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+[{"audio_id": "rvOfwGGbyzI", "text": {"rvOfwGGbyzI-00000-00001000-00001500": "Hello friends. On behalf of CDEEP, IIT Bombay, I welcome you to this Tutorial.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00001-00001600-00002100": "This tutorial will help you master CamStudio through a step-by-step process", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00002-00002200-00002700": "Learning is more effective when animation and narrations are presented simultaneously.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00003-00002800-00003200": "Audio-video demonstrations can illustrate features with maximum clarity.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00004-00003300-00004200": "CamStudio is a screen-recording software, that records all activities which you see on your computer screen and allows you to play them back later on.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00005-00004300-00004400": "Which means that you can use CamStudio to -", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00006-00004500-00004700": "demonstrate features of a new software", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00007-00004800-00005100": "create audio-video tutorials for schools and colleges", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00008-00005200-00005400": "create video movies used in user trainings", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00009-00005500-00005600": "show how to perform an activity", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00010-00005700-00006000": "convert AVI files to Flash (SWF) files and many other uses.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00011-00006100-00006400": "The uses of this little known software are limitless.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00012-00006500-00007400": "CamStudio can be used with Microsoft Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4.0, 2000 or XP versions", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00013-00007500-00008400": "All you need is a 400 MHz processor, 64 MB of RAM and 4 MB of hard-disk space for program installation.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00014-00008500-00009500": "Camstudio is an open source software and can be downloaded free of cost from the internet. Go to the site www.camstudio.org.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00015-00009600-00010100": "This will open the CamStudio website. Scroll down and click on the link to download.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00016-00010200-00010600": "Follow the instructions and you will have downloaded CamStudio on your PC.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00017-00010700-00011500": "Once you have installed CamStudio, double-click on the icon to run it. This will open the CamStudio dialog box.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00018-00011600-00012500": "You will see the Main Menu right at the top of the window. Under File, you have the option to Record, Stop, Pause and Exit", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00019-00012600-00013600": "You will find the corresponding buttons in the dialog box as well -the Red button to record, the Grey button to pause and the Blue button to stop the recording.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00020-00013700-00014600": "It is recommended that you set the capture region before recording by defining the area of capture. Under Region, there are 3 capture options.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00021-00014700-00015500": "If you select Region and click on Record, then you can draw a rectangular region on your screen within which the capturing will occur", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00022-00015600-00016400": "If you select Fixed Region, then you can specify the capture region in pixels.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00023-00016500-00016800": "If you select Full Screen, then the entire screen will be captured.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00024-00016900-00017300": "The Enable Autopan feature is a unique feature of CamStudio.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00025-00017400-00018000": "If this option is selected, the capture region will follow the cursor wherever it goes during recording.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00026-00018100-00018700": "This has the effect of making the screen capture to occur at the region with the most action.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00027-00018800-00019300": "You can also set the speed of panning here.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00028-00019400-00020200": "Under Options, you have Video Options where you can select a compressor for the recording so that the video file size is small.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00029-00020300-00020600": "By default the compressor is Microsoft Video 1.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00030-00020700-00021200": "But you are free to choose any of the compressors or codecs given in the drop down box here.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00031-00021300-00021800": "Alternately, you can even download the codecs from the internet depending on your requirement", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00032-00021900-00022800": "Setting the video options allows you to optimize your video recordings by choosing between the file size, quality and frame rates of your video files.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00033-00022900-00023600": "To set the values for Key Frames, Capture Frames and the Playback Rate, first uncheck the Auto Adjust button.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00034-00023700-00025500": "Now, you can set the values according to your requirement. To record this tutorial, I have used Microsoft Video 1 as the compressor with Key Frames set to 5, Capture Frames set to 200 and Playback Rate set to 5. I have reduced the quality to 50.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00035-00025600-00026600": "By trial and error and various permutations and combinations, I have personally found these values suitable in terms of output quality and file size.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00036-00026700-00027500": "Setting cursor options can help focus on the activity you are recording by drawing attention to the area where the action happens.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00037-00027600-00028600": "Under Options, click on Cursor Options, in which you have the choice to either hide or show the cursor. By default Show Cursor is checked.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00038-00028700-00030300": "There are 3 choices of cursors here – the actual cursor, the custom cursor (you can select from the drop-down box here) or you can load the cursor from the cursors folder present on your computer.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00039-00030400-00030900": "Next, you can highlight the area around the cursor by checking this box", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00040-00031000-00031800": "You can set the size, the shape and the colour of the highlight. Click on OK.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00041-00031900-00033700": "You will not see any change in your cursor but the recorded video will have a custom, highlighted cursor. Let me demonstrate this for you.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00042-00033800-00034900": "By default, CamStudio does not record audio. You can record audio from the microphone – a very powerful feature to make audio-video tutorials – by checking this option.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00043-00035000-00035400": "You will need a sound card with an attached microphone to use this option.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00044-00035500-00036000": "You can also record audio from the speakers attached to your computer by checking this option.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00045-00036100-00036600": "There are other options like Program Options which have these sub-options.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00046-00036700-00037300": "Use these options to customize the way  CamStudio behaves, when it starts or stops recording.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00047-00037400-00037700": "Ideally check the option to Minimize program on Start Recording.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00048-00037800-00038500": "This will minimize CamStudio onto the system tray which is at the bottom Righthand Corner of the screen.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00049-00038600-00039000": "Right now, you will see 2 CamStudio icons on the system tray.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00050-00039100-00039500": "That’s because I myself am recording this tutorial using CamStudio", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00051-00039600-00039900": "Record to Flash Options, has these sub-options.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00052-00040000-00040600": "Keyboard Shortcuts is where you can set the HOT KEYS for record, pause, stop and the rest.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00053-00040700-00040900": "You are free to choose any of these.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00054-00041000-00041400": "So I hope I have given you sufficient information to get you started on CamStudio.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00055-00041500-00042100": "Use this software to make audio-video tutorials and online visual learning modules of your own.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00056-00042200-00042900": "Once you have mastered the basics of CamStudio, you may want to watch the next edition on its Advanced Features.", "rvOfwGGbyzI-00057-00043000-00043500": "Till then, this is Nancy from CDEEP, IIT Bombay, signing off. Thank you for watching."}}, {"audio_id": "rvZVftd0gcI", "text": {"rvZVftd0gcI-00000-00000000-00000192": "Hy guys subscribe my channel"}}, {"audio_id": "rwioUX72It4", "text": {"rwioUX72It4-00000-00000000-00000198": "[Captions by Judy V. at Y Translator] [Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00001-00000198-00000520": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00002-00000520-00000686": "Good job Julie.", "rwioUX72It4-00003-00000686-00001528": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00004-00001618-00001914": "You guys, it is 10:30 at night.", "rwioUX72It4-00005-00001914-00002000": "So?", "rwioUX72It4-00006-00002000-00002226": "Julie you have a track meet in the morning.", "rwioUX72It4-00007-00002350-00002404": "Good night.", "rwioUX72It4-00008-00002404-00002554": "You guys are playing Monopoly?", "rwioUX72It4-00009-00002654-00002746": "Julie's out.", "rwioUX72It4-00010-00002808-00002906": "Julie you're out.", "rwioUX72It4-00011-00002986-00003102": "Go to bed. Now.", "rwioUX72It4-00012-00003102-00003196": "Lights are out.", "rwioUX72It4-00013-00003206-00003394": "Abby, go to bed.", "rwioUX72It4-00014-00003394-00003674": "I just want to say good night to Dad.", "rwioUX72It4-00015-00003684-00003902": "No, Dad will get ticked if he sees you up.", "rwioUX72It4-00016-00003956-00004152": "It is almost 11 o'clock at night.", "rwioUX72It4-00017-00004200-00004264": "Get in bed.", "rwioUX72It4-00018-00004264-00004440": "I'll just say good night.", "rwioUX72It4-00019-00004536-00004768": "At your own risk.", "rwioUX72It4-00020-00004768-00004922": "He might just yell at you.", "rwioUX72It4-00021-00004944-00005044": "I don't care.", "rwioUX72It4-00022-00005128-00005184": "Okay.", "rwioUX72It4-00023-00005184-00005274": "He sound like me.", "rwioUX72It4-00024-00005274-00005434": "Whoa, let me see your tooth.", "rwioUX72It4-00025-00005594-00005676": "Is it black?", "rwioUX72It4-00026-00005682-00005888": "It looks like it's turning black.", "rwioUX72It4-00027-00005936-00006016": "Chad, I mean it.", "rwioUX72It4-00028-00006016-00006174": "I don't want to come down here again with the lights on.", "rwioUX72It4-00029-00006174-00006324": "Yes, I know, I'm not going to play anymore.", "rwioUX72It4-00030-00006340-00006400": "To bed.", "rwioUX72It4-00031-00006414-00008008": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00032-00008012-00008118": "Okay. Alright.", "rwioUX72It4-00033-00008162-00008244": "Let's go.", "rwioUX72It4-00034-00008274-00008392": "Anything else you need?", "rwioUX72It4-00035-00008502-00008860": "So today is my track and field meet.", "rwioUX72It4-00036-00008860-00008930": "That's right.", "rwioUX72It4-00037-00008930-00009500": "And every time, we seem to have stumbled across this tradition started because", "rwioUX72It4-00038-00009500-00009864": "I'm just not prepared with the groceries in the house that we need,", "rwioUX72It4-00039-00009864-00010284": "so the morning of, we just pick out some fun stuff for her meet.", "rwioUX72It4-00040-00010284-00010632": "So she picked out a blue Gatorade, and what else?", "rwioUX72It4-00041-00010702-00010778": "An apple.", "rwioUX72It4-00042-00010778-00010858": "An apple.", "rwioUX72It4-00043-00010998-00011142": "And a Hershey's bar.", "rwioUX72It4-00044-00011192-00011312": "Of course, we have to have the sugar.", "rwioUX72It4-00045-00011312-00011410": "And we're going to go home,", "rwioUX72It4-00046-00011410-00011576": "and you're going to make what kind of sandwich?", "rwioUX72It4-00047-00011642-00011698": "Turkey.", "rwioUX72It4-00048-00011786-00011914": "Turkey with sprouts.", "rwioUX72It4-00049-00011914-00012897": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00050-00012897-00013132": "So we're about to get started and say,", "rwioUX72It4-00051-00013132-00013263": "First call.", "rwioUX72It4-00052-00013263-00013506": "Girls 50 meter dash.", "rwioUX72It4-00053-00013506-00013974": "If we can have all girls who are running our 50 meter dash,", "rwioUX72It4-00054-00013974-00014347": "go ahead and make the way down to the north staging area,", "rwioUX72It4-00055-00014347-00014534": "down by all those little cones.", "rwioUX72It4-00056-00014630-00014758": "Julie, good luck!", "rwioUX72It4-00057-00014758-00014880": "Good luck, good luck!", "rwioUX72It4-00058-00014880-00015022": "You're gonna do awesome.", "rwioUX72It4-00059-00015022-00015096": "...blanket?", "rwioUX72It4-00060-00015096-00015300": "Yes, I do. I brought your blanket.", "rwioUX72It4-00061-00015300-00015394": "Okay.", "rwioUX72It4-00062-00015394-00015530": "Have fun. Good luck.", "rwioUX72It4-00063-00015530-00016554": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00064-00016554-00016766": "Okay you guys, Julie's race is next.", "rwioUX72It4-00065-00016766-00017000": "She's running the 50 in Lane 8.", "rwioUX72It4-00066-00017564-00017718": "Good job Julie.", "rwioUX72It4-00067-00017892-00018038": "Good job!", "rwioUX72It4-00068-00018150-00018378": "That was so close. I can't even tell.", "rwioUX72It4-00069-00018482-00018592": "Can you tell?", "rwioUX72It4-00070-00018592-00018862": "Tell me, did that she come in first, second, third, fourth?", "rwioUX72It4-00071-00018862-00019034": "I can't tell.", "rwioUX72It4-00072-00019198-00019298": "Good job.", "rwioUX72It4-00073-00019298-00019384": "I got first place!", "rwioUX72It4-00074-00019384-00019474": "Was it first?", "rwioUX72It4-00075-00019498-00019796": "It was so, I just couldn't tell where I was standing.", "rwioUX72It4-00076-00019796-00019894": "Good job.", "rwioUX72It4-00077-00019926-00020170": "If you came in last, I'd be just as proud.", "rwioUX72It4-00078-00020410-00020480": "Okay.", "rwioUX72It4-00079-00020481-00020594": "I'll see you at the next race.", "rwioUX72It4-00080-00020594-00020690": "What are you doing next?", "rwioUX72It4-00081-00020690-00020838": "100 meter dash.", "rwioUX72It4-00082-00020838-00021542": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00083-00021542-00022016": "We're getting ready for the start of these Girls - 100 meters.", "rwioUX72It4-00084-00022084-00022730": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00085-00022730-00022830": "There she is.", "rwioUX72It4-00086-00022830-00023944": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00087-00023944-00024092": "Good race.", "rwioUX72It4-00088-00024172-00024340": "Good job.", "rwioUX72It4-00089-00024340-00024450": "You gonna be sick?", "rwioUX72It4-00090-00024494-00024688": "No, but I have to [inaudible] sit down.", "rwioUX72It4-00091-00024688-00024738": "Okay, let's go —", "rwioUX72It4-00092-00024738-00024894": "Now, do the softball throw right now.", "rwioUX72It4-00093-00024894-00025700": "[Music]", "rwioUX72It4-00094-00025704-00026032": "So I got first place in the 50 meter dash,", "rwioUX72It4-00095-00026032-00026262": "so now I'm in the semi-finals.", "rwioUX72It4-00096-00026802-00026952": "Go Julie!", "rwioUX72It4-00097-00027594-00027789": "Oh yeah.", "rwioUX72It4-00098-00027789-00027918": "Let's see.", "rwioUX72It4-00099-00027918-00028088": "I just finished my race.", "rwioUX72It4-00100-00028188-00028562": "And I asked Mom if we could go to the snack shop.", "rwioUX72It4-00101-00028562-00028888": "And she said sure, so now we're gonna sneak into her purse,", "rwioUX72It4-00102-00028888-00029048": "and find some money.", "rwioUX72It4-00103-00029048-00029142": "Come on Eve.", "rwioUX72It4-00104-00029295-00029620": "Oh yeah, let's see.", "rwioUX72It4-00105-00029620-00029827": "We're gonna take two 5 dollars.", "rwioUX72It4-00106-00029930-00030010": "Okay.", "rwioUX72It4-00107-00030052-00030262": "And now, what are we going to buy?", "rwioUX72It4-00108-00030262-00030448": "I don't know, we'll see what they have.", "rwioUX72It4-00109-00030448-00030616": "I honestly just want candy.", "rwioUX72It4-00110-00030616-00030838": "So, let's go.", "rwioUX72It4-00111-00031500-00031627": "You excited?", "rwioUX72It4-00112-00031689-00031844": "Okay, let's go to the snack shop.", "rwioUX72It4-00113-00031850-00032144": "I'm so excited to buy some candy.", "rwioUX72It4-00114-00032374-00032768": "We were like, we were hungry and thirsty.", "rwioUX72It4-00115-00032768-00032922": "So we decided to come here.", "rwioUX72It4-00116-00032922-00033078": "I'm so glad.", "rwioUX72It4-00117-00033128-00033304": "We have dollars.", "rwioUX72It4-00118-00033304-00033532": "You do? That's awesome.", "rwioUX72It4-00119-00033558-00033892": "Okay, that's $1, anything else?", "rwioUX72It4-00120-00033932-00034148": "I will have a Sprite.", "rwioUX72It4-00121-00034148-00034248": "Sprite?", "rwioUX72It4-00122-00034292-00034646": "Wait, actually lemonade.", "rwioUX72It4-00123-00034646-00034744": "Lemonade?", "rwioUX72It4-00124-00034772-00034886": "Eve, what do you want?", "rwioUX72It4-00125-00034956-00035058": "Do you want a drink?", "rwioUX72It4-00126-00035128-00035284": "What kind of drink would you like?", "rwioUX72It4-00127-00035284-00035362": "Same.", "rwioUX72It4-00128-00035362-00035532": "Do you want lemonade like this?", "rwioUX72It4-00129-00035590-00035690": "Okay.", "rwioUX72It4-00130-00035690-00035818": "Does she want to treat?", "rwioUX72It4-00131-00035820-00035934": "Eve, do you want a treat?", "rwioUX72It4-00132-00036076-00036126": "Okay.", "rwioUX72It4-00133-00036126-00036228": "What kind of treat would you like?", "rwioUX72It4-00134-00036238-00036326": "Cookie.", "rwioUX72It4-00135-00036348-00036398": "Cookie?", "rwioUX72It4-00136-00036398-00036654": "That is my last one so you can take that one.", "rwioUX72It4-00137-00036682-00036796": "Okay, how much?", "rwioUX72It4-00138-00036796-00036906": "Four dollars hun.", "rwioUX72It4-00139-00036906-00037178": "Okay, sorry I'm holding you kind of crooked.", "rwioUX72It4-00140-00037178-00037428": "Just my hands are full so...", "rwioUX72It4-00141-00037468-00037558": "Come on Eve.", "rwioUX72It4-00142-00037786-00038240": "Guess we didn't need to bring $10, we only had to bring $5, $5 back.", "rwioUX72It4-00143-00038272-00038380": "Hello Ella.", "rwioUX72It4-00144-00038388-00038460": "Hi.", "rwioUX72It4-00145-00038620-00039102": "Okay, let's put money back.", "rwioUX72It4-00146-00039102-00039190": "I think we're good.", "rwioUX72It4-00147-00039252-00039764": "Most importantly, we need to give a big thanks to your parents.", "rwioUX72It4-00148-00039764-00040080": "They have been a part of your team all the way from the very beginning.", "rwioUX72It4-00149-00040080-00040296": "I covered my face totally in sunscreen,", "rwioUX72It4-00150-00040296-00040672": "and my arms, and my legs, and my neck and my ears.", "rwioUX72It4-00151-00040672-00040822": "And you feel like you have a sunburn still?", "rwioUX72It4-00152-00040822-00040876": "Yeah.", "rwioUX72It4-00153-00040876-00041040": "Thanks for coming to my track meet.", "rwioUX72It4-00154-00041052-00042276": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "rwmIw8IIr1Q", "text": {"rwmIw8IIr1Q-00000-00000278-00000994": "Family and parenting: Different members of your family will adjust to their new life in", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00001-00000996-00001412": "Australia more quickly than others.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00002-00001414-00001946": "For example, children will often learn English and Australian customs faster than their", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00003-00001948-00002248": "parents.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00004-00002250-00002908": "Some of you might also find it difficult to understand and accept Australian culture.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00005-00002910-00003428": "It is important to overcome the challenges of adjusting to your new life by working", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00006-00003429-00003640": "together as a family.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00007-00003643-00004084": "Talk with your children about the differences between life in Australia and life in", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00008-00004086-00004388": "Africa.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00009-00004390-00004719": "Support each other and respect each other.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00010-00004721-00005411": "You can learn a lot from each other during this difficult time.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00011-00005413-00006028": "In Australia, men and women have the same rights and responsibilities and family roles", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00012-00006030-00006572": "might be quite different from what you were used to.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00013-00006573-00007168": "In Australia, it is common for both men and women to go to work.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00014-00007170-00007681": "Because of this, men and women often try to find ways to share household", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00015-00007684-00008452": "responsibilities, such as looking after children, and cooking and cleaning.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00016-00008454-00008980": "The most important thing is that you work together.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00017-00008982-00009580": "Viola and Michael have settled in Australia with their children.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00018-00009582-00009797": "We do all things together.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00019-00009799-00010287": "The morning, when I'm going to work and he can prepare the lunch for the children and do", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00020-00010289-00010825": "their breakfast and take the children to school.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00021-00010827-00011434": "When you spend more time with kids it's good because you can give them some advice or you", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00022-00011436-00011871": "can teach them so that they learn from you.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00023-00011873-00012452": "You can also learn some things from them.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00024-00012454-00012978": "Disciplining children is an important part of parenting but physical punishment in", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00025-00012980-00013593": "Australia is strongly discouraged and it is against the law to beat your children.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00026-00013594-00013931": "Children have the right to be safe and protected.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00027-00013933-00014538": "You can use other forms of discipline like taking away privileges or sending your child", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00028-00014541-00014897": "to their room.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00029-00014899-00015479": "Reward your child for their good behaviour and lead by example.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00030-00015481-00015972": "If you are having problems with disciplining children you can access family counseling", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00031-00015975-00016894": "and get advice from parenting support services.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00032-00016896-00017790": "Childcare: Some of you will find it difficult to manage the different demands of life in", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00033-00017792-00018141": "Australia.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00034-00018143-00018903": "Managing work, education and family responsibilities is hard for us all.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00035-00018905-00019490": "A lot of families use childcare services when working or learning English.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00036-00019492-00019980": "There are different types of full and part-time childcare available for children who are", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00037-00019982-00020316": "too young to go to school.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00038-00020318-00020948": "Some childcare can cost a lot of money and waiting lists can be long.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00039-00020950-00021449": "So ask about childcare as soon as possible.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00040-00021451-00022099": "Trained childcare workers will look after your children in a safe and secure environment.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00041-00022101-00022668": "Your children are kept busy learning things to prepare them for school and help them", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00042-00022670-00023015": "interact with other children.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00043-00023017-00023560": "They will be very well looked after and they will have fun.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00044-00023562-00024049": "There are also play groups where parents and their children get together.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00045-00024051-00024591": "This is a good way to meet other people in the community and it can help your children", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00046-00024593-00024879": "learn social skills.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00047-00024881-00025845": "Ask your settlement service provider about these groups.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00048-00025847-00026733": "Older children:  Some of you will feel that some Australian ways go against your own", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00049-00026736-00026983": "cultural beliefs.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00050-00026985-00027700": "For example, in Australia some young adults move out of home before they are married.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00051-00027702-00028500": "It is also common for young people to have relationships that don't lead to marriage.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00052-00028502-00029056": "Some of you might also be a little unhappy about the clothes that teenagers choose to", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00053-00029058-00029277": "wear.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00054-00029280-00029662": "These differences can be difficult to understand or accept.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00055-00029664-00030072": "But this is all part of growing up in Australia.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00056-00030074-00030922": "Try to be accepting and respect each other.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00057-00030924-00031880": "Teen life in Australia.: You need to talk to your parents about the things you learn at", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00058-00031882-00032045": "school.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00059-00032047-00032589": "Ask your parents about life in Africa and try to understand your parents' experiences and", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00060-00032591-00032932": "your African heritage.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00061-00032934-00033507": "Remember: your parents might not learn English or adapt to the Australian way of life as", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00062-00033509-00033845": "quickly as you.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00063-00033847-00034343": "You need to be patient with them and they need to be patient with you.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00064-00034345-00034651": "You should try to work together.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00065-00034653-00035192": "This includes helping at home with the household, washing dishes, or looking after", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00066-00035194-00035576": "younger brothers and sisters.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00067-00035578-00035930": "There are many temptations in our society.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00068-00035932-00036150": "You should enjoy your freedom here.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00069-00036152-00036627": "But you need to be very careful not to spend too much money of your wage or your", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00070-00036629-00037479": "allowance on things like mobile phones, CDs, shoes, clothes and takeaway food.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00071-00037481-00038119": "You might need to contribute money to your family for food and rent.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00072-00038121-00038726": "Youth centres can be a good way to get involved with sports, recreational activities and", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00073-00038728-00039061": "to meet other people in your area.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00074-00039063-00039380": "Sarah is a youth worker.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00075-00039382-00039912": "Youth centres are a place where young people can come and join in different activities,", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00076-00039914-00040270": "meet other young people their own age from different backgrounds and participate in new", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00077-00040272-00040843": "things, education activities, recreation stuff, art activities and meet with workers as", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00078-00040845-00041450": "well - if they want to speak to an adult or another young person about personal issues.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00079-00041452-00041873": "Because it can be really isolating, living in the community, particularly if you're", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00080-00041875-00042788": "newly-arrived here, and so, this is a place where everyone's welcome and accepted.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00081-00042790-00043738": "Helping family come to Australia: Now that you live in Australia, some of you may want to", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00082-00043740-00044091": "find out how you can get other family members here.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00083-00044093-00044412": "There is a government program that can help.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00084-00044414-00044916": "However, it is important that you get settled first.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00085-00044918-00045536": "You need to learn English, find a job, find a place to live, enrol your children in", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00086-00045538-00046064": "school and learn about your new environment.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00087-00046066-00046528": "You will find it very difficult to settle if you are trying to support an extended family", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00088-00046530-00046820": "at the same time.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00089-00046822-00047719": "When you have settled, think about the Special Humanitarian Program and the possibility", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00090-00047721-00047779": "of proposing your family members.", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00091-00047781-00048180": "But it is important to understand that the government receives thousands of applications", "rwmIw8IIr1Q-00092-00048182-00049262": "to propose relatives every year and can only grant a small number of visas."}}, {"audio_id": "rwCLS-eGQZc", "text": {"rwCLS-eGQZc-00000-00000079-00000219": "My name is John Andreozzi.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00001-00000219-00000770": "I’m originally from Lackawanna, NY and I’ve been asked to talk about some of my immigrant", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00002-00000770-00000869": "ancestors.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00003-00000869-00001175": "Each of my parent had a step parent.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00004-00001175-00001668": "Those people we never knew and they were sort of like, in the most friendly term, ghosts.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00005-00001668-00002156": "People that would sort of linger out there in our imaginations and we do have photographs.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00006-00002156-00002843": "The first one was on my father’s side, Giovanni Andreozzi, and he was born in, Falvaterra,", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00007-00002843-00002951": "Lazio.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00008-00002951-00003155": "Which is just south of Rome.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00009-00003155-00003328": "And he came over in 1909.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00010-00003328-00003810": "It looks like he just got off the boat and he’s with an older man who’s apparently", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00011-00003810-00003910": "guiding him.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00012-00003910-00004287": "He came to Buffalo, NY and then down to Lackawanna.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00013-00004287-00004766": "It was right on the shores of Lake Erie and in 1900 they had built the largest steel plant", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00014-00004766-00004866": "in the world there.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00015-00004866-00005842": "So he was married in 1915, late 1915 to my grandmother.* And she was Vincenza Limongiello.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00016-00005842-00006430": "She was born in an area called “the Hooks,” a tough water front tenement in Buffalo, NY.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00017-00006430-00006918": "She changed her name quickly to Jenny Limoncello.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00018-00006918-00007108": "That went easier on American ears.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00019-00007108-00007634": "Limongiello and Vincenza didn’t go so well with some people at that time.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00020-00007634-00008202": "They were married, and they settled in Lackawanna, NY right across from the steel plant.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00021-00008202-00008385": "And they had three children.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00022-00008385-00008992": "The first was my father, that was named Filippo, Phillip, after his uncle.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00023-00008992-00009272": "Jenny and Giovanni were doing okay.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00024-00009272-00009413": "My father was healthy.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00025-00009413-00010060": "In 1918, grandma Jenny gave birth to her second child Maria Giuseppe, and named after her", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00026-00010060-00010293": "mother, Mary Joseph.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00027-00010293-00010665": "She died within three months in August of 1918.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00028-00010665-00011092": "And then, tragically, in November 1918, Giovanni died.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00029-00011092-00011279": "John died very suddenly.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00030-00011279-00011789": "He was taken to Columbus Hospital in Buffalo, which was the Italian Hospital and he died", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00031-00011789-00012132": "there within a matter of a week of the Spanish flu.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00032-00012132-00012816": "My father didn’t find out about this fact cause grandma remarried another Andreozzi,", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00033-00012816-00013122": "Tony Andreozzi, a year later.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00034-00013122-00013403": "And my father always thought that, that was his father.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00035-00013403-00013804": "And then one day, in the little Italian neighborhood that they lived, I don’t know how old my", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00036-00013804-00014209": "father was, but someone said, “Y’know, Tony’s not your father.”", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00037-00014209-00014824": "And my father said, “what?” and then I think it was a very unfortunate way to find", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00038-00014824-00015096": "out that your father is your stepfather.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00039-00015096-00015672": "Meanwhile, in Calabria, in Southern Italy, my mother was born.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00040-00015672-00016166": "Calabria is the toe of the Italian boot, in uh, she was born near Cosenza, which is the", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00041-00016166-00016706": "northern province of that in a small town called Marano Principato.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00042-00016706-00017306": "Born on, Epifania, the January 6th, of uh 1918.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00043-00017306-00017998": "Her grandpa, Filiberto Covelli, had been going back and forth between the United States and", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00044-00017998-00018294": "Calabria since 1899.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00045-00018294-00018813": "His father went over in 1898 to Chicago, where many Calabresi went.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00046-00018813-00019115": "And then he sent for his older son, Filiberto.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00047-00019115-00019323": "Who goes there at age 16.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00048-00019323-00019780": "And then he moves upstate to Kenosha, WI where there’s a whole bunch of people from that", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00049-00019780-00020073": "town and he’s working there.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00050-00020073-00020173": "Going back and forth.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00051-00020173-00020648": "He’s there, he gives birth to several more children, including my mother and he goes", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00052-00020648-00020947": "to Lackawanna cause he heard the jobs there paid better.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00053-00020947-00021353": "They paid up to a dollar something a day, up to two bucks a day.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00054-00021353-00021927": "And I have a picture of them in Italy, where they glued the, uh, Filiberto’s picture", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00055-00021927-00022312": "in America next to Rosina and the four kids they had.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00056-00022312-00022653": "And my mother’s thinking, “Oh everything’s gonna be great now.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00057-00022653-00022810": "Y’know, we’re doing alright.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00058-00022810-00023243": "Ma’s got some money, we’re buying some new clothes, and we’re gonna see Pa, who", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00059-00023243-00023598": "we’ve never seen but once or twice, in the United States.”", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00060-00023598-00024018": "Well, Rosina suddenly takes ill in 1925 in March.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00061-00024018-00024190": "She dies within two weeks.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00062-00024190-00024781": "We wrote and sent to grandpa, he keeps sending money back to Italy, but it takes him a year,", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00063-00024781-00024964": "a year and a half to get back there.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00064-00024964-00025802": "Then he remarries Gelsomina, and the family finally comes over in December of 1927 when", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00065-00025802-00026056": "my mother’s not quite 10 years old.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00066-00026056-00026536": "Now, Rosina, is this ghost of the family, my mother’s real mother.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00067-00026536-00026930": "But she remembers enough about her to tell stories about Rosina.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00068-00026930-00027359": "But we always have wondered what life would have been like if Rosina had survived because", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00069-00027359-00027793": "the four children that were, uh, Rosina’s children at the time that she had died, one", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00070-00027793-00028402": "of my Uncles wrote that they never truly recovered from that loss.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00071-00028402-00028828": "My father didn’t didn’t always talk about him or remember him so much, we only found", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00072-00028828-00029293": "out these stories from him much later, that he had a brother and sister that early who", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00073-00029293-00029797": "were both passed away Giovanni was the second child who had died at age one a little bit", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00074-00029797-00030422": "later and they were in a section of uh, Holy Cross Cemetery in Lackawanna that was reserved", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00075-00030422-00030768": "for many people and kids who died from the Spanish Flu.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00076-00030768-00031352": "There was no markers on their graves, so, my father, myself, and my four siblings, we", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00077-00031352-00031829": "all chipped in enough money to put markers on those , on those stones.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00078-00031829-00032262": "So, I started all this talking about the two ghosts in the family.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00079-00032262-00032890": "The two ghosts there still hanging on our walls are Rosina Ruffolo-Covelli, my mother’s", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00080-00032890-00032990": "real mother.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00081-00032990-00033487": "And Giovanni Andreozzi, my father’s real father.", "rwCLS-eGQZc-00082-00033487-00033652": "And that’s a little bit of my family history."}}, {"audio_id": "rwNxaGPljhQ", "text": {"rwNxaGPljhQ-00000-00000282-00001434": "Welcome to Spotlight. I’m Roger Basick. And I’m Alice Irizarry.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00001-00001542-00002058": "Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00002-00002058-00002868": "It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00003-00003779-00004500": "Ito wakes up at 6 in the evening. He wears the same clothes that he did yesterday.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00004-00004626-00005220": "His crowded room is filled with empty drink bottles and food wrappers.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00005-00005328-00006228": "A huge desk takes up one side of the room. When Ito wakes, he does not get ready for class.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00006-00006330-00006936": "He does not get ready for work. Instead, he goes to his computer.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00007-00007031-00007716": "And, he plays video games for the entire day Sometimes, his", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00008-00007716-00008304": "mother comes to bring him food. He thanks her, but says nothing else.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00009-00008418-00008958": "Ito’s life is the same the next day, and the next.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00010-00009048-00009576": "He has lived without seeing other people for the past three years.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00011-00009900-00010824": "Ito is one of Japan’s hikikomori. A hikikomori is someone in Japan", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00012-00010824-00011610": "who withdraws from society. Usually, these are young men.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00013-00011694-00012558": "They isolate themselves from other people. And they depend on their parents to survive.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00014-00012666-00013218": "Today, there may be a million people living like Ito.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00015-00013302-00014568": "But why? Today’s Spotlight is on the Hikikomori. Japan has a very unique society.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00016-00014676-00015240": "Traditionally, parents and children live together for many years.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00017-00015378-00016241": "Several generations often live together at a time. And each family member supports the other.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00018-00016362-00017004": "Younger people take care of the older, and everyone takes care of the children.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00019-00017142-00017808": "This can be very positive for family members, knowing they will always have help.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00020-00017934-00018846": "But it also lets people become hikikomori. A hikikomori knows someone will take care of them.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00021-00018918-00019392": "So, they do not need to find a job or go to school.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00022-00019518-00020154": "But people do not become Hikikomori because they do not want to work.