035536": "and the tutorial for Persona 5 Strikers takes maybe an hour tops, this is probably the more", "hChY0rJX090-00074-00035536-00035920": "accessible game for newcomers, even with the previously established story.", "hChY0rJX090-00075-00035920-00036360": "If you can play Persona 5 first, I’d recommend doing so, but that game does take at least", "hChY0rJX090-00076-00036360-00036920": "a hundred hours to beat. If you want something a little lighter, a little breezier, or if, like me,", "hChY0rJX090-00077-00036920-00037400": "you’re just desperate for a heartfelt reunion with your friends and a nice holiday away from home,", "hChY0rJX090-00078-00037456-00037984": "you might well find the catharsis you’re looking for with Persona 5 Strikers."}}, {"audio_id": "hCiQP6HuK0k", "text": {"hCiQP6HuK0k-00000-00000808-00001320": "What does it mean to have hope? Or similarly, what does it mean to live with hope?", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00001-00001464-00001888": "I think hope is a difficult concept for us to get our heads around. We're not quite", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00002-00001888-00002416": "sure what to make of it. I know that early in my career when I worked in medical settings,", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00003-00002416-00003064": "there was a lot of talk of false hope. You know, it was thought that if a patient had been given", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00004-00003064-00003624": "a serious diagnosis but they talked about hope, that meant they were in denial.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00005-00003728-00004416": "But hope doesn't have anything to do with denial. And I think that to label someone's hope as \"false", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00006-00004416-00005096": "hope\" really does them a disservice. It's really not listening to what it is that they're trying to", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00007-00005096-00005672": "put together in their life. So today I want to talk about hope and how we learn to hope", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00008-00005744-00006160": "and as I do that I want you to subscribe to this channel and to click the bell.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00009-00006408-00007016": "I recently had a friend contact me and I was talking with her about the situation", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00010-00007016-00007759": "she's in she's been undergoing -- cancer treatment. And she went through surgery,", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00011-00007759-00008464": "and then chemotherapy, and then radiation, and now she's in that two-year in-between time sort", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00012-00008464-00009176": "of a limbo. Maybe you don't know this but after someone finishes cancer treatment, over the next", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00013-00009176-00009792": "two years they go back for regular checkups to see if cancer has come back in any way.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00014-00009944-00010624": "And it isn't that after two years anyone says you're cured. It's just that after two years,", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00015-00010624-00011384": "that's a sign that the cancer is in remission. So she's in the early part of that two-year period", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00016-00011552-00012256": "and she was asking what does it mean to hope. What should I hope for? You know, I think a lot of", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00017-00012256-00013016": "times we think of hope as sort of terms of wishful thinking. You know, like I hope I win the lottery", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00018-00013088-00013528": "or I hope that that cop I just passed whenever I was going over the speed limit", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00019-00013528-00014080": "didn't really notice so I don't get a ticket. That kind of wishful thinking isn't really what", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00020-00014080-00014736": "hope's about, even though we use the word in that way. I think hope is much deeper. I think", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00021-00014736-00015296": "hope is about an outlook on life, about a way we see life around us.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00022-00015432-00016184": "My image for hope is looking up at the sky and seeing nothing but dark clouds", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00023-00016296-00017096": "and no matter how thick the clouds are, hope leads me to believe that there's the possibility", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00024-00017096-00017568": "that a ray of sunlight is going to come through. Maybe it'll squeak through on the horizon. Maybe", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00025-00017568-00018096": "it'll come somewhere else. But there could still be some light for me. That's about", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00026-00018096-00018736": "hope -- that there's possibility, that there's an option for something good to still happen,", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00027-00018840-00019352": "even though I'm not sure how or why or what that goodness is going to be.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00028-00019600-00020360": "I learned about hope in the AIDS crisis in the 1980s and early 90s. I had been living", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00029-00020360-00020920": "in Pittsburgh at the time and was really active in developing aids-related services and education", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00030-00020920-00021600": "programs. And more importantly, being with people who ended up dying from AIDS. Those", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00031-00021600-00022192": "people included people who were close friends of mine. There were people I went to college with.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00032-00022192-00022720": "There were other friends that I knew and there were many others who I didn't know until they were", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00033-00022720-00023400": "diagnosed, but I walked with them through their journey through death, and for many of them, I", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00034-00023528-00024360": "officiated at their funerals. And after, oh, I don't know, 100 or 150 deaths over a few years,", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00035-00024528-00025104": "I got to the point where I didn't know what to do with my grief. I just felt so overwhelmed with my", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00036-00025104-00025632": "grief and nobody could really help me. Nobody had any answers and I wasn't sure which way to", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00037-00025632-00026327": "turn with it, but I knew that everywhere I went, I was reminded of people who died. So an opportunity", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00038-00026327-00026983": "came for me to move to South Florida and I decided to take it. And part of why it was a good", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00039-00026983-00027608": "opportunity wasn't a mistake to make but part of why was I thought if I'm in a different situation", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00040-00027608-00028183": "where I'm not always reminded of people who died, maybe I'll be able to work through this grief.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00041-00028320-00028960": "In the first few months I lived in South Florida, I would get up before dawn and drive to the beach", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00042-00028960-00029592": "and sit at the beach to watch the sunrise. And I would be there with my coffee and sit there for", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00043-00029592-00030256": "a while. I'd get there when the sky was dark and wait for the first light to begin to come", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00044-00030320-00030983": "and then eventually the sun shone on the over the horizon, over the water, and I remember one day,", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00045-00031039-00031424": "and I don't know how many times I had done this before this happened, but I remember one day", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00046-00031504-00032112": "it occurred to me that the sun always comes up that there's always light. It didn't matter", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00047-00032112-00032672": "how dark it was when I got there, but there was always light, there was always the sun.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00048-00032824-00033552": "And I thought, you know, that's true for life. And that's how I understood hope: that no matter how", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00049-00033552-00034280": "dark it becomes, there's still the possibility of light. And for me, that's the essence of", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00050-00034280-00035032": "hope. And once I made that realization, I thought back on the people who I was with who had passed", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00051-00035096-00035616": "and thought about what hope meant for them. And the hopes may have been very simple. They weren't", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00052-00035616-00036328": "about, \"Oh, I'm gonna suddenly get better!\" They knew their situation. One hoped that he would live", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00053-00036328-00037256": "long enough for his mother to get remarried and he died a day after her marriage. Another hoped that", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00054-00037312-00037984": "things that he was leaving for nieces and nephews would be appreciated as ways of remembering him.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00055-00038048-00038648": "Another hoped that people wouldn't mourn him for too long but would get back into life.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00056-00038752-00039792": "There are many ways in which people hope. And my own mother, as she faced death, she knew that it", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00057-00039792-00040632": "was her time and she was not afraid of dying, but she hoped. And her hope was to be reunited with my", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00058-00040632-00041256": "father so that the two of them would be able to go walking in the woods again the way they did when", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00059-00041256-00042352": "they first fell in love. That was her hope. That helped her to move through death. Our hopes can", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00060-00042352-00043064": "be many and varied. They can be specific like my mother's were. They can be more general, as mine", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00061-00043064-00043704": "tend to be. But hope isn't just something we turn on. It isn't something we just learn how to do but", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00062-00043704-00044688": "we practice it. We begin to nurture the outlook of something positive. That goodness is going to come", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00063-00044688-00045472": "in life no matter how difficult the situation is, that there's still reason for hope, and I", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00064-00045472-00046144": "think in no circumstances that false hope, what people call false hope, is really denial. It's", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00065-00046144-00046752": "denying the circumstance. But when you know your circumstance, when you're looking for goodness,", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00066-00046896-00047520": "that's hope. And it's a spiritual practice that we nurture. It's about our outlook on", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00067-00047520-00048296": "life. It's about trusting that there's something good in life even for me in difficult times.", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00068-00048584-00049024": "Be sure to subscribe to this channel, share this video with somebody who's struggling and", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00069-00049024-00049632": "trying to figure out hope for their life, leave me some comments, like the video, and know that I", "hCiQP6HuK0k-00070-00049632-00050584": "really appreciate that you spent a few minutes with me today. Thanks and have a great day!"}}, {"audio_id": "hCllqSffWoY", "text": {"hCllqSffWoY-00000-00000063-00000423": "NARRATOR: Who are the members of the experiential learning team?", "hCllqSffWoY-00001-00000423-00000897": "A team of invested individuals supports successful student outcomes in experiential learning", "hCllqSffWoY-00002-00000897-00001141": "at the postsecondary level.", "hCllqSffWoY-00003-00001141-00001589": "EL activities are intentional and structured, requiring a common understanding and goal", "hCllqSffWoY-00004-00001589-00001985": "within the contexts of both classroom and community.", "hCllqSffWoY-00005-00001985-00002552": "We can identify our main contributors as the student, the course director/instructor, the", "hCllqSffWoY-00006-00002552-00002958": "institution, and the community/industry partner.", "hCllqSffWoY-00007-00002958-00003500": "This multifaceted team enables student learning and provides accountability for everyone within", "hCllqSffWoY-00008-00003500-00003997": "their individual settings through commitment, collaboration and cooperative management of", "hCllqSffWoY-00009-00003997-00004311": "their respective roles and responsibilities within the EL framework.", "hCllqSffWoY-00010-00004311-00004876": "MARK HARDWICK: So a large piece of the project has to do with the client relationships surrounding", "hCllqSffWoY-00011-00004876-00005064": "the project and the project management.", "hCllqSffWoY-00012-00005064-00005698": "So, a large piece of it is me first setting up that relationship to ensure that the students", "hCllqSffWoY-00013-00005698-00006201": "are getting a client that will respect the fact that they're a student, number one, and", "hCllqSffWoY-00014-00006201-00006631": "respect the fact that they're still learning, knowing that they are almost ready to go out", "hCllqSffWoY-00015-00006631-00006731": "the door.", "hCllqSffWoY-00016-00006731-00007121": "So there may be some bumps along the way but there's nothing that we can't resolve.", "hCllqSffWoY-00017-00007121-00007711": "I would say over the 6 years I've been doing this, haven't had any displeased clients.", "hCllqSffWoY-00018-00007711-00008247": "TRACY MITCHELL-ASHLEY: And certainly, here at Georgian, I couldn't just randomly toss", "hCllqSffWoY-00019-00008247-00008449": "students into the community at all.", "hCllqSffWoY-00020-00008449-00009010": "Because for example, we have many students from here who are on co-op, or on field placement,", "hCllqSffWoY-00021-00009010-00009772": "or already working with partners, and the last thing you want to do is overuse a partner", "hCllqSffWoY-00022-00009772-00009879": "who's a solid partner.", "hCllqSffWoY-00023-00009879-00010422": "So you have to have good relationships with the folks who are organizing placements, for", "hCllqSffWoY-00024-00010422-00010621": "example, and know where students are.", "hCllqSffWoY-00025-00010621-00011246": "You have to have those opportunities to know what else is going around you in the institution.", "hCllqSffWoY-00026-00011246-00011736": "So definitely, your background research and your pre-planning, are key.", "hCllqSffWoY-00027-00011736-00012381": "ALAN UNWIN: We spend a considerable amount of time fostering those relationships with", "hCllqSffWoY-00028-00012381-00012503": "industry partners.", "hCllqSffWoY-00029-00012503-00013084": "We ask for them to come up with a tangible project that the students can work on throughout", "hCllqSffWoY-00030-00013084-00013243": "the semester.", "hCllqSffWoY-00031-00013243-00013687": "The Project Management Course then, once it starts, the students then meet with their", "hCllqSffWoY-00032-00013687-00013994": "internship industry partner.", "hCllqSffWoY-00033-00013994-00014335": "They work on a project overview statement in collaboration.", "hCllqSffWoY-00034-00014335-00014718": "There's a bit of a client/customer relationship that's built into that process.", "hCllqSffWoY-00035-00014718-00015165": "MEGAN BROWN: So in my third and my fourth year in my undergraduate program I did two", "hCllqSffWoY-00036-00015165-00015618": "and a half credits that were leading up to my undergraduate thesis project.", "hCllqSffWoY-00037-00015618-00015985": "So I wrote my thesis on the work that I was doing with the healthcare system.", "hCllqSffWoY-00038-00015985-00016443": "So my work was on standardizing the preoperative process across Niagara Health.", "hCllqSffWoY-00039-00016443-00016981": "So working with a team of medical students, physicians, nurses, and their project, their", "hCllqSffWoY-00040-00016981-00017404": "business manager of perioperative services to come up with a plan that best worked for", "hCllqSffWoY-00041-00017404-00017624": "their system.", "hCllqSffWoY-00042-00017624-00018462": "So through the courses that I took in my undergrad I was able to use the theory and apply it", "hCllqSffWoY-00043-00018462-00018790": "to the real life quality improvement project in healthcare."}}, {"audio_id": "hC-ZbeHG1m0", "text": {"hC-ZbeHG1m0-00000-00000030-00000444": "what is up nerd ladies what's up nerdlings and Welcome to our game", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00001-00000444-00000910": "room tour you heard it that's right game room tour [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00002-00003018-00003060": "foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00003-00003438-00004134": "this is do you nerd now this is a variety channel that showcases all the fun things", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00004-00004134-00004926": "that we nerd out about predominantly uh toys and of course games we love uh we love our movies we", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00005-00004926-00005424": "love our comic books and everything we also do a lot of event coverage so doing videos about", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00006-00005424-00006030": "conventions Renaissance festivals but this time around we are taking a look at Mr and Mrs Weston's", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00007-00006030-00006738": "peculiar home for Wayward games an extraordinary consoles that is the official name of our game", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00008-00006738-00007362": "room there's even a sign now we could make this super easy on ourselves and do a Blog Style just", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00009-00007362-00007818": "kind of shakily take the camera around the room and kind of show you what's there but that's not", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00010-00007818-00008286": "our style so we are going to do the talking while the b-roll does the walking to give you", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00011-00008286-00008910": "some lovely closer uppers that's right hey leave some comments down below if there is anything that", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00012-00008910-00009432": "you would like to see a closer upper on and let's jump right into this one of the biggest", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00013-00009432-00009864": "problems we have with trying to do a tour is we don't really know what people want to see", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00014-00009864-00010326": "that's why we love when people actually get to come and visit and they get to look around and", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00015-00010326-00010806": "check out the stuff that catches their eye but let's start right here so we've got the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00016-00010806-00011526": "game wall up top you've got some PS2 games now this is not all of our games a lot of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00017-00011526-00012030": "the sports and music titles are put into a bin I'm sorry Captain Algebra I really don't think", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00018-00012030-00012612": "anybody's going to come over and want to play Tiger Woods but those bins are easy to access", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00019-00012612-00013338": "so if you do we can dig those out one of these days he's going to prove you wrong now the PS2", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00020-00013338-00013794": "games while they do go across the top of the ceiling which by the way is a great use of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00021-00013794-00014328": "that space because sometimes up there close to the ceiling you don't use that space they do kind of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00022-00014328-00015006": "spill them to the side here with a little media shelf that's already getting pretty full as is", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00023-00015102-00016097": "on top of the PS2 games all kinds of fun little trinkets you've got some energy drink cans you've", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00024-00016097-00016644": "got some pasta cans you've got uh some toys I believe some are from like various kids meals", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00025-00016644-00017202": "I think the majority of that from kids meals yeah we also strung up some fun gaming themed", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00026-00017202-00017808": "lights and hanging off those are some of the Hot Wheel Mario Kart flying figures let's face it you", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00027-00017808-00018102": "want them flying in the air and what better way to do it than to hang them off his legs", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00028-00018300-00018894": "right here on the wall that's just about the only wall space we do have to actually showcase some", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00029-00018894-00019338": "of the prints that we've collected over the years we have done a closer upper featuring", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00030-00019338-00020076": "these fantastic Pieces by Muse tap Studios as you can see pinup Style with girls representing", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00031-00020076-00020592": "the consoles guys representing the handhelds or in the case of the switch a little bit of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00032-00020592-00021378": "both my personal favorite right here at the edge this was an amazing find at a thrift", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00033-00021378-00021960": "shop I love this comic book magazine rack it is a nice heavy duty metal one so it's not tipping", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00034-00021960-00022614": "over plus it's perfect for magnets and we get to change out some great comics on display for", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00035-00022614-00023028": "instance some of these gaming related ones the game boys Super Mario Brothers You've Got Tomb", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00036-00023028-00023772": "Raider Dragonslayer captain in so this is really really cool and it fit right here so perfectly it", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00037-00023772-00024294": "was almost like it was made for it on to the media shelves these are simple black media", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00038-00024294-00024900": "shelves they're super low profile so they fit perfectly up against the wall and still maintain", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00039-00024900-00025458": "a nice pathway right here it they're not obtrusive you're not really going to bump into them and the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00040-00025458-00025980": "way that they hold all the games and everything on here it's so form-fitting it works out really", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00041-00025980-00026556": "really nice they are literally as wide as an NES cartridge is tall on top of these media shelves", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00042-00026556-00027095": "we have what I like to playfully call our little arcade so we got a bunch of the really Fun Arcade", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00043-00027095-00027792": "cabinets as our patrons to our little arcade we have put the NECA toony Terrors and we have", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00044-00027792-00028338": "really had a lot of fun with placing them in weird positions or sticking different combinations with", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00045-00028338-00028812": "different people so we have a lot of fun doing this and we definitely look to expand on this one", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00046-00029094-00030024": "on to the games as she said these are so perfect for the loose NES cartridges we do have some boxed", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00047-00030024-00030558": "games which you'll see in just a moment but as for the loose games they fit so well most", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00048-00030558-00031098": "of these have some kind of dust sleeve a couple of them do have the lovely protectors if it's a", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00049-00031098-00031662": "game that is worth a little more in value or a little more in Nostalgia for us something", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00050-00031662-00032274": "that I absolutely love though are the video game Dust sleeves content creator sleeves they work", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00051-00032274-00032838": "perfectly for those black tension cartridges that are kind of hard to showcase the title of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00052-00032838-00033426": "anyway so this is a great way to keep those games safe and to show off some great content creators", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00053-00033426-00034122": "plus Chris video game Dust sleeves does amazing work what about that 3D one that's a exclusive", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00054-00034314-00035832": "next are the loose Super Nintendo and Nintendo 64", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00055-00035832-00036322": "cartridges absolutely love the Super Nintendo [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00056-00037434-00038322": "the Nintendo 64 we opted for the end labels let's face it those cartridges always should have had", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00057-00038322-00038880": "in labels and as much as I do love video game Dust leaves work I really like how these look", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00058-00038880-00039366": "with the end labels on them and I don't intend to sell these games anytime soon so I'm not worried", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00059-00039366-00039930": "about that something lady Lacy really enjoyed when we started to put these on here is how", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00060-00039930-00040740": "well these shelves fit the PS3 and the PS4 games again very form-fitting just about every last bit", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00061-00040740-00041436": "of space is used up as those fit on the shelf and they are so perfectly aligned to the shelves they", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00062-00041436-00042078": "look beautiful now just a quick note if you do happen to see any PS3 games especially that you're", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00063-00042078-00042708": "curious wait did that have a physical release that may not be the case for a while anytime we had", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00064-00042708-00043206": "digital games I was printing off fake covers for them but it is really a good idea when you have", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00065-00043206-00043716": "friends over it's a lot easier to peruse a case Faith versus your digital library on your system", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00066-00044622-00045138": "now the further down the Shelf you move you see a lot more variation you've got some ColecoVision", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00067-00045138-00045696": "carts you've got those lovely rainbow colored famicom cartridges my favorite and yes they", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00068-00045696-00046320": "are not alphabetical they are rainbow oriented and rainbow a medical rainbow medical I like it", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00069-00046320-00046800": "we've got some empty boxes for the n gauge unfortunately don't have those cartridges", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00070-00046800-00047634": "that's a shame [Music] but then we have some fun ti-99 cartridges you'll see some Atari 800", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00071-00047634-00048378": "400 cartridges mixed in even some Vic 20 carts these things are long and in charge", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00072-00048738-00049302": "some loose intellivision cartridges and that's when you run into the Nintendo switch area", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00073-00049302-00049842": "to be fair this needs to be expanded because we've got some loose cases out", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00074-00049842-00050550": "and about already and yeah that that switch collection is ever growing needs to be bigger", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00075-00050928-00051582": "make it out the bottom of the shelves are the handhelds now what I have done is collected a", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00076-00051582-00052182": "bunch of DS cases thanks to our local GameStop and I have modified them to fit Game Boy Game", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00077-00052182-00052836": "Boy Color things like Virtual Boy Game Gear and Neo Geo Pockets I've made some", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00078-00052836-00053334": "fake covers for them just so they will look really nice on the shelves obviously covers", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00079-00053334-00053784": "like this aren't fooling anyone since these games did not come in these cases but they", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00080-00053784-00054329": "really look nice having some spines instead of being put into a binder or otherwise somewhere", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00081-00054329-00055404": "loose where you really can't see what you have in the handheld offering foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00082-00055404-00055841": "we do have a couple of box games like with the Game Gear games", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00083-00055955-00057078": "you have a small But Mighty selection of CDI games including yes the Unholy Trilogy of Zelda games", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00084-00057186-00058098": "there's also a little bit of Dreamcast love fantastic system but man those games", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00085-00058098-00058548": "are harder and harder to find all the time you've also got your loose", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00086-00058614-00059244": "Odyssey 2 games with the handle cartridges with a handle who knew and we've got some super famicom", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00087-00059244-00059766": "games most of which we do have sleeves for again video game Dust sleeves look how good those look", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00088-00059766-00060366": "because they also don't have end labels seriously Nintendo what was the thought process there at the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00089-00060366-00060984": "very end we have a different kind of media shelf this houses again some of the PS2 overflow and", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00090-00060984-00061554": "then some of the bigger box collections especially with those PS4 and Nintendo switch collector", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00091-00061554-00062352": "editions we've got our teeny tiny famicom disc collection in a great 3D printed holder", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00092-00062924-00063024": "[Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00093-00063024-00063774": "and just some other loose cartridges like some 32x and so on I really like this because the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00094-00063774-00064391": "Sega Genesis cart fits perfectly in one of those lovely 1980s cassette tape holders", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00095-00064391-00064944": "so this is a great way to store your loose cartridges not only is it the Sega Genesis", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00096-00064944-00065508": "but also the Master System cartridges as well now the back wall most of you have", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00097-00065508-00066066": "seen in numerous videos because we usually have this as our backdrop up top we have", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00098-00066066-00066702": "so many fun pieces we've got a Pac-Man album we've got tons of gaming based board games I", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00099-00066702-00067234": "think you guys probably know which is my favorite right there dead center [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00100-00067836-00068340": "we also have some fun figures related to games because I mean all the stuff in a game room", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00101-00068340-00068844": "everything this isn't even all of the gaming board games that we have though we just don't have the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00102-00068844-00069408": "space to display them all as I mentioned before here are some of the boxed NES games that we", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00103-00069408-00069934": "have so we don't have a huge boxed collection but we do have some good ones here [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00104-00071274-00072570": "thank you we also have a nice variety of a boxed Super Nintendo games some", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00105-00072570-00073014": "Heavy Hitters there and just some all-time 16-bit favorites", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00106-00076544-00076644": "[Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00107-00076644-00076662": "foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00108-00077354-00077454": "[Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00109-00077454-00078348": "we also have some box Nintendo 64 games most of these do have protectors on them because", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00110-00078348-00078888": "you got to keep those boxes safe we have a fairly small GameCube collection but I'd like", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00111-00078888-00079362": "to think that we've got some good titles here especially when it comes to the Zelda offerings", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00112-00079716-00079882": "foreign [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00113-00080268-00080940": "television boxes now we had a good collection of these but wow some of them were really smashed and", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00114-00080940-00081456": "looking rough until we put them in the protective boxes that's really helped them to keep their", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00115-00081456-00082182": "shape now and not get damaged any further some of these big boxes for Wii and Wii U games look", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00116-00082182-00082614": "really nice on the Shelf until you need that space and then they're usually moved somewhere else", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00117-00082776-00083442": "next up are the Wii games and the Wii U again a lot of the sports titles and miscellaneous", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00118-00083442-00084120": "titles like music things are put away in bins so we can have a little more space out here foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00119-00084546-00085698": "the bottom we have some of those very large CDI games let's use some air quotes there because", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00120-00085698-00086310": "they're not exactly games we also have our PS1 Long boxes always fun to collect", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00121-00086310-00087060": "always hard to properly display and then a small collection of PSP games as much as I", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00122-00087060-00087630": "like the PSP I think it's a great little system that thing has always murdered my", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00123-00087630-00088104": "hands one of the coolest things from back in the day were the cartridge holders like", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00124-00088104-00088674": "these Nintendo 64 ones and these are perfect for holding our Japanese Nintendo 64 games", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00125-00088758-00089370": "we have more of those lovely 80s tape Deck holders and come on guys every single household had these", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00126-00089370-00090054": "wood paneled VHS and cassette tape holders so again perfect for holding the Genesis games", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00127-00090168-00090612": "the top Center shelf just has some Fun Collectibles from over the years I think that", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00128-00090612-00091200": "you were one of the ones that really had to have that Pip Boy ah yes I did we found it really cheap", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00129-00091200-00091758": "actually one day at GameStop I'm not sure why it was on sale nobody wanted it but it's ours now", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00130-00091884-00092454": "there's a couple of fun Zelda items tossed in there the Power Glove because it's so bad", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00131-00092682-00093204": "and look at that we even have some Mario cars still in their packaging", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00132-00093204-00093606": "I guess Lacey hasn't got to these yet no I just really like the packaging on these", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00133-00094254-00095166": "and then down below we have the Zelda Shrine now when I say Zelda Shrine you", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00134-00095166-00095652": "have to keep in mind this is not everything Zelda we have this is just some of the more", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00135-00095652-00096132": "fun displayable pieces but it wouldn't be a western household without a shrine to Zelda", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00136-00096132-00096960": "I would just like to point out this lovely little uh stand that the Zelda stuff is on", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00137-00096960-00097368": "was something I found at a flea market and bought for myself for either my plushies", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00138-00097368-00097926": "or my action figures somebody stole it and I had to admit that the Zelda stuff looked", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00139-00097926-00098346": "so good on it I couldn't I couldn't take it back feel free to cut that future tone", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00140-00099374-00099474": "[Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00141-00099474-00100524": "thank you", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00142-00100776-00101304": "at the very bottom these little totes here actually hold our Disney Infinity characters", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00143-00101304-00101772": "so these were really cool figures we just don't have the space to display them but", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00144-00101772-00102318": "they are stored safely away so things like the Star Wars ones can keep all of their lightsabers", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00145-00102480-00103026": "all right this is the part that Mike retro gamer boy was waiting on the boxed Sega", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00146-00103026-00103744": "Genesis video games so uh they're taking up the shelves pretty quickly here [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00147-00104952-00105000": "oh", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00148-00105420-00105870": "though the Sega Master System box collection is starting to shape up", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00149-00105870-00106626": "nicely shout out to Retro wolf actually for helping us expand that a little bit foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00150-00106835-00107309": "here are our Sega Saturn games not too many of those but just", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00151-00107309-00107902": "like the Sega CD games this stuff is tough to find out and about [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00152-00108678-00108978": "right here in the corner there's a few Sega Pico", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00153-00108978-00109378": "games because yeah we collect a little bit of everything [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00154-00110364-00110916": "like the turbo Graphics 16 we're very lucky to have some of these games complete in box", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00155-00110916-00111809": "even that cardboard box that we really didn't need other than the uh the jewel case [Music] foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00156-00111809-00112998": "just a few box 32x games and past the lovely ladies Frogger machine one of my favorite arcade", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00157-00112998-00113490": "systems and Tom was lucky enough to come across this in a flea market and knew that there wasn't", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00158-00113490-00113933": "a question he had to get it for me hey not only is it one of your favorite arcades but it's even", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00159-00113933-00114714": "you sized it is me sized oh those 3DO boxes the long boxes you want to talk about impossible to", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00160-00114714-00115296": "get on a shelf laying these down was the only way these were going to fit I think we looked and they", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00161-00115296-00116028": "wouldn't even fit up top then we have some boxed Atari games and they are right next to the boxed", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00162-00116028-00116664": "Odyssey 2 games these are really really fun things to have in boxes you know whether it's the Atari", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00163-00116664-00117366": "2600 or the 5200 here in that lovely silver down here on the bottom shelves we have our Xbox and", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00164-00117366-00117972": "Xbox 360 collection there's also just a couple of Xbox One games we haven't picked up a whole", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00165-00117972-00118566": "lot of those but you know I mean it's it's it's decent once again I'm sure you're picking up on", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00166-00118566-00119172": "a theme here but all of these Sports titles are put in totes yes yeah uh if you look at the tote", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00167-00119172-00119718": "of the Xbox Sports titles uh that's probably like twice what you're seeing out here how", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00168-00119718-00120282": "many Madden's are in there we have one more wood grain storage unit this one actually holds VHS", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00169-00120282-00120885": "anytime we can find something gaming related on a VHS tape this is where it goes [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00170-00122172-00122994": "and this is another shock unopened Lego dimensions we had planned to actually collect all of the sets", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00171-00122994-00123546": "we wanted before we started the game but then the toys to life Lego sets kind of died and they", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00172-00123546-00123983": "didn't make any more and we kind of lost that opportunity so we just need to make the time", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00173-00123983-00124800": "to play it now hanging on the wall I think this was one of Lady Lacey's most brilliant ideas this", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00174-00124800-00125388": "clear shoe holder that we have our handhelds in it's a great way to display them you get to see", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00175-00125388-00125916": "pretty much everything that you have easy access you can just pop your handheld out real quick", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00176-00125916-00126426": "put it away real quick it keeps it nice and neat you can also put any controllers or peripherals", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00177-00126426-00126816": "or cords that go to any of these things in them keeps everything where it is so even your power", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00178-00126816-00127409": "cord can go behind the system if you want it's just it's really handy it's actually funny to", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00179-00127409-00128004": "think that we have so many handhelds and like I just never played handheld games so it is kind of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00180-00128004-00128556": "funny well here we have one of those lovely Wii stands I always love the uh the console holders", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00181-00128556-00129059": "you know the whether the old display units of old or the ones like this that were stands that would", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00182-00129059-00129576": "sit by your TV or entertainment center they're great and I mean we are using it to hold the Wii", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00183-00129792-00130458": "oh and then of course the main focus of the room if you can look past all the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00184-00130458-00131376": "games the gaming setup itself so up top we have matching CRT TVs lovely 32 inch television sets", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00185-00131442-00132132": "and it was uh Wes's favorite part of our game room yeah go figure of all the stuff in the game room", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00186-00132132-00132636": "that was the thing that caught his eye the most he loved not only that they were CRTs but matching", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00187-00132786-00133314": "and then in the middle is a nice flat screen for some of the more modern systems all of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00188-00133314-00133962": "the systems that you see here with I think three exceptions are hooked up to one of the three TVs", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00189-00133962-00134568": "and ready to play most of the controllers are actually stored behind the console themselves", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00190-00134568-00135060": "nothing is left plugged in I only plug these in when it is time to play one of these games", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00191-00135060-00135504": "so hopefully it's not going to short anything out and with all due respect to some of these", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00192-00135504-00136032": "older systems like The Ataris I don't know if I trust you to not burn my house down", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00193-00136098-00136716": "when setting the consoles up we initially tried to group them together sometimes that didn't", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00194-00136716-00137352": "work especially with some of these longer units now shorter things like the Xbox and even the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00195-00137352-00138000": "Atari 5200 fit really nice in those cubed Cubbies but then when you start getting to the valley to", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00196-00138000-00138618": "the CBI things like the intellivision the coleco vision these are such long systems that they had", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00197-00138618-00139308": "to go on this longer shelf fun fact actually this was a dresser unit of sorts that all we", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00198-00139308-00140496": "did was just not put the doors on and it worked out perfectly to display these foreign [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00199-00140496-00141516": "all of these consoles up top you will see a virtual boy an awesome awesome gift from Lady", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00200-00141516-00142182": "Lacey and of course we did get a nice console cover I really love these especially for the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00201-00142182-00142578": "units that don't get a whole lot of play or ones that you just want to make sure there's not a lot", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00202-00142578-00143046": "of dust collecting on them they're perfect they have cutouts in the back for all your records", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00203-00143046-00143484": "so you can keep them hooked up and the fact that they're designed to look like the console itself", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00204-00143484-00144102": "you're not hiding the console like look at the Atari right here look at the Zelda themed Wii", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00205-00144102-00144826": "U gamepad right here it keeps it safe but it does still keep it displayed foreign [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00206-00145146-00145842": "at the end we have another Wii storage stand and going up the walls because lady Lacy is a", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00207-00145842-00146362": "bit of a bag lady I'm very much a bag lady no hiding it no shame whatsoever [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00208-00147204-00147936": "in the corner here just because the Shelf fits so perfectly is the housing unit of all of our", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00209-00147936-00148638": "loose Atari cartridges I mean look at how perfect again a shelf like built for where it was going", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00210-00148740-00149220": "and there are some fun display pieces up top I think we still need to try to figure out", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00211-00149220-00149652": "how to get that Lego Star Wars clock to work probably we could never get the clock part", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00212-00149652-00150006": "of it to come on because it was supposed to be a countdown clock to when Lego Star Wars", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00213-00150006-00150442": "came out and then we could never figure out how to turn the clock back on [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00214-00152226-00152964": "foreign pointed out before there is the game room sign courtesy of Peter Bateman the musical Cowboy", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00215-00152964-00154062": "waves and games as this was a house from the 60s we have this lovely built-in bookshelf a top of it", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00216-00154062-00154728": "though was uh gotji's Roberts one of his favorite things from the game room yeah go figure we have", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00217-00154728-00155280": "board games and games alike in this room and he likes my fairy garden the best I think he said", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00218-00155280-00155676": "he wanted to shrink down he did of course I don't blame him there's many times I'd like to shrink", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00219-00155676-00156516": "down and live in it too [Music] initially we had thought about maybe removing this bookcase but", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00220-00156516-00157110": "we've actually put it to good use we've got a a smattering of loose and smaller card games up top", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00221-00157302-00158088": "the second row has that Nintendo Power collection I think we are only about seven or eight shy of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00222-00158088-00158550": "the first 100 so I really want to fill that in and then on the bottom are some of the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00223-00158550-00159030": "Fantastic strategy guides we've collected over the years whether or not we use them I've always", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00224-00159030-00159522": "loved the strategy guides some of the ones like Nintendo would actually add some lore to games", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00225-00159522-00160002": "that didn't ultimately have it others would just have some fun unique art pieces in them", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00226-00160284-00160776": "something that's really neat on this built-in bookshelf that we have right by the front door", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00227-00160776-00161328": "is our game room guest book anytime we have anyone come over and visit we always before they leave", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00228-00161328-00161910": "make sure they sign the guest book and kind of talk about what we did on their visit and what", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00229-00161910-00162438": "they like about the game room and just kind of some fun little tidbits and stuff beyond the Mario", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00230-00162438-00163164": "cake pan and that sweet amiibo store kiosk which we put up on a high shelf so no one could touch", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00231-00163164-00163602": "the screen because we know exactly what GameStop employees were talking about where it makes the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00232-00163602-00164136": "same noise all the time it drives you crazy and it doesn't turn off there's the Lego Dimensions kiosk", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00233-00164136-00165468": "as well so that's very fun foreign [Music] of some of our tabletop games again this is not all of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00234-00165468-00166176": "them the lady here loves her tabletop yeah we have so many board games they are stashed throughout", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00235-00166176-00166674": "the house wherever we can fit them in tops of other closets in the garage the games that we", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00236-00166674-00167076": "don't really play all that much and just kind of spattering here and there so if you want to come", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00237-00167076-00167632": "over and play board games we'll have to show you where they all are freeze foreign [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00238-00167916-00168834": "games the rest of the wall here is not only a work in progress but a sneak peek behind", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00239-00168834-00169278": "the camera you don't usually see this from how we have things set up from when we film but we", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00240-00169278-00170028": "have something in store for this cabinet here is a lovely collection of geeky tikis so whenever", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00241-00170028-00170736": "we're ready to get our drink on in the game room we have uh some fun geeky themed tikis to choose", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00242-00170736-00171472": "from and you can choose your genre from Marvel to Star Trek to Star Wars to Fantasy [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00243-00171588-00172758": "now this wall here while we have some more typical stuff look Family Photos some memory", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00244-00172758-00173200": "pieces yeah we're going to be changing that up and putting some nerdy stuff up there [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00245-00173586-00174420": "and then of course the amiibo case so this is a lovely what did you say 100 year old case it", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00246-00174420-00175464": "does light up and as of recording it does have all of the amiibo figures in them full set the cards", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00247-00175464-00176064": "that's another story but we're talking the figures yeah once upon a time what did we think was a", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00248-00176064-00176568": "great idea let's let's not collect Skylanders no no there's too many of those and let's not collect", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00249-00176568-00177048": "those Lego ones or the Disney ones those are silly let's go with amiibo there were 12 at the time", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00250-00177126-00177790": "hmm I'm telling you at some point we're just gonna have to decide I only want the ones I like [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00251-00178104-00178530": "thank you foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00252-00180830-00180930": "[Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00253-00180930-00184368": "thank you and pass the doorway to the kitchen that's right kitchen right off the game room", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00254-00184368-00184890": "how perfect is that there's a little wall with some nerdy Weaponry up there I'm sure", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00255-00184890-00185496": "you guys probably recognize a few pieces and then we come to the center of the room now", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00256-00185496-00185928": "something that we did was we took these Cube units that are very similar to the ones that", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00257-00185928-00186450": "house the consoles and we made a little cubby so another shout out to our Music Man Peter", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00258-00186450-00186912": "Bateman for the chairs you're not getting them back because they fit too perfectly", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00259-00186912-00187446": "here not that there's anywhere to sit because lady Lacey has covered them in all kinds of", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00260-00187446-00187968": "plushies at least they're squishy and look at these huge console plushies too they're great", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00261-00188076-00188772": "speaking of plushies right here at the end on check this out a Wii themed ottoman is a", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00262-00188772-00189342": "collection of tiny plushies plot lots of them like lots of them I don't think there's enough", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00263-00189342-00190164": "I need more so atop the cubby holes you have all kinds of stuffs from the Resident Evil mansion", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00264-00190164-00190680": "from the collector set and a Metroid you've got some fun little plushies and cute little figures", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00265-00190680-00191214": "here you've got the turbo Graphics mini you'll see some of the other mini consoles as well", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00266-00191526-00191544": "foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00267-00192306-00192850": "you've even got this great GameCube Kleenex dispenser [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00268-00194916-00195418": "some of the super fun Super Mario Lego sets [Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00269-00197538-00198840": "the Omni tool from one of the ladies favorite game series I'm Commander Shepard and this is", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00270-00198840-00199494": "my favorite Omni tool in the game room now in the Cubbies themselves uh there's a nice", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00271-00199494-00199980": "variety of things we got some Rampage Toys because what was the first game we played", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00272-00199980-00200502": "as man and wife the Rampage arcade system I guess it makes sense to have these guys here", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00273-00201378-00201816": "there are also some consoles here that these are not hooked up to anything of course because", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00274-00201816-00202260": "they're just kind of stored on the back shelves so they're still on display but they're also the", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00275-00202260-00202722": "things that aren't going to get as much play as some of the other things the recently acquired", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00276-00202722-00203352": "Atari Jaguar being one of them you've got the 3DO and then just some various big box pieces", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00277-00203352-00203982": "some storage pieces like for the Game Boy some Bongos when you want to go Bongo we are working", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00278-00203982-00204516": "on expanding to another room to kind of make that into a library because we have overgrown", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00279-00204516-00205128": "this room now in our hallway again air quotes because there's not a lot of space here we've", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00280-00205128-00205614": "got there's a great cardboard Zelda breath of the wild piece that we got from GameStop and", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00281-00205614-00206238": "while we did once have the Zelda Shrine on it the slightest touch sent everything falling over but", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00282-00206238-00207246": "it does hold plushies remarkably well foreign we also have the PS1 games stored out here because", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00283-00207246-00207917": "again some fantastic shelves that fit those lovely Jewel cases all too well so they're easy to get to", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00284-00208196-00209256": "[Music] and yes of course some overflow big boxes in the room that will become the library there are", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00285-00209256-00209952": "some more overflow big boxes we like big boxes and we cannot lie but we don't have the space for them", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00286-00210060-00210282": "foreign", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00287-00212192-00212292": "[Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00288-00212292-00212736": "now something that you guys may be thinking that you missed in here was some of the more modern", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00289-00212736-00213444": "systems now while there is a Nintendo switch the PS4 and the PS4 Pro which we use for game nights", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00290-00213444-00214140": "is actually in the living room we also have the Xbox one in there as well as one of the other", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00291-00214140-00214823": "switches the GameCube is currently hanging out in there and of course the PS5 but I mean that", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00292-00214823-00215334": "thing's so huge it pretty much needs its own place anyway but these systems are in here", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00293-00215334-00215819": "because with the more modern Flair it feels better to have them in the living room where", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00294-00215819-00216323": "we can play and be comfortable and you know beardo dragons likes to watch the games too", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00295-00216402-00216840": "well there you have it nerdlings uh hopefully we did the game room tour Justice again it's", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00296-00216840-00217271": "really hard for us to try to figure out how to show you guys what we think you want to see so", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00297-00217271-00217698": "please in those comments down below let us know what you would like to see again let's you know", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00298-00217698-00218298": "hear about something for a closer upper and one thing that I do have to admit is I definitely do", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00299-00218298-00218952": "not spend the time gaming in here that I really really want to uh life and work definitely gets", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00300-00218952-00219576": "in the way of that but I'm still so proud of us to have this game room first of all I I want to say", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00301-00219576-00220182": "how much it means to me that my lovely wife when we were looking for a home she made it her mission", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00302-00220182-00220950": "to find a home that had the space for a game room so this room is 100 possible because of this woman", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00303-00220950-00221502": "as far as everything in this game room as far as everything in this house I really could not care", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00304-00221502-00222084": "less about the material value of it it is not the the materialistic part of it at all what I love", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00305-00222084-00222762": "is that this room all of these rooms are filled build to the brim with the memories most things", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00306-00222762-00223302": "have some kind of memory tied to it and that's what's always fine when someone comes over and", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00307-00223302-00223704": "they're looking around and they pick something out and they're like oh yeah you know I actually got", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00308-00223704-00224214": "that from so and so where we picked that up when we went to that's what makes it so much fun that's", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00309-00224214-00224610": "what makes it so much fun to collect you know a lot of times you'll see like all these people", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00310-00224610-00225144": "with YouTube videos and they have all this junk in the background and it's like why why what's", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00311-00225144-00225714": "the point well the point of this is we take a lot of pride in this I mean neither one of us grew", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00312-00225714-00226194": "up with the whole lot I mean you know we're very gracious for everything that we did have but this", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00313-00226194-00226734": "is definitely a testament to how far that we've come as collectors and as people and it's great", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00314-00226734-00227142": "to have all these stories tied to them because if it's something from a friend or something", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00315-00227142-00227682": "from a memory of a time that we went somewhere it's just a part of us you know so it's uh it's", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00316-00227682-00228378": "kind of a scrapbook and room form I suppose well it's also fun because we find all this", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00317-00228378-00228948": "stuff together we go to flea markets or garage sales or conventions or whatever and you and I", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00318-00228948-00229512": "get the joy of finding it and hunting for it and then being like Oh do you remember this did you", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00319-00229512-00229896": "get to play this or no I never got to play this so let's go home and check it out or something", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00320-00229896-00230471": "like that so just the fact that we get to do all this together it's a great way for you and I to", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00321-00230471-00231006": "get to spend time together doing lots of different things so yeah it's a fun journey to take together", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00322-00231588-00231948": "please come comments down below anything that you would like to see up close we'd", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00323-00231948-00232398": "love to dedicate a video to that as time permits we're super slow about stuff like", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00324-00232398-00233052": "that but still let us know and just let us know if you saw anything that was cool or dumb let us", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00325-00233052-00233538": "know if there's something dumb that's fine might be this guy don't forget to like us", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00326-00233886-00234198": "I'll try to refresh because we've got merchandise", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00327-00234198-00234750": "over there and if we like it we nerd it and we try to find a place for it yeah", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00328-00234852-00235800": "by the way I can guarantee that that Halo plasma sword I never chase the cat with that", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00329-00236390-00236490": "[Music]", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00330-00236490-00237498": "I can guarantee that that Mega Buster that lights up a big sound I never chase the cat with that", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00331-00237648-00238164": "I guarantee that plush DK Barrel I never chase the get you know I'm gonna shut up now", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00332-00238326-00239028": "he came and tattled on you are you being mean to him no we're playing oh is that true", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00333-00239148-00239573": "even daddy playing gosh Paul we're just playing you tattletail", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00334-00241302-00241782": "thank you", "hC-ZbeHG1m0-00335-00242048-00242250": "[Music] foreign"}}, {"audio_id": "hCEuNRj7vR4", "text": {"hCEuNRj7vR4-00000-00000000-00000200": "Cyberpunk 2077 RTX 4090 | Gaming Performance Prediction"}}, {"audio_id": "hCGX7mPOhRY", "text": {"hCGX7mPOhRY-00000-00000029-00000215": "Note: I’m not FOR Biden.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00001-00000215-00000428": "Equally, I’m not FOR Trump.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00002-00000428-00000600": "I’m FOR Democracy.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00003-00000600-00001221": "And democracy requires transparency, something that the 2020 American Presidential election", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00004-00001221-00001371": "seemed to lack.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00005-00001371-00001896": "If you listened to the media, you’d be forgiven for thinking that Joe Biden is already president:", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00006-00001896-00002503": "“CNN: Biden wins Pennsylvania, becoming the 46th president of the United States”;", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00007-00002503-00002922": "“The New York Times: What We Learned After Biden Became President”.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00008-00002922-00003357": "Obviously, the media cannot decide who the president is or will be.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00009-00003357-00003733": "That’s for the Electoral College to decide on December 14.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00010-00003733-00004257": "The media though, seem to think they have all the power, and to some extent they do.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00011-00004257-00004800": "They’re essentially manipulating the public through their own pro-Biden, anti-Trump bias.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00012-00004800-00005041": "Here’s an election map of the state of Vermont.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00013-00005041-00005255": "It’s clearly a blue state.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00014-00005255-00005551": "There was no chance Biden was ever going to lose.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00015-00005551-00005907": "Similarly, here’s a typical red state, Missouri.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00016-00005907-00006091": "Red pretty much everywhere.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00017-00006091-00006544": "However, if you look at the contested state of Pennsylvania, you might be mistaken in", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00018-00006544-00006995": "thinking that’s it’s a Republican stronghold as well, but you would be wrong.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00019-00006995-00007363": "Biden has been declared the winner (by the media, of course).", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00020-00007363-00007773": "With its 20 electoral votes, it essentially decided the election.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00021-00007773-00008229": "But if you were watching the results live, like I was, then you might have been fooled", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00022-00008229-00008494": "into thinking that Trump had it in the bag.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00023-00008494-00008670": "He wasn’t going to lose.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00024-00008670-00009166": "But then as the vote count progressed, something eerie started to happen, and I’m not talking", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00025-00009166-00009490": "about the city of Erie in Northwestern Pennsylvania.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00026-00009490-00010064": "Biden suddenly went from a sure loss, to a narrow win, again, called by the Associated", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00027-00010064-00010159": "Press.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00028-00010159-00010522": "Their explanation was that most postal votes favour Biden.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00029-00010522-00010764": "Republicans like to vote in person.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00030-00010764-00011232": "Democrats like to stay at home, at least, according to the media’s narrative.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00031-00011232-00011642": "But that narrative doesn’t seem to hold up in places like Florida where towards the", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00032-00011642-00011858": "end of the count, Trump won.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00033-00011858-00012273": "To me, something seems a bit fishy about the Pennsylvanian results.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00034-00012273-00012399": "So much red.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00035-00012399-00012535": "Trump was ahead.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00036-00012535-00013131": "And then he lost on postal votes, and even though it’s so close, the Associated Press", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00037-00013131-00013303": "have still called it.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00038-00013303-00013634": "If anybody tries to talk about this, they get censored.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00039-00013634-00014131": "Even the President himself (yes, he’s still the President) is being censored by the mass", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00040-00014131-00014228": "media.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00041-00014228-00014747": "Many media outlets cut away from his speech when he started talking about voter fraud.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00042-00014747-00015000": "If what he’s saying is complete rubbish, show it!", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00043-00015000-00015330": "Let the viewers decide for themselves whether it’s rubbish or not.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00044-00015330-00015741": "But why would the media censor him unless they’ve got something to hide?", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00045-00015741-00016205": "Just earlier today, media outlets cut away from a live White House press briefing by", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00046-00016205-00016505": "press secretary Kayleigh McEnany.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00047-00016505-00016775": "As I said before, what’s the point in censoring her?", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00048-00016775-00017041": "If she’s talking complete rubbish, let her speak!", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00049-00017041-00017531": "Clearly, the media have a gone a bit too far with their censoring of public figures.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00050-00017531-00017828": "I think the American people should be outraged.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00051-00017828-00018361": "Anyway, Trump is filing suit (as he is entitled to do) regardless of what the mass media are", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00052-00018361-00018441": "saying.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00053-00018441-00018888": "As long as there are unresolved court cases, this election is not over.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00054-00018888-00019482": "If anybody remembers the 2000 presidential election with Al Gore and George W Bush, you’d", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00055-00019482-00020029": "also know that some media outlets claimed that Al Gore won, but in the end, he lost", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00056-00020029-00020503": "the electoral college vote after a legal battle over disputed vote counts in the state of", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00057-00020503-00020630": "Florida.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00058-00020630-00020788": "I don’t care if Biden wins.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00059-00020788-00020948": "I don’t care if Trump wins.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00060-00020948-00021290": "But for crying out loud, let’s stop all this censorship!", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00061-00021290-00021424": "That’s not democratic.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00062-00021424-00021708": "Actually, it’s the opposite of democracy.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00063-00021708-00021947": "This race isn’t over until it’s over.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00064-00021947-00022309": "Stopping the President from speaking is setting a dangerous precedent.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00065-00022309-00022727": "It’s stopping all of those Trump supporters (which there are a lot of) hearing what he’s", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00066-00022727-00022826": "got to say.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00067-00022826-00023100": "It’s stopping Americans hearing what he’s got to say.", "hCGX7mPOhRY-00068-00023100-00023653": "And as I said in the title, it’s a bad idea to go against the will of the American people."}}, {"audio_id": "hCILHOu6aDE", "text": {"hCILHOu6aDE-00000-00000003-00000438": "welcome in this lesson I'm going to teach you the major scale guitar patterns and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00001-00000438-00002224": "how to connect scale shapes so you can play in any key all over the fretboard [Music]", "hCILHOu6aDE-00002-00002224-00002728": "I'm jarred Borkowski from sound guitar lessons calm and I teach musicianship skills as the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00003-00002728-00003292": "common thread between all styles of guitar so we can become better overall musicians with more", "hCILHOu6aDE-00004-00003292-00003817": "creative control regardless of the genre that were interested and if that sounds up your alley please", "hCILHOu6aDE-00005-00003817-00004270": "like and subscribe and hit the notification bell so you don't miss a lesson I'm still just getting", "hCILHOu6aDE-00006-00004270-00004816": "this channel started so every little bit of support means a ton ok let's get into the lesson", "hCILHOu6aDE-00007-00004816-00005464": "we're going to talk about how to play in the same key all over the fretboard using the 5 major scale", "hCILHOu6aDE-00008-00005464-00006061": "guitar patterns now these are sometimes called scale patterns sometimes called scale shapes and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00009-00006061-00006517": "sometimes called scale forms they are all the same thing if I say any of those that I'm using them", "hCILHOu6aDE-00010-00006517-00007056": "interchangeably even in the title I say patterns and shapes I actually like saying forms the most", "hCILHOu6aDE-00011-00007056-00007470": "but the most common way to call them is patterns so you'll hear me use that language quite a bit", "hCILHOu6aDE-00012-00007470-00008020": "a really important part of this is we're going to talk about how to see those scale forms how", "hCILHOu6aDE-00013-00008020-00008620": "to view them how to look at them how to find them what to kind of focus on within those now these", "hCILHOu6aDE-00014-00008620-00009157": "shapes these scale forms these you can find these diagrams everywhere all over the place easy search", "hCILHOu6aDE-00015-00009157-00009745": "this is probably like the 10 millionth video on YouTube about these exact same five scale forms", "hCILHOu6aDE-00016-00009745-00010435": "but the big thing that I kind of add to this is is really how to see it what we're kind of I often", "hCILHOu6aDE-00017-00010435-00010951": "call it anchoring our view what we're anchoring our view on so we can see that shape come alive", "hCILHOu6aDE-00018-00010951-00011581": "just be seeable on the fret board have our hands know it and then I'll give you a handy exercise", "hCILHOu6aDE-00019-00011581-00012025": "for how to connect those five scale shapes all over the fret board in a way where we can really", "hCILHOu6aDE-00020-00012025-00012631": "see it with clarity and not just see one shape to the next to the next so again how we're seeing", "hCILHOu6aDE-00021-00012631-00013132": "it is really important and definitely how we're practicing it is really important so that's what", "hCILHOu6aDE-00022-00013132-00013609": "we're going to go over after all that info I have two bonus tips to give you for what might be next", "hCILHOu6aDE-00023-00013609-00014080": "for you one of them is how to turn all of these into the natural minor scale the other one is how", "hCILHOu6aDE-00024-00014080-00014626": "to turn all of these into the pentatonic scale so you have a lot more flavor and color to play with", "hCILHOu6aDE-00025-00014626-00015136": "so make sure you stick around to the end of the lesson for those extra tips okay let's jump into", "hCILHOu6aDE-00026-00015136-00015607": "the main lesson so this is kind of a follow up lesson because I posted a video a while ago up", "hCILHOu6aDE-00027-00015607-00016135": "how to master major scales and that video was trying to be a little different than how scales", "hCILHOu6aDE-00028-00016135-00016525": "are so often presented which is kind of what I'm going to do in this video kind of the normal way", "hCILHOu6aDE-00029-00016525-00017041": "of presenting scales but the normal way would be okay let's take a key like we're gonna take", "hCILHOu6aDE-00030-00017041-00017407": "C major and show five scale forms in that key all the way up the neck but I'm going to show", "hCILHOu6aDE-00031-00017407-00017812": "you kind of how I think you should see it and how I think you should practice it that other video is", "hCILHOu6aDE-00032-00017812-00018415": "about really mastering major scales and any scale but I was using major scales by seeing the root", "hCILHOu6aDE-00033-00018415-00019036": "in a certain place seeing the scale built off of that root and being able to play in any key in any", "hCILHOu6aDE-00034-00019036-00019489": "position right so if you're anywhere on the guitar you can see the root that you need to play that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00035-00019489-00020074": "key and then the scale that's needed out of the five becomes available to our view by having by", "hCILHOu6aDE-00036-00020074-00020536": "practicing it in a certain way so definitely check out that video for that information this which one", "hCILHOu6aDE-00037-00020536-00021100": "should stand on its own but check that out for a really serious practice on switching keys in", "hCILHOu6aDE-00038-00021100-00021619": "the same position and you have to know your major scales super well to be able to do that so I have", "hCILHOu6aDE-00039-00021619-00022249": "really specific exercises for that so I had a friend post a comment on that video that said", "hCILHOu6aDE-00040-00022249-00022705": "okay I'm getting it I'm getting how to play scales in one position switching the key C in the root", "hCILHOu6aDE-00041-00022705-00023068": "which is freaking awesome because that's really hard to do that's amazing practice to be able to", "hCILHOu6aDE-00042-00023068-00023479": "do that and they said but what about if I want to play in in one key what if I want to find the five", "hCILHOu6aDE-00043-00023479-00023950": "scale forms of one key all over the fretboard now that's kind of what I was trying to avoid a", "hCILHOu6aDE-00044-00023950-00024379": "little bit or not avoid but that's just such the common way that this is presented and I realized", "hCILHOu6aDE-00045-00024379-00024862": "oh I really do need to put post a video just about that about the five scale forms in one key on the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00046-00024862-00025333": "fretboard because I do have specific ways that I think are important for how we practice that in", "hCILHOu6aDE-00047-00025333-00025831": "how we view that and specifically connecting the shapes because that's the thing that comes up so", "hCILHOu6aDE-00048-00025831-00026341": "often once we're practicing the five scale forms we're thinking all right well how do I feel like", "hCILHOu6aDE-00049-00026341-00026914": "I can flow between them so that is what this is about so I'm going to show you these five scale", "hCILHOu6aDE-00050-00026914-00027483": "form diagrams but this is kind of something you should already have known or seen if that you're", "hCILHOu6aDE-00051-00027483-00028024": "seeing this for the first time it might be not the best introduction but know that these are", "hCILHOu6aDE-00052-00028024-00028738": "physical scale shape scale form scale patterns on the guitar to be able to play in a key I'm", "hCILHOu6aDE-00053-00028738-00029230": "assuming a lot of you have seen before cuz again they're everywhere so I'm just giving my two cents", "hCILHOu6aDE-00054-00029230-00029808": "on how to work on them how to view them on the fret board and connect between them if you haven't", "hCILHOu6aDE-00055-00029808-00030229": "seen these before if this is totally new to you then definitely go check out that other video I", "hCILHOu6aDE-00056-00030229-00030829": "made about mastering scale shapes and these two videos will complement each other very well so", "hCILHOu6aDE-00057-00030829-00031345": "first let's just demonstrate through the five scale pattern scale shape scale forms in the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00058-00031345-00031839": "key of C and this is the way I recommend doing it you want to find the root your lowest root in that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00059-00031839-00032464": "form of the major scale and then play it from that root all the way up back down to that root", "hCILHOu6aDE-00060-00032464-00032878": "below and back up and you'll see what I mean cuz I'm gonna do all five of them that way so we're", "hCILHOu6aDE-00061-00032878-00033904": "starting on C right here and then we're gonna go up one two and then land on that root again dude", "hCILHOu6aDE-00062-00033904-00035191": "dude oh dude back up so we're focusing so much on that root okay I'll do that again now sometimes", "hCILHOu6aDE-00063-00035191-00035653": "I won't stop that first time around I'll stop in different places for different exercises so this", "hCILHOu6aDE-00064-00035653-00037363": "one actually should be that's actually what I want so here's the next scale form okay here's the next", "hCILHOu6aDE-00065-00037363-00038413": "scale form this one we called eform okay here's the next scale form the root is here this one is", "hCILHOu6aDE-00066-00038413-00038959": "the least familiar and comfortable for a lot of people because the root is on the fourth string", "hCILHOu6aDE-00067-00038959-00039403": "that's weirder to see we're so used to looking at things off the sixth string or fifth strings", "hCILHOu6aDE-00068-00039904-00041233": "[Music] okay and then the final Scaleform okay so the important thing here is that I'm starting on", "hCILHOu6aDE-00069-00041233-00041767": "the lowest route so I'm seeing that having to identify it play the whole scale above it come", "hCILHOu6aDE-00070-00041767-00042088": "back down pass right through so not the way I did it the first time but pass right through", "hCILHOu6aDE-00071-00042088-00042604": "play everything below it and then come back and land on it so seeing the scale off of that route", "hCILHOu6aDE-00072-00042604-00043054": "is the crucial thing and practicing it that way is important as well because we're gonna use this", "hCILHOu6aDE-00073-00043054-00043597": "scale form in the future for many other things including modes I did a video on modes as well so", "hCILHOu6aDE-00074-00043597-00044083": "check that out and I will put a link below and so that way of practicing is really important that's", "hCILHOu6aDE-00075-00044083-00044710": "the way of doing all five in one key in key of C in this case so let's just quickly say you want", "hCILHOu6aDE-00076-00044710-00045232": "to do another key so let's and we just want to do that same thing and another key so let's say", "hCILHOu6aDE-00077-00045232-00045871": "E flat okay so you the first thing you want to do is find all of those instances of a flat that are", "hCILHOu6aDE-00078-00045871-00046258": "going to build the scale from so to see the full view don't start playing those scales until you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00079-00046258-00046870": "map out where those e flats are so do whatever you need to define those so I don't care if you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00080-00046870-00047293": "know them right off the bat obviously great if it takes a bit to count to them fine if you got", "hCILHOu6aDE-00081-00047293-00047812": "to take an hour to find them also fine because that is what it takes to eventually know it so", "hCILHOu6aDE-00082-00047812-00048259": "this whole thing about oh I got to find notes I have to count and find notes appreciate that as", "hCILHOu6aDE-00083-00048259-00048724": "part of your practice and its really really good practice so we have to identify and find those a", "hCILHOu6aDE-00084-00048724-00049273": "flat's okay okay here's one of them here now I'm just gonna look around say alright where else do", "hCILHOu6aDE-00085-00049273-00049906": "I have any flat okay there's one here now for now I'm gonna suggest don't include open strings in", "hCILHOu6aDE-00086-00049906-00050467": "your situation certainly you can but just for this exercise on what I'm gonna show you I'm not gonna", "hCILHOu6aDE-00087-00050467-00051037": "do that so in this scale form here you'd have to think alright here's an E flat what scale form", "hCILHOu6aDE-00088-00051037-00051463": "would be a part of that and you can look at the diagrams if you want or think about all five of", "hCILHOu6aDE-00089-00051463-00051889": "them whatever you need and then go get which of the five are or is part of that well okay there's", "hCILHOu6aDE-00090-00051889-00052387": "that one with the root on the fourth string it's the only one with the on the fourth string well", "hCILHOu6aDE-00091-00052387-00052726": "other ones everyone in the fourth string but they have a lower roof so it's the only one where the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00092-00052726-00053304": "lowest root is on the fourth string okay so we're gonna find that and say okay see that shape has a", "hCILHOu6aDE-00093-00053304-00053995": "open string next to it we don't we don't want that so this is our lowest down to the left of the neck", "hCILHOu6aDE-00094-00053995-00054616": "a flat so we want to think okay he flat has a scale form off of this now here's an interesting", "hCILHOu6aDE-00095-00054616-00055315": "tidbit every root that you find and anywhere not just these lowest roots every root you find has", "hCILHOu6aDE-00096-00055315-00055837": "two scaleform's that you can play off of it cuz there's gonna be one on your left side over this", "hCILHOu6aDE-00097-00055837-00056284": "way there's going to be a scale farm bill two off of the other side of it on your right side so if", "hCILHOu6aDE-00098-00056284-00057492": "basically there'll be you'll have your pinky on the root on this C for that same root though is", "hCILHOu6aDE-00099-00057492-00058266": "your lowest root for what we can call the a form these these forms a form C form are coming from", "hCILHOu6aDE-00100-00058266-00058672": "the Caged system I don't really think of it as Caged system but it's their nice labeling it's a", "hCILHOu6aDE-00101-00058672-00059785": "nice labeling system for these so I'll often refer to them as that so okay that one root had a scale", "hCILHOu6aDE-00102-00059785-00060328": "form off to this side and I had a scale form off to this side yeah there's some notes overlapping", "hCILHOu6aDE-00103-00060328-00060754": "and there's some notes on the left side of that room but you see it I mean every root doesn't just", "hCILHOu6aDE-00104-00060754-00061279": "have lon it's actually gonna have two that you can play off of it so here we have our lowest root on", "hCILHOu6aDE-00105-00061279-00061690": "the fifth string and our other lowest tree on the fifth string so think of it this way here's a cool", "hCILHOu6aDE-00106-00061690-00062497": "break down you have a fifth string root pulse a six string root and you have two scaleform's", "hCILHOu6aDE-00107-00062497-00062986": "off of it okay cool you have one the left and one to the right so two scaleform's off of your", "hCILHOu6aDE-00108-00062986-00063508": "sixth string root and you have two scaleform's off of your fifth string root that's four out", "hCILHOu6aDE-00109-00063508-00064149": "of the five and then you just have one scale form that the lowest note of which the root being the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00110-00064149-00064701": "lowest note is on the fourth string it's the only one that that has that so that's kind of a nice", "hCILHOu6aDE-00111-00064701-00065291": "thing to remember find your root so in it with any key like we're doing here find your root on the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00112-00065291-00065856": "sixth string and the 5th string and the 4th string that's it that's what you got to do and then you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00113-00065856-00066408": "know you have to scale forms on the 6th string and to scale forms on the 5th string and one", "hCILHOu6aDE-00114-00066408-00067062": "scale form off the 4th string so continuing the be flat here we go found the 5th string I'm starting", "hCILHOu6aDE-00115-00067062-00067428": "you know furthest this way on the neck and then working up this way but you can do it however", "hCILHOu6aDE-00116-00067428-00067947": "you want but I think it's a good way to go about us you're not playing the same 5 scale shapes in", "hCILHOu6aDE-00117-00067947-00068472": "the same order every time so any flat we have a scale form with the pinky here at scale form with", "hCILHOu6aDE-00118-00068472-00069093": "the middle finger here a scale form sixth string here and there's a scale form off to this side and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00119-00069093-00069759": "then scale form off to the other side so and then there's gonna be a fourth string root that's up", "hCILHOu6aDE-00120-00069759-00071067": "here okay so yeah this is this is this is my take on it where it should it's supposed to be helpful", "hCILHOu6aDE-00121-00071067-00071589": "for it let's say you've practiced those scale forms physically up and down before have you seen", "hCILHOu6aDE-00122-00071589-00072000": "them and if you haven't you can start practicing them that way but again this is how to see it and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00123-00072000-00072633": "kind of clarify the fretboard let's do one other key let's do the key of a if to find our sixth", "hCILHOu6aDE-00124-00072633-00073062": "string root and with them we know there's gonna be true scale forms off there fifth string root", "hCILHOu6aDE-00125-00073062-00073500": "we know there's gonna be two scale forms off there and fourth string groove and we know there's going", "hCILHOu6aDE-00126-00073500-00074166": "to be one scale form off of that so let's go ahead and do that here's one of the scale forms off", "hCILHOu6aDE-00127-00074274-00075477": "the six-string here's the other scale from off the sixth ring here is Anna jump to the fourth", "hCILHOu6aDE-00128-00075477-00076425": "string here's the one skill from out the fourth string and here is the scale form with the pinkie", "hCILHOu6aDE-00129-00076425-00077241": "starting on the fifth string and then the last scale form of the five where the middle finger", "hCILHOu6aDE-00130-00077241-00078144": "starts on the fifth string hopefully you see how this is a little different right if you practice", "hCILHOu6aDE-00131-00078144-00078618": "these shapes before and again if you haven't it's fine to just physically practice the playing them", "hCILHOu6aDE-00132-00078618-00079131": "up and down even from the lowest note but that is usually how people try to internalize them", "hCILHOu6aDE-00133-00079131-00079605": "I'm thinking okay here's one of my scale forms I'm gonna go for this but I'm having you find the root", "hCILHOu6aDE-00134-00079605-00080025": "now that the fourth string root one is a great example because it's just if we play all the way", "hCILHOu6aDE-00135-00080025-00080484": "down here we're not seeing that the root is here so this is really crucial it's really crucial for", "hCILHOu6aDE-00136-00080484-00081063": "eventually having a lot more understanding what's going on in music in general what's happening with", "hCILHOu6aDE-00137-00081063-00081486": "chord tones what's happening with theory voice leading melodic writing all of that stuff if", "hCILHOu6aDE-00138-00081486-00081945": "that's my root of my scale and I'm seeing it that way I can start to see there's my third I could", "hCILHOu6aDE-00139-00081945-00082383": "start to see there's my seven and there's another root because it's an octave away and stuff like", "hCILHOu6aDE-00140-00082383-00082830": "that all stuff I'm gonna talk about in general but not the focus of this particular lesson but", "hCILHOu6aDE-00141-00082830-00083259": "hopefully that's seeming helpful as a process for how to do that of course let me know if you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00142-00083259-00083871": "have questions any time so make sure that you can go up and down the scales in that way finding any", "hCILHOu6aDE-00143-00083871-00084276": "key that you want all five of them that's a ton of work right there but I'm gonna give you two other", "hCILHOu6aDE-00144-00084276-00084873": "exercises one of them is make sure you can also play up one scale and down the next that's very", "hCILHOu6aDE-00145-00084873-00085488": "different because I'm not having you start on the root now and that's good but you want to start on", "hCILHOu6aDE-00146-00085488-00085962": "the root originally so you're forced to see that as the basis of the whole thing and then it's very", "hCILHOu6aDE-00147-00085962-00086532": "very powerful to see that root as the basis of the whole thing and not necessarily need to be", "hCILHOu6aDE-00148-00086532-00087162": "playing it to see the structure off of it so back to the key of C for a second if we play up this", "hCILHOu6aDE-00149-00087162-00088000": "scale form [Music] okay now up there and then I want to have you go up that scale form and down", "hCILHOu6aDE-00150-00088000-00088597": "the next one so you have to shift over and think okay I'm gonna go down the next scale form well", "hCILHOu6aDE-00151-00088597-00089167": "I'm still seeing my whole scale form off of this route here I'm still seeing that there whether", "hCILHOu6aDE-00152-00089167-00089770": "I'm gonna play that note or not doesn't matter so I'm gonna go it's okay if you need to pause I was", "hCILHOu6aDE-00153-00089770-00090268": "saying okay what's my next one there's that routed see okay I want to see that whole scale form off", "hCILHOu6aDE-00154-00090268-00091171": "of there and then play downward okay now I'm saying okay there's my next route and I'm gonna", "hCILHOu6aDE-00155-00091171-00092152": "play that scale form that's next along the neck okay I played that now where is my next scale well", "hCILHOu6aDE-00156-00092152-00093163": "I'm looking at those routes fourth string root C and I'm gonna jump up and play so I'm seeing", "hCILHOu6aDE-00157-00093163-00093535": "the whole scale form for sure but I know that I'm anchoring it off of this root I'm not just seeing", "hCILHOu6aDE-00158-00093535-00094078": "it as this vague kind of physical shape thing okay I'm really seeing it off this route when", "hCILHOu6aDE-00159-00094078-00094498": "routes change later and we'll talk about this at the bonus tip at the end about how to turn it into", "hCILHOu6aDE-00160-00094498-00095281": "other types of scales quick little tip at the end when routes change later you'll be used to doing", "hCILHOu6aDE-00161-00095281-00095656": "that and that's gonna be important otherwise we're just like all right seven no it's got it fingers", "hCILHOu6aDE-00162-00095656-00096070": "playing it got it you know not really hearing it as a certain kind of tonality and we're trying to", "hCILHOu6aDE-00163-00096070-00096877": "do that okay so I keep interrupting myself but let's go onward I went down this and now I'm", "hCILHOu6aDE-00164-00096877-00097852": "gonna go up and I'm seeing the next route where C is and then I shift up [Music] and then I come", "hCILHOu6aDE-00165-00097852-00098383": "down now if you're on a nylon string guitar you're not gonna reach that high at all no problem just", "hCILHOu6aDE-00166-00098383-00098977": "go as high as comfortable on any guitar and then back down going up one down the next up one down", "hCILHOu6aDE-00167-00098977-00099325": "the next that kind of thing okay I'm gonna start on the lowest note of the form I'm still seeing", "hCILHOu6aDE-00168-00099325-00101524": "this root dog notice how I landed on the root my ear wanted it and also I just see it because I'm", "hCILHOu6aDE-00169-00101524-00102259": "thinking off of that root so it wasn't just this kind of ambiguous sound and also I came down on", "hCILHOu6aDE-00170-00102259-00102708": "the scale shape that I started on an octave up that I went up on which is kind of nice to get", "hCILHOu6aDE-00171-00102708-00103252": "that view on it so that's another way I want you to try to work on on these scales okay I", "hCILHOu6aDE-00172-00103252-00103792": "know I'm giving you a lot here but here's the next exercise because I want to I know that connecting", "hCILHOu6aDE-00173-00103792-00104233": "the shapes is that is the next thing that is kind of like how do I do that we did it a little bit", "hCILHOu6aDE-00174-00104233-00104722": "with with moving up one down the next and you're seeing the roots in their spots but here's a great", "hCILHOu6aDE-00175-00104722-00105292": "exercise super fun what I want you to do is play eighth notes from each scale form this is out of", "hCILHOu6aDE-00176-00105292-00105664": "time but you can kind of think of it as like if you can end up doing it fast enough you could do", "hCILHOu6aDE-00177-00105664-00106153": "it as constant quarter notes constant eighth notes something like that but eighth notes a", "hCILHOu6aDE-00178-00106153-00106945": "count of eighth notes and then after eighth notes you shift to the next scale form over", "hCILHOu6aDE-00179-00106945-00107583": "make sure you're seeing off of the roots even if you never play those roots okay so just gonna do", "hCILHOu6aDE-00180-00107583-00108295": "C major scale again I'm thinking off this root and I'm kind of seeing the scale form off of that and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00181-00108295-00109209": "I'm gonna play eighth notes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cool now I'm gonna switch my view over to this root", "hCILHOu6aDE-00182-00109209-00110197": "see that whole scale form and play eighth notes in that 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 I'm just playing whatever", "hCILHOu6aDE-00183-00110197-00110530": "notes within the within the scale you can try to follow your ear make some melodies whatever you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00184-00110530-00111025": "want just to make sure you're just playing eighth notes in that scale form now my view switches to", "hCILHOu6aDE-00185-00111025-00111561": "same root this other Scaleform that's off of that root okay now to sound without climbing up the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00186-00111561-00112216": "neck you just went down the scale that time great now I'm switching my view over to this root on the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00187-00112216-00113041": "fourth string and I want to shift five six seven eight I'm switching my view over to this here and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00188-00113041-00113566": "the scale from off that now I talked about the root view being off of those lowest roots once", "hCILHOu6aDE-00189-00113566-00114142": "you get used to it and you're just able to see the whole thing that might feel a little bit less like", "hCILHOu6aDE-00190-00114142-00114574": "you think of that root first you're just kind of seeing it all fine but but if you ever lose", "hCILHOu6aDE-00191-00114574-00115030": "track of where the root is you've gone off track somehow if you ever just see the physical shape", "hCILHOu6aDE-00192-00115030-00115540": "and not where the root is then you need to focus back on the root so I kind of see the root and all", "hCILHOu6aDE-00193-00115540-00116005": "of it all at once but also I'm seeing where the third is and where then what the six is and what", "hCILHOu6aDE-00194-00116005-00116557": "the four is in different places but that's because of other types of exercises where we work on chord", "hCILHOu6aDE-00195-00116557-00117145": "tones and stuff like that for now I hope that this is making sense and it should be super super", "hCILHOu6aDE-00196-00117145-00117691": "challenging let it be I know there's this is a lot of exercises here let it be super hard if you find", "hCILHOu6aDE-00197-00117691-00118174": "that thing that's hard it's my favorite thing if you find that thing that's hard you have found the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00198-00118174-00118738": "thing to practice that's going to make you the most progress it's the most bang for your buck", "hCILHOu6aDE-00199-00118738-00119283": "if you will of your practice time right so don't shoot for the easy things and it can't be too hard", "hCILHOu6aDE-00200-00119283-00119950": "either but like when we're like when we're just feeling like ah ten minutes of this is my brain", "hCILHOu6aDE-00201-00119950-00120510": "is tired that's that's amazing practice right so just like exercise right if you take a nice little", "hCILHOu6aDE-00202-00120510-00121096": "light walk you're not gonna increase your fitness necessarily it's still good to move but you know", "hCILHOu6aDE-00203-00121096-00121408": "if you wanna get that heart rate up you got to do something else that your that your body's not", "hCILHOu6aDE-00204-00121408-00122116": "conditioned to do as much same thing with our focusing our learning on practicing so okay so", "hCILHOu6aDE-00205-00122116-00122719": "one and two and three and four and I sometimes do that if I'm thinking of it as eighth notes so my", "hCILHOu6aDE-00206-00122719-00123415": "eighth notes will be 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 or 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 and so cool so I moved around I'm gonna I'm", "hCILHOu6aDE-00207-00123415-00124240": "gonna do it again I'm gonna go up here 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 four five six seven eight one two three", "hCILHOu6aDE-00208-00124240-00124906": "four five six seven eight one two three four five six seven eight one two three four five six seven", "hCILHOu6aDE-00209-00124906-00125758": "eight one two three four five six seven eight look at that just climbing down the neck connecting the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00210-00125758-00126448": "scale forms so yes I did it quickly and I did it in time there and my view had to shift exact", "hCILHOu6aDE-00211-00126448-00126925": "I promise you as seeing it I was able to do it because of exactly what I'm telling you about", "hCILHOu6aDE-00212-00126925-00127507": "seeing the route and then seeing that scale form around it and not losing track of that at any time", "hCILHOu6aDE-00213-00127507-00128077": "let it be slow let yourself stop scratch your head find it that's awesome practice all right the last", "hCILHOu6aDE-00214-00128077-00128626": "thing I want to suggest that you do is just try to play along one string but still seeing those scale", "hCILHOu6aDE-00215-00128626-00129202": "forms so if I play on the third string seeing off of this scale form I just get those notes on that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00216-00129202-00129553": "one string so I'm gonna move up to this other scale from I'm really still seeing it off that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00217-00129553-00130138": "route now all those available notes okay here's that next scale form but I'm just on one string", "hCILHOu6aDE-00218-00130138-00130608": "just on one string my kind of route I'm anchoring off of change otherwise you get lost and you lose", "hCILHOu6aDE-00219-00130608-00131437": "view the typical thing that is done is that well think from where I was what's connected over from", "hCILHOu6aDE-00220-00131437-00131938": "where I was can I be used to kind of create a habit of knowing what's next that's what I call", "hCILHOu6aDE-00221-00131938-00132532": "maze view you just turn and you can see all right you turn next you just see one hallway", "hCILHOu6aDE-00222-00132532-00133081": "at a time right we want the bird's-eye view we want to have control over seeing every nook and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00223-00133081-00134010": "cranny all at once no matter where you're playing no matter what corner you're in of it [Music]", "hCILHOu6aDE-00224-00134010-00135477": "it's fun when I play here I'm in this world even if it's very briefly so I can anytime switch along", "hCILHOu6aDE-00225-00135477-00137987": "one string cuz I'm seeing that whole thing so I'm I go [Music] switching on that string okay let", "hCILHOu6aDE-00226-00137987-00138359": "me know if you have any questions of course okay let's do a quick recap before I give you the two", "hCILHOu6aDE-00227-00138359-00138899": "extra tips for helping you with the challenges that you might be facing next after this stuff", "hCILHOu6aDE-00228-00138899-00139571": "one know your scale farms just the five physical state scale forms they're everywhere just work", "hCILHOu6aDE-00229-00139571-00140135": "on those know those they're important it's how we can play in any key in any position on the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00230-00140135-00140678": "guitar too check out my video on mastering scale forms where we have to change keys within the same", "hCILHOu6aDE-00231-00140678-00141473": "position to master them link below three know how to see your roots in those scale forms so you are", "hCILHOu6aDE-00232-00141473-00142175": "seeing the lowest root in that scale form and basing the whole scale form off of that four to", "hCILHOu6aDE-00233-00142175-00142622": "really ingrain seeing that practice it by playing off of that lowest through all the way up in that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00234-00142622-00143105": "scale position back down below that root and then landing back on it like I demonstrated earlier", "hCILHOu6aDE-00235-00143105-00143810": "five remember that you just need to find your root on the sixth string fifth string and fourth string", "hCILHOu6aDE-00236-00143810-00144188": "and that you have to scale forms off the sixth string to scale forms off the fifth string and", "hCILHOu6aDE-00237-00144188-00145043": "one off the fourth string six am I on six recap item six be able to play your scale those scale", "hCILHOu6aDE-00238-00145043-00145736": "forms up one and down the next still seeing off of the root seven the exercise where you play eighth", "hCILHOu6aDE-00239-00145736-00146195": "notes in one scale form shift your view to the next one play eighth notes in the next scale form", "hCILHOu6aDE-00240-00146195-00146888": "and connect between them that way eight play on one string also still seeing the full scale form", "hCILHOu6aDE-00241-00146888-00147425": "based off of that root switching between them playing one string at a time nine make sure you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00242-00147425-00147962": "do all that stuff any of that stuff in various keys the more keys the better so you don't get", "hCILHOu6aDE-00243-00147962-00148436": "used to just how it feels how it looks how its sounds all that in one place do it in different", "hCILHOu6aDE-00244-00148436-00149108": "keys I think that summarizes everything okay bonus time - bonus items one you can make all", "hCILHOu6aDE-00245-00149108-00149492": "of these scale forms right now we're doing major we're thinking off the route which is what makes", "hCILHOu6aDE-00246-00149492-00149972": "them major without that they're just collection of seven notes what are they well we don't know cuz", "hCILHOu6aDE-00247-00149972-00150461": "they can be a lot of things we're making them the major skill by thinking of that route so a mode", "hCILHOu6aDE-00248-00150461-00151241": "is when you think of treat a scale with the root being a different note out of those seven so what", "hCILHOu6aDE-00249-00151241-00151610": "we're treating is the major scale if you choose another one it's a mode of the scale I did a video", "hCILHOu6aDE-00250-00151610-00152150": "on modes and how to play them practice them see them see the link below for that video on modes I", "hCILHOu6aDE-00251-00152150-00152861": "think it's a good one so the thing is the natural minor scale is one of the modes so if you take the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00252-00152861-00153407": "6th note of the scale treat it as the root see it as the root play it as the root do all that stuff", "hCILHOu6aDE-00253-00153407-00153920": "I just talked about but with the 6th note of the scale as the main note you have your minor scale", "hCILHOu6aDE-00254-00153920-00154370": "you have your natural minor scale if you can see it that way you then have all your minor scales", "hCILHOu6aDE-00255-00154370-00154844": "it definitely takes the practice to practice it individually you don't just suddenly have all the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00256-00154844-00155330": "modes because we know the physical shapes it does not work that way you have to it can feel like a", "hCILHOu6aDE-00257-00155330-00155906": "totally different scale I mean it is really even though it's those same seven notes so if I take", "hCILHOu6aDE-00258-00155906-00156965": "let's take this one here we do this as major C major you can hear it okay one two three four", "hCILHOu6aDE-00259-00156965-00157941": "five six or one seven six there's six there's my lowest six if I do this off of that [Music]", "hCILHOu6aDE-00260-00157941-00158828": "sounds minor check out the modes video for more on that but turning the six into the root you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00261-00158828-00159203": "have all your minor scales to turn them into pentatonic scales that means you just have five", "hCILHOu6aDE-00262-00159203-00159566": "notes instead of seven notes you need to take away the seven and you need to take away the", "hCILHOu6aDE-00263-00159566-00160442": "four that takes away the sound of this takes away the tritone the most dissonant interval in in that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00264-00160504-00161503": "whole diatonic structure and you get something that is much more consonant if you practice", "hCILHOu6aDE-00265-00161503-00162292": "that if you practice those things it's just like I talked about any of the ways that I", "hCILHOu6aDE-00266-00162292-00162652": "talk about practicing something you can apply it to something else pentatonic scale is just", "hCILHOu6aDE-00267-00162652-00163267": "kind of a inherently more melodic kind of tasty scale totally on its own if you just play it up", "hCILHOu6aDE-00268-00163267-00163600": "and down it sounds pretty pretty cool and melodic whereas the major scale just sounds", "hCILHOu6aDE-00269-00163600-00163999": "like a major scale when you play it up and down so take away the seven take away the four that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00270-00163999-00164536": "is the way to do it rather than looking up your physical diagrams of that take the time", "hCILHOu6aDE-00271-00164536-00164983": "to really see how if you take away something and practice it that way then you get it so", "hCILHOu6aDE-00272-00164983-00165403": "pentatonic scale take away the seven take away the four you get rid of this interval [Music]", "hCILHOu6aDE-00273-00165935-00166640": "you get that sound okay that's it for this lesson wow I am not good at making these lesson videos", "hCILHOu6aDE-00274-00166640-00167207": "short and concise and snappy and I want to make I want them to be as helpful as possible for you", "hCILHOu6aDE-00275-00167207-00167681": "I just get carried away I get excited I want to show you another way to look at another exercise", "hCILHOu6aDE-00276-00167681-00168278": "another way to practice it and elaborate on things so I hope that it's effective I will I'm gonna try", "hCILHOu6aDE-00277-00168278-00168749": "to make them a little tighter but you know I'm having fun and I and I hope that you're finding", "hCILHOu6aDE-00278-00168749-00169298": "it helpful because that is the entire reason I'm doing this one last thing and that is that", "hCILHOu6aDE-00279-00169298-00169784": "I want you to write your number one take away in the comments below writing something down really", "hCILHOu6aDE-00280-00169784-00170366": "helps us internalize it better and remember it and process it and get the most out of it so I", "hCILHOu6aDE-00281-00170366-00170735": "know there was a lot here so take your number one thing and tell me in the comments below and it's", "hCILHOu6aDE-00282-00170735-00171248": "not just for me it really helps other people out too to see what others are writing and learning", "hCILHOu6aDE-00283-00171248-00171875": "so I hope to hear from you there and I'll see you in another lesson next time and happy practicing"}}, {"audio_id": "hD4sUSVFvbo", "text": {"hD4sUSVFvbo-00000-00000087-00000522": "I'm Nick Montfort, Professor of Digital Media in Comparative Media Studies and Writing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00001-00000522-00000907": "I also teach at the School for Poetic Computation in New York.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00002-00000907-00001289": "I studied creative computing and developed computation art in poetry.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00003-00001289-00001863": "My computer generated poetry books include #!, The Truelist, which is the first in the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00004-00001863-00002347": "recent \"Using Electricity\" series from Counterpath, and Hard West Turn.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00005-00002347-00003001": "My digital projects, including The Deletionist, Sea and Spar Between, and the translation", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00006-00003001-00003116": "project Renderings.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00007-00003116-00003785": "These are all collaborations, are available at NickM.com.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00008-00003785-00004335": "And I have MIT Press books, some collaborative, some individually authored, which are The", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00009-00004335-00005055": "New Media Reader, Twisty Little Passages, Racing the Beam, 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)),", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00010-00005055-00005640": "GOTO 10-- that's the reason why I have to introduce myself, by the way-- Exploratory", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00011-00005640-00006117": "Programming for the Arts and Humanities, and most recently, The Future.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00012-00006117-00006801": "So I'll next introduce Stefan Helmreich, who's on the opposite side of the table, who is", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00013-00006801-00007048": "the Eltin E. Morrison Professor of Anthropology.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00014-00007048-00007406": "He received his PhD in anthropology from Stanford.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00015-00007406-00007884": "His research is focused on how biologists think through the limits of life as a category", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00016-00007884-00008465": "of analysis, which he's taken up in three books-- Alien Ocean, Anthropological Voyages", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00017-00008465-00009121": "in Microbial Seas; Silicon Second Nature, Cultering Artificial Life in a Digital World;", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00018-00009121-00009503": "and most recently, Sounding the Limits of Life, Essays in the Anthropology of Biology", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00019-00009503-00009753": "and Beyond.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00020-00009753-00010371": "While on sabbatical this semester, Stefan holds fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00021-00010371-00010790": "Foundation and at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies, where he's completing", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00022-00010790-00011399": "a manuscript that offers an ethnographic account of how scientists measure, model, and monitor", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00023-00011399-00011666": "ocean waves in an era of climate change.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00024-00011666-00012103": "Even though he is on sabbatical with these two very, very desirable fellowships, he's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00025-00012103-00012368": "kind enough to join us for the panel.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00026-00012368-00012933": "So an extra measure of thanks to Stefan for being with us today.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00027-00012933-00013297": "Next to me, Adam Haar Horowitz is a Masters student in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00028-00013297-00013397": "Media Lab.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00029-00013397-00013893": "His work aims to augment human awareness, translating advances in neuroscience into", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00030-00013893-00014322": "the design of interventions and interactive experiences across the arts and sciences.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00031-00014322-00014794": "He works on how technology can show us parts of ourselves that remain otherwise invisible,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00032-00014794-00015131": "allowing for introspection, wellness, and wonder.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00033-00015131-00015581": "He has background as a neuroscience tech at MIT McGovern Institute, studying mindfulness", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00034-00015581-00016173": "meditation and mind wandering, and as an artist scientist at the Marina Abramovic Institute,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00035-00016173-00016437": "tying together neuroscience and performance art.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00036-00016437-00016862": "His work has been shown at the Cannes Film Festival, Transmediale, South by Southwest,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00037-00016862-00017432": "the Beijing Media Biennale, SESC Pompeia, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00038-00017432-00017834": "Here at MIT, he leads the Skunk Works team of MIT Hacking Arts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00039-00017834-00018267": "His current projects include the microscopic virtual reality adventures inside the human", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00040-00018267-00018934": "body, along with dream control and capture in the liminal space between wakefulness and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00041-00018934-00019034": "sleep.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00042-00019034-00019509": "Caroline A. Jones, far end of the table, studies modern and contemporary art with a particular", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00043-00019509-00019987": "focus on its technological modes of production, distribution, and reception.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00044-00019987-00020515": "She is professor of art history in HTC, the History, Theory, and Criticism of Architecture", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00045-00020515-00020634": "and Art Program.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00046-00020634-00021045": "She's trained in visual studies and art history at Harvard, doing graduate work at the Institute", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00047-00021045-00021578": "of Fine Arts in New York, before completing her PhD at Stanford University.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00048-00021578-00022087": "Previous to this, she worked in museum administration and exhibit curation, holding positions at", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00049-00022087-00022632": "the Museum of Modern Art in New York at the Harvard University Art Museums, while she", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00050-00022632-00022884": "also completed two documentary films.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00051-00022884-00023403": "Beyond her work at those institutions, her exhibitions and films have been shown at the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00052-00023403-00023768": "San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00053-00023768-00024348": "DC, the Hara Museum Tokyo, Boston University Art Gallery, and MIT's List Visual Art Center,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00054-00024348-00024459": "among other venues.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00055-00024459-00024995": "Caroline has written and edited a number of books, most recently The Global Work Of Art,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00056-00024995-00026002": "which focuses on her ongoing research interests, including globalism, the agency of the artist,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00057-00026002-00026102": "and new media art.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00058-00026102-00026464": "And finally, Agnieszka Kurant is an interdisciplinary conceptual artist who examines how complex", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00059-00026464-00026983": "social, economic, and cultural systems can operate in ways that confuse distinctions", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00060-00026983-00027320": "between fiction and reality, or nature and culture.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00061-00027320-00027893": "Her work investigates the economy of the invisible, in which immaterial and imaginary entities,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00062-00027893-00028456": "fictions, famines, energy flows, and emergent processes influence political, economic, and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00063-00028456-00028593": "ecological systems.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00064-00028593-00029035": "She often collaborates with scientists, including biologists, anthropologists, cartographers,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00065-00029035-00029364": "economists, computer engineers, and roboticists.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00066-00029364-00030020": "Many of her works simulate nature and behave like living organisms, self-organized complex", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00067-00030020-00030272": "systems, or bachelor machines.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00068-00030272-00031004": "In 2015, she did a commission for the facade of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00069-00031004-00031104": "York.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00070-00031104-00031580": "2013 to 2014, she presented a major solo exhibition at the sculpture center there in New York.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00071-00031580-00032066": "In 2010, she co-represented Poland at the Venice Biennale of Architecture.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00072-00032066-00032694": "Her most recent exhibitions include commissions for the Guggenheim Bilbao, SF MoMA, Cleveland", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00073-00032694-00033649": "Triennial, and La Panacee, Montpelier, as well solo shows at SCAD MoA, and CCA in Tel", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00074-00033649-00033749": "Aviv.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00075-00033749-00034200": "Her work's also been exhibited at Palais de Tokyo, the Tate Modern, the Kitchen, Witte", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00076-00034200-00034578": "de With, Frieze Projects Projects, Moderna Museet, MUMOK, Grazer Kunstverein, and Bonner", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00077-00034578-00035238": "Kunstverein, Stroom den Haag, and Performa Biennial.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00078-00035238-00036102": "Agnieszka is currently the Ida Ely Rubin Artist in Residence at MIT'S CAST, and holds scholarships", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00079-00036102-00036688": "at the Smithsonian Institute and the [INAUDIBLE] Institute.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00080-00036688-00037269": "Well, as you can guess, we have a group with some relevant expertise and perspective, but", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00081-00037269-00037503": "also a diverse group.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00082-00037503-00038137": "And I'd say that the four of you, certainly from different perspectives, you undertake", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00083-00038137-00038601": "the types of inquiry, exploring, asking questions, generating new sorts of insights.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00084-00038601-00039183": "This is something I think unites people at the university generally, even if they're", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00085-00039183-00039437": "doing very different sorts of activities.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00086-00039437-00039606": "They're somehow undertaking inquiry.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00087-00039606-00040243": "So since our occasion here is discussing Agnieszka's work at MIT as an artist, I'd like to ask", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00088-00040243-00040865": "how she inquires through art, and then invite the others of you to explain how artistic", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00089-00040865-00042269": "inquiry is similar to or different from the types of inquiry that you pursue.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00090-00042269-00044277": "Thank you so much for hosting this wonderful panel.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00091-00044277-00044863": "Thank you, everyone here, for joining me.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00092-00044863-00045706": "The point of departure of my work is the phenomenon that nature and culture that are examples", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00093-00045706-00045903": "of emergence and collective intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00094-00045903-00046781": "These phenomena happen in various complex systems, the complex systems that can be a", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00095-00046781-00047500": "termite colony, a human society, human brain, the internet, the urban fabric, or even the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00096-00047500-00047600": "stock exchange.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00097-00047600-00048194": "There are systems with many components and factors that are so complicated that are often", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00098-00048194-00048468": "very difficult to anticipate what's going to happen in them.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00099-00048468-00048931": "They evolve in a nonlinear way.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00100-00048931-00049271": "And I've been investigating these systems.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00101-00049271-00049743": "I want to show very quickly a couple of slides of my points of departure of a couple of my", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00102-00049743-00049847": "works.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00103-00049847-00050275": "I'm going to just comment with like one sentence per image.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00104-00050275-00051118": "So this is an organism that inspired a lot of my works, slime mold, that doesn't have", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00105-00051118-00051726": "any nervous system, but consists of singular cells that, when confronted with some form", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00106-00051726-00052413": "of danger-- lack of nutrients or water-- aggregate into a super organism, into one unit, and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00107-00052413-00052944": "moves as one unit, and displays signs of intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00108-00052944-00053127": "So it can even go through a maze.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00109-00053127-00053673": "And in fact, it was co-opted for computation by scientists such as [? Andrea ?] [INAUDIBLE]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00110-00053673-00054383": "working in Great Britain, who was doing certain-- who was writing the Center for Unconventional", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00111-00054383-00055144": "Computing using slime mold and other organisms to perform various operations.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00112-00055144-00055679": "Another example of emergency and collective intelligence in cultural bacteria are colonies", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00113-00055679-00056067": "that perform groupthink.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00114-00056067-00056641": "And the work of Eshel Ben-Jacob, an Israeli scientist who discovered that certain bacteria,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00115-00056641-00057292": "for example, make collective decisions where they, let's say, decide to kill off half of", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00116-00057292-00057566": "the colony for the collective good, future good of the remaining bacteria.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00117-00057566-00058697": "And so it's kind of like, in fact, a visualization of a groupthink, one can consider.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00118-00058697-00059436": "This is a social phenomenon that happened on the platform called Reddit about a year", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00119-00059436-00059536": "ago.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00120-00059536-00059741": "About 1 million people participated in it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00121-00059741-00060316": "It was a sort of virtual fictional country, universe, called The Place, where each participant", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00122-00060316-00060991": "could place a single pixel wherever they wanted in this virtual space.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00123-00060991-00061314": "And various emergent self-organized processes emerged.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00124-00061314-00061808": "So a lot of a fictional characters, fictional nations, cults.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00125-00061808-00062183": "This is an example of one of them.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00126-00062183-00062536": "This is the Black Void.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00127-00062536-00063261": "Another point of departure for a lot of my research is this branch of science that analyzes", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00128-00063261-00063550": "and grows artificial societies.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00129-00063550-00063916": "And it started in the early '90s, firstly at the Santa Fe Institute by two scientists,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00130-00063916-00064041": "Epstein and Axtell.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00131-00064041-00064895": "But some of this earlier research has been done by the economist Thomas Schelling.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00132-00064895-00065730": "It's basically a way of using algorithms to calculate very complex systems of how societies", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00133-00065730-00066344": "will behave, and the interplay between individual decisions of citizens in a society.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00134-00066344-00067026": "So here are some examples of one of my works using the artificial society models based", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00135-00067026-00067491": "on the Thomas Schelling, the economist, his model of self-segregation and how it can actually", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00136-00067491-00068147": "be computed.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00137-00068147-00069211": "These are the works that stem from all this research.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00138-00069211-00069977": "Sorry, I think we lost the image.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00139-00069977-00070077": "OK, thank you.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00140-00070077-00070705": "So these are the works-- this is a series called [? AAI, ?] which are works that I outsourced--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00141-00070705-00070926": "crowdsourced-- to non-human agents.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00142-00070926-00071580": "Because I'm interested in also forms of non-human intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00143-00071580-00072281": "In the times when other scientists are talking about the fact that the intelligence is not", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00144-00072281-00072888": "what the mostly Western culture assumes to be individual and located in the brain, but", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00145-00072888-00073004": "on the contrary.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00146-00073004-00073592": "It's distributed, and very external to the brain, and it doesn't have to be human.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00147-00073592-00074007": "So a lot of my work are also taking this as point of departure.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00148-00074007-00074638": "And so these works were outsourced to the colonies of living termites.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00149-00074638-00075176": "Each sculpture is built by a colony of approximately a million termites that were supplied with", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00150-00075176-00076000": "alternative materials, such as pigmented sands, particles of gold and crystals. and each colony", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00151-00076000-00076282": "is isolated for about three, four months.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00152-00076282-00076511": "And they just built.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00153-00076511-00076763": "And each form is different.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00154-00076763-00077038": "Nothing can be anticipated.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00155-00077038-00077435": "And there in this hybrid forms that hover somewhere between nature and culture.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00156-00077435-00078039": "And what is really interesting that the entomologists point out how each single colony of exactly", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00157-00078039-00078552": "the same species produces very different shapes of termite mounds, which also corresponds", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00158-00078552-00078937": "to a different collective personality of each colony.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00159-00078937-00079307": "So just like humans, they can represent different collective personalities.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00160-00079307-00079988": "Or just like social movements that sometimes can be dynamic and fast, sometimes more slow,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00161-00079988-00080324": "dispersed, or concentrated, headless or not.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00162-00080324-00081052": "So these works also related to my interest in self-exploitations present in society,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00163-00081052-00082023": "especially by corporations using algorithms to harvest data of citizens who are completely", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00164-00082023-00082123": "unaware of this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00165-00082123-00082474": "So this is like a private distributed form of self-exploitation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00166-00082474-00083279": "That's a continuation of this work where I am pouring hot zinc into abandoned termite", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00167-00083279-00083379": "mounds.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00168-00083379-00083913": "And they form this negative casts of various-- so they're like internal portraits of various", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00169-00083913-00084013": "societies.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00170-00084013-00084481": "They are poured in an African desert.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00171-00084481-00085195": "And these works, entitled The End of Signature, that I've done various iterations of, are", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00172-00085195-00086217": "related to my reflections about how the aggregated value of social capital can not only be exploited,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00173-00086217-00086697": "which is unfortunately happening so often in contemporary societies, but it can also", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00174-00086697-00087354": "be precisely calculated and can be used or analyzed for a good cause, and that we should", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00175-00087354-00087601": "maybe try to embrace it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00176-00087601-00088266": "So what I'm doing in this work is I developed, together with computer programmers, an algorithm", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00177-00088266-00088882": "that morphs thousands of signatures that we first collect and scan into a collective signature.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00178-00088882-00089354": "And I've developed these collective signatures for various social movements, communities,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00179-00089354-00089650": "and social groups.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00180-00089650-00090024": "The first one was a facade of the Guggenheim Museum in New York.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00181-00090024-00090713": "And this is a collective portrait of all the visitors, kind of alluding to the fact that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00182-00090713-00091319": "viewership today also became a form of labor, visible labor, because audiences are constantly", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00183-00091319-00091558": "Instagramming images and circulating images.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00184-00091558-00092102": "And it became a sort of form of invisible labor and contributing to the value of the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00185-00092102-00092202": "artwork.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00186-00092202-00092752": "This is on the facade of the Cleveland Museum of Art, where this is all the employees of", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00187-00092752-00092945": "this museum who donated their signatures.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00188-00092945-00093676": "And this is a community of people living in one building in Utrecht, which is like a last,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00189-00093676-00094444": "final island of public housing in the middle of a privatized public space in central Utrecht.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00190-00094444-00094999": "And this a project that also using aggregation of human behavior.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00191-00094999-00095674": "But in this case, it produced a certain level of a collective Tamagotchi, or an organism,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00192-00095674-00096300": "or animatronic soccer ball in this case, that is entitled a Quasi Object, making the reference", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00193-00096300-00096872": "to Michel Serres' idea of how certain objects need to be activated as they're circulated", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00194-00096872-00096972": "between agents.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00195-00096972-00097547": "So different movements of soccer balls from games played online by various internet users", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00196-00097547-00098181": "who are aggregated and-- I don't believe that we can play it, but it's moving-- actually,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00197-00098181-00098560": "it's an animatronic piece.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00198-00098560-00099475": "And finally, the series of works that I realized here at MIT, they started with a series called", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00199-00099475-00099995": "Production Line, where I started outsourcing my works through human agents, multiplicity", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00200-00099995-00100650": "of human agents, working on this new platform that, in my opinion, is the beginning of the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00201-00100650-00101081": "new working class.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00202-00101081-00101716": "The platform is called Amazon Mechanical Turk, but there are various similar forms that exist.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00203-00101716-00102137": "And they allow for crowdsourced labor, people working on small tasks in front of their computer", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00204-00102137-00102385": "screens online around the world.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00205-00102385-00102851": "And this platform can often, although not always, become exploitative.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00206-00102851-00103378": "But could also be, possibly in the future, used for the public good, because it allows", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00207-00103378-00103478": "for collective intelligence experiments.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00208-00103478-00103611": "And it has been used for some social experiments.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00209-00103611-00104424": "So I took advantage of this platform to crowdsource some of the works.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00210-00104424-00104653": "Thousands of people also working worldwide.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00211-00104653-00105435": "And the series is called Production Line, where each worker was asked to draw a single", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00212-00105435-00105535": "line.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00213-00105535-00106210": "And then they were algorithmically fused into these collective drawings that were then outputted,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00214-00106210-00106739": "as you can see, with a pen plotter as one single line, continuous line.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00215-00106739-00107604": "So each drawing represents an amalgamated labor of, in this case, 500, 1,000, or 2,000", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00216-00107604-00108169": "people, that each line has been drawn in a different part of the world.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00217-00108169-00108870": "And what's most important about these works is that I created a system that allows for", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00218-00108870-00109061": "profit sharing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00219-00109061-00109575": "So in a way, it allows for siphoning off the money from the art market and redistributing", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00220-00109575-00109724": "it among these workers.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00221-00109724-00109945": "So they are participating in the profits.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00222-00109945-00110426": "And when each of these works sells-- they are being paid on the spot as they complete", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00223-00110426-00110526": "their work.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00224-00110526-00111155": "But additionally, if the work sells, the proceeds are evenly distributed among all the participants,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00225-00111155-00111651": "because Amazon Mechanical Turk platform allows for storing their IP addresses.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00226-00111651-00112319": "So we can pay them bonuses at any point in the future if the work sells.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00227-00112319-00112754": "This is a project that I developed here already at MIT.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00228-00112754-00113519": "It was a generous collaboration from the CSAIL team, Professor Boris Katz who is present", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00229-00113519-00114053": "here, and also David Mayo and Andrei Barbu.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00230-00114053-00115015": "And this work is entitled Assembly Line, and continues the idea of how to subvert the system", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00231-00115015-00115179": "of like self-exploitation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00232-00115179-00115946": "So in this case, we worked on the ways in which-- how people donate or volunteer their", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00233-00115946-00116176": "data, their bio data, online.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00234-00116176-00117030": "We transformed it into the ways in which people taking selfies, or any kind of self-portraits,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00235-00117030-00117467": "how they could be aggregated into a collective self-portrait of this collective worker that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00236-00117467-00117655": "this new working class constitutes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00237-00117655-00118448": "So what you're looking at is like an aggregation of about 10,000 people-- photographs, self-portraits", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00238-00118448-00118758": "of like 10,000 people that are aggregated into one.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00239-00118758-00119844": "And then, on the basis of several images that we generated at CSAIL, I created these 3D", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00240-00119844-00120643": "forms that are abstractions that represent this collective self-portrait of this society.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00241-00120643-00121216": "And this project is now evolving further, where workers from the same platform are going", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00242-00121216-00121677": "to put together abstract machines from different machine parts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00243-00121677-00122248": "And then they will also be outputted in various forms.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00244-00122248-00123014": "And lastly, I would like to show just one minute of the project that I did here at MIT", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00245-00123014-00123259": "entitled Animal Internet.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00246-00123259-00123672": "And I collaborated with Adam Haar Horowitz, who's present here, as well as Agnes Cameron,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00247-00123672-00124500": "who I think is also here somewhere, and Owen Trueblood and Ishaan Grover.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00248-00124500-00125260": "And it's, in many ways, like a culmination of all this research between non-human intelligence", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00249-00125260-00125536": "and collective intelligence and artificial intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00250-00125536-00126001": "So what happens here is that, inspired by the phenomena of animal internet, where a", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00251-00126001-00126872": "lot of scientists are tracking animals all over the world, on the one hand by putting", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00252-00126872-00127407": "chips in animals and that they can be followed digitally, but also by placing cameras in", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00253-00127407-00127517": "jungles or in the North Pole.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00254-00127517-00127817": "And watching completely wild animals without their knowledge.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00255-00127817-00128491": "Inspired by this phenomena, I realized that since these animals have a kind of hybrid", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00256-00128491-00128994": "life, because many of them are followed on these webcams, they have websites, Facebook", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00257-00128994-00129560": "pages, and a following of sometimes a couple of hundred thousand people.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00258-00129560-00130181": "So the creates this kind of hybrid reality between wilderness and culture.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00259-00130181-00131116": "So what we did together with the Hacking Arts team is we created this project which consists", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00260-00131116-00131605": "of two real webcams that are broadcasting real wild animals.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00261-00131605-00132177": "One is a tiger in the jungle and one is a polar bear in the North Pole.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00262-00132177-00132743": "And we, here at MIT, built two artificial animals.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00263-00132743-00132843": "So they are animatronic animals.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00264-00132843-00133317": "We used artificial fur, so no animals were harmed.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00265-00133317-00134429": "And basically, one of them, the one the upper right corner, was powered by workers of the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00266-00134429-00134979": "Amazon Mechanical Turk that sent, as their task for they were paid, they sent information", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00267-00134979-00135133": "about how they were feeling.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00268-00135133-00135590": "Whether they were tired, hungry, angry, or relaxed and happy.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00269-00135590-00136871": "And these aggregated emotions, like through sentiment analysis and different kind of programs", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00270-00136871-00137691": "that we use, we converted into various behaviors of this fictional animal in a kind jungle", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00271-00137691-00137791": "environment.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00272-00137791-00138427": "And the other camera is swarm of gerbils, which was in a desert environment.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00273-00138427-00138949": "And this one is powered by a Twitter scraper that we wrote.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00274-00138949-00139561": "So basically, we were monitoring Twitter accounts of all the protest movements in the world,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00275-00139561-00140236": "and what kind of sentiments they are expressing, whether it's frustration, hope, aggression.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00276-00140236-00140437": "And whether it's positive or negative.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00277-00140437-00141206": "And so this aggregated data from different social movements were then powering a sugarscape", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00278-00141206-00142075": "model, an artificial society model, that was translated to a collective behavior of this", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00279-00142075-00142175": "swarm.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00280-00142175-00142350": "Thank you.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00281-00142350-00142450": "[APPLAUSE]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00282-00142450-00142716": "Thanks very much.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00283-00142716-00143167": "So first of all, I wanted to know, there's five chairs I can see.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00284-00143167-00143636": "Please come-- and you don't even have to sit in the front row.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00285-00143636-00143844": "Please come and occupy them.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00286-00143844-00144299": "And thanks very much, Agnieszka for-- so you showed some images of your work, you told", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00287-00144299-00144454": "us about your process and your interests.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00288-00144454-00144721": "But I wanted to ask one more thing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00289-00144721-00145420": "I wanted to get you to say something about how you work as an artist to do inquiries", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00290-00145420-00145785": "specifically, because I've asked the others to respond to this topic, like how the way", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00291-00145785-00146323": "in which they inquire is different or similar to your artistic inquiry.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00292-00146323-00146423": "So can you tell us?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00293-00146423-00146523": "Sure.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00294-00146523-00147094": "I mean, I was hoping that, kind of, this was my answer, but of course-- well, I mean, I", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00295-00147094-00147264": "collaborate with various scientists.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00296-00147264-00147596": "But I'm trying for my work not to be illustrative.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00297-00147596-00147755": "So it's always somehow twisted.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00298-00147755-00148379": "And I really like crossovers between different things that maybe wouldn't crossover in real", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00299-00148379-00148479": "life.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00300-00148479-00148758": "And to establish connections or dialogues between sometimes scientists that maybe wouldn't", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00301-00148758-00149267": "normally meet and wouldn't necessarily be in a dialogue.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00302-00149267-00150021": "And even if it leads to miscommunications or errors, but these errors could be productive.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00303-00150021-00150290": "So it's never-- although it is a collaboration with scientists and other professionals, there", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00304-00150290-00151308": "is always a very strong component of errorism, as I call it, and irrationality, and slippages.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00305-00151308-00151632": "And it's just unexpected, non-linear things that can happen.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00306-00151632-00151922": "Well, thanks very much.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00307-00151922-00152392": "I think that that's very consistent with what you've shown, but you've highlighted these", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00308-00152392-00152666": "two aspects that your work is collaborative.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00309-00152666-00153161": "It's not just the termites who are working together with the slime mold, but that you're", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00310-00153161-00153734": "working collaboratively and you're also interested in the unexpected.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00311-00153734-00154706": "So let me ask for, perhaps Stefan, would you like to ... next.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00312-00154706-00154806": "Sure.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00313-00154806-00154906": "Thanks.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00314-00154906-00155326": "And thank you, Agnes, again for that display of incredible works.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00315-00155326-00155571": "Inquiry-- that's your question?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00316-00155571-00155729": "Yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00317-00155729-00156342": "I'm an anthropologist, and so my mode of inquiry is ethnographic fieldwork.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00318-00156342-00156863": "And I spend time with people, with collectives, and try to figure out what they're doing by", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00319-00156863-00157204": "doing participant observation, by interviewing them.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00320-00157204-00157636": "I spent a lot of time with scientists in particular.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00321-00157636-00158267": "And I bring a set of tools to that inquiry which are things that I've gathered from the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00322-00158267-00158932": "social theory tool kit, which include analytics of gender, and race, sexuality, ideas about", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00323-00158932-00159520": "belief, ideas about conviction, hegemony, practice, ideology, this whole kind of tool", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00324-00159520-00159660": "kit of things.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00325-00159660-00160196": "And the idea is to bring those with me into the zone of inquiry, hanging out with people,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00326-00160196-00160459": "and see what they do.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00327-00160459-00160839": "And sometimes they can explain things and sometimes they break and they can't explain", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00328-00160839-00161133": "things, or people give me other categories and say, well, no, no, no.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00329-00161133-00161623": "This is not really about whatever you say it's about.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00330-00161623-00161750": "Really, it's about complexity.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00331-00161750-00161875": "Or really, it's about nonlinearity.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00332-00161875-00162312": "Since I spend a lot of time studying scientists, I got a lot of that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00333-00162312-00162683": "They say, no, no, no, you're saying that this has to do with culture and power, but really,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00334-00162683-00163211": "it's a scaling problem that's about a certain set of non-linear dynamics, that properly", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00335-00163211-00163601": "understood as emergent phenomena, would reveal x, y, and z.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00336-00163601-00164112": "And then I can speak back to that and say, well, yes, no.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00337-00164112-00164799": "So I think part of what I have in common with Agnieszka, then, is that encounter with the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00338-00164799-00164899": "unexpected.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00339-00164899-00165550": "Just like this empirical work, and then the attempt to find something and encounter something", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00340-00165550-00165851": "that is surprising within that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00341-00165851-00166400": "But then also just sometimes be assertive about my own categories and say, this is patriarchy.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00342-00166400-00166948": "What is going on with this Kavanaugh thing at the moment, that is patriarchy.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00343-00166948-00167190": "I am not buying it, that he's crying.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00344-00167190-00167290": "Sorry.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00345-00167290-00167390": "[LAUGHTER]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00346-00167390-00167490": "Anyway.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00347-00167490-00167590": "It's his daughter's prayer.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00348-00167590-00167690": "I know.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00349-00167690-00167857": "His daughter's prayer.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00350-00167857-00167968": "Yeah, so.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00351-00167968-00168409": "OK, I think-- so Caroline was originally signed up to be our respondent, so I think I'll give", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00352-00168409-00168509": "her the privilege of going last.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00353-00168509-00169062": "And I'll give Adam the privilege of going next.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00354-00169062-00169272": "Cool, thank you.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00355-00169272-00169861": "Yeah, I think that, if it's not immediately apparent, I am at an earlier stage of question", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00356-00169861-00170436": "asking than fellow panelists, so I will try to contribute productive confusion, because", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00357-00170436-00170795": "I am productively confused perhaps.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00358-00170795-00171469": "My background at the moment is a mix of neuroscience and art.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00359-00171469-00172200": "And I wanted to tough quickly on why I think that's a worthwhile mix, and why it's a contribution", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00360-00172200-00172366": "to this conversation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00361-00172366-00172862": "I think neuroscience stands out, especially stands out at an institute like this because", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00362-00172862-00173411": "it is such an unstable meeting ground of objectivity and subjectivity.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00363-00173411-00173877": "It is an attempt at a third person study of first person experience with first person", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00364-00173877-00173977": "experience.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00365-00173977-00174545": "And it is so contingent and murky, it makes it really exciting to study.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00366-00174545-00175351": "It also means that you don't get to stand on two stable feet in either the realm of", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00367-00175351-00175590": "the study of experience or the creation of experience.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00368-00175590-00176375": "So my interest and excitement about Agnieszka work and modes of inquiry were similar in", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00369-00176375-00176672": "that there's a mix of stability and instability.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00370-00176672-00177249": "There's a clear picture that comes out of a very murky collection of parts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00371-00177249-00177813": "I'd say that it's something that's really nice in terms of the collective piece that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00372-00177813-00178604": "this sort of subjective objective mix has affected upon me is a sense of myself as collective.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00373-00178604-00179516": "I studied here a few years ago in the neuroscience department, largely neural networks, which", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00374-00179516-00180134": "changed my notion of self as a notion of there's a me in a little bit of jelly.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00375-00180134-00180675": "And I've got to get it, and I'll get the jelly eventually, to something more like I am temporal", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00376-00180675-00180775": "dynamics.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00377-00180775-00180875": "I am rhythm.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00378-00180875-00180975": "I am time.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00379-00180975-00181075": "I am waves.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00380-00181075-00181710": "So the movement from functional neural anatomy as a sort of phrenology to one of, instead,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00381-00181710-00182069": "dynamic networks, myself as collective.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00382-00182069-00182886": "And then I take it even further to-- if you see something like a commisurotomy patient", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00383-00182886-00183415": "in the neurosciences, somebody's who's had their hemispheres split, something that has", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00384-00183415-00183783": "stuck with me as a personal collective is you might think that when you cut someone's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00385-00183783-00183978": "brain in half, it sort of turns off.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00386-00183978-00184078": "It doesn't.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00387-00184078-00184647": "Can keep functioning quite well, but some develop alien hand syndrome, which people", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00388-00184647-00184804": "might have heard of.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00389-00184804-00185159": "But you develop, essentially, hands that disagrees.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00390-00185159-00185453": "So one might want to button up, one might want to button down.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00391-00185453-00185770": "You develop hands that have different information schemes of the world.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00392-00185770-00186154": "One is more verbal, one has more sensitive motor information.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00393-00186154-00186421": "And it's interesting that you can break in that way.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00394-00186421-00186914": "But it's also interesting that if you were currently broken in that way, broken in terms", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00395-00186914-00187226": "of being a collective, you wouldn't know.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00396-00187226-00187771": "The notion that introspection as intentional spotlight is a unifier of many selves.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00397-00187771-00188090": "That I might have, at the moment-- oh, I shouldn't poke that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00398-00188090-00188560": "I might have, at the moment, a more verbal, a younger and older Portuguese speaking and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00399-00188560-00188984": "English speaking, a mix of cells with a mix of knowledges.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00400-00188984-00189276": "And that my intentional spotlight is one of those.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00401-00189276-00189855": "And so what I see inside is a necessary unification of a possible split collective, if that makes", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00402-00189855-00190071": "sense, has stuck with me in a big way.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00403-00190071-00190233": "And that's exciting.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00404-00190233-00190902": "I, at the moment, mostly study sleep, which is also a weird way in which people break", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00405-00190902-00191175": "very predictably.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00406-00191175-00191627": "If you get people at the right state of sleep, they will lose syntax.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00407-00191627-00191973": "They will pull memories from different parts of their lives that they wouldn't pull when", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00408-00191973-00192156": "they were awake.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00409-00192156-00192315": "They'll be more fluid thinking.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00410-00192315-00192485": "They'll be more rigid thinking.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00411-00192485-00192772": "I work specifically in a weird sleep state called hypnagogia.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00412-00192772-00193386": "And in that sleep state, you have a really deep inversion of an organizing principle", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00413-00193386-00194040": "to a collective intelligence, which is that when you're awake, as a machine, you're generally,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00414-00194040-00194529": "I think, designed to associate two things that are close together and make predictions", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00415-00194529-00194724": "about the world accordingly.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00416-00194724-00195177": "There is an association in my head between water bottle, water drinking, thirsty, et", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00417-00195177-00195277": "cetera.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00418-00195277-00195577": "I'll move towards it when one concept comes up.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00419-00195577-00195797": "In hypnagogia, you get a full inversion.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00420-00195797-00196288": "It becomes much harder for people to react to things that are closely associated versus", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00421-00196288-00196397": "associated at long distance.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00422-00196397-00196976": "So you have people have faster reaction times when you associate a porpoise and a helicopter", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00423-00196976-00197239": "than a porpoise and the ocean.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00424-00197239-00197586": "And this is exciting to me, because it's like, whoa, I'm a collective which I can't introspect", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00425-00197586-00198042": "on it, but I can get down to base rules and switch those base rules and see a different", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00426-00198042-00198254": "collective in different states.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00427-00198254-00198564": "If that makes sense, the sleeping self versus not sleeping self.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00428-00198564-00199002": "So the collective question touches on a lot of things I'm excited about.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00429-00199002-00199421": "Personal collectives, extended inactive intelligence, which we'll probably get into later, because", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00430-00199421-00199578": "I won't get into now.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00431-00199578-00200359": "And then lastly, excites me because the reason that I'm here is that Agnieszka and Agnes", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00432-00200359-00201069": "and Ishaan and many of us, and Gary and Leila got to collaborate on a project in hacking", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00433-00201069-00201169": "arts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00434-00201169-00201576": "And I think that hacking arts is a sort of nice demonstration of a certain organizing", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00435-00201576-00202046": "principle of emergence, where I'm not a personal believer in the idea that you can take a bunch", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00436-00202046-00202506": "of dumb parts and put them together and get something automatically intelligent without", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00437-00202506-00202606": "some sort of organizing principle.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00438-00202606-00202863": "But I think that hacking arts kind of turns out like that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00439-00202863-00203246": "You just throw a bunch of people who are really different into a room and they kind of bounce", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00440-00203246-00203346": "off each other.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00441-00203346-00203524": "And things pretty predictably come out.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00442-00203524-00204310": "And that's really been very exciting for me as a person who gets to guide that and can't", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00443-00204310-00204410": "guide that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00444-00204410-00205261": "So yeah, I would say that hacking arts, for me as a collective, there's the-- I think", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00445-00205261-00205592": "it's Kahneman line about emergence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00446-00205592-00205832": "Oh no, it's Danny Hillis.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00447-00205832-00206210": "It's like how can a bunch of stupid things come together and be smart?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00448-00206210-00206542": "I'm really interested in hacking arts, with how can a bunch of smart things come together", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00449-00206542-00206977": "and be stupid, in terms of producing absurdity or getting past utility.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00450-00206977-00207105": "If that makes sense.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00451-00207105-00207294": "Hopefully that's what we're doing tonight.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00452-00207294-00207684": "All of that to say I'm confused by my disciplinary path.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00453-00207684-00208191": "I think it's a productive confusion that contributes to the notion of being a confused collective,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00454-00208191-00208641": "which is how I introspect upon myself, and also how I try to work in the world, which", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00455-00208641-00209341": "is what I think hacking arts does and I think the project did.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00456-00209341-00210042": "I think that's why I'm here.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00457-00210042-00210159": "All right, thanks very much.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00458-00210159-00210259": "[APPLAUSE]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00459-00210259-00210511": "So Caroline can tell us some about her methods of inquiry and her connection.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00460-00210511-00210801": "Well, I'm actually very moved to respond to Adam.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00461-00210801-00211401": "This is not the gestalt theory that I was taught by Rudolf Arnheim.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00462-00211401-00211915": "So I'm really excited that neuroscience is in a place where it can think about dynamic", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00463-00211915-00212389": "flow and collectivities that split and come back together.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00464-00212389-00212796": "I had Lydia bring in this video, which you can watch.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00465-00212796-00213114": "And if you get bored with me, or even if you don't.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00466-00213114-00213908": "Eventually about 15 seconds in, 20 seconds in, you'll see the slime mold social amoeba", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00467-00213908-00214111": "form an aggregate.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00468-00214111-00214704": "And what's amazing about this unicellular organism that emerges into a multicellular", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00469-00214704-00215489": "organism is that it does so while each cell maintains its identity, as it were.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00470-00215489-00215978": "It doesn't presumably have consciousness as we hubristically imagine it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00471-00215978-00216788": "But it's organizing itself into to this slug, which is then going to move off to the left", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00472-00216788-00217526": "as an organized entity looking for food, as a collective that chemically directs itself", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00473-00217526-00217934": "towards the food that it might be able to sense in its medium.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00474-00217934-00218588": "And what's cool about this scientific video is that at the very end of this loop, you'll", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00475-00218588-00219092": "see this slug become a vertical fruiting body.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00476-00219092-00219684": "So it actually is coming up vertically from the agar plate right here and standing up", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00477-00219684-00219848": "and going like, OK, I give up.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00478-00219848-00219948": "There's no food.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00479-00219948-00220140": "I'm going to make spores.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00480-00220140-00220315": "I'm going to make spores.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00481-00220315-00220906": "And what's hilarious about the science of this is that it's attracting people that are", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00482-00220906-00221848": "just incapable of thinking of this without words like altruism, and selfishness, and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00483-00221848-00221948": "sacrifice.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00484-00221948-00222523": "So if you don't get to be spore, you lose, Buckwheat, in the science about this kind", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00485-00222523-00222623": "of material.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00486-00222623-00223208": "So I look to culture, as an art historian, I look historically to see what artists have", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00487-00223208-00223440": "done with certain generative concepts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00488-00223440-00223894": "And in that sense, I'm very much fond of Stefan's tool kit.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00489-00223894-00224265": "And we've collaborated on some things together with great pleasure.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00490-00224265-00224689": "So I look historically at what they've left us traces.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00491-00224689-00225048": "Texts, images, journals, interviews.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00492-00225048-00225714": "And then as a critic in the contemporary world, I work with contemporary artists whose work", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00493-00225714-00226265": "excites me very much and seems to propel ethnography of the future, if you will.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00494-00226265-00226446": "I mean, something coming into being.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00495-00226446-00227123": "A kind of emergent thinking that I want to be part of, or I'm want to see in the world.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00496-00227123-00227458": "So Agnieszka's presentation was wonderful.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00497-00227458-00228217": "Her article in Cabinet is very interesting about the-- I have to read the title-- the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00498-00228217-00228571": "uncomputables.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00499-00228571-00229142": "But where slime mold in her thinking is a kind of model for a certain calculational", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00500-00229142-00229582": "possibility, I'm actually looking for something else in slime mold.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00501-00229582-00230138": "So the artists working with biological material that have taught me things, that have helped", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00502-00230138-00230798": "me think, are ones that are crafting what I've been calling biofiction.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00503-00230798-00231446": "And they've been doing so for-- OK, here's the Utopian project-- a cultural evolution", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00504-00231446-00231851": "that I want to see happen that I'm calling symbiotics.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00505-00231851-00232350": "I just use whatever platform I have to tout this stupid neologism.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00506-00232350-00232556": "The idea of the ontic is that which is.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00507-00232556-00233056": "And the idea of symbiosis is that's what we are.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00508-00233056-00233350": "We are slime mold.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00509-00233350-00234000": "We are completely, pathetically dependent on our environment, on our planetary systems,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00510-00234000-00234358": "on the scrum of life of which we are a part.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00511-00234358-00234919": "And the sooner we can get rid of the fantasy of the selfish individual, the selfish gene,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00512-00234919-00235290": "whatever the selfish thing is, the sooner we can get rid of that the better.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00513-00235290-00236051": "The sooner we can think together to sense, somehow, our complete dependence on the planetary", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00514-00236051-00236614": "systems that make our consciousness and our lives possible, the better.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00515-00236614-00237287": "So art that does that is art that, at the moment, I'm excited by and want to celebrate,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00516-00237287-00237782": "because I have another fantasy, which I'm sure my anthropologist friend could disabuse", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00517-00237782-00238348": "of, that we make art to externalize something that then changes use.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00518-00238348-00238723": "That then evolves us to a different kind of creature.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00519-00238723-00238902": "So this is my fantasy.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00520-00238902-00239440": "And I celebrate that contemporary art as a place that I don't know how to get to, but", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00521-00239440-00239573": "they seem to be getting there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00522-00239573-00240269": "They seem to be emerging into that project of collective-- I don't want to call it intelligence--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00523-00240269-00240912": "collective action, collective sensing, collective being in a chemical bath, which is undertheorized.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00524-00240912-00241277": "The binary bits of neural nets.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00525-00241277-00241896": "Forget about the synapse, which is a gap that has to be bridged by wet chemicals.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00526-00241896-00242512": "So for me, these cultural conversations, these metaphors we live by are metaphors that will", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00527-00242512-00242929": "help us possibly live in the future.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00528-00242929-00243302": "And if we can't do it, we deserve to be extinct.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00529-00243302-00243402": "[LAUGHTER]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00530-00243402-00243502": "Well, that's heartening.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00531-00243502-00243602": "[APPLAUSE]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00532-00243602-00244471": "I think that that needed to be heard.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00533-00244471-00244844": "And I would say that if I were to be an ethnographer, I would want to be an ethnographer for the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00534-00244844-00244944": "future, definitely.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00535-00244944-00245192": "So I appreciate that concept also.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00536-00245192-00245771": "Actually, I want to ask, among the many topics we have related to neuroscience and biology", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00537-00245771-00246598": "and your artistic connection to science, I wanted to talk about one related to culture", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00538-00246598-00246877": "and power.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00539-00246877-00247485": "Specifically that a lot of the formulations of collectively that we look to, things like", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00540-00247485-00247992": "Amazon Mechanical Turk, are pretty hierarchical.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00541-00247992-00248829": "Even something like Wikipedia, while it isn't modeled in the same way with the payment structure,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00542-00248829-00249088": "there are definitely heirarchies and heterarchies at the very least of power, authority, expertise.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00543-00249088-00250105": "And those are reflected in the content of that, in many ways, miraculous project, but", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00544-00250105-00250582": "one that has its problems also.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00545-00250582-00251301": "Are there examples of human collective intelligence that you can think of where people aren't", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00546-00251301-00251869": "exerting power over each other, where there is a more genuine form of collectivity?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00547-00251869-00251994": "Or are there ways in which we're moving toward that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00548-00251994-00252982": "I mean, this may relate, Agnieszka, to your work in providing proceeds from art sales", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00549-00252982-00253396": "to the participates in Amazon Mechanical Turk.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00550-00253396-00254446": "But how is it that we can make a move toward non-hierarchical types of collective work", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00551-00254446-00254605": "among humans?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00552-00254605-00254762": "I think it's an interesting question.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00553-00254762-00255235": "And one of the reasons why I was fascinated by this research into artificial societies", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00554-00255235-00255655": "is because this was the first time, I believe, that modeling very complex behavior of societies", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00555-00255655-00256346": "allowed us to understand that any system of this complexity naturally goes into a disequilibrium.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00556-00256346-00257086": "So even if you give people equal chances on the start, it will, unless it's monitored", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00557-00257086-00257186": "constantly.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00558-00257186-00257630": "And the simple-- in my opinion, the simple and short answer to your question is no, there", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00559-00257630-00258390": "are no systems like this, because immediately, unless it's heavily monitored and supervised,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00560-00258390-00259183": "which could entail other problems, such as surveillance, every system is going to naturally", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00561-00259183-00259748": "push into some kind of disequilibrium and kind of disproportionate relations of power.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00562-00259748-00259990": "And I'm obviously exploring.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00563-00259990-00260644": "And that's why I'm looking for like various weird phenomena that emerge out of the blue", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00564-00260644-00261455": "that are really like bottom up emergent processes that sometimes look strange.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00565-00261455-00261877": "We don't really know what to make of them, what is their purpose.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00566-00261877-00262281": "Some of them almost have a structure of artworks.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00567-00262281-00262828": "Apart from the experiment that I've shown, there was this experiment, another experiment,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00568-00262828-00263155": "called take care of my plant, which is kind of absurd.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00569-00263155-00263700": "It's like different people, also in Reddit platform, different people were asked to participate", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00570-00263700-00263909": "in watering this one plant.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00571-00263909-00264295": "So they were sending comments through a platform.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00572-00264295-00264832": "And this plant was being nurtured by thousands, or hundreds of thousands of people.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00573-00264832-00264932": "What does this mean?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00574-00264932-00265228": "What is the purpose of it?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00575-00265228-00265407": "It wasn't even a social experiments.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00576-00265407-00265606": "It was something, some emergent action.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00577-00265606-00266263": "And I think that the only hope for me is that looking at spontaneous emergent phenomena", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00578-00266263-00266917": "of society, of course including social movements, but even these very often turn to be hierarchical,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00579-00266917-00267329": "or turn to be-- and there is obviously this question of headless revolution, whether it's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00580-00267329-00267830": "possible or not, how effective can it be or not.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00581-00267830-00268441": "But I think this is why it's very interesting to have this debate with anthropologists,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00582-00268441-00268708": "because looking into very strange social phenomena throughout the history of human civilization", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00583-00268708-00269006": "maybe can provide some examples.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00584-00269006-00269340": "But I am rather skeptical.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00585-00269340-00269808": "Could I make a comment on this?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00586-00269808-00270423": "Because I think the idea of our present models of artificial intelligence as being somehow", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00587-00270423-00270685": "exemplary is deeply flawed.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00588-00270685-00271211": "Because each of those are based on code that gets handed on and passed on and is totally", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00589-00271211-00271502": "baked into hierarchies of what it was built.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00590-00271502-00271878": "There's even junk in there that's like [? chat.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00591-00271878-00271978": "?]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00592-00271978-00272565": "So I'm informed by the work of Wendy Chun, who's a great media theorist, who traced back", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00593-00272565-00272837": "the homophily algorithms of Facebook.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00594-00272837-00273105": "If you like this-- like in Amazon.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00595-00273105-00273422": "If you like this, you'll like this, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00596-00273422-00274064": "The so-called echo chamber that we find ourselves in socially to a pioneering study in the 1950s", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00597-00274064-00274246": "by an urban theorist.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00598-00274246-00274656": "And Nick probably knows all of this and remembers the guy's name.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00599-00274656-00275299": "Anyway, it was two paradigms of which only one was chosen for the future development", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00600-00275299-00275452": "of all sorting algorithms.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00601-00275452-00276036": "The two paradigms were birds of a feather live together, sort together.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00602-00276036-00276531": "And the other urban study of neighborhoods was opposites attract.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00603-00276531-00277225": "These two bits of difference liking and difference hating sort completely differently.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00604-00277225-00277773": "And the one that software developers chose was homophily, was birds of a feather always", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00605-00277773-00277988": "want to flock together.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00606-00277988-00278391": "That's because they weren't in a dream state.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00607-00278391-00278759": "They couldn't think of the opposite being this far apart.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00608-00278759-00278859": "It's because they were--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00609-00278859-00278959": "[INTERPOSING VOICES]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00610-00278959-00279205": "--living in the 50s, when redlining was happening in their neighborhoods.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00611-00279205-00279489": "They were already whites who were benefiting from that privilege.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00612-00279489-00279621": "You know what I'm saying?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00613-00279621-00280245": "So even though the urban study guy wanted to look at the nonracist model, that's not", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00614-00280245-00280486": "what got baked into all of our systems.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00615-00280486-00281178": "So I, as a culturalist and a historian, want to insist that there is nothing neutral about", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00616-00281178-00281575": "the intelligences as we now define them.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00617-00281575-00282277": "And when I was privileged to be at a session with Danny Hillis on possible minds with a", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00618-00282277-00282883": "bunch of robotics people who now have second thoughts, mm, what about AI.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00619-00282883-00283052": "It's scary, actually.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00620-00283052-00283502": "Anyway, I said, guys, what about the immune brain?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00621-00283502-00283602": "You know?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00622-00283602-00283702": "It learns.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00623-00283702-00283803": "It Teaches us.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00624-00283803-00283912": "It remembers things.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00625-00283912-00284052": "It forgets things.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00626-00284052-00284231": "It's distributed.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00627-00284231-00284431": "It's not exactly conscious, but maybe it is.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00628-00284431-00284553": "We don't really know.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00629-00284553-00285282": "The point is it works both to take in and to reject.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00630-00285282-00285793": "And the fact that all we spend our money on is antibiotics and the probiotics aren't even", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00631-00285793-00286381": "regulated by our federal drug authority tells us something about how our root algorithms", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00632-00286381-00286534": "are organized.