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00023-00020250-00021192": "It is usually because of a great pain. A hikikomori might have lost a job.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00024-00021276-00022068": "Or, they might be bullied in school. They see these events as failures.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00025-00022170-00022740": "And, once they have failed, it is difficult to try again.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00026-00022884-00023586": "Masaki Ikegami is a journalist who writes about the hikikomori.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00027-00023646-00023886": "He told the Japan Times:", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00028-00024042-00024870": "“The Japanese society makes it difficult for people to succeed once they have made a mistake.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00029-00024990-00025554": "I think most hikikomori have had difficulty with their working life.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00030-00025704-00026076": "They have been hurt by their human relationships there.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00031-00026208-00026783": "Other cases might be people who have had bad experiences at school.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00032-00026880-00027366": "Or, they have been through troubles, accidents, or illnesses.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00033-00027474-00028092": "Some have stopped working to stay at home and look after their aging parents.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00034-00028212-00028764": "There are many different reasons. It can happen at any age.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00035-00029195-00029598": "Many hikikomori isolate for economic reasons.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00036-00029598-00030156": "After the second World War, Japan’s economy grew quickly.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00037-00030245-00030942": "College graduates got jobs easily. A person could get a job in a company.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00038-00031032-00031476": "And that company would employ them for the rest of their lives.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00039-00031554-00032358": "But in 1991, the economy crashed. Companies stopped hiring.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00040-00032424-00033228": "Or they continued to employ older workers. It became harder and harder to get a good job.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00041-00033354-00034086": "Many people had to find lower-paying work. Or, they did not find work at all.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00042-00034194-00034764": "This economic time period is known as the lost decades.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00043-00034932-00035310": "The lost decades hurt a lot of people.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00044-00035400-00036102": "In Japan, much of a person’s self-worth is based on their job.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00045-00036192-00037134": "Not having a job, or not doing well in a job, causes a lot of shame.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00046-00037248-00037986": "And some people feel so worthless that they stop trying at all.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00047-00038190-00039054": "Naohiro Kimura was a hikikomori for ten years. He told the Japan Times:", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00048-00039204-00040266": "“If you finish University in Japan but do not get a job, people look at you strangely.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00049-00040404-00040884": "People have a strong sense that you should be working.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00050-00040980-00041634": "I was embarrassed. I did not want anyone to see me.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00051-00041748-00042540": "When I saw someone wearing nice clothing, I would feel like I had caused trouble.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00052-00042684-00043476": "I hated seeing working people. I would compare myself to them.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00053-00043584-00044346": "It would make me feel very bad. I felt a strong sense of shame.”", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00054-00044580-00045480": "Many hikikomori also have depression, a kind of extreme sadness.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00055-00045600-00046272": "Often, a depressed person will want to move. They will want to work on things.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00056-00046380-00046662": "But they feel that they have no worth.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00057-00046758-00047118": "They believe their efforts will not change anything.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00058-00047274-00047772": "So, they feel even worse, and become more depressed.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00059-00047880-00048000": "It is difficult", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00060-00048000-00048984": "to recover from this way of thinking. Vosot Ikeida is a hikikomori in his fifties.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00061-00049074-00049986": "He became a hikikomori when he returned to Japan after living in a different country.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00062-00050112-00050586": "He felt that he could not fit into Japanese society.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00063-00050676-00051378": "So, he became very depressed. He told the Japan Times,", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00064-00051479-00051738": "“I closed all the curtains.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00065-00051828-00052308": "But the light outside still reflected on the curtains.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00066-00052422-00053334": "I could see it from the back of the room. It felt like society was continuing on without me.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00067-00053454-00054144": "That feeling made me lonely and insecure. Curtains were not enough.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00068-00054282-00054948": "So I blocked more light from my windows. I made it like a cave.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00069-00055062-00055679": "It made no difference whether I slept in the daytime or nighttime.”", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00070-00056082-00056591": "Having a hikikomori child is also very difficult for parents.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00071-00056705-00057108": "Many feel that they must continue to support their children.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00072-00057216-00057870": "But they also feel responsibility. Most do not know how to help.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00073-00057960-00058602": "And some fear talking about their children, because they also feel shame.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00074-00058602-00059514": "Maika Elan is a photojournalist. She helped document the lives of many hikikomori.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00075-00059598-00060288": "She told Muse Magazine: “Parents know that people will", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00076-00060288-00060917": "see them differently if they talk about their children’s lifestyle.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00077-00061020-00062076": "They expect them to return to normal for months or years before seeking help.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00078-00062196-00062976": "Most parents feel that a hikikomori child shows they have failed.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00079-00063060-00063779": "Having someone help with it is like getting rid of your responsibility as a parent.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00080-00063870-00064164": "It is like getting rid of your child.”", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00081-00064500-00065346": "Once a person becomes a hikikomori, it is very difficult to go back to normal life.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00082-00065417-00065874": "Most do not know how to live by themselves.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00083-00065958-00066462": "And, they do not have the skills to find a new job.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00084-00066612-00067284": "The Japanese government has opened up some jobs for hikikomori.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00085-00067344-00067998": "And there are special programs to teach them skills, like cooking.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00086-00068130-00068760": "But the most helpful programs for the hikikomori help them find friends.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00087-00068880-00069564": "After all, a person who is lonely or depressed does not only need a doctor.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00088-00069564-00070386": "They do not only need help with getting a job. They need someone who will tell them the truth.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00089-00070476-00070896": "They need someone who will try and understand them.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00090-00070974-00071304": "To make them feel like they are not alone.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00091-00071502-00072192": "Do you know anyone who is lonely? How could you reach out to them?", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00092-00072276-00072846": "Tell us about it on our website at www.spotlightenglish.com.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00093-00073596-00074466": "You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00094-00074622-00075330": "The writer of this program was Dan Christmann. The producer was Michio Ozaki.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00095-00075438-00075942": "The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00096-00076068-00076548": "All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00097-00076674-00077766": "You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at www.radioenglish.net.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00098-00077874-00078660": "This program is called, ‘Always Alone: The Story of Japan’s Hikikomori’.", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00099-00078852-00079596": "You can also get our programs delivered directly to your Android or Apple device", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00100-00079596-00080694": "through our free official Spotlight English app. We hope you can join us again for the next", "rwNxaGPljhQ-00101-00080694-00081018": "Spotlight program. Goodbye."}}, {"audio_id": "rwca5sFPbqM", "text": {"rwca5sFPbqM-00000-00000000-00000703": "Hey everybody! I'm Julie and I'm Chaya and we run the Instructional Media and Design Center. We're outside because Daylight is", "rwca5sFPbqM-00001-00000703-00001406": "Daylight is coming to BOLT on August 17th. And we want to make sure that you're in the know about what's", "rwca5sFPbqM-00002-00001406-00002323": "going on with this change to BOLT. So we are going to be starting from now until August 17th, IMDC Informational Minutes.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00003-00002873-00003396": "To hide assignments from users, go to the Assignments tool.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00004-00003396-00004039": "To do this click on Assessments, then Assignments. Once in the Assignments tool,", "rwca5sFPbqM-00005-00004040-00004596": "select the drop-down to the right of the assignment you would like to hide.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00006-00004596-00004833": "Click 'Hide from Users'.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00007-00004833-00005629": "You'll notice you then see an icon that looks like an eye with a line through it. This means it is hidden from users.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00008-00005630-00005866": "In order to make it visible to users,", "rwca5sFPbqM-00009-00005866-00006309": "simply click the drop-down next to the assignment name", "rwca5sFPbqM-00010-00006310-00006600": "and click 'Make Visible to Users'.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00011-00006600-00006890": "And you'll notice that the eye disappears.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00012-00006890-00007100": "If you want to be sure,", "rwca5sFPbqM-00013-00007100-00007709": "that your folder is hidden you can 'View as a Student'.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00014-00007709-00008473": "Go to Assignments and you'll see that the folder is not there. And that is how you hide assignments from users.", "rwca5sFPbqM-00015-00008473-00009473": "We hope you enjoyed that IMDC Informational Minute. Thanks for watching and remember the IMDC is located in Andruss Library in room 206."}}, {"audio_id": "rx8Swj6FbCg", "text": {"rx8Swj6FbCg-00000-00000552-00001140": "with co-production one of the most important things and it would it was really good at kind", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00001-00001140-00001746": "of addressing is kind of um the power dynamics especially when with some of the projects I've", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00002-00001746-00002388": "been involved with you're working with clinicians and there's often that inherent kind of power", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00003-00002388-00003150": "dynamic what we found what I found working in co-production is that it becomes flattened", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00004-00003150-00003744": "uh and it's true co-production and working together I mean who are the best people to improve", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00005-00003744-00004374": "services that people that use their services and then to have kind of this almost Level Playing", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00006-00004374-00005112": "Field when there's a true exchange of ideas uh based on the ideas rather than the kind of", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00007-00005220-00005814": "um white coats God complex which is still there with a lot of doctors I think with co-production", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00008-00005814-00006809": "one thing that's often uh forgotten about almost is from my experience how much their", "rx8Swj6FbCg-00009-00006809-00007308": "professionals you're working with get out of it themselves is actually a two-way process"}}, {"audio_id": "rxyg79Y6OKY", "text": {"rxyg79Y6OKY-00000-00000000-00000200": "."}}, {"audio_id": "rxekN6sawGA", "text": {"rxekN6sawGA-00000-00000328-00000976": "It is my pleasure today to welcome Dr Catherine Cesarsky as part of this speaker series.", "rxekN6sawGA-00001-00001264-00001688": "Catherine kindly accepted the invitation for today, and today as you know coincides with the", "rxekN6sawGA-00002-00001688-00002408": "International Day of Women and Girls in Science, so her talk will touch upon this important aspect", "rxekN6sawGA-00003-00002408-00003024": "of diversity and in particular gender diversity in science so i'm sure this will inspire a number of", "rxekN6sawGA-00004-00003112-00003728": "people out there. Of course this talk is very timely as well because Catherine,", "rxekN6sawGA-00005-00003728-00004392": "Dr Cesarsky as you will know, after being chair of the SKA Organisation board of directors for", "rxekN6sawGA-00006-00004392-00005056": "over three years, she was elected last week first Chair of the SKAO Council. Being first is actually", "rxekN6sawGA-00007-00005056-00005744": "a trend in Catherine's long and very fruitful career and and she's actually been a trail", "rxekN6sawGA-00008-00005744-00006184": "blazer in many respects as you will find out through the presentation that she will give,", "rxekN6sawGA-00009-00006248-00006895": "being first in a number of occasions. So the first woman to run a European research organisation", "rxekN6sawGA-00010-00006895-00007544": "as ESO director general the first woman president of the IAU and the first and until now", "rxekN6sawGA-00011-00007544-00008240": "the only woman to be a high commissioner for the french government. Dr Cesarsky has not only held", "rxekN6sawGA-00012-00008240-00008928": "numerous prestigious positions internationally she's also an accomplished astronomer and she has", "rxekN6sawGA-00013-00008928-00009704": "published over 150 refereed papers spanning across several areas of astrophysics from the high energy", "rxekN6sawGA-00014-00009704-00010440": "domain in in your early career Catherine, to the infrared a bit later and Catherine has received", "rxekN6sawGA-00015-00010440-00011080": "a large number of awards and distinctions in recognition for such a brilliant and unique career", "rxekN6sawGA-00016-00011240-00011824": "and for instance I should say that in France Catherine also holds the very prestigious title", "rxekN6sawGA-00017-00011824-00012488": "of Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur, being the highest order of merit in the country,", "rxekN6sawGA-00018-00012552-00013191": "so that's all very impressive. I could go on and on you know Catherine's credentials are", "rxekN6sawGA-00019-00013191-00013768": "very impressive but you know you don't want to hear me to speak so enough talking and so now I'm", "rxekN6sawGA-00020-00013768-00014304": "happy to give to give you the floor Catherine, so over to you. Thank you very much William", "rxekN6sawGA-00021-00014424-00015160": "so hello everybody I wish I could be with you and I do my best in front of my computer as I", "rxekN6sawGA-00022-00015160-00016119": "have been for so long now so as I said because it is as a William has said because it is this", "rxekN6sawGA-00023-00016119-00016688": "International Day of Women in Science I decided to give a different kind of talk and open up", "rxekN6sawGA-00024-00016744-00017384": "on my personal experience as a woman scientist of course of a generation earlier than most of you so", "rxekN6sawGA-00025-00017464-00018088": "things have changed but so I tell you the history of my life it's a little bit personal sometimes.", "rxekN6sawGA-00026-00018248-00018848": "So the early years i was born in France but i was raised in Buenos Aires Argentina where my", "rxekN6sawGA-00027-00018848-00019464": "parents moved, I attended the French school and you can see my class when I was like", "rxekN6sawGA-00028-00019464-00020184": "13 years old I'm the one here in red and we had to specialise in the last year I was 16", "rxekN6sawGA-00029-00020240-00020704": "and I was the first girl in the school to specialise in maths science. All the girls", "rxekN6sawGA-00030-00020784-00021304": "always stayed away from that and we were 11 in my class and I was at the top of the class", "rxekN6sawGA-00031-00021416-00021880": "very clearly because we finished with this baccalaureate and I was way ahead of everybody", "rxekN6sawGA-00032-00021960-00022448": "so once and for all I knew that men are not necessarily better than women in maths and", "rxekN6sawGA-00033-00022448-00023160": "science, so this has been an extremely useful experience. What was my dream at the time? To", "rxekN6sawGA-00034-00023160-00023776": "put nature in equations I wanted to do theory and at the same time I was very attracted by nature", "rxekN6sawGA-00035-00023776-00024472": "so naturally I went to physics. I studied physics in Buenos Aires university and I got", "rxekN6sawGA-00036-00024472-00025248": "married there after i finished and later my husband and - actually here i show a picture", "rxekN6sawGA-00037-00025248-00025760": "when we receive our diploma from the Buenos Aires university six of us the friends i was always", "rxekN6sawGA-00038-00025760-00026272": "working with and this one is my husband Diego Cesarsky so this is why i'm called Cesarsky.", "rxekN6sawGA-00039-00026616-00027144": "and you see i'm of a generation where one uses the husband's name i think", "rxekN6sawGA-00040-00027232-00028064": "i hope women don't do this anymore i certainly wouldn't do it now. So we were very lucky", "rxekN6sawGA-00041-00028064-00028839": "that we obtained the possibility to go to Harvard and do a PhD there which we both passed in 1971.", "rxekN6sawGA-00042-00029112-00029624": "So the first part of my career was in equations that's what i had decided i wanted to do", "rxekN6sawGA-00043-00029792-00030512": "and in particular my thesis my PhD thesis at Harvard passed in 1971 was called interactions of", "rxekN6sawGA-00044-00030512-00031480": "cosmic rays with hydromagnetic waves in the galaxy and in it i looked for cosmic ray propagation due", "rxekN6sawGA-00045-00031480-00032008": "to and the effect of resonant interactions with hydromagnetic waves and the effect of the waves", "rxekN6sawGA-00046-00032008-00032552": "they generated themselves i showed that this cannot be the dominant mechanism i introduced", "rxekN6sawGA-00047-00032632-00033392": "the interactions with the turbulence in the interstellar medium and the effect that this", "rxekN6sawGA-00048-00033392-00033976": "also had of heat and interstellar medium etc so these were at the time very very new ways of", "rxekN6sawGA-00049-00033976-00034536": "looking at this problem so i must say my thesis was very well received and this is how i got...", "rxekN6sawGA-00050-00034896-00035568": "well first of all in 1970 i went for the first time to present a paper in an international", "rxekN6sawGA-00051-00035568-00036352": "conference you can see how late and it was in La Paz in Bolivia and i have this picture", "rxekN6sawGA-00052-00036352-00036832": "which i like very much this was in Bolivia this was the president of Bolivia so we were", "rxekN6sawGA-00053-00036832-00037568": "received at a very high level and this is me the person here is Satio Hayakawa who was one of the", "rxekN6sawGA-00054-00037568-00038208": "two most famous people in cosmic ray theory at the time in the world and so i had a fantastic", "rxekN6sawGA-00055-00038208-00038712": "opportunity to meet him and talk to him and he was very encouraging and impressed by my thesis", "rxekN6sawGA-00056-00038816-00039456": "so that also was a big help. Well in the night there was a lot of noise, on the following day", "rxekN6sawGA-00057-00039456-00039904": "this man was not anymore the president of Bolivia, but we caught him just on that", "rxekN6sawGA-00058-00040088-00040560": "and you can see another few very well known people here i can't name that or but i", "rxekN6sawGA-00059-00040560-00041064": "feel like naming this one because this is Juan Roeder, oh sorry well never mind...", "rxekN6sawGA-00060-00041320-00041416": "i have to go back...", "rxekN6sawGA-00061-00041768-00042136": "who was my professor of the first physics courses in Buenos Aires and", "rxekN6sawGA-00062-00042208-00042584": "then he moved to Alaska and i was very happy to meet him there again.", "rxekN6sawGA-00063-00042840-00043824": "Okay so i got and both my husband and i got offers to be postdoc at Caltech you can see how lucky we", "rxekN6sawGA-00064-00043824-00044480": "were, and at Caltech the excitement on science and research was very high i learned a lot i had an", "rxekN6sawGA-00065-00044480-00045176": "excellent time my sponsor was Peter Goldreich, one of the biggest astrophysicists of the 20th century", "rxekN6sawGA-00066-00045176-00045656": "and of now, and i had lots of discussions with him even though in the end we did nothing together.", "rxekN6sawGA-00067-00045752-00046296": "There were extremely few women on campus, only one other postdoc for the whole campus she was", "rxekN6sawGA-00068-00046296-00047136": "in chemistry, and girls had started coming as undergraduates i think it was the second year,", "rxekN6sawGA-00069-00047192-00047592": "so we created a group of support for women on campus and they all came", "rxekN6sawGA-00070-00047592-00048288": "to my house actually once a week and well we did a lot about the situation of women", "rxekN6sawGA-00071-00048288-00048952": "in circles like this with very few women. And while i was at Caltech i had my first son in 1972", "rxekN6sawGA-00072-00049032-00049656": "and of course the first reaction of the director was to want to fire me but they didn't but I had", "rxekN6sawGA-00073-00049656-00050688": "no maternity leave and in general a very good time. In 1974 we moved to France and i joined", "rxekN6sawGA-00074-00050688-00051296": "a laboratory which is involved in space research at the time it was run by a woman so that already", "rxekN6sawGA-00075-00051296-00052096": "made it easy, very few women in the group but the head was a woman. There was a theory group and", "rxekN6sawGA-00076-00052096-00052512": "soon i became head of the theory group 11 people and i did much work on cosmic", "rxekN6sawGA-00077-00052512-00052976": "ray propagation and acceleration and on interstellar medium and other topics.", "rxekN6sawGA-00078-00053184-00053888": "In 1979 i had my second son in much easier circumstances and i had to", "rxekN6sawGA-00079-00053888-00054360": "write a paper for annual review of Astronomy and Astrophysics which is a very prestigious", "rxekN6sawGA-00080-00054600-00055248": "series that is made in the US and i must say when i received the letter inviting me to write a", "rxekN6sawGA-00081-00055248-00055832": "review for that i felt i'm not forgotten, you know i left the US but i'm not forgotten because it's", "rxekN6sawGA-00082-00055832-00056664": "very American and it was a high point in my life. And since i had the baby and was at home well i", "rxekN6sawGA-00083-00056736-00057208": "wrote the paper at that time so cosmic ray confinement in the galaxy - lovely", "rxekN6sawGA-00084-00057208-00057664": "to write it and have the baby i must say and write it i wrote by hand at the time.", "rxekN6sawGA-00085-00057960-00058440": "So this was the start of my career in France so my organisation is called CEA", "rxekN6sawGA-00086-00058440-00059255": "and my office is at Saclay which still is my office. So i did a lot of theoretical work on", "rxekN6sawGA-00087-00059255-00059960": "cosmic rays which i will of course not read to you but i put some of the points to show you", "rxekN6sawGA-00088-00060152-00060767": "and i must say my work was very well received and i really achieved a lot of recognition in", "rxekN6sawGA-00089-00060767-00061048": "these early years as a theorist in cosmic rays", "rxekN6sawGA-00090-00061176-00061576": "and i also did the first science case for the Pierre Auger observatory which", "rxekN6sawGA-00091-00061576-00062088": "now exists you know but and i also did the science case for a space instrument and", "rxekN6sawGA-00092-00062088-00062584": "Ulysses because my laboratory was essentially a laboratory building space instruments you know", "rxekN6sawGA-00093-00062584-00063184": "the theory group was like a small appendix but the important thing was to build instruments.", "rxekN6sawGA-00094-00063728-00064088": "So now we go to the second part of my career centred on satellites.", "rxekN6sawGA-00095-00064160-00064855": "So as i told you i wrote the science case to have an instrument on Ulysses and this convinced", "rxekN6sawGA-00096-00064976-00065696": "the selection committee and we had an instrument on Ulysses and so i got really interested in", "rxekN6sawGA-00097-00065904-00066480": "more in space itself. I also have been invited to be a member of the astronomy working group at", "rxekN6sawGA-00098-00066480-00067328": "ESA which made me hear about all the other space projects in Europe and i had i wanted very much", "rxekN6sawGA-00099-00067328-00067912": "to see Europe climb scientifically you know i came from the best places in the in the United States:", "rxekN6sawGA-00100-00067912-00068560": "Harvard, Caltech, Princeton because my PhD actually was with a Princeton professor", "rxekN6sawGA-00101-00068648-00069488": "and i felt that Europe could climb to this level but it had to so and one of the ways was of course", "rxekN6sawGA-00102-00069488-00070184": "to do very well in space astrophysics and really difficult projects. So i got involved in that", "rxekN6sawGA-00103-00070256-00071280": "i have been involved in an instrument on Soho i have been involved quite a bit in xml and in one", "rxekN6sawGA-00104-00071280-00071720": "instrument on XMM so in Co-I [Co-investigator] of this i've been Co-I of an instrument in Cassini", "rxekN6sawGA-00105-00071880-00072552": "because of the infrared detectors that they used that i had developed and i was", "rxekN6sawGA-00106-00072552-00073312": "also involved in starting what later became the Planck mission in the end i was only scientific", "rxekN6sawGA-00107-00073312-00073936": "associate the Planck because i got involved in other things and the same with Integral i was also", "rxekN6sawGA-00108-00073936-00074496": "scientific associate but my main involvement was in ISO the Infrared Space Observatory", "rxekN6sawGA-00109-00074832-00075568": "and this is because i was very interested in it i started organizing the French community to build", "rxekN6sawGA-00110-00075568-00076424": "an instrument for ISO and it was the camera ISOCAM and when the moment came to finish people were so", "rxekN6sawGA-00111-00076424-00076880": "happy with my organisation that even though i was a theorist they asked me to be the PI", "rxekN6sawGA-00112-00076984-00077456": "and nobody they all said nobody else could be the PI and i jumped from", "rxekN6sawGA-00113-00077520-00078248": "theories to PI of a space instrument by the way i was the first woman to be PI of ESA instrument.", "rxekN6sawGA-00114-00078464-00079216": "And at the time the head of the laboratory was not this lady anymore it was a man was leaving", "rxekN6sawGA-00115-00079272-00080168": "and the CEA offered me to become the director of our laboratory about 150 people and i accepted", "rxekN6sawGA-00116-00080168-00080888": "because it gave me the possibility to really get within the laboratory all the the effort i needed", "rxekN6sawGA-00117-00080888-00081552": "to be able to build ISOCAM so it was a complete change of life working not only with scientists", "rxekN6sawGA-00118-00081552-00082176": "but also with engineers and technicians something i have learned to like very very very much", "rxekN6sawGA-00119-00082488-00083184": "and of course then doing management so i did still some theory on the side for several years but", "rxekN6sawGA-00120-00083352-00084304": "very different life so ISO in the end was launched in 1995 and ISO was the second infrared", "rxekN6sawGA-00121-00084416-00085104": "satellite dedicated to astronomy the first one had been IRAS. IRAS had done the whole sky", "rxekN6sawGA-00122-00085256-00085880": "but with a relatively low accuracy and low sensitivity for instance the", "rxekN6sawGA-00123-00085880-00086344": "famous whirlpool galaxy seen by IRAS with the blur you see here.", "rxekN6sawGA-00124-00086616-00087128": "ISOCAM was a precursor instrument we were it was the first time that there were array", "rxekN6sawGA-00125-00087128-00087888": "detectors infrared in space but you know how large our detectors were 32 by 32 pixels", "rxekN6sawGA-00126-00087888-00088744": "so you would laugh now but it was really important and when the satellite was launched and it was", "rxekN6sawGA-00127-00088744-00089312": "possible to remove the cover of the telescope the first image was taken with ISOCAM and this is the", "rxekN6sawGA-00128-00089312-00089800": "first image and it was centered on the whirlpool galaxy and it's a little piece of the whirlpool", "rxekN6sawGA-00129-00089800-00090560": "galaxy and you see we could see the spiral structure of m51 so it was a moment of great", "rxekN6sawGA-00130-00090616-00091384": "joy and later on this is the image that ISOCAM could give of the whirlpool galaxy", "rxekN6sawGA-00131-00091384-00091736": "the first image of this galaxy in infrared", "rxekN6sawGA-00132-00092216-00092648": "i thought because we are on this women's day it was interesting to tell you", "rxekN6sawGA-00133-00092648-00093192": "something more about the ISOCAM team so on the top you see a picture of part of the", "rxekN6sawGA-00134-00093192-00094008": "ISOCAM team you see a mixture of men and women as as usual and below you see another picture", "rxekN6sawGA-00135-00094008-00094656": "which is some of the ladies in the group and it is important because in the ISOCAM", "rxekN6sawGA-00136-00094656-00095384": "team you know of course i was the PI and i chose a project manager Danielle Imbault a woman... sorry", "rxekN6sawGA-00137-00095624-00096376": "a woman and we had a very big contract which was in Aerospatiale and at Aerospatiale", "rxekN6sawGA-00138-00096376-00096784": "they saw [microphone interference] negotiate with them this contract", "rxekN6sawGA-00139-00096848-00097320": "they had an idea they also had a push to put women somewhere so for once they", "rxekN6sawGA-00140-00097320-00097808": "put a woman in charge of a project and this is Danielle Oterno so you can say", "rxekN6sawGA-00141-00097864-00098360": "the two Danielles and i were sort of running at least the construction part of the project", "rxekN6sawGA-00142-00099032-00099648": "195 arrived it was launched and when the first image arrived i went to Villafranca", "rxekN6sawGA-00143-00099648-00100352": "ESA where the data were arriving so here i am showing this first image that you just saw", "rxekN6sawGA-00144-00100480-00101016": "and as you can see no more women here so here you see a mixture of my team", "rxekN6sawGA-00145-00101112-00101536": "and the team that ESA had formed around ISOCAM which was led by", "rxekN6sawGA-00146-00101536-00102008": "Leo Metcalfe here and in my team of course there were also men in important positions", "rxekN6sawGA-00147-00102080-00102808": "uh Francois Sibila project scientist Laurent Vigroux as instrument scientist so the two of", "rxekN6sawGA-00148-00102808-00103616": "them were extremely important and my husband Diego was also involved in part of the software to talk", "rxekN6sawGA-00149-00103616-00104224": "with the instrument so he had to be there also to make sure that everything was working okay", "rxekN6sawGA-00150-00104583-00105224": "so with ISOCAM it was possible for the first time to peer inside clouds of gas and dust where stars", "rxekN6sawGA-00151-00105224-00105911": "are being formed we were looking at the this is a invisible light the region of Ro Ophiuci one", "rxekN6sawGA-00152-00105911-00106583": "of the closest dark clouds from our solar system and you can see in the visible what you see is", "rxekN6sawGA-00153-00106583-00107328": "dark region but with ISOCAM you see that there are lots of things inside and studies could be done on", "rxekN6sawGA-00154-00107408-00107888": "star formation on these and many other clouds which again were completely precursors of", "rxekN6sawGA-00155-00107952-00108311": "what has been done since then but opened a lot of fields and", "rxekN6sawGA-00156-00108576-00108888": "opened a lot of windows on star formation in clouds", "rxekN6sawGA-00157-00109200-00109864": "then another thing that we did with ISOCAM is uh we did deep surveys medium surveys shallow surveys", "rxekN6sawGA-00158-00109864-00111008": "to be able to uh to count uh and to see the distribution of infrared sources uh in the sky and", "rxekN6sawGA-00159-00111008-00111776": "we also could go to make a very deep survey of what was the very hot item of the time", "rxekN6sawGA-00160-00111776-00112359": "the Hubble deep field so here you see the Hubble deep field as it was seen in the optical i'm sure", "rxekN6sawGA-00161-00112432-00113104": "the astronomers among you have seen this picture zillions of times and the yellow and green things", "rxekN6sawGA-00162-00113104-00113648": "here are what ISOCAM could see the yellow are 15 microns and the green are seven microns and", "rxekN6sawGA-00163-00113648-00114135": "as you can see we could see quite a few of these sources and of course it was very good because", "rxekN6sawGA-00164-00114311-00115024": "that allowed us to know the the distance to these sources thanks to the optical data and", "rxekN6sawGA-00165-00115111-00115824": "to know more about them and then we also did what is called star source count simply counting the", "rxekN6sawGA-00166-00115824-00116535": "number of sources fainter and fainter you know we were two orders of magnitude more sensitive than", "rxekN6sawGA-00167-00116535-00117376": "IRAS so we could go of course much further and if the density of infrared sources had been the same", "rxekN6sawGA-00168-00117464-00118072": "far away in the universe as it is here then we would have found a curve like this and instead as", "rxekN6sawGA-00169-00118072-00118583": "you could see we found that as we went to fainter and fainter sources there were like 10 times", "rxekN6sawGA-00170-00118583-00119328": "more sources than that and so it was the first demonstration that there were many more infrared", "rxekN6sawGA-00171-00119328-00120104": "sources many more infrared galaxies in the past than now in the galaxy and from this this led to", "rxekN6sawGA-00172-00120311-00121000": "many studies in my group and of course all over the world of galaxy evolution it has become a very", "rxekN6sawGA-00173-00121000-00121816": "very very big topic and uh um in particular in my group in Saclay we have a very very strong team in", "rxekN6sawGA-00174-00121816-00122888": "this field with the people like David Elbaz and Emanuele Daddi and the the picture today is that", "rxekN6sawGA-00175-00122944-00123464": "indeed the galaxies in the past were very luminous in the infrared because they had a lot more star", "rxekN6sawGA-00176-00123464-00124024": "formation than they have now uh partly because they have much more gas and so they don't have", "rxekN6sawGA-00177-00124024-00124608": "to be the result of a collision between galaxies but simply because intrinsically they have a lot", "rxekN6sawGA-00178-00124608-00125183": "of gas and if they have a lot of gas we have to try to understand where is this gas coming from", "rxekN6sawGA-00179-00125183-00125520": "so i'm telling you this because i will come back to this later in the talk", "rxekN6sawGA-00180-00125944-00126480": "when extrapolated to the far infrared we found that the radiation of these mid-infrared galaxies", "rxekN6sawGA-00181-00126480-00126872": "is the one that produces the cosmic infrared background at our wavelengths", "rxekN6sawGA-00182-00126872-00127264": "we could see the bulk of the galaxies doing the cosmic infrared background", "rxekN6sawGA-00183-00127535-00128016": "in 1998 i attended the COSPAR general assembly in Nagoya", "rxekN6sawGA-00184-00128016-00128311": "and i received the COSPAR space science award", "rxekN6sawGA-00185-00128568-00129248": "as a mixture of my work on cosmic rays and which of course was a big topic for COSPAR and", "rxekN6sawGA-00186-00129376-00130200": "my work in infrared space astronomy so this prize is given every two years since '84 and", "rxekN6sawGA-00187-00130200-00130783": "that year they decided to give it to women so i shared it with another woman Marcia Neugebauer -", "rxekN6sawGA-00188-00130783-00131504": "they waited until 2012 to give it to a woman again and none since and i must say i am now", "rxekN6sawGA-00189-00131568-00132064": "in the board and we are looking at ways to make things change but", "rxekN6sawGA-00190-00132504-00133248": "so in 1994 just before the launch of ISO CEA offered me a very high level position and i felt", "rxekN6sawGA-00191-00133248-00133784": "really that i was breaking the glass ceiling you all know about the grass the glass ceiling it's a", "rxekN6sawGA-00192-00133784-00134400": "metaphor often used to describe invisible barriers through which women can see elite positions that", "rxekN6sawGA-00193-00134400-00135240": "cannot reach them so the CEA offered me to become the director of basic research physics chemistry", "rxekN6sawGA-00194-00135240-00136000": "and geosciences about three thousand people i held this job for five years while working on ISOCAM i", "rxekN6sawGA-00195-00136000-00136672": "met my team in the evening and we stayed late at night eating pizza and until last year i was the", "rxekN6sawGA-00196-00136672-00137152": "only woman to have reached this level at CEA but now they put a woman there with a job i must say", "rxekN6sawGA-00197-00137152-00137896": "higher level than i had in 1999 i took a leave from CEA to become director general of ESO", "rxekN6sawGA-00198-00138040-00138736": "and i was the first woman to run one of the European research organisations but since 2017", "rxekN6sawGA-00199-00138736-00139744": "Fabiola Giannotti is the CERN DG so in parallel in 2006 i became the first woman president of the IAU", "rxekN6sawGA-00200-00139744-00140296": "now thereafter that several women succeeded me including the incumbent Ewine van Dishoek", "rxekN6sawGA-00201-00140440-00141056": "and then in 2009 i became the first and only woman to be high commissioner in the French system okay", "rxekN6sawGA-00202-00141240-00141784": "so i went to ESO and with this i went from space to ground telescopes", "rxekN6sawGA-00203-00141880-00142696": "and these are the telescopes i have been involved in mostly a little bit in others", "rxekN6sawGA-00204-00142904-00143600": "so from 1999 to 2007 i was the director general of ESO headquarters in Munich observatories in", "rxekN6sawGA-00205-00143600-00144464": "the Atacama desert in Chile and i arrived just as the VLT observatory had been inaugurated", "rxekN6sawGA-00206-00144464-00145160": "by my predecessor Ricardo Giaconi with only one telescope and two instruments and of course we had", "rxekN6sawGA-00207-00145160-00145800": "to go to four telescopes and the four instruments on each telescope so a lot remained to be done i", "rxekN6sawGA-00208-00145800-00146608": "supervise the end of the construction the start of operations and the Paranal observatory i said", "rxekN6sawGA-00209-00146608-00147264": "had become one of the prime observatories in the world and if you look at iso on internet you will", "rxekN6sawGA-00210-00147264-00147816": "see that they present themselves at the foremost optical observatory and rightly so at the moment", "rxekN6sawGA-00211-00148320-00148888": "so while i was at iso i supervised the studies and the first part of the construction of a new", "rxekN6sawGA-00212-00148888-00149448": "worldwide facility in sub-millimeter and millimeter wave astronomy alma throughout", "rxekN6sawGA-00213-00149448-00150032": "my mandate as usudg so alma has been believed at an altitude of 5000 meters", "rxekN6sawGA-00214-00150032-00150368": "in the atacama desert you know it was quite separate from the", "rxekN6sawGA-00215-00150600-00151296": "from the vlt from paranal in 2003 i signed an agreement with the head of nsf", "rxekN6sawGA-00216-00151296-00151984": "and later with the japanese and aoj to construct alma it was inaugurated in 2013 after i was gone", "rxekN6sawGA-00217-00152040-00152608": "and the astronomers among you know that it's a fantastic success and the revolution in astronomy", "rxekN6sawGA-00218-00152608-00153304": "i give an example of a protoplanetary disk around the young star showing the regions in which", "rxekN6sawGA-00219-00153360-00154416": "planets are being formed in this protoplanetary disk creating holes in the disk while i was at iso", "rxekN6sawGA-00220-00154832-00155488": "well i also supervised the launched i rather launched the studies of what was going to be", "rxekN6sawGA-00221-00155488-00156056": "the next is a large project the 39 meter european extremely large telescope whose", "rxekN6sawGA-00222-00156056-00156680": "construction is ongoing i encourage the excellent optical engineers to develop a new concept of a", "rxekN6sawGA-00223-00156680-00157528": "telescope with five mirrors instead of the usual three with the idea of constructing the uh no i", "rxekN6sawGA-00224-00157528-00158064": "guess i have already said so the force and fuse mirrors are flat and they provide adaptive optics", "rxekN6sawGA-00225-00158064-00158592": "corrections for atmospheric distortions and typical corrections for image stabilization", "rxekN6sawGA-00226-00158648-00159560": "while in the other telescopes this is done by instruments separately so the this telescope has a", "rxekN6sawGA-00227-00159560-00160272": "surface of one thousand square meters to compare for instance to jwst 25 square meters which is uh", "rxekN6sawGA-00228-00160272-00161064": "in fact the the closest competition that both will do a lot in infrared but it can have an accuracy", "rxekN6sawGA-00229-00161176-00161944": "resolution of five milliamps milliamp seconds compared to the 34 milliamp seconds of the jwst", "rxekN6sawGA-00230-00162168-00162680": "and this is the surface covered by the big telescopes all over the world", "rxekN6sawGA-00231-00162776-00163360": "and this is that of the elt so you see empty alone has more surface than all the other telescopes", "rxekN6sawGA-00232-00163960-00164480": "in 2006 i became president of the iau just in the middle of the big drama", "rxekN6sawGA-00233-00164480-00165208": "about the motion of pluto from planet to dwarf planet so i had to face um", "rxekN6sawGA-00234-00165376-00165928": "i mean journalists from all over the world and uh also some of our colleagues were not", "rxekN6sawGA-00235-00165928-00166448": "happy very interesting but i must say i think we did well in doing that i'm all in favor of", "rxekN6sawGA-00236-00166728-00167232": "new this and in 2009 i was at the driver's seat for", "rxekN6sawGA-00237-00167232-00167616": "the worldwide celebration of the international year of astronomer", "rxekN6sawGA-00238-00167616-00168184": "i'm sure you all remember with this motor the universe yours to discover which was a celebration", "rxekN6sawGA-00239-00168400-00168976": "all over the world which really was seen by millions and millions of people", "rxekN6sawGA-00240-00169384-00170032": "so that leads us to about 2010 or later and this decade what i did is much advisory work", "rxekN6sawGA-00241-00170264-00170848": "such as chair of the high level council on research infrastructures in france which i did for", "rxekN6sawGA-00242-00170848-00171544": "seven years i got involved with the cern council and was even vice president for a while i was", "rxekN6sawGA-00243-00171544-00172256": "chair of these a senior survey committee to select the teams for the large missions l2 and m3 and i", "rxekN6sawGA-00244-00172256-00173056": "was chair of visa space science advisory committee for three years and then surprised in 2017 i got a", "rxekN6sawGA-00245-00173056-00173784": "phone call to ask me whether i was interested in becoming the chair of the ska board of directors", "rxekN6sawGA-00246-00173928-00174632": "and i don't know at work how i'm doing with time with the william uh i think", "rxekN6sawGA-00247-00174632-00175184": "i'm probably passing or you're fine you're fine catherine it's okay that's good so", "rxekN6sawGA-00248-00175400-00176144": "i accepted and it brought me you can see i didn't tell you that in argentina after i finished my", "rxekN6sawGA-00249-00176144-00176656": "studies i worked for a while on the construction of a radio telescope and i also did a bit of", "rxekN6sawGA-00250-00176656-00177208": "astronomy apart from which i didn't tell you here i mean obviously i can't tell you all my life", "rxekN6sawGA-00251-00177304-00177904": "but it was very interesting so at this stage in my life to go back to red astronomy to complete", "rxekN6sawGA-00252-00177984-00178800": "optical infrared and then high energy gamma rays x-rays etc have been involved in all of this back", "rxekN6sawGA-00253-00178800-00179616": "to radio so i was very very convinced by the science case of ska which is really broad and", "rxekN6sawGA-00254-00179680-00180432": "fantastic and so i accepted and i chaired the ska board from october 2017 to january 2021", "rxekN6sawGA-00255-00180496-00181032": "and then last week i was elected chairperson of the ska observatory council", "rxekN6sawGA-00256-00181136-00181920": "so this is the first meeting of the that we had last week so you see i'm here and", "rxekN6sawGA-00257-00181984-00182424": "phil diamond director general is here and then people from all over the world", "rxekN6sawGA-00258-00182984-00183360": "so what is ska probably most of the people looking this", "rxekN6sawGA-00259-00183456-00184144": "know already that it's uh the biggest it will be the biggest radio telescope in the world", "rxekN6sawGA-00260-00184144-00185056": "by far very ambitious project we depart at the low frequencies built in australia and apart at", "rxekN6sawGA-00261-00185056-00185808": "the higher frequencies built in south africa so i think i won't describe it here to these audience", "rxekN6sawGA-00262-00186128-00186384": "i'm using slides that you know and the headquarters", "rxekN6sawGA-00263-00186464-00187056": "are injured rank they are already ready and we have even been using them with the board", "rxekN6sawGA-00264-00187128-00187632": "and i show you the beautiful council chamber where we should have been sitting last week", "rxekN6sawGA-00265-00187632-00188128": "but unfortunately we couldn't but we are looking forward to sitting there in the coming years", "rxekN6sawGA-00266-00188456-00189296": "so as i said the ska has a very very wide range of possibilities of science opens in every direction", "rxekN6sawGA-00267-00189296-00189928": "and this is all well organized huge books have been written separating it in subjects such as", "rxekN6sawGA-00268-00189928-00190656": "cosmic cosmic dawn and epic of reionization cosmology galaxy evolution cosmic magnetism", "rxekN6sawGA-00269-00190656-00191272": "fundamental physics french and sky cradle of life and you can see of course a connection", "rxekN6sawGA-00270-00191272-00191880": "with many of the topics here with things that i have been involved in in my life so you could see", "rxekN6sawGA-00271-00191880-00192568": "why i'm so interested here i just spent a very short time on the one on galaxy evolution", "rxekN6sawGA-00272-00192568-00192952": "because you see a very strong connection with the work", "rxekN6sawGA-00273-00193016-00193680": "that in my group what started science twice or common then was followed with the other um", "rxekN6sawGA-00274-00193752-00194392": "infrared satellites spitzer and in particular herschel where my group was very much involved", "rxekN6sawGA-00275-00194392-00195368": "also in building hardware and of course now with alma and other facilities and so", "rxekN6sawGA-00276-00195600-00196352": "what is found is that galaxies have very short gas consumption times they consume the gas by", "rxekN6sawGA-00277-00196352-00196944": "making stars so you need some replenishment some gas must be falling in and it's of", "rxekN6sawGA-00278-00196944-00197552": "course very interesting to try to see it in each one and who can try to see this ska", "rxekN6sawGA-00279-00197776-00198488": "so and similar very interesting things can be done at the level of clusters of galaxies", "rxekN6sawGA-00280-00198544-00199064": "actually already plant surveys will find thousands of clusters at redshifts", "rxekN6sawGA-00281-00199064-00200008": "of two or three you know faraway clusters and perhaps be able to see how the these clusters", "rxekN6sawGA-00282-00200240-00201056": "how gas is uh moving in these clusters and this would be extremely complementary", "rxekN6sawGA-00283-00201056-00201392": "to euclid the satellite that will be launched very soon by", "rxekN6sawGA-00284-00201392-00202168": "isa to do cosmology and by athena which is a very big extra emission in preparation by ease as well", "rxekN6sawGA-00285-00202504-00203216": "so as i said there would be access of the flow of coal gas to the large scale structure and", "rxekN6sawGA-00286-00203216-00203664": "we are very much looking forward to continue to work on this subject with", "rxekN6sawGA-00287-00203664-00203944": "this data that can be acquired in the future with ska", "rxekN6sawGA-00288-00204320-00205119": "so well this uh by evan valida was like a summary of the kind of work", "rxekN6sawGA-00289-00205184-00205984": "that ska will allow in this subject so i think we can look forward to the 2030s", "rxekN6sawGA-00290-00206064-00206567": "and this is a slide from iso i mean one could choose others but this is what ezo has chosen", "rxekN6sawGA-00291-00206567-00207471": "to show as the future important facilities and here you see the the way they will the sensitivity", "rxekN6sawGA-00292-00207471-00208456": "they will have at the various wavelengths and of course with the ska you could see gas with alma", "rxekN6sawGA-00293-00208680-00209408": "spike etc you would speak unfortunately as it appeared it's gone now but yet etc you can see", "rxekN6sawGA-00294-00209408-00210192": "starlight and dust and with athena accretion and i'm very interested by this graph because", "rxekN6sawGA-00295-00210192-00210640": "of course here you see the lt which i started on my where are you played a big role in the", "rxekN6sawGA-00296-00210640-00211440": "construction cta which does high energy gamma rays i'm involved in also somewhat", "rxekN6sawGA-00297-00211656-00212448": "and athena and liza were the two missions that were selected by the senior group which i chaired", "rxekN6sawGA-00298-00212448-00213023": "for isa and i'm very much looking forward to see them being constructed and working", "rxekN6sawGA-00299-00213319-00213792": "so this was about the science part i thought i'd tell you something about statistics", "rxekN6sawGA-00300-00213936-00214480": "so women attain you at the moment the percentage of women in the membership is 22.8", "rxekN6sawGA-00301-00214576-00215280": "so first of all the ia the iau international astronomical union doesn't try to get all the", "rxekN6sawGA-00302-00215280-00215800": "astronomers in the world each country selects the most distinguished set of astronomers to", "rxekN6sawGA-00303-00215800-00216560": "be iau members so that's the way it works and so when you see this 22.8 you think", "rxekN6sawGA-00304-00216560-00217304": "even though presidents tend to be women these days it's a little bit discouraging but actually", "rxekN6sawGA-00305-00217304-00218152": "they uh recently made this very interesting uh statistical study about the age range which", "rxekN6sawGA-00306-00218152-00218584": "doesn't cover everybody because they didn't have the age for everybody so", "rxekN6sawGA-00307-00218712-00219152": "it's limited of course to the people for whom they knew the age but it's very interesting", "rxekN6sawGA-00308-00219152-00219856": "if you see i don't know why this is covered unfortunately but this is the percentage of", "rxekN6sawGA-00309-00219919-00220319": "this is the number of women the number of men percentage of women percentage of men", "rxekN6sawGA-00310-00220376-00221488": "and so between 95 and 100 we have 11 men and one woman so it's 8.3 percent women as you go up you", "rxekN6sawGA-00311-00221488-00222792": "have 10 11 13 15 17 18 in the 55 to six range it's 18 percent in the 40 to 45 it's 30 percent if you", "rxekN6sawGA-00312-00222792-00223584": "go to the young ones of which they are few at the moment but now there is a big group of iu uh for", "rxekN6sawGA-00313-00223584-00224496": "young astronomers and there you get 44.7 so you can see that in astronomy in the future i think", "rxekN6sawGA-00314-00224680-00225384": "the diversity at least in terms of men and women will be okay so it's very nice to see that", "rxekN6sawGA-00315-00225536-00225936": "so i thought i finished with some personal impressions on women in science and technology", "rxekN6sawGA-00316-00226112-00226576": "and this is a little bit to give advice to young women and wondering", "rxekN6sawGA-00317-00226871-00227616": "whether to make a career there so and sometimes you become very personal but husband companion", "rxekN6sawGA-00318-00227712-00228408": "it's very important to choose well because it's important you don't necessarily need a man who", "rxekN6sawGA-00319-00228408-00229023": "is protective or even supportive with some condescension you need an equal respecting", "rxekN6sawGA-00320-00229023-00229519": "your choices and your career and prepared to accept your independence and even your success", "rxekN6sawGA-00321-00229616-00230167": "and he knows that your career is as important as his own i found that in my husband diego", "rxekN6sawGA-00322-00230519-00231360": "then children i should have i don't know how to not hide the top never mind so i thought", "rxekN6sawGA-00323-00231360-00232223": "children are not necessarily important for everybody but for me they were essential and", "rxekN6sawGA-00324-00232336-00233056": "when i was given a position at caltech as i told you i was intimated by the department health", "rxekN6sawGA-00325-00233056-00233704": "told me in advance came to see me at harvard and told me i don't believe in women in science but", "rxekN6sawGA-00326-00233704-00234296": "you know your thesis was so good that we decided to offer your postdoc but no babies when you come", "rxekN6sawGA-00327-00234296-00234960": "to caltech and the first thing i did i would say i arrived in october and in november i was pregnant", "rxekN6sawGA-00328-00235040-00235864": "so um fortunately i was able to continue my work there but without the maternity leave and the", "rxekN6sawGA-00329-00235864-00236496": "heavy load but the science was great and that i told you earlier i was happy the second child i", "rxekN6sawGA-00330-00236496-00237232": "had in france in what we consider now more normal circumstances these days it is becoming more and", "rxekN6sawGA-00331-00237232-00237823": "more accepted that women can have a career and children and access to child care facilities tends", "rxekN6sawGA-00332-00237823-00238480": "to improve everywhere and even more than that what i see now is that father's participation in", "rxekN6sawGA-00333-00238480-00239160": "raising young children is continuously increasing you know when i had my son i think the first son", "rxekN6sawGA-00334-00239160-00239584": "diego never changed the diaper i mean it didn't even occur to me that he might change a diaper", "rxekN6sawGA-00335-00239688-00240416": "so the second he changed some diapers and my sons so so i had two sons here they are as", "rxekN6sawGA-00336-00240496-00241080": "little and this is the way they are now and each of them has one child i have two grandchildren", "rxekN6sawGA-00337-00241184-00242023": "and they took care of their children just the same as their their wives i'm happy to see that so it", "rxekN6sawGA-00338-00242023-00242600": "may be that i'm giving you here advice from an old woman and that you don't need anymore i hope", "rxekN6sawGA-00339-00242896-00243544": "okay mentoring a lot is said about women need mentors and of course", "rxekN6sawGA-00340-00243544-00243936": "for me an important mentor was my cease advisor from princeton russell course", "rxekN6sawGA-00341-00244048-00244456": "who is now over 90 and still doing a lot of research", "rxekN6sawGA-00342-00244671-00245119": "so i think that role models and male and female mentors can be a great help", "rxekN6sawGA-00343-00245119-00245567": "in launching and nurturing a career in science but i think it's very important", "rxekN6sawGA-00344-00245567-00246160": "for a woman scientist not to depend too much on a single mentor especially if the mentor is a man", "rxekN6sawGA-00345-00246304-00247071": "and then you always look like you know somebody's little thing or project or whatever i think it", "rxekN6sawGA-00346-00247071-00247712": "is best to lean on various persons that help you shape up your own personality so i did not", "rxekN6sawGA-00347-00247712-00248552": "have just one mentor a number of people and in fact i mostly have been independent in my work", "rxekN6sawGA-00348-00248944-00249623": "oh i don't know how to do to see the top of my own slides but i think it's very important", "rxekN6sawGA-00349-00249623-00250248": "to be ambitious to nurture great expectations to seek opportunities for making new developments or", "rxekN6sawGA-00350-00250248-00250984": "discoveries for recognition and for promotion it used to be say that young women exhibit a fear of", "rxekN6sawGA-00351-00250984-00251600": "academic success which appears to increase as the student approaches for goal i said it in the past", "rxekN6sawGA-00352-00251600-00252352": "but i'm not completely sure that it's not still a bit true at the moment there is also this impostor", "rxekN6sawGA-00353-00252352-00253136": "syndrome which attacks more women than men which i myself i must say suffer from so it is important", "rxekN6sawGA-00354-00253136-00253671": "to overcome this tendency at the individual level as early as possible even if you have it", "rxekN6sawGA-00355-00253792-00254376": "forget it and continue in my case i certainly did not find my career as it turned out", "rxekN6sawGA-00356-00254448-00255200": "at first i saw myself as a theorist working alone in a corner with paper pencil computer but i soon", "rxekN6sawGA-00357-00255200-00255880": "realized the need to be aggressive in order to be heard or even noticed and i adapted to that need", "rxekN6sawGA-00358-00256064-00256688": "once in europe i developed a strong wish to see france and europe get ahead in science it", "rxekN6sawGA-00359-00256688-00257288": "is because i thought i knew what to do thanks to my opportunities in particular in the us", "rxekN6sawGA-00360-00257288-00257816": "and because i was willing to take on responsibilities that i ended up taking big manage", "rxekN6sawGA-00361-00257816-00258528": "management jobs but every time i have been offered a high position it came as a complete surprise i", "rxekN6sawGA-00362-00258528-00259184": "never planned it i never tried to get it somehow it got offered before i even thought about it", "rxekN6sawGA-00363-00259560-00260040": "and then it's very important to have a passion for science technology engineering or math", "rxekN6sawGA-00364-00260223-00260832": "when they can set themselves free from pervasive stereotypes women can as well as men exploit their", "rxekN6sawGA-00365-00260832-00261328": "talent to attempt to unravel the mysteries of nature or unleash their imagination and", "rxekN6sawGA-00366-00261328-00261904": "come up with original innovations and then it becomes a passion personally i have always had", "rxekN6sawGA-00367-00261904-00262496": "a passion for science in general and actually a very wide interest and for astrophysics in", "rxekN6sawGA-00368-00262496-00263056": "particular and it kept growing with time and this has made my life exciting and", "rxekN6sawGA-00369-00263056-00263872": "fulfilling and then what is important in the earlier years of the career of a woman scientist", "rxekN6sawGA-00370-00263872-00264520": "and later also by the way to be able to say no not indiscriminately but at the right", "rxekN6sawGA-00371-00264520-00265160": "time on the right occasions no to second grade situations no to meddling in your personal life", "rxekN6sawGA-00372-00265216-00265832": "no to worries being second feeder in your collaboration no to a dominant partner it", "rxekN6sawGA-00373-00265832-00266288": "still leaves you with many opportunities to say yes and with the possibility of a", "rxekN6sawGA-00374-00266288-00266848": "happy fulfilling life in science thank you very much i think that's the last one yes", "rxekN6sawGA-00375-00267032-00267584": "well thank you thank you so much yeah i think we can all give a round of applause", "rxekN6sawGA-00376-00267896-00268472": "thank you um can you stop sharing your screen uh catherine so we'll see you yeah excellent", "rxekN6sawGA-00377-00268472-00269008": "oh i knew it so you had some very strong you know unimportant words in there so so", "rxekN6sawGA-00378-00269008-00269472": "i think that was really good and and thank you for such uh honest if you like", "rxekN6sawGA-00379-00269472-00269960": "and quite intimate talk you know at times as well i think it was really really important", "rxekN6sawGA-00380-00269960-00270504": "it's also i found it fascinating to see you know that over time if you like you can see how the", "rxekN6sawGA-00381-00270504-00271096": "you know the situation has evolved as far as you know gender uh gender balance is concerned i mean", "rxekN6sawGA-00382-00271096-00271560": "so there's still a lot of work to do obviously but it's really you know it's fascinating to see these", "rxekN6sawGA-00383-00271560-00272240": "early photos and the stats that you showed as well i think it's great and uh and yeah i think your", "rxekN6sawGA-00384-00272240-00272736": "career if you like and your achievements are have you know really paved the way and are paving the", "rxekN6sawGA-00385-00272736-00273336": "way uh if you like towards reaching gender balance overall i i will just say an anecdote just now", "rxekN6sawGA-00386-00273336-00273848": "which uh one of the colleagues in the chat box was saying to me that he was watching your talk just", "rxekN6sawGA-00387-00273848-00274584": "now with the with his daughter and his daughter says i want to be a scientist so there you go", "rxekN6sawGA-00388-00274808-00275336": "absolutely so that's that's great i will open up for questions uh so if you want to raise your your", "rxekN6sawGA-00389-00275336-00275984": "vitro virtual hand on zoom that would be great i will just start with one myself if you don't mind", "rxekN6sawGA-00390-00276048-00276840": "um do you think you you've got more influence if you like in particular in you know in progressing", "rxekN6sawGA-00391-00276840-00277576": "this diversity agenda as a successful scientist or you know inspiring the next generation basically", "rxekN6sawGA-00392-00277576-00278032": "or in a more political role you know with or is it a mix of birth basically", "rxekN6sawGA-00393-00278232-00279176": "i think it's mostly as a manager a third thing in all the places where i was a manager i took care", "rxekN6sawGA-00394-00279176-00279912": "of the of women not not just by trying to promote them ahead of men and things like that that's not", "rxekN6sawGA-00395-00279912-00280544": "the way but just by helping them against their confidence find their place become important", "rxekN6sawGA-00396-00280768-00281608": "so i did that with many women i think that's by far the most important thing i've done in this", "rxekN6sawGA-00397-00281608-00282104": "thank you so again encouraging people to raise their hands uh i i'm looking at the chat box as", "rxekN6sawGA-00398-00282104-00282744": "well we've got a question from uh mom taponia in france what advice do you give to institutions", "rxekN6sawGA-00399-00282744-00283288": "who always put mothers at second positions and how to improve the situation especially in the", "rxekN6sawGA-00400-00283288-00283952": "french system i know it's difficult you know i told you my second son it was much easier it", "rxekN6sawGA-00401-00283952-00284512": "was easier in the sense that for the first i had even to pay you know the hospital because", "rxekN6sawGA-00402-00284512-00285176": "i had just moved and i didn't have insurance so it cost me in france of course it was free", "rxekN6sawGA-00403-00285176-00285704": "and the cea gave me a bonus because i had had a child and i could take a maternity leave", "rxekN6sawGA-00404-00285704-00286280": "which was much too long for my taste so i only took a little part of it but when i came back", "rxekN6sawGA-00405-00286456-00286904": "the director had put somebody else as head of the theory group saying oh now you will", "rxekN6sawGA-00406-00286904-00287672": "be too busy with two kids so terry is going to do it much better and i shout", "rxekN6sawGA-00407-00287920-00288584": "so i didn't i did not let it happen and i took it back and then sometime later anyway", "rxekN6sawGA-00408-00288720-00289512": "he was fired and left and i was the next director of the whole group in this schedule but", "rxekN6sawGA-00409-00289512-00290088": "which required a strong personality basically to you know i think indeed this happens all", "rxekN6sawGA-00410-00290088-00290496": "the time i mean i didn't expect it at all to happen in france you know when i came back", "rxekN6sawGA-00411-00290616-00291248": "another head of the serial group come on you know because i had a baby so", "rxekN6sawGA-00412-00291368-00291736": "indeed it happens so how to make it not happen well i think fortunately", "rxekN6sawGA-00413-00291848-00292576": "much more is being said these days everywhere about the importance of sharing the sky so", "rxekN6sawGA-00414-00292680-00293208": "it should happen less and less but if it happens to you it is this know that i said at the end", "rxekN6sawGA-00415-00293272-00293944": "if they want to put you in your second position then don't take it for years it was the president", "rxekN6sawGA-00416-00294008-00294600": "is a man and vice president is a woman the head is a man and the second is a woman etc etc", "rxekN6sawGA-00417-00294688-00295232": "i never accepted to be number two anywhere of course i've been offered many times", "rxekN6sawGA-00418-00295384-00296176": "never very strong thank you um a question from uh danielle finish uh if you want to yeah fennec", "rxekN6sawGA-00419-00296240-00296984": "hi um so i've actually just a question about one of your last slides and the discussions about um", "rxekN6sawGA-00420-00297128-00297656": "workload and and saying no to things and i think there's very much a perception", "rxekN6sawGA-00421-00297744-00298416": "um you know i can speak from my own experience but also other people i've discussed with um that", "rxekN6sawGA-00422-00298480-00298968": "you know if you if you say no you can't be relied on people won't come back and ask you", "rxekN6sawGA-00423-00298968-00299544": "again and and essentially you kind of vote yourself out of of being involved in things", "rxekN6sawGA-00424-00299616-00300304": "um i'd be curious to know what your personal experience on that has been has has there been", "rxekN6sawGA-00425-00300304-00300848": "times where you feel like you've you've turned something down and and regretted it and and how", "rxekN6sawGA-00426-00300848-00301408": "do you distinguish that from the things where you where you said yeah um you said no and actually", "rxekN6sawGA-00427-00301408-00301808": "came come out the other side thinking that was a really good decision to say no", "rxekN6sawGA-00428-00302088-00302696": "no there's no time that they've said no one that i haven't regretted i took a big risk", "rxekN6sawGA-00429-00302776-00303544": "at cea as i said i was head of astrophysics the next level was astrophysics plus particle physics", "rxekN6sawGA-00430-00303544-00304320": "plus nuclear physics from together a big group and when i decided to stop being head of astrophysics", "rxekN6sawGA-00431-00304320-00304944": "i was offered to be at this next stage now this stage is a lot of work", "rxekN6sawGA-00432-00305064-00305536": "and not so much power because the power when you are head of astrophysics yes", "rxekN6sawGA-00433-00305656-00306240": "when you are at the top yes and the people in between it looks like a nice title but it's", "rxekN6sawGA-00434-00306240-00307120": "not so big and i was interested in isocalm and so i said no and i thought i will never again", "rxekN6sawGA-00435-00307120-00307792": "be offered something at cea and a few months later they gave me the top job what can you do", "rxekN6sawGA-00436-00308128-00308664": "thank you i hope it answers your question uh yeah thanks um we've got sherry sherry breen", "rxekN6sawGA-00437-00308808-00309296": "hi um thanks for the great talk catherine i think it was really amazing to hear about your career", "rxekN6sawGA-00438-00309296-00309848": "and thanks especially for the openness i mean that was really great um you gave a lot of tips there", "rxekN6sawGA-00439-00309848-00310496": "at the end for women which i think a lot of us um needed to hear um and and can put into practice", "rxekN6sawGA-00440-00310496-00310952": "but what about the tips for the men i mean this gender diversity is not a women's issue", "rxekN6sawGA-00441-00310952-00311456": "it's a it's an everyone issue so i just wondered if you had any anything to say to them", "rxekN6sawGA-00442-00311672-00312640": "that they should not consider women any different from men in in their everyday work you know and", "rxekN6sawGA-00443-00312792-00313144": "i had the impression it is changing perhaps i'm too optimistic", "rxekN6sawGA-00444-00313288-00314072": "but at least you know i go a lot to the discussions in my group there's groups of", "rxekN6sawGA-00445-00314200-00314792": "and there's a lot of young postdocs and so on and i don't have the impression it's", "rxekN6sawGA-00446-00314888-00315672": "any different between the men and the women and also that the men on top don't treat them", "rxekN6sawGA-00447-00315672-00316208": "differently but perhaps i'm wrong well let me tell you in my time it was completely different", "rxekN6sawGA-00448-00316360-00317240": "so i think this idea of equality is coming at least i would say in france in my environment", "rxekN6sawGA-00449-00317520-00318032": "so the important thing is you know on the one hand there is the gender under the other hand", "rxekN6sawGA-00450-00318032-00318472": "there is the working relationship and these are two different things period never miss them", "rxekN6sawGA-00451-00318768-00319528": "yep thank you um got a question in the chat box from the daughter of one of our participants uh", "rxekN6sawGA-00452-00319528-00320304": "she's asking what are you hoping to achieve with the ska project well i'm extremely excited", "rxekN6sawGA-00453-00320304-00320912": "to be here at this time it's i'm sure phil simon i think are there and others", "rxekN6sawGA-00454-00321024-00321592": "antonio i see i mean you know i see a few of you i'm sure everybody is just", "rxekN6sawGA-00455-00321696-00322472": "involved in the project at the moment colin is as excited as i am because we hope that", "rxekN6sawGA-00456-00322472-00323376": "it will be possible to start construction this year so imagine how exciting so there is of course", "rxekN6sawGA-00457-00323376-00323888": "the interest of thinking what it will be when it is finished what can be done and so on which", "rxekN6sawGA-00458-00323888-00324464": "i try to say a few words about and which each one can apply to his own field of scientific interest", "rxekN6sawGA-00459-00324592-00325320": "but i also like the fantastic adventure as you can see from my experience", "rxekN6sawGA-00460-00325320-00326008": "of building in an international setting in an international group getting all too back together", "rxekN6sawGA-00461-00326008-00326456": "and building a completely new instrument and bringing the know-how from you know there", "rxekN6sawGA-00462-00326456-00327168": "are 16 countries involved each one bringing what they know what they can do and all this together", "rxekN6sawGA-00463-00327168-00327992": "to these deserts in australia and south africa it completely fires my imagination", "rxekN6sawGA-00464-00328144-00328768": "it does i don't see any more hands actually um just a question for me are you missing i", "rxekN6sawGA-00465-00328768-00329216": "know i asked you that question before but are you missing doing science get trained at all", "rxekN6sawGA-00466-00329352-00330096": "am i missing what doing science yourself i cannot say i'm not doing science uh what i miss", "rxekN6sawGA-00467-00330096-00330744": "i'm missing uh being closing at home like all of you i mean i'm missing going to cycling", "rxekN6sawGA-00468-00330952-00331728": "a lot is going on in sacre i still have an office there i can go to meetings discussions on many", "rxekN6sawGA-00469-00331728-00332448": "many different topics i see the people doing it i read quite a bit i am not at all far from sense", "rxekN6sawGA-00470-00332664-00333352": "okay i'm conscious of time and i see just one last hand from fiona so i will give you the flow of", "rxekN6sawGA-00471-00333352-00333728": "for the last question to catch in thanks very much catherine", "rxekN6sawGA-00472-00333728-00333984": "i thought your talk was really interesting so thank you for that", "rxekN6sawGA-00473-00334040-00334528": "um i wanted to ask you um what do you think of the key things organizations that you've worked", "rxekN6sawGA-00474-00334528-00334912": "for have done which have really helped you the most as you've developed your career and", "rxekN6sawGA-00475-00334912-00335384": "do you think there's any learnings from that that we can take on board for ska observatory", "rxekN6sawGA-00476-00335616-00336088": "what do i think exactly i didn't completely understand the question oh sorry", "rxekN6sawGA-00477-00336088-00336408": "what i suppose it's just thinking about you know from your experience of other", "rxekN6sawGA-00478-00336408-00336832": "organizations are the only key things those organizations have done which have really", "rxekN6sawGA-00479-00336832-00337840": "helped you develop your career and can we learn from that in ska it's difficult to say well", "rxekN6sawGA-00480-00338200-00338552": "at least they have", "rxekN6sawGA-00481-00338792-00339648": "i would say neither as it was dark nor later i never had anybody telling me this is what you", "rxekN6sawGA-00482-00339648-00340528": "need to do i've always been in situations where i could be the one to say this is what i wish to do", "rxekN6sawGA-00483-00340616-00341064": "and i think this is essential not to be told what to do but to be asked", "rxekN6sawGA-00484-00341064-00341664": "what you should do and in terms of employment fiona's institute i think", "rxekN6sawGA-00485-00341768-00342376": "the very important thing is and this is more not for my for me but me as a manager", "rxekN6sawGA-00486-00342472-00343008": "um it's not that you make little boxes where you say i need the person who will do this", "rxekN6sawGA-00487-00343008-00343504": "this this and then a person who will do this this and then you assign this to the people and", "rxekN6sawGA-00488-00343504-00344000": "this is what they do but you get to know the people you get to know what they can do well", "rxekN6sawGA-00489-00344064-00344648": "and then you change the job descriptions according to the possibilities of the people and if you that", "rxekN6sawGA-00490-00344648-00345344": "if you do that then everybody is at his top or her top and everybody's happy and you get a lot more", "rxekN6sawGA-00491-00345480-00346232": "so i think that in terms of dealing with personnel that is the most important thing", "rxekN6sawGA-00492-00346232-00346808": "and i must say in cea in particular is the kind of place where people enter and never leave", "rxekN6sawGA-00493-00346880-00347384": "so these are the people you have to deal with so it's very important to", "rxekN6sawGA-00494-00347600-00347936": "make them have fulfilling careers in accord with", "rxekN6sawGA-00495-00348016-00348784": "their capacities and personally i'm fascinated by that i always put a lot of effort into that", "rxekN6sawGA-00496-00349016-00349392": "thank you great thank you catherine i said it was the last one but actually", "rxekN6sawGA-00497-00349392-00349816": "i missed i missed one question on the chat box apparently from anita richards", "rxekN6sawGA-00498-00349976-00350400": "i can reformulate it for you anita if you want to to ask ask it yourself i don't know if you're", "rxekN6sawGA-00499-00350400-00351104": "still on the line okay i i'll just very quickly summarize the question i mean thank you very much", "rxekN6sawGA-00500-00351104-00351904": "again to to catherine for heard many talks from you and all all very inspiring and the importance", "rxekN6sawGA-00501-00351904-00352448": "of role models is really great one thing i've noticed particularly in the british system is", "rxekN6sawGA-00502-00352448-00353336": "that a lot of postdocs who go into being um observatory staff maybe part-time research", "rxekN6sawGA-00503-00353336-00353832": "are at a huge disadvantage when it comes to applying for fellowships and things um ditto", "rxekN6sawGA-00504-00353832-00354568": "people who are in large collaborations um do you have any comments on how we can put that right", "rxekN6sawGA-00505-00354768-00355384": "no i wish i knew i mean it is indeed the problem that worries me very much", "rxekN6sawGA-00506-00355512-00356560": "um it's been very some all the time but it doesn't improve and the only thing i can say and it's of", "rxekN6sawGA-00507-00356560-00357112": "course not so true at the level of bazaar but for graduate students it's important to know", "rxekN6sawGA-00508-00357176-00357800": "that uh career in astronomy can also open new possibilities for other fields and that it's not", "rxekN6sawGA-00509-00357912-00358584": "sometimes it's not so bad if you do that so always be sure that you", "rxekN6sawGA-00510-00358704-00359432": "have a that you know all your possibilities and you can see what's happening in the world and", "rxekN6sawGA-00511-00359432-00359984": "see if the opportunities astronomy offer you are such that you want to stay or you want to get out", "rxekN6sawGA-00512-00360048-00360760": "but i think you have to to keep this open and also realize how much you would make what", "rxekN6sawGA-00513-00360760-00361312": "your life would do if you were elsewhere before accepting something that you don't like so much", "rxekN6sawGA-00514-00361312-00361952": "because it's in astronomy but i i'm saying that with a heavy ha with a heavy heart", "rxekN6sawGA-00515-00362088-00362784": "so so i don't know i think i think it is difficult", "rxekN6sawGA-00516-00362944-00363608": "right thank you catherine i think we can wrap this up uh again a big you know round", "rxekN6sawGA-00517-00363608-00364240": "of applause to you uh for such a great talk thank you very much thanks for being so you know so open", "rxekN6sawGA-00518-00364240-00364896": "uh with uh with us today uh for sharing your journey as a woman in science all these years", "rxekN6sawGA-00519-00364896-00365672": "um that's been really really inspiring for all of us i'm sure um and so yeah and again i mean", "rxekN6sawGA-00520-00365672-00366160": "we are very privileged to have you as a you know the first chair of our observatory that's that's", "rxekN6sawGA-00521-00366160-00366752": "that's excellent so well looking forward to uh you know other opportunities and uh thank", "rxekN6sawGA-00522-00366752-00367712": "you all for for being here today with us and the sko speaker series will continue in in the future"}}, {"audio_id": "rxOaf4k8Plk", "text": {"rxOaf4k8Plk-00000-00000017-00000117": "Hi there!", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00001-00000117-00000554": "If you're looking to learn about the effects of Crossfit on the body, you've come to the", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00002-00000554-00000752": "right place!", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00003-00000752-00001257": "Crossfit is a high-intensity exercise program It has become a popular way to stay in shape", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00004-00001257-00001455": "and build strength.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00005-00001455-00001921": "Crossfit is a great way to stay in shape and build strength.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00006-00001921-00002513": "It combines elements of weightlifting, gymnastics, and functional movements to create an intense", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00007-00002513-00002942": "workout that will challenge your body and mind.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00008-00002942-00003240": "But what does Crossfit actually do to your body?", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00009-00003240-00004014": "Here are some of the benefits you can expect to see from doing Crossfit regularly: Improved", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00010-00004014-00004669": "cardiovascular endurance: Crossfit workouts involve intense bursts of physical activity", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00011-00004669-00004918": "that challenge your heart and lungs.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00012-00004918-00005496": "Over time, your body will become more efficient at using oxygen, allowing you to last longer", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00013-00005496-00005823": "during workouts.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00014-00005823-00006434": "Increased muscle strength: Crossfit is designed to make you stronger from head to toe.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00015-00006434-00007134": "You'll be able to lift heavier weights, increase your speed, and build lean muscle mass.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00016-00007134-00007720": "Improved flexibility and mobility: Crossfit workouts involve a variety of stretching and", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00017-00007720-00008142": "dynamic movements that will help you become more flexible and mobile.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00018-00008142-00008657": "This will help you move better and reduce your risk of injury.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00019-00008657-00009218": "Increased mental toughness: Crossfit workouts can be physically and mentally challenging.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00020-00009218-00009761": "Over time, you'll learn how to push yourself to the limit and stay focused even when things", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00021-00009761-00009965": "get tough.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00022-00009965-00010457": "So if you're looking for a way to get in shape and build strength, Crossfit might be the", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00023-00010457-00010627": "perfect option for you!", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00024-00010627-00011296": "But remember, it's important to take care of your body when doing Crossfit.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00025-00011296-00011876": "Make sure you warm up properly before each workout and cool down afterwards.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00026-00011876-00012375": "Drink plenty of water and get enough rest between workouts.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00027-00012375-00013075": "And if you ever feel pain or discomfort, stop and talk to a doctor before continuing.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00028-00013075-00013575": "If you're interested in learning more about Crossfit, there are a lot of great resources", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00029-00013575-00013738": "available.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00030-00013738-00014218": "You can check out the official Crossfit website for information on the different types of", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00031-00014218-00014686": "workouts and the benefits of doing Crossfit.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00032-00014686-00015230": "There are also lots of Crossfit blogs and videos online that provide helpful tips and", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00033-00015230-00015436": "advice.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00034-00015436-00015937": "You can also join a Crossfit gym to get started.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00035-00015937-00016444": "Most gyms offer beginner classes that will teach you the basics of Crossfit and help", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00036-00016444-00016730": "you get comfortable with the movements.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00037-00016730-00017455": "Plus, you'll have the support of other Crossfitters and coaches who can help you reach your goals.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00038-00017455-00018039": "Finally, don't forget to take care of your body when doing Crossfit.", "rxOaf4k8Plk-00039-00018039-00018214": "Good luck and happy training!"}}, {"audio_id": "rxVWjCuSSFc", "text": {"rxVWjCuSSFc-00000-00000494-00000908": "Did you know that buildings can sink during earthquakes?", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00001-00000908-00001200": "In 1964, an earthquake in Japan made the ground so unstable,", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00002-00001200-00001430": "that an apartment building tipped over", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00003-00001430-00001930": "to the point that people had to walk down the side of the building to escape.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00004-00001930-00002061": "So how did this happen?", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00005-00002061-00002500": "If you zoom in to the sandy ground underneath the building before the earthquake,", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00006-00002500-00002800": "the sand is stacked together, and filled with water.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00007-00002800-00003123": "This stacking gives support to the weight of the structure.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00008-00003123-00003550": "But when earthquake waves pass through the water-filled sand and shake the ground,", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00009-00003550-00003953": "it starts to force the water to move between the sand particles.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00010-00003953-00004230": "Since the earthquake wave is steady coming through the ground,", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00011-00004230-00004517": "there isn't time for the water to drain.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00012-00004517-00005040": "The water forces the sand particles to separate from each other, causing the sand to become liquidy,", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00013-00005040-00005265": "which is called liquefaction.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00014-00005265-00005723": "Liquidy sand cannot support the weight of this structure, and it can sink.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00015-00005723-00006150": "One way to stop liquefaction from happening is by dropping a huge weight on the ground,", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00016-00006150-00006470": "which pushes the grains even closer together.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00017-00006470-00006926": "But unfortunately we can't drop weights on areas with existing buildings.", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00018-00006926-00007240": "So scientists and engineers are currently looking for different ways", "rxVWjCuSSFc-00019-00007240-00007383": "to strengthen the ground."}}, {"audio_id": "ryq8i_U5GII", "text": {"ryq8i_U5GII-00000-00000129-00000183": "Drake?", "ryq8i_U5GII-00001-00000266-00000367": "Yes, sir.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00002-00000367-00000487": "How you doing, man?", "ryq8i_U5GII-00003-00000487-00000608": "Good. How are you?", "ryq8i_U5GII-00004-00000671-00000846": "You want to be a Falcon?", "ryq8i_U5GII-00005-00000942-00001355": "With the eighth pick in the 2022 NFL Draft", "ryq8i_U5GII-00006-00001426-00001785": "the Atlanta Falcons select Drake London", "ryq8i_U5GII-00007-00001868-00002089": "wide receiver, USC.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00008-00002277-00002410": "It's just surreal right now.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00009-00002410-00002898": "I don't even know how to put into words what I'm feeling, what I'm about to feel.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00010-00002898-00003111": "But I'm just blessed.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00011-00003111-00003232": "What's up Falcons fans.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00012-00003315-00003691": "I'm here at the NFL Draft, soaking it all in.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00013-00003707-00004024": "I'm just excited to be a part of the team, be a part of this electric offense", "ryq8i_U5GII-00014-00004054-00004287": "and contribute any way I possibly can.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00015-00004333-00004525": "Dirty birds. Let's go.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00016-00004525-00004692": "I'm just going to say LFG.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00017-00004692-00004875": "That's all I need to do.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00018-00004875-00005034": "Yeah, yeah.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00019-00005034-00005309": "Feel free to, like, move, OK?", "ryq8i_U5GII-00020-00005330-00005559": "We're building in the right direction now.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00021-00005584-00005847": "Hopefully they pick me to go there to win games, you know,", "ryq8i_U5GII-00022-00005847-00006051": "and that's what I'm going to come in and try to do and try to prove.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00023-00006056-00006285": "I think it's like a ticking time bomb. You can never tell", "ryq8i_U5GII-00024-00006423-00006523": "when I'm about to go off.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00025-00006523-00006773": "You can say that every time the ball about to get in my hands,", "ryq8i_U5GII-00026-00006773-00007002": "I feel like I have a chance to make a play.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00027-00007002-00007373": "Honestly, football is a physical sport, and you got to impose", "ryq8i_U5GII-00028-00007373-00007707": "your will on somebody in order to make it to make a statement and be known.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00029-00007707-00007962": "So that's what I try to do every time I step out on the field.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00030-00008053-00008095": "It's OK.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00031-00008095-00008291": "See, I'm already dirty like a dirty bird.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00032-00008792-00009159": "Oh, let's go.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00033-00009159-00009330": "That jersey look good.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00034-00009334-00009442": "I think it's the start of something", "ryq8i_U5GII-00035-00009442-00009718": "great and I'm excited.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00036-00009743-00010039": "My life has changed for the better, my family's life has changed for the better.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00037-00010126-00010422": "Honestly, I'm just living out a dream right now and soaking it all in.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00038-00010464-00010760": "I mean, I wouldn't be in the position I am today without them.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00039-00010777-00011073": "They're always there for me and that's why I love them so much.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00040-00011436-00011490": "How are you doing?", "ryq8i_U5GII-00041-00011941-00012091": "I need one of them lil...", "ryq8i_U5GII-00042-00012091-00012249": "Oh, yeah.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00043-00012249-00012458": "I came here to win, and that's the end goal.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00044-00012458-00012787": "I came here to contribute any way I possibly can at the end of the day.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00045-00012787-00013071": "We're trying to build a winning culture at the end of the day, and,", "ryq8i_U5GII-00046-00013146-00013380": "yeah, I'll come in with the same mindset regardless.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00047-00013471-00013847": "I think it's just people who I wanted to be surrounded by people who understand me.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00048-00013847-00013893": "for me.", "ryq8i_U5GII-00049-00014047-00014168": "They're going to allow me to elevate my game", "ryq8i_U5GII-00050-00014168-00014376": "to the highest level it could possibly be."