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00633-00286534-00287028": "So I'm looking for different metaphors to get going.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00634-00287028-00287418": "And I'm looking to art for doing that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00635-00287418-00288303": "Well, if there's more to say on this, we can, but there's also other topics to discuss.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00636-00288303-00288403": "Priorities, power, gender, yeah.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00637-00288403-00288503": "There's more to say on this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00638-00288503-00288603": "There's something--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00639-00288603-00288774": "Particularly if there's anything hopeful.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00640-00288774-00289538": "I don't know if I'd add something hopeful, but I might add something rhizomatic or more", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00641-00289538-00289981": "linky than nodey, in terms of hierarchy setups.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00642-00289981-00290651": "I think that the AI is scary take is interesting.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00643-00290651-00291193": "I think, also, that the way AI is changing us in the way that we see technology is a", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00644-00291193-00291765": "sort of a different conversation which gets left out sometimes in terms of how is it that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00645-00291765-00292176": "we're relating to those sorting algorithms, and how are they changing us as information", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00646-00292176-00292327": "processors and packers.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00647-00292327-00292953": "Something that I wanted to add, which might be interesting to the hierarchy conversation,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00648-00292953-00293548": "is transactive memory as a linking concept.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00649-00293548-00294476": "Meaning culture as a form of collective memory that no one person holds.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00650-00294476-00295052": "And the notion that I, as an individual in a culture, don't need to remember, necessarily,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00651-00295052-00295420": "the history of when this space was burned or built.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00652-00295420-00295794": "I need to remember the person who remembers the history.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00653-00295794-00296374": "And the notion that that sort of linking is being extended to such a great degree with", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00654-00296374-00297013": "current information and sorting becoming so effective, where I know-- not only do I not", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00655-00297013-00297642": "need to know when the house was built or burned, I barely need to remember the person who remembers", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00656-00297642-00297798": "the name of the house.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00657-00297798-00298495": "And as you get more effective linking in this way, I think you start to live more in the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00658-00298495-00298815": "links rather than in the nodes of information.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00659-00298815-00299508": "So I think the interesting thing about it-- in my lab, we do some work on tech and memory.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00660-00299508-00300186": "And there is really nice work showing that as you, for instance, teach people about Wikipedia", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00661-00300186-00300708": "pages, they stop remembering that content and they start remembering how to find the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00662-00300708-00300808": "content.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00663-00300808-00300949": "They move towards the links.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00664-00300949-00301579": "I think that I see this in myself in things like family history, in myself like working", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00665-00301579-00301813": "in a lab with distributed kinds of expertise.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00666-00301813-00302418": "I don't really feel like I need to know much about circuits, because there's a person next", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00667-00302418-00302633": "door who knows a lot about circuits.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00668-00302633-00303311": "I'm really curious about the kind of hierarchy that's turning me into.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00669-00303311-00303771": "And what it means if I live more in the links to information and less in terms of nodes,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00670-00303771-00304246": "less in terms of expertise, less in terms of that sort of hierarchy, and what it means", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00671-00304246-00304647": "to start forgetting the things and remembering the paths to the things.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00672-00304647-00305245": "Forgetting the name of the thing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00673-00305245-00306167": "So, well, let me move on to another question, to which the answer may also just be no.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00674-00306167-00306692": "But I'm wondering, because we're characterizing so many things as collective, we're talking", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00675-00306692-00306962": "about the self, the mind.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00676-00306962-00307580": "Marvin Minsky, of course, had this concept of society of minds, which makes a metaphor", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00677-00307580-00308269": "to the neural activity and the brain in terms of society.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00678-00308269-00308599": "Obviously, there's the collective nature of society.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00679-00308599-00309356": "And there's particular online labor platforms, there's collaboration also, artistically and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00680-00309356-00309555": "scientifically and otherwise.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00681-00309555-00309920": "So I guess what I'm wondering is whether it's useful to distinguish-- is it redundant to", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00682-00309920-00310020": "just say collective intelligence?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00683-00310020-00310391": "Is there another kind of intelligence?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00684-00310391-00311026": "Is there a reason that we would even say that to put an emphasis on something, what are", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00685-00311026-00311307": "you distinguishing it from?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00686-00311307-00312593": "I'm not sure if this is also part of the question that we were discussing earlier about the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00687-00312593-00312960": "distinction between intelligence and creativity.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00688-00312960-00313073": "I think that these two questions are related.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00689-00313073-00313260": "And I think that, in principle, in my opinion, is a false binary.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00690-00313260-00313900": "Because any kind of creativity involves intelligence, and vise versa.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00691-00313900-00314427": "And a lot of this conversation about creativity versus intelligence was actually generated", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00692-00314427-00315024": "by neoliberal discourse, Richard Florida, and exploitation of this creative intelligence", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00693-00315024-00315690": "for purposes of corporations, for example.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00694-00315690-00316036": "And I think that this whole binary is completely false.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00695-00316036-00316724": "But what, for example, is interesting for me in terms of collective intelligence, and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00696-00316724-00317531": "why I think that it's important to distinguish it, even if it's [INAUDIBLE] maybe, is the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00697-00317531-00318182": "fact that, especially with cultural, but especially Western culture in particular, has this tradition", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00698-00318182-00318613": "of thinking about intelligence as individual.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00699-00318613-00319019": "And located in the brain and human.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00700-00319019-00319264": "And I really appreciate what Caroline was saying.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00701-00319264-00319726": "I absolutely share your interest in this [? real ?] that this anthropomorphization of intelligence,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00702-00319726-00320321": "and the idea of this individual intelligence, it has to stop.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00703-00320321-00320769": "Because not only, obviously, scientists are observing since a long time, that intelligence", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00704-00320769-00320891": "is distributed.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00705-00320891-00321011": "That it's external to the brain.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00706-00321011-00321215": "And it can be collective.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00707-00321215-00321624": "It can be also non-human.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00708-00321624-00322010": "And intelligence, essentially, is alien, I would even say, in a way.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00709-00322010-00322727": "And especially with the microbiome research that is both inside of our bodies, but also", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00710-00322727-00322956": "is external in a way.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00711-00322956-00323250": "So it's both and non-us.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00712-00323250-00323758": "And I think that it actually brought the whole conversation-- and I'm coming back to the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00713-00323758-00324625": "things we said here about AI-- the whole anthropomorphization of artificial intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00714-00324625-00325128": "That it's a single brain, or it's a single entity, or a robot or something.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00715-00325128-00325738": "It's just like such a blind alley, because there are actually all these other forms of", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00716-00325738-00326440": "intelligence that-- and in fact, which corresponds with neural networks, which are used by scientists.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00717-00326440-00326611": "That it is a multiplicity.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00718-00326611-00326747": "It's a network.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00719-00326747-00326945": "It's a [? collective.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00720-00326945-00327045": "?]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00721-00327045-00327594": "So it's useful to ask, who is served by the fiction of the solitary unit?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00722-00327594-00328137": "And the market is very well served by this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00723-00328137-00328499": "So the ICA just opened a beautiful show with Jason Moran.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00724-00328499-00329010": "And their stated intention was to sort of break with the art world's fixation on the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00725-00329010-00329369": "individual and talk about collaboration.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00726-00329369-00329599": "But it's called Jason Moran.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00727-00329599-00329699": "You know what I mean?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00728-00329699-00330093": "So they can't really get there because they're inside.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00729-00330093-00330299": "They're inside the art market.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00730-00330299-00330575": "But they know they want to get there, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00731-00330575-00331189": "So you can just see the function of these ideologies as they operate.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00732-00331189-00331768": "I mean, so one thing you could come to with the term for lack of intelligence, perhaps", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00733-00331768-00332314": "also like situated or distributed intelligence, is it doesn't mean that there is another kind.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00734-00332314-00332551": "It means that we need to explain something about the nature of intelligence by adding", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00735-00332551-00332651": "these terms.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00736-00332651-00333056": "We need to adjust our appraisal at the--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00737-00333056-00333828": "Well, and that, to Adam's point, there's also the binary with dumb.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00738-00333828-00334059": "So I mean, we function with that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00739-00334059-00334694": "And I'm going to-- Nick didn't want to talk about this, but MIT has a whole Center for", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00740-00334694-00334871": "Collective Intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00741-00334871-00335324": "And what they're trying to do over there at the Sloan School is actually not be dumb,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00742-00335324-00335833": "not have algorithms determine our president, for example.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00743-00335833-00336430": "And that is a very important project, even though it operates within all the hierarchies,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00744-00336430-00336769": "with all the biases that could possibly cooked into all this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00745-00336769-00337537": "At least there are some humans that are trying to move the debate within things that we have", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00746-00337537-00338115": "already unleashed, that are already operating in fairly stupid ways to run our social lives.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00747-00338115-00338725": "I want everyone to talk about what they want to talk about [INAUDIBLE].", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00748-00338725-00339316": "I just wanted to quickly-- I think that what Professor Jones said about moving from emergent", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00749-00339316-00339554": "intelligence to emergent being.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00750-00339554-00339968": "I think it's a really interesting comment.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00751-00339968-00340554": "If smarter is what we're trying to be when we group together or not.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00752-00340554-00341100": "There's nice research out of MIT-- I think it was from [? Malone, ?] and then more recently,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00753-00341100-00341200": "it's Sandy Pentland.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00754-00341200-00341921": "And Media Lab doing work on what it is that predicts effective collaboration.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00755-00341921-00342621": "It's never picking an individual member to be smarter than the rest of the group and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00756-00342621-00342893": "talk more, or even three within 10.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00757-00342893-00343414": "It's always a measure of social cohesion that's a best predictor of output.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00758-00343414-00343748": "And I think that that's research that people have come across and has been around for a", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00759-00343748-00343848": "while.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00760-00343848-00344200": "There's more recent research, which I think is interesting, in what Professor Jones just", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00761-00344200-00344924": "said about our country making collective decisions which we'd question, which is that that measure", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00762-00344924-00345588": "of social cohesion is no longer a good measure of group output if those people are not in", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00763-00345588-00345960": "person, if they're communicating over text on the internet.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00764-00345960-00346496": "Then that is no longer the measure that predicts group intelligence as it was measured in the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00765-00346496-00346659": "original [? Malone ?] work.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00766-00346659-00347360": "I find that pretty scary in terms of the ways that we're going to relate at scale.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00767-00347360-00348019": "And so I really appreciate the move from emergent intelligence, emergent being, whether intelligent", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00768-00348019-00348338": "is what we're aiming for, and whether intelligent is what we're actually studying.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00769-00348338-00349015": "I think it's really exciting that 100 ants on a flat surface walk in a circle and die,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00770-00349015-00349291": "and 500,000 can see the world.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00771-00349291-00349568": "I don't know if what they're doing is being intelligent.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00772-00349568-00350074": "I think it's cool to complicate it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00773-00350074-00350710": "So let me ask, because the topic has come up, about authorship, one might say, but also", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00774-00350710-00351909": "being an artist as a singular type of activity, the myth of the individual author and individual", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00775-00351909-00352254": "artist as something that's promulgated.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00776-00352254-00352870": "I mean copyright law coming about to be able to make work marketable.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00777-00352870-00353455": "And of course, the art world has its own version of this also.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00778-00353455-00353869": "It's not just in publishing, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00779-00353869-00354484": "So it's actually the case that this work arises, even if it's not done explicitly by collaborative,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00780-00354484-00355304": "even if it's not Shakespeare working his plays with a troop of actors.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00781-00355304-00355776": "Or someone with editorial supervision and collaboration.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00782-00355776-00356081": "It occurs in the social context.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00783-00356081-00356287": "It occurs collectively in various ways.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00784-00356287-00356707": "And I think we recognize that the standard individual intelligence, individual creativity", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00785-00356707-00356876": "model is an outmoded one.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00786-00356876-00357358": "But then, I guess, the question is, what's going to happen with it?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00787-00357358-00357549": "Is it just going to increasingly be recognized by the communities that have a stake in this?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00788-00357549-00358156": "Or is it going to be pushed back and further assertion.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00789-00358156-00358627": "Where do you see it going in the future?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00790-00358627-00359778": "Our ethnographer of the future at the end of the table.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00791-00359778-00360386": "Well, I think the art world will be the last to go.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00792-00360386-00361116": "So I'm fascinated by artists who have some experience with, say, the theatrical arts,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00793-00361116-00361425": "or the music world, like Jason Moran.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00794-00361425-00362223": "There are very well elaborated, controlled systems of credit and sharing in those worlds,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00795-00362223-00362817": "even down to jazz improvisation, where it's like it's your turn the drummer.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00796-00362817-00363292": "The second you get into the art world, everything changes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00797-00363292-00363927": "So an artist like William Kentridge, who loves opera, who wishes he could just do opera,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00798-00363927-00364535": "needs to go over here and make a drawing and sell it for $300,000 so he can make an opera,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00799-00364535-00364635": "right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00800-00364635-00364810": "Because opera doesn't make money.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00801-00364810-00364990": "Opera is collaborative.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00802-00364990-00365608": "Opera has many, many people working on it, all of whom get paid and are given credit.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00803-00365608-00366434": "So ironically, the thing he can do himself is paid more by the art world than the thing", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00804-00366434-00366762": "that has to pay all those other people.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00805-00366762-00367420": "That obscures the fact that his workshop has a stable of very committed people that he", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00806-00367420-00368142": "has worked with, almost in a theatrical troupe impresarial way, for decades.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00807-00368142-00368371": "And their name does not go on the drawing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00808-00368371-00368471": "But let me ask.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00809-00368471-00368571": "So i understand that from the credit perspective.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00810-00368571-00368780": "But let me ask this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00811-00368780-00369440": "Isn't some of the value, maybe most of the value, of art that we can talk about it and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00812-00369440-00369927": "we can share our appreciation of and our understanding, our reflection on it?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00813-00369927-00370429": "And doesn't that come from knowing about artists and their practices?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00814-00370429-00371070": "And if we have something-- I mean, Agnieszka's work is interesting because we know about", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00815-00371070-00371624": "her trajectory as an artist and the contextual situation of the other works that she's done,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00816-00371624-00371873": "and her thinking and her perspective and the way that she works.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00817-00371873-00371973": "[INTERPOSING VOICES]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00818-00371973-00372654": "I think her work is unusual in the amount of credit that she shares and the discussion", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00819-00372654-00372765": "of her collaborators.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00820-00372765-00372945": "I think that's unusual.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00821-00372945-00373045": "And I think that's admirable.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00822-00373045-00373671": "But we have to admit, we're not as interested in her Turkers' stories as we are in her--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00823-00373671-00373863": "But that could be a great hypnagogic reversal.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00824-00373863-00374167": "That could be a great hypnagogic reversal.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00825-00374167-00374340": "Instead of averaging those emotions.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00826-00374340-00374517": "Yes, absolutely.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00827-00374517-00374617": "Right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00828-00374617-00374783": "Drilling down.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00829-00374783-00375099": "And there is some effort to do that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00830-00375099-00375566": "There is some work with these affective committees.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00831-00375566-00376076": "I think-- I'll just throw out another example of collectives, which I would love to get", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00832-00376076-00376229": "Agnieszka'a response to.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00833-00376229-00377092": "So in Dafen, which is the special economic zone of Shenzen, the art village was collected", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00834-00377092-00377784": "by the party state in China and told that they should each paint their dream on this", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00835-00377784-00377884": "particular canvas.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00836-00377884-00378389": "But on the other side, they should paint an exact replica of this thing over here, this", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00837-00378389-00378719": "little chip, this little photographic chip.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00838-00378719-00379221": "And they're very highly skilled at replicating photographic information on whatever they're", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00839-00379221-00379321": "given.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00840-00379321-00379875": "And when all of the tiles were put together by the party state, they made a giant Mona", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00841-00379875-00379997": "Lisa.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00842-00379997-00380534": "Not from their dreams, which are now on the back of the canvas, their individual dreams.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00843-00380534-00381278": "But the front, which they were given as actual living human mechanical Turkers, now composes", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00844-00381278-00381843": "the Dafen Mona Lisa, which is so much better than Leonardo's because we all made it together,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00845-00381843-00381943": "right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00846-00381943-00382425": "So this trope of the collective is also a cultural conceit.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00847-00382425-00382986": "And it bears with it tremendous power for the political narrative.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00848-00382986-00383576": "So the hierarchy that determined which worker would get which chip, which piece of the Mona", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00849-00383576-00384213": "Lisa, is erased in the discourse about this wonderful collective.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00850-00384213-00384811": "So you can always do that interesting analysis of the history and how it works with these", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00851-00384811-00385083": "concepts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00852-00385083-00385712": "The name, the Mechanical Turk, is an obscene orientalism that we just use without reflection.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00853-00385712-00386549": "But it already encodes the hierarchy of this automaton without brain that will perform", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00854-00386549-00386714": "upon demand.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00855-00386714-00387263": "I mean, so ugh, can we reverse that narrative in any way with that platform?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00856-00387263-00387606": "I mean, I think we'd have to rename it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00857-00387606-00387766": "Yes, absolutely.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00858-00387766-00387866": "I mean--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00859-00387866-00387966": "I'm not sure the other platforms are better, though.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00860-00387966-00388066": "Yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00861-00388066-00388166": "There are [INAUDIBLE].", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00862-00388166-00388266": "[INAUDIBLE] is the other [INAUDIBLE].", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00863-00388266-00388366": "[INTERPOSING VOICES]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00864-00388366-00388466": "So it does seem like historicizing these terms is one way to break them, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00865-00388466-00389181": "The history of the collective, and collective farming in the former Soviet Union is a different", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00866-00389181-00390062": "kind of collective than the kind of Utopian thing that maybe we're talking about a little", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00867-00390062-00390162": "bit here, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00868-00390162-00390805": "And I think a lot of discussions of collective intelligence are-- and emergence intelligence--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00869-00390805-00391198": "are haunted by kind of reductionist methodological individualism.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00870-00391198-00391881": "That somehow there's this collective emanation of emergent intelligence, and then it's made", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00871-00391881-00392511": "of these binary little bits of individuals, which is kind of Western, liberal contract", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00872-00392511-00393057": "theory from Hobbes to Russo to John Locke, et cetera.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00873-00393057-00393452": "Like mitzy monads that just sort of percolate, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00874-00393452-00393754": "With no mediating or middle structure.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00875-00393754-00394233": "But I think that maybe that's something we could think about, is what would be a meso-theory?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00876-00394233-00394966": "There's something that intervenes between the kind of monads and this collective effervescence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00877-00394966-00395155": "Well, let's go there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00878-00395155-00395883": "Because the monad is merely an invagination or an extrusion from a single divine body.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00879-00395883-00396852": "So I mean, we could, right there with the monad, we could get some fuzz and some vagueness", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00880-00396852-00397137": "and some sliding going on.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00881-00397137-00397451": "It's the bit that I think we struggle with.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00882-00397451-00398068": "I would have two comments to this exchange.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00883-00398068-00398819": "One is about coming back again to this question of creativity and different projections and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00884-00398819-00399371": "anthropomorphizations of AI and its uses.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00885-00399371-00400629": "And something that is specific, I think, about intelligence that is not machining is a certain", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00886-00400629-00401314": "aspect of irrationality, or unpredictability, or uncomputability.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00887-00401314-00401985": "And I think that the problem that is now starting to be recognized by scientists, that it's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00888-00401985-00402391": "this tendency to anthropomorphization, but also of the AI.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00889-00402391-00402938": "And trying to think about how this could be created, and how could we, for example, create", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00890-00402938-00403121": "an artificial intelligence artist using algorithms.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00891-00403121-00403874": "I mean, one of the questions is like, how do you actually imitate not the intelligence,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00892-00403874-00404368": "but precisely the dumbness, the stupidity, or the thing even more broadly, some kind", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00893-00404368-00404778": "of irrationality of various kinds, including stupidity?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00894-00404778-00405028": "Or naivete or-- and this is becoming-- I mean, it's probably, again, an unbridgeable challenge.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00895-00405028-00405220": "The machines have their own type of stupidity.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00896-00405220-00405340": "It's called glitch.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00897-00405340-00405501": "It's called a glitch.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00898-00405501-00405601": "[INTERPOSING VOICES]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00899-00405601-00405942": "That could be employed in these kind of things.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00900-00405942-00406042": "[INTERPOSING VOICES].", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00901-00406042-00406174": "But they are different glitches.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00902-00406174-00406623": "They don't have to imitate human writers or artists.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00903-00406623-00406777": "Agreed, but there are different kinds of errors and glitches.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00904-00406777-00407091": "And of course, some artists are exploring these glitches, machining glitches.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00905-00407091-00407692": "But actually, the kind of irrationality, there's something particular about it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00906-00407692-00408732": "And I think that the uncomputability of collective social behavior, which we can obviously, now,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00907-00408732-00409378": "with all the algorithms that we have at hand to, for example, anticipate an election result", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00908-00409378-00409529": "and other phenomenon.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00909-00409529-00409997": "They've become useless at the end of the day, because so many irrational factors sometimes", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00910-00409997-00410122": "play into it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00911-00410122-00410695": "I think that I see-- I kind of see some hope in it, because wouldn't it be absolutely terrifying", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00912-00410695-00410952": "if everything could just be computed?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00913-00410952-00411602": "And we would be able to anticipate everything, like in terms of any kind of creative-- excuse", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00914-00411602-00411802": "the word-- process of any kind.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00915-00411802-00412006": "Not in culture, but in any.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00916-00412006-00412867": "I think, actually, this would-- humans need not only this sense of being able to control", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00917-00412867-00413410": "things, because obviously, what is the ability to calculate things?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00918-00413410-00413810": "It's obviously connected to our ability to control things.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00919-00413810-00414393": "And the more that we have uncomputables and irrational factors, this actually-- the fact", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00920-00414393-00414756": "that we still can have it, thank God, is a positive thing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00921-00414756-00415183": "But I don't know for how long, but I'm hoping that maybe always.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00922-00415183-00415925": "And another point that I wanted to make about the questions of authorship and where art", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00923-00415925-00416622": "and culture could go, I mean, one of my main areas of research is where is culture going", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00924-00416622-00416722": "to evolve?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00925-00416722-00416822": "Where it's going.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00926-00416822-00417239": "And I think that we're living in, for many reasons, horrifying times.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00927-00417239-00417835": "But for other reasons, very interesting times, because we can witness as culture evolves", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00928-00417835-00418458": "in front of our eyes, because some things are happening so fast.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00929-00418458-00419238": "But one negative aspect of the evolution of culture is that it used to be produced collectively.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00930-00419238-00419881": "And things like the Bible, or the mythologies were important products of culture with multiples", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00931-00419881-00420110": "anonymous, mostly anonymous authors.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00932-00420110-00420793": "And even today, a lot of people are indicating that even constructs like Homer, or maybe", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00933-00420793-00421347": "to some degree even Shakespeare, actually constitute a multiplicity or, or certain diversity", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00934-00421347-00421589": "of more than just one author.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00935-00421589-00422060": "And at some point of cultural evolution, we arrived at the point where, basically, yes,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00936-00422060-00422685": "as Caroline pointed out, cultural industries or proto-industries capitalized on the fact", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00937-00422685-00423155": "that if you have a singular author, it's going to be easier to capitalize on it, to market", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00938-00423155-00423275": "it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00939-00423275-00424005": "Yeah, and we're like at the point total absurd of this, that it's a total alienation, almost,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00940-00424005-00424304": "of the product.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00941-00424304-00425260": "And I think that creativity is a social relation, first and foremost.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00942-00425260-00425756": "And what happened in culture is that creativity became a relation between the product and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00943-00425756-00426010": "the author.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00944-00426010-00426957": "And this is why, precisely as Caroline was pointing out, that the objects that were touched", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00945-00426957-00427712": "by the artist hand-- why is painting today, as for example, like Isabella Grav very interestingly", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00946-00427712-00428558": "analyzes, like why has painting been so fetishized and is reaching the highest prices is because", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00947-00428558-00429084": "a lot of people who understand culture in a very basic way, they want to have the stigma", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00948-00429084-00429502": "of the artist, the touch of the artist's hand, even if it's mechanized to some degree.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00949-00429502-00430018": "But still, some kind of expanded notion of painting, or expanded notion of sculpture.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00950-00430018-00430429": "Something that had a contact with the living body of the artist.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00951-00430429-00431254": "And it's obviously just another commodification of a process that originally was general,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00952-00431254-00431504": "intellect, multitude of various people.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00953-00431504-00432203": "Let me ask, though, because it seems to me that it is possible, if you're mentioning", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00954-00432203-00432967": "with regard to Homer, the Odyssey author, the Iliad author-- we call him Homer.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00955-00432967-00433526": "That we can have works that don't have an author, and that are creative, and influential", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00956-00433526-00433626": "socially.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00957-00433626-00434397": "But we can't have something creative or influential socially without some type of cultural context.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00958-00434397-00435142": "We wouldn't say, oh, this is very creative meteorite that landed on the ground.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00959-00435142-00435707": "I mean, it has to be a work that has some meaning situated socially that's there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00960-00435707-00435825": "And so--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00961-00435825-00436335": "I don't know, it it looked like Agnieszka's sculpture, we might say, what a creative looking", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00962-00436335-00436435": "meteorite.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00963-00436435-00436535": "That's true.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00964-00436535-00436635": "Yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00965-00436635-00437147": "In other words, if it had certain orders that we associate-- But there was also the selection", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00966-00437147-00437247": "of materials.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00967-00437247-00437633": "There was also an arrangement of--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00968-00437633-00438125": "But upon first contact, if it rockets out of the sky, it lands in front of you, and", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00969-00438125-00438543": "it looks like her anodized metal thing--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00970-00438543-00438684": "This is an empirical question.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00971-00438684-00439367": "If we go to the Museum of Natural History and we take one of the meteorites and we put", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00972-00439367-00439467": "it in an art gallery--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00973-00439467-00439652": "Oh, it's been.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00974-00439652-00439967": "Olafur Eliasson already did that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00975-00439967-00440447": "But I'm making a different point about where culture comes from.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00976-00440447-00440768": "So if it rockets out of the sky, it lands in front of us, and it looks like Agnieszka's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00977-00440768-00441284": "object, I'm going to say there's probably some culture in this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00978-00441284-00441922": "So I'm supplying-- I'm part of the-- what I love, what Adam mentioned, about this collective", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00979-00441922-00442435": "project that defers memory and stores it in other people, and so on and so forth.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00980-00442435-00443092": "I mean, maybe it would be a provocative suggestion to say, are we allowing corporations to have", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00981-00443092-00443213": "collective intelligence?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00982-00443213-00443354": "They're already fictive persons.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00983-00443354-00443772": "They're already fictive bodies.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00984-00443772-00444439": "What are we-- we have many, many entities in our own culture that are kind of allowed", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00985-00444439-00444868": "to operate as if they possessed intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00986-00444868-00445577": "And some of the AI crowd I was hanging out with was saying that this is already the singularity.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00987-00445577-00445891": "This is already an artificial intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00988-00445891-00446497": "Their claim is that the CEO has to listen to this aggregate that is this corporation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00989-00446497-00447321": "That the CEO is a fictive individual who doesn't actually control what's going on with this", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00990-00447321-00447772": "emergent property which is called the capitalist corporation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00991-00447772-00448154": "So I take that pretty seriously.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00992-00448154-00448518": "There's a history to that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00993-00448518-00448692": "We decided to make them people.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00994-00448692-00448902": "We decided to let them have free speech.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00995-00448902-00449597": "We decided to let have certain ways of storing their capital and moving it around that didn't", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00996-00449597-00449888": "involve our separate wishes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00997-00449888-00450642": "So some have argued that this is already the singularity of a general intelligence appearing", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00998-00450642-00450772": "in our social organizations.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-00999-00450772-00450872": "[INTERPOSING VOICES]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01000-00450872-00451303": "--language and have conversations with them to ask them to treat us nicely.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01001-00451303-00451521": "I think that's called a chat room.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01002-00451521-00451684": "I think I do that on my interfaces.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01003-00451684-00452335": "I'm also thinking back to the 19th century and Charles Babbage's notion of intelligence", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01004-00452335-00453178": "as not only a kind of capacity or a faculty, but also as knowledge about the conduct of", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01005-00453178-00453279": "calculation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01006-00453279-00453774": "And Charles Babbage not only being famous for thinking about early theory in computation,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01007-00453774-00454276": "but also somebody who is very interested in factory manufacture, and in organizing the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01008-00454276-00454964": "shop floor, and making the claim that having the knowledge about how to organize the shop", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01009-00454964-00455233": "floor meant having intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01010-00455233-00455756": "And the intelligence resided not in the craftspeople or in the factory workers on the floor, but", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01011-00455756-00455856": "rather in the manager.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01012-00455856-00456408": "So already there, there's a notion of-- there's already a kind of relation of production that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01013-00456408-00456732": "produces a kind of notion of what counts as intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01014-00456732-00457427": "And it's gathering together of a collectivity into the category of the stake of the individual.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01015-00457427-00457964": "I just want to quickly to the point of irrationality and authorship in the corporation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01016-00457964-00458681": "I think another institution project director that's at the table and in the room, the sort", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01017-00458681-00459068": "of collective scientist and the collection of facts that science produces.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01018-00459068-00459545": "And the notion of authorship in that realm I think is really interesting.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01019-00459545-00460068": "In my experience, there's almost an opposing problem, which is that-- in my experience,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01020-00460068-00460400": "the art world, art rarely exist without an author.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01021-00460400-00460793": "In my experience of science and scientific discussions about how memory does or doesn't", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01022-00460793-00461370": "work, or is split or not split, or stays or doesn't stay, facts are split from their producers.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01023-00461370-00462042": "And I think this is interesting to Professor Jones' point in terms of power in code also,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01024-00462042-00462529": "the notion of math or software as neutral and without author.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01025-00462529-00462852": "And then in the science world, the notion of facts as without author.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01026-00462852-00463242": "And what that produced is-- and why that comforts us.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01027-00463242-00463707": "I think it eliminates subjects and the limitations of specific cohorts of subjects.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01028-00463707-00463938": "It eliminates the scientist as subjective.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01029-00463938-00464414": "It eliminates the study of myself as study of other, which I think is comforting as a", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01030-00464414-00464818": "construction of objectivity and a way to study ourselves or know ourselves, actually.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01031-00464818-00465470": "But I think in the same way, there's an interesting psychology of the artist as always author,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01032-00465470-00465929": "or science as without author, sort of exiting [INAUDIBLE] science.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01033-00465929-00466479": "There is an interesting psychology to why I think it's comforting to consider myself,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01034-00466479-00467252": "or ourselves, or intelligence as a collective in that it lets you understand and not understand", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01035-00467252-00467352": "at once.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01036-00467352-00467454": "And that's OK.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01037-00467454-00467852": "Where you can say, you can boil down to parts, and I can see parts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01038-00467852-00468093": "And so I'm a materialist scientist, and that is comforting.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01039-00468093-00468570": "But at the same time, there's a sort of weak, epic phenomenalism where you can say, those", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01040-00468570-00468747": "parts construct a mystery.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01041-00468747-00469260": "And that leaves some space for freewill, or soul, or whatever you'd like to put in there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01042-00469260-00469543": "So I think the psychologies of all of these are really interesting.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01043-00469543-00470063": "The psychology of giving personhood to corporation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01044-00470063-00470514": "The psychology of giving, perhaps, too much personhood to an art project, or perhaps taking", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01045-00470514-00470891": "personhood out of a scientific project.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01046-00470891-00471605": "Well, I think we should break the hermetic seal around the five of us and see if there's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01047-00471605-00472164": "some questions from our continuing audience that's been so kind to [INAUDIBLE].", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01048-00472164-00472376": "We'll be voting them up and down over here.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01049-00472376-00472827": "We'll be voting your questions up.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01050-00472827-00473454": "Let's-- yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01051-00473454-00473767": "Hi.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01052-00473767-00474760": "I'm at the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01053-00474760-00474860": "I have a lot of questions, comments, [INAUDIBLE]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01054-00474860-00474960": "I told that this was coming.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01055-00474960-00475241": "The one that I believe-- it's not clear to me yet how this panel defines intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01056-00475241-00475341": "Let's be pushy.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01057-00475341-00476121": "One of the things that I was wondering is, if intelligence and creativity would be considered", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01058-00476121-00476604": "distinctly, as some people, for instance, in computational creativity like to think", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01059-00476604-00477108": "of creativity as being distinct from artificial intelligence the way that problem solving", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01060-00477108-00477285": "behavior is treated there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01061-00477285-00477834": "So Agnieszka's perspective was not-- was that they shouldn't be though of separately.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01062-00477834-00478318": "What's intelligence to you?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01063-00478318-00478568": "I'm going to defer to the ethnographer.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01064-00478568-00478835": "I'm interested in the actors categories.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01065-00478835-00479343": "So my main question with the slime mold is, what is this thing that you mean when you", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01066-00479343-00479589": "say the word intelligence?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01067-00479589-00483160": "So mostly, I want to ask that question, not answer it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01068-00483160-00483322": "I actually like what you presented there, that example, a single episodes And the way", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01069-00483322-00483422": "that you actually described it as a collective aggregation instead of collective intelligence", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01070-00483422-00483522": "I didn't see intelligence there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01071-00483522-00483622": "But I was able to see this collective But that's based on my perception and understanding", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01072-00483622-00483722": "of what intelligence means.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01073-00483722-00483822": "But I was very interested to hear what your perspective was.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01074-00483822-00483955": "So I think that the emerging ideas of art and culture that I see as celebrating in some", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01075-00483955-00484829": "way, as some demi hemi semi collective up here, is to question the computational motherboard", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01076-00484829-00485075": "as the metaphor for intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01077-00485075-00486085": "The baggage manager, the man behind the curtain, the [INAUDIBLE] or whatever [? Wiener ?] call", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01078-00486085-00486321": "it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01079-00486321-00486902": "The kind of gubernator, the cybernetic steersman to kind of question that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01080-00486902-00487429": "And to say that it's time to acknowledge that other things are happening, things that seem", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01081-00487429-00488331": "to have purpose and form and seem to push things into being that are not necessarily", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01082-00488331-00488777": "driven by some rational intelligence at the center.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01083-00488777-00489196": "So do we want to abandon the word, or do we want to retool it?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01084-00489196-00489418": "That's kind of the project.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01085-00489418-00489533": "That's the question at hand.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01086-00489533-00489917": "I'm not sure which is-- maybe it's fatally compromised.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01087-00489917-00490331": "It certainly has its sociological and racist baggage.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01088-00490331-00490517": "So maybe we--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01089-00490517-00490896": "But again, there's a market there as well, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01090-00490896-00491951": "When I wanted to get some digitized images for teaching, I got nowhere with the library.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01091-00491951-00492096": "They didn't have any money.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01092-00492096-00492429": "But when I called it an IS&T problem, and I called it an information management problem,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01093-00492429-00492977": "suddenly I had all these people saying, we'll write some software for that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01094-00492977-00493653": "So they thought they could sell an intelligent system of digital-- like they kind of forgot", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01095-00493653-00493753": "PowerPoint existed.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01096-00493753-00494056": "But they thought they could sell an intelligent teaching platform.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01097-00494056-00494332": "The library didn't have anything to sell.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01098-00494332-00494553": "They just had all of this collective memory.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01099-00494553-00494897": "MIT gives it a budget.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01100-00494897-00495313": "So this is-- you know, there's also a market in intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01101-00495313-00495997": "I think, for one thing, that your definition is contextually suggested.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01102-00495997-00496543": "So in many ways, at MIT, what intelligence is is this sort of back formation from artificial", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01103-00496543-00496779": "intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01104-00496779-00496881": "And if we were--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01105-00496881-00497097": "And a back formation there from cybernetics--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01106-00497097-00497197": "If we were in government--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01107-00497197-00497321": "--which were military guidance systems.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01108-00497321-00497614": "But if we were in government and political science, we would think that intelligence", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01109-00497614-00498220": "maybe was gathering satellite and human intelligence data from places and trying to integrate it", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01110-00498220-00498531": "to learn things about other countries and actors.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01111-00498531-00499105": "And at MIT, it's also a techno-scientific category, whereas that's the tool with which--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01112-00499105-00499412": "that's the discourse with which to approach it, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01113-00499412-00499621": "Rather than intelligent design.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01114-00499621-00500097": "Rather than with the tools of a particular religious cosmology.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01115-00500097-00501079": "That's why I'm trying to push the conversation within my work, my questions I'm asking myself,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01116-00501079-00501742": "as far away from any anthropomorphization, human associated.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01117-00501742-00502297": "But also machining into other realms, into [? alien ?] intelligence, into microbial intelligence,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01118-00502297-00502582": "into non-organic intelligence, like intelligence of particles.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01119-00502582-00503485": "Because I think that one of the problems is that we associated all this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01120-00503485-00504250": "And I think a lot of these notions were exactly created on the basis of certain cliches that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01121-00504250-00504556": "emerged in various fields.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01122-00504556-00504693": "And we have to take it somewhere.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01123-00504693-00505468": "And for me, in one word, like the intelligence, like if really something is the unknown.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01124-00505468-00506297": "Something that is-- I'm looking for it in the unknown, the irrational, the other worldly.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01125-00506297-00507025": "And because all these other categories we've kind of, I fell, almost like hit the wall.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01126-00507025-00507125": "And it's just--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01127-00507125-00507225": "To go back to--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01128-00507225-00507325": "Maybe-- I was going to see if we could have maybe one or two more questions.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01129-00507325-00507425": "But is it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01130-00507425-00507525": "There was one in back, yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01131-00507525-00507697": "I'm also [INAUDIBLE] Apart from [INAUDIBLE]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01132-00507697-00507797": "I'm sorry.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01133-00507797-00509413": "I didn't-- can you rephrase the question?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01134-00509413-00509793": "It's a question as to whether we have new discoveries on slime mold,s which I must admit,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01135-00509793-00509893": "I do not.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01136-00509893-00510148": "I have some.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01137-00510148-00510248": "But Agnieszka may be able to fill us in.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01138-00510248-00510728": "I don't know if maybe you came up late to the talk, but I was showing that image of", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01139-00510728-00510849": "slime mold solving a maze.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01140-00510849-00511357": "Most recently, what was established about the slime mold is that it has memory.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01141-00511357-00511545": "It's capable of collectively memorizing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01142-00511545-00512199": "Which kind of also refers to the question about intelligence, because, of course, remembering", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01143-00512199-00512299": "and learning.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01144-00512299-00512700": "It has a capability of learning, even though it doesn't have a nervous system.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01145-00512700-00512872": "So it's, in a way, similar to a neural network.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01146-00512872-00513378": "That it somehow learns.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01147-00513378-00514014": "I have a book to recommend, which is-- there's a professor at Princeton who has spent his", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01148-00514014-00514522": "life with these organisms, kind of along the model of the wonderful Japanese researcher", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01149-00514522-00515128": "who presented them to the emperor in 1930 as the model of a good society.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01150-00515128-00515422": "Anyway, the guy at Princeton's last name is Bonner.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01151-00515422-00515643": "And the book is just called The Social Ameobae.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01152-00515643-00516126": "And it's beautifully illustrated, and it's small.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01153-00516126-00516297": "It's lovely to read.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01154-00516297-00516972": "And he talks about all the things that are known and the much larger things that aren't", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01155-00516972-00517308": "known about how this creature organizes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01156-00517308-00517889": "And it's in the family of fungi, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01157-00517889-00518145": "We don't know much about fungi.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01158-00518145-00518324": "They are everywhere.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01159-00518324-00519221": "And they are-- the plants are down here in the evolutionary line.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01160-00519221-00519427": "Animals are here in the evolutionary line.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01161-00519427-00519743": "And fungi are-- they're kind of right up there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01162-00519743-00519885": "They act collaboratively.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01163-00519885-00520466": "They provide communication channels for other symbiotic creatures that they're involved", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01164-00520466-00520568": "with-- trees.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01165-00520568-00521397": "I mean, so stay tuned, because the fungi are giving us a lot of the chemical signalling", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01166-00521397-00521652": "that is just beginning to be seen as intelligent.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01167-00521652-00521764": "I'm with you on [INAUDIBLE].", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01168-00521764-00522228": "I want to ask, though, about the idea that repetition of previous states and shapes,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01169-00522228-00522456": "in that we call this memory.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01170-00522456-00522907": "I mean, we also have a memory foam pillow that does this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01171-00522907-00523162": "And we wouldn't attribute it with the intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01172-00523162-00523655": "In fact, the fact that our computers have memory is not the way that Babbage, of course,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01173-00523655-00523755": "talked of them.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01174-00523755-00524107": "He talked of not the processor and memory, but the mill and the store.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01175-00524107-00524463": "So he had the industrial metaphor for computing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01176-00524463-00525163": "And our computer would be spoken of much more like in these factory terms, except for the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01177-00525163-00525605": "fact that it was later reframed as a giant brain.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01178-00525605-00525981": "Right, but we have gigabytes on storage.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01179-00525981-00526256": "So the store-- the store does get there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01180-00526256-00526451": "I mean, these aren't the only metaphors.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01181-00526451-00527049": "But I'm saying that we often project into these concepts metaphorically.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01182-00527049-00527517": "And so-- not that slime molds aren't interesting.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01183-00527517-00527929": "I'm not trying to assert that in this crowd, definitely.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01184-00527929-00528538": "But we should also be thinking about what we are figuratively discussing and what we're", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01185-00528538-00528680": "projecting onto them by having these different concepts.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01186-00528680-00528973": "I mean, the social-- the name social, what does that-- I mean, does that make any sense?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01187-00528973-00529073": "No.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01188-00529073-00529173": "Who knows?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01189-00529173-00529273": "Is there-- yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01190-00529273-00529373": "Yeah, it seems like some of the ways we have right now of acknowledging and respecting", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01191-00529373-00529473": "the sort of collective intelligence, or this act of producing something collectively is", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01192-00529473-00529573": "like profit sharing and credit sharing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01193-00529573-00529673": "I think along those lines, I feel like thinking about the cases of acting in a collective", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01194-00529673-00529773": "with termites, or acting in a collective with artificial intelligence kind of shows the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01195-00529773-00529873": "limits of approaching it that way.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01196-00529873-00531468": "So what might it look like to really-- what's the equivalent of profit sharing with artificial", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01197-00531468-00531850": "intelligence or with termites?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01198-00531850-00532670": "I'm not sure I understood the question.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01199-00532670-00534367": "What is the equivalent of profit sharing with termites?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01200-00534367-00534467": "What's in it for the termites?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01201-00534467-00534575": "Yeah, what's it in for the termites, yeah.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01202-00534575-00534791": "What's in it for the termites?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01203-00534791-00534891": "Yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01204-00534891-00535513": "Well actually, I have to say, honestly, I consciously used the termites as a model of", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01205-00535513-00536177": "self-exploitation, because the termites, they don't-- this is an interesting phenomenon", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01206-00536177-00536360": "that they are almost blind.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01207-00536360-00536628": "They don't see what they're building out of, for example.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01208-00536628-00537125": "They don't see that these are these crazy colors, instead of like the gray or orange", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01209-00537125-00537283": "or black mud.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01210-00537283-00537675": "And it was just like a really, for me, interesting vehicle to talk about self-exploitations.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01211-00537675-00538084": "It's like, how our data is exploited, or like how--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01212-00538084-00538184": "I have to point out, they weren't even invited to the opening.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01213-00538184-00538284": "[LAUGHTER]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01214-00538284-00538842": "But to kind of develop further on your question, obviously-- a question that I'm being asked", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01215-00538842-00539225": "very often is OK, so you're talking about this collective intelligence, and a collective", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01216-00539225-00540155": "authorship, but at the end of the day, you're just like a single author.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01217-00540155-00540844": "And one of the things that interests me, I think that these questions of singular authorship,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01218-00540844-00541220": "we're really witnessing some sort of erosion of the singular author.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01219-00541220-00541371": "But it's not that we're already-- I don't really know.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01220-00541371-00541569": "This is one of my areas of inquiry.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01221-00541569-00541800": "Where is it going to go?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01222-00541800-00542578": "I just know that individual authorship is kind of eroding.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01223-00542578-00542704": "And we can see it already in science.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01224-00542704-00542961": "We can see it in knowledge production.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01225-00542961-00543552": "In individual arts, as Caroline pointed out, they will be the last to go, absolutely.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01226-00543552-00543689": "I couldn't agree more.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01227-00543689-00544355": "But for example, when you look at science, how Nobel Prize used to be just given to a", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01228-00544355-00544455": "single person.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01229-00544455-00544688": "More recently, there's a kind of uptick there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01230-00544688-00544986": "Because more recently, not only is given to groups of people.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01231-00544986-00545296": "Sometimes a team of two, three, four scientists.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01232-00545296-00545992": "But also, more interestingly, it's given simultaneously to two or three people who discovered the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01233-00545992-00546226": "same thing in different parts of the world.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01234-00546226-00546753": "And I think that this is an interesting development that may lead to something else, and also", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01235-00546753-00546903": "in the field of culture.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01236-00546903-00547424": "But we may not be witnessing this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01237-00547424-00547617": "I just think that something is changing.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01238-00547617-00547804": "And I'm happy to be witnessing this.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01239-00547804-00548088": "But where it's going to go, I don't know.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01240-00548088-00548919": "And I want to just add that if you want to see the models of profit on the animal kingdoms", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01241-00548919-00549404": "and the fungal kingdoms, I mean, brewer's yeast was the first animal to be-- I mean,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01242-00549404-00549734": "the first fungi to be sequenced.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01243-00549734-00550157": "It is the origin of the word biotechnology, the brewer's yeast.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01244-00550157-00550657": "So we've been exploiting these branches for a long, long time.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01245-00550657-00551002": "And what's interesting is that humans reflect on these practices.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01246-00551002-00551727": "So humans are saying, well, it was fine to have a couple of pigs, but 7,000 in a windowless", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01247-00551727-00551995": "container, is that fine?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01248-00551995-00552467": "So in my own work, I'm interested in these modes of visibilization, and the fact that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01249-00552467-00553407": "we create architectures with no windows because some part of our culture is nervous that the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01250-00553407-00553734": "question, what's in it for the pigs, is going to come up.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01251-00553734-00554407": "When we're just-- we've engineered them to have six months lifespans where they triple", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01252-00554407-00554686": "in size on particular kinds of feed.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01253-00554686-00555195": "I mean, we're producing them as machines to feed us.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01254-00555195-00556023": "And so the question of ethics of these relationships, it's being addressed, but in very personalized", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01255-00556023-00556232": "ways that fit with the neoliberalism.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01256-00556232-00556525": "Did you eat a hamburger today?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01257-00556525-00557111": "Rather than what is our collective responsibility to this planet and to the life forms?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01258-00557111-00557260": "Should we always maximize human life?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01259-00557260-00557632": "I mean, is that part of the co-organization?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01260-00557632-00558459": "So these questions of the collective are still pressing and make me want to cry, because", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01261-00558459-00558992": "we need to have these conversations all the time.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01262-00558992-00559160": "We need to talk.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01263-00559160-00559260": "So I really value your question.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01264-00559260-00559360": "Well, I do as well.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01265-00559360-00559672": "Caroline, I think that one of the things about it is that it also brings the question down", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01266-00559672-00560101": "to the specifics of, how do we collaborate?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01267-00560101-00560871": "Not how do we solve every global problem related to industrial agriculture and ecological disaster", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01268-00560871-00561059": "and so on.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01269-00561059-00561713": "But how is it that we, in our own practices, could be fairer to crowdsourced labor that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01270-00561713-00561821": "we employ.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01271-00561821-00562527": "But how do we think about this in relationship to other sort of machine, animal, unusual", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01272-00562527-00562627": "collaborations?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01273-00562627-00563444": "But how do we situate that in what we might do as people working in art science, or as", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01274-00563444-00563553": "others thinking about those types of collaborations?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01275-00563553-00563653": "Yes.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01276-00563653-00563753": "So we kind of gave this horrible perversion of the [INAUDIBLE] challenging the way you", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01277-00563753-00563853": "purchase things from the Amazon or the eBay.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01278-00563853-00564046": "So I know that Jeff Bezos son goes here, so if I were to bump into him, what would you", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01279-00564046-00564603": "recommend I pass along as a renaming Mechanical Turk?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01280-00564603-00564751": "[LAUGHTER]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01281-00564751-00565194": "I don't know.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01282-00565194-00565490": "Distributed automaton.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01283-00565490-00565933": "I don't know.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01284-00565933-00566673": "Do you have an idea?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01285-00566673-00567467": "I'm pretty excited in terms of the power of reframing these different metaphors for work", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01286-00567467-00567974": "and these different metaphors for intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01287-00567974-00568291": "And how that lets you reframe the person who asks the questions.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01288-00568291-00568691": "I'm super excited about fungal networks and mushrooms.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01289-00568691-00569317": "I would probably go ask-- if you come across Paul Stamets, but he lectures on mushrooms", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01290-00569317-00569508": "while wearing a mushroom as a hat.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01291-00569508-00569608": "And is an inspired creator.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01292-00569608-00570240": "I would probably knock on his door and ask what he means by intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01293-00570240-00570910": "A sort of intelligence which makes up the world's largest and the world's oldest organism,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01294-00570910-00571409": "and which forms a sort of intelligence that creates a forest over hundreds of years I", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01295-00571409-00572256": "think offers a lot of challenges to that sort of single author versus collective force question.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01296-00572256-00572821": "It offers a lot of challenges to the short term profit versus long term world question.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01297-00572821-00572955": "So I'd add mushrooms.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01298-00572955-00573224": "There's some good mushroom names, puffballs.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01299-00573224-00573717": "But you're asking about different kinds of framings and language, right?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01300-00573717-00574031": "So people do use the word clicklabor.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01301-00574031-00574300": "But what are some other terms?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01302-00574300-00574400": "Click bait.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01303-00574400-00575150": "I mean, maybe there would be a way to name it that-- I don't know how exploited that", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01304-00575150-00575250": "it is.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01305-00575250-00575777": "So somebody is working for IBM and they're bored, so they go over here and make a dollar.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01306-00575777-00575933": "I mean, is it terribly exploitative?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01307-00575933-00576586": "I mean, it's far worse how Apple is polishing its cases in China, the toxic chemicals.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01308-00576586-00577347": "So maybe there's a name for it, where maybe we would call it distracted cognitive capital.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01309-00577347-00577713": "Distracted cognitive capitalism", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01310-00577713-00577834": "[LAUGHTER]", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01311-00577834-00577934": "That sounds wonderful.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01312-00577934-00578407": "Time you ripped off from your boss, when it looked like you were working, or something", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01313-00578407-00578507": "like that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01314-00578507-00578612": "I mean, maybe there's be a way to name it--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01315-00578612-00578977": "You should ask, what Joseph Weizenbaum would say about this is what I think.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01316-00578977-00580080": "The idea that framing human activity in computation terms, and putting this type of-- essentially,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01317-00580080-00580767": "stuffing people into the automaton of the Mechanical Turk.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01318-00580767-00581194": "It's not so much that-- it's not the reference to Turkey that's the problem there.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01319-00581194-00581666": "It's actually a deeper problem of how the project is formulated, that right now, we're", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01320-00581666-00582110": "using people to do some tasks that happen to be part of what computers can do.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01321-00582110-00582679": "As soon as we get that figured out, we won't have to deal with that.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01322-00582679-00582779": "And so--", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01323-00582779-00583591": "I do want to point out that the giant conversation could be what about the three day workweek?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01324-00583591-00583884": "What about everybody gets the same wage?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01325-00583884-00584328": "I mean, there's so many conversations that we could be having in this universe, instead", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01326-00584328-00584534": "of we're replacing all the truck drivers.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01327-00584534-00584639": "They're going to vote for Republicans.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01328-00584639-00585409": "I mean, we have such an impoverished imaginary around how to have this conversation, it's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01329-00585409-00585976": "as though we, in our-- I love the-- I'm coming back to Adam's metaphor again of culture as", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01330-00585976-00586097": "this depositive memory.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01331-00586097-00586676": "I mean, we've just forgotten the other part of the collective conversation, which is the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01332-00586676-00587193": "social collective that tries to make things better for everybody in general.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01333-00587193-00587493": "Not for a few people in particular.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01334-00587493-00587815": "I mean, we've just kind of forgotten that whole conversation.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01335-00587815-00588735": "Well, for me, for example, the ways in which like the Amazon Mechanical Turk, and all these,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01336-00588735-00589376": "what I call just like this first factory, I mean, in a way, it's like I think Marx's", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01337-00589376-00589476": "worst dream.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01338-00589476-00590194": "Because it's 100% alienation, because everybody's working in front of their computer screen.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01339-00590194-00590828": "And the possibilities of unionization exists, but are not as easy as people interacting", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01340-00590828-00590928": "physically.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01341-00590928-00591237": "And of course, social media plays some role in it.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01342-00591237-00591829": "But I think one of the aspects of this topic that interest me is flows of social energies,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01343-00591829-00592507": "and how this changes with acceleration through circulation or content and means and everything,", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01344-00592507-00593197": "social media, and how much we still need physical bodies and physical interactions between people.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01345-00593197-00593723": "And obviously, questions about this new working class that is emerging in front of our eyes", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01346-00593723-00594495": "right now raises questions of, are we going to have an equivalent of a revolution against", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01347-00594495-00595198": "this, and against the exploitations in this new emerging working class?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01348-00595198-00595800": "And whether the platforms such as social media will allow for an accelerated process for", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01349-00595800-00596462": "people to unionize or do something else in order to make the world better, make the working", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01350-00596462-00596859": "conditions better, and equitable, and so on or not.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01351-00596859-00597552": "And another point that I wanted to also answer to, what Caroline has been saying about, the", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01352-00597552-00598127": "questions of how can the social make things better is through collective intelligence.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01353-00598127-00598621": "The reason why I'm, in my working, employing this idea of collective Tamagotchi that I", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01354-00598621-00599340": "was thinking a lot about is that I realized that there were about, I think, 76 million", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01355-00599340-00599844": "Tamagotchis-- so these toys in the shape-- the egg shaped toys-- sold worldwide.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01356-00599844-00600070": "76 million.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01357-00600070-00600526": "But what if, actually, one could imagine that all these people that built these Tamagotchis", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01358-00600526-00600782": "would just take care of just one Tamagotchi?", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01359-00600782-00600909": "And we have this Tamagotchi.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01360-00600909-00601040": "It's the plant earth, basically.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01361-00601040-00601487": "It's also an egg shaped that we can take care all.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01362-00601487-00602140": "And obviously, people are self-organizing in various ways to take care of this collective", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01363-00602140-00602373": "Tamagotchi.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01364-00602373-00602635": "And this is a process of collective intelligence-- self-organization.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01365-00602635-00602784": "It's an emergent process.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01366-00602784-00603148": "Not everything is just top down organized by politicians and governments.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01367-00603148-00603313": "But there are things.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01368-00603313-00603813": "And maybe, to answer your earlier question about is there anything positive anyway, as", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01369-00603813-00604382": "we're coming probably towards an end [INAUDIBLE] this conversation, there maybe is something", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01370-00604382-00604482": "positive.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01371-00604482-00605152": "It's that so many people around the world are involving and self-organizing into this", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01372-00605152-00605557": "debate about climate change, which I think is positive.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01373-00605557-00605657": "Mm-hmm.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01374-00605657-00606146": "Well, and that's obviously one of the many topics that Caroline mentioned that we have", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01375-00606146-00606694": "to discuss, as well as things more directly rising from the conversation we've had.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01376-00606694-00607192": "So I think we should move to informal conversation at this point.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01377-00607192-00607314": "I think we should conclude.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01378-00607314-00607619": "Thanks to those who came, and thanks to the the panelists.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01379-00607619-00607719": "Thanks for listening.", "hD4sUSVFvbo-01380-00607719-00607719": "[APPLAUSE]"}}, {"audio_id": "hD9fTNsnQTY", "text": {"hD9fTNsnQTY-00000-00000088-00000496": "Hello and welcome to Section 1.2.", "hD9fTNsnQTY-00001-00000616-00000936": "In this section we'll learn to solve", "hD9fTNsnQTY-00002-00000936-00001368": "systems of linear equations using", "hD9fTNsnQTY-00003-00001368-00001912": "Gaussian elimination or Gauss-Jordan elimination.", "hD9fTNsnQTY-00004-00002023-00002488": "Related to that we'll state some major definitions,", "hD9fTNsnQTY-00005-00002488-00002888": "for example of \"row echelon form,\"", "hD9fTNsnQTY-00006-00002952-00003272": "and we'll learn how to decide whether", "hD9fTNsnQTY-00007-00003272-00004168": "a system has zero, one, or infinitely many solutions"}}, {"audio_id": "hD9mU-4RQm4", "text": {"hD9mU-4RQm4-00000-00000000-00000341": "I wanted to share something very quickly, doesn't need to take very long, that I found", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00001-00000341-00000771": "the hard way about sharing stuff. Trent talked about avoiding sharing screens,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00002-00000771-00001149": "there was some wisdom in that in sharing screens makes video calls much", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00003-00001149-00001508": "less personal, but there are things that are worth sharing digitally - so I'm just", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00004-00001508-00001932": "doing a little experiment sharing a Geogebra window, but I'm not doing it by", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00005-00001932-00002210": "sharing a screen, and this is something I found the hard way, if you share a screen", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00006-00002210-00002724": "in most video meeting apps you do get jerky video. That's essentially just to", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00007-00002724-00003030": "reduce bandwidth, because it's trying to stream a high res screen, not a little", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00008-00003030-00003603": "webcam, but if you use a mixing piece of software to maybe screen capture my Geogebra", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00009-00003603-00003911": "window, and then sort of - you can see I've pasted in two different cameras as", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00010-00003911-00004245": "thumbnails - you can do whatever you like. Then actually the crucial thing is", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00011-00004245-00004560": "you get much smoother animations, and if you're doing something which relies on", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00012-00004560-00004971": "animations -- this is a meant to be some disease modelling thing -- the point is, it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00013-00004971-00005364": "moves less jerkily and that's a big deal if you need the smoothness. So that's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00014-00005364-00005727": "something I found the hard way and really pleased that I can find a way of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00015-00005727-00006075": "sharing a screen smoothly, that really helped me. I should also say that if you", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00016-00006075-00006603": "want to write maths as well then writing smoothly helps, so this is me writing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00017-00006603-00007188": "mathematics on a surface pro tablet and I'm using OneNote and then capturing the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00018-00007188-00007602": "OneNote screen and sending it to my mixing software. The fact I'm doing it on a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00019-00007602-00007895": "different computer and sending it over to another computer is making it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00020-00007895-00008204": "unnecessarily extrally complicated, but it still works, and I can scroll around", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00021-00008204-00008530": "the screen, and actually do maths. And that feels actually quite a nicely", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00022-00008530-00008900": "organic way of writing maths (now I'm trying to integrate this thing).", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00023-00008900-00009384": "But the point is, you can write. I'm trying to write and do maths at the same time... is that even right?