}}, {"audio_id": "ryLGIkFwNUA", "text": {"ryLGIkFwNUA-00000-00000000-00001011": "Universal Pictures Logos Reverse 64xy (Fast)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00001-00001011-00001550": "Jacob Corey", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00002-00001568-00001600": "Doomsday csupo html", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00003-00001600-00001639": "Ltv Mca", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00004-00001639-00001684": "nowadays as I'm a Windows user myself", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00005-00001720-00001754": "taking forever I think we met stuff yeah good look there dark there nothing's", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00006-00001764-00003215": "PBS 1970-2009", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00007-00003246-00003260": "popping up oh there goes there goes what the heck is this crap I jump somebody", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00008-00003260-00003297": "was messing with the files and look at this file yeah if things don't work out", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00009-00003297-00004286": "with this that's where it's going to end up Mouse is not working can I do the key", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00010-00004290-00004330": "word the key word is not doing an impression arrows rolling that's a crap", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00011-00004340-00005368": "Hey oh there any levels mouse mouse disconnect damn mouse oh there went a", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00012-00005374-00005412": "couple things yeah mouse is gone where did it get away", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00013-00005432-00005474": "without getting the story are still on towards me he was part of it we're the", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00014-00005486-00006950": "I Accidentally M6", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00015-00006973-00008890": "Megan Woodmasee", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00016-00008890-00009146": "other partner I don't know it's way over there so we're probably all yours", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00017-00009188-00009190": "yeah yeah yeah who needs about these days yeah well I'll see we can get up", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00018-00009248-00009376": "get up goodbye without I'm hitting Enter minutes oh my gosh I'm hitting Enter and", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00019-00009378-00009978": "it's actually registering as one for some reason I think you broke it name", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00020-00009988-00010028": "one is already taking taking oh look at this I'm not even doing anything", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00021-00010028-00011092": "it's key must be systemic I messed it up already damn well you know I bet those", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00022-00011092-00011442": "just go t to mess with the goodies getting the adjust man wants us to load", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00023-00011450-00011500": "a program called program dynamite yeah wants us to load the program right", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00024-00011500-00014950": "in the floppy drive", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00025-00014952-00015002": "hold on this isn't going to work now nope nope we need to load another one", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00026-00015036-00015052": "here hammer for the", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00027-00015094-00015647": "give me link to the original video", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00028-00015647-00015697": "M6 Might confuse You Tube Poop {klasky csupo}", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00029-00015697-00016296": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rz42c2rogU", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00030-00016296-00016700": "mouse program it's", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00031-00016700-00017202": "great guys keyboard", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00032-00017202-00017252": "is not working yeah", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00033-00017252-00017302": "#2spooky4me", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00034-00017302-00017542": "Wanna light and darkness is a darkly", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00035-00017542-00017598": "Halloween", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00036-00017598-00017646": "that'd fix this I did it son for then I didn't make it past the desktop screen", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00037-00017656-00019142": "Doomsday gamecube logo", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00038-00019142-00019244": "that's shit it's time for another program maybe", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00039-00019262-00019294": "Posse out give me good cheer I know we need to load support system support load", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00040-00019294-00019468": "NBC International Presents 1986 In STJ's G-Major", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00041-00019468-00020208": "Skyler Mcfadden", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00042-00020208-00020688": "another program I'm going to shove it in there a little bit then the same", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00043-00020688-00021318": "NBC International Presents 1986 In G-Major", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00044-00021318-00021800": "got nothing absolutely nothing let me fix this fix it which up on the", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00045-00021800-00022080": "move there's a little bit stood on it", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00046-00022080-00022250": "I Accidentally Doomsday csupo (With Screamer)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00047-00022258-00022310": "Created", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00048-00022316-00022684": "Spongebob Sapians", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00049-00022684-00022726": "NBC SNAKE RUINED", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00050-00022726-00023776": "calm down go to a set of the work at your screen exchanges positions oh and", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00051-00023784-00024048": "Disney ABC Domestic Television (2007)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00052-00024058-00024138": "CBS ID (1953)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00053-00024138-00024178": "CBS Logo from 1951!!", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00054-00024200-00024664": "NBC ID 1953", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00055-00024674-00024704": "LogosAreFun", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00056-00024718-00025114": "then I got a wireless keyboard oh oh look at this look at that", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00057-00024728-00025016": "after all this finally decides to go into screensaver", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00058-00024786-00025246": "I'm not be sorry yeah well it looks really good in black and white what do", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00059-00025246-00025296": "you think No", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00060-00025304-00025354": "NBC International LTD. Presents (1990)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00061-00025354-00026316": "still work hey we got other fishies yeah we did look at that haunt here", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00062-00026339-00028120": "An effect combo i call BuggerSide-ColorMixer", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00063-00028124-00028158": "jumped it look at that oh I know what we can do it no I got the bleach bleach", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00064-00028158-00029082": "Viacom 1999-2005 In Improved G-Major", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00065-00029106-00029132": "here a Miracle Grow move it over here over here miracle-gro guys this is gonna", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00066-00029160-00029595": "Casket csupo 1998 Super Scary Effects (Part 2 - 2)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00067-00029600-00029683": "Do not stop the Vampire!", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00068-00029702-00029752": "make a MacBook Pro okay now we need something that wash it down that's why", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00069-00029752-00029789": "Casket Csupo History (Read in description)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00070-00029800-00030348": "NBC 1991", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00071-00030348-00030822": "dada santos", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00072-00030832-00030868": "we don't need any water we're just to use tire cleaner right now oh that got", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00073-00030868-00031442": "Spongebob Sapians, how did you the pitches for that effect, please tell me!", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00074-00031452-00031486": "brighter look at that don't know okay oh", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00075-00031486-00033536": "look at with that it's disappearing slowly turning a little bit moving I", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00076-00033550-00033574": "will watch your hand well I guess we should just hit it one", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00077-00033594-00033600": "more time for good luck before anything goes completely out yeah maybe we can", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00078-00033644-00035252": "Klasky Csupo 2002 Very Very Very Cylinder Slow 0 1x", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00079-00035300-00035302": "Jamie Shaffer", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00080-00035362-00035902": "get a MacBook Pro now yeah ready yep Oh might have to switch oh", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00081-00035914-00035930": "that's something different I think it's growing that s tisson 400 it's all", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00082-00035930-00035990": "always listen to it get back behind there you hear it listen to that sounds", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00083-00035990-00037256": "like something's are revving up oh all the screens gone it doesn't sound good", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00084-00037256-00037656": "listen disappointed it's supposed to last a little longer yeah I would", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00085-00037656-00037876": "speaker so work it's still booting no scream well that didn't last yeah", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00086-00037876-00037914": "I ACCIDENTALLY N EARTH LOGO", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00087-00037914-00037964": "WUT", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00088-00037964-00038214": "Doomsday nickelodeon csupo a second take", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00089-00038214-00039058": "I use nickelodeon csupo screamer with sound of klasky csupo screamer warning so do not watch late at night", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00090-00039058-00039100": "look at that I keep that all tired sit", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00091-00039100-00039276": "Let's fix doomsday nickelodeon csupo a second take", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00092-00039276-00039326": "off the tire gunfire by the way I got", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00093-00039326-00039376": "radiation coming towards us victory the dead do my legs hurt son oh look at that", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00094-00039376-00039742": "I can smell those on let that bed out", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00095-00039758-00043638": "Cookie Jar Entertainment CINAR Production Logo (2017)", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00096-00043638-00044006": "Chase a. the cat", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00097-00044006-00045648": "That' It what next", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00098-00045654-00045704": "it's it's time for three four look if ya see don't bring the lid there it is try", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00099-00045732-00045742": "to cut the hands up moneymakers yeah okay", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00100-00045742-00046574": "watch your hip move hooni this in prayer it's gonna cause you to trip and break", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00101-00046614-00046810": "it back there you can't forget about this", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00102-00046684-00046696": "I Accidentally Panasonic in Killed-Map^2", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00103-00046734-00049086": "Kyoobur9000 sped up 3", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00104-00049094-00049184": "Oh scarily I knew that was gonna happen if you hit my frickin toolbox it's up", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00105-00049202-00049228": "trick up a point the brick this fan where we plug in right there shut the", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00106-00049268-00049314": "door quick shut the door multi cue about to be broken speak things felt like a", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00107-00049314-00053417": "A new effect Wallacert", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00108-00053428-00055290": "tank oh my you give there Z where that's what", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00109-00055290-00055328": "you're stepping on Oh oh my gosh but just oh yeah look at that", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00110-00055328-00056372": "Snee oosh Reversed", "ryLGIkFwNUA-00111-00056372-00056422": "oh thank you for not hitting me in the balls and just add one"}}, {"audio_id": "rzgMj8CA6g0", "text": {"rzgMj8CA6g0-00000-00000318-00000944": "This video will demonstrate how to use collections within your Learning Portfolio.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00001-00000944-00001488": "Collections organize a group of artifacts to make finding specific artifacts easier.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00002-00001488-00002244": "To create a new collection go to your Learning Portfolio dashboard and choose New Collection.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00003-00002244-00003084": "Give the new collection a name.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00004-00003084-00003717": "You could choose to add a description if you'd like, I suggest that you also use tags.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00005-00003717-00005135": "I'm going to use the tag 'First Year', and I'm going to click save.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00006-00005135-00005635": "The real power with collections comes from that fact that you can automatically collect", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00007-00005635-00005980": "artifacts based on tags that you use.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00008-00005980-00006508": "For instance, if you use the First Year tag to organize all of your First year artifacts,", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00009-00006508-00006859": "you can use this collection to automatically collect those.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00010-00006859-00007919": "If you scroll down and add to collection, you can choose to add a tag list.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00011-00007919-00009296": "Give it a tag list name, and add tags to the list.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00012-00009296-00009444": "And click Save.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00013-00009444-00010139": "Now, anytime you add an artifact with the tag First Year, it will automatically be collected", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00014-00010139-00010728": "in this collection.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00015-00010728-00011364": "You can see I have one thing already listed as First Year, and here it is in my collection.", "rzgMj8CA6g0-00016-00011364-00011562": "I'm going to click Save and Close."}}, {"audio_id": "rzT4IpkFxqu", "text": {"rzT4IpkFxqu-00000-00000038-00000546": "Hi, In today’s video, I am going to talk about “Top 5 questions of doing business", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00001-00000546-00001074": "in Poland” cause we get so many inquiries and some of the question are frequented asked", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00002-00001074-00001707": "by you guys, so we decided to make a video answering your questions on this subject.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00003-00001707-00002151": "Q1 Does it require me to be in Poland to operate my business ?", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00004-00002151-00002822": "The answer is No, you don’t have to be physically in Poland in order to run your business, unless", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00005-00002822-00002984": "you want to.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00006-00002984-00003527": "For example if you own a trading company in Poland and your trade partners are all foreign", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00007-00003527-00004212": "companies from other countries, plus filing taxes and doing bankings can both be processed", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00008-00004212-00004312": "online.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00009-00004312-00004435": "It is much easier than you think.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00010-00004435-00004836": "Q2 What are the most popular industries to foreign investors?", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00011-00004836-00005359": "Financial services, Import & Export, IT, e-commerce and Real Estate.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00012-00005359-00005841": "As a matter of fact, because of Poland’s location in Europe and great support of EU", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00013-00005841-00006354": "funding, there are many industries involving Foreign Direct Investment here.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00014-00006354-00006956": "Q3 Do I must have a physical office to operate my business?", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00015-00006956-00007384": "If your company business does not involve direct meeting with clients or suppliers,", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00016-00007384-00007688": "you don’t need to rent or buy an office space.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00017-00007688-00008181": "You can choose flexible virtual address services for your company.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00018-00008181-00008861": "Q4 I am a foreigner, if I have a Polish business, does that mean my company have the same treatment", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00019-00008861-00009484": "as other Polish companies owned by Polish citizens or EU citizens or different?", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00020-00009484-00009992": "Your Polish company has the same benefits as other Polish companies owned by Polish", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00021-00009992-00010679": "or other EU citizens, as your company is regarded as a Polish company, which is also an EU company.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00022-00010679-00011431": "Q5 I want to invest in Poland, but how am I supposed to be sure that my investment is", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00023-00011431-00011531": "secure?", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00024-00011531-00012025": "Don’t worry, during the economic recession a decade ago, Poland was the only country", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00025-00012025-00012245": "that sustained the recession.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00026-00012245-00012938": "Being the country ranking No. 6 in GDP among EU nations, our economy is stable and booming,", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00027-00012938-00013303": "what’s more our laws protect investors’ interest.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00028-00013303-00013497": "Come and start your business in Poland.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00029-00013497-00013978": "If you have any questions about how to start your business in Poland, please subscribe", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00030-00013978-00014513": "our YouTube channel , or contact us for tailor-made business solution that suits you the best", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00031-00014513-00014649": "from down below.", "rzT4IpkFxqu-00032-00014649-00014847": "By for now, see you next time."}}, {"audio_id": "rzW59umNZN8", "text": {"rzW59umNZN8-00000-00000047-00000483": "Why is decluttering important to mental health?", "rzW59umNZN8-00001-00000483-00000918": "I'd love to know your thoughts on that please, Sara.", "rzW59umNZN8-00002-00000918-00001035": "Yeah.", "rzW59umNZN8-00003-00001035-00001320": "So clutter comes in many forms.", "rzW59umNZN8-00004-00001320-00001675": "We've got physical clutter, around our homes.", "rzW59umNZN8-00005-00001675-00002103": "We've got online clutter, photos, folders, emails.", "rzW59umNZN8-00006-00002103-00002203": "Emails.", "rzW59umNZN8-00009-00002303-00002885": "Yes. That's me! The dreaded emails and mind clutter.", "rzW59umNZN8-00010-00002885-00003304": "So especially as women, there's a mental load over having", "rzW59umNZN8-00011-00003304-00004219": "to remember so much for kids, pets, house, ourselves, which is usually at the", "rzW59umNZN8-00012-00004219-00004368": "bottom of the to do list, everything.", "rzW59umNZN8-00013-00004368-00005128": "So they're kind of the three areas and what it results in is when we've got cluttered areas,", "rzW59umNZN8-00014-00005128-00005618": "we can forget what we've got, becomes hard to manage.", "rzW59umNZN8-00015-00005618-00006032": "Or we can't find something.  What happens when you can't remember or you can't find", "rzW59umNZN8-00016-00006032-00006132": "something.", "rzW59umNZN8-00017-00006132-00006277": "You go to the shop to buy another one.", "rzW59umNZN8-00018-00006277-00006519": "So then you're bringing more into your home.", "rzW59umNZN8-00019-00006519-00006619": "That was me with Cummin.", "rzW59umNZN8-00020-00006619-00007206": "I had about eight Cummins because I was like, I don't know if I got that, I'll just buy it.", "rzW59umNZN8-00021-00007206-00007306": "It's 60p,  so that's me.", "rzW59umNZN8-00023-00007506-00008161": "And then the flow of the home doesn't quite work and it affects our well-being as well.", "rzW59umNZN8-00024-00008276-00008790": "And I was just looking before and there's some research that shows that when people", "rzW59umNZN8-00025-00008790-00009478": "have clutter, it also raises the level of cortisone, the stress hormone as well.", "rzW59umNZN8-00026-00009578-00010225": "So if you can imagine a thread that goes from you to every single item, you own so it just", "rzW59umNZN8-00027-00010225-00010604": "keeps going from one item to the next item, to the next item.", "rzW59umNZN8-00028-00010604-00011245": "Now that thread represents energy and it's getting weaker and weaker and weaker.", "rzW59umNZN8-00029-00011245-00012022": "That's my analogy when I think about clutter, it affects our body, our mind, our spirit.", "rzW59umNZN8-00030-00012022-00012314": "Just affect every part of us.", "rzW59umNZN8-00031-00012314-00012414": "Yes.", "rzW59umNZN8-00032-00012414-00012806": "And I would say everything has an energy to it.", "rzW59umNZN8-00033-00012806-00013588": "And when I moved into my home now out of what was my marital home.", "rzW59umNZN8-00034-00013588-00014122": "I bought a lot of that stuff with me because I couldn't afford to buy new stuff and so", "rzW59umNZN8-00035-00014122-00014350": "I was really grateful to have it.", "rzW59umNZN8-00036-00014350-00014944": "But at the same time, as I gradually replaced it with new, that felt really cathartic.", "rzW59umNZN8-00037-00015044-00015631": "Because the way I would look at it subconsciously every time, you know, if I was sat at the", "rzW59umNZN8-00038-00015631-00016079": "dining table that I used to sit at with my ex-husband and my kids as a family.", "rzW59umNZN8-00039-00016079-00016427": "There would be that energy, those memories there.", "rzW59umNZN8-00040-00016427-00016945": "And you know I was saying before about how women have this diffused awareness.", "rzW59umNZN8-00041-00016945-00017292": "And Alison Armstrong says that things speak to us.", "rzW59umNZN8-00042-00017292-00017741": "So like you see a cushion needs plumping or you will open a cupboard and it will be", "rzW59umNZN8-00043-00017741-00018328": "full of stuff and  then it gets really noisy, but I love what you said about that.", "rzW59umNZN8-00044-00018328-00018543": "Did you call it a string?", "rzW59umNZN8-00045-00018543-00018643": "A thread.", "rzW59umNZN8-00046-00018643-00018743": "String.", "rzW59umNZN8-00047-00018743-00018964": "A thread is much nicer.", "rzW59umNZN8-00048-00018964-00019155": "I knew it was more elequent than what I said, Sara.", "rzW59umNZN8-00049-00019155-00019293": "But I love that idea.", "rzW59umNZN8-00050-00019293-00019747": "That's really, really beautiful And what you said about the research that", "rzW59umNZN8-00051-00019747-00020155": "shows that cortisol levels rise.", "rzW59umNZN8-00052-00020368-00020684": "Sorry, Abby is just saying that explains why I threw away, half my furniture and stuff", "rzW59umNZN8-00053-00020684-00020784": "after a breakup.", "rzW59umNZN8-00054-00020784-00020918": "No, I think you just wanted new stuff,", "rzW59umNZN8-00055-00020918-00021018": "Abby.", "rzW59umNZN8-00056-00021018-00021118": "Oh just kidding.", "rzW59umNZN8-00057-00021118-00021559": "I was going to say something else but it's gone.", "rzW59umNZN8-00058-00021559-00021790": "Was that everything you wanted to say?", "rzW59umNZN8-00059-00021790-00021917": "Have you got more?", "rzW59umNZN8-00060-00021917-00022154": "I was just going to give a couple of strategies.", "rzW59umNZN8-00061-00022154-00022881": "But I don't know if you know the 80/20 rule and how that impacts us with our stuff.", "rzW59umNZN8-00062-00022881-00022981": "No.", "rzW59umNZN8-00063-00022981-00023472": "On average we use 20% of our stuff 80% of the time.", "rzW59umNZN8-00064-00023472-00024153": "So true with clothes, I think, for me it is. So just focusing on that 20% that really matters", "rzW59umNZN8-00065-00024153-00024805": "to you instead of the stuff you're getting rid of.  Look at how we can house and", "rzW59umNZN8-00066-00024805-00025140": "use that stuff that really matters to us.", "rzW59umNZN8-00067-00025579-00025741": "It's so powerful, isn't it, Sara.", "rzW59umNZN8-00068-00025741-00025913": "So powerful, so clear.", "rzW59umNZN8-00069-00025913-00026450": "And what I see with mindset, say I had a client who wanted to eat more healthfully for example,", "rzW59umNZN8-00070-00026450-00027295": "and so they were going to start eating more produce than protein as my buddy, Christina", "rzW59umNZN8-00071-00027295-00027557": "and Elizabeth my buddy in America, would say.", "rzW59umNZN8-00072-00027557-00028141": "And less, I don't know, refined carbohydrates. Our mind will go.", "rzW59umNZN8-00073-00028141-00028357": "\"Oh, I can't have this, this, and this.\"", "rzW59umNZN8-00074-00028357-00028460": "And its really negative.", "rzW59umNZN8-00075-00028460-00028560": "Yes.", "rzW59umNZN8-00076-00028560-00028913": "And we could have that same attitude as somebody would if they were not in the best mindset,", "rzW59umNZN8-00077-00028913-00029027": "when they're giving stuff away.", "rzW59umNZN8-00078-00029027-00029229": "Oh, that's going, that's going!", "rzW59umNZN8-00079-00029229-00029776": "You haven't freakin worn it in two years and it doesn't even suit you.", "rzW59umNZN8-00080-00029776-00030108": "So if you switch that Focus to the 20%.", "rzW59umNZN8-00081-00030108-00030368": "Sorry my cat is coming to join.", "rzW59umNZN8-00082-00030368-00030827": "I love that kind of refrain there.", "rzW59umNZN8-00083-00030827-00031082": "So that's really helped.", "rzW59umNZN8-00084-00031283-00031858": "And just a little tip, a lot of people go out and buy organizing stuff first and that's", "rzW59umNZN8-00085-00031858-00031968": "the wrong way round.", "rzW59umNZN8-00086-00031968-00032648": "So always a declutter, sort, plan. And then, you know, what's going where, and you can", "rzW59umNZN8-00087-00032648-00033145": "get organizing stuff.  Because that's one of the biggest clutter categories, unknown, but", "rzW59umNZN8-00088-00033145-00033410": "storage, empty storage.", "rzW59umNZN8-00089-00033410-00033904": "That's so fascinating and to me, it makes perfect sense because the ego goes,", "rzW59umNZN8-00090-00033904-00034324": "I'm gonna to fix this, on the shallow level, the surface level.", "rzW59umNZN8-00091-00034324-00034732": "Which is I bought something, it's BS.", "rzW59umNZN8-00092-00034732-00035165": "Where as your higher self will guide you to do the real work, which is get rid of your", "rzW59umNZN8-00093-00035165-00035215": "freakin crap."}}, {"audio_id": "rzblHkOsYJI", "text": {"rzblHkOsYJI-00000-00000020-00000466": "♪theme♪", "rzblHkOsYJI-00001-00000528-00000718": "- Ehhh... I'm Pepi Ciappina...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00002-00000802-00001074": "ehhh... and I play Nano in Laburantes.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00003-00001096-00001146": "[swoosh]", "rzblHkOsYJI-00004-00001254-00001372": "- Stuffed bread!", "rzblHkOsYJI-00005-00001418-00001530": "Warm bread!", "rzblHkOsYJI-00006-00001558-00001757": "Selling! Eh, eh, Buying!", "rzblHkOsYJI-00007-00001789-00001857": "You buy me!", "rzblHkOsYJI-00008-00001878-00002042": "Enjoy warm bread!", "rzblHkOsYJI-00009-00002042-00002262": "[lowering his voice] Enjoy stuffed bre-- hi.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00010-00002262-00002312": "[swoosh]", "rzblHkOsYJI-00011-00002312-00002402": "- And Nano...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00012-00002532-00002624": "- Nano...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00013-00002690-00002780": "ehhhh...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00014-00002798-00002876": "- Nano...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00015-00002972-00003056": "is...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00016-00003252-00003322": "Nano.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00017-00003322-00003576": "- Nano's a mistery.  Nano is just someone who is there.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00018-00003618-00003694": "- Anyhow, Nano is a sweet.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00019-00003726-00004047": "He`s kind, like a little boy... like a big little boy.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00020-00004065-00004116": "[swoosh]", "rzblHkOsYJI-00021-00004116-00004896": "♪La Vie en Rose - Instrumental♪", "rzblHkOsYJI-00022-00004896-00004946": "[swoosh]", "rzblHkOsYJI-00023-00004946-00005160": "- We don't know where he came from... - Ehhh...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00024-00005188-00005448": "- When he came... - Ehhh...", "rzblHkOsYJI-00025-00005634-00005738": "-Or why he's here... [swoosh]", "rzblHkOsYJI-00026-00005738-00005892": "- He`s my buddy Axel.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00027-00005934-00006010": "- Eduardo.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00028-00006174-00006318": "- And he's... a hacker.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00029-00006368-00006498": "- Graphic designer.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00030-00006568-00006618": "[swoosh]", "rzblHkOsYJI-00031-00006618-00006898": "-He`s always there when anyone needs him.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00032-00006912-00007034": "- Well, I'm not gonna tell you everything. Watch the show.", "rzblHkOsYJI-00033-00007072-00007502": "♪theme♪"}}, {"audio_id": "r-d0LHxdMD8", "text": {"r-d0LHxdMD8-00000-00000025-00000710": "\"Will You Live Longer if You Take Vitamin D Supplements and How Much Vitamin D Should You Take?\"", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00001-00000716-00001036": "In 1822, a Polish physician was the first to publish", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00002-00001036-00001544": "that sunlight could cure the vitamin D deficiency disease: rickets.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00003-00001544-00001963": "His work was ignored by mainstream medicine for a century,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00004-00001963-00002432": "not coming into widespread use until the 20th century, when wire cages were", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00005-00002432-00002851": "affixed to tenement buildings so babies could benefit from the sun.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00006-00002851-00003101": "Are we in a similar situation now,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00007-00003101-00003544": "where the medical profession has just not caught up with the science?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00008-00003544-00003721": "Researchers have documented correlations", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00009-00003721-00003981": "between all sorts of good things to higher vitamin D levels,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00010-00003981-00004292": "even to the point of seeing whether vitamin D supplementation", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00011-00004292-00004748": "might reduce the adverse effects of earthquakes.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00012-00004748-00005130": "Seems to help with everything else, so why not?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00013-00005130-00005357": "It's actually not as silly as it sounds.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00014-00005357-00005832": "Traumatic events like natural disasters can have a significant psychological impact,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00015-00005832-00006201": "which may be affected by vitamin D status.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00016-00006201-00006523": "But when researchers put supplements to the test,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00017-00006523-00006829": "the purported links often didn't pan out.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00018-00006829-00007229": "This lack of effect may exist in part because low vitamin D levels", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00019-00007229-00007893": "may just be a marker for things like aging, obesity, smoking, and inactivity.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00020-00007893-00008242": "Or maybe low vitamin D didn't lead to disease, but maybe disease", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00021-00008242-00008727": "led to low vitamin D --- inflammation can drop D levels within the body.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00022-00008727-00009040": "So just because low D levels and disease seem to be correlated", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00023-00009040-00009450": "doesn't mean that vitamin D deficiency is the cause.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00024-00009450-00009803": "While the majority of observational studies may show a link,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00025-00009803-00010189": "where you just measure D levels and disease rates, in only a handful", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00026-00010189-00010703": "of conditions have interventional studies proven vitamin D to be effective,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00027-00010703-00011021": "where you give people D supplements or placebos and see what happens.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00028-00011021-00011342": "But one of those conditions for which vitamin D supplements", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00029-00011342-00011943": "appear to genuinely work is helping to prevent mortality.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00030-00011943-00012468": "56 randomized clinical trials, involving nearly 100,000 people", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00031-00012468-00012913": "between the ages of 18 and 107, mostly women,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00032-00012913-00013278": "randomized to four years of vitamin D supplements or sugar pills.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00033-00013278-00013866": "Put all the studies together and those given vitamin D supplements lived longer,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00034-00013866-00014284": "also specifically lowering the risk of dying from cancer.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00035-00014284-00014612": "Note this effect appeared limited to vitamin D3 though,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00036-00014612-00014810": "the type derived from plants and animals,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00037-00014810-00015294": "not vitamin D2, the type derived from yeast and mushrooms.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00038-00015294-00015622": "How large an effect was it?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00039-00015622-00016197": "It would take 150 people taking vitamin D supplements for 5 years to save one life,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00040-00016197-00016446": "and so if we were talking about a drug,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00041-00016446-00016632": "you'd have to weigh that against the cost and", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00042-00016632-00016915": "side effects of dosing so many people.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00043-00016915-00017144": "But when we're talking about something as safe and cheap", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00044-00017144-00017613": "as vitamin D supplements it seems like a bargain to me.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00045-00017613-00018040": "A similar analysis pegged the benefit at 11% in terms of", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00046-00018040-00018484": "reduction of total mortality, which is pretty substantial,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00047-00018484-00019045": "potentially offering a life extension benefit on par with exercise.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00048-00019045-00019695": "Though no, it does not seem to reduce the adverse effects of earthquakes.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00049-00019695-00020092": "The only concern that was raised is that it may give people license", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00050-00020092-00020481": "to like order an extra doughnut or something.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00051-00020481-00020631": "We still have to eat healthy.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00052-00020631-00021181": "Any longevity benefit from vitamin D would just be a small adjunct to a healthy lifestyle.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00053-00021181-00021440": "But for those of us who want all the help they can get,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00054-00021440-00021770": "the question then becomes OK, how much should we take?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00055-00021800-00022073": "Randomized, controlled, clinical trials have found that", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00056-00022073-00022397": "vitamin D supplements extend one's lifespan.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00057-00022397-00022618": "What is the optimal dose?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00058-00022618-00022954": "What blood level is associated with living longest?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00059-00022954-00023518": "In my nine-part video series on vitamin D back in 2011, I noted that the relationship", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00060-00023518-00024029": "between vitamin D levels and mortality appeared to be a U-shaped curve,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00061-00024029-00024352": "meaning low D levels were associated with increased mortality,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00062-00024352-00024787": "but so were levels that were too high, with the apparent sweet spot", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00063-00024787-00025524": "around 75 or 80 nmol/l, based on individual studies like this one.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00064-00025524-00025950": "Why might higher D levels be associated with higher risk?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00065-00025950-00026485": "Well, this was population study, so you can't be sure which came first.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00066-00026485-00026694": "Maybe the higher vitamin D led to higher risk,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00067-00026694-00027041": "or maybe higher risk led to the vitamin D,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00068-00027041-00027572": "meaning maybe those who weren't doing as well were prescribed vitamin D.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00069-00027572-00027911": "Maybe it's because these were Scandinavian studies,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00070-00027911-00028450": "where they tend to take a lot of cod liver oil as the vitamin D supplement,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00071-00028450-00028952": "one spoonful of which could exceed the tolerable upper daily limit of intake", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00072-00028952-00029358": "for vitamin A, which could have negative consequences", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00073-00029358-00029747": "even if you don't inject it into your penis.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00074-00029747-00030167": "I was surprised to see cod liver oil listed among the long list of things", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00075-00030167-00030511": "men have tried to inject into themselves because they felt", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00076-00030511-00030736": "they were coming up short,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00077-00030736-00031197": "though may have ended up even shorter after all the reconstructive surgery.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00078-00031197-00031651": "Anyways, the U-shaped curve is old data.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00079-00031651-00032104": "An updated meta-analysis has shown that as population vitamin D levels go up,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00080-00032104-00032622": "mortality appears to go down and stay down, which is good because", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00081-00032622-00032946": "then we don't have to test to see if we're hitting just the right level.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00082-00032946-00033388": "Routine testing of vitamin D levels is not recommended.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00083-00033388-00033488": "Why?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00084-00033488-00034078": "Well, it costs money, and in most people levels come right up", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00085-00034078-00034402": "to where you want them with sufficient sun or supplementation,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00086-00034402-00034615": "so they figure what's the point?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00087-00034615-00035022": "But also because the test is not very good —", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00088-00035022-00035163": "results can be all over the place.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00089-00035163-00035432": "What happens when you send a single sample", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00090-00035432-00035749": "to a thousand different labs around the world?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00091-00035749-00036293": "You'd maybe expect a little variation, but not this.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00092-00036293-00036758": "Results from the same sample ranged anywhere from less than 20 to over 100.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00093-00036758-00037160": "So depending on what lab your doctor sent your blood sample to, the results", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00094-00037160-00037907": "could have placed you here, or here, so not necessarily very helpful.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00095-00037907-00038341": "So what's a safe dose that will likely get us to the purported optimal level?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00096-00038341-00039152": "A thousand units a day should get most people up to the target 75 nmol/l (which is 30 ng/ml),", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00097-00039152-00039518": "but by 'most people' they mean 50%.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00098-00039518-00040146": "To get around 85% of the population up to 75 would require 2,000 a day.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00099-00040146-00040977": "2,000 international units a day would shift the curve from here to here.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00100-00040977-00041305": "That way we can take the average person into the desired range", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00101-00041305-00041538": "without fear of toxicity.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00102-00041538-00041855": "You can take too much vitamin D,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00103-00041855-00042315": "but you don't tend to see problems until blood levels get up around 250", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00104-00042315-00042818": "which would take consistent daily doses in excess of 10,000.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00105-00042818-00043133": "Note that if you're overweight you may want to take 3,000,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00106-00043133-00043355": "or if obese, even more than that.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00107-00043355-00043771": "If you're over age 70 and not getting enough sun, it may take", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00108-00043771-00044463": "3,500 units to get that same 85% chance of bumping your levels past the target.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00109-00044463-00044918": "Again, no need for the average person to test and retest since a few thousand a day", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00110-00044918-00045275": "should bring almost everyone up without risking toxicity.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00111-00045275-00045769": "OK, but then why did the Institute of Medicine", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00112-00045769-00046208": "set the Recommended Daily Allowance at 600 to 800 units?", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00113-00046208-00046596": "In fact, official recommendations are all over the map,", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00114-00046596-00047052": "ranging from just 200 a day, all the way up to 10,000 a day.", "r-d0LHxdMD8-00115-00047100-00047407": "I'll try to cut through the confusion next."}}, {"audio_id": "r-8jb_AhOlo", "text": {"r-8jb_AhOlo-00000-00000200-00000600": "Welcome to the spoken tutorial on for loop in  java.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00001-00000700-00001100": "In this tutorial, you will learn how to use the for loop in Java.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00002-00001200-00002300": "For this tutorial we are using  Ubuntu 11.10,   JDK 1.6 and   Eclipse 3.7.0", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00003-00002400-00003100": "For this tutorial, you should have knowledge on relational operators  and if statement in Java.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00004-00003200-00003900": "If not, for relevant tutorial please  visit  our website which is as shown http://spoken-tutorial.org.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00005-00004000-00004300": "Here is the syntax of the for loop.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00006-00004400-00005000": "It consisits of initialization, loop condition and increment.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00007-00005100-00005900": "Then it has the for block which keeps on executing till the loop condition is true.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00008-00006000-00006300": "Now, let us try out an example in Eclipse.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00009-00006400-00006600": "So switch to eclipse", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00010-00006700-00007100": "We already have a class named ForLoopDemo.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00011-00007200-00007600": "Let us add the for loop inside the main method.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00012-00007700-00008300": "So Inside the main function, type int i semicolon.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00013-00008400-00010400": "Then  for   within parenthesis i equal to 0 semicolon i less than 10 semicolon i equal to i plus 1.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00014-00010500-00011200": "This statement decides how the loop is going to progress.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00015-00011300-00011700": "i =0 is the starting condition for the loop.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00016-00011800-00012400": "This condition allows the variable to be initialized.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00017-00012500-00012800": "i<10   is the loop running condition.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00018-00012900-00013300": "If the condition is true then the for block will be executed.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00019-00013400-00013600": "Else it will be ignored.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00020-00013700-00014400": "That means when i becomes more than or equal to 10, the block is not executed.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00021-00014500-00015100": "Then i= i+1 ,  states how the loop variable is going to change.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00022-00015200-00015400": "Here, the value of i starts with 0.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00023-00015500-00016100": "It keeps increasing by 1 for every iteration of the loop until it becomes 10.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00024-00016200-00016500": "Now let us do something with i.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00025-00016600-00016800": "So open and close curly brackets.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00026-00016900-00018500": "Inside the curly brackets type System dot out dot println and print  i into i.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00027-00018600-00019000": "This will print the square of each number from 0 to 9.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00028-00019100-00019200": "Let us see the output.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00029-00019300-00019600": "So save and run the program", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00030-00019700-00020200": "As we can see, the loop run over numbers from 0 to 9.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00031-00020300-00020700": "The square of the number has been printed in each iteration.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00032-00020800-00021600": "Now let us print all the 2 digit numbers that are multiples of 3 or 5.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00033-00021700-00022100": "So, i should have values from 10 to 99.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00034-00022200-00022700": "So change i equal to 0 to i equal to 10.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00035-00022800-00023300": "And i less than 10 to i less than 100.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00036-00023400-00024200": "Then inside the curly brackets We print the number only if it is a multiple of 3 or 5.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00037-00024300-00024400": "So type,", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00038-00024400-00027100": "if within brackets i mod 3 double equal to 0 or within brackets i mod 5 double equal to 0.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00039-00027200-00027700": "This statement checks whether i is divisible by 3 or by 5.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00040-00027800-00028900": "Then, in curly  bracket we print the value of i", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00041-00029000-00029100": "Now, let us see the output.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00042-00029200-00029500": "So save and run the program", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00043-00029600-00031000": "We can see that the numbers are either multiples of 3 or    5. In this way we use for loop in Java", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00044-00031100-00031300": "We have come to the end of this tutorial.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00045-00031400-00031900": "In this tutorial we have learnt how to use for loop in java.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00046-00032000-00032800": "For assignment , a  three digit number is called Armstrong Number if it is equal to the sum of cubes of its digits.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00047-00032900-00033500": "For example, 153 is equal to 1 cube plus 5 cube plus 3 cube.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00048-00033600-00033900": "Find all such 3 digit numbers.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00049-00034000-00034100": "To know more about the Spoken Tutorial project,", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00050-00034200-00034800": "watch the video available at the  spoken-tuitorial.org/what is a spoken-tuitorial?", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00051-00034900-00035500": "it summarises the spoken tutorial project. If you do not have good bandwidth you can download and watch it.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00052-00035600-00036000": "The Spoken Tutorial Project Team. Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00053-00036100-00036300": "gives certificates for those who pass an online test.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00054-00036400-00036900": "For more details, please write to contact AT spoken HYPHEN tutorial DOT org.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00055-00037000-00037900": "Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project and is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00056-00038000-00038700": "More information on this Mission is available at spoken HYPHEN tutorial DOT org SLASH NMEICT HYPHEN Intro", "r-8jb_AhOlo-00057-00038800-00039300": "This script has been contributed by TalentSprint.   This is Prathamesh Salunke signing off. Thanks for joining."}}, {"audio_id": "r-y-nePId-I", "text": {"r-y-nePId-I-00000-00003657-00004095": "Hey, Dr. Joe Brett here.", "r-y-nePId-I-00001-00004095-00004668": "Please tell us about emulin for sports performance.", "r-y-nePId-I-00002-00004668-00005136": "Is there a benefit to an athlete to take emulin?", "r-y-nePId-I-00003-00005160-00005325": "how so?", "r-y-nePId-I-00004-00005517-00006192": "Well EMULIN causes efficient carbohydrate management. So", "r-y-nePId-I-00005-00006192-00006552": "without emulin in your bloodstream, you are at a great", "r-y-nePId-I-00006-00006552-00006963": "disadvantage. You just don't know it.", "r-y-nePId-I-00007-00006963-00007404": "Athletes load up on carbs, especially distance runners", "r-y-nePId-I-00008-00007404-00008205": "and sports like European soccer.", "r-y-nePId-I-00009-00008205-00008610": "They can't take a break. You're not allowed to change people in and out.", "r-y-nePId-I-00010-00008610-00008919": "Usually, the team that wins is the one that had", "r-y-nePId-I-00011-00008919-00009687": "the most energy throughout the game. Right?", "r-y-nePId-I-00012-00009687-00009990": "There's a peak when you load up with cards,", "r-y-nePId-I-00013-00009990-00010410": "but then you crash.", "r-y-nePId-I-00014-00010413-00010899": "One of emulin's", "r-y-nePId-I-00015-00010905-00011295": "main functions is to smooth that curve out and", "r-y-nePId-I-00016-00011295-00011787": "make the energy longer lasting.", "r-y-nePId-I-00017-00011787-00012381": "The makers of Emulin, ATM metabolics,", "r-y-nePId-I-00018-00012381-00012729": "is partly owned by one of the owners of the Boston", "r-y-nePId-I-00019-00012729-00013169": "Red Sox. And there's plenty of players that are on emulin.", "r-y-nePId-I-00020-00013169-00013605": "And that's what they report. \"I can just go longer", "r-y-nePId-I-00021-00013605-00014106": "on the same amount of carbs.", "r-y-nePId-I-00022-00014106-00014591": "I can go further and it allows me to use less carbs\"."}}, {"audio_id": "r-WDv7AkVxg", "text": {"r-WDv7AkVxg-00000-00000003-00000444": "in this video we're gonna be talking about how Vanya Hargreeves played by the", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00001-00000444-00000938": "wonderful ellen page ended up snapping but we're also gonna be talking about", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00002-00000938-00002243": "how we can deal with anger and trauma that stems from childhood what is up", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00003-00002243-00002651": "everybody this is Chris from the rewired soul where we talk about the problem but", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00004-00002651-00002955": "focus on the solution and if you're new to my channel my channel is all about", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00005-00002955-00003288": "mental health and what I like to do is pull different topics from pop culture", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00006-00003288-00003755": "like TV Netflix movies all that kind of stuff to try to teach you how to improve", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00007-00003755-00004068": "your mental and emotional well-being so the end of that stuff make sure you", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00008-00004068-00004523": "subscribe and ring that notification bell and like I mentioned we're gonna be", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00009-00004523-00004757": "talking about like towards the end we're gonna be talking about dealing with", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00010-00004757-00005241": "anger issues that stem from childhood and I have a new book out it's called", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00011-00005241-00005703": "rewire your anger the audio versions out it just got released on audible as well", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00012-00005703-00006009": "the links for that will be down in the description so if you're somebody who", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00013-00006009-00006362": "snaps and you got a bunch of pent up stuff inside go check out the book I", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00014-00006362-00006665": "think it's only like four or five bucks over on audible or didn't get the bundle", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00015-00006665-00007172": "for like $7.99 alright anyways let's talk about the Umbrella Academy and", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00016-00007172-00007533": "specifically Vanya Hargreeves played by ellen page you haven't seen my video about class go", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00017-00007533-00007953": "check that out I'm gonna be doing some more character breakdowns by anyways for", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00018-00007953-00008238": "those of you who haven't seen the Umbrella Academy there will be spoilers", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00019-00008238-00008688": "in this so if you're still finishing up the series go check it out come on back", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00020-00008688-00009039": "if you don't plan on watching the series just stay here and get some mental", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00021-00009039-00009518": "health goodness alright so a little context for the show you know these are", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00022-00009518-00010000": "kids who are all born on the same day ended up having super hot super powers", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00023-00010000-00010475": "the father ended up adopting seven of them told me I'm into a little superhero", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00024-00010475-00011028": "team but then you have Vanya Hargreaves okay she is one that they told her whole", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00025-00011028-00011447": "life that she doesn't have any powers okay and this is what we were led to", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00026-00011447-00011757": "believe so while the other six are out like fighting crime they're doing their", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00027-00011757-00012231": "thing right Vanya Hargreaves was kind of pushed to this side and you see a lot of", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00028-00012231-00012809": "this even in the beginning of the series or the season right that they ignore her", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00029-00012809-00013194": "they neglect her she's told that she's not special she's kind of treated as", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00030-00013194-00013554": "like this little like you know whatever just buy the rest of the kids", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00031-00013554-00013980": "so they kind of neglect her and all of those things right and the first thing", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00032-00013980-00014454": "that we'll talk about is this like like nobody likes to be neglected okay like", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00033-00014454-00014913": "if you if you live in a family especially a big family like please", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00034-00014913-00015255": "please please do yourself a favor go out of your way and try to befriend the", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00035-00015255-00015623": "other person okay try to do that try to keep him included and all those things", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00036-00015623-00016123": "like I did a video with my mom dr. Randazzo over on her channel about", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00037-00016123-00016593": "family roles like talks of family roles and all that and one of the roles that I", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00038-00016593-00017181": "could relate to was the Forgotten child okay so for me personally my sister she", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00039-00017181-00017439": "was always getting in trouble always having issues getting kicked out of", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00040-00017439-00017763": "school she had my nephew at a very young age", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00041-00017763-00018189": "all these other things all the attention was on her so I felt like the Forgotten", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00042-00018189-00018717": "child right and and it sucks because as that child you're doing everything that", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00043-00018717-00019059": "you can to be good to be on straight narrow and everything like that but", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00044-00019059-00019356": "you're not getting attention okay you're not getting attention you're not getting", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00045-00019356-00019815": "the love that thing that we all crave especially from our parents you know", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00046-00019815-00020223": "what I mean and this can develop into a lot of issues which we're gonna talk", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00047-00020223-00020804": "about later with dawnia's relationship with Harold alright but here's the thing", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00048-00020804-00021312": "and we saw it not only win Vanya was a child but as she grew older as well one", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00049-00021312-00021879": "of the biggest issues that people who were raised as the Forgotten child but", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00050-00021879-00022307": "even as they get older we have a problem with not feeling heard we feel like", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00051-00022307-00022748": "people do not hear us alright and some people point out that I", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00052-00022748-00023115": "say certain things like a lot like you know what I mean does that make sense of", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00053-00023115-00023688": "things like that and part of that part of it part of it is me trying to make", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00054-00023688-00024020": "sure that I'm being heard because that was one of the biggest issues that I had", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00055-00024020-00024345": "growing up now the other reason why I say like you know what I mean does that", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00056-00024345-00024663": "make sense at all that is because I'm used to teaching groups at a rehab", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00057-00024663-00024975": "center and I want to make sure that people are paying attention so it's a", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00058-00024975-00025437": "little bit of both in my case now one of the issues that I don't think a lot of", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00059-00025437-00025944": "people understand is like you've heard me talk about dr. Daniel Seagle who is a", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00060-00025944-00026352": "neuroscientist he talks a lot about tops of brain development and all", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00061-00026352-00026704": "like in one of the books I read by him it might have been parenting from the", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00062-00026704-00027027": "inside out but there's actually a lot that happens", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00063-00027027-00027355": "in the brain when you feel like you're not being heard when it feels like", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00064-00027355-00027742": "you're being misunderstood your brain like your neurons they start to just", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00065-00027742-00028233": "like go crazy right because they freaked out because part of our communication", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00066-00028233-00028582": "and connecting with other people is about being heard it's about being", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00067-00028582-00028993": "understood and when we feel and sometimes our perception is not the", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00068-00028993-00029500": "reality but when we feel we're not being heard it can lead to anxiety it can lead", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00069-00029500-00030001": "to a lot of anger frustration all sorts of things so it's important that we feel", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00070-00030001-00030505": "heard that's why by the way you need to hang out with people who are who can be", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00071-00030505-00030943": "there and just listen to you talk right this is one of the reasons why therapy", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00072-00030943-00031447": "is such a good option for so many people like go see a therapist like therapists", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00073-00031447-00031960": "are trained to listen so if you don't have somebody in your life who will", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00074-00031960-00032352": "listen to you go to therapy okay talk to your doctor so you can get a referral", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00075-00032352-00032713": "talk to insurance company see if they can refer you to somebody talk to", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00076-00032713-00032986": "friends family members who are in therapy see if they could recommend", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00077-00032986-00033372": "anybody if you would like you to check down below I have an affiliate link for", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00078-00033372-00033706": "better help what that means is it helps support the channel you get online", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00079-00033706-00034141": "therapy at an affordable price I use better health but we need somebody in", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00080-00034141-00034669": "our lives where we can feel heard okay so the next thing I want to talk about", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00081-00034669-00035269": "is because Vanya has been set on the outside of this family for so many years", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00082-00035269-00035916": "her entire life is even as an adult it makes her more subset more susceptible", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00083-00035916-00036427": "to being a victim in an abusive relationship which is something that you", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00084-00036427-00036763": "might have struggled with like one of the things that a lot of people don't", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00085-00036763-00037234": "understand is there are reasons there are reasons why people get into abusive", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00086-00037234-00037744": "relationships okay and a lot of it stems from toddler like you hear that term", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00087-00037744-00038185": "like Oh daddy issues and stuff like that but it's very true like if you have an", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00088-00038185-00038581": "absentee father if you have an absentee mother like I did in my case because she", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00089-00038581-00038950": "was an alcoholic for the first 20 years of my life like we look for somebody", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00090-00038950-00039441": "who's gonna give us attention and the thing is we ignore all of the red flags", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00091-00039441-00039850": "so in Vanya skates which he started to see Harold she like", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00092-00039850-00040408": "ignored all of the red flags but even when they became even more apparent so", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00093-00040408-00040783": "even when you know her sister Allison was pointing out all of these things", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00094-00040783-00041281": "showing her the evidence like we have a tendency to neglect it to neglect all", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00095-00041281-00041650": "those things because finally finally we're getting that love that attention", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00096-00041650-00042154": "all those things that we've been craving our entire life so our standards just", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00097-00042154-00042568": "slowly drop and this is why we have to work on our mental health", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00098-00042568-00043135": "so in funniest case like let's not talk for a second about how Harold was like", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00099-00043135-00043597": "somebody who like murdered his own father and like he was not a great guy", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00100-00043597-00044067": "I've hired people they like beat him up and lose an eyeball and all but anyways", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00101-00044067-00044848": "you see what happened with how the abuse happened so something that abusers like", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00102-00044848-00045454": "to do in a relationship is isolate you right so there were times when Vanya", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00103-00045454-00045844": "actually wanted to reach back out to her family and like connect to them or have", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00104-00045844-00046303": "a discussion with them and Harold kept telling her like no no they don't care", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00105-00046303-00046696": "about you I care about you you don't need to talk to them you need to talk to", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00106-00046696-00047200": "me right so your abuser will try to separate you from people who love and", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00107-00047200-00047563": "care about you like anybody who's been in the root and abusive relationship", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00108-00047563-00047884": "feel free to let me know down in the comments below let me know has that", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00109-00047884-00048379": "person separated you from other people in your life or if you're single and", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00110-00048379-00048910": "looking for someone to date this is a huge sign of a red flag we also had a", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00111-00048910-00049363": "lot of gas lighting from Harold where Harold was constantly making you know", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00112-00049363-00049999": "Vanya question her own sanity right now the thing is is eventually Vanya ended", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00113-00049999-00050698": "up killing Harold but like relationships like this they never work out right like", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00114-00050698-00051037": "you will see relationships that are mutually abusive like they don't go to", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00115-00051037-00051640": "this extent right this is a fictional TV show but they do go to this extent where", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00116-00051640-00052092": "somebody will stay with the other person right just because they're giving them", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00117-00052092-00052404": "love and affection and all this attention and stuff like that but when", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00118-00052404-00052813": "this person screws up they will snap because they have a lot of unresolved", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00119-00052813-00053269": "issues that they haven't learned a healthy way to work through this is", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00120-00053269-00053841": "again why we need to make our mental health a major major priority before we", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00121-00053841-00054223": "go jumping into relationships like I stayed single for over a year and a half", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00122-00054223-00054574": "right when I first started working on myself in my mental health because I", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00123-00054574-00055060": "knew it wasn't fair to the other person that I wasn't even working on myself yet", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00124-00055060-00055621": "or I wasn't at a stable place where I felt like I could be in a healthy", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00125-00055621-00056055": "relationship like no matter how good the other person was to me even if I found", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00126-00056055-00056446": "the best girlfriend on earth no matter how good they were to me I was still", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00127-00056446-00056766": "going to have a lot of issues and I would freak out over small things and", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00128-00056766-00057121": "that would be extremely selfish of me all right so this is one of the reasons", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00129-00057121-00057484": "why if you are single make sure you are working on your mental health so the", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00130-00057484-00057886": "last thing that we'll talk about is how Vanya basically brought on the", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00131-00057886-00058525": "apocalypse with her anger issues like you guys like if you're a parent you", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00132-00058525-00058987": "definitely need to check out parenting from the inside out by dr. Daniel single", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00133-00058987-00059379": "Segal I'll go ahead and link it down to the description below but there are so", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00134-00059379-00059785": "many things that are the result of our childhood that we do not even know and", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00135-00059785-00060259": "especially if you're a parent you need to understand that certain things that", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00136-00060259-00060694": "you do as a parent is a result of your traumatic childhood you might be", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00137-00060694-00061339": "treating your child in similar ways that you're you know damaging parents treated", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00138-00061339-00061741": "you and you don't even realize it all right like we have to gain this", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00139-00061741-00062116": "self-awareness so we can work on the problem now in Thein this case where she", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00140-00062116-00062580": "you know lost control blew up the moon and brought on the apocalypse like this", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00141-00062580-00062904": "is what anger issues are just important for all of us to work on this is why I", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00142-00062904-00063409": "wrote we wire your anger like there's so many things that I just completely", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00143-00063409-00063928": "crumbled to pieces because of my anger issues and I've had to learn ways to", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00144-00063928-00064444": "kind of tame them this doesn't mean that I'm never angry but I don't bring my", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00145-00064444-00064980": "entire world down on top of me because of those feelings anger is a very normal", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00146-00064980-00065430": "feeling but it's the actions that follow that typically get us in trouble alright", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00147-00065430-00065642": "so make sure if you saw those anger issues", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00148-00065642-00065963": "check out down to the description below alright but anyways let me know your", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00149-00065963-00066299": "thoughts on you know Vanya Hargreaves character if you've watched the Umbrella", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00150-00066299-00066638": "Academy and all of that or if you can relate to any of the topics that I'm", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00151-00066638-00066956": "talking about down in the comments below okay anyways that's all I got for this", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00152-00066956-00067256": "video if you like this video please give it a thumbs up if you're new make sure", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00153-00067256-00067559": "you subscribe and ring that notification bell because I'm doing more character", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00154-00067559-00067949": "breakdowns for the Umbrella Academy and a huge thank you to everybody supporting", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00155-00067949-00068276": "the channel over our patreon you are all amazing and if you would like to become", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00156-00068276-00068582": "a patreon and get some exclusive stuff click your tap right there alright", "r-WDv7AkVxg-00157-00068582-00069007": "thanks so much for watching I'll see you next time"}}, {"audio_id": "r_yb7ogCI5A", "text": {"r_yb7ogCI5A-00000-00000000-00010323": "\"Yard\" - Crafted By Transit"}}, {"audio_id": "r_bReXsQXzy", "text": {"r_bReXsQXzy-00000-00002158-00002266": "cairns!", "r_bReXsQXzy-00001-00002266-00002458": "I've arrived in cairns in the summer"}}, {"audio_id": "rA2ArWqq9cA", "text": {"rA2ArWqq9cA-00000-00000064-00000728": "This video is about using database connections with dplyr pipelines", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00001-00000784-00001288": "to use dplyr to run commands inside the database.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00002-00001368-00002000": "If you're already familiar with dplyr, but not as comfortable with SQL,", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00003-00002072-00003048": "it's possible to use dplyr commands to interact directly with a database. So let's look at this", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00004-00003048-00003576": "using the same query that we performed last time using sql,", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00005-00003576-00004384": "where we want to count the number of individuals associated with each species id.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00006-00004536-00005320": "We start by creating a connection to an individual table, or multiple tables if we want", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00007-00005320-00005928": "to work with multiple tables, using the 'tbl()' function like we did a couple of videos ago.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00008-00006016-00006992": "So remember we can create a linked version of the table in R by coming up with the name", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00009-00006992-00007656": "that we want to apply to that table, 'surveys' in this case, and then running the 'tbl()' function", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00010-00007752-00008496": "with the connection that we've made to the database, 'portaldb', and then the name of", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00011-00008496-00009128": "the table that we want to connect to in quotes. So for this query that's the 'surveys' table.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00012-00009440-00010424": "Once we have this connection we can then work with it just like it's a data frame using dplyr. And so", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00013-00010504-00011512": "let's create a output variable called 'species_counts' and we'll then build", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00014-00011512-00012104": "a dplyr pipeline for working with this. And so we're going to start with the 'surveys' data,", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00015-00012264-00013024": "I will then pipe that into the 'group_by()' function because in dplyr we group things first,", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00016-00013024-00013552": "so we're going to say 'group_by()', and we want to group by the 'species_id' column", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00017-00013688-00014368": "so we want to get a count for each species id, and then we want to 'summarize()',", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00018-00014696-00015376": "to create a 'count' column that is a count of the number of rows with each species id", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00019-00015432-00016080": "which we do with this 'n()' function. And if I run this", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00020-00016304-00017344": "we'll get back a 'species_counts' object that we can look at and we'll see that it has this same", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00021-00017440-00017976": "output that we're looking for with a count associated with each species id.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00022-00018056-00018848": "And even though we wrote this as a dplyr pipeline all of this work was", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00023-00018848-00019504": "actually done in the database itself. and that happened because dbplyr", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00024-00019616-00020528": "helped translate our dplyr pipeline into SQL and then run everything in the database. And", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00025-00020528-00021256": "so that means that all of the benefits of working faster and working with out of memory scale data", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00026-00021336-00022152": "are available to us without needing to know how to write the SLQ. We can just use our dplyr pipeline", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00027-00022152-00022832": "like we have before, but with a table that's a database connection instead of a data frame in R.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00028-00023088-00023640": "Now as with other cases we can see that when we do this the resulting data", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00029-00023640-00024408": "is still in the database and so if we want to bring it back so that we can do additional work", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00030-00024408-00025032": "with it in R we can add one final step in our pipeline which is to add the 'collect()' function", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00031-00025032-00025744": "at the end. And now we'll see that 'species_counts' shows up in the data section", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00032-00025744-00026488": "of our global environment and we can open it just like a data frame because that's now what it is.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00033-00026600-00027280": "So that's how we can connect to a database and work with the data in that database directly", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00034-00027280-00028104": "using dplyr functions. We create a connection to each table we need to work with using the", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00035-00028104-00029039": "'tbl()' function and then we treat that table just like we would a data frame in our dplyr pipeline.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00036-00029095-00029512": "And then if we want to get the results of that pipeline back into R so that we can", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00037-00029512-00030136": "work with them further we run the 'collect()' function as the last command in the pipeline.", "rA2ArWqq9cA-00038-00030600-00031099": "This blah bla bla bla bla blah."}}, {"audio_id": "rA7UAYDfgU4", "text": {"rA7UAYDfgU4-00000-00000008-00000416": "we've seen these wild swings when it comes to stocks it feels like investors", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00001-00000416-00000927": "aren't exactly sure what to expect at this point taking data point by data point", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00002-00000927-00001376": "and making decisions but that's somewhat of a choppy market it's not the kind of", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00003-00001376-00001800": "momentum and trajectory that we've seen over the course of the last couple of years", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00004-00001984-00002280": "no, you're right I mean the market's not going anywhere fast right and if you look at this year", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00005-00002280-00002840": "so far we've had big up days big down days but really the news hasn't changed we've got this", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00006-00002840-00003336": "conflict going on in Ukraine right now we talked a lot here this morning about interest rates going", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00007-00003336-00003944": "up tightening policy what is that going to put us into recession and you know I think when everyone", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00008-00003944-00004424": "gets dour and if you look at strategists right now they're very very negative if you look at", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00009-00004424-00004976": "the ai sentiment indicator which weekly comes out it's at the lowest level in 30 years people are", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00010-00004976-00005440": "more bearish than they've been in 30 years you know I suspect you're lining up for surprises", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00011-00005440-00005808": "being the positive here I mean we've seen earnings so far this earnings season have been very very", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00012-00005808-00006336": "good and I mentioned I traveled yesterday I was doing research I was actually on vacation", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00013-00006336-00006928": "you could see I mean the pent up demand for people to travel I mean every hotel was", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00014-00006928-00007336": "booked and you could barely get on a flight uh just talks about those animal", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00015-00007336-00007736": "spirits that are out there and the American household right now with wages going up", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00016-00007736-00008224": "uh money saved since the pandemic I think what everyone's really discounting right now", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00017-00008224-00008752": "is just how much demand there is to spend even if inflation's higher and that's going to continue", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00018-00008752-00009216": "to drive the economy and with incentive being so negative right now I think your biggest risk here", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00019-00009216-00009568": "you heard it here first Dennis hears me say this every single week and he", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00020-00009568-00009912": "probably cringes I think the market's going to go a lot higher you know I think you're going to see a", "rA7UAYDfgU4-00021-00009912-00010328": "melt up here at some point just because there's so much negative news already baked into the market."}}, {"audio_id": "rAlt19CJz6o", "text": {"rAlt19CJz6o-00000-00000000-00000200": "beautylacehair.com"}}, {"audio_id": "rAwa2TiXTc8", "text": {"rAwa2TiXTc8-00000-00001090-00002446": "Emily Ratajkowski flaunted her enviable 5ft7in figure in skimpy bikinis from her newly-released Inamorataswim collection of six swimsuits.", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00001-00002596-00004185": "The amply-charmed 26-year-old - who boasts 22.9M social media followers - shared snaps Monday from her shoot with lensman Emanuele D'Angelo this month in Los Angeles.", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00002-00004335-00005804": "The London-born, Encinitas-raised stunner said she was inspired by the retro, high-cut look after perusing vintage copies of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issues.", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00003-00005954-00008311": "Scroll down for video  'I grew up in San Diego and I basically wore a bathing suit every day on the beach. When I was 16, sometimes I would literally wake up, not put on any clothes, and I'd put on a bathing suit and get coffees and burritos for the day,' Emily told Vogue last month.", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00004-00008461-00010028": "'It's self-funded. I have basically a consultant and an assistant and then it's all me. It's been really, really fun...To have complete control is really special and exciting.'", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00005-00010178-00012841": "Ratajkowski modeled the black $80 'Vulcan' top and $75 'Neptune' bottom as well as the red $160 'Leucadia' one-piece. The self-described feminist's snaps came hours after a mystery man planted a very public kiss on her cheek while seated courtside at a basketball game in Manhattan's Madison Square Garden.", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00006-00012991-00014401": "But the UCLA drop-out didn't seem too into her sweatshirt-clad companion as they watched the Oklahoma City Thunder lose 96-111 to the New York Knicks.", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00007-00014551-00015936": "For the last three years, Emily has been romancing Brown University alum Jeff Magid, who just dropped a mixtape featuring tracks titled Toasty and High Waisted.", "rAwa2TiXTc8-00008-00016086-00017408": "Ratajkowski currently has five films due out next year, including George Ratliff's Tuscany-set thriller Welcome Home with Emmy winner Aaron Paul."