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00024-00009384-00009964": "[Katie] Writing and thinking are the two main skills of a mathematician, right? If you cant", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00025-00009964-00010434": "do them both at the same time, then, you know... I, for the record, can't do them both at the same time.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00026-00010434-00011168": "So speaking of sharing writing: so I've got my setup here, where I have this is literally just", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00027-00011168-00011696": "a chair in my house; so my setup here is that I've got a standing desk, so I don't", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00028-00011696-00011967": "actually have a proper table, I imagine if you're a normal person you might have an", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00029-00011967-00012354": "actual table that you can put a piece of paper nearby on, but instead I've got a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00030-00012354-00012768": "chair here, and it's got a webcam clipped to the top of it and I've used this a few", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00031-00012768-00013215": "times in lectures when I've been going through some maths with people. I found", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00032-00013215-00013644": "that having a big chunky pen helps. Genuinely couldn't think of any", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00033-00013644-00013997": "maths to write - but I'm writing maths on there - and that's something that people can", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00034-00013998-00014331": "kind of see and watch. I've also got myself inset [on the screen] there just so that people", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00035-00014331-00014860": "can still see my face and see what I'm saying.  [Ben] Is that the ManyCam software you're using Katie?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00036-00014860-00015340": "[Katie] Yeah, this is using ManyCam. I'm gonna show you these things and then try and screen share ManyCam,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00037-00015340-00015540": "which is the most meta thing I could possibly do", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00038-00015540-00015901": "but it lets you mix various different inputs, it lets", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00039-00015901-00016409": "you have, you know, you can resize and move this thing around, and I can also", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00040-00016409-00016959": "screen share windows into this, so I've got a PowerPoint presentation here, which", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00041-00016959-00017341": "I'm screen sharing as well, and I've also put the video overlay on that so that I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00042-00017341-00017748": "can click through a PowerPoint presentation,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00043-00017754-00018156": "you know, while I'm talking about stuff, and I can always switch back to myself", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00044-00018156-00018634": "talking if I need to not have people be staring at", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00045-00018634-00019020": "my slides. I think I've sort of thought about this: that actually, if you", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00046-00019020-00019431": "are talking through something that is - in terms of accessibility, like if you're", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00047-00019431-00019737": "talking about something that is just some information, like if what you're", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00048-00019737-00020092": "communicating is, you know, some maths, or some definitions, or whatever,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00049-00020092-00020416": "having the words written down on the screen may actually be useful for some", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00050-00020416-00020934": "people in terms of accessibility. So there's this idea of video fatigue and it's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00051-00020934-00021351": "not just the fact that you're constantly looking at screens, it's also because of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00052-00021351-00021853": "the way the video comes through, you can sometimes find that your brain is having", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00053-00021853-00022225": "to do quite a lot of work in terms of filling in gaps in the audio, and kind of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00054-00022225-00022566": "connecting together jerky video; your brain actually does that for you and it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00055-00022566-00023007": "can be really tiring, so if, when someone says something, that text also appears on", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00056-00023007-00023431": "the screen, maybe that will help people a little bit, with not just cementing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00057-00023431-00023872": "information in a pedagogical way, but also not having to try and process it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00058-00023872-00024288": "quite as hard. But obviously don't just put a massive wall of text up, you know", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00059-00024288-00024697": "do it in the sensible way where just like one line appears at a time. The main thing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00060-00024697-00025234": "I'm thinking of here is online video quizzes basically; like if", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00061-00025234-00025543": "you're reading out questions, maybe put the questions on the screen and then", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00062-00025543-00025888": "people can hear and see it and process it at the same time, and that kind of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00063-00025888-00026397": "thing. But you know, there are probably opinions about this, but anyway...", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00064-00026397-00026869": "I will just quickly, before I stop talking, share what I'm doing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00065-00026869-00027320": "here with ManyCam. So this is my bit of software that I've been using for this.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00066-00027320-00027789": "You can see - this is all very meta - but you can see it's got these options here,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00067-00027789-00028150": "and I can either just cut directly to something else, or I can do a nice", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00068-00028150-00028681": "transition, that was a fade, I can specify what my different setups are here, I can", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00069-00028681-00029212": "add new layers, so this has got an input from my iPad. Incidentally if", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00070-00029212-00029668": "anyone's wondering, this is my IP camera; so this is literally just an iPad which", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00071-00029668-00030127": "I can show you by putting the iPad in front of - this is so meta! - but this is just", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00072-00030127-00030573": "taking the input from this iPad camera -  oh, it's upside down sometimes - and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00073-00030573-00031077": "porting it to an IP address. So at the bottom of the screen here, it's giving an", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00074-00031077-00031458": "IP address that you probably just about make out, which anyone who's on the same", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00075-00031458-00032005": "home Wi-Fi network as me can type into a browser and access this video feed. So I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00076-00032005-00032410": "can give that IP address to ManyCam and tell it: 'look here for a video feed'", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00077-00032410-00032827": "and that works as an input as well, and you can also put a password on that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00078-00032827-00033163": "video feed so it's not just available to anyone who's on the same Wi-Fi network", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00079-00033163-00033670": "as you - and who knows? I mean, I'm at home, but who knows what my neighbours are up to?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00080-00033670-00034038": "So that's that's a couple of the things that I've got set up here anyway.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00081-00034038-00034914": "Just picking up on what Katie said about fatigue and, you know, people trying to", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00082-00034915-00035332": "pick up what you're saying; that's another good advantage of doing stuff", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00083-00035332-00035869": "through a mixer rather than Zoom is, as far as I know, with Zoom you can't", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00084-00035869-00036391": "control really what things look like; it sizes everyone equally, it works", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00085-00036391-00036808": "everything out; if you're going through some sort of mixing software and you", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00086-00036808-00037237": "know that you're going into a person that's going to talk a lot, you can put", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00087-00037237-00037597": "them front and centre, you can make other people smaller, down the side you can", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00088-00037597-00038020": "basically live Photoshop and move people's attention where you need it to", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00089-00038020-00038428": "be, so people aren't constantly looking for a little yellow circle around a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00090-00038428-00038731": "person going \"Oh hang, on who's talking now? What am I meant to be listening to?\";", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00091-00038731-00039032": "You can move their attention where you need it to be.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00092-00039032-00039556": "I think that's a really important point when you have no control over the other end. There are", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00093-00039556-00039897": "some caveats as well though; if - so, while a lot of my work is visiting schools and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00094-00039897-00040126": "presentations, and if I have to do that online I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00095-00040126-00040558": "have no control about if they want to use Teams - That's a really popular thing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00096-00040558-00041125": "in schools now - Skype, Zoom, Google Meet, whatever; and some of those will let me", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00097-00041125-00041392": "share screens, some of them will but I haven't got permission because I'm a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00098-00041392-00041704": "\"guest\", so I can't share a screen or things like that, and if you use a mixing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00099-00041704-00042169": "software then you can send whatever you like over your webcam, with some possible", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00100-00042169-00042691": "exception of Zoom on a Mac - virtual webcams, but then for example so even if", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00101-00042691-00043066": "I couldn't share a screen I could send still my my OneNote text writing thing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00102-00043066-00043537": "as my webcam, or my Geogebra file. But you still can't control on the other end", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00103-00043537-00044002": "whether they have made that big enough to see, whether they've clicked focus on", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00104-00044002-00044485": "that video, if you can't make the thing spotlight; so there's pros and cons but", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00105-00044485-00044797": "if you have mixing software available and you need to dial in to another", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00106-00044797-00045037": "end that you have no control over, mixing software will give you a lot more", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00107-00045037-00045409": "flexibility about what you can send, even if you're not going to the stage of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00108-00045409-00045864": "production that Trent's doing, of a large stream to possibly thousands of people.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00109-00045864-00046162": "There's there's also another slight issue I put in the chat about", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00110-00046162-00046654": "sharing your screen versus sharing via a cam, which I didn't realise: because what", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00111-00046654-00047077": "you're seeing that you're sending to Zoom isn't actually what everyone else", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00112-00047077-00047602": "is seeing; so if I run my slides through my Ecamm Live they will be a little", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00113-00047602-00047944": "bit blurry, and that's because it's pulling it in as a virtual cam;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00114-00047944-00048358": "whereas if you share directly through Zoom the image will be sharper. So", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00115-00048358-00048949": "there's there's trade-offs. Because what I really want is a sharp image through my virtual cam, but it's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00116-00048949-00049417": "a trade-off: do you want to sharp images or do you want overlays?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00117-00049417-00049744": "Yeah and I had the same thing with Geogebra animations; I need them to be smooth to get the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00118-00049744-00050050": "effect of the animation, otherwise there's no point, but if I share them via the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00119-00050050-00050401": "OBS thing the downside, exactly as Jamie's saying, is I lose resolution because it's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00120-00050401-00050680": "trying to process out as a camera and keep bandwidth going. Whereas sharing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00121-00050680-00051109": "a screen you get crystal sharp images quite often, but they're still - the frame", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00122-00051109-00051352": "rate has gone down to sort of one a second, if you're lucky.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00123-00051352-00051820": "So I don't know if anyone has any more experience of IP cameras than me,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00124-00051820-00052242": "and/or this kind of stuff - I've literally just taught myself this in the last", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00125-00052242-00052651": "couple of weeks - so I've had a question: If you're using something like", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00126-00052651-00053248": "OneNote on a tablet, is there a way to transmit that to an IP address", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00127-00053248-00053688": "to use as an input, or is it easier to just connect the tablet with a cable, I guess, might be...?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00128-00053688-00054333": "I think sending a screen of a laptop to an IP address is hard,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00129-00054333-00054625": "I'm sure it could be done, but it might need another bit of mixing software to send it,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00130-00054625-00055008": "and that starts to be more meta than it wants to go.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00131-00055008-00055150": "Yeah, I think if you've got something like an iPad,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00132-00055150-00055464": "a cable from the iPad  to the computer will allow it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00133-00055464-00055798": "to be recognized as video source, is that correct?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00134-00055798-00056336": "Or you could get a mirror on-screen which you could then capture in any mixing software.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00135-00056336-00056632": "Yeah, this is all quite technical I'm also gonna say the word \"Chromecast\".", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00136-00056632-00056812": "Chromecast is great", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00137-00056812-00057286": "Ben's smiling now, but that's a useful thing to get output from one device visible on another", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00138-00057286-00057661": "device, which I guess you could then screen share. That's starting to sound a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00139-00057661-00058104": "bit sellotaped together, but well, yeah... I think it's the kind of thing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00140-00058104-00058507": "where the more you play with it, the more you see what works, and I realise that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00141-00058507-00058989": "for a lot of people all of this tech is quite new and quite unfamiliar, but I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00142-00058990-00059454": "think, certainly I'm happy to tell people about this kind of stuff and give", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00143-00059454-00060014": "people advice. We'll try and put as much as we can in the doc for this kind of question as well.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00144-00060014-00060529": "There was a question I didn't tackle earlier from Tom Crawford, is he still in the room?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00145-00060529-00060862": "No, he went to teach.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00146-00060862-00060994": "OK, I didn't see that in the chat.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00147-00060994-00061354": "Actually it's an important question to do with what Jamie said about cameras; he", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00148-00061354-00061689": "said he had a DSLR, he managed to rig it up, and he couldn't see the quality being", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00149-00061689-00062104": "any better; and I'd actually like - because of what Jamie just mentioned, you can't", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00150-00062104-00062479": "quite tell what other people see when you send it; the image you're seeing of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00151-00062479-00062761": "me at the moment is from a DSLR, it's an old one, which is why occasionally", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00152-00062761-00063151": "it just turns off and you see a little progress  bar going \"waiting for device\", it's got", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00153-00063151-00063738": "a 10 minute live view limit, anyway, that's the DSLR and if I transition to a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00154-00063738-00064092": "Logitech webcam you see a different image which is much more wide-angle;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00155-00064092-00064369": "I'm curious, what do you what do you notice about the difference in image quality?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00156-00064369-00064717": "Both of them are sending, in theory, an HD feed.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00157-00064717-00065062": "Ben, I'm gonna spotlight your video and you could do that again.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00158-00065062-00065260": "OK, so you're currently looking at a Logitech", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00159-00065260-00065745": "HD webcam sitting on top of my monitor - hello - and you can obviously see slightly", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00160-00065745-00065992": "more mess in the background, because I didn't quite angle that one right in", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00161-00065992-00066538": "advance; lesson one: camera placement!  And this is now a DSLR which is above my", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00162-00066538-00066829": "monitor on a little tripod. Any comments about the difference", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00163-00066829-00067197": "in images? I mean, I have to do funky things with the DSLR, if I'm not careful", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00164-00067197-00067750": "about focusing it, on a piece of software; so I could focus on other things, or I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00165-00067750-00068271": "could change the white balance, but stick some comments in the chat or on the mic?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00166-00068271-00068740": "[Katie] Yeah, I think the focal length is clearly different. The DSLR has obviously got...", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00167-00068740-00069496": "this is my knowledge of camera words coming out here, but it's only showing a short distance front to back -", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00168-00069496-00069630": "[Ben] Depth of field, yeah.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00169-00069630-00070064": "[Katie:] Depth-of-field, that's the one! All my camera words just disappeared for a second.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00170-00070064-00070573": "but the depth of field feels different, like the DSLR looks a lot - it's almost like the sort of blurred", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00171-00070573-00070774": "background thing you on skype.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00172-00070774-00071107": "[Ben] Yeah, so depth; I mean, a nice lens with a wide", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00173-00071107-00071466": "aperture and short depth of field looks nicer if you're on portrait-y things, but", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00174-00071466-00071878": "then you've got to get the focus right, because otherwise you move back and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00175-00071878-00072316": "I'm out of focus. I don't know how well that comes across on webcam, that's the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00176-00072316-00072652": "bit I can't see because I'm only seeing my end of it. Jamie do you find any", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00177-00072652-00073063": "problems with that, with using a DSLR? I mean yours was bought new and so", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00178-00073063-00073308": "plugs into a computer much better than mine does I think.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00179-00073308-00073958": "[Jamie] Yeah I mean I'm pretty clueless, mine auto-focuses anyway, so I can see where it's focusing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00180-00073958-00074971": "by looking up, but it just - I guess I can switch cameras as well, think to this, so this is", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00181-00074971-00075664": "this is my laptop cam, and this is my DSLR, so again it's the same kind of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00182-00075664-00076333": "difference; you can see a whole lot of stuff behind me, the DSLR has that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00183-00076333-00076684": "kind of shallow focus thing, so you can see me but the background's slightly blurry;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00184-00076684-00077068": "and for me it's a little bit about what we kind of expect - so if you watch", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00185-00077068-00077437": "YouTubers streaming, this is kind of the standard image that people are seeing,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00186-00077437-00077839": "and so they kind of think that's how it should look; whether or not it's actually a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00187-00077839-00078324": "much better quality or not, it's something about familiarity, and so I think that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00188-00078324-00078858": "presenting this way, people think: \"Oh that kind of looks a little bit more professional\"", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00189-00078858-00079258": "than if it was the kind of standard webcam.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00190-00079258-00080002": "[Trent] How technical nerdy do you want me to get on the camera looking.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00191-00080002-00080538": "[Ben] Trent, I want you to go full out, but I'm not the only person in the room, so let me say I'll try and stop", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00192-00080538-00080966": "you if I think we're losing the general ability to keep up, I'll be patronizing and judge that.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00193-00080966-00081494": "[Trent] I think what Jamie said is probably the most important bit:", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00194-00081494-00082076": "people, if they're watching something that's meant to be a YouTube video, they expect", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00195-00082076-00082482": "something to look like a depth of field; they don't know why, but they think -", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00196-00082482-00082842": "it's like if you show someone something in 60 frames, even though technically it's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00197-00082842-00083276": "better, it breaks their brain and they want it in 25. But when you're actually", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00198-00083276-00083787": "streaming out, the quality of the image is only ever going to be as good as what", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00199-00083787-00084126": "you're sending, how fast you can send it through the broadband, so the number of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00200-00084126-00084705": "pixels I see when you're on your webcam or your DSLR, the image quality is", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00201-00084705-00085149": "absolutely identical in terms of sharpness, so it's not going to make a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00202-00085149-00085704": "difference but because your background is slightly blurred, my brain thinks that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00203-00085704-00086210": "looks better. It doesn't look better at all, but I think it does.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00204-00086210-00086460": "[Ben] The illusion is maintained of professionalism, yeah.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00205-00086460-00086763": "[Trent] Yeah exactly, so you can you can be", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00206-00086763-00087285": "filming it in 4k, but if you can't send it that fast through your broadband it's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00207-00087285-00087824": "all just about framing, and focus, and what lens you've got on the camera above and beyond anything else.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00208-00087824-00087998": "[Ben] The lens is the biggest thing, and you can't change your", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00209-00087998-00088368": "lens on a webcam, and you will get a wide-angle lens because webcams work like that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00210-00088368-00088668": "but if you wanted to have a sort of close-up shot from a distance", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00211-00088668-00089102": "then you need a long lens on your DSLR and then you can... But then we're into the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00212-00089102-00089442": "world of photography, and suddenly you realise why people who film things are", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00213-00089442-00089750": "basically photographers; it's not quite the same thing - yeah.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00214-00089750-00090389": "[Trent] And also to say, you're talking about losing quality and jerkiness going through mixers", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00215-00090389-00090897": "rather than sharing screen and stuff through Zoom, there is a plugin that you can", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00216-00090897-00091350": "get for OBS that will transmit completely lossless video, completely", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00217-00091350-00092027": "lossless screen capturing, but you either need to have a home studio, or have a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00218-00092027-00092612": "pretty beefy kind of gaming rig, because it eats a graphics card to bits, but you can do it.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00219-00092612-00093014": "[Ben] I'm going to put that on my business tax return,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00220-00093014-00093380": "as definitely buying a gaming rig for my business is now fairly justified!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00221-00093382-00093832": "[Trent] For anyone who is a gamer, you can do it with a pretty beefy graphics card and a couple of plugins.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00222-00093832-00094328": "[Ben] I guess, subject to the caveat of: you can still only send it so fast and if people", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00223-00094328-00094572": "can't receive it, then the quality is lost. Sorry Sam...?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00224-00094572-00094906": "[Sam] I was gonna say that, before furlough,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00225-00094906-00095401": "I was playing [with] lots of video type things, and was getting very excited about it,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00226-00095401-00095851": "but I didn't have anything before Lockdown; so I didn't even have like a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00227-00095851-00096248": "tripod or a selfie stick, so I had to get all of those things. So I got", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00228-00096248-00096820": "myself a selfie stick to put my phone as a camera for recording stuff, with a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00229-00096820-00097205": "tripod on, and a remote control, and I found that really useful;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00230-00097205-00097862": "I got a microphone, which works really well when you plug it into your phone as", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00231-00097862-00098288": "a mic but, I get a lot of background noise when I plug it into my", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00232-00098288-00098664": "laptop, so I've got these these headphones - these my brother bought me", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00233-00098664-00099344": "many years ago so that I could talk to my husband when on Xbox Live and I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00234-00099344-00100004": "literally never used them, until Lockdown - and I went: \"Oh, turns out my laptop, if it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00235-00100004-00100552": "ever had a mic, it no longer works...\" so I've had to... but my purchases were", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00236-00100552-00101095": "around the 15/20 quid mark, and the people that know what they're talking", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00237-00101095-00101597": "about at the Ri were really helpful in helping us set up with things like", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00238-00101597-00101963": "doing videos and stuff for the first time, if we hadn't done them, but they had a look", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00239-00101963-00102454": "at the quality of the video, the quality of the sound and things, and it was it was", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00240-00102454-00103015": "acceptable, it was fine. So you don't have to spend an awful lot of [money] on this.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00241-00103015-00103804": "[Answering question] Zoe, the mic that I bought was about 20 quid on Amazon; I'd done it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00242-00103804-00104941": "after Lockdown, so the choice... was limited; but it wasn't expensive, and it was fine.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00243-00104941-00105401": "[Katie] The thing that we found. is there's like a standard webcam that like me and Ben", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00244-00105401-00105658": "and several other people have all recommended to each other that we all", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00245-00105658-00106210": "enjoy using which is obviously the Logitech C920. Ben's showing his there, I've got the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00246-00106210-00106748": "exact same one here for my doc cam. You cannot buy these now.  Nowhere online, they're all", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00247-00106748-00107088": "gone, they're all sold out everywhere.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00248-00107095-00107398": "[Ben] I've been trying to buy spare, can't do it. [Katie] No.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00249-00107398-00107807": "[Trent] Another thing I'd recommend, and this is not even", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00250-00107807-00108337": "tech related, it's so common sense that so many people don't do: get everyone to", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00251-00108337-00108758": "sign in twenty minutes before you go live, so you can check everyone's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00252-00108758-00109135": "connections, and that there's not something weird behind them, and you can", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00253-00109135-00109528": "hear them; the number of people that log on two minutes before you go live and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00254-00109528-00109783": "then assume it will be fine - just don't.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00255-00109783-00110308": "[Ben:] Yeah. Control over bandwidth use in the same home you're in; if your family jump", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00256-00110308-00110582": "on Netflix while you're going live it doesn't work.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00257-00110582-00110820": "[Katie] Yes, yes. [Ben] Just just brrrfffftt", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00258-00110820-00111266": "[Katie] One of the things we - in preparation for doing these sessions, even before the first one;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00259-00111266-00111680": "the first one was just the sort of chat thing anyway, so it didn't really matter;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00260-00111684-00112060": "but before the first one of these, we literally had a session where four or five of us all dialled in and just", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00261-00112060-00112435": "messed around with Zoom, and checked how all the breakout rooms worked, and like played", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00262-00112435-00112762": "with it, and said: \"Oh, can you see, can you see if I type in here?\" and this kind of thing,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00263-00112762-00113140": "just to get used to how this technology works. Because if you want to use it and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00264-00113140-00113519": "appear vaguely like you know what you're doing, it's kind of useful if you're not", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00265-00113519-00114020": "going: \"Oh, does anyone know how I do this?\" in the middle of a meeting. It's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00266-00114020-00114332": "quite nice to play with things, and yeah you can play with any of these", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00267-00114332-00114776": "tech setups and see what comes out and that kind of thing beforehand.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00268-00114776-00115177": "[Ben] Zoe asked a question about mics which is worth commenting on", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00269-00115177-00115432": "because I've learned a couple of things the hard way", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00270-00115432-00115883": "if you buy - and this is coming off Sam's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00271-00115883-00116401": "theme, and Trent's theme, which is: gaming equipment is meant to handle heavy duty", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00272-00116401-00116887": "graphics card consumption and sound, so gaming headsets are another thing in the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00273-00116887-00117218": "gaming sort of list that are really good. So a gaming headset which has got decent", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00274-00117218-00117466": "over ear comfy things with a built-in microphone", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00275-00117466-00117833": "has usually got a decent quality set up, which is why Sam's is working well,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00276-00117833-00118296": "I hope the mic isn't too terrible on this; it's not audiophile level", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00277-00118296-00119000": "quality of sound, and you wouldn't use it for recording music stuff in a studio,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00278-00119000-00119385": "but it's pretty good for online meetings, and a headset mic has the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00279-00119386-00119635": "advantage that when you move around you don't change your distance from it and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00280-00119635-00119995": "you can adjust it correctly. That said, the thing in the background", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00281-00119995-00120330": "here is a condenser mic; Jamie is using one that was a USB condenser mic, is that right Jamie?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00282-00120330-00120994": "[Jamie] Yeah, it is yeah. I had this for podcasting and I just used it now for Zoom.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00283-00120994-00121357": "[Ben] So there's a  couple of things to bear in mind. Condenser mics are, they have a different", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00284-00121357-00121738": "sort of physical way of thinking, they are expensive, or they can be, but they give", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00285-00121738-00122091": "really good audio quality. But one thing to watch out for is, if you buy a USB one", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00286-00122091-00122473": "like Jamie, you can plug it straight into a computer: great! If you want to record", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00287-00122473-00122916": "other things, that are not just computer things, then if you buy one like this one", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00288-00122916-00123370": "it won't plug in your computer, it will plug in on an XLR cable, and you're gonna need to", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00289-00123370-00123891": "buy an audio interface a box like this to -- to enter a whole new world of pain", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00290-00123891-00124300": "and mix audio as well as video. But if you were going to go down the audio mixing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00291-00124300-00124645": "thing that is the way: you buy sound equipment, like a microphone with an XLR", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00292-00124645-00124963": "cable, and you have to buy another audio interface, an audio card basically,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00293-00124963-00125355": "and send that to your computer via USB. But word of warning: a lot of people have", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00294-00125355-00125695": "bought a mic thinking: \"I'll buy a decent mic!\" and it doesn't plug into the computer", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00295-00125695-00126014": "and they haven't realised they need to buy more kit to make it talk.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00296-00126014-00126533": "[Trent] A good brand for the USB one, and I think it's what Jamie actually had, is there's a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00297-00126533-00126958": "brand called \"Blue and Yeti\"- there we go! [Jamie showing mic brand] They're very affordable.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00298-00126958-00127651": "[Ben] It's like the podcaster's hallmark isn't it, like \"I've got a Blue & Yeti, I'm a Pro podcaster\"", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00299-00127651-00128401": "[Trent] They're - for value for money, they are the best USB mic by so far, so if you want", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00300-00128401-00129102": "something under a hundred quid that will do really good, I would definitely get one of them.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00301-00129102-00129638": "[Ben] I mean, word of warning there is a world of pain to enter with audio and sound settings", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00302-00129638-00130011": "and if you're not going to use recording equipment at pro level, a USB mic,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00303-00130011-00130430": "like a decent one like Jamie's got, is probably the easiest solution by a long way.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00304-00130430-00131023": "[Sam] I don't have mine to hand to show you, but it was just a little lapel mic that I got, and I mean", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00305-00131023-00131422": "apart from on video chats where there seems to be some kind of background", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00306-00131422-00132202": "noise, it was it was fine. There was something else I was gonna say that was really important - oh yeah,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00307-00132202-00132901": "Fran will be on - next week I believe? - who will be able to chat about all sorts", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00308-00132901-00133174": "of things about doing interactive stuff, and videos,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00309-00133174-00133663": "and stuff like that; but one of the biggest things that they were saying", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00310-00133663-00134116": "for producing videos, but for the video chats as well - I watched Jamie's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00311-00134116-00134625": "recording of me doing one of his virtually social sessions earlier, and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00312-00134625-00135166": "realised just how poorly lit my living room is; and when I was looking at myself", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00313-00135166-00135580": "on the screen; when I was talking [live] it wasn't an issue, it was fine,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00314-00135580-00136342": "but watching it back - the lighting's a big thing, the lag on my video feed,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00315-00136342-00136753": "because of whatever was going on with my internet that day, was huge,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00316-00136753-00137230": "so my mouth is not in sync with what I'm saying at all, which is really annoying - I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00317-00137230-00137515": "don't know if anyone else gets annoyed by this - but yeah, just watching it back", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00318-00137515-00137878": "and you sort of go: \"Oh OK, maybe I shouldn't sit where I'm", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00319-00137878-00138232": "sitting\" and stuff. I mean, it's the one place in my house where I have an", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00320-00138232-00138916": "actually tidy background, but it's the darkest room in the house, you know it's that balance.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00321-00138916-00139368": "[Trent] To mention lag actually, because that's something we've not talked about;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00322-00139368-00139878": "is - I don't know, you might be able to do it in Zoom, but", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00323-00139879-00140239": "if you're going into like a bit of mixing software, and you can definitely", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00324-00140239-00140655": "do it in the free version of OBS, if someone's got crappy internet, and you", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00325-00140655-00141202": "notice they're starting to lag, you can build a sink into the settings for that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00326-00141202-00141685": "particular person's Skype; so you can add in and go can you factor in a 1 second", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00327-00141685-00142306": "delay on their video to their audio, so the back end is catching up with their bad internet.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00328-00142306-00142741": "[Ben] That's really important if you've got a streaming", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00329-00142741-00143272": "setup where there is obviously a delay before other people see the output. What", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00330-00143272-00143710": "I don't... In Zoom I can't see a lag setting, there is somewhere although now", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00331-00143710-00144262": "I can't find it, somewhere where you can tell Zoom to use the original sound from", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00332-00144262-00144583": "your system. There are two sound system settings which are very important, we", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00333-00144583-00144901": "haven't mentioned this, if you're sharing a screen in Zoom, there will be an option", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00334-00144901-00145380": "to also send your computer audio, which is a huge benefit if you want to share a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00335-00145380-00145726": "video. Bad idea probably - if you want to share a video, send them to YouTube", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00336-00145726-00146016": "but if you wanted to share something with sound, and you expect them to be", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00337-00146016-00146316": "able to hear it, they won't unless you've ticked \"share computer sound\". For example,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00338-00146316-00146683": "Google Meet doesn't do that -  there are ways round it, but they are a pain!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00339-00146683-00147424": "[Sam] So on zoom when you click share a screen - most of you can't do that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00340-00147424-00147860": "because we've disabled screen sharing -  but there's a button that says", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00341-00147860-00148190": "\"advanced sharing options\" and when you click on that - is it that one?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00342-00148190-00148660": "[Ben] Yeah, you can choose to send music or computer sound only, if you just want to share the sound, but you can also tick -", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00343-00148660-00149208": "[Sam:] It's not \"advanced sharing options\", it's just when I click \"share screen\", there's then an \"advanced\" button on", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00344-00149208-00149772": "that, and it's \"portion of screen\", \"music or computer sound only\" or \"content from second camera\".", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00345-00149772-00149982": "[Ben:] And one other thing which - this is the setting I", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00346-00149982-00150508": "can't find, if anyone else does find it, great; if you try and send sound from your", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00347-00150508-00150790": "computer, or from your mic, there is a setting somewhere in Zoom which tells it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00348-00150790-00151072": "to send the original sound without processing it, because I think what Zoom,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00349-00151072-00151459": "and many calls do, is if it detects another noise, particularly if you're not", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00350-00151459-00151924": "on a headset, it will try and stop the echo by suppressing that noise, because", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00351-00151924-00152158": "it's doing lots and lots of sound processing in the background. And that", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00352-00152158-00152443": "might mess up what you want to send; if you just want to send some music, and it", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00353-00152443-00152860": "keeps getting muffled it's because Zoom is doing something clever - it thinks it's clever -", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00354-00152860-00153332": "but there is a way to override that in Zoom, I just can't find the button and it's called share original sound.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00355-00153332-00153740": "[Katie] I think in particular, it's expecting - because you're doing a video call which is a conversation,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00356-00153740-00154200": "it's expecting a lot of the sound to be voice, so if you play some music it goes:", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00357-00154200-00154574": "\"Oh, well there's a person's voice, all the rest of this is clearly just background noise\"", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00358-00154574-00154990": "and just suppresses anything that's not the vocal line in the track, and I have,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00359-00154990-00155484": "again on video chat pub quiz replacements, someone's trying to play a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00360-00155485-00155887": "piece of music through and it's just come through completely garbled, because", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00361-00155887-00156238": "the software is trying to be clever. But yeah, if you're going to share audio like", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00362-00156238-00156661": "that, make sure you tested it beforehand, that it comes through OK,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00363-00156661-00157102": "and yeah, there are settings like that, that you can send the unprocessed audio", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00364-00157102-00157586": "that's probably better for that kind of thing, but probably a lot higher bandwidth, maybe.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00365-00157586-00157852": "[Ben] Yeah and it looks - I can't find the button now so maybe it's gone?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00366-00157852-00158416": "[Jamie] You need to enable the button in the settings, so I've got it, I can turn on original sound,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00367-00158416-00158838": "but you need to go into the settings before the meeting and say \"enable this button\".", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00368-00158838-00159210": "[Ben] So it's the host's responsibility to set that up [Katie] So responsibility of the host, yeah", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00369-00159210-00159556": "[Sam] Yeah, so that involves the host knowing that that exists beforehand as well.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00370-00159556-00159940": "[Ben] This is why these meetings are so useful, there's so many settings that are buried", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00371-00159940-00160220": "within other settings. Thank you Jamie, that's a good tip.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00372-00160220-00160804": "[Sam] Most of my settings are completely locked down, as much as I can do, which tends to, sort of come over", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00373-00160804-00161420": "for these meetings a little bit, because I got Zoom as a pro account to use for Brownies, and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00374-00161420-00161756": "there's certain things you do not want seven to ten year old girls to have", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00375-00161756-00162160": "control over - I mean, the chat's funny enough!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00376-00162160-00162492": "[Ben] Not to mention maths communicators!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00377-00162492-00163136": "Are there any other questions that we've missed in the chat, or just - you want to jump on live?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00378-00163136-00163460": "While we're all still here - I'm gonna have to log off in a couple of minutes,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00379-00163460-00163856": "but let's - when I go, no-one else has to go, so -", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00380-00163856-00164432": "[Katie] I have on my list of things to do to let everyone know about the other sessions that we're doing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00381-00164432-00164974": "for the rest of the thing, so I can do that quickly; and then we can in theory finish at half past,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00382-00164974-00165556": "which is a good amount of time to finish. So we've got a session next week on", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00383-00165556-00166042": "'Making online maths interactive' so you know, videos are great, and things that you sit", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00384-00166043-00166481": "and watch a fantastic, but it's also nice to get people involved in doing things", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00385-00166481-00166796": "as well, and I know Jamie does a little bit with kind of quizzes and things as", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00386-00166796-00167309": "part these videos, but there are also things like online interactive gadgets,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00387-00167309-00167777": "and stuff like that. So we've got Philipp Legner, who has entirely single-handedly built", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00388-00167777-00168104": "the website \"Mathigon\", which I think has been mentioned already, which does lots", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00389-00168104-00168533": "of interactive fun maths gadgets for people to play with, in a quite sort", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00390-00168533-00168953": "of educational way, so that's a really nice example; Christian Lawson-Perfect", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00391-00168953-00169391": "who I write on \"The Aperiodical\" with, who has done lots of that kind of thing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00392-00169391-00170072": "as well, and also works for Newcastle Uni building a maths online e-assessment", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00393-00170072-00170492": "platform called \"Numbas\", which again presents a lot of maths-unique", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00394-00170492-00170831": "challenges, like how do you work out whether what someone's typed in is a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00395-00170831-00171176": "correct answer if there are 18 different ways to rephrase that that are all", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00396-00171176-00171554": "mathematically valid, so you know, he can share a little bit of his experience", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00397-00171554-00171914": "with that, and some of his online gadgets that he's made; and we're also going to", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00398-00171914-00172304": "have someone, hopefully, potentially talking about interacting with audiences", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00399-00172304-00172793": "in a more direct way, so the sort of Q&A type stuff that people have been doing", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00400-00172793-00173102": "for a while, so things like \"I'm a Scientist\" does this kind of thing really", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00401-00173102-00173444": "well, where people can send in questions for people to answer, how can we build", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00402-00173444-00173828": "that kind of stuff into maths engagement to make it more interactive in a sort of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00403-00173828-00174352": "very two-way communication kind of way. The week after that we'll be talking about online events,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00404-00174352-00174858": "so the idea of taking an event which would be a real-world event and making it into an online one.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00405-00174860-00175358": "So we've got Marieke Navin from Cheltenham Science Festival, who has basically had to do that; this summer", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00406-00175358-00175718": "she's got an entire science festival that was  gonna be a real world thing, but is now going", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00407-00175718-00176100": "to be entirely online, and how that's presented challenges; and from the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00408-00176100-00176534": "maths-specific angle we've got Katie Oldfield from Maths Week Scotland, who are running", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00409-00176534-00177044": "obviously an entire maths week, which usually happens in I think September ish,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00410-00177044-00177382": "Maths Week Scotland, what they're going to be doing for their online version.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00411-00177382-00177896": "The week after that, we've got thing about new skills, about upskilling, you know", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00412-00177896-00178265": "how do we learn new skills, what are some good resources for people to transition", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00413-00178265-00178640": "to doing new things, and obviously this video session is one of those, but", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00414-00178640-00178890": "there'll be other skills as well that people all have picked up.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00415-00178890-00179326": "The week after that, we'll be talking about maths communication specifically in universities;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00416-00179326-00179684": "the people who would be doing maths outreach as part of their university", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00417-00179684-00180038": "hopefully by that point, I'm gonna say as a person who works in uni,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00418-00180038-00180395": "hopefully by that point we'll have done most of our marking? Or maybe there'll be", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00419-00180395-00180686": "some more marking to do, I don't know by then, but hopefully people have a bit", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00420-00180686-00181103": "more time to start thinking about doing outreach stuff as part of their uni work", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00421-00181103-00181604": "as well, and what we can do in fact, as a University Maths Department, what can we", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00422-00181604-00181964": "do that will be an online thing, that's either unique, or different to what other", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00423-00181964-00182402": "people are doing, or just useful in general. So we've got various guests", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00424-00182402-00182663": "coming in and I can't really say for the later ones because they're all still in", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00425-00182663-00183070": "the process of being confirmed. But the guests this time have been great, haven't they?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00426-00183070-00183774": "Let's thank them again, using either clapping or the reaction buttons or whatever you want.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00427-00183774-00184106": "[Ben] Thanks Trent, thanks Cat and thanks Jamie!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00428-00184106-00184266": "[Katie] Is that a question from Nicholas?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00429-00184266-00184784": "[Nicholas] Yes can I just very quickly show you my little cheat document", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00430-00184784-00185468": "camera that I've been using with my first year undergraduates? So I got", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00431-00185468-00186263": "this off eBay it was, I think it's about £40 new, but", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00432-00186263-00187334": "this was £30 slightly secondhand. It's a Hugh HD Portable Camera", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00433-00187334-00187853": "and I've just been using it for my Zoom tutorials with my", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00434-00187853-00188519": "first year students at Warwick, and I sort of have my webcam on my laptop,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00435-00188519-00189287": "but also I have this document camera plugged in as well, and I I can just sort", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00436-00189287-00190316": "of, in theory, switch over to this: and then I have a pad of paper and I can", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00437-00190316-00191182": "sort of write on that and it's a fairly sort of - if I switch back to -", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00438-00191182-00191668": "so it's a fairly rudimentary sort of setup,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00439-00191668-00192318": "I have it just stood on top of the pile of books on the edge of my desk.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00440-00192318-00192652": "But it seems to be working OK so far!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00441-00192652-00192860": "[Ben] That's nice! I think I think it's worth mentioning", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00442-00192860-00193376": "actually how strange it is, almost ironic, that mathematics is the last bastion of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00443-00193376-00193877": "handwriting out there in there of all subjects, it's hard to type and even what", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00444-00193877-00194261": "Cat was demonstrating with EquatIO, and you can write in LaTeX, you can type", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00445-00194261-00194699": "maths yeah, but actually doing maths feels almost dependent on some sort of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00446-00194699-00195008": "writing implement; and so actually a simplest solution of a camera on your", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00447-00195008-00195560": "document is a really good way to keep that mathematical sort of hands-on flavor alive!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00448-00195560-00195850": "[Katie] As a left-hander, can I just say - somewhat harder!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00449-00195850-00196242": "Because you're basically covering up what you're writing as you're writing it.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00450-00196242-00196688": "So I have to - as a left hander, if I'm doing that, I have to write something and then take my hand away for a", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00451-00196688-00196932": "couple of minutes so everyone can see what I've just written", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00452-00196932-00197106": "[Nicholas] Oh yes, of course!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00453-00197106-00197582": "We did a few videos for the students, in which I literally just put the webcam at the other side and", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00454-00197582-00197936": "filmed it from above, because the other person who was doing it is also left-handed and we", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00455-00197936-00198486": "filmed it from above and then just rotated the video because it was so much easier than having to take our", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00456-00198486-00199002": "hand away every time we wrote something. But there are a few challenges with that as well", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00457-00199002-00199458": "Oh, what I was I going to say, I was going to say something else about...", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00458-00199458-00200046": "Yeah, \"Blackboard Collaborate\", which is the standard online video lecturing software", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00459-00200046-00200614": "that our university makes us use; to change cameras is 12 clicks!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00460-00200614-00201102": "Literally you have to go into the settings, change the thing, say that you've changed your camera,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00461-00201102-00201343": "do something else, do that, and then you come back in, and it's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00462-00201343-00201730": "automatically muted your video and audio, so you then have to unmute that, choose", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00463-00201730-00202212": "the right camera input, yes, and then something else. It's literally 12 clicks to switch.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00464-00202212-00202536": "[Ben] If it makes you feel better, in \"BigBlueButton\", which the AMSP uses,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00465-00202536-00203094": "and uses very well, don't get me wrong, but to change the audio or video source you have to leave.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00466-00203094-00203518": "You actually have to leave the meeting which, if you're the host, is a problem! You have to leave the", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00467-00203518-00203902": "meeting and then rejoin, and you have to do the echo test and everything to get back", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00468-00203902-00204248": "in, and only then do you know whether anyone is still left in the meeting, it's ridiculous.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00469-00204248-00204678": "[Katie] Well this is what's forced me to use the ManyCam solution, which means I can switch cameras in that,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00470-00204678-00204969": "and then it uses the same input into Blackboard.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00471-00204969-00205255": "[Ben] And this is what we're saying about being reliant on other people's systems; if you can", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00472-00205255-00205706": "control your feed with a mixing, then you have some flexibility. I'm gonna have to log off;", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00473-00205706-00206084": "carry on chatting, lovely to see everyone. Trent and Jamie, still left in, thank you very much.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00474-00206084-00206521": "Trent, I'll be in touch sometime - I think we're doing some Maths Inspiration with Matt and Rob", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00475-00206521-00207021": "[Trent] Yes, we are! [Ben] We'll talk again sometime. [Trent] Speak to you then. [Ben] Thanks everyone!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00476-00207021-00207271": "[Katie] I think we should generally wrap up there, if people want to get off and do things.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00477-00207271-00207567": "Thank you very much to everyone for coming, hopefully see you at some of the other sessions,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00478-00207567-00207782": "[Sam] Or the quiz tomorrow?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00479-00207782-00208219": "[Katie] Yeah, go to Sam's quiz tomorrow, if you want to find out about that, find Sam on Twitter", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00480-00208219-00208536": "and see what she's been Tweeting, she's doing a quiz, and I'm doing the quiz next week.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00481-00208536-00208906": "[Sam] She is! [Katie] So that's going to be... [Sam] Ben did it last week.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00482-00208906-00209362": "[Trent] Our Sunday show on Shambles is a maths special this week, with Hannah Fry,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00483-00209364-00209817": "and someone else who I can't remember off the top of my head, and then Matt's on in", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00484-00209817-00209982": "a couple of weeks as well.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00485-00209982-00210180": "[Sam] Can you post the link in the chat, Trent?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00486-00210180-00210764": "[Trent] I can, it's just the main web page, it's got them all listed on.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00487-00210764-00211108": "[Sam] Ah, excellent. Yeah, I think the biggest thing I really want to", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00488-00211108-00211615": "learn how to do is: learn how to use my camera on my phone, as a camera and get my", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00489-00211615-00212128": "computer to recognise that; I also really want to learn how to do the whole little", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00490-00212128-00212504": "person spotlighted with slides in the background thing on video chats.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00491-00212504-00212882": "[Trent] I have to disappear - thanks guys!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00492-00212882-00213316": "[Fran] Sam, can I just say, there's something called \"Loom\" that allows you to do that, that somebody", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00493-00213316-00213664": "told me about and I've downloaded it to have a go; I haven't tried it yet.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00494-00213664-00213873": "[Sam] Say that again Fran, Trent was talking at the same time?", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00495-00213873-00214158": "[Fran] There's a piece of software that allows you - called \"Loom\", L-O-O-M -", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00496-00214158-00214642": "that allows you to keep your camera view in the corner and other things to have background.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00497-00214642-00214930": "I don't know if it's any good, but I downloaded it to have a go.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00498-00214930-00215140": "[Sam] Lovely, thank you!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00499-00215140-00215456": "[Katie] We can add that to the document as well, we can pput that in as a thing. If there are sort of", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00500-00215456-00215766": "simple ones, that aren't particularly high-powered but are easy to use, that's", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00501-00215766-00216221": "probably good for a lot of people, yeah. Cool.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00502-00216221-00216488": "Excellent, alright, well thank you very much everyone,", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00503-00216488-00216638": "[Sam] Thanks everyone!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00504-00216638-00217014": "[Katie] See you next week I guess, if you're around next week, and please continue communicating maths.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00505-00217014-00217150": "[Kevin] Thanks for coming.", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00506-00217150-00217321": "[Jamie] Thank you, bye bye!", "hD9mU-4RQm4-00507-00217321-00217521": "[Sam] The cat says bye bye too."}}, {"audio_id": "hDpFpa0M6YU", "text": {"hDpFpa0M6YU-00000-00000021-00000499": "Eric Green: So, Rich.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00001-00000499-00000959": "Richard Nakamura: Thank you very much, Eric, and it's indeed", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00002-00000959-00001839": "a pleasure to come and present to you an update on the Center for Scientific Review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00003-00001839-00002642": "It isn't very often that the president speaks about peer review, so we had to feature that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00004-00002642-00003426": "in a talk to the National Academy of Sciences, and in response to some recent concern about", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00005-00003426-00003714": "peer review expressed in Congress.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00006-00003714-00004641": "I think President Obama very nicely defended the notion of peer review as important for", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00007-00004641-00005197": "our ability to have the top science.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00008-00005197-00005569": "That was very much appreciated.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00009-00005569-00006169": "Let me just tell you a little bit about the CSR mission, which is to see that NIH grant", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00010-00006169-00006747": "applications receive fair, independent, expert, and timely reviews, free from inappropriate", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00011-00006747-00007222": "influences, so NIH can fund the most promising research.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00012-00007222-00007975": "In 2012, CSR reviewed almost 55 percent of NHGRI's grant applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00013-00007975-00008718": "There was a total of 286, which is the equivalent of one of our study sections, about the workload", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00014-00008718-00008907": "of one of our study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00015-00008907-00009990": "These are distributed a little bit more than one study section, and we have 174 standing", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00016-00009990-00010178": "study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00017-00010178-00011017": "I'll go quickly over the path of applications through CSR because some points are a little", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00018-00011017-00011564": "obscure, but most, you, as council, would be familiar with.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00019-00011564-00012057": "So all NIH extramural grant applications run through CSR.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00020-00012057-00012371": "We receive all NIH applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00021-00012371-00013038": "And they are referred from CSR to NIH institutes and centers, and to scientific review groups,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00022-00013038-00013283": "or SRGs.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00023-00013283-00013894": "We review the majority, about 65 percent, of grant applications for scientific merit", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00024-00013894-00013994": "for NIH.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00025-00013994-00014636": "But the other 35 percent or so are reviewed within the institutes, and in the case of", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00026-00014636-00015263": "NHGRI, a slightly larger fraction.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00027-00015263-00016158": "We have a somewhat unusual peer review process in that applicants, PIs, send in applications", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00028-00016158-00016680": "based either on their own initiative or on funding announcements.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00029-00016680-00017112": "There is peer review either at CSR or the institutes.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00030-00017112-00017497": "Those applications go through study sections, where they are ranked.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00031-00017497-00017682": "And then they are percentiled.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00032-00017682-00018351": "So, as you know, percentiling normalizes the output of all of our study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00033-00018351-00018932": "And that's an important step, and is increasingly being discussed at NIH.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00034-00018932-00019721": "At the IC, and in front of council, with strategic goals -- are applied to the decision to make", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00035-00019721-00020068": "awards and to decide about funding.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00036-00020068-00020671": "Funding itself is a more difficult activity these days because of the low number of awards,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00037-00020671-00021141": "and the low proportion of dollars for the number of awards.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00038-00021141-00021881": "Finally, we expect research to be the outcome, and outcome progress to be represented by", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00039-00021881-00022095": "publications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00040-00022095-00022712": "And we hope these ultimately will affect the public health.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00041-00022712-00023189": "Within the center, 85,000 applications are received each year.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00042-00023189-00023637": "Of those, the center reviews 58,000 of those.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00043-00023637-00024473": "This involves 16,000 reviewers, over 230 scientific review officers, and almost 1,500 review meetings", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00044-00024473-00024573": "a year.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00045-00024573-00024821": "So this is really a factory of review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00046-00024821-00025517": "We like to think we do it well, and we do it efficiently.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00047-00025517-00026194": "This graphic is an overwhelming fact of life, both for CSR and all the institutes these", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00048-00026194-00026366": "days.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00049-00026366-00027200": "As we all know, especially since the doubling of the budget, the success rate has been dropping.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00050-00027200-00027541": "It is now at historic lows.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00051-00027541-00028013": "The last couple of points on this graph -- the last one is wrong.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00052-00028013-00028595": "It should be flat over the 2011-2012 period, at 18 percent.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00053-00028595-00029352": "However, an 18 percent success rate -- overall success rate conceals an important issue.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00054-00029352-00030245": "And that is, for any given award, the odds have fallen to approximately 10 percent of", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00055-00030245-00030852": "an award coming from any given application.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00056-00030852-00031581": "That essentially means that of our primary constituency, the scientific community, 90", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00057-00031581-00032295": "percent are inherently unhappy with CSR at any given time, and caused me second thoughts", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00058-00032295-00032568": "about accepting this position.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00059-00032568-00033341": "However, I think we, the institute directors and myself, all believe that this is a critical", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00060-00033341-00033796": "role, and very important for the future of science in the United States, and that we", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00061-00033796-00034397": "all must step up to the plate when it comes to being invited to serve.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00062-00034397-00035087": "This applies not only to the institute directors, but also to those who serve on review itself.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00063-00035087-00035687": "They, too, have to suffer the consequences of this curve, not only in their personal", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00064-00035687-00036477": "activities and in their labs, but as an acquaintance of many PIs that are having -- or a friend", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00065-00036477-00036888": "of many PIs who are having a hard time.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00066-00036888-00037366": "Some review issues that we faced early in 2013 look like this.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00067-00037366-00037884": "One critical thing was grade inflation.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00068-00037884-00038487": "We were seeing quite a bit of inflation, especially since enhancing peer review started, and the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00069-00038487-00038727": "new scoring system started.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00070-00038727-00039830": "As you know, the scoring system went from 10 to 50, 100 to 500, to 1 to 9.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00071-00039830-00040533": "And this is an examination of how scores worked out to percentiles.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00072-00040533-00041694": "And, as you can see, in 2009 -- it's hard to see the pointer -- it's down at the bottom", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00073-00041694-00041993": "is 2009, October.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00074-00041993-00042412": "And you can see the distribution of scores representing a percentile score at the top", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00075-00042412-00042684": "of 20, 25, and 30.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00076-00042684-00043650": "As you may know, it's rare that scores above 20 can be considered for an award.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00077-00043650-00044631": "So, essentially, a score of 7 represented a score of 20; a score of 13 represented a", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00078-00044631-00045358": "score of 25 -- a percentile score of 25; and 19, a percentile score of 30.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00079-00045358-00046272": "Now that essentially means that two digits are available for indicating within the award", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00080-00046272-00046788": "range out of the 1 through 9 scale.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00081-00046788-00047477": "This got increased -- compressed over time, where a -- towards the end.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00082-00047477-00048674": "Nine represented a score of 20, and a 15 represented a score of 25.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00083-00048674-00049190": "This year, we implemented some changes in order to decompress the scores, and this is", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00084-00049190-00049403": "an indication.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00085-00049403-00050455": "We've gone back to better than 2009 decompression, and we're not finished yet, so that now we", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00086-00050455-00051165": "have all of two digits available to us, and in some cases, the third digit.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00087-00051165-00051503": "I'll show you a little bit on how that works.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00088-00051503-00052121": "In 2009, the scoring chart was developed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00089-00052121-00053241": "And we have changed the scoring chart for the beginning of 2013 slightly.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00090-00053241-00054164": "This is felt to be a tweak, but an important tweak, because one thing that had become the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00091-00054164-00054749": "practice in a number of review committees is that the strengths and weaknesses were", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00092-00054749-00054904": "treated as inverses.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00093-00054904-00055436": "As you can see here, a number 1 score is seen as exceptionally strong, with essentially", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00094-00055436-00056007": "no weaknesses, whereas 9 is very few strengths and numerous major weaknesses.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00095-00056007-00056379": "We started to hear some reviewers say, \"Well, this has no weaknesses.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00096-00056379-00056729": "Therefore, I'm giving it 1.\"", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00097-00056729-00057232": "This was a severe distortion of the original concept of enhancing peer review, in which", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00098-00057232-00057769": "the significance or the strengths of the application were supposed to be score-driving features,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00099-00057769-00058051": "not counting weaknesses.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00100-00058051-00058722": "This wasn't universally true, but it was enough true that we felt we had to make a change,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00101-00058722-00058995": "and so we created this scoring chart.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00102-00058995-00059372": "It actually looks more different from the other scoring chart than necessary, largely", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00103-00059372-00059820": "to impress upon our review committees that the scoring chart had changed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00104-00059820-00060513": "There's an emphasis on overall impact on the chart, and an emphasis that you cannot get", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00105-00060513-00061135": "into the high category, that is, a score of 1, 2, or 3, unless the application had major", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00106-00061135-00061719": "importance.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00107-00061719-00062801": "And you could get low even if you had moderate to high importance, if there were major weaknesses.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00108-00062801-00063474": "The other point on this chart is anchoring the scoring at 5, which is the thing in dark", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00109-00063474-00063760": "gray at the bottom.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00110-00063760-00064382": "It turns out that a number of reviewers were thinking that a 5, based on the old 100 to", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00111-00064382-00064830": "500 system, was an extremely bad score, and were reluctant to use it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00112-00064830-00065532": "So they were essentially compressing the range from 1 to 5, making this point help them spread", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00113-00065532-00065773": "scores more.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00114-00065773-00066344": "And here is the outcome of the first round of decompression.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00115-00066344-00066929": "The pink bar -- the pink line is the one which is the most recent.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00116-00066929-00067902": "It looks relatively small change, but it crosses the 50 percent line of overall scores, at", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00117-00067902-00068583": "the score of 59, which is a significant change from the old, where it was crossing that line", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00118-00068583-00068986": "at 49.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00119-00068986-00070045": "More importantly is what happens at the 10 to 30 range, and particularly -- well, there", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00120-00070045-00071041": "has been about a 30-percent shift in the score from the yellow line to the pink line.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00121-00071041-00071435": "It's important to note that jump that occurs at 20.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00122-00071435-00072319": "That jump is a accumulation of scores at around -- at the grade of 30 -- at the merit score", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00123-00072319-00072612": "of 20, I'm sorry.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00124-00072612-00073294": "And that kind of jump is within the gray zone of many institutes, and therefore provides", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00125-00073294-00073517": "program staff with relatively little information.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00126-00073517-00074361": "And we're working on that particular issue.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00127-00074361-00075531": "It's relatively rare; in fact, I don't know of any other presentation of the preliminary", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00128-00075531-00075691": "impact scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00129-00075691-00076310": "So these are the preliminary impact scores that we get before the discussion.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00130-00076310-00077007": "And you can see that the peak of this curve -- well, one thing is it's a skewed normal", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00131-00077007-00077509": "distribution, so it's skewed to the positive end of the scale.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00132-00077509-00078062": "But it does indicate a normal distribution, which suggests that our use of the percentile", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00133-00078062-00079044": "score, as a translation of these impact scores, is not very helpful or accurate.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00134-00079044-00079810": "You can see that the peak here is between 30 and 40, or the score's absolute preliminary", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00135-00079810-00080176": "scores of 3 and 4.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00136-00080176-00080932": "This means that most of the -- 50 percent of the application are squeezed within this", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00137-00080932-00081555": "range, which is not very helpful to you or to program staff.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00138-00081555-00082126": "After discussion, it gets a little better in that the non-discussed applications on", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00139-00082126-00082416": "the right are 46 percent of the applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00140-00082416-00083059": "And then there's a respreading, as the discussion spreads scores a bit.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00141-00083059-00084101": "So here, the peak is still between 30 and 40, but at this point, the -- a quarter of", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00142-00084101-00084846": "the applications are below that, rather than 50 percent of the applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00143-00084846-00085687": "This provides a little bit more scoring range to work with and interpret for program staff.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00144-00085687-00086479": "However, here's another look at the way scores from reviews are coming out.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00145-00086479-00087388": "You can see there are huge jumps at 10, 20, 30, 40, et cetera.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00146-00087388-00087870": "And those scores -- actually, you can't -- oh, yes.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00147-00087870-00088237": "These scores are on their sides, so they're a little harder to see.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00148-00088237-00088373": "And then they come down.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00149-00088373-00089463": "So there really is a massive agreement around constant scores, and having that kind of agreement", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00150-00089463-00089693": "on review is not very helpful.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00151-00089693-00090592": "Figuring out how to spread off of, particularly, 10, 20, and 30 would be helpful.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00152-00090592-00091056": "Most review committees reflect that they can easily differentiate more finely than they", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00153-00091056-00091373": "are actually differentiating with their scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00154-00091373-00092153": "There remains a problem with the scoring system, and we are having a discussion of ranking,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00155-00092153-00092987": "of going to a more frank ranking system, to try and [inaudible] this issue.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00156-00092987-00093518": "Another suggestion that has been made by a number of reviewers is -- would be to get", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00157-00093518-00094152": "the opportunity to have a half point to create more differentiation.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00158-00094152-00094967": "However, when we looked at the old 100 to 500 scale, when you go back to that, you get", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00159-00094967-00095229": "a similar kind of peaking.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00160-00095229-00095890": "So the great compression that we had under the old system, and the inclination to agree", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00161-00095890-00096512": "on an individual score that has overlap with other scores, seems to be a chronic problem,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00162-00096512-00097176": "and we need to have another way of dealing with it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00163-00097176-00097326": "Diversity and fairness in peer review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00164-00097326-00098259": "As you can imagine, fairness is the key hallmark -- the key goal of peer review, and needs", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00165-00098259-00098575": "to be its hallmark.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00166-00098575-00099200": "In 2011, as I was coming on board, the Ginther, et al. article in \"Science\" came out, that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00167-00099200-00099919": "showed that though applications with strong priority scores were equally likely to be", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00168-00099919-00100473": "funded regardless of race, African-American applicants were 10 percentage points less", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00169-00100473-00101061": "likely to receive NIH research funding compared to whites.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00170-00101061-00101678": "Ten percentage points sounds fairly innocuous or small in some sense, though this was highly", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00171-00101678-00101778": "significant.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00172-00101778-00102260": "But if you consider that for the number of African-American scientists that applied to", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00173-00102260-00103364": "NIH, if you look at a comparable number of equally -- of control white scientists, the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00174-00103364-00103895": "African-American scientists were getting 55 percent of the awards expected for the white", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00175-00103895-00103995": "scientists.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00176-00103995-00104880": "So that 10 percentage point difference translated into a huge likelihood of success difference.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00177-00104880-00105419": "Some suggested explanations in that paper were the possibility of bias in peer review,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00178-00105419-00106173": "and a cumulative disadvantage that could be experienced by African-American scientists", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00179-00106173-00107158": "based on differences in education, and other forms of bias over the course of their careers.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00180-00107158-00108074": "NIH was extremely -- felt that this issue was extremely important.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00181-00108074-00109075": "This was important because NIH believes that it should be -- represent fairness for all", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00182-00109075-00109237": "groups.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00183-00109237-00110074": "And the level of this difference got the attention of Francis Collins and Larry Tabak, the director", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00184-00110074-00110926": "and deputy director of NIH, to the extent that they immediately formed a set of internal", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00185-00110926-00111534": "committees, raised this issue to the level of the advisory committee to the director", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00186-00111534-00112684": "of NIH, asked that immediate action be taken, but also that both CSR and other groups at", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00187-00112684-00113594": "NIH get to the bottom of what was the cause of this discrepancy or this disparity.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00188-00113594-00113949": "So a peer review subcommittee was set up.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00189-00113949-00114758": "By the way, we accept that this -- whatever is going on happens before award decisions", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00190-00114758-00115155": "are made.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00191-00115155-00116012": "The impact score for applications entirely determines the award rate.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00192-00116012-00116645": "So we accept that if there's any problem in the NIH system, it must be occurring within", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00193-00116645-00116851": "the peer review system.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00194-00116851-00117545": "It remains possible that there is a difference in the applications coming in.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00195-00117545-00117882": "The advisory committee asked that a peer review subcommittee be set up.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00196-00117882-00117988": "That's been done.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00197-00117988-00118248": "I'm a co-chair of that committee.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00198-00118248-00118784": "It asked that we provide more information for applicants to have non-discussed as their", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00199-00118784-00118884": "outcome.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00200-00118884-00119385": "African Americans have a much -- have many more applications not discussed than other", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00201-00119385-00119485": "scientists.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00202-00119485-00119859": "That's been done.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00203-00119859-00120360": "They asked that text analysis of application summary statement in discussions be looked", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00204-00120360-00120460": "at.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00205-00120460-00120949": "They look -- asked for an evaluation of anonymized applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00206-00120949-00121302": "And they ask for diversity awareness training of NIH staff.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00207-00121302-00121978": "All of those things are being worked on, and we're hoping to do this as a true experimental", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00208-00121978-00122654": "science so that we can know the causes of these disparities.