}}, {"audio_id": "rAyIDunPzy8", "text": {"rAyIDunPzy8-00000-00001000-00001816": "Thank you, let me start by introducing myself I'm in addition to being the Director of the San Diego", "rAyIDunPzy8-00001-00001816-00002544": "Supercomputer Center. I have a bunch of other hats on that all somehow fooled into this talk I am the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00002-00002648-00002984": "Executive Director of the Open Science Grid since 2015", "rAyIDunPzy8-00003-00003064-00003768": "uh and you will hear that part of I'm a copyi with uh with of the passive usage platform with Larry", "rAyIDunPzy8-00004-00003768-00004712": "Smart that you've heard a few years ago about and i am the pi of a follow-up infrastructure to that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00005-00004712-00005408": "kind of brings both osg and the prp together into a national infrastructure that I'll be", "rAyIDunPzy8-00006-00005408-00005944": "focusing on and on top of that I am actually a Professor of Physics", "rAyIDunPzy8-00007-00005944-00006472": "that uses all of this infrastructure for my own research so I'm a user I'm a provider I'm a", "rAyIDunPzy8-00008-00006528-00007016": "service a provider I sort of touch this infrastructure that I'll be talking about from", "rAyIDunPzy8-00009-00007016-00007768": "a variety of different angles um and uh and of course I'm a geeky scientist as a physicist and so", "rAyIDunPzy8-00010-00007768-00008584": "i will not be able to hide that completely uh in this talk and uh so voila let's get right into it", "rAyIDunPzy8-00011-00008672-00009448": "my talk is about the path towards an open global sub infrastructure enabling digital research", "rAyIDunPzy8-00012-00009520-00010136": "and i wanted to start out by putting three reasons on the table for having an", "rAyIDunPzy8-00013-00010136-00010592": "open cyber infrastructure and then i will later define what exactly i mean by this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00014-00010648-00011464": "and uh then show some use cases and um talk about how this is all comes into place and at the end i", "rAyIDunPzy8-00015-00011464-00012224": "will make an appeal to all of you to join this ecosystem and use it as foundation for building", "rAyIDunPzy8-00016-00012368-00012952": "even more interesting things and so my three reasons are democratization of access openness", "rAyIDunPzy8-00017-00012952-00013528": "for an open society and big science as a team sport and uh let me go into what i mean by this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00018-00013680-00014463": "there is in terms of democracying access i really want to uh quote the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00019-00014791-00015624": "bottoms up initiative called the minds we need you can see in the corner here their website and have", "rAyIDunPzy8-00020-00015624-00016319": "literally verbatim taken from this website the because it's the most eloquent description of why", "rAyIDunPzy8-00021-00016319-00016968": "uh democratizing access makes sense and is necessary and so the objective is to connect", "rAyIDunPzy8-00022-00016968-00017416": "every community college every minority serving institution and every college and university", "rAyIDunPzy8-00023-00017416-00018056": "including all urban rural and tribal institutions to a world-class and secure research and education", "rAyIDunPzy8-00024-00018056-00018696": "infrastructure i call that a cyber infrastructure and with particular attention to institutions have", "rAyIDunPzy8-00025-00018696-00019472": "chronically underserved now why is the chronically underserved so important it's very simple the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00026-00019584-00020240": "next generation genie or geniuses or whatever the plural of genius is may come from anywhere", "rAyIDunPzy8-00027-00020240-00021112": "and they're just as likely to come from the thousands of of uh non-art ones or colleges", "rAyIDunPzy8-00028-00021112-00021760": "as they are to come from the ones and as a result it is if you think about it from a very high level", "rAyIDunPzy8-00029-00021848-00022656": "what we want to achieve is we want to achieve efficiency of human capital and that's ultimately", "rAyIDunPzy8-00030-00022712-00023352": "an economic prerogative it's a an intellectual prerogative it's a human prerogative we will do", "rAyIDunPzy8-00031-00023352-00024384": "best if we manage to make opportunities available to as many people as we have and if you want to do", "rAyIDunPzy8-00032-00024384-00024928": "this then you have to democratize access because at this point in time we have a massive gap", "rAyIDunPzy8-00033-00024928-00025560": "a massive opportunity gap and there's a number of different recent reports on this the nsf did a the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00034-00025560-00026168": "missing million reports that some of you may have read um there's this initiative which rewards it", "rAyIDunPzy8-00035-00026168-00026872": "in as i have on my slide but the bottom line is at this point we're leaving people behind", "rAyIDunPzy8-00036-00026936-00027752": "and it is in our interest to catch up and not leave people behind and that is not even talking", "rAyIDunPzy8-00037-00027752-00028592": "about all the uh all the uh reasons of equity and inclusion and that sort of thing there's a strict", "rAyIDunPzy8-00038-00028592-00029239": "economic and intellectual reason in addition to all of the equity and inclusion issues", "rAyIDunPzy8-00039-00029392-00030136": "so this is in essence the vision that i want to present and everything else in this talk is just", "rAyIDunPzy8-00040-00030136-00030839": "detail so my long-term vision is to create an open national server infrastructure that allows", "rAyIDunPzy8-00041-00030839-00031448": "the federation of ci at all 4 000 accredited degree granting higher education institutions", "rAyIDunPzy8-00042-00031448-00031808": "non-profit research institutions and national laboratories in other words", "rAyIDunPzy8-00043-00031912-00032952": "main mental model is anybody who engages in open science should have the ability to federate their", "rAyIDunPzy8-00044-00032952-00033784": "resources compute storage et cetera et cetera all of cyber infrastructure into a national federation", "rAyIDunPzy8-00045-00033872-00034512": "call it federation call ecosystem call it what you want and we want to provide the underpinnings", "rAyIDunPzy8-00046-00034512-00035352": "of this and i look at this as the necessary fourth leg in addition to open science open data and open", "rAyIDunPzy8-00047-00035352-00036048": "source that we're all very familiar with there is i i i am talking about open infrastructure", "rAyIDunPzy8-00048-00036048-00036600": "as additional objective and what i mean by infrastructure literally anything that seems", "rAyIDunPzy8-00049-00036600-00037280": "to have hardwary kind of characteristics so that means there's open compute there's open storage", "rAyIDunPzy8-00050-00037280-00038072": "content delivery networks there is devices instruments iot all kinds of things i envision a", "rAyIDunPzy8-00051-00038072-00038784": "future where the future of wireless will intersect with open infrastructure where you have devices", "rAyIDunPzy8-00052-00038784-00039424": "that are that can be hooked into this infrastructure in order to create data", "rAyIDunPzy8-00053-00039520-00039904": "that then gets compute stored et cetera et cetera within that infrastructure", "rAyIDunPzy8-00054-00039904-00040400": "and what i'm going to talk about in this talk is some of the foundational principles", "rAyIDunPzy8-00055-00040400-00040888": "that i think this has to have and then i talk about the state of the art where we're at", "rAyIDunPzy8-00056-00040888-00041856": "and who's using it and where we're going next now i wanted to um add one more that i normally don't", "rAyIDunPzy8-00057-00041856-00042432": "talk about which is normally i just leave it here openness for an home society sounds corny", "rAyIDunPzy8-00058-00042504-00043184": "and a sort of of a nice way of of having a one-liner but recent events", "rAyIDunPzy8-00059-00043288-00044152": "sort of made me realize how important openness actually is if there was in a funny way speaking", "rAyIDunPzy8-00060-00044152-00044776": "for myself before the russian war against ukraine i sort of took openness for granted", "rAyIDunPzy8-00061-00044920-00045360": "now it seems pretty obvious that i can't take openness for granted anymore and that all the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00062-00045360-00045976": "things that i just talked about that ultimately make us more efficient are also the tools", "rAyIDunPzy8-00063-00045976-00046744": "that will make us win the economic war against forces the authoritarian and i encourage you to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00064-00046744-00047472": "think about this and and i won't uh go into this any further i took this from wikipedia and the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00065-00047472-00048224": "uh um then how i connected is that knowledge is never completed but always ongoing and ultimately", "rAyIDunPzy8-00066-00048224-00048776": "i will argue that the creation knowledge the creation of knowledge is increasingly requires", "rAyIDunPzy8-00067-00048776-00049440": "multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional teams and then this sort of of signs as a team sport", "rAyIDunPzy8-00068-00049440-00050168": "is something that will come up on several of my transparencies and let me just give you a", "rAyIDunPzy8-00069-00050272-00051096": "startup arcade so to speak on big signs as a team sport on this slide i have put one two three four", "rAyIDunPzy8-00070-00051248-00051984": "science collaborations of varying sizes in the let's see can i use a pointer yes", "rAyIDunPzy8-00071-00052072-00052912": "this here is a picture of the ice cube counting room on the south pole it's a an instrument", "rAyIDunPzy8-00072-00052912-00053608": "that is deployed inside the arc the south pole ice it's a cubic kilometer instrument of ice", "rAyIDunPzy8-00073-00053608-00054288": "instrumented in order to detect the highest energy neutrinos from uh extra galactic", "rAyIDunPzy8-00074-00054424-00055072": "and so this is the largest collaboration on this slide it has about maybe five six", "rAyIDunPzy8-00075-00055072-00055744": "hundred collaborators and you see sort of the the the global distribution of this on this map", "rAyIDunPzy8-00076-00055879-00056432": "the next one is xenon i'll talk more about this in a second there is veritas down here", "rAyIDunPzy8-00077-00056688-00057488": "here and uh next to it sp3 spt3g which is also on the south pole neighboring two ice", "rAyIDunPzy8-00078-00057488-00058248": "cube and what all of these instruments at scales from 10 million to almost a billion", "rAyIDunPzy8-00079-00058248-00058936": "in terms of just instrumentation costs have in common is that they are large", "rAyIDunPzy8-00080-00058936-00059664": "international collaborations from a couple dozen institutions to hundreds of institutions and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00081-00059720-00060376": "they are big signs as a team sport both interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00082-00060376-00060855": "multi-institutional that's what it takes to get this kind of science done it's the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00083-00060855-00061400": "science i do myself i work at the large atom collider in geneva switzerland my collaboration", "rAyIDunPzy8-00084-00061400-00062272": "is a collaboration of 208 institutions across 48 countries with a few thousand researchers involved", "rAyIDunPzy8-00085-00062391-00062864": "so what do i mean by open infrastructure let's talk a little bit about this and talk", "rAyIDunPzy8-00086-00062864-00063591": "about it from the perspective of principle the first principle is the power of sharing when", "rAyIDunPzy8-00087-00063591-00064264": "i think of open infrastructure i want to create something that any participant institution can be", "rAyIDunPzy8-00088-00064408-00064824": "is able to share dynamically any fraction of its resources with any other", "rAyIDunPzy8-00089-00064824-00065416": "given that i just made an argument that science is a team sport and it is multi-institutional", "rAyIDunPzy8-00090-00065416-00066120": "in addition to multi-disciplinary that allows this kind of principle allows collaborating researchers", "rAyIDunPzy8-00091-00066120-00066832": "to pool resources and therefore benefit to the greatest extent possible from in-kind", "rAyIDunPzy8-00092-00066832-00067368": "contributions both nationally and internationally and for every one of the collaborations that you", "rAyIDunPzy8-00093-00067368-00067968": "saw earlier that is an essential part of how they assemble the resources needed to get the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00094-00067968-00068464": "science done it's an in-kind contribution from the institutions that collaborate in", "rAyIDunPzy8-00095-00068464-00069248": "addition to funded at project money that they pay resources for the common good of the organization", "rAyIDunPzy8-00096-00069448-00069872": "in in addition we want in order for to accomplish the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00097-00069928-00070496": "democratization of access we want institutions to be able to share for the common good of all", "rAyIDunPzy8-00098-00070584-00071312": "and in particular to democratize access funders like the national science foundation but also", "rAyIDunPzy8-00099-00071312-00072072": "others may stipulate nationwide sharing in order for you as part of the solicitation in fact if you", "rAyIDunPzy8-00100-00072192-00072688": "are familiar with the cc star solicitation set of solicitations from the nsf that's actually written", "rAyIDunPzy8-00101-00072688-00073312": "into the solicitation 20 of the money that of the resources that you buy with the money that you get", "rAyIDunPzy8-00102-00073312-00074064": "you have to give into the kind of organizations that i'll be talking about meaning into the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00103-00074064-00074592": "open infrastructure you have to join the open infrastructure and you have to give it away to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00104-00074592-00075304": "the common good of all nationally and how do you make this happen in order to be able to create", "rAyIDunPzy8-00105-00075304-00075928": "something like this federation is a foundational principle what do i mean by this federation to me", "rAyIDunPzy8-00106-00075928-00076584": "means distributed control it means that resource owners determine policy views for what they own", "rAyIDunPzy8-00107-00076672-00077368": "and resource users or consumers determine policy what they're willing to use and in particular the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00108-00077368-00077952": "first line should be immediately obvious we live in a capitalist society that's a given if we don't", "rAyIDunPzy8-00109-00077952-00078520": "guarantee that first principle you're never going to be able to federate resources because the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00110-00078520-00079168": "owners ultimately control the resources and must be able to take them back any time at any moment", "rAyIDunPzy8-00111-00079168-00079752": "otherwise this whole thing doesn't work um so federer the system then the federated system", "rAyIDunPzy8-00112-00079752-00080360": "then matches consumers to owners respecting both sets of policies and that is the core foundation", "rAyIDunPzy8-00113-00080360-00081056": "that then allows you to actually grow into the kind of build structures and growth or into the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00114-00081056-00081784": "kind of systems that are i'm aspiring to that would include thousands of institutions now the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00115-00081784-00082472": "the hard part in the end is behind this question or the answer to this question how can it possibly", "rAyIDunPzy8-00116-00082472-00083192": "scale to support order of a thousand institutions and i want to talk a little bit about what the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00117-00083192-00083816": "core challenge what the structural challenge is that we have at hand here that we have to solve", "rAyIDunPzy8-00118-00083816-00084608": "the structural challenge is a mismatch between what is required for growth in resources and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00119-00084608-00085336": "growth in consumers so resource owners want minimal threshold for participation because", "rAyIDunPzy8-00120-00085392-00086032": "if it's too high a threshold to participate it's not worth their while to actually get connected", "rAyIDunPzy8-00121-00086032-00086712": "think of it as first comes the plumbing once you have the plant and the plumbing costs effort", "rAyIDunPzy8-00122-00086800-00087392": "once you have the plumbing then you can actually develop a long-term growth in how you use it", "rAyIDunPzy8-00123-00087456-00088152": "nobody's gonna join the plumbing if it's too onerous too effort intensive to actually join and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00124-00088152-00088768": "so the bar has to be very low in order to make that work at the same time resource consumers", "rAyIDunPzy8-00125-00088768-00089456": "want minimal threshold for the situation as well and they want a rich set of services and the rich", "rAyIDunPzy8-00126-00089456-00089976": "set of services typically means a lot of effort by somebody and somebody other than the actual", "rAyIDunPzy8-00127-00089976-00090600": "researchers that use the infrastructure and that is fundamentally attention and that's the biggest", "rAyIDunPzy8-00128-00090600-00091312": "problem in creating the what i'm talking about the technologies are easy in comparison it's all the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00129-00091312-00092208": "social stuff and the structuring and the creation of scalability by matching these disparate needs", "rAyIDunPzy8-00130-00092264-00093032": "for growth that's really hard and now let me talk a little bit about state of the art both", "rAyIDunPzy8-00131-00093032-00093632": "by showing you how the conceptual concepts that i've just talked about are implemented in practice", "rAyIDunPzy8-00132-00093688-00093984": "and how big these systems have gotten at this point", "rAyIDunPzy8-00133-00094112-00094600": "and i'm going to take two examples that i'm intimately involved in the pacific research", "rAyIDunPzy8-00134-00094600-00095224": "platform and the open science grid and i'll talk i'll put them first in perspective with each other", "rAyIDunPzy8-00135-00095288-00095880": "because they sit complementarity in the stack so let me talk about that first", "rAyIDunPzy8-00136-00096024-00096528": "in my mind there are three ways to build open infrastructure and the three ways", "rAyIDunPzy8-00137-00096528-00097152": "distinguish themselves where in the stack you're connecting and integrating the institutions", "rAyIDunPzy8-00138-00097216-00097904": "you can and connect institutions very low in the stack so that an institution that joins doesn't", "rAyIDunPzy8-00139-00097904-00098424": "even have to operate the operating system that's what we do in prp and i'll talk more about that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00140-00098424-00099128": "in detail or you can connect very high in the stack at the cluster batch system and storage", "rAyIDunPzy8-00141-00099128-00099832": "system layer and that's what osg does and the two distinguish themselves by if you go get low in the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00142-00099832-00100504": "stack you give away all control once you give away your operating system management you've given away", "rAyIDunPzy8-00143-00100504-00101136": "everything if you uh if you don't want if you have a cyber security or other control stands for your", "rAyIDunPzy8-00144-00101136-00101688": "institutions that would not allow that then you need effort to operate a batch system operate", "rAyIDunPzy8-00145-00101688-00102464": "the storage system and then you can join this is a federation very high in the stack via osg and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00146-00102464-00103032": "by having these projects work with each other and figure out the interoperation we can actually", "rAyIDunPzy8-00147-00103032-00103568": "create something that gives the institutions options and different institutions will join", "rAyIDunPzy8-00148-00103568-00104176": "at different layers in the stack at different points in their engagement they might join first", "rAyIDunPzy8-00149-00104176-00104759": "at the lowest level and say i'm going to set aside an enclave here and i'm going to join you and let", "rAyIDunPzy8-00150-00104759-00105424": "you do everything just to get my feet wet and then later i'm going to build up the other things and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00151-00105424-00105856": "join at the higher level because i want to get this control i want to have the cyber security", "rAyIDunPzy8-00152-00105856-00106608": "control and and the as policy control that this allows me to have and there are invariably going", "rAyIDunPzy8-00153-00106608-00107288": "to be some institutions will never reach all which is my goal because some institutions", "rAyIDunPzy8-00154-00107288-00107911": "will have a mismatch between the effort they have and the desire they have the desire for control", "rAyIDunPzy8-00155-00107911-00108520": "costs money it's that simple and some institutions just won't have the money but they have the desire", "rAyIDunPzy8-00156-00108520-00109152": "to control and when these two things mismatch you have an economy economic impossible thing that you", "rAyIDunPzy8-00157-00109152-00109840": "can't solve and therefore that those institutions won't be able to join so let me then now talk", "rAyIDunPzy8-00158-00109840-00110535": "more about the complementarity implementation and again point out in analogy what we're really doing", "rAyIDunPzy8-00159-00110592-00111128": "we're creating we're implementing bring your own resource philosophy the open", "rAyIDunPzy8-00160-00111128-00111720": "infrastructure is really all about bring your own resource and the way my colleague tom defante", "rAyIDunPzy8-00161-00111920-00112392": "coined it we're doing somewhere between soup kitchen and potluck super computing", "rAyIDunPzy8-00162-00112480-00113192": "potluck is you have a party and everybody brings a dish that's when you bring your own resources", "rAyIDunPzy8-00163-00113192-00113792": "to the party and you get to eat of everybody's table and we all share and that is the ideal", "rAyIDunPzy8-00164-00113792-00114472": "that we're aspiring to however at the same time in order to facilitate growth we're open also", "rAyIDunPzy8-00165-00114472-00115192": "to the soup kitchen model basically you can come to us and eat for free and so you can bring your", "rAyIDunPzy8-00166-00115192-00115864": "scientists you can bring your researchers we give them accounts we give them training etc etc etc", "rAyIDunPzy8-00167-00115864-00116544": "and make them be successful with their science on this open infrastructure and so", "rAyIDunPzy8-00168-00116544-00117072": "osg focus is focused on the campus cluster integration the pacific research platform is", "rAyIDunPzy8-00169-00117072-00117624": "focused on individual node integration instead of clusters literally individual pieces of hardware", "rAyIDunPzy8-00170-00117624-00118320": "are integrated in prp's kubernetes infrastructure and voila off you go you have an integration point", "rAyIDunPzy8-00171-00118424-00119024": "and in the following i'll introduce these two models in a little bit more detail the pacific", "rAyIDunPzy8-00172-00119024-00119544": "research platform a pioneer integration at the kubernetes and ipmi layer for those of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00173-00119544-00120408": "you not as geeky as i am ipmi is a mechanism to do remote installation of operating systems", "rAyIDunPzy8-00174-00120535-00121248": "and kubernetes is a mechanism to do remote installation of containers in order to operate", "rAyIDunPzy8-00175-00121248-00122280": "services of various kinds and so what prp allows is you join either at the iplayer and we run your", "rAyIDunPzy8-00176-00122280-00122840": "operating system or you join at the kubernetes layer and we run services on top of your", "rAyIDunPzy8-00177-00122840-00123568": "kubernetes your os in the pods that you provide us by joining our kubernetes cluster and the way that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00178-00123648-00124311": "uh in order to be successful prp realized if you are starting way low you have to actually", "rAyIDunPzy8-00179-00124311-00124776": "start really low and provide people even with a shopping list for what to buy", "rAyIDunPzy8-00180-00124776-00125520": "so we basically every year we too put together and and validate hardware installations", "rAyIDunPzy8-00181-00125520-00126248": "you can think of it as as appliances we validate appliances put on the web the exact um", "rAyIDunPzy8-00182-00126456-00127048": "part numbers as exemplars of the kind of things that you can buy and then in order to achieve a", "rAyIDunPzy8-00183-00127048-00127848": "certain functionality as you integrate into our system and the a global hardware integration at", "rAyIDunPzy8-00184-00127848-00128328": "this point is across 30 plus institutions i think last time i looked at it was 35", "rAyIDunPzy8-00185-00128464-00129000": "and out of those are 11 minority serving institutions eight in california given", "rAyIDunPzy8-00186-00129000-00129711": "what you'll see the map is like in six institution ebsco states and i i put some more information on", "rAyIDunPzy8-00187-00129711-00130680": "who uses it this infrastructure has its origins in the explosion of machine learning so the original", "rAyIDunPzy8-00188-00130680-00131432": "funded project included gaming gpus and deploying lots of cheap cheap gpus in order to support", "rAyIDunPzy8-00189-00131432-00132104": "machine learners mostly computer scientists but also engineering and other fields like that osg", "rAyIDunPzy8-00190-00132104-00132736": "has its its origin in big science in a way so the two organizations i was talking about", "rAyIDunPzy8-00191-00132736-00133184": "come actually from very different user communities and with a very different way of doing this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00192-00133432-00134096": "um this gives you a map of where it started prp originally was a california project first and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00193-00134096-00134848": "foremost um it was expanded along the pacific coast and sort of inland and he has since grown", "rAyIDunPzy8-00194-00134848-00135632": "into something that is is basically global we have hardware and prp in australia korea europe", "rAyIDunPzy8-00195-00135696-00136472": "all over the map now switching to the osg model institutions operate their own compute", "rAyIDunPzy8-00196-00136472-00136960": "and storage cluster and osg provides software and services that allow integration of clusters", "rAyIDunPzy8-00197-00137080-00137720": "the way that the sausages are made is that we basically build an overlay batch system on top", "rAyIDunPzy8-00198-00137720-00138464": "of batch systems so instead of submitting jobs to batch systems we submit batch system daemons to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00199-00138464-00138968": "batch systems all over the world there's about 200 batch systems that we submit to globally", "rAyIDunPzy8-00200-00139024-00139784": "and those demons then call home to a resource pool and the science is actually queued in our", "rAyIDunPzy8-00201-00139784-00140288": "queuing system and then as resources become available we fan them out across the globe", "rAyIDunPzy8-00202-00140352-00141072": "they operate there we create a a common runtime environment in part by containers in part via", "rAyIDunPzy8-00203-00141072-00141688": "pre-installed software and voila signs looks the same runs the same all over the globe", "rAyIDunPzy8-00204-00141688-00142352": "and you've created in federated infrastructure and then we can make pools for different communities", "rAyIDunPzy8-00205-00142352-00142912": "we have one pool for all of open signs that we operate in the con in with the spirit of eat", "rAyIDunPzy8-00206-00142912-00143568": "your own dog food given that we provide software and services we must operate software and services", "rAyIDunPzy8-00207-00143568-00144016": "because we must be eating our own dog food in order to show to others how it's done", "rAyIDunPzy8-00208-00144080-00144920": "and then we provide people can use us at various as layers and uh we operate entire pools for some", "rAyIDunPzy8-00209-00144920-00145416": "organizations and for other organizations we operate only pieces of services and they", "rAyIDunPzy8-00210-00145416-00146144": "operate their pool so you can think of osg as a tool chest of things all of these tools", "rAyIDunPzy8-00211-00146144-00146672": "we operate ourselves for our instance but all of those tools you can use for your instance", "rAyIDunPzy8-00212-00146800-00147384": "and the two can and federate with each other that's the map of osg's deployment as you can see", "rAyIDunPzy8-00213-00147384-00148168": "it's a heavily u.s focused organization but it has green dots all over the map worldwide and a green", "rAyIDunPzy8-00214-00148168-00148832": "dot is an organization and there's 149 listed here and i'll talk in on the next slide what", "rAyIDunPzy8-00215-00148832-00149584": "i mean by organization because one of the strange things in osg is even just the the schema of sorts", "rAyIDunPzy8-00216-00149584-00150280": "if you wish even how we name things is actually a challenge how do you conceptualize what something", "rAyIDunPzy8-00217-00150280-00150968": "is given the flexibility that our tools provide what we call things is actually non-trivial in", "rAyIDunPzy8-00218-00150968-00151632": "some funny way so there are 64 us institution contributed compute power last year but we count", "rAyIDunPzy8-00219-00151632-00152176": "institutions organizations and clusters all separately and here's an example from myself", "rAyIDunPzy8-00220-00152248-00152872": "ussd is an institution it has two green dots on this map one for the san diego super community", "rAyIDunPzy8-00221-00152872-00153560": "center and one for my own groups physics cluster i have i run a cluster of about ten thousand cores", "rAyIDunPzy8-00222-00153560-00154288": "five petabyte of disk space in my group for my signs and that is its own green dot on the map now", "rAyIDunPzy8-00223-00154288-00154944": "in addition in that last year actually six clusters contributed from ucsd", "rAyIDunPzy8-00224-00155040-00155640": "i think five of them from uh actually is not even true um three of them from sdsc three of them for", "rAyIDunPzy8-00225-00155640-00156280": "my group that we built at various times and these clusters itself were two of them were entirely", "rAyIDunPzy8-00226-00156280-00156840": "inside the commercial cloud so you basically deployed an entire cluster in the commercial cloud", "rAyIDunPzy8-00227-00156840-00157336": "interface it with osg and voila you're a federation but and the cluster in the cloud", "rAyIDunPzy8-00228-00157336-00158344": "is owned by a research group and then another one is prp itself is actually a cluster inside osg and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00229-00158344-00159288": "it itself is across 30 plus institutions so you have sort of a scaffolding of of um a re-entrant", "rAyIDunPzy8-00230-00159416-00160112": "conceptually you can actually build clusters that then the cluster joins but the cluster itself", "rAyIDunPzy8-00231-00160112-00160832": "is built at a much lower level and therefore you can federate federations in a way and we actually", "rAyIDunPzy8-00232-00160832-00161560": "do this and then the bottom line here is in terms of democratization of access to infrastructure", "rAyIDunPzy8-00233-00161560-00162232": "26 of the 64 years institutions are either a minority serving institution are in an ebsco state", "rAyIDunPzy8-00234-00162232-00162952": "or are a non-r1 and now to give you an example what a non-r1 is that is actively participating", "rAyIDunPzy8-00235-00162952-00163496": "is the american history of the american museum of natural history in new york city", "rAyIDunPzy8-00236-00163496-00164240": "is actually a participant it federates its own resources and its researchers do research on osg", "rAyIDunPzy8-00237-00164320-00165072": "so the museum itself is a research organization it does research and that research arm of the museum", "rAyIDunPzy8-00238-00165072-00165656": "is actually collaborating with us both providing resources and providing consumers", "rAyIDunPzy8-00239-00165896-00166392": "then the next thing i wanted to talk about is the osu data federation and there's one thing", "rAyIDunPzy8-00240-00166392-00167040": "that is fundamentally different between data and compute and that is reference of locality data", "rAyIDunPzy8-00241-00167128-00167816": "has to be integrated where it is whereas in our compute integration we actually", "rAyIDunPzy8-00242-00167816-00168480": "run the api to indicate the cluster away from the cluster and then do by ssh login", "rAyIDunPzy8-00243-00168480-00169328": "from remote into the cluster to submit the batch system so whereas here we actually need to have", "rAyIDunPzy8-00244-00169328-00170000": "service orchestration service deployment that is geographically distributed and we need to operate", "rAyIDunPzy8-00245-00170000-00170896": "ourselves so osg uses prp and the prp concept in order to have global deployment of services", "rAyIDunPzy8-00246-00170896-00171304": "global deployment of data origins global deployment of data caches", "rAyIDunPzy8-00247-00171376-00172000": "and we've built in essence something that is like a content delivery network so you can think of it", "rAyIDunPzy8-00248-00172000-00172672": "as youtube but it's not youtube in the sense that you have to upload your data it's youtube where", "rAyIDunPzy8-00249-00172672-00173560": "you can join your data and join your hardware into the system and therefore you bring your resources", "rAyIDunPzy8-00250-00173560-00174208": "the resources have the data on them and voila the data becomes available and we", "rAyIDunPzy8-00251-00174208-00174792": "we are responsible for operating all of the caches to make data access and transparent", "rAyIDunPzy8-00252-00174864-00175568": "the and i'll talk more about this in a moment and right now uh it we have um 10 data origins one of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00253-00175568-00176144": "them is an open science data origin for the entire community anybody can come and bring their data", "rAyIDunPzy8-00254-00176144-00176784": "and then the other nine are basically community origins they are dedicated to certain communities", "rAyIDunPzy8-00255-00176784-00177496": "that have joined their data into our global name space in order to benefit from us let me at this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00256-00177496-00178240": "point mention two science ux cases to make this i've talked a lot about concept and philosophy", "rAyIDunPzy8-00257-00178240-00178856": "and implementation now i want to talk a little bit about who uses this and what do they do with", "rAyIDunPzy8-00258-00178856-00179640": "it and i picked one big science and one medium science example and i'm going to give you later", "rAyIDunPzy8-00259-00179640-00180184": "examples from individual scientists meaning all the way down to individual undergrads who can", "rAyIDunPzy8-00260-00180184-00180688": "actually make ben can use this infrastructure and do use this infrastructure so let's start", "rAyIDunPzy8-00261-00180688-00181400": "from the top um there is a global quest these days on understanding the most violent events in the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00262-00181400-00181976": "universe via the measurement of cavitation waves the physics nobel prize a few years ago went to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00263-00181976-00182664": "ligo for this work we worked with ligo from before the nobel prize in fact the very", "rAyIDunPzy8-00264-00182720-00183456": "um discovery that gave the nobel prize was confirmed on our computers and they ran", "rAyIDunPzy8-00265-00183520-00184128": "it twice at least twice their end once on their own infrastructure and once in our infrastructure", "rAyIDunPzy8-00266-00184256-00184664": "in two independent teams to make them sure that they actually understand what they're doing", "rAyIDunPzy8-00267-00184664-00185368": "now what's special here is that the very science requires multiple instruments in multiple", "rAyIDunPzy8-00268-00185368-00186008": "locations around the world because not only do you want to detect the wave as it flies through", "rAyIDunPzy8-00269-00186008-00186616": "as it flies by the earth you want to pinpoint where it came from and in order to pinpoint", "rAyIDunPzy8-00270-00186616-00187168": "where it came from you have to triangulate you measure in three different locations", "rAyIDunPzy8-00271-00187168-00187704": "i and then you point back to where it came from however the fact that gravitational waves are", "rAyIDunPzy8-00272-00187704-00188280": "polarized they actually have an xy polarization means that you need actually at least four", "rAyIDunPzy8-00273-00188344-00188840": "instruments in order to be guaranteed to be able to pinpoint because if the polarization", "rAyIDunPzy8-00274-00188840-00189472": "lines are badly with the instrument you don't see it and so there is a fundamental physics reason", "rAyIDunPzy8-00275-00189472-00190072": "for an infrastructure that is global that can be joined by instruments that are funded by different", "rAyIDunPzy8-00276-00190072-00190800": "countries and are completely independent ligo is us funded by the nsf virgo is european funded", "rAyIDunPzy8-00277-00190800-00191392": "the two have nothing in common on the hardware end of things they collaborate but they actually build", "rAyIDunPzy8-00278-00191392-00191888": "the instrument completely independently they even use different technologies and then kagra", "rAyIDunPzy8-00279-00191888-00192576": "in japan is even less common whereas ligo and virgo actually have conceptual uh", "rAyIDunPzy8-00280-00192576-00193200": "similarity kagra uses even a different and a detection concept on some level and so", "rAyIDunPzy8-00281-00193200-00193848": "all of these different and and instruments then bring that data into our namespace", "rAyIDunPzy8-00282-00193936-00194512": "and then can from different locations in the world virgo brings it in from europe", "rAyIDunPzy8-00283-00194592-00195144": "ligo brings it in from the u.s the actual disk space is u.s resident versus your president", "rAyIDunPzy8-00284-00195200-00196056": "but the namespace visible and access visible to jobs all over the world is actually identical", "rAyIDunPzy8-00285-00196056-00196744": "so they can run on the same data together in order to do the science via our infrastructure", "rAyIDunPzy8-00286-00196832-00197448": "and in fact if you look at the some of these weird caches in in weird locations outliers", "rAyIDunPzy8-00287-00197448-00197992": "are basically put there because there are like collaborators in australia there are kagura", "rAyIDunPzy8-00288-00197992-00198504": "collaborators in korea there are like virgo collaborators in europe and the caches were", "rAyIDunPzy8-00289-00198576-00199232": "liberally placed near the institutions such that the data of life gets cashed in and is", "rAyIDunPzy8-00290-00199232-00199680": "always available the latest one that is relevant and i'll have more on that later", "rAyIDunPzy8-00291-00199824-00200288": "then i give you a mid-scale science use case here we're talking billion dollar investments right", "rAyIDunPzy8-00292-00200288-00200944": "ligo the communication program is multi-billion dollar investments now we're talking a a xenon", "rAyIDunPzy8-00293-00200944-00201760": "collaboration the xenon experiment is probably in the neighborhood of 10 20 maybe 30 million dollars", "rAyIDunPzy8-00294-00201760-00202496": "it is uh in order of magnitude to away from in size from what ligo is and yet they have the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00295-00202496-00203368": "same challenges it's a it it is an an instrument inside the grand theft auto inside a mountain and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00296-00203368-00204016": "it has all of the overburden of the mountain in order for only a dark matter to penetrate all the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00297-00204016-00204784": "way through dark matter is weakly interacting and they're searching for recoils of nuclear nuclei", "rAyIDunPzy8-00298-00204840-00205608": "from dark matter think of we fly earth flies through a dark matter halo in the galaxy and as we", "rAyIDunPzy8-00299-00205608-00206112": "fly through that dark matter hits their detector and they want to detect this and this has never", "rAyIDunPzy8-00300-00206112-00206784": "been done before so they're basically building something to discover something that is known to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00301-00206784-00207608": "exist and they're in a race for discovery and have about a 20 institution collaboration to build this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00302-00207608-00208360": "and they've been at this for 20 some years because they've built generations of instruments into the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00303-00208360-00208976": "same laboratory one after the other one an order of magnitude larger than the next basically and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00304-00208976-00209552": "right to the two top sided papers are in the neighborhood of of close to 2000 citations", "rAyIDunPzy8-00305-00209552-00210376": "this is really big impact uh science and um so now what's their problem their problem is that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00306-00210471-00211023": "they need the in-kind contributions from their collaborators across the world so they have", "rAyIDunPzy8-00307-00211023-00211576": "the instrument in in italy the tape archive in sweden disk storage in seven locations", "rAyIDunPzy8-00308-00211576-00212216": "across the netherlands italy israel france and the u.s and they have compute resources", "rAyIDunPzy8-00309-00212216-00212896": "in europe and the u.s mostly plus an allocation on an nsf-funded supercomputer at uh at uses it's", "rAyIDunPzy8-00310-00212896-00213480": "antigo super could be a sender and so we integrate their globally distributed in-kind computing in", "rAyIDunPzy8-00311-00213480-00214232": "storage plus the allocated parts of the nsf and therefore they can use the system as if it was", "rAyIDunPzy8-00312-00214232-00214928": "one batch system one data distribution network and we provide the services that make this happen", "rAyIDunPzy8-00313-00215088-00215392": "now let me talk a little bit about how can you join your data", "rAyIDunPzy8-00314-00215480-00216176": "and one is obvious you could just bring it onto our uh storage that's sort of an obvious one the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00315-00216176-00216664": "one that is less obvious is how do you federate a file system at your institution with us and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00316-00216664-00217352": "the mental model that we have is given that people like to hide their file systems behind firewalls", "rAyIDunPzy8-00317-00217512-00218167": "we have a mental model that you put a dual home kubernetes server on the firewall", "rAyIDunPzy8-00318-00218240-00218840": "you export the file system only the pieces that you want to export into the federation onto that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00319-00218840-00219423": "file server that file server we then install all of the software that does the magic we", "rAyIDunPzy8-00320-00219423-00220232": "operate the software that's the magic you just operate the file system done and the this model", "rAyIDunPzy8-00321-00220296-00220871": "the kind of functionality that you can get at the very limited way if you're paranoid about", "rAyIDunPzy8-00322-00220871-00221536": "giving space accessible to the outside world you can just export it read only and then you just", "rAyIDunPzy8-00323-00221536-00222216": "export your data and nothing else alternatively you can choose this part of my file system gets", "rAyIDunPzy8-00324-00222216-00222728": "exported read only therefore everybody should be able people who have access credentials", "rAyIDunPzy8-00325-00222728-00223400": "should have access this part should be writable by certain privileged people and they can then", "rAyIDunPzy8-00326-00223400-00223992": "use that as their home base to bring the data that they produce on the federate infrastructure back", "rAyIDunPzy8-00327-00223992-00224688": "home and reuse it for future computation there's therefore an integration of locality at home", "rAyIDunPzy8-00328-00224767-00225584": "and the globally distributed infrastructure in order to share as much as possible", "rAyIDunPzy8-00329-00225888-00226680": "this is sort of a little bit of a a geeky detail we have a strict separation of namespace and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00330-00226680-00227400": "physical server space that has the advantage that you can actually out of band move things around", "rAyIDunPzy8-00331-00227400-00228071": "retire file servers even move across the country a data set and the users", "rAyIDunPzy8-00332-00228167-00228904": "will never even notice because the global namespace doesn't change and can be served into", "rAyIDunPzy8-00333-00228904-00229367": "from multiple locations with multiple replicas of the same data that gives", "rAyIDunPzy8-00334-00229367-00230016": "enormous power to build interesting structures and replicate across continents for example", "rAyIDunPzy8-00335-00230152-00230832": "and not only rely on the caching this is my slide to talk a little bit about", "rAyIDunPzy8-00336-00230952-00231567": "the top users of the data federation what you see here is a", "rAyIDunPzy8-00337-00231848-00232608": "ordered by project the data red the working set which is the unique data that was accessed", "rAyIDunPzy8-00338-00232608-00233200": "within the year and then the ratio between data red divided by working set", "rAyIDunPzy8-00339-00233200-00233712": "which is the reread multiplier and i've ordered all users within the last year", "rAyIDunPzy8-00340-00233784-00234600": "by the size of the data red top being the largest and you can see then if you go go through this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00341-00234600-00235360": "list there are the obvious ones like ligo that this infrastructure was partially built for and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00342-00235360-00236280": "then there are non-obvious ones which is minerva nova dune are large collaborations that are either", "rAyIDunPzy8-00343-00236423-00237119": "already in with the instruments online and dune is the next billion dollar experiment out of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00344-00237119-00237544": "experimental program out of the doe high energy physics that is just being built", "rAyIDunPzy8-00345-00237616-00238192": "and so as they go through their construction phase to the r d phase they're already using", "rAyIDunPzy8-00346-00238192-00238944": "the infrastructure inside their r d efforts and then in addition you see that there are", "rAyIDunPzy8-00347-00238944-00239712": "ligo makes their data public after 18 months for the global community so there is in a part", "rAyIDunPzy8-00348-00239712-00240232": "of the name space that is private for ligo that they use themselves and there's a part of the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00349-00240232-00240871": "namespace that is public for all of open science and data effectively moves from the private into", "rAyIDunPzy8-00350-00240871-00241528": "gets copied from the private into the public once every 18 months after it was finished taking", "rAyIDunPzy8-00351-00241680-00242328": "and you can see that both the private and the public is heavily used and then you have", "rAyIDunPzy8-00352-00242328-00242832": "individual groups like the computer architecture lab of tufts university", "rAyIDunPzy8-00353-00242832-00243576": "that's essentially a single faculty and his group who does um computer architecture research or um", "rAyIDunPzy8-00354-00243576-00244400": "down here uh let's see if we can the there is the stuart observatory at the university of arizona", "rAyIDunPzy8-00355-00244400-00245096": "which is basically an astronomy shop and they do data analytics on the infrastructure or then there", "rAyIDunPzy8-00356-00245096-00246032": "is a red top is a individual pi that is developing an idea for a next generation particles experiment", "rAyIDunPzy8-00357-00246128-00246680": "and he develops that idea with his students and post docs and creates a collaboration of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00358-00246680-00247432": "his own on our infrastructure and then you have mulkris is quantum chemical machine learning", "rAyIDunPzy8-00359-00247432-00248160": "and biomed info is a biomedical informatics or microbial genome sequence data in essence we have", "rAyIDunPzy8-00360-00248367-00249023": "pretty much every large scientific domain represented in one way or the other there", "rAyIDunPzy8-00361-00249023-00249528": "are economists on here there are political scientists on here so we have the social sciences", "rAyIDunPzy8-00362-00249584-00250216": "there is a lot of life sciences because a lot of of uh genomics in one way or the other", "rAyIDunPzy8-00363-00250271-00250760": "ends up being having they have a lot of data so that ends up being a lot what's happening there's", "rAyIDunPzy8-00364-00250760-00251367": "interestingly enough a lot of evolutionary biology which i didn't even know existed as a field before", "rAyIDunPzy8-00365-00251367-00252160": "we had people talking to us about this and so all kinds of things happen a lot of them as individual", "rAyIDunPzy8-00366-00252160-00252816": "groups individual pis sometimes individual grad students we have a summer school in person every", "rAyIDunPzy8-00367-00252816-00253704": "year and that accepts preferentially one person per institution or one person per group per year", "rAyIDunPzy8-00368-00253704-00254392": "and so we sort of try to spread the the goodies in a way and the graduates from that summer school", "rAyIDunPzy8-00369-00254392-00255112": "invariably are then afterwards researchers using that at their infrastructure so we have a lot of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00370-00255112-00255688": "single grad students that bring the knowledge that they learn out of that summer school into their", "rAyIDunPzy8-00371-00255688-00256536": "groups and then are the trainer of the group and therefore grow the scale so what's next in", "rAyIDunPzy8-00372-00256536-00257704": "2022 let me stop my alarm before it beeps at me what's next in 2022 where we got funding from", "rAyIDunPzy8-00373-00257704-00258464": "the nsf to blow this up systematically across the continental usa and so we got a a project funded", "rAyIDunPzy8-00374-00258464-00258936": "i'm the pi of the project called the it's actually called prototype national research platform", "rAyIDunPzy8-00375-00259000-00259616": "and it does what you see here on this map this is basically the first page from the proposal", "rAyIDunPzy8-00376-00259616-00260280": "the first first figure on the first page of the proposal and the key for this context is that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00377-00260336-00261152": "we are deploying hardware in three places where we deploy compute and storage basically gpus", "rAyIDunPzy8-00378-00261152-00261823": "and and uh and storage hardware at the west coast the middle of the country and the east coast", "rAyIDunPzy8-00379-00261888-00262560": "and then when i wrote the proposal i went and asked myself what's the reasonable distance", "rAyIDunPzy8-00380-00262560-00263176": "where these caches work well based on our experience and i said 500 miles 500 miles is", "rAyIDunPzy8-00381-00263176-00263752": "the max that i'm comfortable with having cash access for all kinds of reasons like latency", "rAyIDunPzy8-00382-00263808-00264464": "access and so forth and then i asked myself let's draw circles on the continental us and how many", "rAyIDunPzy8-00383-00264464-00265200": "caches would i need to get coverage and i should move them around and and overlaid them on the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00384-00265200-00265896": "internet to network backbone and picked internet two locations that get that that gives me coverage", "rAyIDunPzy8-00385-00265952-00266456": "more or less of the continental united states and that's what gave you this picture and so we're", "rAyIDunPzy8-00386-00266456-00267264": "collaborating with internet too to place caches at their pops in locations in order to make national", "rAyIDunPzy8-00387-00267264-00267864": "coverage more or less work it's not perfect uh you can and see that there's little gap between san", "rAyIDunPzy8-00388-00267864-00268464": "diego and houston 500 miles they're a little more than a thousand miles apart and sort of el paso", "rAyIDunPzy8-00389-00268464-00269248": "lies more or less in the gap if you wish there's also a gap that you don't see miami is lies more", "rAyIDunPzy8-00390-00269248-00269768": "than 500 miles away so we have actually some other projects that fill in some of these holes", "rAyIDunPzy8-00391-00269768-00270544": "one project actually places a a cache in miami to get the lower part of florida covered and so forth", "rAyIDunPzy8-00392-00270544-00271304": "so we're collaborating across multiple projects to basically tessellate in we have a cache in guam", "rAyIDunPzy8-00393-00271304-00271976": "that we're deploying we have one in hawaii that we're deploying so we're sort of growing this out", "rAyIDunPzy8-00394-00271976-00272608": "of the strength of multiple projects which one project giving the bulk of the spread in a way", "rAyIDunPzy8-00395-00272792-00273400": "and what what's the federation model we're also introducing something that goes beyond what osg", "rAyIDunPzy8-00396-00273400-00274264": "did in the past and we've noticed that people are actually they hardware costs are not the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00397-00274264-00274920": "limiting factor for most institutions the limiting factor for most institutions is operation support", "rAyIDunPzy8-00398-00274920-00275600": "system and support all of this stuff above the hardware so and moreover if you think about it", "rAyIDunPzy8-00399-00275800-00276544": "operations cost scale something like logarithmically with hardware costs meaning while", "rAyIDunPzy8-00400-00276608-00277200": "volume in hardware deployed skids linearly in dollars two systems are twice as expensive", "rAyIDunPzy8-00401-00277200-00277768": "than one system operating two systems isn't twice as expensive than operating one system", "rAyIDunPzy8-00402-00277888-00278584": "so to the extent that we can create a single team that automates the crap out of this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00403-00278672-00279144": "deployment and is really expert as operating remote hardware", "rAyIDunPzy8-00404-00279144-00279768": "we can actually grow the infrastructure cheaply by offering people to join", "rAyIDunPzy8-00405-00279872-00280560": "cheaply by only having to pay the hardware and we provide all the other support and it costs us", "rAyIDunPzy8-00406-00280784-00281408": "not linearly in terms of system and support that's the basic model behind the proposal", "rAyIDunPzy8-00407-00281512-00282048": "in order to spread this out and so that but if we're doing this then people don't just", "rAyIDunPzy8-00408-00282048-00282520": "want to buy compute they also want to buy storage and they may not want to buy storage", "rAyIDunPzy8-00409-00282520-00283144": "and run their file system because then they need sysadmins then they need data admins so therefore", "rAyIDunPzy8-00410-00283144-00283824": "we're offering a concept where you can buy your storage and join the regional ceph system", "rAyIDunPzy8-00411-00283888-00284416": "and therefore we are effectively offering a distributed storage infrastructure based", "rAyIDunPzy8-00412-00284416-00285240": "around ceph within a regional context and fundamentally here we're trading off usability", "rAyIDunPzy8-00413-00285304-00285784": "file systems are beautiful to use everybody knows how to use a file system with", "rAyIDunPzy8-00414-00286056-00286624": "performance from a performance standpoint you want all of the storage in the same data center", "rAyIDunPzy8-00415-00286624-00287032": "but from a usability standpoint you want these regional storages", "rAyIDunPzy8-00416-00287112-00287736": "to be one system to get large file systems and then use that for the user community so we're", "rAyIDunPzy8-00417-00287736-00288344": "allowing ourselves to deploy in multiple locations in a region whoever owns the storage and owns the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00418-00288344-00289096": "hardware and puts it into their science dmz and voila that is the birth of this concept", "rAyIDunPzy8-00419-00289096-00289504": "and we're going to see how well this works we're in the process of deploying this right now", "rAyIDunPzy8-00420-00289568-00290016": "in regional storage we have regional source in south california we have reached the source", "rAyIDunPzy8-00421-00290016-00290432": "in northern california there's regional storage in at the east coast the midwest", "rAyIDunPzy8-00422-00290488-00291064": "and so we're in the process of covering regions with this similar to the caches", "rAyIDunPzy8-00423-00291264-00292040": "the other thing that's new here is when i ask myself as a domain scientist transparency is", "rAyIDunPzy8-00424-00292040-00292664": "nice as long as it works well however often i want to actually be in control where my data is located", "rAyIDunPzy8-00425-00292760-00293416": "and ideally i want to be in control and say this part of my file system my path", "rAyIDunPzy8-00426-00293496-00293944": "everything below this part of my path should be distributed in the east coast and the west coast", "rAyIDunPzy8-00427-00293944-00294416": "and that part of my path should just be in the middle of the country because i'm a use resource", "rAyIDunPzy8-00428-00294416-00295088": "in the middle country to do this stuff and these and resources at east and west to do that stuff", "rAyIDunPzy8-00429-00295184-00295736": "and that kind of user level granularity decision making is introduced with this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00430-00295736-00296520": "system for the first time and we're going to see how well that works and and as it is and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00431-00296520-00296984": "will work with communities that are individual scientists who want that kind of functionality", "rAyIDunPzy8-00432-00297240-00297776": "and the other thing that is important we have full interoperability across the legacy prp", "rAyIDunPzy8-00433-00297776-00298416": "the new nrp and the osg and that is really important and i'll get back to this multiple times", "rAyIDunPzy8-00434-00298648-00299136": "but before i go to my concluding slide i want to impress upon you in particular", "rAyIDunPzy8-00435-00299192-00299808": "because this audience is really the audience that i would like to see next to work with us", "rAyIDunPzy8-00436-00299952-00300616": "all of what i've described is just the beginning because when science interesting science gets done", "rAyIDunPzy8-00437-00300616-00301304": "you need a hell of a lot more than just a storage layer in a funny way i look at myself as a plumber", "rAyIDunPzy8-00438-00301456-00302136": "the networking guys are the real plumbers i'm the service plumber i plumb services to make", "rAyIDunPzy8-00439-00302136-00302752": "structures that are national and global now above my plumbing there's a whole lot of other", "rAyIDunPzy8-00440-00302752-00303632": "stuff that people need example shout out to my colleague from sdsc uh melissa craig who later", "rAyIDunPzy8-00441-00303632-00304336": "on today talks about fear all of the fair stuff metadata discovery all of these kinds of services", "rAyIDunPzy8-00442-00304528-00305136": "need to exist on top of the foundations that i've talked about in this talk so what i'm really", "rAyIDunPzy8-00443-00305136-00305704": "looking for that we are right now missing a large variety of high-level data services that we will", "rAyIDunPzy8-00444-00305704-00306328": "never get involved with the people involved in the projects that i've talked about are", "rAyIDunPzy8-00445-00306424-00306952": "much lower level people they're basically plumbers high-end plumbers very well-paid plumbers", "rAyIDunPzy8-00446-00307072-00307760": "and the they create infrastructure foundations but they're not the kind of people that you", "rAyIDunPzy8-00447-00307760-00308496": "need in order to build all these high-level data services i'm envisioning libraries have a role", "rAyIDunPzy8-00448-00308496-00309072": "to play there curation has a role to play there and creation in the sense that it's end to end", "rAyIDunPzy8-00449-00309072-00309792": "all the way from the data the containers that encapsulate the runtime environment", "rAyIDunPzy8-00450-00309872-00310496": "the output that is ultimately the knowledge created and all of this packaged in a digital book", "rAyIDunPzy8-00451-00310560-00311048": "that can live in our infrastructure and can be used for training the next generation scientists", "rAyIDunPzy8-00452-00311104-00311640": "by learning how to reproduce a published result and then expanding on that published result", "rAyIDunPzy8-00453-00311640-00312192": "with the tools that were used to create that published result there is a space here for the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00454-00312192-00313120": "libraries to use what i've described and built on in interesting and novel ways and ultimately take", "rAyIDunPzy8-00455-00313120-00313720": "the next step in the democratization of access because there is all of the training necessary to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00456-00313720-00314408": "really make access useful all of the applications necessary as templates", "rAyIDunPzy8-00457-00314408-00314968": "that people learn from and all of that is outside the scope of the projects that i'm involved in", "rAyIDunPzy8-00458-00315048-00315576": "it's other people it's people like you who would be the ones that would be working on on those", "rAyIDunPzy8-00459-00315576-00316456": "kinds of things in my mind and so the very and again the very openness of the ci that we create", "rAyIDunPzy8-00460-00316456-00317112": "makes it possible to have an ecosystem where other people can write solicitations to funding agencies", "rAyIDunPzy8-00461-00317192-00317840": "all funding agencies not just the nsf and build on what we're creating what the nsf supports", "rAyIDunPzy8-00462-00317840-00318576": "what the bring your own resources philosophy grows beyond the what the nsa supports and", "rAyIDunPzy8-00463-00318576-00319168": "therefore builds something much more intricate much more uh impressive than what we've done", "rAyIDunPzy8-00464-00319224-00319680": "and that's where i want to leave you at um it takes a cyber infrastructure ecosystem", "rAyIDunPzy8-00465-00319680-00320152": "of collaborating projects to build and operate the open infrastructure that will ultimately", "rAyIDunPzy8-00466-00320152-00320744": "achieve our joint vision of democratizing access for all and it um we're encouraging", "rAyIDunPzy8-00467-00320744-00322184": "all of you to join us and if you want to get in touch with me that's my email address thank you", "rAyIDunPzy8-00468-00322384-00322904": "thank you frank this is really interesting work um and very necessary i'm geneva henry from george", "rAyIDunPzy8-00469-00322904-00323456": "washington university um what struck me throughout and i thought you were going to go there at the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00470-00323456-00324056": "end there's a piece of the cyber infrastructure and really if we think of this really at the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00471-00324136-00325024": "scholarship production infrastructure and that's publishing so you know one of the big challenges", "rAyIDunPzy8-00472-00325024-00325848": "we've had to trying to get publishing open is uh sort of the ownership of um of the knowledge you", "rAyIDunPzy8-00473-00325848-00326408": "know so you you went pretty much there about you know the knowledge that we get out of the research", "rAyIDunPzy8-00474-00326408-00327144": "that's done in this infrastructure but i think it's going to be really critical to recognize that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00475-00327144-00327904": "you know the publications have to be part of this larger infrastructure which then you know drives", "rAyIDunPzy8-00476-00327904-00328592": "to questions of um ownership and governance uh it and it's one of those things where we have", "rAyIDunPzy8-00477-00328592-00329184": "not been able to crack the nut of the ownership and the publishers who do have the resources", "rAyIDunPzy8-00478-00329320-00329856": "are still in control even though some of them are getting to more open access but it's", "rAyIDunPzy8-00479-00329856-00330264": "you know we're spending in libraries millions and millions of dollars", "rAyIDunPzy8-00480-00330368-00330792": "you know to make the knowledge that we produce through these kinds of infrastructures", "rAyIDunPzy8-00481-00330976-00331664": "and that we peer review available to people and we're buying it back so until we it seems like", "rAyIDunPzy8-00482-00331664-00332240": "until we can get to a cyber infrastructure that includes you know the whole enchilada the entire", "rAyIDunPzy8-00483-00332240-00332832": "research process we're going to have you know a challenge and it seems also that the universities", "rAyIDunPzy8-00484-00332944-00333720": "the r1s the aau's need to at the highest leadership levels step up to the ownership", "rAyIDunPzy8-00485-00333720-00334528": "of that full you know production of knowledge which includes the publications uh and take that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00486-00334528-00335256": "over so that there is the stability and some level of governance so i i'm curious to think about how", "rAyIDunPzy8-00487-00335256-00335792": "to hear about how you thought about you know publication and where that fits in with all", "rAyIDunPzy8-00488-00335792-00336672": "of this yeah and and um the short answer is that that's where publication fits in meaning", "rAyIDunPzy8-00489-00336848-00337584": "for good reason i work as a plumber intellectual property and everything around it", "rAyIDunPzy8-00490-00337704-00338328": "and the needs that those things that get funded by our collective richness", "rAyIDunPzy8-00491-00338416-00339016": "become collectively available and open is a can of worms that sits on top of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00492-00339016-00339624": "the infrastructure we build and it's a kind of worms that must be addressed but it's a can of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00493-00339624-00340528": "worms that i've declared above my scope in a way so so the uh i totally agree with you that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00494-00340688-00341424": "in a when you think of it of there being an intellectual stack in addition to a technical", "rAyIDunPzy8-00495-00341424-00341952": "stack the intellectual stack includes the publications at the top and those have to be open", "rAyIDunPzy8-00496-00342048-00342992": "as well and but that's i sort of bleed ignorance and uh and allow myself to or", "rAyIDunPzy8-00497-00343072-00343528": "focus on the lower levels of the intellectual stack if you wish", "rAyIDunPzy8-00498-00343528-00344312": "and i'm cheering you on as you as you address the upper levels of the intellectual stack", "rAyIDunPzy8-00499-00344312-00345984": "and fight the good cause of open signs and open publications does that make some kind of sense", "rAyIDunPzy8-00500-00346184-00346728": "hi kurt hilligus from princeton university um as i look at your accounting of how things work", "rAyIDunPzy8-00501-00346728-00347184": "and i haven't looked as much as storage but if you look at computational infrastructure", "rAyIDunPzy8-00502-00347280-00347624": "the hardware cost is only about a third of the lifetime cost of", "rAyIDunPzy8-00503-00347624-00348064": "a system if you keep it three to four years if you're keeping it longer then it gets it", "rAyIDunPzy8-00504-00348064-00348656": "actually gets worse and then that remaining cost is dominated for us not by sysadmin costs but by", "rAyIDunPzy8-00505-00348656-00349224": "by facilities cost power cooling the amortization of the of the data center and such and so that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00506-00349224-00349616": "means that people who are contributing now are contributing a lot more than just", "rAyIDunPzy8-00507-00349616-00350200": "the percentage of hardware so correct how the hell does that mean where does that incentivize", "rAyIDunPzy8-00508-00350200-00350704": "people to to contribute their hardware into the if they're not getting back nearly as much as they're", "rAyIDunPzy8-00509-00350704-00351384": "giving in they're it's really blowing up the contribution people are making so so correct i um", "rAyIDunPzy8-00510-00351520-00352088": "try to slide this under the radar screen and i fully acknowledge that depending on where", "rAyIDunPzy8-00511-00352088-00352680": "you are in the world the power and cooling costs are anywhere between a third what you mentioned", "rAyIDunPzy8-00512-00352680-00353352": "in europe in my in my field where we have actually this where each country buys its own hardware", "rAyIDunPzy8-00513-00353352-00354032": "and operates its own hardware um the europeans typically say 50 50. uh 50 of the lifetime", "rAyIDunPzy8-00514-00354032-00354800": "cost of the hardware lies in actually the hardware the other 50 in just operate them um", "rAyIDunPzy8-00515-00354800-00355616": "and in a way you can think of this that is the institutional contribution and what you get out", "rAyIDunPzy8-00516-00355616-00356440": "of joining is access to everybody's spare cycle think of it what we found is that the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00517-00356600-00357552": "um that there is an enormous willingness to buy hardware have by buying so first access", "rAyIDunPzy8-00518-00357552-00358224": "preferred access access when you need it but give everybody else access to the hardware when i'm", "rAyIDunPzy8-00519-00358224-00359032": "not needing it and when i'm needing hardware i have extra access to everybody else's so those", "rAyIDunPzy8-00520-00359032-00359672": "hungry enough and clever enough to batch their stuff such they can run at nights will benefit", "rAyIDunPzy8-00521-00359672-00360440": "from the hardware of those who are rich enough to afford to have interactive access during the day", "rAyIDunPzy8-00522-00360536-00361360": "and there is a in a way an implicit benefit calculation that each and every institution", "rAyIDunPzy8-00523-00361360-00362320": "makes for themselves of is it worth it and the is it worth it calculation has parts to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00524-00362448-00363224": "that are just dollars and cents and parts to where it is worth it for me because i'm", "rAyIDunPzy8-00525-00363224-00363912": "supporting science x of my researcher jane doe who happens to be part of this", "rAyIDunPzy8-00526-00363912-00364512": "collaboration that she wants to be contributing to in order to have scientific standing", "rAyIDunPzy8-00527-00364624-00365320": "when when you have a collaboration as large as ligo or the lhc or even smaller ones like xenon", "rAyIDunPzy8-00528-00365432-00366272": "there is an acknowledged need that we collectively need to contribute in kind resources there's many", "rAyIDunPzy8-00529-00366272-00366744": "ways of contributing in-kind resources you can contribute effort to calibrations on the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00530-00366744-00367504": "instrument that requires you to send people to italy that's costly instead you could", "rAyIDunPzy8-00531-00367504-00368064": "contribute computing resources to the collaboration that already buys", "rAyIDunPzy8-00532-00368064-00368520": "you an intellectual a in a competitive advantage because when you're competing", "rAyIDunPzy8-00533-00368616-00369376": "with in addition to collaborating you can advance your scientific mission by having those resources", "rAyIDunPzy8-00534-00369488-00370224": "using them and sharing them with your collaborators in in my own field i got involved in", "rAyIDunPzy8-00535-00370224-00370896": "computing to a large part because of establishing myself a competitive edge scientifically", "rAyIDunPzy8-00536-00371024-00371752": "i own hardware because it allows my group to do more competitively research on the lhc data", "rAyIDunPzy8-00537-00371752-00372616": "analysis than i would be without so that it's a complicated calculation does that make sense", "rAyIDunPzy8-00538-00372720-00373320": "and it has lots and lots of facets and the power bill and the energy bill is a very interesting one", "rAyIDunPzy8-00539-00373376-00374064": "um i should probably not be saying this but from a pi perspective power is free at the university", "rAyIDunPzy8-00540-00374064-00374768": "it doesn't cost anything space is free cooling is free that's the way the universe is roll", "rAyIDunPzy8-00541-00374928-00375680": "that gives very interesting incentive structures right and i think a lot of the arguments that", "rAyIDunPzy8-00542-00375680-00376192": "you're using work the best for those large scale and mint scale and it's really hard to make", "rAyIDunPzy8-00543-00376304-00376856": "those arguments with the individuals it it it uh let me repeat your question in case it wasn't", "rAyIDunPzy8-00544-00376856-00377696": "picked up a lot of the arguments work best for the collaborations that's true however from the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00545-00377848-00378600": "soup kitchen up individual pis can transition from the soup kitchen to the", "rAyIDunPzy8-00546-00378704-00379192": "potluck and start out at the soup kitchen where they're 100", "rAyIDunPzy8-00547-00379256-00379984": "just benefited from other people's money in terms of hardware investments and they can then", "rAyIDunPzy8-00548-00380240-00380616": "write solicitations with their it groups on campus", "rAyIDunPzy8-00549-00380680-00381464": "in programs like this is a start program and therefore migrate from soup kitchen entities", "rAyIDunPzy8-00550-00381464-00382384": "to potluck participants and so what i'm trying to create is a hell of a lot of grey everywhere", "rAyIDunPzy8-00551-00382456-00383064": "so that there is an enormous flexibility of becoming soup kitchen attendee portland", "rAyIDunPzy8-00552-00383208-00383856": "collaboration member and bring your institution with you sometimes sometimes just bring yourself", "rAyIDunPzy8-00553-00383968-00384616": "sometimes bring the hardware under your desk well not quite it has to be in the sciences it has to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00554-00384616-00385352": "have open access so so they say from a networking perspective there are some restrictions but we see", "rAyIDunPzy8-00555-00385424-00386256": "on prp we see an awful lot of the hardware being contributed by individual researchers because we", "rAyIDunPzy8-00556-00386256-00387184": "have a double whammy in advantage nvidia doesn't sell gaming gpus to data centers they claim", "rAyIDunPzy8-00557-00387184-00387888": "they're not quality enough we use data gaming cpus all over the place everybody buys them for", "rAyIDunPzy8-00558-00387888-00388768": "doing machine learning they put them under their desk so individuals who buy we basically give them", "rAyIDunPzy8-00559-00388768-00389496": "options to buy eight gaming gpus in a single systems for cheap dirt cheap in comparison to", "rAyIDunPzy8-00560-00389560-00390504": "what you would buy in the cloud there's a factor of about eight in price that means as long as you", "rAyIDunPzy8-00561-00390608-00391352": "put in a an duty cycle on your own hardware that you own that is one eighth of the total", "rAyIDunPzy8-00562-00391424-00391928": "you come out ahead almost everybody who does machine learning does more than one eighth", "rAyIDunPzy8-00563-00391928-00392568": "of the total of the hardware but nobody does 100 so we have an enormous amount of hardware", "rAyIDunPzy8-00564-00392568-00393080": "that's just sitting there idle because the machine lawyers aren't using it at night", "rAyIDunPzy8-00565-00393144-00393728": "because they're bought all of these gaming gpus that they're primarily using interactively", "rAyIDunPzy8-00566-00393808-00394328": "because that's how they flow all of that gpus are harvested at night by ice cube", "rAyIDunPzy8-00567-00394528-00395432": "so there is in a strange ecosystem of mutual benefit that is at play here where the economics", "rAyIDunPzy8-00568-00395512-00396384": "is often interesting and non-trivial does that make sense any other questions", "rAyIDunPzy8-00569-00396824-00397680": "thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "rAGo03zXaq8", "text": {"rAGo03zXaq8-00000-00000000-00000200": "Whitty: Dude, Look at this prison.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00001-00000200-00000450": "This is where the prisoners go in.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00002-00000450-00000703": "Spike: Yeah, They usually have bathroom sometimes.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00003-00000703-00000800": "Whitty: Well, I figured that.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00004-00000800-00001036": "*Phone Ringing*", "rAGo03zXaq8-00005-00001036-00001100": "Whitty: What the...", "rAGo03zXaq8-00006-00001100-00001240": "Someone's calling me.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00007-00001566-00002003": "YOU GOT TO GET THE FREAK OFF OF MY CELL PHONE!!!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00008-00002003-00002186": "Dude, It's me, Vegeta.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00009-00002186-00002386": "Dugh, What do you want, Vegeta?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00010-00002386-00002656": "Dude, Someone had once told me location.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00011-00002656-00002770": "So, I just went in there.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00012-00002770-00002836": "WHAT?!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00013-00002836-00002953": "I'm not kidding, bro.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00014-00002953-00003170": "I just teleported, not breaking in.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00015-00003170-00003370": "And I swept your floor since you weren't home.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00016-00003370-00003586": "DUDE, WHAT ARE YOU DOING AT MY HOUSE?!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00017-00003586-00003786": "Dude, Didn't you hear the news?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00018-00003786-00004070": "The prison break is about to happen in five minutes.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00019-00004070-00004270": "What are you talking about?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00020-00004270-00004553": "Superboy had once being a villain somehow.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00021-00004553-00004753": "He just got into a prison break.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00022-00004753-00004970": "What do I care for?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00023-00004970-00005220": "Well, He's not a villain anymore. You were a villain?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00024-00005220-00005553": "Dude, If I were you, I'm not a villain anymore.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00025-00005553-00005686": "Well, Bummer.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00026-00005686-00005970": "So, You gotta get outta here soon enough.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00027-00005970-00006170": "Pfft, Darn.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00028-00006170-00006420": "I mean, What's the worst part's gonna be?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00029-00006420-00006653": "Well, Didn't I mentioned you about Kakarot?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00030-00006653-00006786": "What?!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00031-00006786-00006853": "Kakarot.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00032-00006853-00007170": "Dude, How am I supposed to know what Goku's about to do?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00033-00007170-00007370": "Well, He's in training right now.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00034-00007370-00007536": "So, I like him so much.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00035-00007536-00007836": "HOW AM I SUPPOSED TO KNOW WHAT GOKU'S ABOUT TO DO?!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00036-00007836-00008136": "Well, Kaioken, Kamehameha...", "rAGo03zXaq8-00037-00008136-00008520": "Whitty: Ugh, This dude's about to get me some nerves on it.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00038-00008753-00008920": "Uhh, What was that, dude?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00039-00008920-00009136": "Oh, Sorry, That was just a wrong audio.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00040-00009136-00009293": "That was from Lil Broomstick.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00041-00009293-00009503": "Huh, Oh, Ok.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00042-00009503-00009703": "So, What's Friday Night about to drop?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00043-00009703-00009936": "Friday Night? Oh, Yeah, The game.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00044-00009936-00010086": "That game was lit.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00045-00010086-00010336": "If Friday Night is about to drop anything on it,", "rAGo03zXaq8-00046-00010336-00010570": "Then, What are you calling me for?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00047-00010570-00010800": "You know I'm about to be on rap battles.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00048-00010800-00010943": "And I'm about to rap like a", "rAGo03zXaq8-00049-00010943-00011036": "BOSS!!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00050-00011120-00011420": "Huh, Your friends dropped any songs, aren't they?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00051-00011420-00011736": "Yep. Because my dude's are on full length.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00052-00011736-00011903": "Hmm, Interesting", "rAGo03zXaq8-00053-00011903-00012103": "And you those things are PIMPIN.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00054-00012103-00012236": "Pimping?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00055-00012236-00012436": "You been pumping a lotta things, aren't you?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00056-00012436-00012520": "Yep.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00057-00012520-00012753": "Well, I'm about to be in rap battles too", "rAGo03zXaq8-00058-00012753-00013036": "But if you have to get outta here in less than three minutes", "rAGo03zXaq8-00059-00013036-00013153": "I can get you on it.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00060-00013153-00013269": "On what?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00061-00013269-00013469": "Right now, the prisoners' are on lockup", "rAGo03zXaq8-00062-00013469-00013619": "Yeah yeah, I know.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00063-00013619-00013769": "So, Whatcha gonna do?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00064-00013769-00013969": "I'm trying to find the exit right now.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00065-00013969-00014336": "Well ok, but you have to get outta here before the time runs out.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00066-00014336-00014519": "Alright, Lemme find out who's here?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00067-00014519-00014719": "Whitty: Hey, does anyone have an exit?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00068-00015003-00015086": "Oh no.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00069-00015086-00015386": "Uhhh, I think it might be someone in there.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00070-00015386-00015669": "I heard there's someone's footsteps. You gotta be careful.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00071-00015669-00015819": "Look, Focus on yourself!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00072-00015819-00016069": "We're being careful right now, we're trying to find the exit!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00073-00016069-00016336": "Look, I'm just saying, just be careful, ok?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00074-00016470-00016636": "Wait, Is Someone Coming?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00075-00016636-00016903": "Yeah, I think it might be a green bug or something.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00076-00016903-00017153": "Whoa, What are you referring to, Cell?! (Character from \"Dragon Ball Z\")", "rAGo03zXaq8-00077-00017153-00017353": "Uh, Yeah I think so", "rAGo03zXaq8-00078-00017353-00017520": "Look, You have to be careful with them", "rAGo03zXaq8-00079-00017520-00017736": "LOOK, YOU GOT SOME NERVES ON ME!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00080-00017736-00017886": "Look, I'm just kidding", "rAGo03zXaq8-00081-00017886-00018036": "Whitty: Dugh, Fine!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00082-00018036-00018186": "Hey, Whatcha been waiting for?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00083-00018270-00018586": "A prison break?! Ahh, Yeah, I think so.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00084-00018586-00018770": "Oh no, This is gonna get wild.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00085-00018770-00019036": "Uhh, I think I might be feared on it!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00086-00019036-00019320": "Yep, We got a confirm case of this prison break.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00087-00019320-00019536": "Oh no, This gonna get wild.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00088-00019536-00019720": "Are you gonna do a lockdown or something?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00089-00019720-00020020": "Yeah, Here in this prison, We're gonna have a prison break. You guys gotta go.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00090-00020020-00020286": "Ooo, no, this IS gonna get wild.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00091-00020286-00020686": "Yeah, You guys have to get outta here by finding the exit and hide somewhere.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00092-00020686-00020953": "We can't have visitors get beaten up like this.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00093-00020953-00021186": "YOU GOTTA GET OUTTA HERE QUICK!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00094-00021186-00021470": "Spike: Dude, He's right, we have to get outta here, let's get it.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00095-00021470-00021620": "Whitty: Alright, Lemme call you back.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00096-00021620-00021736": "Alright, Be careful.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00097-00021986-00022120": "I hope they're ok.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00098-00022120-00022203": "Whitty: Huh!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00099-00022203-00022353": "Spike: That was a close one.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00100-00022353-00022486": "Whitty: Well, Would you look at the time.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00101-00022820-00023016": "Whitty: Ok, Here comes the breakdown.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00102-00023270-00023586": "Uh oh! The prison break is starting right now!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00103-00023586-00023786": "Yep, I told you so.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00104-00023786-00023936": "Sombra: Rahahahah", "rAGo03zXaq8-00105-00023936-00024286": "Now we're out! Now we're about to break into this door!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00106-00024286-00024586": "Wolf Films: Not so fast! You are not going anywhere!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00107-00024586-00024886": "Sombra: Ohh, So you're gonna stop me right now?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00108-00024886-00025086": "Well, EAT THIS!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00109-00025370-00025636": "You think the dark crystal will stop me?", "rAGo03zXaq8-00110-00025636-00025803": "Ha! Think again!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00111-00025803-00026136": "Ha ha ha ha ha ha! You fools are going down!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00112-00026136-00026336": "Say goodbye to your place!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00113-00026336-00026586": "Obito, I summoned you!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00114-00026820-00027103": "Yes, Optimus, I will do your bitting.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00115-00027103-00027470": "I will get those villains into this vortex.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00116-00027470-00027870": "Oh, Yeah, You'll about to eat this crystal right now!!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00117-00027870-00028053": "Vortex (Naruto Kamui) Activated!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00118-00028303-00028563": "My vortex can suck anything,", "rAGo03zXaq8-00119-00028563-00028930": "Now you'll about to get sucked into this vortex right now!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00120-00028930-00029020": "Oh no!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00121-00029313-00029560": "That's it, I will burst you with this...", "rAGo03zXaq8-00122-00029560-00029836": "Oh no you don't, you gonna get sucked into it too.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00123-00030036-00030270": "Ha! Nice shot, Dude.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00124-00030270-00030403": "Yep.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00125-00030403-00030636": "Spike: Man, This is so close!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00126-00030636-00030836": "Whitty: Right, We need to get outta here quick.", "rAGo03zXaq8-00127-00030836-00030903": "*Car beep*", "rAGo03zXaq8-00128-00030903-00031103": "Spike: Wait, There's our car right there!", "rAGo03zXaq8-00129-00031103-00031320": "Oh, Good, Let's get outta here!"}}, {"audio_id": "rARa5NEWLic", "text": {"rARa5NEWLic-00000-00000000-00000200": "CLICK,SUBSCRIBE, LISTEN AND SHARE"}}, {"audio_id": "rBg6-dF7Vbc", "text": {"rBg6-dF7Vbc-00000-00000000-00000166": "OH~", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00001-00000166-00000266": "My legs hurt", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00002-00000266-00000380": "My legs hurt", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00003-00000396-00000634": "My legs HURT", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00004-00000722-00000809": "But I can't stop,", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00005-00000898-00000986": "I can't stop", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00006-00001109-00001232": "I can't stop", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00007-00001278-00001421": "I have to get healthy,", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00008-00001462-00001624": "So I can get,", "rBg6-dF7Vbc-00009-00001677-00001935": "Gender Conforming Breast Reduction."}}, {"audio_id": "rBMJYyeTT4Q", "text": {"rBMJYyeTT4Q-00000-00000201-00000401": "Use Headphones 🎧 for better soundexperience", "rBMJYyeTT4Q-00001-00000901-00001100": "The price of phones are based on 8GB RAM|128 GB STORAGE", "rBMJYyeTT4Q-00002-00005000-00005200": "Top Comments will be pinned"}}, {"audio_id": "rBaEpuo6920", "text": {"rBaEpuo6920-00000-00000000-00000200": "Sample Video using Revit & Enscape"}}, {"audio_id": "rCh8jAS_Hgg", "text": {"rCh8jAS_Hgg-00000-00001038-00005560": "Reggaeton Type Beat | Bad Bunny  Type", "rCh8jAS_Hgg-00001-00005560-00010236": "Beat - \"Amore\"", "rCh8jAS_Hgg-00002-00010236-00019522": "•Alexx Melo•"}}, {"audio_id": "rCLf6Q2_AxQ", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "rCN_eu8HCW0", "text": {"rCN_eu8HCW0-00000-00000021-00001138": "WATCH: Tim Allen Goes On Jimmy Kimmel, Sends Anti-Trump Hollywood Elites A Message They", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00001-00001138-00001275": "Can’t Ignore", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00002-00001275-00001682": "Tim Allen is one of the few well-known conservatives and Republicans in Hollywood.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00003-00001682-00002111": "Ordinarily, they are shunned and refused work because of how liberal the rest of the entertainment", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00004-00002111-00002239": "industry is.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00005-00002239-00002689": "The alienation of Allen worsened when he expressed his support for President Trump.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00006-00002689-00003031": "But his support for the President was never more clear than when he appeared on Jimmy", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00007-00003031-00003257": "Kimmel’s late-night talk show.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00008-00003257-00003423": "Deadline.com reported,", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00009-00003423-00003929": "“Tim Allen stopped by Jimmy Kimmel Live! on Friday night, where he shared his experience", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00010-00003929-00004312": "about going to Donald Trump’s inauguration and how being a conservative in Hollywood", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00011-00004312-00004589": "is like living in 1930s Germany.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00012-00004589-00005091": "I was invited, we did a VIP thing for the vets, and went to a veterans ball, so I went", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00013-00005091-00005496": "to go see Democrats and Republicans,” the Last Man Standing actor said.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00014-00005496-00005696": "“Yeah I went to the inauguration.”", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00015-00005696-00006182": "“I’m not attacking you,” laughed Jimmy Kimmel, after Allen turned defensive.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00016-00006182-00006561": "“You’ve gotta be real careful around here,” Allen replied.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00017-00006561-00006889": "“You get beat up if don’t believe what everybody believes.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00018-00006889-00007018": "This is like ’30s Germany.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00019-00007018-00007222": "I don’t know what happened.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00020-00007222-00007643": "If you’re not part of the group, ‘You know what we believe is right,’ I go, ‘Well,", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00021-00007643-00007805": "I might have a problem with that.’", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00022-00007805-00008113": "I’m a comedian, I like going on both sides.”", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00023-00008113-00008622": "Allen, who’s previously spoken out about Hollywood being “hypocritical,” told Megyn", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00024-00008622-00008981": "Kelly on Fox News last year that he finds it “odd” that Hollywood didn’t like", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00025-00008981-00009116": "Trump because he was a bully.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00026-00009116-00009521": "“But if you had any kind of inkling that you were for Trump, you got bullied,” he", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00027-00009521-00009647": "explained.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00028-00009647-00010042": "During his interview with Kimmel, Allen also discussed how people should be paranoid about", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00029-00010042-00010414": "our privacy being compromised by the government and other major companies.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00030-00010414-00010853": "“If a government drove by with a gray sedan with a camera on it, you’d be rioting and", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00031-00010853-00011070": "going to Washington,” he explained.