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00209-00122654-00123355": "This is the initial group on the workgroup on diversity, subcommittee on peer review;", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00210-00123355-00123842": "it's mainly social scientists to try and look at this problem.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00211-00123842-00124519": "We're also bringing on board other scientists with strong records on peer review, and perhaps", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00212-00124519-00125005": "-- and more biologically-oriented scientists.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00213-00125005-00125720": "We have also increased the representation of minority groups on our study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00214-00125720-00126235": "Just since I've come on board, we've increased African Americans on CSR study sections by", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00215-00126235-00126711": "42 percent, and Hispanic scientists by 22 percent.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00216-00126711-00127317": "I show you those in highlight, but if you look at the rest of the chart, you can see", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00217-00127317-00128355": "that from 2006 to 2011, numbers had actually been declining across the board.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00218-00128355-00129283": "And so I can't do more than say that we've brought back the numbers to a proportion that's", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00219-00129283-00129533": "about 10 percent right now.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00220-00129533-00130312": "This is about double the representation of underrepresented minority scientists in the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00221-00130312-00130596": "award pool of NIH.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00222-00130596-00131326": "We've also created an early career reviewer program to help early career scientists who", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00223-00131326-00131972": "are just beginning life as an independent researcher to understand more about the Center", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00224-00131972-00132345": "for Scientific Review and review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00225-00132345-00132873": "This is to train qualified scientists without significant experience, to help emerging researchers", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00226-00132873-00133417": "advance their careers, and to enrich the existing pool of NIH reviewers by including scientists", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00227-00133417-00133825": "from less research intensive institutions.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00228-00133825-00134504": "The requirements for being an early career reviewer is not having reviewed for NIH before,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00229-00134504-00135337": "beyond one mail review, have a faculty appointment that we are told by the university that it's", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00230-00135337-00135950": "expected that the individual become an investigator, and that they've established an active independent", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00231-00135950-00136559": "research program, and have not had an R01 or equivalent.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00232-00136559-00137077": "Now, these individuals -- there's no more than one per review panel.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00233-00137077-00137635": "These individuals are given a very light review load as a tertiary reviewer, between two and", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00234-00137635-00137790": "four applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00235-00137790-00138255": "So their primary job is to look and learn.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00236-00138255-00139047": "They are under the wing of the SRO and the chair of the panel.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00237-00139047-00139763": "So far, we've -- nearly 700 have served on study sections, and of those, 32 percent are", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00238-00139763-00139988": "underrepresented minority scientists.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00239-00139988-00140944": "But these include scientists from all universities, who are considered independent.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00240-00140944-00141209": "Feedback so far has been very positive.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00241-00141209-00141505": "Ninety-eight percent found the ECR experience to be useful.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00242-00141505-00141950": "Ninety percent reported themselves to be in a better position to write their own grants.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00243-00141950-00142373": "Ninety-seven percent would recommend the ECR experience to a colleague.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00244-00142373-00143194": "We have not been getting negative comments from reviewers, and the experience of the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00245-00143194-00143889": "SROs and the chairs is very positive.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00246-00143889-00144650": "For your own information, this is how to apply to the ECR program: to csrearlyreviewer -- all", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00247-00144650-00144944": "one word -- @mail.nih.gov.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00248-00144944-00145725": "You'll be given copies of my presentation, if you don't want to note this.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00249-00145725-00146084": "CSR is also looking at additional review platforms.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00250-00146084-00146612": "As part of a general effort to try and ensure that we have appropriate review platforms", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00251-00146612-00147423": "for different circumstances, we're trying different kinds, such as telephone-assisted", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00252-00147423-00147941": "meetings, video-assisted discussions, intranet-assisted meetings, and telepresence meetings.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00253-00147941-00148769": "These are various forms of either phone, video, or completely asynchronous electronic reviews.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00254-00148769-00149112": "We're also looking at editorial board style meetings.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00255-00149112-00149710": "We are looking at the strengths and weaknesses of these various forms; what kinds of reviews", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00256-00149710-00150425": "they are best for; people's impressions of these forms of review compared to face-to-face,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00257-00150425-00150721": "our standard form of review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00258-00150721-00151239": "There's a lot of interest in editorial board style meetings, since these have been used", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00259-00151239-00152054": "for the director's special application program.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00260-00152054-00152696": "And it is felt that that might be a style for the future, but it is more expensive than", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00261-00152696-00152994": "regular face-to-face review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00262-00152994-00153477": "Here's just an example of a video conference-based study section.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00263-00153477-00154032": "Similar to telepresence, this is where reviewers on both sides of the room -- the ones on the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00264-00154032-00154626": "back are just on video; the ones in the front are live.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00265-00154626-00155169": "The ones in the back appear nearly full size, so it's possible to see their expressions", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00266-00155169-00155732": "as they conduct their reviews, and to see whether or not they're paying attention.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00267-00155732-00155890": "[laughter]", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00268-00155890-00156382": "One of the nice things about this is that the microphones are set up so they're directional,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00269-00156382-00156937": "and you can see the voice appearing to come from the person that's speaking.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00270-00156937-00157207": "It's a very nice feature of this.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00271-00157207-00158087": "I'm going to shift over to an issue which has been bothering many scientists, and has", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00272-00158087-00158357": "been a source of frequent complaints to CSR.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00273-00158357-00158760": "And this is the issue of the A-2 [spelled phonetically] application.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00274-00158760-00159716": "This is the graphic that convinced NIH directors and NIH that we should address the A2 issue.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00275-00159716-00160561": "Here we see that the awards to A0s went from about 60 percent in 1998, and it dropped to", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00276-00160561-00160982": "the lowest form of award by 2008.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00277-00160982-00161594": "The A2 awards had risen, had passed the A0s.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00278-00161594-00162091": "And you can see from the intersection, that seemed to looming.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00279-00162091-00163039": "It was likely that it would pass the A1s in popularity for proportion of awards.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00280-00163039-00163603": "After the A2 was eliminated in 2008, some applications were grandfathered.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00281-00163603-00164130": "But as the grandfathering ran out, those curves went down.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00282-00164130-00164713": "The A0 rebounded strongly, as we had hoped, and passed the A1.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00283-00164713-00165192": "But you could also see, this was the latest results are from 2011.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00284-00165192-00165477": "We're looking for 2012.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00285-00165477-00166094": "I'm very concerned that A1 may intersect with the A0.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00286-00166094-00166603": "But what these lines suggested was that -- and what we heard in the actual conversations", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00287-00166603-00167241": "that went on on review panels was that a line was being set up, that people were expected", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00288-00167241-00167747": "to wait until their A2 application before receiving an award.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00289-00167747-00168394": "In many cases, it was very easy for the committee to try and pick out a few things that they", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00290-00168394-00168625": "wanted to see get an award.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00291-00168625-00169415": "They became more urgent at the A1, once they came to the A2 level.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00292-00169415-00170166": "It became a strong temptation to line up PIs in order of their applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00293-00170166-00170985": "When the A2 was eliminated, the time to funding dropped quite a bit, from a little over 90", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00294-00170985-00171476": "weeks to a little over 50 weeks, on average.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00295-00171476-00172109": "So these two things, and the lack of difference between new investigators and established", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00296-00172109-00172828": "investigators, it was through a lot of statistics the Office of Extramural Research determined", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00297-00172828-00173762": "that there were no groups that were substantially more affected by the loss of the A2.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00298-00173762-00174379": "The time to award increased -- reduced, went down dramatically.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00299-00174379-00174949": "And so it was felt that we should eliminate the A2.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00300-00174949-00175887": "Also, the order of scoring seemed to hold across this period of time.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00301-00175887-00176330": "So there were no dramatic changes that were occurring.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00302-00176330-00176865": "It was just delaying when the award would occur.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00303-00176865-00177994": "Now I want to talk a little bit about the future, and then I'll take some of your comments.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00304-00177994-00178922": "One of the ways in which we think we can improve the outputs of CSR scoring is if we look at", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00305-00178922-00179319": "the distribution of applications across study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00306-00179319-00179539": "Current distribution is quite non-random.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00307-00179539-00180012": "First of all, we base distribution on the areas of science.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00308-00180012-00180400": "Two, we base distribution on PI preference.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00309-00180400-00181008": "PIs get to ask for the study section they'd like to have, and we honor those 80 percent", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00310-00181008-00181125": "of the time.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00311-00181125-00181678": "And 75 percent of scientists ask for a review committee.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00312-00181678-00182248": "This means, and the observation of many people, that there may be a non-random distribution", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00313-00182248-00182619": "of the highest quality applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00314-00182619-00183299": "If that's true, and we normalize the output of all study sections, that means that you", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00315-00183299-00184057": "are not looking when -- in council and in other places -- you do not get to look at,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00316-00184057-00184532": "necessarily, the best applications across all the applications.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00317-00184532-00185061": "You're just looking at the best applications from each study section.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00318-00185061-00185280": "We are looking at how that works.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00319-00185280-00185994": "We are trying to get -- establish statistics on whether or not that impression of most", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00320-00185994-00186251": "people is real.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00321-00186251-00186939": "We are going to be scoring or re-ranking applications from a broad set of study sections to try", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00322-00186939-00187624": "and see what the relationship of that ranking is to the individual study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00323-00187624-00188157": "If there is consistent differences across study sections, that will cause us to ask", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00324-00188157-00189060": "the question, \"How can we look more generally across study sections in a systematic way,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00325-00189060-00189461": "and provide you with the information?\"", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00326-00189461-00189851": "We're trying to develop better tools for applicants for referral and review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00327-00189851-00190597": "This is part of a general process to try and make CSR more user-friendly for applicants,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00328-00190597-00191159": "and to make a system of award intake more helpful.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00329-00191159-00191799": "We are also trying to increase diversity and reduce award disparities, obviously.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00330-00191799-00192308": "In general, we'd like to provide better service to applicants and to the ICs.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00331-00192308-00192939": "We are trying to have more discussions with the program staff to see what we can do to", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00332-00192939-00193217": "make our summary statements the most helpful.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00333-00193217-00193545": "Finally, we're trying to develop a science of peer review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00334-00193545-00194064": "We've established an office with money to do experiments in peer review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00335-00194064-00194594": "I've implied some of those ideas to you earlier in this talk.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00336-00194594-00195397": "But I think if we are to keep the U.S. lead, especially in this time of difficult funding,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00337-00195397-00196221": "we've got to figure out ways to make it easier to find the best applications and make awards", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00338-00196221-00196710": "to those, and to provide you, through CSR, with the best information for making those", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00339-00196710-00196924": "decisions.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00340-00196924-00197032": "Thank you very much.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00341-00197032-00197132": "[applause]", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00342-00197132-00197524": "Eric Green: Thank you, Richard.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00343-00197524-00197720": "Well, we have time for questions.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00344-00197720-00198291": "Let me start with the first one for this -- I forgot the exact three letters -- the training", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00345-00198291-00198497": "one, where you take youngsters, and basically give --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00346-00198497-00198710": "Richard Nakamura: The early career reviewer program, ECR.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00347-00198710-00198974": "Eric Green: Do you -- what's the curriculum that you give", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00348-00198974-00199074": "to them?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00349-00199074-00199496": "Is it purely just by showing up, or do you have materials, or mock study sections, or", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00350-00199496-00199687": "other things that one could imagine you could do?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00351-00199687-00199920": "Richard Nakamura: We don't go to mock study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00352-00199920-00201169": "What we do is the EGCR is given both a PowerPoint set plus a training from the SRO.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00353-00201169-00201357": "And then they're given guidance.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00354-00201357-00201888": "They can't attend peer review more than two full sessions.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00355-00201888-00202274": "And then they're given guidance about how to work with it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00356-00202274-00202969": "So far, the reaction from the SROs and from the chairs is that has been sufficient.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00357-00202969-00203409": "That is the -- in general, the ECRs take this very seriously.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00358-00203409-00203680": "They work very hard on the reviews that they do.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00359-00203680-00204296": "They have not caused embarrassment by lack of knowledge around that issue.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00360-00204296-00204821": "Female Speaker: Yes, so I just wanted to share some thoughts", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00361-00204821-00205546": "and get your impression about this set of slides that you showed about the distribution", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00362-00205546-00205814": "of review scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00363-00205814-00206667": "Because, at some level, one is assuming that the quality of these proposals and the science", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00364-00206667-00207052": "that is being proposed is normally distributed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00365-00207052-00208028": "But it's not a random population of proposers, and so that assumption may be fallacious at", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00366-00208028-00208150": "some level.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00367-00208150-00208842": "But also, I think, in my own personal experience on study section, is that there is this tension", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00368-00208842-00209764": "between doing a review sort of on absolute versus relative terms.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00369-00209764-00210332": "On the particular study section of which I served for, say, four years, at the beginning", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00370-00210332-00211244": "of my tenure, the overall quality of the proposals was just not very strong, on absolute terms.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00371-00211244-00211507": "And that's not to say there weren't some good proposals.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00372-00211507-00212267": "But -- and then being sort of forced, you know, our SRO kept saying, \"Oh, you know,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00373-00212267-00212584": "your mean is much lower than all the other study sections.\"", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00374-00212584-00212967": "And this refers to what you were talking about just at the end.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00375-00212967-00213842": "On the other hand, you know, does it make sense if, for some reason, a particular batch", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00376-00213842-00214750": "of proposals in general is not strong, to rate them on this sort of relative scale?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00377-00214750-00215302": "On the other hand, if a particular batch of proposals are all very, very strong, you're", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00378-00215302-00215633": "naturally going to get that compression, either at the top or the bottom.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00379-00215633-00216413": "So I'm just wondering, you know, sort of what recognition there is about this -- you know,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00380-00216413-00216691": "when you look at statistics, statistics can tell you one thing.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00381-00216691-00217448": "But if you don't look at the priors, you're sort of maybe being led to a slightly false", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00382-00217448-00217581": "direction or strategy.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00383-00217581-00217876": "So I'm just curious to hear what your thoughts are about it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00384-00217876-00218201": "Richard Nakamura: Yes, we're not going to -- we're not planning", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00385-00218201-00218419": "on doing any given thing.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00386-00218419-00219306": "We, right now, we observe that we have a problem, that we've long had this problem, that different", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00387-00219306-00219928": "efforts to address the problem have systematically failed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00388-00219928-00220542": "And that there's this broader issue of what's going on across study sections, which we've", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00389-00220542-00220773": "never addressed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00390-00220773-00221455": "So we're planning on having some meetings with individuals who are experts in decision", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00391-00221455-00221573": "theory.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00392-00221573-00222353": "Obviously, if this were easy, both corporations and NIH would have solved this a long time", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00393-00222353-00222453": "ago.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00394-00222453-00222709": "This is a deep, difficult problem.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00395-00222709-00223559": "And so far, we remain at the -- with the idea that strong scientists, excellent scientists,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00396-00223559-00223869": "are the best judges of science.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00397-00223869-00224609": "Aside from that, the way to get the most -- maximal information from them, either as a committee", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00398-00224609-00225141": "or as individuals, I think there are many questions about, and that one of the things", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00399-00225141-00225696": "that we should be doing is exploring how we get to answers about that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00400-00225696-00226139": "I'm not proposing, and don't plan to propose we know the answer.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00401-00226139-00226408": "Here is what we're going to do.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00402-00226408-00227177": "I think what we'd like to do is to say, \"Here is a theoretically better way of approaching", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00403-00227177-00227277": "this.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00404-00227277-00227876": "Let's try it with some study sections,\" and maybe within an IRG.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00405-00227876-00228511": "I think we're going to have continued discussions with the scientific community about any changes", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00406-00228511-00228801": "that we're thinking about.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00407-00228801-00229466": "Male Speaker: I was interested in your actions related to", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00408-00229466-00229783": "the diversity issue on application success rate.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00409-00229783-00230504": "So there has been research which has shown that there's gender and racial bias in the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00410-00230504-00230640": "review of grants.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00411-00230640-00231117": "And given that knowledge, why isn't there something where you're trying to address that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00412-00231117-00231283": "with the review panelists, themselves.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00413-00231283-00231479": "They bring it with them.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00414-00231479-00231846": "They're in societal stereotypes.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00415-00231846-00232302": "It's nice for diversity awareness training of the NIH staff, but they're not making the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00416-00232302-00232544": "review, the scores, and the decisions for funding.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00417-00232544-00232896": "Richard Nakamura: It is the intent of the advisory committee", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00418-00232896-00233604": "to the director to address that issue with the reviewers if we determine that there is", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00419-00233604-00233977": "bias in the peer review system.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00420-00233977-00234815": "Right now, we're running some experiments which we hope will show not only whether or", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00421-00234815-00235359": "not there are differences in the quality of applications, but differences that could be", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00422-00235359-00236264": "attributable to bias and the proportions that that might account for.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00423-00236264-00236686": "I think we need both pieces of information to develop the right intervention.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00424-00236686-00237641": "And so -- but if it turns out that there is bias in the peer review system, it is the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00425-00237641-00238096": "intent to try and train reviewers.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00426-00238096-00238896": "The ACD asked us to take any validated system for countering bias and apply it, first to", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00427-00238896-00239171": "NIH staff and then to the reviewers.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00428-00239171-00239498": "However, there is no such validated system.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00429-00239498-00240007": "And so the first thing we're going to do is to see if there's any system that can make", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00430-00240007-00240165": "a difference with NIH staff.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00431-00240165-00240569": "And there's about 500 staff that we could apply this to.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00432-00240569-00240889": "So there are reasonably large numbers.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00433-00240889-00241388": "Male Speaker: So I was very taken by the figure that you", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00434-00241388-00241641": "had with the spikes of the priority scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00435-00241641-00242436": "Can you give us a sense of what causes that underlying phenomenon, and the degree to which", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00436-00242436-00243386": "the kind of group dynamics of the study section and congealing scores on those, and what that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00437-00243386-00243627": "might be telling you about the underlying review process?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00438-00243627-00243964": "Richard Nakamura: There's no question that there is a strong", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00439-00243964-00244698": "temptation once a general agreement seems to be existing on review committee that an", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00440-00244698-00244994": "application is in award domain.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00441-00244994-00245771": "Remember, we score based -- initially, we group based on preliminary scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00442-00245771-00246314": "So when -- the first few reviews they know are in the possible award range.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00443-00246314-00246867": "It looks like there's a -- just a strong group temptation to agree on a score, and to have", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00444-00246867-00247383": "everyone vote that, in many cases.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00445-00247383-00248002": "And it's mainly those that vote outside the range that cause differentiation among the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00446-00248002-00248102": "scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00447-00248102-00248565": "That's a tough position for individuals to take, on many committees.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00448-00248565-00249006": "So we think it's a severe problem, a serious problem.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00449-00249006-00249680": "The scientists themselves, they can differentiate better than the committee scores reflect.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00450-00249680-00250108": "But we haven't figured out a way to get that expression.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00451-00250108-00250439": "And this is one of the reasons for discussion of ranking systems.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00452-00250439-00250719": "Male Speaker: Sorry, just as a follow-up, is that because,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00453-00250719-00251450": "say, the high and the low are 2.3 and 2.5, and so everyone has to vote in that range,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00454-00251450-00251550": "or --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00455-00251550-00251971": "Richard Nakamura: No, remember that the primary reviewers give", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00456-00251971-00252183": "scores of 1, 2, or 3.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00457-00252183-00252453": "They only have those three digits to work with.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00458-00252453-00253138": "So 1 is heavily discouraged by the system, and so you're talking about 2 and 3.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00459-00253138-00253539": "And they know that if you want to stay out of the gray zone, it has to be below 2.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00460-00253539-00254179": "So, given those, committees easily get stuck on a consensus.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00461-00254179-00254279": "Male Speaker: Right.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00462-00254279-00254517": "So it used to be you could give the decimal.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00463-00254517-00254626": "Now it's like 2 and 2 --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00464-00254626-00254726": "Richard Nakamura: You cannot give the decimal.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00465-00254726-00254871": "Male Speaker: -- so everyone votes 2.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00466-00254871-00255165": "And how many scores go into a priority score?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00467-00255165-00255563": "Richard Nakamura: The overall priority score is based, usually,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00468-00255563-00255755": "on 20 scores that are generated around --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00469-00255755-00255892": "Male Speaker: So even though you have 20 scores, you're", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00470-00255892-00255992": "still getting these --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00471-00255992-00256142": "Richard Nakamura: If the -- if the three reviewers say --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00472-00256142-00256502": "Male Speaker: I mean, that's actually hard to gerrymander", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00473-00256502-00256602": "that way.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00474-00256602-00256989": "[laughs] You have to work really hard to come up with a system that ends up with those optimal.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00475-00256989-00257233": "Richard Nakamura: We have a problem.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00476-00257233-00257629": "Female Speaker: I wanted to follow up a little bit on the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00477-00257629-00258171": "idea that Jill was introducing earlier, of what's the assumption and what might be the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00478-00258171-00258606": "implications of trying to standardize things across study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00479-00258606-00259234": "And, in particular, you made a comment that rare that scores above 20 can be considered", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00480-00259234-00259951": "for an award, and I'm thinking of the societal and ethical issues in research study section", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00481-00259951-00260323": "that was formed to bring the research ethics and the ELSI together.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00482-00260323-00260952": "And, traditionally, I think it's well-recognized that those scores have always been high in", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00483-00260952-00261517": "the sense of bad, remarkably so, compared to other study sections.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00484-00261517-00261835": "And that's just the way that study section scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00485-00261835-00262218": "So I guess my question is, how would you handle something like that?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00486-00262218-00262526": "And I understand what you said earlier that you don't have a solution yet, you're looking", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00487-00262526-00262652": "into it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00488-00262652-00263209": "But as a related question to that, then, I guess when you've created -- and I don't know", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00489-00263209-00263622": "whether there were other study sections that got merged; presumably, there were -- when", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00490-00263622-00264244": "you've looked at the experience of the disciplines that came in, or the groups that came in,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00491-00264244-00264823": "and were merged into a new study section, have you traced, at all, how those applications", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00492-00264823-00265303": "have fared, and is that something that you have done at the study section level?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00493-00265303-00265515": "And how would you handle that going forward?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00494-00265515-00265834": "Richard Nakamura: We do do some tracing.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00495-00265834-00266411": "Most of the tracing is based on concerns or complaints by subsections of committees.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00496-00266411-00267142": "So whenever we hear a subgroup complain about the outcomes of mergers, et cetera, we do", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00497-00267142-00267366": "look at that kind of issue.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00498-00267366-00268109": "But I'll remind you that today, because of the huge drop in awards, every group is saying,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00499-00268109-00268822": "\"We've been selected out for loss of funding,\" and we very rarely statistically see that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00500-00268822-00269140": "difference when we look at it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00501-00269140-00269622": "Everyone is losing money these days, and we're not picking on any one group.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00502-00269622-00270035": "But everyone seems to have the impression that they must be picked on because so many", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00503-00270035-00270350": "of their compatriots are losing funding.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00504-00270350-00270966": "Male Speaker: So I'm glad you're taking a science-based", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00505-00270966-00271208": "approach and trying to use actual data.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00506-00271208-00271332": "That's wonderful.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00507-00271332-00271700": "One of the things with the Internet-assisted review is there's at least some level of the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00508-00271700-00272242": "scoring that's locked in prior to the actual in-person visit.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00509-00272242-00272834": "And I'm wondering if you've looked at that data, you know, the pre and post, to see how", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00510-00272834-00273434": "well does the scoring in isolation reflect what happens after the group dynamics.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00511-00273434-00273843": "And really where I'm going is, can we get to the point where we don't have to have in-person", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00512-00273843-00274185": "at all, even though I really enjoy it?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00513-00274185-00274572": "Richard Nakamura: [laughs] We are asking the question, \"What", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00514-00274572-00274756": "does in-person contribute?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00515-00274756-00275432": "What does -- is there a socialization process that's important in peer review?\"", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00516-00275432-00275841": "I can't tell you what the answer is.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00517-00275841-00276445": "There's a lot of myth in peer review, obviously, as well as the possibilities of science.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00518-00276445-00276766": "And we want to systematically explore this.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00519-00276766-00277254": "Some of the methods allow us to know -- to determine, in the long run, whether or not", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00520-00277254-00277800": "electronic review is the equivalent of face-to-face review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00521-00277800-00278501": "Male Speaker: Richard, do you actually have funding to carry", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00522-00278501-00278655": "out controlled experiments?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00523-00278655-00278977": "Richard Nakamura: Yes, in two ways.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00524-00278977-00279814": "I have been allowed to keep some money we've saved through electronic review, a small amount", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00525-00279814-00279914": "of money.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00526-00279914-00280391": "And we've also been given extra money to carry out the experiments in bias -- in studies", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00527-00280391-00280657": "in bias, by NIH.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00528-00280657-00281373": "So I think if we get results which help clarify what we need to do to improve quality of peer", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00529-00281373-00282122": "review, the institutes and Francis will give us money for that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00530-00282122-00282618": "I think everyone agrees that corporate America believes that you need to have resources like", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00531-00282618-00283358": "that and experiments like that in order to improve quality, and so we hope we will be", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00532-00283358-00283477": "able to do that ourselves.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00533-00283477-00283829": "Female Speaker: Just want to make a comment that I do think", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00534-00283829-00284223": "the social aspects of it have big impacts.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00535-00284223-00284758": "And I just was on a review pretty recently, and the scores before we all met together", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00536-00284758-00285015": "were significantly different than when we were together.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00537-00285015-00285296": "And there were good reasons and bad reasons for that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00538-00285296-00286000": "The good ones were they were maybe someone could clarify some technical issue that someone", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00539-00286000-00286100": "else didn't understand.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00540-00286100-00286370": "But then it also comes down to who was better at persuading the rest of the group to go", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00541-00286370-00286908": "one way or the other, or if we don't score well enough, it's not going to get funded.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00542-00286908-00287460": "And there were so many statements in there that were like [laughs] could it sway it one", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00543-00287460-00287632": "way or the other so easily.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00544-00287632-00288213": "And so I do think it's very important to have this decision-making expert to advise you.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00545-00288213-00288734": "Richard Nakamura: Yeah, I agree that there are lots of different", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00546-00288734-00289075": "dynamics that are going on that we have to understand.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00547-00289075-00289496": "We are doing some studies of the shift in scoring that occurs, and the scoring that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00548-00289496-00289752": "-- differences that occur on different committees.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00549-00289752-00290147": "Some committees basically stay with the original scores, and some committees shift quite a", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00550-00290147-00290247": "bit.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00551-00290247-00291052": "So -- and the -- it's up to you, the staff of the institute and of council, to make decisions", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00552-00291052-00291501": "about what's important based on the admission of the institute.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00553-00291501-00291874": "And so you can ignore the scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00554-00291874-00292551": "It's difficult to ignore, let's say, a non-discussed, but within the scored range, I think the general", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00555-00292551-00293035": "expectation is that the relevance to the institute's mission is very important.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00556-00293035-00293626": "Male Speaker: So have there been any experiments of the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00557-00293626-00294347": "system of the type where you might send some subset of applications to multiple study sections", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00558-00294347-00294818": "to compare what the outcome would be of the exact same application going through the system", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00559-00294818-00294922": "at the same time?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00560-00294922-00295279": "Richard Nakamura: Okay, we are discussing the possibility of", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00561-00295279-00295867": "reviewing some subset of applications twice to get the reliability and validity estimates", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00562-00295867-00296200": "that we need for many of our other studies.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00563-00296200-00296459": "You might understand that that makes a lot of people very nervous.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00564-00296459-00296559": "And I have not --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00565-00296559-00296659": "[laughter]", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00566-00296659-00297031": "-- gotten the go-ahead yet to do those studies.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00567-00297031-00297569": "But we think that it is important to develop some power estimates of our system.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00568-00297569-00297881": "Male Speaker: My guess of that would be that there's going", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00569-00297881-00298440": "to be, you know, high concordance on the things that are not discussed, right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00570-00298440-00298775": "There's a bunch of things that ultimately, you know, no study section would fund.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00571-00298775-00299210": "And then there are going to be a couple of things that would score in the 10s, no matter", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00572-00299210-00299354": "what study section you would get to.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00573-00299354-00299749": "And then there's going to be a whole 20 to 30 percent that's going to be all over the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00574-00299749-00300116": "place, and depending on who you send it to, would or would not have gotten support.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00575-00300116-00300273": "Richard Nakamura: Yeah, I completely agree.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00576-00300273-00300784": "I think most of us believe that peer review system, as it's currently designed, works", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00577-00300784-00301201": "well when success rates are 30 to 40, and not so well --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00578-00301201-00301301": "Male Speaker: Exactly, yep.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00579-00301301-00301423": "Richard Nakamura: -- when success rates are where they are right", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00580-00301423-00301523": "now.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00581-00301523-00301650": "Male Speaker: And I think that's the point, you know, that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00582-00301650-00302050": "it would important -- if that's true, then that's important to know so that we can communicate", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00583-00302050-00302794": "that to policymakers to say that, in fact, when you're drawing down the fund, you're", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00584-00302794-00303273": "drawing it into a percentile range where, you know, sure you're funding good science,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00585-00303273-00303546": "but there's a ton of great science that gets left on the table.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00586-00303546-00304052": "And the only way to really secure that we're funding all the, you know, the best science", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00587-00304052-00304448": "and to keep U.S. competitiveness is to figure out how to drive the funding rates back up", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00588-00304448-00304550": "into the 25 or 30 percent range.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00589-00304550-00304870": "Richard Nakamura: I agree that current funding is catastrophic.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00590-00304870-00305278": "Male Speaker: I wonder if -- and you probably have compared", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00591-00305278-00305985": "notes across the mechanisms used across different agencies for their peer review, and whether", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00592-00305985-00306301": "they're seeing the same kind of issues that you're seeing.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00593-00306301-00306920": "And I've served on a number of panels across DOE or NSF, and they do things quite differently,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00594-00306920-00307078": "and not better or worse.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00595-00307078-00307524": "But I'm wondering if you look at their numbers, do you see the same trends?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00596-00307524-00307789": "Richard Nakamura: All the agencies that I'm aware of in the", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00597-00307789-00308584": "United States are having a harder time with funding, and are seeing loss of -- in science.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00598-00308584-00309305": "And, at the same time, we're watching our agencies -- related agencies in other countries.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00599-00309305-00310245": "I was -- earlier -- I guess last year I was in South Korea, presenting on peer review.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00600-00310245-00310458": "They were extremely interested.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00601-00310458-00311191": "They were frankly feeling that we were giving them an opportunity to emerge as a first-class", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00602-00311191-00311447": "science country.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00603-00311447-00311963": "Their -- a representative from their government came to report on the 2013 budget.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00604-00311963-00312465": "He was deeply apologetic for the funding that he was going to announce.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00605-00312465-00312866": "It was only an increase of 5 percent.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00606-00312866-00313893": "And so they have concluded that the -- that American success is built on science and technology,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00607-00313893-00314193": "and on federal funding of science and technology.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00608-00314193-00314992": "And they're all delighted, in some sense, that we've given them the opportunity to compete.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00609-00314992-00315654": "Female Speaker: So just one quick comment, and then another", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00610-00315654-00315754": "question.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00611-00315754-00316319": "You know, DeeDee [spelled phonetically] was talking about some issues around review and", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00612-00316319-00316501": "grants that are not discussed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00613-00316501-00316995": "I just want to point out that the way we order grants for discussion now, if a grant -- if", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00614-00316995-00317617": "two out of three reviewers score a grant well, and there's one, like, whacko review, or,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00615-00317617-00318299": "you know, sometimes it works the other way, but that grant now, according to the ordering,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00616-00318299-00318421": "will not be reviewed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00617-00318421-00319300": "In the old days, it used to be that these kind of outlier scoring grants would also", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00618-00319300-00319422": "be discussed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00619-00319422-00319883": "So I just want to suggest that we might think about how to go back to that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00620-00319883-00320704": "But the real thing I wanted to mention was that I agree with you, it's really important", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00621-00320704-00321124": "we get the best scientists to review grants.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00622-00321124-00322117": "One of the pressures on us, who have done that service, is that the review panels often", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00623-00322117-00322618": "come very close to when we have to submit our own grants.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00624-00322618-00323501": "And while there is this quasi policy that you get some dispensation for that, that your", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00625-00323501-00324201": "grant submissions can be late, that does not apply to all the grants you would submit.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00626-00324201-00324958": "So if you're responding to an RFA or a PAR, you don't get any dispensation for that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00627-00324958-00325590": "And many of us who are experienced reviewers, and I like to think that those of us sitting", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00628-00325590-00326268": "around this table are reasonable scientists, we, therefore, have this additional pressure", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00629-00326268-00326846": "that we may have 10 grants of other people to review, and we've got to meet a deadline", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00630-00326846-00327129": "for -- to fund our own labs.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00631-00327129-00328025": "So that's part of this idea of trying to get good people to review that I think it would", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00632-00328025-00328441": "be great to revisit that policy and how it's actually implemented.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00633-00328441-00328766": "Richard Nakamura: I can tell you simply that we are revisiting", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00634-00328766-00328866": "those policies.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00635-00328866-00329160": "Female Speaker: Great, I'm glad to hear that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00636-00329160-00329520": "Richard Nakamura: And any individual reviewer can ask that something", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00637-00329520-00329721": "be discussed.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00638-00329721-00330291": "And we've also asked our SROs when there are strong discrepancies in the preliminary scores,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00639-00330291-00330763": "to try and get some resolution, even if there's not going to be a discussion, to try and get", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00640-00330763-00331698": "an understanding among the reviewers, which is the more correct score and to have a discussion", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00641-00331698-00331798": "around that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00642-00331798-00332331": "It's to try and reduce the problem this causes to PIs who receive highly discrepant scores.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00643-00332331-00332884": "Female Speaker: Well, and this is related to the question", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00644-00332884-00333720": "in terms of transparency to the applicant as well as to council when it has to decide,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00645-00333720-00334452": "is there a movement towards including the distribution of -- not the exact distribution,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00646-00334452-00335347": "but aggregates in the critique back to the applicant, such as means, mode, standard deviation,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00647-00335347-00335447": "range?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00648-00335447-00336129": "Richard Nakamura: Of the score -- of the individual scores,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00649-00336129-00336913": "they are provided with some of the criterion scores that came to that information.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00650-00336913-00337534": "But I'm not quite sure what advantage that would have.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00651-00337534-00337953": "Female Speaker: I think that would point to outlier reviews", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00652-00337953-00338559": "because you would have a large standard deviation or range, and you would have a means and a", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00653-00338559-00338879": "mode that might disagree very much.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00654-00338879-00339502": "Richard Nakamura: Well, we are asking SROs to try and get some", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00655-00339502-00340175": "resolution of highly disparate reviews so that it's less confusing.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00656-00340175-00340649": "Male Speaker: I wanted to ask you whether there's an ongoing", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00657-00340649-00341099": "program of quality assurance, quality improvement for the SROs.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00658-00341099-00341842": "Is there -- is there -- is there presiding over these study sections; is it observed", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00659-00341842-00342283": "by outside -- people within CSR, but outside of the study section?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00660-00342283-00342629": "Richard Nakamura: There are two forms of -- I guess, multiple", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00661-00342629-00342786": "forms of observation.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00662-00342786-00343468": "Obviously, reviewers are there, and there's a hierarchy over each SRO.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00663-00343468-00344267": "We expect the IRG chief to attend many of the meetings run within their groups.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00664-00344267-00344530": "We expect division directors to attend them.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00665-00344530-00344975": "I attend maybe six to eight study sections around.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00666-00344975-00345501": "So we also -- each study section's observed by program staff.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00667-00345501-00345983": "We hope there is better communication these days with the program staff, and a better", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00668-00345983-00346545": "sense on the part of program, that through their hierarchy, I'm very receptive to information", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00669-00346545-00346695": "about problems on review committees.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00670-00346695-00347023": "Male Speaker: Does the program staff often express the concern", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00671-00347023-00347484": "that they're -- have actually been told, you know, not to participate, that they have to", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00672-00347484-00347660": "stay as quiet, silent observers?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00673-00347660-00348029": "Richard Nakamura: During the reviews themselves, that's correct.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00674-00348029-00348630": "We want the SRO to be the federal lead on that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00675-00348630-00349231": "Between sessions, I expect there to be good communication.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00676-00349231-00349694": "I think we've encouraged communication between program and review staff, both at the higher", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00677-00349694-00350249": "and at the individual SRG levels.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00678-00350249-00351226": "I think that our SROs are feeling more able to work with the program staff, and to hear", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00679-00351226-00351326": "about problems.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00680-00351326-00351988": "We're also trying to create systems so electronically it'll be easier for program staff to follow", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00681-00351988-00352440": "what's going on at reviews of their applicants.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00682-00352440-00352988": "Male Speaker: I just wanted to second Lucilla's [spelled", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00683-00352988-00353261": "phonetically] point because I think it's a really good one, which is that you're already", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00684-00353261-00353744": "collecting all this data on the scores, so even just getting a histogram back with some", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00685-00353744-00354235": "summary statistics of what the scores were for your grant, at least, for me, it would", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00686-00354235-00354471": "be -- I'd love to see that, right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00687-00354471-00354968": "I mean, it's sort of the same as if you were running a course, and you wanted to compare", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00688-00354968-00355420": "-- and this would be really useful data to also have in terms of trying to figure out", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00689-00355420-00355856": "whether -- to normalize scores across study sections or not, right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00690-00355856-00356290": "You're saying that sometimes, some study sections, you're not funding necessarily the best, you", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00691-00356290-00356743": "know, all the best grant overall, you're just funding the best grants in that study section,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00692-00356743-00356843": "right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00693-00356843-00357489": "So both in terms of giving that data back to individual PIs, but also keeping it for", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00694-00357489-00357966": "broader staff analysis, it would be very useful data to have.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00695-00357966-00358204": "And you already have it, so you're already collecting it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00696-00358204-00358652": "Richard Nakamura: Yeah, one of the problems that we have on", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00697-00358652-00359388": "any individual level collection of data is that we really go out of our way to make sure", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00698-00359388-00359894": "that things can't be traced back to individual reviewers.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00699-00359894-00360535": "Even the statistics that we kept here, we deleted all the original PI information.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00700-00360535-00360865": "We collected the numbers.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00701-00360865-00361244": "And each time we do these collections, we do it for a specific purpose.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00702-00361244-00361581": "So I can imagine that something like this could be arranged.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00703-00361581-00362414": "We'd have to think about it a bit to make sure that the underlying confidentiality is", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00704-00362414-00362615": "kept.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00705-00362615-00363341": "But I do -- anything that we can do relatively readily like that, I'm willing to consider.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00706-00363341-00363441": "Male Speaker: I wouldn't say [spelled phonetically] -- if", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00707-00363441-00363622": "you're PI and you're getting a histogram of your scores, right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00708-00363622-00364095": "If you got a histogram of scores, and they are bimodal, right, that tells you something", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00709-00364095-00364434": "different than you get a histogram of scores, and everyone give you a 5, right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00710-00364434-00364650": "Then you go, \"Okay, clearly,\" right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00711-00364650-00365142": "You know, I don't -- I really need to rethink what I'm doing, and it's out of the question", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00712-00365142-00365447": "or -- but if you got this bimodal score, you might say, \"Well, clearly, some people didn't", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00713-00365447-00365547": "understand it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00714-00365547-00365776": "Maybe I could have addressed the point better,\" or something like that.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00715-00365776-00366289": "I think it would also help in the discussions that the program officers have with individuals'", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00716-00366289-00366443": "PIs, right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00717-00366443-00366888": "Because I know I had called my program officer and said, \"Well, is there a study section", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00718-00366888-00367156": "thinking, blah blah blah,\" and they point and go, \"Look, there's no variants here,\"", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00719-00367156-00367256": "right?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00720-00367256-00367674": "Then, you know, you could take that to mean what it means.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00721-00367674-00367882": "Richard Nakamura: I hear you, okay.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00722-00367882-00368172": "Male Speaker: So, Carlos, even if you strip identifying", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00723-00368172-00368688": "information, there are scenarios where an individual could be linked to a score.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00724-00368688-00368845": "We can talk about it at lunch.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00725-00368845-00368945": "Male Speaker: Okay.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00726-00368945-00369120": "Male Speaker: But I think that would be the underlying --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00727-00369120-00369332": "Female Speaker: You mean the -- and individual reviewer on", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00728-00369332-00369432": "the study section?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00729-00369432-00369666": "Male Speaker: I mean the review panel that has one expertise,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00730-00369666-00369947": "and you read a written review because that person's assigned.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00731-00369947-00370236": "And then you see a score that's outlying over here, and you say, \"That reviewer gave me", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00732-00370236-00370474": "that score.\"", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00733-00370474-00370753": "Whether it's accurate or not, it's still open the door.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00734-00370753-00371045": "Female Speaker: But you do -- the score is from the three", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00735-00371045-00371145": "reviewers.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00736-00371145-00371245": "Male Speaker: Anywhere in back [spelled phonetically], yeah,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00737-00371245-00371345": "exactly.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00738-00371345-00371618": "Female Speaker: You get the -- you get three reviewers' scores,", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00739-00371618-00371824": "and they're, you know, [inaudible] --", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00740-00371824-00372135": "Male Speaker: And they don't necessarily tell you what that", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00741-00372135-00372358": "person's final score was.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00742-00372358-00372832": "But if you see the printed scores, and there's an outlier, you might link it.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00743-00372832-00373786": "Correct or not, you're creating social havoc in the follow-up.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00744-00373786-00373903": "We'll talk at lunch.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00745-00373903-00374014": "Male Speaker: Okay.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00746-00374014-00374114": "All right.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00747-00374114-00374217": "Richard Nakamura: Thank you very much.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00748-00374217-00374317": "Eric Green: Well, thank you, Richard.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00749-00374317-00374474": "It was terrific that you would come talk to us.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00750-00374474-00374682": "So, thank you, council, for a good discussion.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00751-00374682-00374816": "So we will break for lunch now.", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00752-00374816-00374970": "Shall we try for 1:15?", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00753-00374970-00376789": "We will reconvene at 1:15, so 55 minutes, go get your lunch, and thank you for a good", "hDpFpa0M6YU-00754-00376789-00377376": "morning."}}, {"audio_id": "hDu3Bpyfo1g", "text": {"hDu3Bpyfo1g-00000-00000008-00001592": "let you for my whole life.", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00001-00004064-00004440": "there is a new sport coming under the friday night lights statewide", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00002-00004440-00005784": "this year. subscribe right now and like the video, and put the dog…", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00003-00008616-00009984": "foreign", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00004-00012152-00012512": "do you want to make it easy for viewers to binge watch multiple videos in a row", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00005-00012512-00012760": "from youtube channel so you can get more views?", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00006-00013384-00014600": "chinese. hello everyone, this is mr brain junkie here, and today", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00007-00014600-00015496": "lunch chapter 11 biggies out, play roblox piggy chapter 11 is out. dad or in the chat this is a 40", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00008-00015568-00015919": "dollar gaming setup what forty thousand dollars", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00009-00016496-00016984": "say one if dreams still in the room one", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00010-00018208-00018384": "there's four", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00011-00018952-00019264": "oh here we go we got a key all right yeah oh geez", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00012-00019544-00019784": "this is not fun", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00013-00020600-00021184": "hello my name is", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00014-00021320-00022584": "i am here in italy but my thoughts are in afghanistan", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00015-00024832-00025384": "i want fruit", "hDu3Bpyfo1g-00016-00025512-00026783": "mind be alex breakdown is supported by"}}, {"audio_id": "hDutn07QcAY", "text": {"hDutn07QcAY-00000-00004346-00004546": "Mmm, man blood~", "hDutn07QcAY-00001-00005201-00005779": "Well, well- Ethan Winters. You escaped my little brother's idiot games, did you?", "hDutn07QcAY-00002-00009279-00009581": "Don't leave, I can't let you.", "hDutn07QcAY-00003-00011101-00011438": "You're stupid, you talk too much.", "hDutn07QcAY-00004-00016002-00016319": "Lycans and gentlemen!", "hDutn07QcAY-00005-00017389-00017701": "I don't give a damn about your personal issues!", "hDutn07QcAY-00006-00020300-00020800": "My daughter- MY EVA!!"}}, {"audio_id": "hDwoI1OL62Q", "text": {"hDwoI1OL62Q-00000-00000008-00000640": "This is Kathleen from oldworldfarmhouse.com. You know I love all things French Country and", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00001-00000640-00001280": "English and Swedish country styles, which we might call in our modern parlance Grand Millennial or", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00002-00001280-00001807": "Cottage Core, kind of kind of a mix of those things. So and today I thought I would take", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00003-00001807-00002728": "you on a tour of my unfitted vintage kitchen. Welcome to my kitchen. There are those of us who", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00004-00002728-00003384": "decide to remodel our kitchens and then there are those of us who have a kitchen remodel thrust upon", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00005-00003384-00004032": "us. Well, that was us. We had a grease fire in here and so we had to do something right away,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00006-00004032-00004928": "and we didn't have a budget or a plan or anything, we just had to go. All l knew was I had read in", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00007-00005008-00005456": "Creating the French look by Annie Sloan that if you wanted a French look in your kitchen", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00008-00005512-00006136": "to get unfitted pieces of furniture, because they would never have had fitted cabinetry.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00009-00006136-00006752": "So I knew that, and my husband knew that he wanted a big farmhouse sink, because he remembered one", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00010-00006752-00007368": "from his childhood and he just absolutely loved it. So armed with those two pieces of knowledge", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00011-00007368-00008216": "we sallied forth. So I wanted to talk to you today about things that I still love about our unfitted", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00012-00008216-00008800": "country style kitchen. I like to call it an un-kitchen, which is something I got", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00013-00008800-00009416": "from the blogger Laurel Bern. I will link to her wonderful articles about unfitted kitchens below", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00014-00009416-00009968": "here. I think she's the one who coined- to coin the term un-kitchen. So I thought I would just", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00015-00009968-00010544": "give you a tour of my own kitchen and talk about things that I still love about my own kitchen and", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00016-00010544-00011208": "things that I would do differently now that I know a little bit more about my own personal style and", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00017-00011208-00011792": "just design in general. Because this house - I've learned so much just from living in this old house", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00018-00011848-00012384": "and reading up on stuff, and things I wish i had known a few years ago when we did our kitchen.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00019-00012384-00013056": "So I'm just going to share all that with you. I still absolutely love our built-in", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00020-00013056-00013600": "kitchen cabinet. Originally we looked into doing freestanding cabinetry", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00021-00013600-00014263": "but it just didn't seem quite - we couldn't quite find what we were looking for, so we", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00022-00014263-00015032": "worked with a local cabinet maker and he helped us get the cabinet of our dreams, I guess my dreams.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00023-00015032-00015688": "I had an inspiration picture from an old Pierre Deux book about the Provence region of France.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00024-00015832-00016104": "There was a picture in there of a cabinet that looked kind of like this,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00025-00016104-00016824": "and I took it to him and we just worked on it. I wanted glazed doors,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00026-00016960-00017520": "and they go all the way up to the ceiling and the ceiling is 11 feet tall, so they go up quite high,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00027-00017616-00018032": "and we get all that storage up there, then we added some crown molding at the top and", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00028-00018032-00018800": "it is attached to the top of the wall of the ceiling. Then we put bun feet on the bottom of", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00029-00018800-00019304": "the drawer part so that it would look more like a piece of furniture. So I like to think that", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00030-00019304-00019928": "it looks like one of those old, sort of like, or harkens to one of those old gigantic Welsh", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00031-00019928-00020504": "dressers that you'd see like in in an English manor house kitchen or something like that.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00032-00020504-00021328": "I absolutely love this cabinet. I love the bun feet. I love the color still. It's Jitterbug", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00033-00021328-00022056": "Jade by Sherwin-Williams. I love the wavy, antiqued looking glass that I had put in here.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00034-00022120-00022688": "I don't mind that people can see exactly what's in the cupboards. We actually store our food in a", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00035-00022688-00023312": "pantry next door. Food storage wasn't an issue. I don't think I'd necessarily want to be staring at", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00036-00023312-00023760": "a bunch of food up there, but I do not mind the dishes at all. I actually like it when we have", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00037-00023760-00024208": "guests over and they can see exactly where the drinking glasses are if they're looking for one,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00038-00024208-00024696": "or that kind of thing, or the plates. That's one thing about being a visitor at someone's house.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00039-00024696-00025160": "I always feel so disoriented in the kitchen, and I don't know where a plate or a cup is,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00040-00025160-00025576": "like if I was going to help them set the table, and I don't want to go prying. Well, you can just", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00041-00025576-00026112": "look at mine and see what's there, so I like that. Some things I wish now that I know more", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00042-00026112-00026639": "I wish I had done differently. I just picked these handles. I really loved the handles, actually they", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00043-00026639-00027136": "were something that the cabinet maker just had as - you know, in his catalog of stuff,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00044-00027136-00027816": "and I loved them and I wanted them fiercely, and I still do like them, but after looking, after years", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00045-00027816-00028376": "now of looking at House & Garden UK and other blog posts, I wish that I had gone with those", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00046-00028504-00028968": "classic - the thing that turns, and there's a little latch and they're square,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00047-00029024-00029495": "because I think that would give it even more of a vintage feel. And I wish I had done those simple", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00048-00029495-00029968": "shell pull things, like half shell pull things here for the same reason. I think", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00049-00029968-00030695": "that it would make it look even more genuinely like a vintage piece of furniture. I also wish", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00050-00030695-00031239": "that I had put some kind - asked for some kind of paneling on the sides here. They're just", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00051-00031239-00031792": "plain. I think if they had a panel they might look more like a piece of furniture. And then to make", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00052-00031792-00032464": "it look more like a piece of furniture, too, I wouldn't mind adding a corbel here and one on", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00053-00032464-00033064": "the other side as well just to make it look even more like the dresser look that i was going for.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00054-00033136-00033912": "I also still absolutely love our dual washboard farmhouse sink. It is a showstopper.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00055-00033912-00034320": "Everyone who comes in here thinks it must have been original to the house. In fact we bought", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00056-00034320-00034848": "it from a place online called Sign of the Crab. They do vintage reproduction plumbing. It came", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00057-00034912-00035720": "by freight all the way from California. It took five grown men to lift this thing up and hook", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00058-00035720-00036432": "it onto the wall. I absolutely love it. I love having all of the wetness contained in one area.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00059-00036432-00037176": "I love the vintage look it adds to the kitchen. It's just perfect in my opinion. And I also love,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00060-00037176-00038096": "now we're at the sink, I do love my task lighting. I have one big fluorescent bright light above", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00061-00038096-00038632": "here, which is not my favorite, but when I think, would I change anything, I always think, no,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00062-00038632-00039272": "because if I had pendants they would get in the way of me seeing my beautiful cupboards, and I", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00063-00039272-00039792": "like that when you walk in you can just see the cupboards without anything blocking that.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00064-00039792-00040304": "So I guess I'm happy with the flat light up on the ceiling. You do need that bright light when you're", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00065-00040304-00041064": "working, but I don't love it. I do love my task lights. I got this - you really do need a light", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00066-00041064-00041624": "sort of shining right over the sink if you want to get things clean sometimes, and this is just a,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00067-00041712-00042232": "you know it's a reproduction made to look like some kind of old 40s light from Amazon. But it", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00068-00042232-00042768": "is great. You can dim it, it just plugs into the wall, so we didn't have to do any wiring.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00069-00042768-00043240": "You could turn it up or down. I still haven't replaced the bulb. But I think we've had this", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00070-00043240-00043840": "thing three or four years now, and it gives a great light, task-wise, when you're working in", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00071-00043840-00044488": "the sink. Here's my other task light that I really love. This was - I bought this at Lowe's once. I", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00072-00044488-00045056": "thought it was going to go over a doorway we had but I ended up using it in here and it is a great", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00073-00045056-00045600": "little task light for the kitchen. We don't have a range hood here we - there was always a cut out", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00074-00045600-00046112": "here for an exhaust that must have used at some point. It wasn't being used when we moved in, but", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00075-00046112-00046720": "we kind of, we reinstalled the fan and everything and it does a good job of venting the stove,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00076-00046784-00047312": "and so we didn't have any hood or any way to put a light, and we just put this in there. I love", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00077-00047312-00047824": "this little lamp that I have on my kitchen counter. I do think of it as a task light.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00078-00047824-00048528": "I wish that I had under mount lighting here, but I don't actually use this much as a work surface,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00079-00048528-00049008": "so it's not the biggest deal in the world, and I do love the way the little lamp looks sitting", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00080-00049008-00049696": "there. I knew that I really wanted a big kitchen work table in the kitchen. That I think that was", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00081-00049696-00050336": "another recommendation from Annie Sloan, but I also wanted - I get so frustrated with countertops", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00082-00050336-00050800": "not being deep enough when I'm cooking, and also having clutter on them. I just wanted a space that", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00083-00050800-00051744": "was going to be clear all the time and be like a farmhouse work table. Now this one I actually - I", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00084-00051744-00052128": "adore this table, I really do. There's some things about it that I wish were different,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00085-00052184-00052520": "but I will tell you first what I love about it. What I love about it was", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00086-00052520-00052991": "it was a third of the cost of what our cabinet maker quoted. We were gonna have the cabinet", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00087-00052991-00053408": "maker make one of these and it wasn't gonna have any drawers and was going to have to have", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00088-00053408-00054040": "a laminate top and I think the quote was like 3 500. And we were gonna do it, but then one day", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00089-00054040-00054567": "we were out at a different store and this was a floor model that they were just getting rid of", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00090-00054704-00055432": "and it was just so close to what we really wanted that we went ahead and got it. And it is great. I", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00091-00055432-00055872": "do - I call it the kitchen work table. Sometimes I slip up and I call it the island and i'm like no", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00092-00055872-00056304": "we don't we do not have an island there's not an island in this kitchen this is the farmhouse work", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00093-00056304-00056960": "table. What's great about it is this is a granite top. I can put hot pans on here. I do not have to", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00094-00056960-00057736": "worry about them making a mark. They don't - this thing is zero maintenance, and I mean zero. I love", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00095-00057736-00058520": "that. I do not love the pattern, I do not love the color, alas. I wish that I could change this to", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00096-00058576-00059464": "a soapstone or a carrara marble, something like that. Oh well. I love these big chunky legs. That", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00097-00059464-00060064": "was something that I was looking for in a table, and I just love it. And then i've got storage", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00098-00060064-00060616": "underneath here. I keep my crock pot down there, I keep my food processor, my kitchenaid. I like", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00099-00060616-00061112": "having it out in the open. It's really easy to get in and out. I think it's decorative when it's", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00100-00061112-00061848": "not being used. I like that I've got a bag of rice down there and a basket of onions and potatoes. I", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00101-00061848-00062448": "keep my dish towels down there in a big old basket I got at an auction that's huge and I keep all", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00102-00062448-00062879": "the dish towels and dish rags in there and it's almost like another drawer. I just pull it out", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00103-00062879-00063816": "push it back. So I love that. My favorite thing though, there are two drawers here. There are two", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00104-00063816-00064584": "drawers. I just love that. I do not know what I would do if it weren't for these drawers.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00105-00064832-00065496": "I think if you're doing an un-kitchen it's totally fine to show your appliances. I'm going to link", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00106-00065496-00066032": "to a great blog article by Amy over at Homeglow Design about that, but I totally agree with her.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00107-00066112-00066776": "The idea that you had an old kitchen, maybe you had the sink, and then as these newfangled things", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00108-00066776-00067192": "became available, people added them into their kitchens. They weren't trying to hide them with", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00109-00067192-00067680": "paneling or whatever. That's definitely a route you can go, which is really cool,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00110-00067680-00068120": "and it's much more expensive, but if you can't do that, I certainly couldn't do that, I think", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00111-00068120-00068792": "there is no shame in having your vintage pieces or your vintage look pieces or even your antiques", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00112-00068792-00069344": "and then having your stainless steel fridge, your stainless steel stove, your microwave,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00113-00069344-00070008": "your dishwasher. I've got it all right here behind me and I think it looks fine now. I bought this", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00114-00070008-00070496": "fridge, it was the first new fridge i'd ever had in my life, and I was somewhat in awe of it,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00115-00070496-00070944": "very much in awe of it, and I still am. I think the french door fridges with that freezer drawer", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00116-00070944-00071616": "below are just the best layout for a fridge I have ever experienced. I love it. That being said,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00117-00071616-00072176": "I now wish, now that I know better, that I had gotten a counter-depth fridge, because then we", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00118-00072176-00072896": "would - I think it would just feel much better and less bulky through here, and I wish I had gotten", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00119-00072896-00073576": "something with a little bit of styling to it like the GE cafe series is really gorgeous and I think", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00120-00073576-00074248": "at a you know relatively speaking for a stylish fridge, a relatively affordable price point,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00121-00074392-00075184": "but or like North Star or the Big Chill they have a classic fridge that would be really cool in", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00122-00075184-00075792": "here it looks like the very first refrigerators with all the little doors and latches and stuff", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00123-00075792-00076344": "i think that would fit perfectly with the sort of 20s feel that I'm trying to give this room", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00124-00076416-00077024": "but anyway, I think it's fine in the meantime to just go ahead and have the fridge there. Great,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00125-00077024-00077600": "no problem. Same thing with my stove, this was what we could afford. It's a very good stove,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00126-00077600-00078016": "Frigidaire, and I actually love how this thing cooks. I just wish", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00127-00078080-00078896": "that it were vintage and if I could, well right there that I'm looking at right now. Someday I", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00128-00078896-00079368": "would like to tear that wall down, because it's really just a piece of drywall. There is a recess", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00129-00079368-00079976": "of an old fireplace back there, and I would love to be able to put the range in and then have a", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00130-00079976-00080616": "mantelpiece built so it looked like you put your your new cook stove in your old fireplace hearth.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00131-00080616-00081192": "I love that look. It's so pretty. Someday I hope we can do that. In the meantime,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00132-00081192-00082056": "the electric range is doing just fine. Over here, another thing that I did that I really like for", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00133-00082056-00082576": "this unfitted look we have had this - this was a total happy accident - we've had this piece", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00134-00082672-00083096": "ever since we were newlyweds. We bought it off Craigslist from this really sweet couple", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00135-00083096-00083720": "because we were living in a 20s era apartment and the kitchen had no", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00136-00083720-00084336": "counters and I mean none, like there were zero - zero counters. We used to put our dish racks on", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00137-00084336-00084768": "top of the refrigerator because there was nowhere else to put them. This was our one countertop", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00138-00084824-00085416": "and I loved it then I still love it now. When we were moving stuff around in here it ended", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00139-00085416-00085912": "up working to be the perfect width to fit in between the fridge and the stove and it just", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00140-00085912-00086696": "gives a little bit of work space by the stove, not a ton but just enough to like set something down", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00141-00086696-00087312": "and you know it works great. On the other side of the stove i have a little IKEA trolley and", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00142-00087312-00087952": "I keep all of my like stirring stuff and ladles and stuff in there and down below", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00143-00087952-00088432": "the kids' plastic dishes so they can get to them and I don't have to always be getting them out", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00144-00088432-00089056": "their cups and plates. They can do it themselves. So I'm really happy with how well that looks.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00145-00089296-00089688": "I'm also really am happy still", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00146-00089688-00090088": "with the colors that we chose to paint the kitchen. When we moved in here the-", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00147-00090088-00090552": "the kitchen was bright orange, including the ceiling, and the trim was chocolate brown.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00148-00090816-00091272": "So we painted it. This color is called Refuge by Sherwin Williams and the trim", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00149-00091272-00092048": "is called They Call it Mellow by Sherwin Williams. I still really like it. It's a gray blue and then", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00150-00092048-00092584": "yellow. They're- it's colorful without being too in your face and I think it", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00151-00092584-00093168": "lets the brightness of my green cupboard really stand out and i like that a lot.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00152-00093312-00093784": "This kind of functions as our kitchen table. We will pull it away from the wall and I have these", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00153-00093784-00094376": "little stools that go around it and in a pinch we can sit there and eat. It used to be easier when", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00154-00094376-00094960": "the kids were a little smaller but they're getting bigger and it's feeling more crowded. It was kind", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00155-00094960-00095576": "of a last-minute thing. We didn't think through the eat-in part of the kitchen very well. It's", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00156-00095576-00096176": "not the easiest kitchen to eat in. I wish and I think this is something we could do pretty easily.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00157-00096256-00097128": "I would like to build a very long shelf here, very sturdy and very long along this wall and then get", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00158-00097128-00097616": "like eight bar stools and tuck them underneath and then at least in the morning we could all", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00159-00097616-00098232": "perch here and have our breakfast like we were at a diner or something. I think that would work", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00160-00098232-00098800": "much better for our needs. Because we've got this kitchen and then our dining room is very formal", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00161-00098800-00099264": "and it's a bit far from the kitchen and so committing to the dining room is kind of like,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00162-00099320-00099672": "there's so many times when you just don't want to make that commitment to go sit and", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00163-00099672-00100288": "eat in the dining room, and so we end up eating in front of our tv in our den area and i do not", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00164-00100288-00100928": "like that because, ugh, I'd just rather us be cozy in eating in the kitchen. So if i", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00165-00100928-00101312": "had to do it again I wish I had thought through more like where the heck are we going to eat.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00166-00101456-00101984": "But I think it's a pretty easy fix. Actually I like the idea of doing that ledge and like the", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00167-00101984-00102608": "stools or even just to be able to stand. I mean, if you go to a bar in Spain you can often just", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00168-00102608-00103176": "stand there and get your coffee in the morning. This faux butcher block table, it's", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00169-00103232-00103680": "great. It was super cheap. It's very light. It's not real it's hollow underneath. I really love", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00170-00103680-00104200": "it. It kind of adds to the French look in here. And then we also do have an arm chair in here. We", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00171-00104200-00104752": "actually used to have two, we had one on the other side, but it was just a bit too crowded in here. I", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00172-00104752-00105335": "do love having an armchair in the kitchen though. I think it gives it again like that un-kitchen", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00173-00105335-00106024": "feel. It's just a comfy place to sit. I don't care what happens to that upholstery because it's very", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00174-00106024-00106448": "old and it's actually it's this velour it's very it's pretty easy to clean. I covered the seat", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00175-00106448-00107080": "cushion with the fabric that I made the curtains in so I like that. And then I'll show you,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00176-00107168-00107832": "this was a total accident but I'm very fond of it. The chartreuse color on that chair really", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00177-00107832-00108296": "looks like the light in this picture by Vincent van Gogh that we hung there", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00178-00108359-00109096": "and i just love that. And then the blue that I painted the brown trim coordinates with some", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00179-00109096-00109640": "of the blue trim in his painting. This was all totally accidental and a very happy accident.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00180-00109640-00110128": "But that brings me to something else that I really love about my unkitchen is I've been able to hang", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00181-00110200-00110848": "art and things that I like. This wall is - I just keep adding things that I find that I enjoy", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00182-00110959-00111935": "and it's turned into something of a gallery wall. Over here and then over by my stove over", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00183-00111935-00112640": "by my stove I have a watercolor print that was done by my great aunt you could find my family", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00184-00112640-00113416": "across America because all of us have a print a watercolor print that my great aunt did. I love", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00185-00113416-00114264": "this one of Chicago. It just makes me feel at home and it's right by my stove. You know kitchen's the", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00186-00114264-00114983": "heart of the home right. So I love being able to hang some art in here that means something to me.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00187-00115048-00115752": "The tile in here. We searched high and low for tile and it was a frustrating experience because", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00188-00115824-00116320": "I think what we really wanted were some hexagonal terra cotta tiles. It would have looked very", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00189-00116320-00117088": "French. They're very expensive and we just could not swing the cost and then we really liked", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00190-00117088-00117711": "travertine as well, but we were dissuaded from that because again it was quite expensive,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00191-00117711-00118183": "and then they said if you had to seal it every year and it would just be really hard to maintain.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00192-00118183-00118840": "We ended up going with this very inexpensive tile from Lowe's and even then we got pushback", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00193-00118840-00119240": "because we wanted six by six and everyone thought we should get eight by eight or", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00194-00119240-00119768": "twelve by twelve because it was a kitchen blah blah blah. But we did prevail and get", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00195-00119768-00120216": "our six by sixes. My husband really loves this tile. I have mixed feelings about it.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00196-00120304-00120935": "There's just something about the color that does not work with the rest of the room, I feel,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00197-00121024-00121983": "but it is very sturdy and my only thought is maybe someday I could talk him into letting me paint it.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00198-00122072-00122592": "But I don't think that day is going to come anytime soon. So in the meantime I just try to", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00199-00122592-00123400": "enjoy it and think of it as a rustic floor that could conceivably have been put down in here if", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00200-00123400-00124176": "this wasn't an American farmhouse but a European one. Just a note on tile. I did feel when we were", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00201-00124176-00124711": "looking for tile, and we went many places. We went to an upscale tile place in the big city,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00202-00124711-00125280": "we went to a couple mom and pop shops nearby where we live; we went to Home Depot; we went to Lowe's.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00203-00125335-00125888": "And I felt like - oh we also went to Floor and Decor, which if you're going to do DIY,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00204-00125888-00126368": "I think they're a great option, or if you live close enough where they can install.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00205-00126368-00126824": "We actually found something there we really liked and we would have them install it but we were too", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00206-00126824-00127720": "far outside of their service area. But they also really cater to the DIY tiler. They've got tons", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00207-00127720-00128472": "of stuff and the price point is very very low. So that being said I just wanted to say I felt", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00208-00128472-00128896": "like everywhere we went people wanted to tell us all of the problems with what we wanted,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00209-00128896-00129272": "how it wasn't going to work and they were trying to sell us something else, and it", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00210-00129272-00129864": "drove me crazy. I knew nothing about tile. Now that I know more I look back at that and I think,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00211-00129976-00130576": "I wish people had just worked with us to to realize our vision instead of telling us why what", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00212-00130576-00131272": "we wanted was just never going to work. Then why are you selling it? Okay, rant over. But just be", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00213-00131272-00131936": "confident. Don't let contractors and salespeople try to dissuade you from what your vision is,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00214-00131936-00132672": "or make you feel like it's impossible or stupid, because it's not. It is not. What you want is", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00215-00132672-00133328": "totally possible in your house. You can have it. It's you and your vision and there's just a lot", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00216-00133328-00133912": "of people out there and they don't understand what your vision is but you just have to stick with it", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00217-00133912-00134544": "and go with your heart and eventually you will get there. Now originally when we got this sink,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00218-00134544-00134984": "I don't know why we thought from looking at the measurements we'd be able to fit a dishwasher", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00219-00134984-00135504": "under here, but of course once it came we were quickly disabused of that notion and", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00220-00135560-00136112": "we had to sort of improvise. So as you can see right here there is a door. Now a lot of people", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00221-00136224-00136680": "encouraged us to get rid of this door because there's another entrance to the kitchen over there", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00222-00136680-00137232": "but we really like the idea of there being two ways out of the kitchen and also it's an original", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00223-00137232-00137648": "door to the house it's it's very beautiful and even the storm door on the other side is even", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00224-00137648-00138240": "more beautiful. Someday we're going to make that covered porch into hopefully more of a place that", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00225-00138240-00138824": "we can actually want to go out of the kitchen. So we didn't want to get rid of it. This was the only", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00226-00138824-00139632": "place, however, to put the dishwasher. Now it does not bother me that when I pull the dishwasher door", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00227-00139632-00140152": "down this door is blocked. I do not care because we hardly ever use this door. It's really just", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00228-00140152-00140808": "like nice for sort of the emergency situation idea. At the moment it's fine and my husband", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00229-00140808-00141248": "likes the dishwasher closed all the time anyway. It drives him crazy to have it open. I tend to", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00230-00141248-00141784": "leave it open if it's getting loaded with dirty dishes. I don't actually because it makes him so", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00231-00141784-00142232": "it drives him so nuts. So we keep it closed all the time anyway and it is actually - the workflow", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00232-00142232-00142632": "does really work really well because you can rinse the dishes and either hand wash them and put them", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00233-00142632-00143176": "in the drying rack or rinse them and just walk over to the dishwasher it's not right next to it", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00234-00143176-00143808": "but it's close enough that it works really well. And then we just keep our trash can right here.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00235-00143904-00144568": "I like my stainless steel trash can that I've had for 12 years. It's not hidden or anything,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00236-00144632-00145088": "but I - again it's kind of to me part of that unfitted kitchen feel that you would", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00237-00145088-00145784": "have your trash can just you know not in some kind of nifty drawer. That's fine with me.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00238-00145960-00146544": "And then the same thing with the microwave. We had our cabinet guy build a little housing for", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00239-00146608-00147176": "the dishwasher kind of at the last minute when we realized what we were up against and then we", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00240-00147176-00147728": "decided to set the microwave right on top of it and that works just fine. I think it's great.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00241-00147808-00148272": "I wish sometimes maybe I'll someday i'll get like a vintage microwave,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00242-00148272-00148640": "vintage look microwave, I don't know, but this one we have is just fine.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00243-00148712-00149256": "The work triangle. I feel like i do have a work triangle in here. Here's my sink,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00244-00149344-00149728": "here's my fridge, and here's my stove. See you could draw a line like that.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00245-00149888-00150376": "There's your triangle. I've never have any problem working in here. In fact this is", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00246-00150376-00151072": "a really easy kitchen to work in. I keep my larger sheet pans and cutting boards in this", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00247-00151072-00151520": "sweet little basket that my mother-in-law gave me. I think she got the idea from Ina Garten.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00248-00151624-00152464": "It is a great storage solution. I love it. I would love to hear your thoughts about hiding appliances", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00249-00152464-00152984": "versus keeping them out in the open. I'd love to hear what you think about the unkitchen", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00250-00153080-00153648": "versus the fitted kitchen and the vintage kitchen versus the not. Thank you so much for", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00251-00153648-00154568": "watching my kitchen tour of my unfitted kitchen trying to look circa 1920s late 1890s or so.", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00252-00154640-00155216": "And if you enjoyed this video please give me a thumbs up down below and follow along with me if", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00253-00155216-00155736": "you love talking all things old house and French country style, Swedish, English country style,", "hDwoI1OL62Q-00254-00155736-00156296": "Grand Millennial and Cottage Core. This is Kathleen from Old World Farm House, bye."}}, {"audio_id": "hDy39t60cD0", "text": {"hDy39t60cD0-00000-00000544-00001032": "Good morning, good evening and good afternoon. Thanks a lot for joining my session for this", "hDy39t60cD0-00001-00001088-00001568": "MariaDB Fest, hopefully it is going to be an interesting half an hour. We are going to talk", "hDy39t60cD0-00002-00001568-00002136": "about an interesting topic that I have been researching lately. It is called Supply Chain", "hDy39t60cD0-00003-00002136-00003200": "Attacks and I hope you will find it interesting and pretty resourceful. My name is Dan Demeter,", "hDy39t60cD0-00004-00003200-00003847": "I am part of Kaspersky's Global Research and Analysis Team (or for short GRAT). We focus on", "hDy39t60cD0-00005-00004024-00004824": "attacks which are advanced, you might have heard about APTs, Advanced Persistent Threats.", "hDy39t60cD0-00006-00005032-00005688": "My colleagues and I are almost 40 plus experts in 20 different countries and we are", "hDy39t60cD0-00007-00005688-00006512": "mostly doing threat intelligence and research. As I mentioned before, we are focusing on", "hDy39t60cD0-00008-00006512-00007304": "Advanced Persistent Threats on attacks against banks, governments, banking institutions,", "hDy39t60cD0-00009-00007480-00008200": "financial threats as well. We also monitor the current threat landscape and whenever there is", "hDy39t60cD0-00010-00008200-00008936": "a large-scale attack we are there to identify, to research, reverse and publish our results.", "hDy39t60cD0-00011-00009176-00010240": "You might have heard of some of our research. We started more than 10 years ago. We published a", "hDy39t60cD0-00012-00010240-00010944": "lot of research, some of it you might have heard about, for example: Stuxnet, Duqu", "hDy39t60cD0-00013-00011032-00011820": "or Flame. My favorite would be Equation and Satellite Turla. This is all the research we", "hDy39t60cD0-00014-00011820-00012728": "have done in the past until 2016. You might ask: 'Hey Dan, why isn't the research from 2020 here", "hDy39t60cD0-00015-00012728-00013672": "or from 2019?'. It is because it will not fit on the screen. We are monitoring and we are checking", "hDy39t60cD0-00016-00013760-00014312": "more than 900 operations and groups and this was only in the last year.", "hDy39t60cD0-00017-00014456-00015136": "20 of them are \"commercial\" ones. What do I mean by \"commercial\"? Basically,", "hDy39t60cD0-00018-00015336-00015776": "there are groups which are financially motivated. They just want to earn money,", "hDy39t60cD0-00019-00015776-00016432": "they are not interested specifically in cyber espionage and stealing data.", "hDy39t60cD0-00020-00016560-00016984": "They just want to earn money and the question is 'How do they get some money?', 'How do they", "hDy39t60cD0-00021-00017056-00017656": "steal money?'. Well, they deploy ransomware attacks which are quite popular these days,", "hDy39t60cD0-00022-00017736-00018440": "they do extortions, they do Spear Phishing and all this kind of stuff.", "hDy39t60cD0-00023-00018728-00019496": "We also monitor over 900 operations and groups and we noticed that 25 of", "hDy39t60cD0-00024-00019496-00020200": "them are Chinese speaking ones, which is a lot. This trend, unfortunately,", "hDy39t60cD0-00025-00020200-00021360": "seems to increase in popularity, with more groups from the same regions or the same geographic areas", "hDy39t60cD0-00026-00021432-00022040": "competing with each other, trying to steal and trying to infect and get access to networks.", "hDy39t60cD0-00027-00022448-00022992": "I would like to show you a glimpse of the research and the things that we are doing.", "hDy39t60cD0-00028-00023320-00024328": "Basically, the idea is that we cannot research and we cannot do everything by ourselves. 80% of the", "hDy39t60cD0-00029-00024328-00025136": "malware that we see currently in the wild, fresh malware one might say, is actually crimeware.", "hDy39t60cD0-00030-00025136-00026048": "It is petty thefts, small crimes, keyloggers, some trojans, some remote organization tools,", "hDy39t60cD0-00031-00026152-00027024": "people just trying to steal some credentials or to steal some of your money or banking trojans etc.", "hDy39t60cD0-00032-00027024-00027639": "Those are automatically detected and not so interesting. Then we have targeted attacks", "hDy39t60cD0-00033-00027639-00028624": "which are 19.9%. Those targeted attacks are more advanced, they require more preparation time and", "hDy39t60cD0-00034-00028624-00029400": "attackers actually they do their homework. When they try to infiltrate your network, they research", "hDy39t60cD0-00035-00029400-00029872": "a bit about their victims and then, only when they have the information, they launch the attack.", "hDy39t60cD0-00036-00029983-00030688": "Lastly, we have the 0.01% of the attacks which are those Advanced Persistent Threats. Those are the", "hDy39t60cD0-00037-00030688-00031336": "ones which are juicy I, might say, or interesting for my group. Those attacks are the ones that are", "hDy39t60cD0-00038-00031448-00032112": "extremely dangerous and have a big impact. You might have heard about a huge one, for example", "hDy39t60cD0-00039-00032312-00032664": "SolarWinds which we will be focusing on a little bit later.", "hDy39t60cD0-00040-00032720-00033352": "These kind of attacks are really advanced and we analyze them which takes us from", "hDy39t60cD0-00041-00033408-00033896": "weeks to months, to fully understand the attack and write a report on them.", "hDy39t60cD0-00042-00034048-00034512": "But, of course, we cannot do everything by ourselves, so we have a lot of robots, we have", "hDy39t60cD0-00043-00034512-00035200": "a lot of data. And with this occasion I would like to thank, from the bottom of our hearts,", "hDy39t60cD0-00044-00035376-00036160": "all the developers, all the people from MariaDB Foundation. We run Linux on our systems and we are", "hDy39t60cD0-00045-00036160-00036912": "using for our relational databases, we are using MariaDB which is a super cool software and we like", "hDy39t60cD0-00046-00036912-00037496": "it a lot. It is really stable and it helps us in our day-to-day life in order to do research. So,", "hDy39t60cD0-00047-00037496-00038120": "thank you very much and thank you for giving me this opportunity to come and meet and greet you.", "hDy39t60cD0-00048-00038312-00038992": "Hopefully, we will do more collaborations in the future. Now, before we talk about", "hDy39t60cD0-00049-00039192-00039496": "Supply Chain Attacks, I would like to give you a short introduction on", "hDy39t60cD0-00050-00039496-00039784": "the current threat landscape: what is out there, what is happening and", "hDy39t60cD0-00051-00039992-00040696": "put you up to speed with what has been happening in the last year. We are almost in Q4", "hDy39t60cD0-00052-00040696-00041320": "and we have seen, based on our personal telemetry and our knowledge, that", "hDy39t60cD0-00053-00041424-00041808": "more and more network appliances are being targeted by the attackers.", "hDy39t60cD0-00054-00042032-00042832": "In the past, it used to be only Windows platforms, maybe a few MacOS platforms and not so much on", "hDy39t60cD0-00055-00042832-00043400": "Linux malware. But, nowadays, more and more devices are being attacked especially routers", "hDy39t60cD0-00056-00043400-00044288": "which are home routers or small office routers. We have seen VPN networks, VPN appliances being", "hDy39t60cD0-00057-00044288-00045080": "targeted. Last week or two weeks ago, there was a huge dump of more than half a million Fortinet", "hDy39t60cD0-00058-00045184-00045864": "devices which were hacked. In half a million Fortinet accounts which were leaked, I found a lot", "hDy39t60cD0-00059-00045864-00046616": "of governmental institutions in the leak as well. The attackers were exploiting the Zero-day in the", "hDy39t60cD0-00060-00046616-00047184": "Fortinet leak, in order to dump the usernames and the passwords. Let's think about it. It's pretty", "hDy39t60cD0-00061-00047464-00048416": "obvious or pretty clear, especially in these times of remote working, with more and more", "hDy39t60cD0-00062-00048416-00049248": "people working from home instead of in the office, that VPN gateways are a safe passageway through", "hDy39t60cD0-00063-00049248-00049768": "the corporate network. If you manage to own the gateway, then you are able to actually get into", "hDy39t60cD0-00064-00049768-00050552": "the network. If you manage to compromise access from one user through some Spear Phishing or some", "hDy39t60cD0-00065-00050552-00051400": "social engineering by meeting somebody from the victim company. You meet that person at the bar", "hDy39t60cD0-00066-00051400-00052104": "and then the attacker steals the laptop and then manages to access the credentials. Basically,", "hDy39t60cD0-00067-00052284-00053040": "the VPN is a way into the company's network. Also, social engineering and phishing attacks are", "hDy39t60cD0-00068-00053112-00053928": "pretty popular these days. When we talk about APT attackers, we have seen that", "hDy39t60cD0-00069-00053928-00054576": "instead of wasting a lot of time and a lot of resources into trying to break into", "hDy39t60cD0-00070-00054784-00055336": "the victim's network, APT actors are actually buying initial access from cyber criminals on", "hDy39t60cD0-00071-00055336-00056064": "dark markets mostly. This is a win-win situation for them, mostly, because they do not have to wait", "hDy39t60cD0-00072-00056064-00056455": "a lot of time to find a vulnerability, because somebody else has already found it and they are", "hDy39t60cD0-00073-00056455-00057412": "just selling it. APT actors have some resources from stealing them, for example DarkHotel", "hDy39t60cD0-00074-00057479-00057864": "which is a Korean speaking APT. They steal a lot of cryptocurrencies,", "hDy39t60cD0-00075-00057864-00058216": "so that they have money to buy access to networks in order to steal more money.", "hDy39t60cD0-00076-00058455-00059264": "Ransomware, which is very popular these days, I would say, is the number one threat right now.", "hDy39t60cD0-00077-00059391-00060336": "We have ransomware groups and underground markets being developed, with more and more victims being", "hDy39t60cD0-00078-00060336-00061120": "targeted by ransomware groups. They do extortions: they get access to your network and they encrypt", "hDy39t60cD0-00079-00061120-00061752": "your files and then they ask you if you would like to get your files back. If you agree, they say", "hDy39t60cD0-00080-00061752-00062424": "'Pay us five million dollars.'. This is what happened with Colonial Pipeline, this", "hDy39t60cD0-00081-00062424-00063096": "is what happened with Garmin and many, many other companies, like FIFA, for example. We have a lot", "hDy39t60cD0-00082-00063655-00063794": "of examples", "hDy39t60cD0-00083-00063794-00064096": "of companies being targeted by ransomware or gangs.", "hDy39t60cD0-00084-00064255-00064784": "APT actors, of course, will follow the trend, they will try to use the same techniques", "hDy39t60cD0-00085-00064784-00065608": "and they will try to leverage whatever access possible, in order to achieve their goals. We", "hDy39t60cD0-00086-00065608-00066072": "have a bigger attack surface, with more devices being connected to the internet and we will have", "hDy39t60cD0-00087-00066312-00067336": "more disruptive attacks in the future, attacks which are able to disrupt an entire city, maybe,", "hDy39t60cD0-00088-00067336-00068208": "an entire country or a portion of a country. Deliberate attacks or collateral damage", "hDy39t60cD0-00089-00068208-00069136": "make an interesting topic because, though, you might not be the sole target of the attackers,", "hDy39t60cD0-00090-00069136-00069840": "if you are part of their attack plan, then you might be collateral damage. I wanted to point", "hDy39t60cD0-00091-00069840-00070408": "out this last step, collateral damage, because it is an introduction into the Supply Chain Attacks.", "hDy39t60cD0-00092-00070576-00071208": "But, before we talk about Supply Chain Attacks, let's talk about the supply chain", "hDy39t60cD0-00093-00071280-00071888": "and what is a supply chain. The researchers from ENISA, published a paper", "hDy39t60cD0-00094-00072152-00072680": "in July of this year. It is called Threat Landscape for Supply Chain Attacks from ENISA.", "hDy39t60cD0-00095-00072760-00073256": "It is amazing, I suggest you go check it out. I have put a link here in the QR code.", "hDy39t60cD0-00096-00073544-00074248": "In their 50+ pages paper, they define and talk about Supply Chain Attacks: what happened in", "hDy39t60cD0-00097-00074248-00074776": "the past, what the thoughts are about the future. I just want to mention some of the", "hDy39t60cD0-00098-00074864-00075296": "key facts that they mentioned there, but in order to talk about attacks, we actually need to talk", "hDy39t60cD0-00099-00075296-00075944": "about what is a supply chain. I think they have a pretty good definition. It means the ecosystem of", "hDy39t60cD0-00100-00075944-00076504": "processes, people, organizations and distributors involved in the creation and delivery of a final", "hDy39t60cD0-00101-00076504-00077424": "solution or product. Well, that is pretty cool. We have four main things. We have a supplier", "hDy39t60cD0-00102-00077424-00078352": "which provides some goods; it can be digital goods, it can be real life physical goods. The", "hDy39t60cD0-00103-00078352-00078992": "supplier creates something. Then the supplier has some assets. Those assets are being used by", "hDy39t60cD0-00104-00078992-00079984": "the supplier and they can be moved around. Then we have clients which are using or consuming", "hDy39t60cD0-00105-00080072-00080744": "some of the assets that the suppliers are producing. Lastly, we have client assets", "hDy39t60cD0-00106-00080744-00081456": "which can be digital or physical. Let's say a client has computers, buildings,", "hDy39t60cD0-00107-00081456-00082168": "offices, this kind of assets. But a client can also have laptops, servers and so on.", "hDy39t60cD0-00108-00082256-00083056": "So, your life kind of, if I am not mistaken, depends on a supply chain.", "hDy39t60cD0-00109-00083168-00084008": "And we are all part of at least one supply chain, it can either be food or it can be products or", "hDy39t60cD0-00110-00084008-00084792": "goods. Without supply chains our world would not function today. What is a supply chain attack?", "hDy39t60cD0-00111-00084888-00085832": "It is simple, the idea is that an attacker knows that their victim relies on multiple suppliers.", "hDy39t60cD0-00112-00086048-00086880": "The attacker also noticed or maybe did some reconnaissance and learned that the victim is", "hDy39t60cD0-00113-00086880-00087832": "not so easy to hack. Maybe, it has good defenses, maybe it does a lot of monitoring. What the", "hDy39t60cD0-00114-00087832-00088384": "attacker does, instead of going for the victim directly, is going for one of its suppliers.", "hDy39t60cD0-00115-00088552-00088944": "The first attack is on a supplier that is then used to attack the target.", "hDy39t60cD0-00116-00089096-00089432": "The target can be a final customer or another supplier. It can be in", "hDy39t60cD0-00117-00089432-00090056": "a chain: the supplier of a supplier, of a supplier and then finally the victim.", "hDy39t60cD0-00118-00090056-00090616": "Therefore, for an attack to be classified as a supply chain one, both the supplier and the", "hDy39t60cD0-00119-00090616-00091264": "customer have to be targeted. The supplier will be a target in order for the attacker to infiltrate", "hDy39t60cD0-00120-00091264-00091920": "or to inject its malware, because we are talking about cyber security, to inject the malware", "hDy39t60cD0-00121-00092024-00092888": "into the product that is going to be used by the victim. This is pretty interesting because", "hDy39t60cD0-00122-00093096-00093600": "if you think and if you make a small napkin calculation, you will see that,", "hDy39t60cD0-00123-00093904-00094632": "for sure, your organization uses at least one supplier. It can be like software in software", "hDy39t60cD0-00124-00094632-00095312": "development. Maybe you are using a text editor, maybe you are using a specific Linux distribution,", "hDy39t60cD0-00125-00095312-00096152": "maybe you are using a specific cloud provider. For sure, you are using at least one supplier. Let me", "hDy39t60cD0-00126-00096152-00096736": "show you an example, again taken from the Threat Landscape for Supply Chain Attacks report, about", "hDy39t60cD0-00127-00096736-00097808": "Codecov. In 2017-2018 Codecov was hacked. But, the attackers did not focus on the Codecov company", "hDy39t60cD0-00128-00097808-00098440": "itself. No, they were going for another customer, but they knew that the customer was using Codecov.", "hDy39t60cD0-00129-00098568-00099304": "What did the attacker do? They managed to find the bug in the instances that Codecov was running.", "hDy39t60cD0-00130-00099304-00099832": "They managed to get access to the instance and then, using that instance, they managed to inject", "hDy39t60cD0-00131-00099832-00100576": "a malicious bash script. At this stage, Codecov's network was compromised, the attackers managed", "hDy39t60cD0-00132-00100968-00101296": "to inject their own shell code into the bash", "hDy39t60cD0-00133-00101816-00102552": "interpreter which was bundled into the images. Then, the customer downloaded the infected,", "hDy39t60cD0-00134-00102552-00103032": "malicious image. The customer did not know because the customer trusted it", "hDy39t60cD0-00135-00103096-00103400": "because they downloaded the image from a trusted source from Codecov.", "hDy39t60cD0-00136-00103511-00104480": "So, when the customer built the image, the attackers, through the modified bash script,", "hDy39t60cD0-00137-00104480-00105008": "managed to get access to the client's credentials and then, from there, with those credentials they", "hDy39t60cD0-00138-00105008-00105559": "managed to access the private Git server, getting access to the source code of the client. This is", "hDy39t60cD0-00139-00105559-00106176": "how the customer got attacked. This is just an example, there are numerous other examples of", "hDy39t60cD0-00140-00106176-00106832": "attacks and we will be discussing some of them a little bit later. Now, you might say 'Dan,", "hDy39t60cD0-00141-00106832-00107504": "what is the history of attacks?'. We see that the earliest attack is from 2003,", "hDy39t60cD0-00142-00107600-00108200": "the earliest known or documented attack because we do not know exactly when they started,", "hDy39t60cD0-00143-00108200-00108720": "nobody knows about them. We have some Gentoo and Fedora servers, which were illegally accessed", "hDy39t60cD0-00144-00108720-00109383": "and then attackers deployed some malware on them. Now, I would like to give you some more", "hDy39t60cD0-00145-00109535-00110608": "recent examples from 2010. We have this RSA and I am using one, maybe you are using one of those RSA", "hDy39t60cD0-00146-00110608-00111368": "RFC tokens as well. In 2011, there were some big news saying that the security from RSA", "hDy39t60cD0-00147-00111368-00111768": "offered to replace those tokens because it got hacked. Then the big question was", "hDy39t60cD0-00148-00111856-00112352": "'Is RSA the final victim or are the attackers actually going after somebody else?'.", "hDy39t60cD0-00149-00112583-00113064": "The way the hack happened was through a Zero-day exploit attached in a", "hDy39t60cD0-00150-00113272-00114383": "XLS file, for Excel. Somebody got the email, then the employee executed the spreadsheet", "hDy39t60cD0-00151-00114383-00114896": "and then from there the attackers managed to enter the network. This is not unheard of,", "hDy39t60cD0-00152-00115104-00115968": "it is what it is. But then, the RSA executive chairman said that the information taken from", "hDy39t60cD0-00153-00115968-00116535": "RSA in March had been used as an element of an attempted broader attack for Lockheed Martin.", "hDy39t60cD0-00154-00116535-00117200": "Initially Lockheed Martin did not confirm that they were also a target, saying they were not", "hDy39t60cD0-00155-00117200-00118256": "breached. But, RSA's executive chairman said that the hacker, actually, tried to hurt its customers.", "hDy39t60cD0-00156-00118359-00118735": "You might know that Lockheed Martin is one of the world's largest suppliers of weapon", "hDy39t60cD0-00157-00118735-00119159": "systems for fighter jets and warships. So, this was pretty interesting back then. Then,", "hDy39t60cD0-00158-00119159-00119968": "we have another hack two years later at Bit9 which acquired Carbon Black Inc., which was then", "hDy39t60cD0-00159-00119968-00120928": "acquired VMware in 2018. Nowadays, it is called Carbon Black, but in the past, if you work in", "hDy39t60cD0-00160-00120928-00121488": "cyber security, you have heard, for sure, about Bit9. It is a white listing solution that makes", "hDy39t60cD0-00161-00121488-00122176": "sure that no binaries except the ones which are white listed are executed on Windows platforms.", "hDy39t60cD0-00162-00122311-00123135": "They got hacked and they said that only three customers were affected by illegitimately signed", "hDy39t60cD0-00163-00123135-00123552": "malware, because the attackers managed to get access to the signing servers.", "hDy39t60cD0-00164-00123680-00124511": "This was interesting because the company said that its clients include U.S military, intelligence", "hDy39t60cD0-00165-00124511-00125016": "agencies, five of the top 10 aerospace and defense companies in the Fortune 500.", "hDy39t60cD0-00166-00125111-00125808": "This was pretty big because, same as RSA, the attackers were not going directly after Bit9,", "hDy39t60cD0-00167-00125808-00126511": "but they were actually going for the clients. Let's go a little bit more recent. In 2017,", "hDy39t60cD0-00168-00126568-00127472": "you might have heard about the ShadowPad APT. My colleagues in Kaspersky found a high-end APT", "hDy39t60cD0-00169-00127568-00128200": "implant hidden in a management software during Initial Response. We have this", "hDy39t60cD0-00170-00128488-00129352": "Netsarang company which was providing a software and they got hacked and their products", "hDy39t60cD0-00171-00129352-00130056": "were being replaced and signed with a valid certificate, but the products themselves were", "hDy39t60cD0-00172-00130056-00130792": "distributing malware. So, we did some research, we analyzed it and then there was another hack", "hDy39t60cD0-00173-00130959-00131616": "around the same time where CCleaner also got compromised. Users were downloading", "hDy39t60cD0-00174-00131616-00132536": "malicious software over updates, of CCleaner, from the official website. Everybody was asking 'Who is", "hDy39t60cD0-00175-00132536-00132984": "behind these attacks?' and 'What is happening?'. One year later, in the Virus Bulletin,", "hDy39t60cD0-00176-00133096-00134040": "John Lambert, from Microsoft research, mentioned that the Barium APT was behind ShadowPad,", "hDy39t60cD0-00177-00134040-00134792": "Netsarang and CCleaner attacks which were earlier documented. This is pretty interesting,", "hDy39t60cD0-00178-00134792-00135352": "we have the missing link. We have an APT group which were targeting all this kind of", "hDy39t60cD0-00179-00135424-00135896": "software, in order to get access to the client, basically a Supply Chain Attack.", "hDy39t60cD0-00180-00135960-00136448": "Then, there is this huge story of 2019, maybe you were impacted or maybe you were not.", "hDy39t60cD0-00181-00136960-00138064": "Users started reporting written messages of an interesting update for ASUS updater. First of all", "hDy39t60cD0-00182-00138064-00138984": "the binary itself had a typo, the name was weird, but it was not detected as malware at all.", "hDy39t60cD0-00183-00139120-00139728": "People would say that it was legitimate, but it was kind of shady because of the name", "hDy39t60cD0-00184-00139864-00140408": "spelling of Force and the empty details, which were odd because ASUS is a legitimate software", "hDy39t60cD0-00185-00140408-00141008": "company. For applications and hardware they have their software bundled okay but", "hDy39t60cD0-00186-00141352-00141869": "nobody knew exactly what was happening with firewalls clean. But, we can see that there", "hDy39t60cD0-00187-00141869-00142488": "is a typo in the name, with Fource instead of Force. Everybody was saying 'It is probably", "hDy39t60cD0-00188-00142488-00143008": "because ASUS is a German company, that is why they have this typo. Maybe the file is clean.'.", "hDy39t60cD0-00189-00143432-00144304": "Then one of my colleagues found that in January of 2019, there were some more updates and in", "hDy39t60cD0-00190-00144304-00145128": "those updates, we found that there was a zip file hosted at a legitimate ASUS download server. But", "hDy39t60cD0-00191-00145352-00145968": "the file itself, though having a valid signature from ASUSTek, actually contained malware.", "hDy39t60cD0-00192-00146192-00147240": "This was pretty big, because my colleagues and I identified we were actually confronted with a", "hDy39t60cD0-00193-00147240-00147860": "Supply Chain Attack and ASUS was a victim. The binary itself was pretty interesting, but I do", "hDy39t60cD0-00194-00147860-00148736": "not have time in order to go in depth about it. Maybe at a later time, when I can point you to our", "hDy39t60cD0-00195-00148848-00149360": "research, our published papers which has all the details available. But, the binary itself", "hDy39t60cD0-00196-00149592-00150184": "was marked as being created in 2015. That was pretty interesting, and one aspect I would", "hDy39t60cD0-00197-00150184-00150816": "like to tell you, about this kind of malware which was distributed from the ASUS legitimate", "hDy39t60cD0-00198-00150816-00151632": "update servers is that it was not targeting all the users. It was targeting, with a surgical", "hDy39t60cD0-00199-00151632-00152536": "precision, only 400 MAC addresses. Once the update was downloaded from ASUS and the malware", "hDy39t60cD0-00200-00152536-00153136": "was executed, it checked for the MAC address of the system. The attackers actually had a list", "hDy39t60cD0-00201-00153136-00153840": "of 400 MAC addresses bundled in the malware and only if they detected that specific MAC address,", "hDy39t60cD0-00202-00153976-00154352": "the malware was getting to the second stage like Logo.jpg.", "hDy39t60cD0-00203-00154352-00155240": "Then, it was executing the second stage payload and infecting the computer with more binaries.", "hDy39t60cD0-00204-00155376-00156048": "Out of those 400 MAC addresses, we have seen more than 270 are from ASUSTek. It is interesting to", "hDy39t60cD0-00205-00156048-00156632": "see that we also have some Huawei devices, one MAC address belongs to a Huawei device, and", "hDy39t60cD0-00206-00156632-00157752": "also TP-Link and Realtek. The attackers knew what their victims were, but we do not know exactly who", "hDy39t60cD0-00207-00157752-00158388": "those victims are. So, if you have any information about those MAC addresses, you are welcome to ping", "hDy39t60cD0-00208-00158480-00159240": "us. The story does not end here. If you look at the ENISA report, we see that in 2021", "hDy39t60cD0-00209-00159296-00160032": "only, and this year has not finished yet, we have a lot of attacks. You might have heard about the", "hDy39t60cD0-00210-00160208-00160888": "well-known attack SolarWinds with their Orion software. You might have also heard about Kaseya", "hDy39t60cD0-00211-00161016-00161952": "or the Apple Xcode, which is an interesting attack that we will be discussing a little bit later.", "hDy39t60cD0-00212-00162048-00162584": "I was directly impacted by one of the Supply Chain Attacks on the SITA website. Basically", "hDy39t60cD0-00213-00162672-00163232": "airlines are using the SITA website in order to handle passenger information. Because SITA was", "hDy39t60cD0-00214-00163440-00164024": "attacked, I also got impacted by this attack because of the", "hDy39t60cD0-00215-00164024-00164424": "Singaporean Airlines which were cooperating with SITA.", "hDy39t60cD0-00216-00164928-00165512": "What I wanted to show you is that once a Supply Chain Attack happens,", "hDy39t60cD0-00217-00165584-00166536": "if you run or execute the binary on your computer, then you will get infected with a malware which", "hDy39t60cD0-00218-00166536-00167136": "is pretty complex. If we look back at the Shadowpad attack, that I mentioned earlier,", "hDy39t60cD0-00219-00167192-00167752": "we see that it is actually a reconnaissance tool with a back door, allowing the attackers", "hDy39t60cD0-00220-00167752-00168320": "to actually snoop on around your device, see if the device is interesting enough, in order to", "hDy39t60cD0-00221-00168320-00169232": "further extract information from it. The malware itself is able to detect Windows versions from", "hDy39t60cD0-00222-00169232-00169856": "95 to Windows 10 which was important at that time. It has an option to download files, to", "hDy39t60cD0-00223-00169920-00170592": "run files and to uninstall itself once the attackers are finished identifying your computer.", "hDy39t60cD0-00224-00170680-00171456": "The malware itself is pretty complex, but we also have some cases where Supply Chain Attacks are", "hDy39t60cD0-00225-00171632-00172240": "proven to be false or proven to not be like what they are presented to be.", "hDy39t60cD0-00226-00172344-00172984": "You might have heard about the huge story from almost three years ago,", "hDy39t60cD0-00227-00172984-00173784": "in october of 2018, with the Supermicro servers which had a tiny chip implanted,", "hDy39t60cD0-00228-00173784-00174984": "it is said, by Chinese spies. Actually, researchers and people tried to look into it,", "hDy39t60cD0-00229-00175160-00175816": "Joe Fitzpatrick said 'I want to see the schematics, I have the tools to analyze it.'.", "hDy39t60cD0-00230-00175896-00176696": "It turns out that the pictures we were given were actually template renderings.", "hDy39t60cD0-00231-00176696-00177352": "So the pictures we were given were not useful, the sources in the article were not", "hDy39t60cD0-00232-00177432-00178424": "mentioned or were anonymous sources. The entire story has 80% or 90% chance to be", "hDy39t60cD0-00233-00178592-00179520": "fake news. It was unsubstantiated, there is no real basis for this news, so it was", "hDy39t60cD0-00234-00179520-00179984": "a waste of time. But, it was cool because it was an example of a supply chain attack on hardware.", "hDy39t60cD0-00235-00180464-00181296": "Not all of the Supply Chain Attack stories are fake and the main reason we have seen Supply Chain", "hDy39t60cD0-00236-00181440-00182176": "Attacks is because we have pretty good defenses. We have antiviruses, firewalls, we have EDR,", "hDy39t60cD0-00237-00182176-00183152": "XDR with whitelisting etc. So, the attackers need to find new ways in order to actually infiltrate", "hDy39t60cD0-00238-00183152-00183960": "or penetrate the networks of their victims. The high end actors will always have a way to breach", "hDy39t60cD0-00239-00183960-00185072": "the target, but medium and low tier actors will try to either move on or they will have to find", "hDy39t60cD0-00240-00185072-00186064": "new options. Supply Chain Attacks are interesting because you do not have to go the victim itself,", "hDy39t60cD0-00241-00186064-00187304": "you can instead go for the supplier. Maybe, the supplier does not have good security or security", "hDy39t60cD0-00242-00187304-00188040": "team. Why is it hard to discover Supply Chain Attacks? It is because they abuse the existing", "hDy39t60cD0-00243-00188104-00188792": "trusts. Once the attackers have infiltrated the network, they can hide in the shadows,", "hDy39t60cD0-00244-00188792-00189448": "they can inject their malware into code, which will then be signed with the certificates, which", "hDy39t60cD0-00245-00189448-00190200": "will make the software be trusted in the chain further up. Then there is this huge confusion", "hDy39t60cD0-00246-00190200-00190688": "because, for example, in the Wannacry, people are saying install the patches, then for MeDoc, which", "hDy39t60cD0-00247-00190688-00191376": "was an Ukrainian company that created a Supply Chain Attack which happened in 2008, 2017, 2018.", "hDy39t60cD0-00248-00191592-00192176": "MeDoc's software was compromised and they were distributing NotPetya ransomware and people", "hDy39t60cD0-00249-00192176-00193192": "were saying do not install the patch because you are going to get infected. What if you manage to", "hDy39t60cD0-00250-00193192-00194064": "inject a back door and the code is clean? The code will get digitally signed automatically,", "hDy39t60cD0-00251-00194120-00194736": "the injection looks as if the developer tried to create it on purpose. The source code review", "hDy39t60cD0-00252-00194736-00195336": "does not show anything, because the injection is at a higher level in the CI/CD build. It is very", "hDy39t60cD0-00253-00195336-00196192": "important to make sure that if you are a company which creates or distributes software, not only", "hDy39t60cD0-00254-00196192-00196904": "your developers have to be secure and they have to have really good security practices in order", "hDy39t60cD0-00255-00196904-00197744": "to not introduce bugs in the software, but your entire build chain needs to also be protected.", "hDy39t60cD0-00256-00198176-00199176": "The attackers know who their victims are and there are cases where they only plant", "hDy39t60cD0-00257-00199176-00199840": "malware into select projects. They will not expose their code to the entire world.", "hDy39t60cD0-00258-00199984-00200584": "Because you are developing a really good product, MariaDB and you have a lot of developers, you have", "hDy39t60cD0-00259-00200688-00201888": "a lot of enthusiasts, a lot of users of MariaDB Server, I want to point out a Supply", "hDy39t60cD0-00260-00201888-00202648": "Chain Attack that happened this year. It is not new, there were multiple instances of the Xcode", "hDy39t60cD0-00261-00202880-00203632": "editor being injected with malware and being distributed, for example, in South East Asia,", "hDy39t60cD0-00262-00203632-00204376": "where the internet connection is slower and people prefer to download Xcode from closer", "hDy39t60cD0-00263-00204440-00205152": "servers to that region. We have seen cases where the trojanized versions of Xcode were", "hDy39t60cD0-00264-00205256-00205967": "distributed, were released, unbeknownst to users. They were downloading this trojanized", "hDy39t60cD0-00265-00205967-00206704": "version of Xcode which was then compiling all the projects-installing malware in them. But this", "hDy39t60cD0-00266-00206704-00207680": "attack, which was discovered by SentinelOne this year, was different because they documented a way", "hDy39t60cD0-00267-00207680-00208536": "where the attackers were promoting a malicious repository. The malicious repository...", "hDy39t60cD0-00268-00208792-00209416": "which was legitimate. In GitHub, a legitimate user created this project. The attackers cloned this", "hDy39t60cD0-00269-00209416-00210192": "project and, basically, what they did was adding a few instructions in the build process for Xcode.", "hDy39t60cD0-00270-00210192-00210952": "So, if you downloaded this malicious repository, from the Git repository and if you tried to build", "hDy39t60cD0-00271-00210952-00211760": "it, then your Xcode would actually execute commands and your computer would get infected,", "hDy39t60cD0-00272-00211896-00212304": "allowing the attackers to get access to your computer. It was actually creating a reverse", "hDy39t60cD0-00273-00212304-00212880": "shell to their C2 server. Just by downloading the software and clicking the build button, which", "hDy39t60cD0-00274-00212944-00213496": "generates huge artifacts, the attackers would actually be able to own your computer.", "hDy39t60cD0-00275-00213616-00214319": "This is not new, Google disclosed, in January,", "hDy39t60cD0-00276-00214319-00214864": "that North Korean Lazarus hacking group was also conducting social engineering attacks", "hDy39t60cD0-00277-00214864-00215423": "against security researchers, trying to make them run malicious code on their computers.", "hDy39t60cD0-00278-00215656-00216264": "This is not new. Then you might ask 'Dan, what are the solutions?' and I would say", "hDy39t60cD0-00279-00216416-00216752": "there are different types of solutions, there are different things you can do. If you are", "hDy39t60cD0-00280-00216952-00217880": "just using a software you will have a trust chain. When you have the trust chain established,", "hDy39t60cD0-00281-00217936-00218464": "try to follow the trust chain, try to check the fingerprints and signatures. For example,", "hDy39t60cD0-00282-00218464-00219232": "for MariaDB, they provide packages where you can download the latest updates, the latest MariaDB", "hDy39t60cD0-00283-00219232-00219888": "Server packages. You can go to their website, you can install the repository on your server and you", "hDy39t60cD0-00284-00219888-00220632": "can fetch the updates directly from them. Once you download anything from their website, make sure", "hDy39t60cD0-00285-00220632-00221456": "that you verify the signature and make sure that you import their signing key as well. Everything", "hDy39t60cD0-00286-00221456-00221976": "you download, you check to make sure that is signed by them. Maybe, you have a man in the", "hDy39t60cD0-00287-00221976-00222512": "middle attack in your network and the attackers redirected your download and it is not coming", "hDy39t60cD0-00288-00222512-00222936": "from the MariaDB official servers, instead it is coming from a server controlled by the attackers.", "hDy39t60cD0-00289-00222992-00223616": "Check the signature. You can also limit the supply chain length, you can limit the number of vendors", "hDy39t60cD0-00290-00223616-00224184": "that you are using in your company and make sure that the vendors that you are using are actually", "hDy39t60cD0-00291-00224384-00225223": "security conscious. They have a bug bounty program, they have like a security team", "hDy39t60cD0-00292-00225223-00225976": "and they react fast to security events which are happening and were reported by users.", "hDy39t60cD0-00293-00226216-00226688": "This is how the information from MariaDB looks like. You have all the information about", "hDy39t60cD0-00294-00226760-00227167": "how to get access to the bug bounty program, where to get", "hDy39t60cD0-00295-00227400-00227871": "the signing keys, their email account in order to", "hDy39t60cD0-00296-00228248-00229376": "tell them about security bugs or report bugs. But what if you are a developer? It is very important", "hDy39t60cD0-00297-00229448-00230008": "to make sure that the signing keys are secure. Once you release a software signed by you,", "hDy39t60cD0-00298-00230071-00230832": "then the entire world trusts that the software is clean. This trust is so easy to break, if your", "hDy39t60cD0-00299-00231048-00231584": "signing keys or signing servers are compromised. You have to make sure that the signing keys and", "hDy39t60cD0-00300-00231584-00232144": "the signing servers are secure. You have to make sure that your build chain is also secure,", "hDy39t60cD0-00301-00232144-00233080": "because even though the code on GitHub is properly validated with pull requests and approvals,", "hDy39t60cD0-00302-00233304-00233704": "if somebody goes in between the code and the build chain,", "hDy39t60cD0-00303-00233880-00234440": "when the code is fetched and the package is built and inserts the malware, it is very hard to see.", "hDy39t60cD0-00304-00234696-00235216": "Developer machines are also very important because they have access to private Git repositories,", "hDy39t60cD0-00305-00235216-00235816": "they have access to the source code, for MariaDB is a little bit easier because it is Open Source,", "hDy39t60cD0-00306-00235816-00236576": "so all the code is out there, available. But developer machines are important because they give", "hDy39t60cD0-00307-00236576-00237192": "access to further resources into the organization. Bug bounty programs are really important", "hDy39t60cD0-00308-00237367-00238223": "in order for white hackers to be motivated to report bugs. I have seen that a recent article,", "hDy39t60cD0-00309-00238223-00238616": "which was published on the MariaDB Foundation website, called Challenges and Visions for", "hDy39t60cD0-00310-00238616-00239512": "MariaDB Server. I fully agree with the article and I think it is really important that you,", "hDy39t60cD0-00311-00239512-00240248": "as a software company, developing a really good software, you have to have a way for", "hDy39t60cD0-00312-00240336-00241080": "your builds to be verified and for everybody to be able to build on their own from the source code,", "hDy39t60cD0-00313-00241080-00241752": "build their own pulls or to be able to reproduce the builds. This helps to identify any", "hDy39t60cD0-00314-00241752-00242919": "differences, if there is some malicious code on the binary which was hosted on your update servers", "hDy39t60cD0-00315-00242919-00243704": "and the build that they created on their computer. So it is really important to have this mindset", "hDy39t60cD0-00316-00244096-00244623": "going forward into the future, of always updating your continuous integration", "hDy39t60cD0-00317-00244712-00245184": "and the delivery to make sure that you have a really good software.", "hDy39t60cD0-00318-00245271-00245616": "With this being said thanks a lot for coming to my presentation,", "hDy39t60cD0-00319-00245616-00246423": "I hope it was not too long and I am here to answer any of your questions so thanks a lot."}}, {"audio_id": "hDMOni1adLQ", "text": {"hDMOni1adLQ-00000-00000273-00000760": "(9 pieces)- 18 pieces oreo, 90ml water, 30g butter, 30 g cacao,70g flour, 1teaspoon baking powder, 1 egg, 90g sugar, 20g powder sugar , 50g yogurt, 200g mascarpone , 200g cream", "hDMOni1adLQ-00001-00002140-00002662": "Put water and butter into a pot", "hDMOni1adLQ-00002-00002838-00003124": "Let it melt", "hDMOni1adLQ-00003-00003137-00003630": "add cacao", "hDMOni1adLQ-00004-00004126-00004627": "Put the egg with sugar in a bowl and mix it", "hDMOni1adLQ-00005-00006310-00006779": "add yogurt", "hDMOni1adLQ-00006-00007369-00007871": "and slowly add the cooled mixture with cacao", "hDMOni1adLQ-00007-00008087-00008572": "add flour and baking powder", "hDMOni1adLQ-00008-00008973-00009483": "pinch of salt", "hDMOni1adLQ-00009-00009537-00010029": "mix well", "hDMOni1adLQ-00010-00010817-00011302": "Put the oreo cookies onthe bottom", "hDMOni1adLQ-00011-00012299-00012782": "and add the mixture", "hDMOni1adLQ-00012-00013370-00013864": "Bake for 20 minutes at 180°C (356°F)", "hDMOni1adLQ-00013-00013970-00014383": "Put mascarpone into a bowl", "hDMOni1adLQ-00014-00014383-00014897": "add some cream", "hDMOni1adLQ-00015-00015144-00015642": "Cut the oreo cookies", "hDMOni1adLQ-00016-00015900-00016408": "and add in the bowl", "hDMOni1adLQ-00017-00016921-00017440": "Whip the cream with powder sugar", "hDMOni1adLQ-00018-00017953-00018449": "add the mixture oreo with mascarpone", "hDMOni1adLQ-00019-00018460-00018660": "mix it", "hDMOni1adLQ-00020-00018688-00019171": "and then let it harden in the fridge 15 minutes", "hDMOni1adLQ-00021-00019202-00019700": "Let the finished cupcakes cool", "hDMOni1adLQ-00022-00023266-00023466": "Enjoy your meal!"}}, {"audio_id": "hEdiT2uauSy", "text": {"hEdiT2uauSy-00000-00000352-00000950": "To obtain a spectrum using the OMNIC software first click on experimental", "hEdiT2uauSy-00001-00000950-00001496": "setup.This opens a window where you can see the interferogram from the", "hEdiT2uauSy-00002-00001496-00001862": "instrument", "hEdiT2uauSy-00003-00001862-00002014": "You need there to be signal on that diagram in order to actually", "hEdiT2uauSy-00004-00002014-00002575": "take a spectrum. Then hit the collect sample button and name your spectrum", "hEdiT2uauSy-00005-00002575-00002968": "according to the sample name the thickness of the sample and other", "hEdiT2uauSy-00006-00002968-00003485": "important information like the polarization direction. The software will", "hEdiT2uauSy-00007-00003485-00004250": "start scanning your sample you may have to tell it to do so by clicking ok you", "hEdiT2uauSy-00008-00004250-00004903": "can see the progress of data collection by looking at the bottom left side of", "hEdiT2uauSy-00009-00004903-00005444": "the window. In this example we're collecting 250 scans and averaging them", "hEdiT2uauSy-00010-00005444-00005923": "together you can also select a certain area of the spectrum to highlight while", "hEdiT2uauSy-00011-00005923-00006428": "you're obtaining the data when the data collection has finished then click yes", "hEdiT2uauSy-00012-00006428-00007145": "to add to a window in the program you want to save your data so save it in a", "hEdiT2uauSy-00013-00007145-00007778": "folder as a \".SPA\" file which is the file format used for OMNIC and also save", "hEdiT2uauSy-00014-00007778-00008252": "it as a \".CSV\" file, which is something that could be opened in Excel when you're", "hEdiT2uauSy-00015-00008252-00008954": "done saving your data you can also go to \"view common scale\" to compare your", "hEdiT2uauSy-00016-00008954-00009292": "spectrum to other data you've collected"}}, {"audio_id": "hEfRhQrJ80M", "text": {"hEfRhQrJ80M-00000-00000010-00000023": "PRISONS.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00001-00000023-00000030": "PRISONS.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00002-00000030-00000116": "PRISONS. HE WILL ALSO HAVE TO REGISTER AS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00003-00000116-00000123": "PRISONS. HE WILL ALSO HAVE TO REGISTER AS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00004-00000123-00000290": "PRISONS. HE WILL ALSO HAVE TO REGISTER AS A SEX OFFENDER.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00005-00000290-00000296": "HE WILL ALSO HAVE TO REGISTER AS A SEX OFFENDER.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00006-00000296-00000407": "HE WILL ALSO HAVE TO REGISTER AS A SEX OFFENDER. >>> THREE OF THE BIG WINNERS AT", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00007-00000407-00000413": "A SEX OFFENDER. >>> THREE OF THE BIG WINNERS AT", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00008-00000413-00000553": "A SEX OFFENDER. >>> THREE OF THE BIG WINNERS AT  THIS YEAR'S BRAINERD JAYCEES ICE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00009-00000553-00000560": ">>> THREE OF THE BIG WINNERS AT  THIS YEAR'S BRAINERD JAYCEES ICE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00010-00000560-00000667": ">>> THREE OF THE BIG WINNERS AT  THIS YEAR'S BRAINERD JAYCEES ICE FISHING EXTRAVAGANZA HAVE BEEN", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00011-00000667-00000673": "THIS YEAR'S BRAINERD JAYCEES ICE FISHING EXTRAVAGANZA HAVE BEEN", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00012-00000673-00000827": "THIS YEAR'S BRAINERD JAYCEES ICE FISHING EXTRAVAGANZA HAVE BEEN  CLEARED OF ACCUSATIONS THAT THEY", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00013-00000827-00000834": "FISHING EXTRAVAGANZA HAVE BEEN  CLEARED OF ACCUSATIONS THAT THEY", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00014-00000834-00000920": "FISHING EXTRAVAGANZA HAVE BEEN  CLEARED OF ACCUSATIONS THAT THEY CHEATED IN ORDER TO WIN THEIR", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00015-00000920-00000927": "CLEARED OF ACCUSATIONS THAT THEY CHEATED IN ORDER TO WIN THEIR", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00016-00000927-00001091": "CLEARED OF ACCUSATIONS THAT THEY CHEATED IN ORDER TO WIN THEIR  PRIZES.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00017-00001091-00001097": "CHEATED IN ORDER TO WIN THEIR  PRIZES.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00018-00001097-00001307": "CHEATED IN ORDER TO WIN THEIR  PRIZES. EVENT ORGANIZERS SAY WINNERS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00019-00001307-00001314": "PRIZES. EVENT ORGANIZERS SAY WINNERS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00020-00001314-00001578": "PRIZES. EVENT ORGANIZERS SAY WINNERS  IVAN, STEPHAN, AND ROSTIK", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00021-00001578-00001584": "EVENT ORGANIZERS SAY WINNERS  IVAN, STEPHAN, AND ROSTIK", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00022-00001584-00001681": "EVENT ORGANIZERS SAY WINNERS  IVAN, STEPHAN, AND ROSTIK LYOGKY, A FATHER AND TWO SONS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00023-00001681-00001688": "IVAN, STEPHAN, AND ROSTIK LYOGKY, A FATHER AND TWO SONS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00024-00001688-00001845": "IVAN, STEPHAN, AND ROSTIK LYOGKY, A FATHER AND TWO SONS  FROM HARTVILLE, OHIO", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00025-00001845-00001851": "LYOGKY, A FATHER AND TWO SONS  FROM HARTVILLE, OHIO", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00026-00001851-00002108": "LYOGKY, A FATHER AND TWO SONS  FROM HARTVILLE, OHIO ALL PASSED LIE DETECTOR TESTS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00027-00002108-00002115": "FROM HARTVILLE, OHIO ALL PASSED LIE DETECTOR TESTS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00028-00002115-00002215": "FROM HARTVILLE, OHIO ALL PASSED LIE DETECTOR TESTS  ADMINISTERED THIS WEEK.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00029-00002215-00002222": "ALL PASSED LIE DETECTOR TESTS  ADMINISTERED THIS WEEK.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00030-00002222-00002379": "ALL PASSED LIE DETECTOR TESTS  ADMINISTERED THIS WEEK. THE OFFICIAL RULES OF THE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00031-00002379-00002385": "ADMINISTERED THIS WEEK. THE OFFICIAL RULES OF THE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00032-00002385-00002545": "ADMINISTERED THIS WEEK. THE OFFICIAL RULES OF THE  CONTEST PROVIDE THAT THE CONTEST", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00033-00002545-00002552": "THE OFFICIAL RULES OF THE  CONTEST PROVIDE THAT THE CONTEST", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00034-00002552-00002652": "THE OFFICIAL RULES OF THE  CONTEST PROVIDE THAT THE CONTEST JUDGE MAY REQUIRE ANY PRIZE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00035-00002652-00002659": "CONTEST PROVIDE THAT THE CONTEST JUDGE MAY REQUIRE ANY PRIZE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00036-00002659-00002716": "CONTEST PROVIDE THAT THE CONTEST JUDGE MAY REQUIRE ANY PRIZE  WINNER TO TAKE A POLYGRAPH", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00037-00002716-00002722": "JUDGE MAY REQUIRE ANY PRIZE  WINNER TO TAKE A POLYGRAPH", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00038-00002722-00002919": "JUDGE MAY REQUIRE ANY PRIZE  WINNER TO TAKE A POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00039-00002919-00002926": "WINNER TO TAKE A POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00040-00002926-00003076": "WINNER TO TAKE A POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION. AFTER ANONYMOUS CONCERNS WERE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00041-00003076-00003083": "EXAMINATION. AFTER ANONYMOUS CONCERNS WERE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00042-00003083-00003296": "EXAMINATION. AFTER ANONYMOUS CONCERNS WERE  BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION OF", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00043-00003296-00003303": "AFTER ANONYMOUS CONCERNS WERE  BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION OF", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00044-00003303-00003450": "AFTER ANONYMOUS CONCERNS WERE  BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION OF THE ORGANIZERS REGARDING THE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00045-00003450-00003456": "BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION OF THE ORGANIZERS REGARDING THE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00046-00003456-00003560": "BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION OF THE ORGANIZERS REGARDING THE  THREE MEN, THEY AGREED TO TAKE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00047-00003560-00003566": "THE ORGANIZERS REGARDING THE  THREE MEN, THEY AGREED TO TAKE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00048-00003566-00003773": "THE ORGANIZERS REGARDING THE  THREE MEN, THEY AGREED TO TAKE  THE LIE DETECTOR TESTS.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00049-00003773-00003780": "THREE MEN, THEY AGREED TO TAKE  THE LIE DETECTOR TESTS.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00050-00003780-00003880": "THREE MEN, THEY AGREED TO TAKE  THE LIE DETECTOR TESTS. THE LIE TEST EXAMINER CERTIFIED", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00051-00003880-00003887": "THE LIE DETECTOR TESTS. THE LIE TEST EXAMINER CERTIFIED", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00052-00003887-00004047": "THE LIE DETECTOR TESTS. THE LIE TEST EXAMINER CERTIFIED  THAT NO DECEPTION HAD TAKEN", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00053-00004047-00004054": "THE LIE TEST EXAMINER CERTIFIED  THAT NO DECEPTION HAD TAKEN", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00054-00004054-00004257": "THE LIE TEST EXAMINER CERTIFIED  THAT NO DECEPTION HAD TAKEN PLACE WITH REGARD TO THE FISHING", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00055-00004257-00004264": "THAT NO DECEPTION HAD TAKEN PLACE WITH REGARD TO THE FISHING", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00056-00004264-00004471": "THAT NO DECEPTION HAD TAKEN PLACE WITH REGARD TO THE FISHING CONTEST, AND ALL THREE MEN WILL", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00057-00004471-00004477": "PLACE WITH REGARD TO THE FISHING CONTEST, AND ALL THREE MEN WILL", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00058-00004477-00004637": "PLACE WITH REGARD TO THE FISHING CONTEST, AND ALL THREE MEN WILL RECEIVE THEIR PRIZES WHICH", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00059-00004637-00004644": "CONTEST, AND ALL THREE MEN WILL RECEIVE THEIR PRIZES WHICH", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00060-00004644-00004954": "CONTEST, AND ALL THREE MEN WILL RECEIVE THEIR PRIZES WHICH  INCLUDE A PICKUP TRUCK, $1,000", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00061-00004954-00004961": "RECEIVE THEIR PRIZES WHICH  INCLUDE A PICKUP TRUCK, $1,000", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00062-00004961-00005061": "RECEIVE THEIR PRIZES WHICH  INCLUDE A PICKUP TRUCK, $1,000  AND AN ICE AUGER.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00063-00005061-00005068": "INCLUDE A PICKUP TRUCK, $1,000  AND AN ICE AUGER.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00064-00005068-00005175": "INCLUDE A PICKUP TRUCK, $1,000  AND AN ICE AUGER. 2018 EVENT CHAIRPERSON SHANE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00065-00005175-00005181": "AND AN ICE AUGER. 2018 EVENT CHAIRPERSON SHANE", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00066-00005181-00005288": "AND AN ICE AUGER. 2018 EVENT CHAIRPERSON SHANE  MEYER SAYS ORGANIZERS WANT", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00067-00005288-00005295": "2018 EVENT CHAIRPERSON SHANE  MEYER SAYS ORGANIZERS WANT", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00068-00005295-00005445": "2018 EVENT CHAIRPERSON SHANE  MEYER SAYS ORGANIZERS WANT EVERYONE TO KNOW THAT THEY", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00069-00005445-00005452": "MEYER SAYS ORGANIZERS WANT EVERYONE TO KNOW THAT THEY", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00070-00005452-00005545": "MEYER SAYS ORGANIZERS WANT EVERYONE TO KNOW THAT THEY  ALWAYS TAKE MATTERS LIKE THIS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00071-00005545-00005552": "EVERYONE TO KNOW THAT THEY  ALWAYS TAKE MATTERS LIKE THIS", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00072-00005552-00005712": "EVERYONE TO KNOW THAT THEY  ALWAYS TAKE MATTERS LIKE THIS  VERY SERIOUSLY.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00073-00005712-00005719": "ALWAYS TAKE MATTERS LIKE THIS  VERY SERIOUSLY.", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00074-00005719-00005875": "ALWAYS TAKE MATTERS LIKE THIS  VERY SERIOUSLY. HE SAYS THEY ARE PLEASED WITH", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00075-00005875-00005882": "VERY SERIOUSLY. HE SAYS THEY ARE PLEASED WITH", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00076-00005882-00006035": "VERY SERIOUSLY. HE SAYS THEY ARE PLEASED WITH  THE RESULTS OF THE INQUIRY AND", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00077-00006035-00006042": "HE SAYS THEY ARE PLEASED WITH  THE RESULTS OF THE INQUIRY AND", "hEfRhQrJ80M-00078-00006042-00006092": "HE SAYS THEY ARE PLEASED WITH  THE RESULTS OF THE INQUIRY AND APPRECIATE THE COOPERATION OF"}}, {"audio_id": "hEhhMDmvc9I", "text": {"hEhhMDmvc9I-00000-00001680-00002192": "Hello, welcome to this session. So, if you remember in the previous session we are talking", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00001-00002192-00002880": "about the risk what are being posed because of the sustainability agenda or if you are not addressing", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00002-00002880-00003488": "the sustainability well then what kind of risk we are going to expose to and also we have seen", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00003-00003488-00004152": "that how the risk has been like if you work on well or if you implements well or if you take", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00004-00004152-00004712": "action or take different initiative with respect to the risk that is turned into the opportunity.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00005-00004712-00005264": "And in that context we have seen the different sustainability startup in the last class. In this", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00006-00005264-00005896": "class what we will try to focus is that we will see few sustainable financial product and services", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00007-00005896-00006495": "and when I say sustainable financial product and services it is nothing, but those financial", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00008-00006495-00007056": "product and services, they are design in order to achieve the sustainability focus or in order", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00009-00007056-00007864": "to achieve the sustainability goal. So, before getting into the financial product and services", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00010-00007864-00008472": "let us say a beautiful image what have been given by k p m g. Why I am saying it is beautiful", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00011-00008472-00008920": "possibly the impact what it is showing it is not beautiful, but the way it is being", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00012-00008920-00009488": "shown that what are the different kind of the risk what we are going to face or what we are", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00013-00009488-00010128": "facing right now.  So, this is the top global risk in term of likelihood or the impact includes", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00014-00010184-00010688": "climate action failure, biodiversity loss, extreme weather, water crisis,", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00015-00010688-00011352": "natural disasters, cyber attacks, human made environmental disaster, global governance failure,", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00016-00011352-00011920": "interstate conflict and involuntary migration.  So, during the course at different point of time", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00017-00011920-00012672": "possibly we have addressed many of these risk, but this picture shows that what is the impact and", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00018-00012672-00013447": "what is the global risk landscape this is prepared by world economic forum what is coming because of", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00019-00013447-00014047": "climate action failure because of biodiversity loss and other environmental issues and if you", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00020-00014047-00014728": "look at environmental risk of occupies the top right quadrant of the global risk landscape of", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00021-00014728-00015808": "2022 ok. Now, the focus or the point of bringing this picture over here is when we need to address", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00022-00015808-00016496": "to reduce the risk or reduce the mitigate the risk we need to have the we need to have the finance,", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00023-00016496-00017008": "we need to have the investment or we need to have the fund to mitigate those risk.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00024-00017064-00017784": "And some of the specific financial instrument services those are been designed in order to", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00025-00017784-00018344": "manage this environmental risk or in order to mitigate this environmental risk. Now, to", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00026-00018344-00018928": "start with ESG investment and funds this we have already discussed when we are discussing about the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00027-00018928-00019624": "sustainability reporting and just to go through this once again ESG investment is investing", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00028-00019624-00020336": "responsibly following all the 3 parameters of ESG that is environment social and governance", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00029-00020336-00020936": "or it can be investing ethically for one s own financial wellbeing in the long run. This is", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00030-00020936-00021688": "also known as socially responsible investment and also ethical investment. And, this is typically", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00031-00021688-00022256": "desirable for the organization desirable for the corporate to evaluate the target investment not", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00032-00022256-00022872": "only on the basis of the financial parameters, but also certain good nonfinancial parameter", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00033-00022872-00023576": "like environmental empathy social responsibility and corporate governance. And, what the corporate", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00034-00023576-00024192": "or what the an organization get in return of that if they are maintaining their ESG requirement", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00035-00024192-00024840": "it results in higher profit and also it helps in brand building and also the customer patronage.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00036-00024976-00025656": "Now, this is for the concept of ESG investing this is being synonymous with sustainable investing", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00037-00025656-00026272": "and this exposure are taken in company by assessing them on based on 3 nonfinancial", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00038-00026272-00026832": "parameters that is environment, social and corporate along with also the financial", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00039-00026920-00027488": "parameter. So, environmental empathy this we have discussed many time, this is the duty towards the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00040-00027488-00028095": "planet. Social responsibility relationship with the external and internal stakeholder and", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00041-00028095-00028776": "corporate governance functioning of business and conduct of the management and typically companies", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00042-00028776-00029424": "are assigned a composite ESG score based on all the above factor. So, this is the difference", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00043-00029424-00030032": "between the traditional and the responsible investing and if you say the difference is", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00044-00030032-00030616": "clear that in case of traditional investing the focus is on financial parameter, but in case of", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00045-00030616-00031295": "responsible investing the focus is on also ESG parameters along with the financial parameters", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00046-00031295-00031983": "and this goes further into sustainable theme investment in define ESG themes and sectors. So,", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00047-00031983-00032439": "if you remember we have discussed about the sustainable development goals and what are", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00048-00032439-00032944": "the action plan or what are the focus what are the agenda or goal for each of the sustainable", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00049-00033016-00033632": "development goals and the finance financial products services which being designed to", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00050-00033632-00034224": "achieve that goal or investment for that goal.   Then ESG integration that is inclusion of ESG", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00051-00034224-00034888": "parameter in risk assessment, active ownership, engagement to support proactive corporate action", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00052-00034888-00035496": "and screening that is screening based on the values of the social factor. So, this is the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00053-00035568-00036232": "snapshot of global SRI assets under management and this if you look at this is at 3 different", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00054-00036232-00037136": "time period that is 2014, 2016 and 2018 and over a period of time what are the global SRI asset", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00055-00037136-00037784": "on the management for different areas that is typically for the country wise. Principle of", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00056-00037784-00038632": "Responsible Investment PRI it started by the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in 2005 and to", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00057-00038632-00039328": "initiate this responsible investment and finally, it was launched on April 2006 and since the number", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00058-00039328-00039968": "of signatory has grown from 100 to 3000. They partner with UN environmental program finance", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00059-00039968-00040440": "initiative, this is the collaboration between UN environment program and private financial sector", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00060-00040504-00041200": "and also the signatories to PRI signatories to the principle of responsible investment the commit", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00061-00041200-00041696": "to adopt the six aspirational principles this is typically known as principles.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00062-00041848-00042480": "This is the global presence fund flows and the number of scheme. So, if you look at the flows", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00063-00042480-00043520": "into sustainable fund from 2009 it has reduced in 2010, 2011 and also 2013, but if you see there is", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00064-00043520-00044256": "a very positive growth or very high growth in 2019. And, similarly if you look at the number", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00065-00044256-00044984": "of schemes coming under this sustainable finance it is growing over a period of time from 2019 to", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00066-00045064-00046104": "2009 to 2020. Now, when it comes to Opportunity in the Indian Capital Market one of the instrument", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00067-00046104-00046712": "or one of the financial instrument what is gaining a popularity or possibly there is", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00068-00046712-00047320": "lot of potential with that is green bond. This is one of the most prominent financial vehicle", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00069-00047320-00047888": "catering to climate action specifically for projects requiring the long term finances.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00070-00047888-00048360": "This is a fixed income instrument that raises the interest for environmental related project", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00071-00048416-00049048": "and this is typically issued for the purpose of energy efficiency, pollution prevention,", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00072-00049048-00049568": "sustainable agriculture and other environmental related to other environmental management.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00073-00049624-00050128": "Then this is this instrument is also asset linked and backed by the balance sheet of the issuing", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00074-00050128-00051192": "entity. So, this is the Green Bond issuance from in 2017 to 19 and if you look at the different", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00075-00051192-00051920": "component or the different category that is coming for this green bond issuance is that still the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00076-00052120-00052952": "government backed entities having a good share over here and also the nonfinancial corporate", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00077-00052952-00053408": "and the financial corporate they are also taking a good share when it comes to the green bond", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00078-00053408-00054128": "issuance. And when it comes to the region wise then European they are having holding almost 45", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00079-00054128-00054816": "percent of the share, Asia Pacific 25 percent, North American 23 percent and others 7 percent.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00080-00054879-00055752": "and the total issued green bond in India is 7.5 billion US dollar that is in 2018 and this is", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00081-00055752-00056560": "actually very minimal or this is very less when we compare the share with US and PRC.  So, we can say", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00082-00056560-00057279": "that we are still facing the undeveloped domestic bond market although there is a potential, still", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00083-00057279-00057767": "we need to develop in order to get a bigger chunk of the sustainable finance in this component.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00084-00057896-00058600": "Then also there is a blended finance which is a fairly new concept and identified the financial", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00085-00058600-00059136": "investment vehicle only in 2015 during UN negotiation for the subsequent years.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00086-00059200-00059872": "And the unique characteristic of each capital type can be leveraged towards the share objective of", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00087-00059872-00060248": "scaling of the private investment with it is it is climate impact.  So, whether it is a green", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00088-00060248-00060791": "bond whether it is a blended finance or whether it is about the any other environmental bond or", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00089-00060791-00061344": "instrument each type of it can be leveraged towards the share objective what we are looking", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00090-00061344-00061991": "for the investment in order to reduce the climate impact or investment with respect to the risk", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00091-00061991-00062560": "associated with the sustainability.  \t  Then when it comes to retail banking", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00092-00062560-00063304": "most of the time it is being considered that going green or being sustainability it is always just a", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00093-00063304-00063944": "job of the large scale organization or large scale project, but going green is not only", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00094-00063944-00064584": "limited to large scale infrastructure project like solar, wind energy or water management.  Also this", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00095-00064584-00065272": "can be practiced this can be initiated in the smaller one like a green building and habitat,", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00096-00065272-00065856": "a clean transportation, pollution prevention control system and energy efficiency project. Then", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00097-00065856-00066440": "there is also a scheme for green building finance which is limited to green home loan and mortgage", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00098-00066440-00067000": "and they are mainstreaming the green value in all construction loan through the innovative product", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00099-00067000-00067704": "and approaches that incentivise the uptake of the green building. Then we have a green vehicle", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00100-00067704-00068376": "finance this is SBIs green car loan and typically they are offering 20 basis points smaller interest", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00101-00068376-00069088": "rate and also the longest repayment period. Then we have green insurance it can help to prevent", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00102-00069088-00069600": "the risk of environmental pollution and share the responsibility of the damage compensation.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00103-00069656-00070296": "Then we have government supported green bank that is financial institution typically, it is public", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00104-00070296-00070904": "or quasi public. And they use the innovative financing technique and market development", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00105-00070904-00071440": "tool in partnership with private sector to deployment of the clean energy technique.", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00106-00071440-00072192": "The typical example is that what comes under IREDA that is under Ministry of New and Renewable Energy", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00107-00072192-00072784": "this is the government backed agency for promoting clean energy investment and this is typically the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00108-00072784-00073430": "example of the first green bank in the Indian context.  Similarly, you will find many NVFCs,", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00109-00073496-00074136": "other nonfinancial sector they offer the loans at the with different incentives, different", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00110-00074136-00074704": "terms and condition when it is for the cause of the sustainability or in order to reduce the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00111-00074704-00075448": "climate impact in order to reduce the issues associated with the non sustainable model. Then", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00112-00075448-00076064": "in this session what we have tried to do is to understand the investment which is related to the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00113-00076064-00076728": "sustainable finance or the green investment and also few of the financial products and services", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00114-00076728-00077280": "and if you remember when we are discussing about the different policy instrument we have", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00115-00077280-00077872": "also discussed about the carbon market. And, the carbon market if you look at solely the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00116-00077872-00078616": "market emerge of the emerge from the fact that we are now trading a new product that is the", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00117-00078616-00079352": "rights to emit or the reduction of CO2. So, the point what we are trying to emphasize", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00118-00079352-00079912": "over the over here with this session, in the previous session or also when we are discussing", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00119-00079912-00080448": "about the carbon market that when we are addressing the sustainability agenda when we are", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00120-00080448-00081240": "trying to reduce the climate impact associated with this, this gives rise to new opportunity that", "hEhhMDmvc9I-00121-00081240-00082784": "is in the form of the new market, new business, new product and new services. Thank you."}}, {"audio_id": "hEAnvplqiAI", "text": {"hEAnvplqiAI-00000-00000088-00000328": "Database: Share content", "hEAnvplqiAI-00001-00000592-00001120": "Moodle’s Database activity allows you to build, display and search a bank", "hEAnvplqiAI-00002-00001120-00001704": "of entries on a topic of your choice. These entries include files, images,", "hEAnvplqiAI-00003-00001704-00002392": "links to websites, text and more. They may be moderated before approval, commented on and rated.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00004-00002488-00003112": "Database activity entries can be displayed as a list, and individually, in single view.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00005-00003296-00003632": "In this Database activity, Marine Marvels,", "hEAnvplqiAI-00006-00003632-00004104": "when the entries are displayed in a list, we see a name and image along", "hEAnvplqiAI-00007-00004104-00004808": "with its location in the world. In single view we can also see who added this entry and when.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00008-00005144-00005696": "Accessing it with the teacher role we see icons for deleting, editing, approving and unapproving", "hEAnvplqiAI-00009-00005696-00006272": "entries. All of these options and more can be set up when adding a Database activity", "hEAnvplqiAI-00010-00006328-00006800": "so let’s explore it now: Setting up the Database activity:", "hEAnvplqiAI-00011-00006800-00007344": "Our teacher adds a Database activity by turning on the editing, selecting Database", "hEAnvplqiAI-00012-00007344-00007840": "from the activity chooser and giving it a name and description, which can be displayed", "hEAnvplqiAI-00013-00007840-00008608": "on the course page by ticking the box. Other settings can be expanded by clicking the links.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00014-00008608-00009064": "Entries: Here, it’s important to decide whether or not to", "hEAnvplqiAI-00015-00009064-00009736": "moderate entries before they appear. Note: if you set them to be moderated and never approve them,", "hEAnvplqiAI-00016-00009736-00010256": "you can have a useful private sharing area between teachers and individual students.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00017-00010400-00010968": "Should students be able to edit their entries and/or comment on entries? Should", "hEAnvplqiAI-00018-00010968-00011424": "there be a limit on entries students must add before they can view others?", "hEAnvplqiAI-00019-00011424-00011720": "Should there be a maximum number of entries students can add?", "hEAnvplqiAI-00020-00012144-00012208": "Ratings:", "hEAnvplqiAI-00021-00012504-00012896": "By default editing and non-editing teachers can rate Database", "hEAnvplqiAI-00022-00012896-00013519": "entries but if you want students to do this also, access Permissions from the gear menu", "hEAnvplqiAI-00023-00013576-00014184": "in the Database and allow students the capability mod/data:rate", "hEAnvplqiAI-00024-00014512-00015088": "Other settings are similar to other activities but it’s worth knowing that in Activity completion", "hEAnvplqiAI-00025-00015088-00015463": "you can require a certain number of entries to be added", "hEAnvplqiAI-00026-00015463-00015744": "before the Database activity is marked complete.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00027-00016088-00016528": "Fields and presets: Clicking Save and display", "hEAnvplqiAI-00028-00016528-00017336": "then shows a number of tabs. The Fields tab must be dealt with first. Fields means the", "hEAnvplqiAI-00029-00017336-00018016": "information boxes course participants must fill in, such as adding text, a file or an image.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00030-00018128-00018712": "No fields defined means our teacher hasn’t added any of these yet so that’s the next task.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00031-00018880-00019560": "To save time you could choose a ‘predefined set’ (preset for short) which means a file", "hEAnvplqiAI-00032-00019560-00020048": "of ready-made fields.Find out more about using presets in the Moodle", "hEAnvplqiAI-00033-00020048-00020193": "documentation. And there are also a number of presets available on archive.moodle.net,", "hEAnvplqiAI-00034-00020193-00020344": "which you can download and then import for your Database activity. But our teacher is", "hEAnvplqiAI-00035-00020344-00020896": "going to add fields manually so from the Fields tab he clicks Create new field.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00036-00020960-00021568": "Here are the available fields: Text input is useful for names of entries.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00037-00021720-00022096": "Ticking required will force the student to enter something here.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00038-00022264-00022888": "With picture fields we can specify the size of image for list view and single view.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00039-00022968-00023280": "Usually list view would be smaller than single view.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00040-00023400-00023984": "Finally we’ll add the latitude longitude field so students must enter the location.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00041-00024240-00024560": "Templates: Templates define", "hEAnvplqiAI-00042-00024560-00025168": "how you want the fields displayed. Anything done to the single and lists templates here", "hEAnvplqiAI-00043-00025168-00025680": "will determine how they look; the Add template will determine what participants", "hEAnvplqiAI-00044-00025680-00026224": "see when they click to add their entry and you can also set up an advanced search template.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00045-00026512-00027144": "The simple way to set up your Database easily is to click the Save button for each template", "hEAnvplqiAI-00046-00027144-00027983": "as we’re doing with the Add template now, but you can edit templates also, to improve the display.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00047-00028080-00028680": "For example, if you want the list view to display as a table, you’ll need first to disable the", "hEAnvplqiAI-00048-00028680-00029360": "editor and then enter the code for the header and footer of your table. And if you’re comfortable", "hEAnvplqiAI-00049-00029360-00030264": "with code, you can also explore the CSS and other templates. Moodle’s documentation will help.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00050-00030744-00031095": "Let’s make some simple changes to the single view.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00051-00031648-00031983": "The items in brackets are the fields; these are essential.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00052-00032295-00033032": "The words in between hashtags are other actions or options so we can add the user name", "hEAnvplqiAI-00053-00033032-00033440": "and the time an entry was added by clicking where we want it", "hEAnvplqiAI-00054-00033440-00033952": "and then choosing it from the box on the left. Remember to save the template.", "hEAnvplqiAI-00055-00034144-00034808": "Now it’s time for our student to add an entry – adding a name, uploading an image,", "hEAnvplqiAI-00056-00034808-00035440": "and entering a geographical location. To summarise:", "hEAnvplqiAI-00057-00035552-00036584": "Database allows you to build, display and search entries on a selected topic."}}, {"audio_id": "hEYBO6B-mFE", "text": {"hEYBO6B-mFE-00000-00000013-00000117": "- Hola unconventionals!", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00001-00000117-00000200": "I'm Amelia.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00002-00000200-00000283": "- And I'm JP.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00003-00000283-00000366": "- And we're sharing", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00004-00000366-00000549": "our unconventional life with you from Ecuador.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00005-00000549-00000740": "- And today we are in La Libertad,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00006-00000740-00000911": "and we're gonna show you more of this area", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00007-00000911-00001084": "in today's video.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00008-00001084-00001359": "(wind whooshing)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00009-00001461-00001714": "- We actually went to La Libertad a couple days ago", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00010-00001714-00001835": "to take care of some banking.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00011-00001835-00001992": "And while we were there we went for a walk", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00012-00001992-00002188": "along the malecón, stopped by the mercado", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00013-00002188-00002541": "and Mi Comisariato which kind of reminds me of a Walmart.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00014-00002541-00002624": "- Yep.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00015-00002624-00002829": "And before we dive into that and share our day with you,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00016-00002829-00002915": "we did wanna let you know", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00017-00002915-00003169": "that we just published our week's blog post", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00018-00003169-00003377": "over on LiveAbroadNow.com called", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00019-00003377-00003547": "Is Equador Safe?", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00020-00003547-00003735": "In response to a lot of questions we've been getting", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00021-00003735-00003892": "about safety here.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00022-00003892-00004136": "- Yep, so JP's gonna add a link to that", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00023-00004136-00004281": "in the description below.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00024-00004281-00004530": "And now, let's show you our beautiful scenic drive", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00025-00004530-00004715": "from Olone to La Libertad.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00026-00004846-00005104": "(upbeat music)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00027-00005485-00005681": "♪ When you say ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00028-00005681-00005918": "♪ You feel low ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00029-00005918-00006282": "♪ And good things are hard to see ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00030-00006282-00006454": "♪ When you pray ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00031-00006454-00006683": "♪ To find love ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00032-00006683-00007076": "♪ I know somewhere we could be ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00033-00007076-00007487": "♪ There's a place where we can go tonight ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00034-00007487-00007880": "♪ The rhythm will make it right ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00035-00007880-00008222": "♪ Where everyone is happy ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00036-00008222-00008718": "♪ And the sun will shine all night ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00037-00008718-00008869": "♪ We could have a good time ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00038-00008869-00009072": "♪ Well everybody's saying ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00039-00009072-00009472": "♪ Why don't you let yourself slip out of control ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00040-00009472-00009650": "♪ Can have a good time ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00041-00009650-00009884": "♪ Let everybody say ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00042-00009884-00010284": "♪ Get your feet up on the floor ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00043-00011096-00011470": "♪ So when the world feels dark ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00044-00011470-00011864": "♪ And friends seem hard to find ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00045-00011864-00012053": "♪ You know how ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00046-00012053-00012341": "♪ To light a spark ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00047-00012341-00012689": "♪ Just to let your worries unwind ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00048-00012689-00013124": "♪ When you're down to just one way to go ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00049-00013124-00013497": "♪ Let ??? ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00050-00013497-00013796": "♪ Everyone could be so happy ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00051-00013796-00014296": "♪ And the sun will shine all night ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00052-00014299-00014471": "♪ We could have a good time ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00053-00014471-00014688": "♪ Let everybody sing ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00054-00014688-00015059": "♪ Why don't you let yourself slip out of control ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00055-00015059-00015274": "♪ We could have a good time ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00056-00015274-00015472": "♪ Let everybody sing ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00057-00015472-00015872": "♪ Get your feet up on the floor ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00058-00017020-00017403": "♪ Why don't you let yourself slip out of control ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00059-00017403-00017608": "♪ We could have a good time ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00060-00017608-00017811": "♪ Let everybody sing ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00061-00017811-00018211": "♪ Get your feet up on the floor ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00062-00019966-00020151": "- We have already finished our banking.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00063-00020151-00020394": "Unfortunately we can't film inside the bank,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00064-00020394-00020696": "or any bank here in Ecuador, that's the rule.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00065-00020696-00020990": "But we will be sharing all of our banking experiences", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00066-00020990-00021107": "in an upcoming video.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00067-00021107-00021290": "So be sure to hit the subscribe button.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00068-00021290-00021425": "- Yep, and ring the bell please,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00069-00021425-00021737": "so you don't miss that video or any of our upcoming videos", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00070-00021737-00021868": "because we show what it's really like", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00071-00021868-00022108": "to live in Ecuador.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00072-00022108-00022324": "We left JEP and came over to the malecón", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00073-00022324-00022467": "to enjoy a nice stroll.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00074-00022467-00022572": "It's a beautiful day.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00075-00022690-00022948": "(upbeat music)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00076-00023315-00023590": "(waves crashing)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00077-00023737-00023927": "♪ Maybe I was blind ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00078-00023927-00024023": "♪ Known you forever ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00079-00024023-00024271": "♪ While I tried to find ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00080-00024271-00024746": "♪ Someone that could be my great love ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00081-00024746-00025017": "♪ Right in front of me ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00082-00025017-00025360": "♪ I didn't realize you were my dream ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00083-00025360-00025742": "♪ So you took me by surprise ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00084-00025742-00025933": "♪ Oh yeah ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00085-00025933-00026107": "♪ Even in my wildest dreams ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00086-00026107-00026446": "♪ I didn't think we were destined to be ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00087-00026446-00026642": "♪ And now you're laying next to me ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00088-00026642-00026990": "♪ Everything feels like oh yeah ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00089-00026990-00027201": "♪ Wanna give you every part of me ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00090-00027201-00027530": "♪ I can't believe this is reality ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00091-00027530-00027742": "♪ And now you're laying next to me ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00092-00027742-00028082": "♪ Everything feels like oh yeah ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00093-00028082-00028262": "- It's really windy here, but I don't mind.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00094-00028262-00028397": "It is absolutely beautiful out.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00095-00028397-00028527": "It's so nice to see the sun", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00096-00028527-00028777": "and get a break from the dark days of winter", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00097-00028777-00029017": "here in the coast of Ecuador.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00098-00029017-00029136": "It's actually Labor Day.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00099-00029136-00029387": "So happy Labor Day to everyone in the United States.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00100-00029387-00029549": "It is not a holiday here,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00101-00029549-00029675": "but it's Monday and it's pretty tranquilo", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00102-00029675-00029944": "Things are, slowly opening.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00103-00029944-00030144": "♪ Even in my wildest dreams ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00104-00030144-00030467": "♪ I didn't think we were destined to be ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00105-00030467-00030663": "♪ And now you're laying next to me ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00106-00030663-00031003": "♪ Everything feels like oh yeah ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00107-00031003-00031197": "♪ Wanna give you every part of me ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00108-00031197-00031491": "♪ I can't believe this is reality ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00109-00031491-00031755": "♪ And now you're laying next to me ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00110-00031755-00032255": "♪ Everything feels like oh yeah ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00111-00032533-00032750": "♪ Oh yeah ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00112-00034291-00034791": "♪ Even in my wildest dreams ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00113-00034851-00035285": "♪ Even in my wildest dreams ♪", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00114-00035285-00035534": "Unconventionals, we just bumped into our new friend Jamie.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00115-00035534-00035704": "He was asking us if we speak English,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00116-00035704-00035884": "because he needs to speak more English", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00117-00035884-00036076": "since he's been in Ecuador.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00118-00036076-00036197": "Hi Jamie. - Hi folks, how are you?", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00119-00036197-00036417": "My name is Jamie Jaramel, I'm a native Ecuadorian.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00120-00036417-00036751": "But at 18 I emigrated to the U.S. Jersey,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00121-00036751-00036988": "and I found my new paradise on earth.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00122-00036988-00037088": "It's called La Libertad.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00123-00037088-00037334": "It's a beautiful beach town.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00124-00037334-00037596": "And as you can see, fishing boats,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00125-00037596-00038001": "we got oil refinery nearby.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00126-00038001-00038228": "Beautiful scenery, beautiful beaches.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00127-00038228-00038347": "Great sunny day today.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00128-00038347-00038495": "And I invite you to come over,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00129-00038495-00038660": "and to enjoy the malecón.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00130-00038660-00038791": "- It's beautiful here. - Nice to meet you both.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00131-00038791-00038979": "And Colorado, a lot of snow over there.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00132-00038979-00039110": "So I'm happy you guys are here.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00133-00039110-00039198": "- So are we! - So are we!", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00134-00039198-00039411": "(Amelia And JP Laughing)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00135-00039411-00039494": "- And if you ever get a chance to come,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00136-00039494-00039685": "I live in a three story house", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00137-00039685-00039798": "right in the middle of the malecón,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00138-00039798-00040065": "and I'll be happy to, you know, chat with you guys.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00139-00040065-00040151": "- Awesome. - Awesome.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00140-00040151-00040249": "- Take care. - [JP] It's beautiful here.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00141-00040249-00040332": "- Thank you.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00142-00040332-00040415": "- Thank you. - You're welcome, thank you.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00143-00040415-00040498": "- [Amelia] It's so nice to meet you.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00144-00040498-00040582": "- Likewise.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00145-00040582-00040716": "- It was so nice meeting Jamie.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00146-00040716-00040799": "- It was.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00147-00040799-00040958": "Thank you for stopping and talking to us Jamie.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00148-00040958-00041043": "- Yes thank you.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00149-00041043-00041248": "- He told us that he has a health problem", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00150-00041248-00041488": "and his doctors gave him a year to live.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00151-00041488-00041641": "And that was up two months ago.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00152-00041641-00041930": "So he is living every day to the fullest,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00153-00041930-00042158": "and he knows better than anyone", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00154-00042158-00042296": "that tomorrow is not a guarantee.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00155-00042296-00042510": "We say that all the time.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00156-00042510-00042687": "You gotta live life.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00157-00042687-00042770": "- That's right.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00158-00042770-00042889": "- Tomorrow is not a guarantee", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00159-00042889-00043139": "and you can't wait forever to do what you wanna do.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00160-00043139-00043284": "You gotta make it a reality.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00161-00043284-00043428": "- Yeah he was definitely an inspiration", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00162-00043428-00043743": "and he was so passionate, and loved living in La Libertad.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00163-00043743-00043888": "Which was also really cool to hear,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00164-00043888-00044051": "because we've only ever talked to people", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00165-00044051-00044214": "who go to La Libertad from this area.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00166-00044214-00044505": "Because that's where they go to go shopping,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00167-00044505-00044840": "or do their banking, or the doctor, or what have you.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00168-00044840-00045078": "- Yeah it was really cool to talk to him.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00169-00045078-00045163": "- Yeah. - I was very thankful", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00170-00045163-00045251": "that he stopped us.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00171-00045251-00045433": "He said, \"do you guys speak English?\"", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00172-00045433-00045628": "I guess we look like we speak English.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00173-00045628-00045712": "(both laughing)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00174-00045712-00045864": "- I wonder why. - He said because,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00175-00045864-00046057": "not very many people speak English there,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00176-00046057-00046230": "so he's like, I never speak English.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00177-00046230-00046469": "And he really wanted to talk to us for a while in English.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00178-00046469-00046552": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00179-00046552-00046636": "It was really fun.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00180-00046636-00046719": "- Yeah it was.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00181-00046719-00046802": "It was great to get to know him.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00182-00046802-00047095": "And then, also Stalim our personal driver", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00183-00047095-00047332": "who has been driving us around quite a bit lately,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00184-00047332-00047579": "he was following us along the malecón", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00185-00047579-00047747": "and then came to get us at the end.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00186-00047747-00047961": "He was waiting kind of at the end for us.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00187-00047961-00048223": "And if you need contact info for a great driver,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00188-00048223-00048582": "he's very safe and he has a nice cab.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00189-00048582-00048737": "Drop us a note through our contact form", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00190-00048737-00048861": "which I'll link in the description", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00191-00048861-00049057": "and we'll put you in touch with him.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00192-00049057-00049149": "- Yeah he's great.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00193-00049149-00049297": "You use WhatsApp to communicate", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00194-00049297-00049423": "with him right? - Yeah, WhatsApp.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00195-00049423-00049528": "He's on WhatsApp.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00196-00049528-00049611": "- Yes he is.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00197-00049611-00049767": "And I say that because he doesn't--", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00198-00049767-00049887": "I don't think he speaks any English.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00199-00049887-00049996": "- So-- - He may understand some", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00200-00049996-00050228": "but he has not spoken any English with us.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00201-00050228-00050311": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00202-00050432-00050659": "(JP laughs)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00203-00050659-00050742": "Listo!", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00204-00050742-00050856": "- Listo.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00205-00050856-00051012": "Yes.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00206-00051012-00051312": "- Our awesome driver Stalim is driving us today", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00207-00051312-00051614": "from Olón and now we're leaving the malecón", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00208-00051614-00051828": "and heading over to El Mericado Nuevo,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00209-00051828-00052164": "which is, Gabby told us is a nice new mercado here.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00210-00052164-00052295": "- Yeah, we're excited to go check it out.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00211-00052295-00052433": "We haven't been in a mali--", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00212-00052583-00052700": "Malecón... Mercado in quite a while.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00213-00052700-00052887": "- Yeah, this will be our first real Mercado in,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00214-00052887-00052996": "jeez months.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00215-00052996-00053201": "- Yes, it is months.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00216-00053201-00053407": "We're at the Mercado Numero Cuatro", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00217-00053407-00053555": "and it is very busy.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00218-00053760-00054061": "(car horns honking)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00219-00054061-00054238": "(crowd chattering)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00220-00054238-00054321": "Listo?", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00221-00054321-00054495": "I can't believe how mamy people there are.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00222-00054495-00054782": "This is the most people we've seen in a long long time,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00223-00054782-00054921": "but everybody has a mask on.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00224-00054921-00055004": "- Yeah. - As per the law.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00225-00055004-00055109": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00226-00055109-00055301": "This is really a big area.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00227-00055301-00055617": "There's kind of an older Mercado area.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00228-00055617-00055796": "And then the new one is in the middle.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00229-00055796-00056034": "And all around these blocks all the way around it", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00230-00056034-00056166": "are just loaded with stores", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00231-00056166-00056366": "that a lot of them are closed today,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00232-00056366-00056488": "because it's Monday.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00233-00056488-00056785": "A lot of people take Mondays off here", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00234-00056785-00056920": "- But there is still a lot of people out", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00235-00056920-00057102": "guess they're all doing there shopping.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00236-00057102-00057275": "- Yeah it's crazy", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00237-00057275-00057427": "- And lots of taxis", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00238-00057427-00057610": "- Now we're gonna head over to Comisariato", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00239-00057610-00057820": "Mi Comisariato,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00240-00057820-00057960": "- In Ballenita", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00241-00057960-00058269": "- which is a bigger grocery store like a Supermaxi.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00242-00058269-00058396": "We've never been there before.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00243-00058396-00058484": "So we need a few things.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00244-00058484-00058670": "We're gonna go check it out.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00245-00058670-00058908": "Ballenita is about a 5 to 10 minute drive", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00246-00058908-00059188": "from the Mercado and it is on the way back to Olón.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00247-00059188-00059355": "- Yeah, it's Mi Comisariato.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00248-00059355-00059674": "is a big grocery store it's located", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00249-00059674-00059787": "in a strip mall.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00250-00059787-00059982": "And there's a Banco Guayaquil right", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00251-00059982-00060145": "next door to it which we like", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00252-00060145-00060376": "because our ATM card always works there.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00253-00060376-00060628": "- Yeah and as you can see the video I'm locking my purse up", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00254-00060628-00060783": "in a locker you need to lock up your bags", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00255-00060783-00061027": "when before you go into a lot", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00256-00061027-00061209": "of the major stores here in Ecuador,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00257-00061209-00061292": "which I really like", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00258-00061292-00061478": "because then I can shop hands free.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00259-00061478-00061561": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00260-00061561-00061645": "(Both laughing)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00261-00061645-00061730": "It is nice cause", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00262-00061730-00061969": "in the States you put your person or your bag", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00263-00061969-00062113": "or whatever in the grocery cart", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00264-00062113-00062344": "and then if you turn your bag people have been known", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00265-00062344-00062444": "to steal that.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00266-00062444-00062527": "So it's kind of nice to be able", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00267-00062527-00062610": "to lock them up", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00268-00062610-00062693": "- It sure is.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00269-00062693-00062777": "Mi Comisariato,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00270-00062777-00062860": "had a little bit", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00271-00062860-00063032": "of everything just like a Super Walmart.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00272-00063032-00063339": "So they had your regular groceries and Tupperware", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00273-00063451-00063697": "and hardware, clothes, toys,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00274-00063697-00063780": "lots of toys.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00275-00063780-00063863": "- Yeah, man,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00276-00063863-00064050": "even Plumbing Supplies like toilets", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00277-00064050-00064174": "and they even had a bidet.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00278-00064174-00064257": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00279-00064257-00064553": "- Well at least the bidet snap on tool.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00280-00064553-00064685": "I'm not sure how to install that.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00281-00064685-00064768": "So we didn't buy it.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00282-00064768-00065016": "It was $13 in case you're wondering,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00283-00065016-00065234": "and a nice selection of produce and we were surprised", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00284-00065234-00065450": "to see that they have beyond burgers there.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00285-00065450-00065665": "- Yeah, that's the first time we've seen those in Ecuador.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00286-00065665-00065965": "Yeah, and they also had mangoes,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00287-00065965-00066206": "which we haven't had in quite a few months.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00288-00066206-00066289": "They're kind of not", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00289-00066289-00066372": "in season now.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00290-00066372-00066467": "So I'm not sure where they came from", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00291-00066467-00066550": "but we bought two", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00292-00066550-00066682": "and they were delicious.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00293-00066682-00066887": "- Yes, they were and then they also had these really", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00294-00066887-00067293": "interesting shaped platanos that I guess are from Hawaii.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00295-00067293-00067390": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00296-00067390-00067473": "Platano Hawaiano Kilo.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00297-00067473-00067660": "I'm not sure what they are.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00298-00067660-00067819": "Let us know in the comments", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00299-00067819-00067906": "how you eat those.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00300-00067906-00068157": "I'm guessing you don't peel them like a banana?", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00301-00068157-00068240": "- Probably not.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00302-00068240-00068497": "- It's probably eat them more like a regular plantain,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00303-00068497-00068586": "but how are they different", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00304-00068586-00068737": "from a plantain?", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00305-00068737-00068820": "We didn't buy one", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00306-00068820-00068952": "because we didn't know what to do with it.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00307-00068952-00069109": "(Laughing)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00308-00069109-00069192": "- Its right.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00309-00069192-00069275": "They did not have flax seeds.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00310-00069275-00069372": "And that's common.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00311-00069372-00069553": "I don't think I've ever seen flax seeds", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00312-00069553-00069761": "in a grocery store here usually have to get those", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00313-00069761-00069873": "in a specialty store.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00314-00069873-00070122": "- The brown sugar was 94 cents for a kilo.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00315-00070122-00070357": "That's basically two pounds of brown sugar,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00316-00070357-00070527": "two pounds of brown sugar for a buck.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00317-00070527-00070661": "That's pretty good.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00318-00070661-00070837": "And they also have Libby's canned fruit.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00319-00070837-00070962": "I thought you guys might like to see", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00320-00070962-00071200": "that they have a lot of the same brands here", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00321-00071200-00071283": "that you'll see", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00322-00071283-00071370": "in the States.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00323-00071370-00071578": "And someone was asking recently about getting brown rice", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00324-00071578-00071894": "and we usually buy our brown rice at the supermarket", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00325-00071894-00072059": "because the mercados usually", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00326-00072059-00072175": "only have white rice.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00327-00072175-00072438": "They also had black and red lentils which can", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00328-00072438-00072600": "sometimes be difficult to find.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00329-00072600-00072828": "And you generally won't find those", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00330-00072828-00072912": "in the mercado either.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00331-00072912-00073073": "They pretty much just have the regular one", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00332-00073073-00073180": "of those green or brown", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00333-00073180-00073333": "or brown lentils.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00334-00073333-00073416": "So it's nice", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00335-00073416-00073556": "to have those available.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00336-00073556-00073662": "And then they have, of course,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00337-00073662-00074019": "all the spices and I bought a big thing of oregano", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00338-00074019-00074182": "and red pepper flakes,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00339-00074182-00074323": "because we eat those a lot", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00340-00074323-00074417": "- That we do,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00341-00074417-00074620": "- And the oregano that we get at the Mercado,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00342-00074620-00074801": "I call it stick oregano,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00343-00074801-00075013": "because it's just loaded with sticks.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00344-00075013-00075169": "It's like they basically took", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00345-00075169-00075261": "an oregano bush", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00346-00075261-00075404": "and ran it through a wood chipper,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00347-00075404-00075675": "and then you get all of the stuff in it.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00348-00075675-00076121": "So yeah, so I prefer to buy oregano in the grocery store", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00349-00076121-00076346": "because it doesn't have all the sticks in it.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00350-00076469-00076729": "And then of course they have Amelia's favorite aisle.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00351-00076729-00076898": "- My favorite aisle is actually", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00352-00076898-00077083": "the coffee and chocolate aisle", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00353-00077083-00077269": "and I do like the wine aisle as well.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00354-00077269-00077493": "Sometimes a little too much, I think", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00355-00077493-00077783": "- That's something that's different here from what it was in", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00356-00077783-00078006": "Colorado and Kansas.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00357-00078006-00078264": "Is that you can buy wine and beer and liquor", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00358-00078264-00078474": "in the grocery store just like", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00359-00078474-00078619": "some states Virginia.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00360-00078619-00078729": "You could do that in Virginia,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00361-00078729-00078927": "- You can do it in Illinois.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00362-00078927-00079103": "And they had Herbal Essences.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00363-00079103-00079212": "We don't use that,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00364-00079212-00079335": "but it is an American brand", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00365-00079335-00079541": "that you will no doubt recognize.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00366-00079541-00079624": "- Yeah,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00367-00079624-00079707": "- From all those commercials", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00368-00079707-00079927": "- They do carry like L'Oreal and some", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00369-00079927-00080200": "of the other regular drugstore brands,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00370-00080200-00080401": "although they are quite a bit more expensive here", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00371-00080401-00080575": "because they're imported.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00372-00080575-00080658": "I don't know the price", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00373-00080658-00080754": "or the Herbal Essences,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00374-00080754-00080916": "but maybe somebody can tell us what that goes for", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00375-00080916-00081086": "in the US or in Canada.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00376-00081086-00081169": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00377-00081169-00081341": "And they had a really cool bike.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00378-00081341-00081424": "I told Amelia", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00379-00081424-00081606": "I'd look hot riding that on the beach here,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00380-00081606-00081754": "the Big Fat Tire bike.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00381-00081754-00081881": "- We do see people riding those kind", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00382-00081881-00081964": "of bikes around.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00383-00081964-00082066": "- I know I really like that.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00384-00082066-00082198": "Except that I'm afraid I'd have", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00385-00082198-00082301": "to bend over too far.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00386-00082301-00082390": "It might hurt my back.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00387-00082390-00082513": "I really need more of a cruiser", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00388-00082513-00082686": "where I can sit upright.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00389-00082686-00082796": "And lean back.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00390-00082796-00083040": "- Maybe we need a tandem bicycle built for two", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00391-00083040-00083152": "and I'll just sit on the back end.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00392-00083152-00083235": "- Yeah,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00393-00083235-00083318": "- You can do all the work", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00394-00083318-00083442": "- Whoever sits on the back doesn't have", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00395-00083442-00083614": "to do anything.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00396-00083614-00083765": "(Laughing)", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00397-00083765-00083991": "All right, Amelia. Is that all we have for this video?", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00398-00083991-00084186": "- I think that's all we have for this video.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00399-00084186-00084404": "We had a really fun day checking things out.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00400-00084404-00084660": "- Yeah, it was a beautiful, sunny, warm day.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00401-00084660-00084883": "It was great meeting Jamie.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00402-00084883-00085009": "- Yes thank you, Jamie", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00403-00085009-00085270": "Oh, and thanks to Gabby, Gabriella Lazzaro.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00404-00085270-00085414": "You may have seen her in one", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00405-00085414-00085620": "of our previous rental videos.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00406-00085620-00085771": "She came along with us", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00407-00085771-00085994": "or actually she met us at JEP to do some", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00408-00085994-00086102": "interpreting for us.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00409-00086102-00086433": "Because they do not speak English there.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00410-00086433-00086516": "- Yeah.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00411-00086516-00086599": "So you'll want", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00412-00086599-00086756": "to take a translator unless you're fluent in Spanish,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00413-00086756-00086979": "which we are not yet definitely not fluent enough", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00414-00086979-00087072": "to do banking.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00415-00087072-00087155": "- No.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00416-00087155-00087238": "I understood her though.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00417-00087238-00087443": "I was really pleased our Spanish has really come a long way.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00418-00087443-00087574": "But we're not all the way", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00419-00087574-00087686": "- No.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00420-00087686-00087769": "All right, guys,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00421-00087769-00087861": "hopefully you enjoyed our video", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00422-00087861-00087944": "and if you did,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00423-00087944-00088034": "leave us a thumbs up as always,", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00424-00088034-00088372": "and put your comments and questions down below", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00425-00088372-00088455": "and let us know", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00426-00088455-00088612": "how you eat those platanos", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00427-00088612-00088778": "- Yes, and we will see you all", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00428-00088778-00088874": "in our next video.", "hEYBO6B-mFE-00429-00088874-00088989": "Chao. Chao."}}, {"audio_id": "hF1B72ixYmc", "text": {"hF1B72ixYmc-00000-00000000-00000096": "Hi everyone.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00001-00000098-00000277": "I’m a Master Coach Bennie.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00002-00000279-00000477": "Today, we’ve got a video", "hF1B72ixYmc-00003-00000479-00000590": "which is an upgraded version", "hF1B72ixYmc-00004-00000592-00000720": "of our 10 Squat Challenge.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00005-00000722-00000954": "That video was really popular", "hF1B72ixYmc-00006-00000956-00001101": "so we decided to make another one.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00007-00001103-00001157": "And here it is...", "hF1B72ixYmc-00008-00001159-00001448": "[Daily 100 Squat Challenge] We’ll add one more zero to 10: a 100 squat challenge!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00009-00001450-00001575": "(soulless) Yeah…", "hF1B72ixYmc-00010-00001577-00001735": "I think I heard someone cursing..?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00011-00001811-00001882": "Someone threw a rock!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00012-00001884-00002195": "As we all know well,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00013-00002197-00002586": "squats are one of the best exercises for toning our legs and butt.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00014-00002588-00002919": "It’s a common movement in our daily life:", "hF1B72ixYmc-00015-00002921-00003049": "like when you stand up from a chair,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00016-00003051-00003220": "or when you get out of bed in the morning.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00017-00003222-00003416": "So doing a squats regularly is really", "hF1B72ixYmc-00018-00003418-00003597": "good for building the muscles we use in every day life.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00019-00003599-00003803": "So I’d say it’s a really important exercise.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00020-00003805-00004150": "I’ve made this one-month challenge chart for you", "hF1B72ixYmc-00021-00004152-00004374": "so that we can get a sense of achievement together.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00022-00004376-00004548": "Should we jump into the exercises, then?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00023-00004611-00004778": "[Daily 100 Squat Challenge]", "hF1B72ixYmc-00024-00004786-00005038": "First, put your feet shoulder-width apart.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00025-00005040-00005288": "Point your toes slightly outwards.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00026-00005290-00005575": "Put your hands lightly onto your shoulders.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00027-00005577-00005682": "Are you ready?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00028-00005684-00005832": "Follow my lead.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00029-00005834-00005912": "Ready, go!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00030-00005914-00006036": "Sit down slowly", "hF1B72ixYmc-00031-00006038-00006189": "and stand up!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00032-00006191-00006293": "It’s easy, right?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00033-00006295-00006556": "Sit down and stand up!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00034-00006566-00006830": "I’ll explain the correct method while we’re doing this.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00035-00006832-00007300": "The important thing is to sit as though you’re sitting on a chair behind you.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00036-00007302-00007591": "Push your butt back and lower it down.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00037-00007593-00007697": "A second point is that", "hF1B72ixYmc-00038-00007699-00007871": "your toes should be on the mat.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00039-00007873-00007994": "Don’t lift them off the mat.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00040-00007996-00008148": "Good. Right. Your toes.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00041-00008150-00008732": "Especially your big toes, keep them nice and firm on the mat.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00042-00008734-00009019": "Good. It'll give you good support.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00043-00009021-00009302": "Your knees should be pointing the same direction as your feet.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00044-00009304-00009596": "Wow, we’ve already done 10 while we’ve been chatting.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00045-00009598-00009756": "You’re doing well.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00046-00009823-00010150": "Breathe comfortably.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00047-00010152-00010357": "Exhale as you stand.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00048-00010359-00010657": "The key point is to not hold your breath.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00049-00010659-00011094": "Okay now, slowly. I feel like I’m running out of breath and my legs are starting to hurt.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00050-00011096-00011281": "If you’re like that too then you’re doing well.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00051-00011283-00011371": "Good.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00052-00011373-00011631": "If it's hurting your knees too much", "hF1B72ixYmc-00053-00011633-00011958": "you can adjust how low you’re sitting.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00054-00011960-00012355": "But as you get better at this", "hF1B72ixYmc-00055-00012357-00012556": "you can lower yourself down further to build more muscle.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00056-00012558-00012863": "If you’re able to, lower down until your butt is sitting horizontal to the floor.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00057-00012909-00013006": "Not much to go.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00058-00013008-00013156": "Not much left.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00059-00013158-00013413": "We won’t do a hundred squats all at once.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00060-00013415-00013643": "Let’s take a little rest after 5 more.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00061-00013645-00013770": "Not much left.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00062-00013803-00013910": "Are you all keeping up?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00063-00013912-00013987": "Yep.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00064-00013989-00014207": "Even though it’s hard, don’t forget to smile.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00065-00014277-00014471": "Am I the only one still smiling?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00066-00014504-00014791": "Good. Widen your knees a little.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00067-00014848-00015001": "Last one.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00068-00015075-00015245": "Stop. Well done.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00069-00015247-00015388": "Applause!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00070-00015390-00015569": "Take a breath.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00071-00015571-00015749": "This is how we’ll do it today.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00072-00015751-00015882": "We just did 30 now", "hF1B72ixYmc-00073-00015884-00015979": "and we’ll do two more rounds of 30.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00074-00015981-00016062": "Sound okay?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00075-00016064-00016366": "If you’ve been doing the 10 squat challenge", "hF1B72ixYmc-00076-00016368-00016556": "and this is too tiring after 30 squats", "hF1B72ixYmc-00077-00016558-00016790": "then you can stop here. You’ve already done a great job.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00078-00016792-00017013": "But! If you’re able to keep going", "hF1B72ixYmc-00079-00017015-00017210": "we’ll do the next 30 now!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00080-00017212-00017317": "Okay, ready?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00081-00017319-00017434": "Go.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00082-00017436-00017607": "Squat down and stand up.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00083-00017609-00017724": "Easy!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00084-00017726-00017994": "Like you’re sitting on a chair and standing up.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00085-00017996-00018215": "Sit down on the chair and get up.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00086-00018217-00018441": "Sitting up on the side of the bed,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00087-00018443-00018552": "and now stand up.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00088-00018554-00019102": "This exercise is really simple so it’s good to do whenever you get a chance in your daily routine.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00089-00019104-00019589": "Have you had the experience when you’re reading a book or studying hard, but you get really stiff?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00090-00019591-00019983": "In those times you can stand up next to your chair and do some squats!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00091-00019985-00020166": "That would be really good.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00092-00020168-00020357": "Are you keeping up?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00093-00020513-00020680": "What do you do if your knees hurt?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00094-00020682-00020894": "Don’t sit as far down.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00095-00020896-00021121": "But what if they still hurt?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00096-00021123-00021408": "Then check that your knees are in line with your feet.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00097-00021410-00021608": "Keep those things in mind!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00098-00021610-00021735": "And make sure you’re looking at me.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00099-00021737-00021841": "Don’t lower your head.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00100-00021843-00022088": "If you lower your head then your back will bend too", "hF1B72ixYmc-00101-00022090-00022459": "so keep your head up and follow along while watching me.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00102-00022461-00022576": "Smile!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00103-00022602-00022682": "Good.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00104-00022684-00022832": "Are you okay?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00105-00022834-00022929": "Why don’t we say “fighting!” together?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00106-00022931-00023203": "One, two, three: fighting!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00107-00023259-00023463": "I’m not tired at all, everyone!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00108-00023486-00023600": "Just a bit hot.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00109-00023602-00023737": "Yes, I’m feeling hot.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00110-00023739-00023853": "What does it mean if you’re hot?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00111-00023855-00024040": "It means you’re doing great.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00112-00024042-00024234": "5 left!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00113-00024331-00024674": "If you’ve been doing 10 squats every day and now you’re suddenly doing 30,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00114-00024676-00024908": "you’d be like ‘Wow, this is hard. Is it right to find it this hard?’.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00115-00024910-00025160": "It IS okay. You’re doing great.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00116-00025188-00025308": "Last one.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00117-00025382-00025472": "Well done.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00118-00025622-00025926": "“Bennie! My thighs are burning and feel weird.”", "hF1B72ixYmc-00119-00025927-00026072": "That’s totally fine.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00120-00026074-00026236": "You’re using the muscles on the front of your thighs", "hF1B72ixYmc-00121-00026238-00026413": "as well as your glutes.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00122-00026415-00026733": "It’s possible you won’t feel much of a burn in your glutes.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00123-00026735-00026930": "That doesn’t mean you’re doing it incorrectly.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00124-00026932-00027050": "It’s totally fine that you’re feeling it", "hF1B72ixYmc-00125-00027052-00027207": "more in the thighs than your glutes.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00126-00027209-00027367": "So this time what we’ll do is,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00127-00027369-00027484": "when we stand up,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00128-00027486-00027620": "we’ll focus on using our glutes.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00129-00027623-00027764": "For the next 30 squats", "hF1B72ixYmc-00130-00027766-00027971": "we’ll try to use our glutes.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00131-00027973-00028064": "Are you ready?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00132-00028066-00028168": "Let’s do it!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00133-00028170-00028371": "Point your toes outwards. (Jacket off because she’s feeling hot)", "hF1B72ixYmc-00134-00028373-00028451": "Ready, go!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00135-00028453-00028618": "Squat down. This bit’s all the same.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00136-00028620-00028858": "But when you stand up, squeeze your glutes.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00137-00028860-00029209": "Squat down again and squeeze your bottom.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00138-00029211-00029326": "I always say this:", "hF1B72ixYmc-00139-00029328-00029509": "imagine your butt is biting your pants!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00140-00029556-00029693": "It’ll help if you imagine that.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00141-00029695-00030003": "Sit down and, as you stand up, it's like your butt is biting your pants.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00142-00030016-00030403": "It’s like your butt is folding back", "hF1B72ixYmc-00143-00030405-00030804": "so from behind it looks like your butt is eating your pants.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00144-00030806-00031204": "If you imagine that, you might feel that your glutes are more engaged.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00145-00031206-00031498": "Squeeze your butt as you stand.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00146-00031500-00031628": "Are you still breathing properly?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00147-00031630-00031915": "Let’s keep doing this while we’re talking.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00148-00031917-00032155": "You’re doing great! We’ve done 10.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00149-00032268-00032576": "You might get bored if you’re doing this alone, right?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00150-00032577-00032782": "You can talk to me!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00151-00032784-00032886": "“Bennie, aren’t you tired?”", "hF1B72ixYmc-00152-00032932-00033066": "Of course, I’m tired.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00153-00033068-00033330": "But…", "hF1B72ixYmc-00154-00033332-00033516": "I’m so tired I even forgot what I wanted to say.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00155-00033600-00033727": "Even though it’s hard, we can do it!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00156-00033729-00033974": "We’ll make it! Not much left!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00157-00033976-00034277": "Each time you do a squat you can check", "hF1B72ixYmc-00158-00034279-00034524": "that your knees are pointing in the right direction,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00159-00034564-00034734": "if they’re pointing too far outwards.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00160-00034736-00034924": "Check if your knees are in line with your feet.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00161-00034964-00035125": "Don’t lower your head.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00162-00035127-00035225": "Don’t do this.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00163-00035227-00035362": "Keep looking forwards.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00164-00035438-00035592": "You’re doing great!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00165-00035594-00036102": "I bet this challenge is a great first step to help improve your health.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00166-00036129-00036319": "So let’s get through it!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00167-00036321-00036443": "Not much to go.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00168-00036445-00036560": "Really not much left.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00169-00036562-00036763": "We won’t give up!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00170-00036853-00036997": "Make sure you keep breathing!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00171-00036999-00037220": "Should we count down together for the last one?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00172-00037222-00037380": "8,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00173-00037434-00037574": "9,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00174-00037594-00037907": "last one: 10!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00175-00038103-00038211": "Well done!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00176-00038213-00038318": "We’ve done 90 squats so far.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00177-00038320-00038451": "So how many squats to go?", "hF1B72ixYmc-00178-00038453-00038505": "10!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00179-00038507-00038652": "Okay, now it's like we’re just doing the daily 10 squats!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00180-00038654-00038848": "Ready, go!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00181-00038850-00039062": "Squat down. One!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00182-00039064-00039249": "Let’s count down together!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00183-00039251-00039412": "Two.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00184-00039506-00039609": "Three.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00185-00039611-00039839": "Squeeze your butt. Four!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00186-00039842-00039910": "Good.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00187-00039912-00040153": "Knees in line with your toes. Five!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00188-00040155-00040430": "Keep your upper body forward. Six!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00189-00040432-00040717": "Toes firmly on the mat. Seven!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00190-00040719-00040944": "Grab the mat with your toes. Eight!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00191-00040946-00041204": "I can’t hear you! Nine!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00192-00041206-00041478": "Last one, ten!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00193-00041656-00041728": "Well done.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00194-00041730-00041975": "[DanoTV Subscribe and Like!]", "hF1B72ixYmc-00195-00041977-00042202": "You’ve done really, really well today.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00196-00042204-00042462": "Some of you will have done all 100 squats with me today", "hF1B72ixYmc-00197-00042464-00042779": "and some of you might’ve done 30 or 40 squats.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00198-00042781-00042866": "Both are good!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00199-00042868-00043113": "What’s important is that we always go a little further than we did yesterday.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00200-00043115-00043220": "You can just write down how many you did", "hF1B72ixYmc-00201-00043222-00043436": "on our challenge chart.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00202-00043438-00043760": "You don’t have to do 100 squats every day.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00203-00043762-00043940": "It’s fine if you only did 10.", "hF1B72ixYmc-00204-00043942-00044230": "I just hope that you’ll do this challenge with me,", "hF1B72ixYmc-00205-00044232-00044337": "thinking you’ll be with me for the next month!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00206-00044339-00044434": "I’m cheering for you!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00207-00044436-00044588": "I’ll see you tomorrow!", "hF1B72ixYmc-00208-00044590-00044714": "Bye!"}}, {"audio_id": "hFh9WF8pV3E", "text": {"hFh9WF8pV3E-00000-00004200-00004384": "foreign", "hFh9WF8pV3E-00001-00015136-00015584": "foreign", "hFh9WF8pV3E-00002-00016344-00016984": "foreign", "hFh9WF8pV3E-00003-00017752-00018384": "is", "hFh9WF8pV3E-00004-00018752-00018760": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "hFnKIH7iDYU", "text": {"hFnKIH7iDYU-00000-00000612-00000816": "I went to Krakow, Poland", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00001-00000816-00001125": "Actually I went to Krakow for watching Two places", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00002-00001125-00001366": "Auschwitz, Wieliczka Salt Mine", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00003-00001366-00001683": "So i will tell these two places in details", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00004-00001683-00001929": "Auschwitz...", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00005-00001929-00002070": "Very sad place", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00006-00002070-00002470": "When i was in the car to auschwitz They showed some documentary about auschwitz", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00007-00002470-00002670": "After a while", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00008-00002954-00003250": "It's here... THAT \"Railway\"", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00009-00003550-00003679": "The saddest place was", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00010-00003679-00003870": "The place where the shoes of children are in", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00011-00003870-00004170": "I recommend to go to there for inside in detail", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00012-00004170-00004770": "I didn't take a video inside of there for focusing on watching it... If you want to watch inside search it on internet!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00013-00004770-00005187": "After Auschwitz I went to Ghetto heroes square", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00014-00005187-00005580": "Ghetto heroes square the sadness from the seat which is left", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00015-00005580-00005880": "There is many chairs on the square", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00016-00005887-00006225": "These seats are not for sitting", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00017-00006225-00006450": "Before jewish people move to The camp", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00018-00006450-00006650": "They got together in here with their seats", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00019-00006650-00006866": "But...", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00020-00006866-00007266": "As you know if they went to The camp......", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00021-00007266-00007650": "After that seats and other stuffs were left in here lonely", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00022-00007650-00007883": "So for cherishing them some people made it", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00023-00007883-00008062": "some people made it", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00024-00008062-00008308": "Because i went to Auschwitz in morning", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00025-00008308-00008475": "My heart feels sad more", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00026-00008762-00008987": "And next i went to a synagogue", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00027-00008987-00009380": "Remuh synagogue Something holistic feeling different with church", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00028-00009380-00009680": "Admission fee and donation 10 PLN", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00029-00009680-00009980": "If you wanna go to inside You should put jewish hat \"kippah\" on head (Only man)", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00030-00009980-00010380": "Many hebrew phrases", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00031-00010380-00010680": "Let's go to inside", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00032-00010680-00011080": "This is inside Neat and beautiful!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00033-00011080-00011380": "The front part looks like this", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00034-00011380-00011780": "Praying as jewish", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00035-00011787-00012008": "It feels interesting by watching a synagogue", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00036-00012008-00012312": "cause i'm used to watch church and cathedral", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00037-00012312-00012583": "I could feel The only charming point of synagogue", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00038-00012583-00012866": "The next day i went to Wieliczka Salt Mine", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00039-00012866-00013260": "Wieliczka Salt Mine Salt mine? (X) Salt palace? (O)", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00040-00013537-00013787": "The story that i tell you now is NOT A FAKE", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00041-00013787-00014025": "It's real, 100% REAL!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00042-00014025-00014166": "I didn't buy a ticket on internet(Salt mine)", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00043-00014166-00014337": "I was trying to buy it by On-site booking", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00044-00014337-00014591": "But i felt afraid that there would be no ticket", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00045-00014591-00014879": "In the morning i bought a bus ticket in bus station", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00046-00014879-00015050": "At that time i heard korean behind of me", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00047-00015050-00015212": "Some four middle aged women didn't know", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00048-00015212-00015433": "how to buy a bus ticket", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00049-00015433-00015529": "I helped them", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00050-00015529-00015675": "Well... guess what", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00051-00015675-00016008": "They were having 5 tickets but someone could not go to there So only 4 people went to the mine", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00052-00016008-00016362": "So i was being their member looked around of the mine", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00053-00016362-00016583": "The four middled aged women from Cheong-Ju(The city of korea)", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00054-00016583-00016762": "THANKS!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00055-00016762-00016987": "So I could see inside of the mine", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00056-00016987-00017180": "The machine for audio guide", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00057-00017180-00017380": "entrance of salt mine", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00058-00017380-00017680": "If you are going downnnnnnnnnnnnnnn by stairs", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00059-00017680-00018080": "Salt mine advanture START!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00060-00018080-00018380": "I looked around of salt mine inside Like that", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00061-00018387-00018545": "inside of the mine was cool", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00062-00018545-00018840": "Here for you CAUTION", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00063-00018840-00019240": "You have to pay 10 PLN For taking a picture", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00064-00019240-00019980": "I could see many dolls about Salt mine", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00065-00019987-00020116": "Is it real salt?", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00066-00020491-00020620": "It smells not strong", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00067-00020620-00020870": "WOW... what is it? wow", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00068-00020870-00021170": "It looks like this", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00069-00021170-00021370": "Take a selfie in front of it", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00070-00021370-00021670": "explanation of kindness guider.... it was really nice!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00071-00021870-00022270": "The place explaining the history about The salt mine!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00072-00022270-00022670": "Amazing statue :)", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00073-00022670-00022904": "Everything is made by salt...", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00074-00022904-00023016": "It was amazing", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00075-00023016-00023145": "Especially The cathedral part", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00076-00023370-00023545": "It's really beautiful...!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00077-00023966-00024220": "It was like the castle From beauty and the beast!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00078-00024220-00024920": "Let's see inside!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00079-00024929-00025129": "This spot is the highlight", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00080-00025260-00025660": "So take some pictures", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00081-00025860-00026460": "have a meal in the restaurant (Buffet style, it was fine!)", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00082-00026760-00027026": "Riding an elevator for going up", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00083-00027220-00027362": "Finally i'm out", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00084-00027539-00027839": "This place was really nice!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00085-00027841-00028100": "Actaully There has many good places in krakow", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00086-00028100-00028516": "But i think in krakow This two places are the important spots!", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00087-00028625-00028812": "The place where i take this video now", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00088-00028812-00028970": "It's Praha, Czech republic", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00089-00028970-00029220": "The speed of making a video is getting slower", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00090-00029220-00029583": "Cause i'm doing everything Like taking a video, editing...", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00091-00029583-00029683": "I will try my best", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00092-00029683-00029920": "The next video is Zakopane, poland", "hFnKIH7iDYU-00093-00029920-00030133": "Expect good NATURE VIDEO!"}}, {"audio_id": "hFy-AUQz4Vk", "text": {"hFy-AUQz4Vk-00000-00000040-00000504": "one million dance studio, we had to unsubscribe from you due to multiple notifications. if your", "hFy-AUQz4Vk-00001-00000504-00000992": "videos happen to be changed to a dislike, i'm not sure if the first one had to expire,", "hFy-AUQz4Vk-00002-00000992-00001800": "because it's been 14 days, but i'm sure it wasn't. it did not expire, and this means i'm sorry, but", "hFy-AUQz4Vk-00003-00001800-00002568": "we have to unsubscribe from you. a second video if yours was changed to dislike just now. and it was", "hFy-AUQz4Vk-00004-00002568-00003247": "found on our liked videos after over 600 videos checked. i was about to eat more marshmallow."}}, {"audio_id": "hG0cKu-BWcu", "text": {"hG0cKu-BWcu-00000-00001420-00001803": "A film project that's created by our partners is called \"Apollo 11.\" It's a", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00001-00001803-00002305": "feature-length documentary of the entirety of the mission and it showcases", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00002-00002305-00002713": "large format film holdings from the National Archives that were digitized as", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00003-00002713-00003204": "part of this project. These particular holdings, they've been in cold storage at", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00004-00003204-00003540": "National Archives for many years so they're very well preserved and they've", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00005-00003540-00003976": "been physically tracked for a long time but they were underdescribed and in", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00006-00003976-00004419": "some cases suffered from a lack of proper identification. When I was", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00007-00004419-00004825": "noticing some of the first markings on the cans, that's what really got the", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00008-00004825-00005271": "research going that's what really made us want to investigate this further.", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00009-00005271-00005848": "There was actually several different specialized formats of large film that", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00010-00005848-00006367": "was used for the project. The group of Apollo negatives, those are 65 millimeter", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00011-00006367-00006973": "in dimension and it's a widescreen aspect ratio. It's a widescreen format", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00012-00006973-00007500": "that was popularized in Hollywood in the 1950s called the Todd-AO process.", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00013-00007500-00008080": "The other formats were specialized 70 millimeter engineering films and those", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00014-00008080-00008596": "have a much different shape to the actual image frames. The format itself", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00015-00008596-00009157": "presents many challenges and barriers to access and attempting to do any kind of", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00016-00009157-00009490": "meaningful reformatting of those holdings in the past has really been", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00017-00009490-00009950": "cost-prohibitive for National Archives to undertake these kinds of efforts.", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00018-00009997-00010260": "It has been a great digitization partnership for the National Archives.", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00019-00010260-00010864": "What our partners are helping us do is ensure that meaningful reformatting does", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00020-00010864-00011379": "take place and this material will be ultimately preserved for the long term.", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00021-00011379-00011923": "There was recently an IMAX theatrical release and the quality of the imagery", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00022-00011923-00012346": "and what it contained was just so striking. There's a real sense of", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00023-00012346-00012888": "immediacy, there's a real sense of being present, and I've never seen images and", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00024-00012888-00013530": "quality and in this presentation before related to the Apollo program. We are not", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00025-00013530-00013893": "finished with a lot of the preservation tasks that have to occur and the digital", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00026-00013893-00014484": "archiving, but we ultimately intend to make the collection widely accessible to", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00027-00014484-00014961": "the public. I'm just excited and proud of the staff at the National Archives and", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00028-00014961-00015500": "I'm excited that we are making an awesome contribution to the historical record.", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00029-00015580-00015900": "That's one small step for man,", "hG0cKu-BWcu-00030-00016040-00016400": "one giant leap for mankind."}}, {"audio_id": "hG1rEBplJu4", "text": {"hG1rEBplJu4-00000-00000056-00000195": "Guys, Dustin here at Mountain View Dodge.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00001-00000208-00000408": "I wanted to show you some exciting vehicles.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00002-00000408-00000525": "That came in here today.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00003-00000536-00000636": "If you wanna come with me.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00004-00001017-00001384": "Take a look at these 2013 Smart Cars.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00005-00001520-00001702": "I mean, they don't get any better than this.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00006-00001799-00001932": "You can fit them in the back of a truck.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00007-00001973-00002073": "You can fit them anywhere.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00008-00002089-00002201": "Park them anywhere you wanna go.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00009-00002215-00002433": "Park right in like the front of the Walmart wherever.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00010-00002493-00002642": "I've got 8 of these in stock.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00011-00002709-00002972": "You'd better come get them fast, because the're gonna fly of the shelve.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00012-00002990-00003107": "At $5,900", "hG1rEBplJu4-00013-00003132-00003319": "2013 and about 40,000 kilometers.", "hG1rEBplJu4-00014-00003370-00003705": "Call me today +1(403)586-3439."}}, {"audio_id": "hGkDx1w-FOA", "text": {"hGkDx1w-FOA-00000-00000060-00000600": "Welcome, everybody to this first episode of a brand new podcast,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00001-00000636-00001092": "which brings to you the expert, Bonnie Serratore. She's a Master", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00002-00001092-00001530": "Tracker, Master Healer, Master Shaman, master of all sorts of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00003-00001530-00001950": "things. And today's podcast, we're gonna be, we're gonna be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00004-00001950-00002322": "talking about spiritual topics throughout this podcast, all", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00005-00002322-00002808": "sorts of spiritual topics, including past life healing, how", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00006-00002808-00003144": "to heal trauma, maybe we'll get into some ETS. And we're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00007-00003144-00003483": "definitely going to do some dark topics as well, because I think", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00008-00003483-00003879": "it's really important that we get into some of the darker", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00009-00003879-00004284": "themes in spirituality, because people aren't really aware of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00010-00004284-00004569": "it. A lot of people don't really talk about it, I think partly", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00011-00004569-00004905": "because of fear, and maybe because of ignorance as well. So", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00012-00004905-00005190": "we're not going to shy away from that. And Bonnie is an expert at", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00013-00005190-00005724": "clearing dark influences. And the format for the podcast will", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00014-00005724-00006285": "probably be me asking questions, mostly, and I'll contribute", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00015-00006285-00006576": "where I can. So hopefully, it will be conversational. And I", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00016-00006576-00006948": "hope, I just hope everybody has fun. So today's topic is going", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00017-00006948-00007206": "to be on curses, because Halloween is just around the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00018-00007206-00007644": "corner. And this should be a pretty fun topic. And Bonnie,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00019-00007647-00007944": "before we get into the actual topic, do you want to add", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00020-00007944-00008156": "anything to the intro for our first episode?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00021-00008331-00008562": "I think it's just gonna be very informative. Like you were", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00022-00008562-00008907": "saying, Cynthia, a lot of people shy away from or they don't have", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00023-00008907-00009399": "any awareness of dark forces. So our work is very inclusive of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00024-00009399-00009783": "many things. And by bringing awareness, it allows people to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00025-00009783-00010098": "have a better understanding of what actually might be affecting", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00026-00010098-00010605": "their lives. In my experience, these kinds of interferences are", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00027-00010605-00011013": "very potent, and they affect people's mental well-being, your", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00028-00011013-00011442": "physical, your emotional, you can be affected in every facet", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00029-00011442-00011736": "of your life. But, you know, if we continue to believe that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00030-00011736-00012039": "mainstream consciousness and mainstream modalities are going", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00031-00012039-00012393": "to help us, then we're lost, because they don't, and they", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00032-00012393-00012753": "cannot. So this is very alternative and very potent, and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00033-00012753-00013026": "it does work, very powerful healing kind of modality.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00034-00013072-00013450": "Right. And very briefly, I just want to share that when I found", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00035-00013450-00013840": "your work, it changed things so much, and I've been on a healing", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00036-00013840-00014221": "path for about 10 years, and I've only known your work for", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00037-00014221-00014544": "less than a year and you've healed me more than a few in a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00038-00014544-00014908": "few months, then all those years combined. Like that's, that's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00039-00014908-00015361": "how, that's how amazing you are. And so it's really exciting to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00040-00015361-00015778": "bring a lot of these topics out to so that other people could", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00041-00015778-00016183": "benefit from your work as well. So let's get into it. What, What", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00042-00016183-00016341": "exactly are curses Bonnie?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00043-00016300-00016719": "Okay, curses, they can be very potent and powerful. Okay? So", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00044-00016300-00019595": "Bonnie, could you before you get into that, could you give us", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00045-00016726-00017152": "there's a lot of information about curses, I'm going to start", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00046-00017159-00017592": "with just things that happen in our life right now. So there's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00047-00017599-00018025": "very simple things that people do. Like, for example, I think", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00048-00018032-00018444": "everyone can relate to this, driving down the road, someone", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00049-00018451-00018856": "cuts you off, and you flip them off, or you have something", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00050-00018863-00019275": "negative to say about them, or you say, Oh, you wish bad on", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00051-00019282-00019729": "them. That is actually a curse. And it can actually have potency", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00052-00019649-00022944": "some clear signs, if somebody felt like they might be cursed?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00053-00019736-00020169": "and be powerful, okay? You and people need to understand this.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00054-00020176-00020595": "We are very potent, powerful beings. And when we're putting", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00055-00020602-00021000": "emotion behind something, it becomes even more potent. So", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00056-00021007-00021419": "those are very simple kinds of curses. Then we go into more", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00057-00021426-00021796": "where people are actually intentionally call, doing a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00058-00021803-00022244": "curse. Like let's just say that. You know, someone has an issue", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00059-00022250-00022670": "with a neighbor or something. And they have the ability that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00060-00022677-00023124": "maybe they've been playing with some of the runes or maybe black", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00061-00022998-00026131": "What are some, maybe two or three very clear signs that if", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00062-00023131-00023515": "magic or voodoo sorcery, witchcraft, but they can, they", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00063-00023522-00023920": "can literally conjure and create a curse for someone with", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00064-00023927-00024346": "intention. When that happens, those curses do not get lifted", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00065-00024353-00024758": "just because a person dies. This is why, for me curses are", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00066-00024765-00025198": "pretty, pretty important to be aware of, and to understand how", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00067-00025205-00025659": "potent they can be. So sometimes I've actually worked with people", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00068-00025666-00026085": "that have family curses, that means that a curse was created", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00069-00026092-00026539": "and cast upon somebody, maybe a lifetime ago, maybe 10 lifetimes", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00070-00026185-00029372": "these things were happening in your life, that you probably", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00071-00026546-00026958": "ago, maybe somewhere in your your bloodline. Somewhere back", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00072-00026965-00027405": "in the blood, bloodline someone was cursed, someone cursed your", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00073-00027412-00027775": "family, and they made it a family curse, not just an", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00074-00027782-00028208": "individual curse. The issue with those things is those curses", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00075-00028215-00028607": "continue, they don't end, they don't stop until they get", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00076-00028614-00029026": "unraveled or cleared. And if it's a family curse, depending", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00077-00029033-00029452": "on what that is, the family as people live and die, live and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00078-00029426-00032235": "have a curse, like a like actual potent one that was", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00079-00029459-00029892": "die, and new people are born and the family continues. They're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00080-00029899-00030311": "still being cursed by that particular energy frequency that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00081-00030318-00030737": "was cast upon the family. Now curses can be anything, mostly", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00082-00030744-00031156": "curses are more negative, they want to stop somebody, block", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00083-00031163-00031540": "somebody, cause harm to somebody, mess somebody's life", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00084-00031547-00031987": "up, you know, it's like an anger thing, or it can be a jealousy", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00085-00031994-00032406": "thing. It can be a revenge thing. But all the emotions that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00086-00032289-00035693": "intentionally maybe through like a ritual or something? Because", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00087-00032413-00032825": "we have, we, when we get upset with somebody, we get mad at", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00088-00032832-00033272": "somebody, and then we have ill wishes, we want to hurt them, we", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00089-00033279-00033719": "want them to suffer in some way to have some kind of discomfort", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00090-00033726-00034173": "in their life in the world. And, again, there's a lot of emotion", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00091-00034180-00034600": "involved. So there's a lot of different potency and a lot of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00092-00034606-00035026": "different ways that they can happen again, we do have people", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00093-00035033-00035424": "that can do black magic, that can do voodoo, that can do", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00094-00035431-00035822": "witchcraft, like the dark witchcraft, sorcery, wizardry,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00095-00035747-00038664": "I'm assuming those are more powerful than Oh, yeah, if", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00096-00035829-00036234": "then there's satanic Satanism, all of these modalities can", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00097-00036241-00036632": "create people using these modalities can actually create", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00098-00036639-00037037": "curses, cast curses on to people. And to unravel a curse,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00099-00037044-00037463": "we can do it, if you know that you've got a curse on you. If", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00100-00037470-00037896": "you have a sense of how to work with energy, you can actually", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00101-00037903-00038260": "unravel it yourself. But most people can't do that.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00102-00038718-00040771": "right. Okay, so how would people know?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00103-00040814-00041204": "Yeah, those are very powerful. Okay. So oftentimes, some people", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00104-00041204-00041531": "just have a sense of something's off some people, like I've had a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00105-00041531-00041705": "lot of people actually say, you know, I feel like there's a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00106-00041705-00042149": "curse on me. And they're right. Okay, so things that red flags", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00107-00042149-00042551": "will let you know there's a curse when you are living your", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00108-00042551-00043028": "life, and if it's a new curse, and things may start to change,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00109-00043028-00043382": "where all of a sudden, life was flowing in a certain direction,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00110-00043406-00043724": "let's just say maybe with work, making money having receiving", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00111-00043724-00044036": "money, and then all of a sudden, things start to go awry, and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00112-00044036-00044444": "you're not able to hold a job, or there's something changes", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00113-00044444-00044945": "with your finances. And things just continue to go down hill,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00114-00044948-00045236": "you know, you can kind of feel like a spiraling of downhill.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00115-00045275-00045725": "And then also, health issues you can have, all of a sudden, you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00116-00045725-00045962": "know, like an onset of something that begin to happen, where", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00117-00045962-00046229": "maybe all of a sudden, you're feeling like Whoa, my lungs, I", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00118-00046229-00046655": "can't take full breaths in my lungs, or now you find yourself", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00119-00046655-00047081": "having some kind of disease like diabetes, or high blood", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00120-00047081-00047525": "pressure. And it isn't because of what you're eating, or what", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00121-00047525-00047828": "you're not doing with your health wise, okay? It's like", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00122-00047828-00048137": "somehow, like, all of a sudden, it happens. Now, these would be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00123-00048137-00048539": "curses that are happening in this lifetime, that have", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00124-00048542-00049013": "happened more recently. So now when we start looking at curses,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00125-00049013-00049418": "that that happened, maybe earlier in your life stream, and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00126-00049418-00049748": "you're carrying them over, you're going to find that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00127-00049766-00050111": "certain aspects of your life, that seems like no matter what", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00128-00050111-00050612": "you do, no matter how much healing you have done, no matter", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00129-00050615-00050843": "you know, the kinds of modalities of healing that you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00130-00050843-00051275": "have done, something isn't changing in your life, something", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00131-00051275-00051536": "that you want to change, where you're coming up against the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00132-00051536-00052030": "wall, where your life isn't open and smooth. Even your heart", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00133-00052030-00052427": "issue, like the ability to receive. So what also happens", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00134-00052427-00052862": "Cynthia is we can actually feel energy, so, you know, truth is", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00135-00052862-00053177": "if the people are attuned to their own selves, the body's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00136-00053177-00053804": "always talking to us always. And if we have a curse, we can", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00137-00053804-00054154": "actually feel some of those sensations in the physical body.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00138-00054176-00054554": "So for example, let's just say that someone has cursed you that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00139-00054554-00054878": "they don't want you to have love. Okay, you know, so. So", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00140-00054878-00055192": "here you are, you know, in your life, you this, this is a this", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00141-00055192-00055514": "is a past life, you come into the world and you're growing up", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00142-00055514-00055763": "and then you start getting involved having relationships.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00143-00055787-00056165": "But no matter what, even people that seemingly love you like", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00144-00056165-00056561": "you, they go away or they just kind of fall away or disappear.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00145-00056597-00057067": "And no matter what you do, you just can't have love. They just", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00146-00057067-00057440": "never hold, it doesn't stick. That would be a red flag that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00147-00057440-00057707": "there's a curse on you. Okay, absolutely.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00148-00057747-00058173": "So I have a question. I have a question about what what if", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00149-00058215-00058650": "someone just has a really ingrained negative belief about", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00150-00058653-00059013": "a particular thing and that keeps coming around? And it's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00151-00059013-00059279": "not really a curse? It's just a negative belief. Could you tell", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00152-00059279-00059520": "the difference? Is that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00153-00059665-00060148": "Yeah, okay. So the the. Okay, so the negativity is also going to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00154-00060148-00060520": "have an emotional reaction. Okay, so we're like someone", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00155-00060520-00060883": "who's really negative. And always finding fault, judging,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00156-00060883-00061219": "the poor me, the the victim, there's always going to be some", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00157-00061219-00061566": "kind of sensation in the body, okay, so you're going to be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00158-00061579-00062047": "feeling an unconscious activation so to speak. So in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00159-00062047-00062383": "the negative, in the, in that negativity, we're going to have,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00160-00062398-00062674": "you know, like we'll feel a charge or zing or grab or", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00161-00062674-00063073": "something physical in the body, okay, it'll be an emotional and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00162-00063073-00063637": "physical. Now a curse, we, we're not going to feel a grab,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00163-00063658-00064282": "because it's a curse. It's a block, it's an interference. And", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00164-00064282-00064684": "sometimes I've seen curses, literally like a blank, like a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00165-00064684-00065062": "cloak, or a blanket can be over somebody, and it blocks all", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00166-00065062-00065416": "facets of their life, their ability to sense energy, their", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00167-00065416-00065836": "ability to connect, their ability to make money, the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00168-00065836-00066256": "health issues. So these are really strong violent curses,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00169-00066271-00066694": "intense curses, powerful curses, that can really affect the well", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00170-00066694-00067111": "being of someone. And sometimes the curse will be specific,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00171-00067126-00067468": "specifically for Okay, I'm gonna make sure you never have love,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00172-00067480-00067780": "or I'm going to make sure you never have health, your body's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00173-00067780-00068026": "going to deteriorate, you're going to have diseases or", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00174-00068026-00068647": "illnesses, something that cause you to suffer. Okay? And all of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00175-00068647-00069097": "those too, again, when it's us when we're coming from a place,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00176-00069097-00069505": "that's the the subconscious beliefs, our beliefs, there's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00177-00069505-00069832": "always going to be that zingy charge in the body no matter", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00178-00069832-00070243": "what, okay? Now, with curses, again, you're not going to get", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00179-00070243-00070600": "that same kind of visceral or that same kind of frequency in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00180-00070600-00071020": "your physical form, you're just going to be confused. And you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00181-00071020-00071344": "might have fear and anxiety you might stress over, like your", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00182-00071344-00071812": "thoughts will create energies in the body. But when you're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00183-00071812-00072124": "looking at your life, like let's just say for example, we're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00184-00072124-00072460": "dealing with someone who have been cursed about not being able", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00185-00072460-00072913": "to ever have love, okay? Like have a loving, full on loving,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00186-00072913-00073264": "committed relationship. So where you were, the emotional", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00187-00073264-00073633": "component of that is going to be, you know, the feelings that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00188-00073633-00074239": "come up from that. But the actual frequency of the curse,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00189-00074248-00074665": "where as we're saying, Okay, I'm cursing you, you will not have", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00190-00074665-00074962": "love, you will never know love. Okay, so I'm cursing that, I'm", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00191-00074962-00075334": "blocking you from knowing and having love. Okay, so when you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00192-00075334-00075679": "are in your life, and you're trying to have experiences,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00193-00075706-00076219": "it'll be the thoughts and the desires, and the wanting that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00194-00076219-00076597": "will cause an emotional reaction in the body. And when you're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00195-00076597-00077110": "more in a state of neutrality or just feeling into, yes, I want", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00196-00077110-00077569": "I'm going to have or I want to have love, it, what will happen", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00197-00077569-00077896": "is you're going to feel and sense something is not all", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00198-00077899-00078253": "right, something like again, I'm telling you, your body talks to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00199-00078253-00078667": "you. So you're what you're going to experience may be more of a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00200-00078688-00079144": "just like more of a sensing that, oh, something's here,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00201-00079162-00079651": "something is in the way. And it's not that emotional, intense", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00202-00079651-00080143": "feeling that we get, it's more of a questioning and a sensing", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00203-00080146-00080518": "of an interference, okay, because it does have an actual", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00204-00080518-00080968": "energy frequency to it. Curses have energy as everything does,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00205-00080977-00081475": "it's emotion, that emotion is whacking somebody and literally", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00206-00081490-00081808": "surrounding them. Or maybe it's in a particular area of the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00207-00081808-00082129": "body, like maybe right into the heart chakra. Or maybe it could", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00208-00082129-00082444": "be in that second chakra that could be messing you up, like", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00209-00082459-00082723": "never to be able to have intimacy like no one's ever", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00210-00082723-00082924": "gonna want to have sex with you. You know, I mean, it can be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00211-00082924-00083320": "anything. Yeah. So anything could is possible with these", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00212-00083320-00083425": "curses and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00213-00083550-00083958": "but the key though, is when we're it's more again, hard to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00214-00083958-00084330": "explain, but there is a difference. So if I'm in like,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00215-00084330-00084585": "I'm looking for a relationship I want relationship is not", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00216-00084585-00084912": "happening. So I might feel start to feel sadness around it.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00217-00084933-00085293": "That's my emotion. Okay. I might, I might feel", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00218-00085293-00085632": "disappointment I might feel or might have thoughts like, wow,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00219-00085641-00085947": "it feels like I'm never gonna have love. Okay, those are still", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00220-00085947-00086451": "emotional sensations. What I'm talking about is a frequency of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00221-00086451-00086952": "the actual curse itself, because we can feel those curses. They", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00222-00086952-00087405": "have energy, it would be almost like this, Cynthia, when we have", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00223-00087405-00087801": "like a frequency in our body, and we're going this is not me,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00224-00087810-00088161": "like we might feel something like down our arm or maybe in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00225-00088161-00088515": "our chest. It might feel like a heaviness or it might have a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00226-00088515-00088896": "density, but it doesn't, it's not an emotional thing. And it's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00227-00088896-00089388": "not a discarnate that could be a curse. Okay, so we can, it says", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00228-00089388-00089874": "it can have physical sensation without emotion. It could be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00229-00089880-00090219": "anywhere in the body. Sometimes people just feel like there's a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00230-00090219-00090684": "cloud over them. And again, it's not that emotion. Like if if we", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00231-00090684-00091110": "were connected to that it was like, if that cloud was part of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00232-00091110-00091494": "our life stream, and we had called that in or we had had", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00233-00091494-00091884": "something happened to us that made us feel the need to protect", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00234-00091884-00092238": "ourselves, we would have an emotional component connected to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00235-00092238-00092817": "that, even if it's from past lives, okay. So if it's a curse,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00236-00092829-00093123": "we're going to feel the sensation of it. We're going to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00237-00093123-00093468": "feel it's foreign. It's not really me. But we're not going", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00238-00093468-00093936": "to have that same emotional charge attachment that we have", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00239-00093945-00094296": "with all our other kinds of wounding, if that makes sense.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00240-00094329-00094362": "Yeah, does.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00241-00094330-00094849": "Yeah. So really interesting question is, if a discarnate had", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00242-00094849-00095119": "a curse, and they went into you, could you actually have that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00243-00095119-00095173": "curse?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00244-00095238-00095697": "Yes. Because what happens when anybody is in your body, you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00245-00095697-00096159": "take on their energy, whatever that is. So for example, let's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00246-00096159-00096483": "just say that you that someone came into your body, and they're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00247-00096483-00096855": "a smoker, you might all of a sudden find yourself either", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00248-00096855-00097383": "wanting to smoke or smoking. Okay? So the other things too,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00249-00097383-00097728": "people often have like illnesses, lung diseases,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00250-00097728-00098136": "whatever, you will begin to have those you will, you'll feel that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00251-00098136-00098436": "and you'll begin to take that on. And then you'll begin to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00252-00098436-00098910": "manifest or you can manifest those very diseases, illnesses,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00253-00098922-00099453": "emotional disturbances, curses of those entities that are in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00254-00099453-00099831": "your body. Because when someone steps into the body, they're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00255-00099831-00100311": "bringing everything with them. And you're absorbing that in in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00256-00100311-00100647": "your whole energy field. So you're feeling that and taking", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00257-00100647-00101064": "that on, so yes, if you've got a discarnate that's been cursed,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00258-00101070-00101433": "they come into your body. Yep. Now you're living their curse.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00259-00101454-00101871": "Wow. That's, that's crazy. We're definitely going to be doing a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00260-00101871-00102195": "podcast episode just on discarnates, as well, later. But", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00261-00102213-00102531": "right now, we'll just focus more on the curses. So can you give", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00262-00102531-00102846": "us like an example of maybe someone you worked with? Where", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00263-00102870-00103365": "it? They were cursed? And you lifted that and then things just", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00264-00103365-00103650": "changed? Completely? Maybe a brief example?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00265-00103705-00104122": "Yeah, yeah. I mean, I've had many, many, many, but I", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00266-00104122-00104695": "remember. Oh, yeah. Okay, this is kind of cool. There was", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00267-00104695-00105166": "someone it was a female woman. And she, she's one of the kinds", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00268-00105166-00105609": "of people that's very heartfelt, very loving, and kind, generous,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00269-00105673-00106039": "kind of like a healer, psychic kind of person. And, and she", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00270-00106039-00106453": "just felt like, she couldn't see things, she just felt like her", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00271-00106453-00106900": "sight was blocked, she felt like, again, that cloaking kind", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00272-00106900-00107527": "of frequency like cloudiness, and her ability to release,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00273-00107527-00107883": "find, sense energy was was interfered with. So she had to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00274-00107883-00108199": "struggle to, to be able to sense energy and really give", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00275-00108199-00108708": "information and her life making money. Like she struggled to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00276-00108708-00109057": "make money, you know, like she was, she was really a good, good", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00277-00109069-00109555": "psychic. But, you know, she just never, never could take off", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00278-00109555-00109939": "people would never come to her, you know, like, maybe someone", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00279-00109939-00110251": "would come but it would never grow her nothing grew her", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00280-00110251-00110857": "practice didn't grow nothing. So in the unraveling of all that,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00281-00110881-00111175": "when I was tracking back now, it came, this actually came from", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00282-00111175-00111619": "past lives. So it was quite a few several lifetimes, and back,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00283-00111652-00112348": "and she had been in a covenant of witches, okay. And she did", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00284-00112348-00112663": "something and she got cast down of that covenant, while all", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00285-00112663-00113050": "these witches got together, and they literally cursed her. You", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00286-00113050-00113460": "know, they wanted to, they wanted to really mess up, mess", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00287-00113460-00113818": "with her, block her. Stop her. Okay, so there was a lot of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00288-00113818-00114268": "emotion in the cursing. So in the unraveling, of course, I", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00289-00114268-00114676": "have to connect with the souls who did this and show them the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00290-00114676-00115033": "bigger picture show them that the dance that we all do. So", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00291-00115033-00115699": "they understand that the experiences it didn't begin here", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00292-00115699-00115911": "that they've had many experiences together and they're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00293-00115911-00116179": "playing all these experiences out, and then I show them the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00294-00116179-00116476": "bigger picture than I make sure that they're willing to lift the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00295-00116476-00116794": "curse. And if they're not, then I gotta find out why and go", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00296-00116794-00117157": "deeper. But once I know once that's cleared, then the curse", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00297-00117157-00117514": "begins to be lifted like they're, they're literally the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00298-00117514-00117853": "casting of this cursed the energy frequency that went", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00299-00117856-00118366": "around this woman. All those energies began to be extracted,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00300-00118366-00118804": "pulled off and out and away from her. And I was watching the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00301-00118804-00119131": "energy and literally, I'm like I remember, it looks like this", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00302-00119131-00119623": "cloudy cloak of energy over her that began to be lifted. All of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00303-00119623-00120028": "her energy begin to shift and change her third eye kind of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00304-00120028-00120367": "open, blew out the frequencies in that so that she could start", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00305-00120367-00120742": "to sense energy and, and, and then also lifting all the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00306-00120742-00121201": "frequencies of that curse off and out of her body and release", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00307-00121201-00121573": "that completely. But I also released the beings who had", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00308-00121579-00121972": "cursed her and accelerated them. You know, I always like to give", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00309-00121972-00122320": "back give, we're helping people no matter who they are. Because", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00310-00122320-00122518": "people it gets people get emotional, you know, that's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00311-00122518-00122764": "what's up, that's what happens. And they get hurt, and they get", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00312-00122764-00123100": "angry, they hurt back. So everyone's doing their best. And", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00313-00123100-00123496": "we all have these emotional issues, so help them. So once", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00314-00123496-00123997": "that happened, everything changed, like, almost", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00315-00123997-00124536": "immediately, okay? All of a sudden, she was, you know, her", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00316-00124567-00124915": "her ability to see energies and track energies and sense", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00317-00124915-00125404": "energies was more open. Clients started coming, money started", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00318-00125404-00125767": "coming. I mean, this happened within almost I even that's, I'm", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00319-00125767-00126013": "thinking that even that same day, all of a sudden, she had a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00320-00126013-00126285": "new client or something, you know, I mean, but it was like,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00321-00126292-00126706": "now that that was completely gone. Now she was free to open", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00322-00126708-00127183": "the energy up and be she was available. And people started", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00323-00127183-00127468": "coming. And she started making money. Just I mean, just like", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00324-00127468-00127780": "that was just, I mean, I know it sounds crazy, but it was that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00325-00127780-00128233": "simple. But curses can be so intense, they can mess you up,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00326-00128200-00128800": "You make it sound so easy. Yeah. So, that process you described", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00327-00128235-00128259": "like", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00328-00128803-00129241": "that's is that the only way to release the curses is to do all", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00329-00129241-00129343": "the things that you mentioned.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00330-00129465-00129804": "That's probably one of the best ways, you can also like if we're", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00331-00129804-00130290": "trying to do it ourselves. Again, when you have emotion, if", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00332-00130290-00130803": "you try to release the curse, without releasing the people who", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00333-00130803-00131193": "did it without the people that cast it, you may or may not be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00334-00131193-00131664": "successful, okay? But you can release your own curses. So when", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00335-00131664-00131970": "you want to do it yourself, like if you feel a curse, from this", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00336-00131970-00132438": "lifetime, you can like someone's cast something on you earlier in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00337-00132438-00132885": "your life. And you know it, again, you want to get a sense", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00338-00132885-00133116": "of Where's it coming from? Because you also need to get a", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00339-00133116-00133536": "sense of what is it about, okay, like, how is it affecting you.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00340-00133575-00134103": "And you will know that mostly by what you're experiencing, and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00341-00134109-00134406": "you can start to unravel that. So what you're going to do is", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00342-00134406-00134736": "you're going to oh here's another piece that I need to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00343-00134736-00135132": "mention everything, there's an agree at a soul level, we have", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00344-00135132-00135543": "agreements, okay? On the soul level, even in those past lives", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00345-00135543-00135834": "with that woman I was describing there was an agreement to have", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00346-00135834-00136158": "this dance. Okay, there was an agreement to know ourselves and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00347-00136158-00136491": "all these different ways. So we want to release agreements and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00348-00136491-00136833": "contracts. Simple, simple, put the white flame in front of you,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00349-00136869-00137175": "all agreements and contracts that you have with this being", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00350-00137175-00137439": "that's cursed you. Now you're going to ask for all those", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00351-00137439-00137727": "agreements and contracts to be lifted from your subconscious.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00352-00137745-00138096": "You might sense them, feel them know that it's happening, that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00353-00138096-00138489": "can be sparks of light words, templates, tablets, colors,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00354-00138489-00138786": "energy frequencies, symbols, whatever, but you want to make", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00355-00138786-00139014": "sure they're all out of your body, what you're doing with", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00356-00139014-00139452": "that is, you're now nulling and voiding the agreement that", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00357-00139452-00139824": "allowed that curse to happen in the first place. Okay? Once you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00358-00139824-00140520": "do that, then you can call forth the person that cursed you, in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00359-00140520-00140805": "this, when we're talking about this lifetime, this also applies", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00360-00140805-00141132": "to past lives, okay, so you just, if you don't know who it", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00361-00141132-00141621": "is, they the cursing is still connected to that being. So you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00362-00141621-00141888": "can ask for that being who cursed you to be in front of you", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00363-00141888-00142164": "now, okay. And as you're releasing your agreements and", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00364-00142164-00142464": "contracts, you're also having the agreements and contracts", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00365-00142467-00142893": "with you released out of that person as well. And then once", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00366-00142893-00143313": "the agreements and contracts are now null and void, then there's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00367-00143313-00143736": "no nothing to hold the curse, okay, so now you can either", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00368-00143736-00144108": "start just using light energy or spinning energy and, and just", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00369-00144108-00144453": "lifting the energy off off your own body. Or you can actually", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00370-00144453-00144798": "communicate with the soul that you ended the agreements with", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00371-00144822-00145134": "that have them start to pull the energy off and out of your own", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00372-00145134-00145587": "physical body, on all levels of who you are. Okay. And then once", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00373-00145587-00145917": "that's done, you help them and send them home into the light.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00374-00145920-00146199": "And that's easy as well. It's like pulling in the light of", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00375-00146199-00146547": "home, and you just show them the light and let them go. Now, if", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00376-00146547-00146832": "you want to accelerate them into the new paradigm, then you got", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00377-00146832-00147195": "to bring forth the energy frequency of the new paradigm in", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00378-00147195-00147492": "order to do that. Okay, but once you got that frequency of the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00379-00147492-00147885": "new paradigm, you can literally send them into that energy. And", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00380-00147885-00148263": "they'll go unless they're holding on to massive darkness,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00381-00148269-00148623": "then they can't go into the new paradigm frequency. Okay, that's", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00382-00148623-00148959": "another topic but yeah, so they won't be they wouldn't be able", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00383-00148959-00149268": "to go but usually, if they're light enough that you can help", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00384-00149268-00149532": "them accelerate to the new paradigm. Otherwise, just go", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00385-00149532-00149592": "into the light.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00386-00149634-00149883": "Okay, so there are really a lot of components that you've", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00387-00149883-00150267": "mentioned there and you do teach this right? You have Awaken the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00388-00150267-00150603": "Shaman coming up, and is that something that's taught is how", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00389-00150603-00150894": "to release curses? Can you tell us a little bit about that part", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00390-00150894-00150924": "of it?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00391-00150963-00151305": "Yeah, the Okay. So the shaman, the Awaken the Shaman is really", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00392-00151305-00151875": "about waking up your shaman, okay? And the ability to not", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00393-00151875-00152208": "just sense energy and all the different ways we sense energy.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00394-00152235-00152577": "But the biggest component of a shaman is the ability to track", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00395-00152577-00153078": "energy, the ability to move and clear and release and bring", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00396-00153081-00153579": "forth different energies. And so it's a major, major experience.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00397-00153597-00153864": "And it's a very potent experience and very powerful", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00398-00153864-00154389": "position to be a shaman to have the abilities to truly move", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00399-00154389-00154833": "energy and and track and clear energy. So yes, that's a very,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00400-00154833-00154938": "very potent, powerful program.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00401-00155058-00155352": "All right, and is there anything else you want to add about the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00402-00155352-00155529": "curses that we didn't touch upon?", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00403-00155608-00155977": "Yeah, so curses. I mean, they can come from all these", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00404-00155977-00156268": "different modalities. And sometimes we can call them", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00405-00156268-00156721": "spells that can be spells cast upon you, there can be charms,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00406-00156736-00157135": "there can be things like I was saying earlier about voodoo or", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00407-00157135-00157594": "sorcery, witchcraft, black magic, all of those are really", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00408-00157594-00157915": "dark energies, like if you've got something with black magic,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00409-00157915-00158338": "or voodoo, those are very intense. And I don't encourage", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00410-00158338-00158746": "people to try to unravel those themselves. Because oftentimes,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00411-00158761-00159136": "there are energies attached to that. What I mean, when I say", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00412-00159136-00159478": "energies, I say conscience, sentient beings that are very", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00413-00159478-00160003": "dark, and evil, and harmful. And if you're not skilled at this,", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00414-00160006-00160345": "you can really get hurt. So you know, I don't really encourage", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00415-00160345-00160591": "people to try to do this on their own, unless they are", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00416-00160591-00160915": "skilled, especially if you're dealing with these darker", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00417-00160915-00161263": "energies because it gets dangerous, really dangerous.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00418-00161287-00161428": "It's not fun to mess around with.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00419-00161535-00161889": "All right, and there is an upcoming clearing for Halloween", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00420-00161922-00162366": "that is for curses and hauntings. So if you're someone", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00421-00162366-00162726": "who is listening to this, you think you might have a curse. If", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00422-00162726-00163068": "the things that Bonnie mentioned really resonate with you, then", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00423-00163068-00163338": "you might want to check out that clearing it's going to be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00424-00163341-00163950": "October. I don't don't know the exact date. It's coming up one", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00425-00163950-00164235": "of the live group clearings. And of course, in those group", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00426-00164235-00164538": "clearings, you could ask Bonnie questions at the end of the", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00427-00164556-00165030": "actual energy clearing. And there is another one for curses", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00428-00165033-00165348": "in the that you did a few years ago that's available in the shop", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00429-00165348-00165741": "as well. So you can check that out. I'll be adding those links", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00430-00165741-00166167": "to the description of this podcast. So if those of you who", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00431-00166167-00166479": "are listening, you want a direct link to those, I'll be putting", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00432-00166479-00166908": "them in the description. And next week, we're going to be", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00433-00166911-00167244": "talking about hauntings. And that should be a pretty fun one.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00434-00167244-00167706": "I have one really cute story. And I know Bonnie has incredible", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00435-00167706-00167982": "stories. So that's gonna be really fun.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00436-00168219-00168522": "Those are very cool. Very cool. Yes. I'm looking forward to", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00437-00168522-00168723": "those. Yes. Okay.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00438-00168726-00169011": "This concludes the first episode. I think this was great.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00439-00169026-00169362": "And thank you so much, Bonnie for sharing your wisdom. And", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00440-00169371-00169785": "this will hopefully be a really ongoing series with us and maybe", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00441-00169785-00170025": "we'll have a guest guest in the future which would be pretty", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00442-00170025-00170172": "fun. Yes. All", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00443-00170163-00170391": "right. Thank you so much, Cynthia. It's been fun with you.", "hGkDx1w-FOA-00444-00170436-00170664": "Alright, bye everybody. Bye"}}, {"audio_id": "hGo4UfdMmIc", "text": {"hGo4UfdMmIc-00000-00000088-00000412": "Hi everyone! This screencast will show you how you can participate", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00001-00000412-00000789": "in the Learn Moodle live tutorial by posting your comments and questions to us on", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00002-00000789-00000866": "Google +", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00003-00000866-00001215": "So firstly you need to log on to: Google+ account", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00004-00001215-00001540": "....", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00005-00001540-00001936": "...", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00006-00001936-00002636": "and go onto your Google + home page", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00007-00002719-00003019": "If you've added Moodle onto", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00008-00003019-00003496": "your circles, you'll see the Moodle webcast here", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00009-00003496-00003876": "on your feed - so  all we need to do is just click on the button here.", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00010-00003876-00004246": "ask a question and that will bring up the", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00011-00004246-00004662": "live tutorial video as well as a panel where you could actually", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00012-00004662-00005027": "put in  your comments and questions to us", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00013-00005027-00005375": "so click on 'ask a new question here' and", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00014-00005375-00005677": "for example ... here's a question", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00015-00005677-00006023": "for -  to illustrate how you could", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00016-00006023-00006515": "just type in and so - this is a question.. and then all you", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00017-00006515-00007143": "do is click 'Submit' and we -", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00018-00007143-00007440": "we will then get your questions and be able to answer them in the live", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00019-00007440-00007506": "tutorial.", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00020-00007506-00007881": "If you haven't got", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00021-00007881-00008229": "Moodle in your Google+ circle", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00022-00008229-00008718": "then simply me go to your URL here and type in '+ Moodle,", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00023-00008718-00009189": ".. and that would take you to the Moodle", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00024-00009189-00009615": "on Google+ page so that should be the first", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00025-00009615-00009981": "feed here,  first post here that you see and you could access", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00026-00009981-00010281": "the webcast with the question ...", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00027-00010281-00010667": "feature enabled as well on here. So  that's", "hGo4UfdMmIc-00028-00010667-00010797": "all you need to do. Thanks!"}}, {"audio_id": "hGDk5tSa9k8", "text": {"hGDk5tSa9k8-00000-00000006-00000206": "What's up you guys, I think we are live", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00001-00000240-00000360": "Here so today", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00002-00000360-00000606": "I wanted to go through and share with you guys a free gift", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00003-00000633-00001007": "100% free tool for you guys to go through and use for your business", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00004-00001021-00001644": "This helps you with your Facebook marketing actually with your Twitter marketing as well as your LinkedIn marketing so this is kind of just like", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00005-00001644-00001916": "A little I guess special gift and bonus for me to you", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00006-00002010-00002498": "after this little sequence that we have for six days of going through and helping you get a", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00007-00002518-00003092": "Stronghold on your business condom marketing now the customized is the Facebook Ads email marking all those different pieces", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00008-00003092-00003292": "So what I thought I'd do is", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00009-00003292-00003530": "I will go through and kind of just like do maybe like a", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00010-00003540-00003998": "Two-minute demo so don't want to spend too much time on it because I think you guys will get the hang of it fairly quickly", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00011-00003998-00004370": "And then I'll give you guys the link and as I mentioned guys. It's a hundred percent free tool", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00012-00004371-00004709": "I'm not trying to like sell you anything on this. This is just kind of my way of saying", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00013-00004710-00005219": "Thank you for being a subscriber here on the channel and also if you guys are brand new here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00014-00005219-00005639": "And you guys have not yet subscribed make sure you guys subscribe because we launched a new video every", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00015-00005673-00006230": "Single day or pretty much every single day you guys on how to generate more leads make more money and grow your business so", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00016-00006282-00007028": "Make sure you guys subscribe and also obviously like today from time to time we hand out really cool free bonuses", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00017-00007029-00007550": "So I want to be able to go through and share that with you guys today, so let me just share my screen really quickly", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00018-00007629-00007964": "Just merge this over. Where do I do that again?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00019-00008040-00008378": "Okay, there. We go found the button alright guys so here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00020-00008379-00008808": "We are this is um the Arsenal social marketing tool", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00021-00008842-00009422": "This is kind of like we have like several different apps and different aspects to the Arsenal software", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00022-00009432-00009893": "And this one is actually just like a little free bonus for you guys, okay, so it's not the landing page", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00023-00009893-00010106": "It's not the email texmarq and all that stuff the CRM", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00024-00010138-00010338": "But the cool thing about this is", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00025-00010375-00010958": "That it'll allow you to go through and post a facebook your facebook business page your Facebook personal profile", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00026-00010984-00011189": "even Facebook groups that you own as", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00027-00011200-00011879": "Well as Twitter your Twitter business or personal whatever you want to use and your LinkedIn account all at the same time, okay?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00028-00011879-00012116": "So I'm just going to show you guys how to use this and the cool thing is", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00029-00012132-00012410": "Is you can spend like 15 to 20 minutes and?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00030-00012442-00012941": "Actually schedule out all of your social media marketing posts for the next like four to six weeks in advance", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00031-00012961-00013292": "so it's basically like a set it and forget it type marking tool and", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00032-00013344-00013530": "One the tools 100% free to you", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00033-00013530-00014018": "And it's you know just using organic post so you don't have to pay any money on advertising either", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00034-00014041-00014529": "Okay, so let me just show you guys is very simple so like the structure is not too", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00035-00014529-00014792": "Difficult like you guys will get the hang of this really quickly so we come in here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00036-00014872-00015152": "Let's say you type your message right there", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00037-00015202-00015536": "Dot dot dot you can throw in a link to your website or to wherever", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00038-00015562-00016149": "And then we come down here we can connect our Twitter our LinkedIn our Facebook account and then for example like let's say", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00039-00016171-00016382": "We'll use this real estate agent demo page", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00040-00016383-00016680": "Okay, so it's gonna pop up right here a little preview", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00041-00016680-00016988": "And if you click on I'm not connected with LinkedIn or Twitter right now", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00042-00016989-00017433": "But if you click on that it'll show a preview of what its gonna look like on those platforms as well", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00043-00017433-00017711": "So now you can go through you can add a link", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00044-00017734-00017967": "Okay, which is really cool? Or you can go through and say hey?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00045-00017967-00018305": "I'm gonna add an image or image and a link you could do either one you", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00046-00018361-00018761": "Say hey, I'm gonna click on this and let's see let's choose an image right here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00047-00018916-00019056": "We'll click on this one", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00048-00019056-00019536": "This is kind of this is from my this is the pool at the the reason what we're at in kawaii", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00049-00019555-00019857": "Just as past week my wife, and I so we'll choose this one right here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00050-00019857-00020243": "And then look at this guys you could choose a post date, so like say hey", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00051-00020244-00020495": "I want it to post immediately so you just check that or", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00052-00020548-00021053": "You can see right here. It shows your recently scheduled so some of these are already like kind of in the system", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00053-00021054-00021348": "So you got Friday May 4th, which is not tomorrow?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00054-00021348-00021803": "It's two days without and then we got Sunday May 6. So what we could do is say, okay?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00055-00021804-00022023": "We got Friday May 4 Sunday May 6", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00056-00022054-00022457": "You can do it every single day if you wanted to or you don't have to do it every single day or you can have", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00057-00022459-00022623": "multiples every single day like", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00058-00022623-00023180": "It's it's your it's your call on all this, so let's say next Tuesday, and we'll go", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00059-00023266-00023466": "Let's do it at", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00060-00023515-00023867": "10:15 in the morning, okay, so now we're gonna schedule this post right here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00061-00023986-00024288": "10:15 in the morning, then we go through we can click LinkedIn Twitter", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00062-00024322-00024708": "You can see I've got a lot of Facebook pages right here. You probably have one", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00063-00024708-00025266": "maybe two then you can also check on your Facebook personal profile as well and", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00064-00025333-00025820": "so it's kind of kind of cool right there, so you said schedule, and then it goes up and", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00065-00025941-00026471": "It's gonna show you kind of like an overview of all the posts that you have scheduled out over the next couple of days", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00066-00026472-00026622": "So you can come right here?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00067-00026622-00026769": "You've got the currently scheduled", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00068-00026769-00027308": "so you got like just kind of these three navigation icons over here a single post post schedule and", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00069-00027339-00027756": "You can connect you can see how many posts you got going out to each social platform", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00070-00027756-00028302": "And then if you want to say like oh, I can't remember what this one looks like just click on this right here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00071-00028302-00028785": "And you can see a drop down and see the picture type your message all that stuff and what page is going to be posts", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00072-00028785-00029261": "On so that's pretty cool right like I mean it's kind of a nice helpful tool for you and your business", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00073-00029338-00029982": "Doesn't matter what business you're in if you're a local business if you got marketing business like honest guys whatever business", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00074-00029982-00030420": "You're in because you guys can customize all the posts and then another cool little bonus that we've got is", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00075-00030424-00030734": "We've got these this library of content, so if you're like man Jason", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00076-00030735-00031214": "This is cool, but I don't really have like all the time in the world to go through and create these posts well look", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00077-00031214-00031904": "We've got stuff a real estate personal development success motivation fitness like for example you come over here the fitness you can say hey", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00078-00031905-00032363": "What's motivating you you got a funny little picture of a t-rex running after you right or you can say hey", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00079-00032377-00032645": "Tag a friend who's working for it or something like that?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00080-00032652-00033189": "So you got all these just like different options that are pretty cool to go through and use and the same type of thing you", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00081-00033189-00033328": "Just hit schedule", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00082-00033328-00033810": "What you find when you like you choose which page you want to go through so Fitness hero this page", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00083-00033810-00034101": "And we just hit schedule post it or whatever, okay, so", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00084-00034195-00034649": "Anyway, guys. Let me know what you guys think in the chat. I actually don't have my", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00085-00034726-00035223": "Don't have my computer pulled up, so I'm not sure who's all on and what's going on in the chat over there?", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00086-00035223-00035654": "But hopefully you guys think this is pretty cool drop a comment down below if you guys have questions", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00087-00035704-00035952": "But let me pull up the link here", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00088-00036001-00036467": "Okay, so are some marketing dot IO four slash social okay", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00089-00036468-00037059": "so the page looks like this alright, and so this is what you're going to be able to go through and see and", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00090-00037135-00037802": "You just click on this you create a hundred percent free account kind of nice, and you just get going right so anyway guys", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00091-00037861-00038297": "Arsenal market dot IO four slash social you guys can see that up there", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00092-00038302-00038488": "I'll also drop it down in the", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00093-00038488-00038982": "description as well as in the comment section so that you guys can kind of like have that and be able to", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00094-00038998-00039302": "Kind of see what's going on there, so anyway guys. Hopefully", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00095-00039303-00039846": "This is helpful a little free bonus from me to you for you know just thank you for being a subscriber here on the channel", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00096-00039865-00040150": "Try to like you know these out from time to time or other", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00097-00040197-00040655": "Valuable pieces of content like this little mini course training that we did this past six days", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00098-00040655-00040939": "so this is kind of like to recap this whole thing and", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00099-00040998-00041345": "Hopefully it's hope for some of you guys, so thanks so much and also guys really quick", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00100-00041345-00041411": "I know", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00101-00041411-00041959": "This is a stupid simple social automation tool for realtors, and I know most of my following our Realtors, which is great", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00102-00041982-00042242": "But even if you're like you know a fitness professional", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00103-00042297-00042986": "Dentist chiropractor or whatever you are guys it really it doesn't matter Kade. It's gonna work for for any of you guys, so", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00104-00043041-00043658": "that is what's good there, so let me just transfer this back over here, so anyway go click on that and", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00105-00043755-00044218": "Go sign up get a hundred seven free account not literally not trying to pinch yourself anything, so don't worry about it guys", "hGDk5tSa9k8-00106-00044219-00044894": "And hopefully you guys are able to use this and with that said hope you have an amazing day, and I'll see you all tomorrow"}}, {"audio_id": "hGbwArkQp8g", "text": {"hGbwArkQp8g-00000-00001482-00001574": "Sadhguru: Levitation?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00001-00001574-00002048": "Questioner: Yeah, I mean I get it if energy rises up or something but how can a body rise up,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00002-00002048-00002214": "I mean it’s against the, it defies the law of gravity or something.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00003-00002214-00002646": "Sadhguru: See, now I’m levitating.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00004-00003034-00003247": "Sadhguru: How could it happen – is that what you’re asking?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00005-00003247-00003458": "Or is it possible?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00006-00003458-00004122": "Questioner: Is it possible and how does it happen, and can you do it?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00007-00004354-00004884": "Sadhguru: See, is it possible?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00008-00004884-00005232": "It is possible.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00009-00005232-00005510": "How does it happen?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00010-00005742-00006196": "There are, there are many ways", "hGbwArkQp8g-00011-00006196-00006940": "or there are certain ways through which you can become less and less available to gravity.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00012-00006940-00007584": "There are certain practices, certain kriyas through which you become less available to gravity", "hGbwArkQp8g-00013-00007584-00008314": "because of this, one may levitate, it’s possible.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00014-00008314-00009662": "Or, when your kundalini raises with tremendous force, one may not levitate but you can see,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00015-00009662-00010034": "one’s body just taking off by itself and landing.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00016-00010034-00010582": "It doesn’t stay there but it takes off and lands, takes off and lands.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00017-00010582-00010834": "If you make a little effort – without any effort it’s happening", "hGbwArkQp8g-00018-00010834-00011662": "– but if you make a little effort, with little effort when the energy is high, it happens.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00019-00011662-00012214": "You must have heard of, you heard of Mayamma?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00020-00012440-00012616": "The lady saint in Tamil Nadu?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00021-00012616-00012876": "Mayamma, you’ve heard of her?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00022-00012876-00013136": "Nobody knew where she came from,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00023-00013136-00014004": "but it looked like, her features said that she must have been a Nepali but she never spoke.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00024-00014004-00014710": "She was in Kanyakumari, the very tip of Southern India.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00025-00014710-00014986": "Her friends were always dogs.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00026-00014986-00015432": "She had a whole band of dogs behind her.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00027-00015432-00016080": "She was so involved with these dogs that she would steal food from hotels.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00028-00016080-00016560": "You know in these small hotels they keep all these vada and other things?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00029-00016560-00016840": "She’ll just go grab it and put it for her dogs.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00030-00016840-00017500": "So, many times, people, even physically handled her.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00031-00017500-00018108": "People would beat her, throw stones at her because she grabs food from everybody and gives it to the dogs.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00032-00018108-00018420": "She never spoke.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00033-00018420-00018930": "Then people found, certain times when people went and watched her,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00034-00018930-00019208": "she would be just floating on the waves of the ocean.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00035-00019208-00019562": "She would just sit like this and simply float.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00036-00019562-00019932": "So because of that people stopped bothering her, you know.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00037-00019932-00020132": "They would protect their food of course,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00038-00020132-00020874": "but they wouldn’t abuse her physically in any way because they saw her floating on the ocean.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00039-00020874-00021422": "There are many ways you can make yourself less available to gravity.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00040-00021422-00021552": "\"Can I do it?\"", "hGbwArkQp8g-00041-00021552-00022194": "I want to walk on the planet, I have no intention of floating.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00042-00022382-00023070": "Certain people who follow the path of Hatha Yoga usually do these feats.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00043-00023070-00023478": "It is of no life significance.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00044-00023872-00024622": "Now, if you float or if you levitate for a few minutes in a day,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00045-00024622-00025090": "in what way does it alter your life?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00046-00025090-00026010": "Our whole effort here is that you can walk through life", "hGbwArkQp8g-00047-00026010-00026648": "very much on the ground but you can walk through life no matter what happens with your life.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00048-00026648-00027220": "No matter what kind of situations you face, you go through life untouched,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00049-00027220-00027577": "still like a child, as you were born.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00050-00027577-00027964": "How many things happen in your life, it doesn’t matter.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00051-00027964-00028274": "How many things go wrong, everything goes dead wrong,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00052-00028274-00029018": "every day is a crisis but still you go untouched through life – this is a miracle.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00053-00029018-00029294": "I want all of you to perform this miracle.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00054-00029294-00029602": "On your deathbed if you are like just born,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00055-00029602-00030198": "that means you have performed a wonderful miracle of going through life untouched.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00056-00030198-00030508": "That’s possible.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00057-00030508-00031076": "So, we are interested in performing that miracle.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00058-00031076-00031808": "Floating in the air, walking upon the water, what will you do with it?", "hGbwArkQp8g-00059-00031808-00032368": "Three days if you walk upon the water, it’ll be fine when you get all the attention.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00060-00032368-00032686": "Every day, if you start walking upon the water, nobody will look at you,", "hGbwArkQp8g-00061-00032686-00033022": "they’ll all take their speed boats, and buzz they’ll go.", "hGbwArkQp8g-00062-00033022-00033512": "Then you will also wish you had a boat, isn’t it?"}}, {"audio_id": "hHFkEcidvRy", "text": {"hHFkEcidvRy-00000-00000104-00000260": "- Hi everybody, I'm Phillip Goodman.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00001-00000260-00000362": "- I'm Chris Concha.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00002-00000362-00000554": "- And we're from the Nevada real estate group", "hHFkEcidvRy-00003-00000554-00000809": "at Keller Williams Group One, Inc. in Reno, Nevada.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00004-00000809-00001002": "Today Chris and I are gonna take a look at", "hHFkEcidvRy-00005-00001002-00001312": "the real estate market activity for March 2019", "hHFkEcidvRy-00006-00001312-00001491": "in northwest Reno.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00007-00001491-00001744": "- So if this is your first time previewing", "hHFkEcidvRy-00008-00001744-00002005": "the market reports, hit the subscribe button", "hHFkEcidvRy-00009-00002005-00002253": "and the notification bell right next to it.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00010-00002253-00002479": "- Absolutely we will be putting out a lot of content", "hHFkEcidvRy-00011-00002479-00002701": "this summer you don't wanna miss a single video.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00012-00002701-00002903": "Chris are you ready to look inside market insights?", "hHFkEcidvRy-00013-00002903-00003050": "- Let's do it.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00014-00003050-00003250": "(music)", "hHFkEcidvRy-00015-00003738-00004098": "- [Phillip] We're looking at single family homes in Reno", "hHFkEcidvRy-00016-00004098-00004445": "old northwest and Reno northwest suburban", "hHFkEcidvRy-00017-00004445-00004608": "for the month of March.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00018-00004608-00004975": "Chris, tell us what happened in Northwest Reno.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00019-00004975-00005248": "- [Chris] Units sold in March were up 25 percent", "hHFkEcidvRy-00020-00005248-00005564": "from February and only down a little from March of 2018.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00021-00005564-00005861": "We looked back three years, and saw", "hHFkEcidvRy-00022-00005861-00006199": "that March consistently hovers around 30 to 40", "hHFkEcidvRy-00023-00006199-00006465": "units sold in the northwest.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00024-00006465-00006677": "Inventory levels are much higher now than", "hHFkEcidvRy-00025-00006677-00006855": "they have been in the last three years.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00026-00006855-00007305": "In 2016, 17, and 18,  there was such a mad scramble", "hHFkEcidvRy-00027-00007305-00007675": "to acquire affordable housing that there was hardly any", "hHFkEcidvRy-00028-00007675-00007948": "available inventory in these areas because", "hHFkEcidvRy-00029-00007948-00008287": "inventory levels are higher now than last year", "hHFkEcidvRy-00030-00008287-00008463": "and there's not as high of demand.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00031-00008463-00008790": "Days to Contract is also higher than last year.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00032-00008790-00009154": "Surprisingly, median prices have dropped considerably", "hHFkEcidvRy-00033-00009154-00009394": "from last year, and even last month.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00034-00009394-00009686": "Percent of Ask Received is also down from", "hHFkEcidvRy-00035-00009686-00009947": "the summer peak, as it usually is in the winter", "hHFkEcidvRy-00036-00009947-00010247": "since there's so much inventory, sellers are eager", "hHFkEcidvRy-00037-00010247-00010475": "to move their properties and thus", "hHFkEcidvRy-00038-00010475-00010704": "concede more of their asking price.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00039-00010704-00010964": "- [Phillip] And for other neighborhood market reports,", "hHFkEcidvRy-00040-00010964-00011152": "be sure to click the link that you see in", "hHFkEcidvRy-00041-00011152-00011290": "the upper-right corner now.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00042-00011481-00011784": "- We are on our website seerenohomesforsale.com", "hHFkEcidvRy-00043-00011784-00011944": "and our featured property this month is", "hHFkEcidvRy-00044-00011944-00012354": "5302 Vista Ridge Way in Reno, Nevada", "hHFkEcidvRy-00045-00012354-00012583": "and Chris, why did you select this property", "hHFkEcidvRy-00046-00012583-00012769": "for our featured property this month?", "hHFkEcidvRy-00047-00012769-00012978": "- [Chris] This property is a perfect example", "hHFkEcidvRy-00048-00012978-00013201": "of what we just talked about in our report.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00049-00013201-00013413": "It's been on the market for more than 20 days", "hHFkEcidvRy-00050-00013413-00013683": "and the sellers are eager to get offers, thus,", "hHFkEcidvRy-00051-00013683-00013866": "they have reduced their asking price", "hHFkEcidvRy-00052-00013866-00014297": "by 2.1 percent to $439,900.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00053-00014297-00014544": "- [Phillip] Tell us more about the property then Chris.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00054-00014544-00014771": "- [Chris] It's a four bedroom, three bath,", "hHFkEcidvRy-00055-00014771-00015075": "2,272 square feet.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00056-00015075-00015351": "It was built in 1987 as well.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00057-00015351-00015604": "- [Phillip] Chris, for a 1987 property I like", "hHFkEcidvRy-00058-00015604-00015878": "this classic feature of the sunken living room", "hHFkEcidvRy-00059-00015878-00016166": "and looks like they done some really nice upgrades", "hHFkEcidvRy-00060-00016166-00016404": "with the flooring and the windows.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00061-00016404-00016501": "- [Chris] Yeah it's actually one of my", "hHFkEcidvRy-00062-00016501-00016642": "favorite things about the house.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00063-00016642-00016866": "The laminate flooring looks amazing plus", "hHFkEcidvRy-00064-00016866-00017153": "the windows -- it really brings a lot of lighting", "hHFkEcidvRy-00065-00017153-00017308": "into this house.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00066-00017308-00017648": "Natural sunlight is just pouring into every room.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00067-00017832-00018010": "- [Phillip] Chris it takes two looks at the kitchen", "hHFkEcidvRy-00068-00018010-00018325": "to get a real good understanding of exactly how much", "hHFkEcidvRy-00069-00018325-00018625": "counter and cabinet space you get with this kitchen.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00070-00018625-00018822": "- [Chris] You know, the photos do no justice.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00071-00018822-00019021": "As you can see, there are a lot of cabinets,", "hHFkEcidvRy-00072-00019021-00019342": "a lot of space which is ideal for when", "hHFkEcidvRy-00073-00019342-00019481": "you wanna be in the kitchen.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00074-00019481-00019637": "Another great feature about this house", "hHFkEcidvRy-00075-00019637-00020036": "is actually the master tub with the great views.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00076-00020036-00020259": "- [Phillip] And lastly Chris, this backyard in", "hHFkEcidvRy-00077-00020259-00020390": "pretty good shape, could definitely", "hHFkEcidvRy-00078-00020390-00020547": "use a little bit of TLC.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00079-00020547-00020731": "- [Chris] I agree, but it has a lot of potential.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00080-00020731-00020917": "- [Phillip] To see more listings by the Nevada Real", "hHFkEcidvRy-00081-00020917-00021094": "Estate Group, click the link you see in", "hHFkEcidvRy-00082-00021094-00021207": "the upper-right corner now.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00083-00021207-00021408": "So there's your look back at the March 2019", "hHFkEcidvRy-00084-00021408-00021650": "real estate market activity in northwest Reno.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00085-00021650-00021886": "If you are ready to take a look at that incredible", "hHFkEcidvRy-00086-00021886-00022056": "property that Chris and I looked at,", "hHFkEcidvRy-00087-00022056-00022160": "you can contact him.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00088-00022160-00022410": "His information is in the YouTube description below.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00089-00022410-00022682": "For Chris Concha and the Nevada Real Estate Group", "hHFkEcidvRy-00090-00022682-00022899": "at Keller Williams Group One, Inc. in Reno, Nevada", "hHFkEcidvRy-00091-00022899-00023186": "I'm Phillip Goodman, we'll see you next time.", "hHFkEcidvRy-00092-00023186-00023386": "(music)"}}, {"audio_id": "hHTrUsM5hvu", "text": {"hHTrUsM5hvu-00000-00000810-00001360": "It was a long time ago when I first came here. I think in 2003.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00001-00001500-00001839": "So it was 12 years ago.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00002-00001900-00002280": "A friend of mine told me that they'd been going to this wonderful place.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00003-00002300-00002980": "I'd have all kinds of problems emotionally, but it turned out those were physical ones too. I used to had a hump, 5 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:36,400 and my spine was deformed in various directions. And so I ended up staying here somehow.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00004-00003660-00004140": "For 2 years, I was coming 2-3 times a week.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00005-00004170-00004690": "Those 2 years were very intense in my life,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00006-00004730-00005220": "people left my life, others came.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00007-00005230-00005660": "I was crying and suffering a lot,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00008-00005900-00006440": "but Vali (Anamé) was always a very strong support in this,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00009-00006600-00007370": "she helped me a lot, even if only with her presence.  She even called me once to ask how I was,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00010-00007430-00008270": "I had no idea that she could feel how much I was suffering. And then I came here, and we talked,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00011-00008340-00009080": "and sometimes I just appear unexpectedly ever since.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00012-00009090-00009880": "Sometimes I don't come for 5 years, and then I'm here,  and this has always been a great support in my life.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00013-00009940-00010390": "I've learnt to sigh big, and to let go of things with it,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00014-00010410-00011470": "And I've learnt that there is a great power in me that can get me through difficulties.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00015-00011490-00011910": "When I see on the internet that there is something happening here that I just shouldn't miss,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00016-00011930-00012600": "then I come.  I feel that Vali’s always here for me.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00017-00012580-00012940": "Even if we don’t meet for years.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00018-00013040-00013550": "Yes, this is true. And with you the big thing was,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00019-00013600-00014060": "but thank God we can’t show it anymore.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00020-00014069-00014210": "This is what I used to look like.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00021-00014290-00015050": "We can’t even demonstrate how it was, it used to look like this, plus you used to have that big hump,", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00022-00015060-00015610": "and this here used to be sucked in.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00023-00015800-00016280": "It was a congenital spine deformity", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00024-00016319-00016930": "and the wonderful thing was that it wasn't why you came, you didn’t even think that it was possible to fix it.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00025-00016940-00017050": "No, I had no idea.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00026-00017070-00017610": "Yes, you were like 'it is what it is'.  And then I told you in one class", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00027-00017630-00018220": "that 'Bettina, you don’t have a hump anymore.' She looked at me and was like, 'I know but I can't believe it.'", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00028-00018240-00019220": "It took a while for it to sink in. And it was because of this blockage at the heart chakra, the reason you were crying and feeling low.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00029-00019230-00019590": "It's called a purification symptom.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00030-00019610-00020240": "This was the price to pay for it. If you think about it, bones were moving to their right place in your body.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00031-00020260-00020960": "Your sternum, your shoulders, shoulder blades and the whole spine. This is a huge twist.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00032-00020980-00021690": "Emotionally it was the same process, and the blockage that had kept that condition up was dissolving.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00033-00021730-00021940": "This was that big suffering behind it.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00034-00021960-00022060": "Thank you very much.", "hHTrUsM5hvu-00035-00022080-00022880": "Thank you, if you knew how much this inspires me,  this is a miracle. You're wonderful."}}, {"audio_id": "hHZ2HvftGxA", "text": {"hHZ2HvftGxA-00000-00000968-00001344": "Welcome to general shop safety: rigging and lifting.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00001-00001496-00002016": "In this lesson, we'll introduce machine shop students to basic lifting and rigging techniques.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00002-00002016-00002432": "We'll review the required equipment and explore safe operating procedures.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00003-00002512-00002952": "This information is not intended to show the student how to perform rigging and lifting,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00004-00002952-00003415": "but to help him or her recognize safe and unsafe rigging and lifting practices.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00005-00003576-00004120": "Rigging is the preparation of a load prior to being moved. In this unit, we will concentrate", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00006-00004120-00004840": "on cable sling rigging, chain sling rigging, and synthetic web slings. You can read the following", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00007-00004840-00005504": "information at your own pace. (Click the next button to proceed to the next page) A sling is", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00008-00005504-00006080": "a synthetic webbing designed in a configuration for hoisting, lifting, and lowering applications.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00009-00006328-00006808": "Cable slings, or wire rope slings, are made up of individual strands of wire.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00010-00006808-00007304": "The number of strands and wires, the type of material, and the nature of the core,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00011-00007304-00007823": "will depend on the intended purpose of the wire rope. We must always determine the weight of the", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00012-00007823-00008560": "load before we begin selecting the sling type. As with any rigging and lifting efforts, we visually", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00013-00008560-00009120": "inspect all cable slings. Before use, remove from service if the following conditions are present:", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00014-00009272-00009920": "10 randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or five broken wires in one strand in one rope", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00015-00009920-00010520": "lay, wear or scraping of outside wires reducing the individual wire diameter by one-third.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00016-00010608-00011104": "Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or any other damage resulting in distortion of the wire", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00017-00011104-00011736": "rope structure. Evidence of heat damage and attachments cracked deformed or worn,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00018-00011800-00012552": "corrosion of rope or end attachments. Safety precautions: a cutting edge cuts the life of the", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00019-00012552-00013119": "sling. Use blocking, padding, or a corner saddle when the cable must go around sharp corners.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00020-00013232-00013463": "Remove any kinks in the sling before using.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00021-00013560-00014112": "Use a sling large enough for the load. The smaller the angle of the sling the lower the lifting", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00022-00014112-00014784": "capacity. Do not jerk loads. Jerking may double the stress on your sling. Llift loads gradually.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00023-00014872-00015336": "Hang the sling up after every use. This will help to keep it clean, undamaged,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00024-00015336-00016024": "and ready for use. For the next job try to avoid using chains when it's possible to use wire rope.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00025-00016112-00016648": "The failure of a single link of a chain results in the complete failure of the chain whereas a cable", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00026-00016648-00017296": "is made up of many wires and strands and they must all fail before the rope breaks. Chains give no", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00027-00017296-00017840": "warning as to when they are going to fail. A wire rope will show visible signs of impending failure.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00028-00017944-00018368": "Chains are better suited for certain jobs as they will withstand rougher handling and they", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00029-00018368-00018936": "won't kink. Chains are much more resistant to abrasion and corrosion than wire ropes are.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00030-00019000-00019400": "Chains are well suited as slings in the machine shop for lifting heavy castings.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00031-00019552-00020144": "Use the following chain safety tips as a guide: take up slack then start to load slowly.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00032-00020208-00020616": "A chain has no elasticity and does not react well to shock loading.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00033-00020720-00021248": "Never shorten the chain by tying a knot in it. A chain has its maximum strength with", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00034-00021248-00021848": "the load running in a straight line. Always use softeners on the corners of rectangular loads.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00035-00022032-00022424": "Lift from the center of hooks. Avoid lifting from the point of the hook.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00036-00022512-00023208": "Distribute the load evenly on all legs. Inspect chains regularly. Look for elongated links.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00037-00023328-00023984": "Never exceed the estimated rating capacity of the chain and don't drop loads onto the chain.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00038-00024088-00024568": "Synthetic web slings are used extensively in the machine shop for rigging purposes because", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00039-00024568-00025112": "they are easy to use and they won't mar or scratch finished surfaces. Web slings are", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00040-00025112-00025632": "usually made of nylon or polyester. Nylon has a stronger rating than polyester does.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00041-00025768-00026312": "Synthetic web slings: because of their flexibility and elasticity are a very popular rigging tool.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00042-00026392-00026912": "The material with which these synthetic slings are made allows them to be flexible but it also", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00043-00026912-00027536": "makes them susceptible to heat and sharp edges. Synthetic web slings must be well taken care of", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00044-00027536-00028208": "and the user must always be aware of sharp corners, welding sparks, and metal chips. Slings", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00045-00028208-00028720": "used in environments where they are subject to continuous exposure to ultraviolet light", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00046-00028720-00029288": "should be proof tested to two times the rated capacity annually or more frequently. Depending", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00047-00029288-00029848": "on the severity of exposure, the double choker hitch seems to be preferred by many", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00048-00029848-00030336": "good riggers because it is twice as strong as a single choker hitch in the same sling type.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00049-00030695-00031272": "Basket hitches: whether single or double, may be used successfully in a variety of applications,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00050-00031272-00031936": "however they have inherent limitations as indicated in figure 7. Loads vary in physical", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00051-00031936-00032504": "dimensions, shape, and weight. Where and how to attach slings is important to a rigger", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00052-00032616-00033184": "in a contact sling hitch. The sling passes entirely around the load in its simplest form.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00053-00033184-00033824": "The sling has a loop or eye on each end and is referred to as a choker sling, or choker. One loop", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00054-00033824-00034392": "passes through the other forming a slip noose. Where overhead space is limited a double wrapper", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00055-00034392-00034952": "choker hitch is acceptable. One of the useful hitches available to riggers is the adjusting", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00056-00034952-00035504": "hitch. It is particularly useful when lifting an object that is heavier on one end than the other.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00057-00035576-00036048": "The adjusting hitch makes it fairly easy to adjust the length of the legs of the bridle", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00058-00036048-00036584": "to maintain the load level. This hitch should not be loaded any more than a single basket hitch.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00059-00036656-00037128": "The effective length of the adjusting hitch can be easily changed to suit job conditions.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00060-00037184-00037624": "Once the weight of the load comes onto the sling no further change in length occurs.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00061-00037752-00038112": "Lifting should only be done by a certified lift or crane operator.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00062-00038192-00038616": "Before a lift can be used, the operator must know all of the functions of the lift.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00063-00038704-00039216": "Although this unit of instruction is not intended to show you how to operate a crane or hoist,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00064-00039216-00039600": "here are some safety tips to adhere to while around lifting devices.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00065-00039728-00040368": "Start and stop any lift slowly. Lift the load straight up to ensure that the load does not swing", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00066-00040504-00041008": "when raising, lowering, or moving the load. Ensure that it will safely clear nearby equipment.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00067-00041144-00041376": "Make all moves slowly to prevent swinging.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00068-00041520-00042200": "Personnel are not permitted to ride on the hook or the load. Make certain that no personnel are", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00069-00042200-00042856": "ever permitted to pass under a load. Under no circumstances are side pulls permitted.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00070-00042992-00043368": "Make sure that the rigging and the hoist will handle the specified load weight.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00071-00043512-00043832": "Signals for crane movement are only given by one person.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00072-00043968-00044648": "Here are signals for crane movement. Hoist: with the forearm vertical and forefinger pointing up,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00073-00044648-00045400": "move the hand in a small horizontal circle. Lower: with the arm extended downward and forefinger", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00074-00045400-00046080": "pointed down, move the hand in a small horizontal circle. Bridge travel: with the arm extended", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00075-00046080-00046616": "forward and hand open and slightly raised, make a pushing motion in the direction of travel", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00076-00046776-00047296": "trolley. Travel: with palm up fingers closed and thumb pointing in the direction of motion,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00077-00047352-00048136": "jerk hand horizontally. Stop: with arm extended palm down, move arm back and forth.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00078-00048320-00048920": "Emergency stop: both arms extended palms down, move arms back and forth.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00079-00049072-00049736": "Multiple trolleys: hold up one finger for block marked one, and two fingers for block marked two,", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00080-00049800-00050608": "regular signals follow. Move slowly: use one hand to give any motion signal and place the other hand", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00081-00050608-00051224": "motionless in front of the hand giving the signal. The signal in the picture shown is hoist slowly.", "hHZ2HvftGxA-00082-00051344-00051816": "You have completed this activity : General shop safety: rigging and lifting."}}, {"audio_id": "hI58-4COfNQ", "text": {"hI58-4COfNQ-00000-00000000-00000245": "[MUSIC PLAYING]", "hI58-4COfNQ-00001-00000735-00000799": "Hi, I'm Josh.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00002-00000799-00000933": "I'm from Kings Meadows High School.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00003-00000933-00001091": "And we're here at Simon Anchor Studio", "hI58-4COfNQ-00004-00001091-00001282": "to talk to Simon about the design industry.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00005-00001282-00001610": "Let's go have a chat.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00006-00001610-00001882": "So, what's your role here at Simon Anchor Studio?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00007-00001882-00002213": "So I'm the owner.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00008-00002213-00002546": "Between myself and my wife, we run the practice.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00009-00002546-00002821": "And I also have an occasional employee.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00010-00002821-00003364": "So I my role is designing and making and coordinating.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00011-00003364-00003565": "Yeah, it keeps me been pretty busy.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00012-00003565-00003865": "What does a typical day look like?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00013-00003865-00003997": "Every day is different.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00014-00003997-00004339": "Yeah, I think no day is typical apart", "hI58-4COfNQ-00015-00004339-00004585": "from arriving, pulling up the roller door,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00016-00004585-00004988": "stoking the fire in winter time, and assessing", "hI58-4COfNQ-00017-00004988-00005109": "what there is to do.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00018-00005109-00005658": "That could be a mix of finishing or fabricating or organizing,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00019-00005658-00005903": "packing and wrapping.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00020-00005903-00006126": "And on the odd day, actually having", "hI58-4COfNQ-00021-00006126-00006426": "a really dedicated design day, which is great,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00022-00006426-00006526": "model making and stuff.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00023-00006526-00006827": "So it's pretty different.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00024-00006827-00007095": "And I think that's what keeps me stimulated.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00025-00007095-00007465": "What's your favorite part of being a designer?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00026-00007465-00007712": "I love the challenges, so the challenges", "hI58-4COfNQ-00027-00007712-00008062": "from meeting a particular client's brief.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00028-00008062-00008594": "Often there's a budgetary constraint, material strength", "hI58-4COfNQ-00029-00008594-00009017": "or weakness that you've got to overcome, time.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00030-00009017-00009269": "Every stage of the design process,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00031-00009269-00009626": "there's a little challenge to overcome and execute.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00032-00009626-00009826": "What are some of the opportunities and benefits", "hI58-4COfNQ-00033-00009826-00010048": "of the industry people don't realize?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00034-00010048-00010548": "Look, I think it's about being observant and really taking", "hI58-4COfNQ-00035-00010548-00010885": "note of your surroundings and seeing opportunities", "hI58-4COfNQ-00036-00010885-00011165": "that might not be presenting.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00037-00011165-00011440": "So if you're observant, you can see an opportunity", "hI58-4COfNQ-00038-00011440-00011678": "and then make a bee-line for it and tap", "hI58-4COfNQ-00039-00011678-00012196": "into the little niches that exist that others are missing.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00040-00012196-00012477": "And so, there's plenty of those opportunities.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00041-00012477-00012736": "What experience and education do you have?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00042-00012736-00012961": "I've got quite a bit of experience", "hI58-4COfNQ-00043-00012961-00013236": "from being a student for many years.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00044-00013236-00013471": "I've done three degrees.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00045-00013471-00014038": "So I studied at the art school down in Hobart, Hunter Street.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00046-00014038-00014397": "And did a bachelor of fine arts and, then,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00047-00014397-00014854": "majored in honors as well, focusing on furniture design.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00048-00014854-00015115": "I came up to Launceston and studied", "hI58-4COfNQ-00049-00015115-00015353": "at the School of Architecture and Design", "hI58-4COfNQ-00050-00015353-00015652": "and did the bachelor in environmental design.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00051-00015652-00016091": "And halfway through the bachelor in architecture,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00052-00016091-00016408": "which is now the masters of architecture,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00053-00016408-00016737": "that coincided with getting a full-time job", "hI58-4COfNQ-00054-00016737-00016974": "running the furniture program at the university.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00055-00016974-00017239": "So having it from student but, also then,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00056-00017239-00017537": "from teaching in the university as well, which", "hI58-4COfNQ-00057-00017537-00017707": "I've done for 10 years.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00058-00017707-00018077": "What got you interested in design in the first place?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00059-00018077-00018274": "I come from a family of designers", "hI58-4COfNQ-00060-00018274-00018564": "and architects and artists.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00061-00018564-00018945": "So I guess it was in the blood in a little way.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00062-00018945-00019319": "And being supported to pursue those interests", "hI58-4COfNQ-00063-00019319-00019944": "and encouraged probably led me down the path I've taken.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00064-00019944-00020210": "Who's suited to something like this?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00065-00020210-00021023": "Anyone who's positive and has a can-do attitude,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00066-00021023-00021258": "isn't afraid of making mistakes.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00067-00021258-00021485": "Because you'll make plenty of mistakes as a designer.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00068-00021485-00021839": "And it's the way you come up with your best designs,", "hI58-4COfNQ-00069-00021839-00022217": "actually, through realizing where you might have assumed", "hI58-4COfNQ-00070-00022217-00022605": "certain things and then having that desire to actually correct", "hI58-4COfNQ-00071-00022605-00023161": "that or right that or persevere with your inquiry and research.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00072-00023161-00023898": "So really, anyone who has a bit of desire to create and forge", "hI58-4COfNQ-00073-00023898-00024375": "a bit of a career or run their own race, in a way.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00074-00024375-00024617": "For someone wanting to get into the design industry, what", "hI58-4COfNQ-00075-00024617-00024930": "pathway should they follow?", "hI58-4COfNQ-00076-00024930-00025279": "Just maturing and growing and taking on life experience.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00077-00025279-00025562": "Because when you come into design, it's those life", "hI58-4COfNQ-00078-00025562-00025835": "experiences that you reflect on.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00079-00025835-00026086": "And they help you actually design in a better", "hI58-4COfNQ-00080-00026086-00026231": "way and more meaningful ways.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00081-00026231-00026495": "And I think they make you a lot more observant.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00082-00026495-00026998": "So tap into as many experiences as you possibly can", "hI58-4COfNQ-00083-00026998-00027161": "and separate skill sets.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00084-00027161-00027514": "And then, you blend all that together.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00085-00027514-00027689": "And it's that sort of body of knowledge", "hI58-4COfNQ-00086-00027689-00027883": "and that base knowledge that sets you up", "hI58-4COfNQ-00087-00027883-00028033": "in a really strong way.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00088-00028033-00028100": "Thanks, Simon.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00089-00028100-00028329": "So it's been great getting your insight into the design", "hI58-4COfNQ-00090-00028329-00028425": "industry.", "hI58-4COfNQ-00091-00028425-00028675": "Hopefully, it gives students a better idea of what to expect", "hI58-4COfNQ-00092-00028675-00028912": "and what pathways to follow."}}, {"audio_id": "hI6XTLXMDzQ", "text": {"hI6XTLXMDzQ-00000-00000413-00000597": "Subscribe"}}]