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00032-00011070-00011547": "“But if it’s white, with emojis and Google on it, ‘Yay,’ you’re waving at it.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00033-00011547-00011809": "They’re taking pictures of your house!””", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00034-00011809-00012170": "Allen is most known for his old show Home Improvement and his more recent show that", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00035-00012170-00012382": "he starred in Last Man Standing.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00036-00012382-00012853": "A great show, that got amazing reviews, yet was pulled from the network.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00037-00012853-00013144": "Something Allen attributes to his conservative-leaning character.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00038-00013144-00013597": "A Los Angeles Times article event reported that there are 2,500 of his entertainment", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00039-00013597-00014022": "colleagues who joined a secret group for entertainers who are conservative because of the fear that", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00040-00014022-00014353": "if they are open about it they will be ostracized from the industry.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00041-00014353-00014519": "The Washington Post reported,", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00042-00014519-00014996": "“In 30 years of show business, I’ve never seen it like this,” an unnamed actor told", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00043-00014996-00015096": "the outlet.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00044-00015096-00015484": "“If you are even lukewarm to Republicans, you are excommunicated from the church of", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00045-00015484-00015619": "tolerance.”", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00046-00015619-00016060": "Since it premiered several years ago, Allen’s show has been hailed as a rare counterexample", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00047-00016060-00016234": "to Hollywood politics.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00048-00016234-00016826": "“Finally, we have a hero who hunts, fishes, watches sports, and occasionally drives a", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00049-00016826-00017059": "tank,” the Imaginative Conservative wrote.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00050-00017059-00017513": "But Allen himself has complained of network censorship when his protagonist, an alpha-male", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00051-00017513-00017927": "family man whom the actor has called ‘an educated Archie Bunker,’ tries to go after", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00052-00017927-00018078": "liberal icons.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00053-00018078-00018474": "Allen “admits he has gotten more than one warning to stop calling President Obama a", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00054-00018474-00018845": "‘communist,’” the TV Page reported in 2015.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00055-00018845-00019306": "Allen didn’t sound so dire during the Republican primaries, when the Hollywood Reporter asked", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00056-00019306-00019601": "whether he vented his own political views through his character.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00057-00019601-00019859": "“It’s getting more and more comfortable,” he said.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00058-00019859-00020242": "“These guys know me so well that they’re writing stuff that is exactly what I would’ve", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00059-00020242-00020342": "said.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00060-00020342-00020772": "It’s a marvelous thing when you have lib­eral people writing for [a show like this].”", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00061-00020772-00021088": "And he sounded lukewarm about the prospect of a Trump presidency.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00062-00021088-00021489": "“Forget the stupid s— he says about immigrants,” Allen said.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00063-00021489-00021660": "“That’s just ignorant.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00064-00021660-00021953": "But he might be able to do the stuff that really needs fixing.”", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00065-00021953-00022457": "After the election, on Fox News, Allen compared Trump to an amateur performer with “very", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00066-00022457-00022604": "bad comic timing.”", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00067-00022604-00022877": "“I don’t want to defend the guy,” he said.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00068-00022877-00023427": "The industry has become more toxic to conservatives since Trump took office, the Los Angeles Times", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00069-00023427-00023527": "reported.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00070-00023527-00023888": "Workers complained of political shouting matches on set and the professional shunning of those", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00071-00023888-00024419": "known to hold right-leaning views — although some had enough celebrity to speak out safely.”", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00072-00024419-00024820": "Tim Allen is a comedic genius who has found success in the entertainment industry for", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00073-00024820-00024984": "over 30 years.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00074-00024984-00025460": "He has been able to carve out a spot for himself as a high profile, high profiting, and well", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00075-00025460-00025673": "known conservative actor.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00076-00025673-00026004": "Something that almost none of his other counterparts have been able to do.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00077-00026004-00026464": "Which is exactly why he has found success, especially with Last Man Standing.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00078-00026464-00026850": "It was something that spoke to real people, middle-class Americans.", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00079-00026850-00027639": "And it is this messaging that won Republicans power in the general elections as well as", "rCN_eu8HCW0-00080-00027639-00028416": "the midterm elections."}}, {"audio_id": "rDmcQ1nFkmU", "text": {"rDmcQ1nFkmU-00000-00000000-00000200": "Drive Mad gameplay."}}, {"audio_id": "rDBJQ3VTiwY", "text": {"rDBJQ3VTiwY-00000-00082020-00082220": "Here start the battle with Hazama and Takeo"}}, {"audio_id": "rDcaKXcg1XQ", "text": {"rDcaKXcg1XQ-00000-00000039-00000827": "In this exam question it comes to absorption and vapor pressure.", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00001-00000827-00001767": "Air - a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is at 25 ° C and a total pressure of 1 bar with", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00002-00001767-00001935": "water in equilibrium.", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00003-00001935-00002940": "The temperature is lowered and 10 ° C . ( Pressure remains constant - isobar ) How to change", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00004-00002940-00003626": "the mole fraction of oxygen in the liquid phase and the mole fraction of water in the", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00005-00003626-00003874": "gas phase.", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00006-00003874-00004694": "The absorption of oxygen in water is an exothermic process , which means , this equilibrium shifts", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00007-00004694-00005271": "with decreasing temperature to the right : the solubility of oxygen decreases with decreasing", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00008-00005271-00005943": "temperature . The evaporation of the water , however, is an endothermic process , that", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00009-00005943-00006767": "is, the equilibrium of the process decreases with decreasing temperature , as well as the", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00010-00006767-00007073": "vapor pressure curve (for example, with the Clausius - Clapeyron calculated ) shows . This", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00011-00007073-00007687": "means that if we lower the temperature , the oxygen content decreases in the water but", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00012-00007687-00008335": "the water vapor content in the gas phase decreases.", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00013-00008335-00009337": "We start from the same initial state and reduce the pressure to 0.5 bar . What impact does", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00014-00009337-00010013": "this have on the mole fraction of oxygen and the partial pressure of water?", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00015-00010013-00010598": "According to Henry's law partial pressure and dissolved amount of a gas are proportional", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00016-00010598-00011529": ". The means at lower pressure also decreases the amount of oxygen in the water.", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00017-00011529-00012269": "The vapor pressure , however, is substantially independent of the external pressure - it", "rDcaKXcg1XQ-00018-00012269-00012404": "remains constant"}}, {"audio_id": "rEm8HIhPbuU", "text": {"rEm8HIhPbuU-00000-00000000-00000441": "hi my name is Maya and welcome to the iSchool assumptions video I'm a junior", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00001-00000441-00000977": "here in the iSchool studying information management technology and also double", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00002-00000977-00001404": "majoring in forensic science with a minor in global security studies. hey I'm", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00003-00001404-00001713": "Chris I'm senior in the high school I'm studying the same thing as Maya from", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00004-00001713-00002118": "east quogue New York and I also have a minor in computer science hi my name is Junci", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00005-00002118-00002481": "I am a sophomore at the I school studying information management and", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00006-00002481-00003082": "technology", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00007-00003082-00003507": "alright let's get started so in this box and crowdsource a bunch of different", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00008-00003507-00003879": "assumptions that high-school students might have or people from outside might", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00009-00003879-00004207": "view these we're gonna pick one of these and decide if it's true or not", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00010-00004207-00004644": "high school students can't go abroad so I definitely know that's not true because I", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00011-00004644-00005011": "just came back for being abroad in a Barcelona Spain so there's various", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00012-00005011-00005364": "options that people can go wrong it's a requirement in the I school an", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00013-00005364-00005743": "international requirement you can fulfill that going abroad for entire", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00014-00005743-00006118": "semester or the various immersion programs that we have here yeah so one", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00015-00006118-00006472": "of the immersion programs I'll actually be going on is Asia Tech and that's", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00016-00006472-00007003": "visiting four different countries in May and I'll get to visit some companies out", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00017-00007003-00007477": "there and then do a bit of like cultural immersion which is really also for", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00018-00007477-00007920": "international students you don't have to study abroad because you are already", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00019-00007920-00008509": "studying abroad but for me I'm planning to study abroad in London next semester", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00020-00008509-00008989": "because I heard that's a wonderful program people in technology make a", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00021-00008989-00009472": "comfortable living actually for me I do a greata statement because as I said I", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00022-00009472-00010159": "school students are starting salaries $67,000 and our placement rate is high", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00023-00010159-00010993": "as 92% yeah which is good for us yes I feel like getting started in any", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00024-00010993-00011353": "industry is kind of intimidating because you're worried about how you're gonna", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00025-00011353-00011677": "make that living and kind of how you're just gonna live on your own for the", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00026-00011677-00012022": "first time so coming into the high school I feel like just knowing that", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00027-00012022-00012550": "gives you something bit of hope great any technology jobs high in demand right", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00028-00012550-00012897": "now so there's always going to be a comfortable living out there and a lot", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00029-00012897-00013201": "of different job offerings for us coming out of the high school once we graduate", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00030-00013201-00014013": "the I school is very collaborative so I'm assuming that's like a collaborative", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00031-00014013-00014386": "space everyone in the high school it's pretty willing to work with one another", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00032-00014386-00015045": "I feel like our classes do a great job of forcing us to just be in groups and", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00033-00015045-00015343": "work together because that's how the industry is I mean what do you guys", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00034-00015343-00015654": "think about that yeah there's a ton of group work in our in our classes where", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00035-00015654-00016087": "we're actually preparing IT packages for different company", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00036-00016087-00016450": "out there whether they want to upgrade their technology services so that gives", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00037-00016450-00016770": "a lot of practice for working with teams and the team dynamics that come from", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00038-00016770-00017383": "that yes and we also enraged our corporation in coming occasions be a", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00039-00017383-00017947": "while to integral projects the I school is overlooked as a first choice so one", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00040-00017947-00018292": "as the I school is small there's tons of opportunities here you always see new", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00041-00018292-00018628": "people coming in every single day so there's always opportunities to come to", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00042-00018628-00019023": "the I school and see what's going yeah I think it's interesting that there's a", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00043-00019023-00019434": "lot of intra university transfers that come into the high school maybe their", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00044-00019434-00020028": "second or third year of being on campus I believe it's because they see a lot of", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00045-00020028-00020515": "parallel between what they're doing but then finally realize what our program is", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00046-00020515-00021064": "and that their interests lie in the iSchool really so they might pair that", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00047-00021064-00021520": "with a major or they might decide to just need your here or even pick up a", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00048-00021520-00022101": "minor yes and we also have excellent dual program with business management", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00049-00022101-00022663": "like with men and public communication like Newhouse you have to be techy I", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00050-00022663-00023073": "don't think so so I'm not techy at all really I'm", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00051-00023073-00023422": "definitely more interested in the business side I feel like coming in and", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00052-00023422-00023787": "I was intimidated because of that I didn't think that I would ever learn how", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00053-00023787-00024084": "to code and even though I'm more comfortable with it now I'm still more", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00054-00024084-00024434": "interested in the organization of a business and how they use technology", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00055-00024434-00024870": "yeah I'm very technical myself so I'm actually dealing with implementing the", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00056-00024870-00025173": "technology down on the lower level so there's definitely options in order to", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00057-00025173-00025629": "do that okay so that was our last one I hope we kind of dispelled some", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00058-00025629-00026064": "assumptions people might have had about the iSchool in our program I encourage", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00059-00026064-00026419": "you to comment some more assumptions that you might have or some ones that we", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00060-00026419-00026713": "might have left out that you're kind of interested in hearing about", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00061-00026713-00027043": "yeah we'll include them in a future video to debunk them and also check out", "rEm8HIhPbuU-00062-00027043-00028480": "some other content are on our YouTube channel yeah stay tuned"}}, {"audio_id": "rEuU3q8GcOM", "text": {"rEuU3q8GcOM-00000-00000500-00000840": "Hey there.  This is Jennifer Gonzalez for Cult of Pedagogy.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00001-00000840-00001290": "I am going to teach you this great strategy today  called the Mind's Eye strategy.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00002-00001290-00001777": "Mind's Eye is a fantastic pre-reading strategy that builds student interest in a text", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00003-00001777-00002149": "by having them create mental images before reading.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00004-00002149-00002672": "Research shows that proficient readers regularly create images in their minds while they read.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00005-00002672-00003140": "Doing so forms stronger mental pathways and makes information easier to retrieve later.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00006-00003140-00003376": "Mind's Eye taps into this principle.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00007-00003376-00003570": "Here's how it works.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00008-00003672-00004034": "Suppose you're a social studies teacher doing a unit on immigration.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00009-00004034-00004447": "You want students to read a selection from Peter Coan's book, Ellis Island Interviews,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00010-00004447-00004894": "a piece where a woman tells the story of her family's move to the U.S. from Italy.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00011-00004894-00005438": "Your first step is to choose 20-30 important, evocative words from the text,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00012-00005438-00005813": "words that will evoke strong feelings or images in students' minds.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00013-00005813-00006090": "Here are the words you choose from this passage.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00014-00006292-00006623": "Now before starting the lesson, explain to students that they are going to read", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00015-00006623-00006970": "a woman's story about her family's move from Italy to the U.S.,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00016-00006970-00007215": "so they have some context to build on.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00017-00007215-00007548": "Next, read the words slowly and dramatically.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00018-00007548-00007950": "Instruct students to create movies in their minds of what they think will happen in the text.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00019-00008050-00008552": "As each new word is read, students should try to incorporate it into their mental picture.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00020-00008560-00009013": "When you finish reading the list, students will create one of four end products", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00021-00009013-00009210": "as a way of processing their thoughts:", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00022-00009210-00009489": "They can draw a picture based on their mental image,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00023-00009489-00009850": "ask a question or series of questions they hope the text will answer,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00024-00009860-00010104": "make a prediction about the text,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00025-00010104-00010415": "or describe the feelings their mental picture gives them.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00026-00010415-00010880": "As students work on their end products, you may need to repeat the word list again.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00027-00010890-00011300": "Next, have students share their end products in small groups.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00028-00011300-00011717": "This will show them all the different possible interpretations for the list.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00029-00011717-00012067": "Students will find that others focused more on certain words than they did,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00030-00012067-00012470": "and this sharing may result in students altering or refining their products.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00031-00012480-00012964": "Students then read the text independently, comparing it with their initial thoughts.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00032-00012964-00013553": "Then, as a class, in small groups, or independently, have students reflect on the process.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00033-00013553-00013965": "How accurate were their predictions? Did they like the end product they chose?", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00034-00013965-00014290": "Would they choose a different kind next time, for example, making a prediction", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00035-00014290-00014573": "rather than drawing a picture?", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00036-00014573-00015112": "Once you've used the strategy several times, teach students how to use Mind's Eye independently.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00037-00015112-00015654": "Using a sample text, model how to skim a passage and choose words, create mental images,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00038-00015654-00016134": "make predictions about the text, and then read to see if your predictions were accurate.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00039-00016134-00016476": "Here are a few tips to make Minds' Eye work well for you.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00040-00016476-00016795": "First, choose words that are important to the text.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00041-00016795-00017168": "Avoid words that are likely to cause predictions that are way off base.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00042-00017168-00017453": "The point is to help them make good quality predictions.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00043-00017453-00018170": "Also, choose mostly sensory words -- words that will evoke strong imagery, sense, or emotion.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00044-00018173-00018434": "Second, pay attention to word order.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00045-00018434-00018728": "You might simply list the words in the order they appear in the story,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00046-00018728-00019240": "but be aware that words that come early in the list may take on stronger meaning in students' minds", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00047-00019240-00019439": "than they actually have in the story.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00048-00019439-00019782": "Finally, if students have trouble forming mental images,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00049-00019782-00020095": "practice image-making with well-known objects.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00050-00020095-00020496": "Without using a text at all, do some sensory exercises where students imagine", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00051-00020496-00021000": "eating a hot slice of pizza, holding a basketball, or sitting in the sun.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00052-00021057-00021590": "This strategy comes from Silver, Strong, and Perini's outstanding book, The Strategic Teacher,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00053-00021604-00022070": "which contains complete descriptions of twenty research-based strategies for teaching any subject.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00054-00022123-00022526": "If you enjoyed this video, take a look at some others in our fast-growing collection.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00055-00022526-00023030": "The Reciprocal Learning Strategy builds more rigor and structure into pair work.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00056-00023030-00023492": "Distract the Distractor is a low-tension way to deal with disruptive students.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00057-00023492-00024190": "And come on over to www.cultofpedagogy.com for a TON of other articles, book and technology reviews,", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00058-00024190-00024590": "and honest, in-depth examinations of the factors that impact the work of teachers.", "rEuU3q8GcOM-00059-00024726-00024912": "Thanks for watching and have a great day."}}, {"audio_id": "rEzvYBIMoi8", "text": {"rEzvYBIMoi8-00000-00000000-00000050": "thanks", "rEzvYBIMoi8-00001-00000050-00000100": "for", "rEzvYBIMoi8-00002-00000100-00000150": "watching", "rEzvYBIMoi8-00003-00000150-00000200": "thanks for watching", "rEzvYBIMoi8-00004-00000200-00000250": "thanks", "rEzvYBIMoi8-00005-00000250-00001626": "thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "rEG_xd1wZ5I", "text": {"rEG_xd1wZ5I-00000-00000000-00000200": "#قناة_ بيت_من_لحن_القصائد_للشاعرة_الدكتورة_امل_العربى_تهتم_بالثقافة_و_الادب_و_الشعر_و_الفنون", "rEG_xd1wZ5I-00001-00000200-00000400": "#ادعمنا#بالاشتراك#فى#قصيدة", "rEG_xd1wZ5I-00002-00000400-00000600": "#لا#أخشي#الرحيل#قصيدة#للشاعرة#دكتورة#امل#العربي #شعر#واداء#القاء#دكتورة#امل_العربي", "rEG_xd1wZ5I-00003-00000600-00000800": "#لاتنسى_الاشتراك#وعمل#دعم #وعمل#لايك#وتفعيل#الجرس"}}, {"audio_id": "rFAYy3qXq2A", "text": {"rFAYy3qXq2A-00000-00000115-00000375": "Let's talk about the business cycle.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00001-00000375-00000960": "The objective of this section is to examine the different phases in the typical business cycle.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00002-00000961-00001455": "A nation’s economy fluctuates rather than grows at a steady pace every year.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00003-00001455-00001876": "These fluctuations are generally referred to as the business cycle;", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00004-00001876-00002496": "that is, the recurrence of periods of growth and recession in a nation’s economic activity.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00005-00002496-00002885": "Generally, the business cycle consists of four states:", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00006-00002885-00003614": "peak (or prosperity), recession, trough, and recovery (or expansion).", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00007-00003614-00004150": "During the peak period, the economy is at its highest point, unemployment is low,", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00008-00004150-00004760": "total income is relatively high, and consumers are willing to buy products and services.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00009-00004760-00005185": "Businesses often expand and offer new products and services.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00010-00005185-00005731": "Generally, economists define a recession as two or more consecutive three-month periods", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00011-00005731-00006237": "of decline in a country’s gross domestic product.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00012-00006237-00006752": "Unemployment rises during a recession, and total buying power declines.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00013-00006752-00007436": "Economists define a depression as a severe recession that lasts longer than a recession.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00014-00007436-00007987": "The third phase of the business cycle, the “trough” of a recession or depression,", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00015-00007987-00008473": "is the phase in which the nation’s output and employment reach their lowest levels.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00016-00008473-00008746": "To offset the effects of recession and depression,", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00017-00008746-00009204": "the federal government uses both monetary and fiscal policies.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00018-00009204-00009526": "Monetary policies are the Federal Reserve’s decisions that determine", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00019-00009526-00010093": "the size of the supply of money in the nation and the level of interest rates.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00020-00010093-00010338": "The government can also use fiscal policy", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00021-00010338-00010779": "to influence the amount of savings and expenditures by altering the tax structure", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00022-00010779-00011086": "and changing the levels of government spending.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00023-00011086-00011582": "Although the federal government collects about $3 trillion in annual revenues,", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00024-00011582-00012139": "the government often spends more than it receives, resulting in the federal deficit.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00025-00012139-00012606": "The total of all federal deficits is called the national debt.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00026-00012606-00012909": "The last economic state is recovery.", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00027-00012909-00013351": "Recovery is the movement of the economy from depression or recession to prosperity;", "rFAYy3qXq2A-00028-00013351-00013631": "a greater demand for products and services results."}}, {"audio_id": "rFSzhbKB39g", "text": {"rFSzhbKB39g-00000-00000008-00000469": "The Men In Black, or MIB as John Keel calls them.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00001-00000469-00001008": "John Keel, The main investigator of The Mothman would often say \"Watch your back for The Men", "rFSzhbKB39g-00002-00001008-00001141": "In Black\".", "rFSzhbKB39g-00003-00001141-00001587": "The Men In Black or MIB were unknown persons that frequented the small town of Point Pleasant", "rFSzhbKB39g-00004-00001587-00002136": "WV, usually dressed from head to toe in black suits, white shirts, black ties and black", "rFSzhbKB39g-00005-00002136-00002529": "shoes which all appeared to be perfect in appearance but yet completely out of style", "rFSzhbKB39g-00006-00002529-00002739": "for the time of 1966.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00007-00002739-00003102": "They are known for attempting to threaten witnesses and reporters of strange occurrences,", "rFSzhbKB39g-00008-00003102-00003340": "such as the Mothman, into silence.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00009-00003340-00003746": "They are sometimes thought of as \"damage control\", as if it is their job to contain and stifle", "rFSzhbKB39g-00010-00003746-00003986": "information from getting out to the public.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00011-00003986-00004333": "Not only did they visit reporter Mary Hyre and question her about the creature but one", "rFSzhbKB39g-00012-00004333-00004761": "of them also threatened Mothman witness Connie Carpenter with a vague threatening note reading", "rFSzhbKB39g-00013-00004761-00005211": "'Be Careful Girl I Can Get You Yet' and ripped her blouse while trying to pull her into his", "rFSzhbKB39g-00014-00005211-00005311": "car.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00015-00005311-00005628": "When Mothman Witness, Faye Dewitt-Leport and her brother tried to return to The TNT Area", "rFSzhbKB39g-00016-00005628-00005996": "a few days after their sighting, it was blocked off by two Men In Black who would not let", "rFSzhbKB39g-00017-00005996-00006096": "them enter.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00018-00006096-00006503": "heir hair is jet black and shiny and their skin is said to be without blemish or even", "rFSzhbKB39g-00019-00006503-00006679": "almost translucent.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00020-00006679-00007077": "Strange eyes sometimes covered by dark sunglasses and movements that sometimes appear to have", "rFSzhbKB39g-00021-00007077-00007245": "been robotic nature.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00022-00007245-00007639": "Mary Hyre noted that the olive skin tone and never blinked their eyes.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00023-00007639-00007995": "The Men In Black also had strange eating behaviors, witnesses say they didn't know how to use", "rFSzhbKB39g-00024-00007995-00008393": "a knife and fork and that a waitress had to come over and show the man to cut his steak.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00025-00008393-00008672": "They didn't chew their food, they just kind of swallowed it.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00026-00008672-00009032": "They usually traveled in groups of two or three and had knack for knowing things about", "rFSzhbKB39g-00027-00009032-00009317": "the witnesses that they taunted, things that only the witnesses knew.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00028-00009317-00009735": "There were even reports of them being masters of illusion by way of being able to make themselves", "rFSzhbKB39g-00029-00009735-00009984": "appear and disappear without a trace.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00030-00009984-00010416": "Some have reported them carrying sophisticated gadgets and one woman claimed that the MIB's", "rFSzhbKB39g-00031-00010416-00010577": "erased part of her memory.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00032-00010577-00011065": "John Keel, the main investigator of the Mothman and author of The Mothman Prophecies, is credited", "rFSzhbKB39g-00033-00011065-00011495": "for and popularizing the term 'Men In Black' as a generic way of describing these mystery", "rFSzhbKB39g-00034-00011495-00011595": "men.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00035-00011595-00011857": "Keel would chase The Men In Black in attempt to confront them.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00036-00011857-00012105": "He had the local police in many towns looking for them.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00037-00012105-00012481": "When he was in West Virginia and Ohio, people would call his Hotel and tell them that the", "rFSzhbKB39g-00038-00012481-00012891": "MIB were there, he'd race over to the location but they would be gone by the time he arrived.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00039-00012891-00013327": "The MIB mainly drove black Cadillacs until John Keel started doing articles about the", "rFSzhbKB39g-00040-00013327-00013729": "MIB driving these cars then they switched Volkswagens.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00041-00013729-00014059": "The strangest thing about the vehicles were that they were late models, usually from the", "rFSzhbKB39g-00042-00014059-00014381": "40's or 50's, but they would entirely look brand new.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00043-00014381-00014806": "One night in January 1967, Mary Hyre was working late at her office in the county courthouse", "rFSzhbKB39g-00044-00014806-00015023": "and an unknown man walked in the door.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00045-00015023-00015406": "He was described as very short and had strange eyes covered by thick glasses.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00046-00015406-00015956": "He had long jet black hair cut squarely like a bowl cut and spoke in a peculiar low halted", "rFSzhbKB39g-00047-00015956-00016056": "voice.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00048-00016056-00016414": "The man asked for directions to Welsh, West Virginia and kept getting closer and closer", "rFSzhbKB39g-00049-00016414-00016714": "as they talked, his eyes stared almost hypnotically.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00050-00016714-00017120": "He questioned her, asking what right she had to be printing these stories in the paper.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00051-00017120-00017529": "Mary was alarmed and scared so she summoned the newspaper circulation manager to her office", "rFSzhbKB39g-00052-00017529-00017629": "and they spoke to this person together.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00053-00017629-00017853": "She said that at one point in the discussion, she answered the telephone and noticed the", "rFSzhbKB39g-00054-00017853-00018098": "little man pick up a ballpoint pen from her desk.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00055-00018098-00018336": "He looked at it in amazement as thought he'd never seen it before.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00056-00018336-00018665": "Then he grabbed the pen, laughed loudly and ran out of the building.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00057-00018665-00019039": "A couple of weeks later, Hyre was crossing the street near her office and saw that same", "rFSzhbKB39g-00058-00019039-00019139": "man.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00059-00019139-00019481": "He appeared surprised when he realized she was watching and so he turned away and ran", "rFSzhbKB39g-00060-00019481-00019753": "toward a large black car that suddenly came around the corner.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00061-00019753-00020067": "The little man climbed in and the car quickly drove away.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00062-00020067-00020562": "During the Christmas week, after the bridge disaster, a short man entered Mary Hyre's", "rFSzhbKB39g-00063-00020562-00020862": "office, He was dressed in a black suit and tie.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00064-00020862-00021287": "He was not interested in the bridge disaster but wanted to know about the local UFO sightings.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00065-00021287-00021659": "Hyre was too busy to talk with him so she handed him a file of related press clippings", "rFSzhbKB39g-00066-00021659-00021759": "instead.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00067-00021759-00022070": "He was not interested in them and insisted on speaking with her.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00068-00022070-00022286": "She finally dismissed him from her office.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00069-00022286-00022720": "That night, an identically described man visited the home of several witnesses in the area.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00070-00022720-00022969": "He made all of them very uneasy and uncomfortable.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00071-00022969-00023390": "While claiming to be a reporter from Cambridge Ohio he inadvertently admitted that he didn't", "rFSzhbKB39g-00072-00023390-00023856": "know where Columbus Ohio was, even though the two towns are just a few miles apart.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00073-00023856-00024267": "Some MIB even dress in air force or military uniforms but always with sometimes just a", "rFSzhbKB39g-00074-00024267-00024713": "bit wrong such as the insignia being in the wrong place, wearing the wrong shoes or driving", "rFSzhbKB39g-00075-00024713-00024968": "a car that is not standard for a military officer.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00076-00024968-00025345": "The cars they would drive had licences plates that had never been issued to anyone.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00077-00025345-00025758": "One woman in Wisconsin said she invited the officer in and offered him Jello and he tried", "rFSzhbKB39g-00078-00025758-00025891": "to drink the Jello.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00079-00025891-00026399": "These strange men impersonating officials are also referred to by the term Men In Black.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00080-00026399-00026733": "Another strange occurrence which could be classified as MIB is that of the 'Phantom", "rFSzhbKB39g-00081-00026733-00027075": "Meter Readers' which is when a man dressed in coveralls would knock on the door of a", "rFSzhbKB39g-00082-00027075-00027441": "house in the suburbs and say he'd come to read the electric or gas meter.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00083-00027441-00027693": "He'd go down into the basement and not come out.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00084-00027693-00028125": "Eventually, after hours had past the owners of the house would go check on him.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00085-00028125-00028527": "Sometimes the man would be gone all together never to be seen again even when there was", "rFSzhbKB39g-00086-00028527-00028666": "no way out of the basement.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00087-00028666-00029056": "Other times the man would be just starting up the stairs as they opened the door.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00088-00029056-00029463": "Then there was the 'Phantom Photographers' who would drive up to the house of a witness", "rFSzhbKB39g-00089-00029463-00029827": "who had just had a baby and say they were professional photographers who wanted to take", "rFSzhbKB39g-00090-00029827-00029935": "pictures.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00091-00029935-00030220": "The new parents were delighted and agree to have it done.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00092-00030220-00030577": "The men would set up their equipment and take pictures, give the people a business card,", "rFSzhbKB39g-00093-00030577-00031012": "with a neighboring town listed, then drive away and never return to sell them the photographs.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00094-00031012-00031335": "These photographers would also take pictures of houses after the owner had been witness", "rFSzhbKB39g-00095-00031335-00031500": "to something strange.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00096-00031500-00031952": "They'd pull up in black Cadillacs, take out a big tripod and heavy camera, set it on the", "rFSzhbKB39g-00097-00031952-00032387": "tripod, snap a picture of the house then put it all back in the car and drive away without", "rFSzhbKB39g-00098-00032387-00032651": "going up to the door or offering to sell the pictures.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00099-00032651-00032831": "Some people thought they were government agents.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00100-00032831-00032972": "Some thought they aliens.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00101-00032972-00033347": "Some thought they were time travelers or from another dimension or spiritual realm.", "rFSzhbKB39g-00102-00033347-00033703": "Whoever they were, they left a strong impression on those who witnessed these mysterious men", "rFSzhbKB39g-00103-00033703-00033877": "when they roamed the streets of Point Pleasant."}}, {"audio_id": "rG082LfLcA8", "text": {"rG082LfLcA8-00000-00000033-00000918": "Hi, my name is Dorothy Burton and I am in Texas in Dallas, and I am an", "rG082LfLcA8-00001-00000918-00001611": "anomaly in Texas in that I have been a Republican all my life, all my life.", "rG082LfLcA8-00002-00001637-00002102": "I had been, I voted for every Republican president since Ronald Reagan.", "rG082LfLcA8-00003-00002157-00002282": "I even voted for Donald Trump.", "rG082LfLcA8-00004-00002375-00002684": "I won't vote for Donald Trump He's been a total disappointment to me.", "rG082LfLcA8-00005-00002816-00003471": "He has proven himself to be a racist, a bigot, a bully, and someone who", "rG082LfLcA8-00006-00003483-00003819": "doesn't care about all Americans.", "rG082LfLcA8-00007-00003900-00004086": "I don't even believe he cares about America.", "rG082LfLcA8-00008-00004227-00004350": "He cares about himself.", "rG082LfLcA8-00009-00004443-00004551": "He cares about his family.", "rG082LfLcA8-00010-00004638-00005097": "He cares about his name and he cares about his fame.", "rG082LfLcA8-00011-00005226-00005327": "He's not a president.", "rG082LfLcA8-00012-00005434-00006037": "He's not a leader and he's not fit, in my opinion, to lead.", "rG082LfLcA8-00013-00006154-00006667": "And I was a dyed in the wool Republican and I miss my Republican party.", "rG082LfLcA8-00014-00006751-00006883": "I miss the party of Lincoln.", "rG082LfLcA8-00015-00006883-00007009": "I miss the party of Reagan.", "rG082LfLcA8-00016-00007009-00007222": "I miss the party of Bush.", "rG082LfLcA8-00017-00007225-00007768": "I miss the party that I grew up in, that I believed in.", "rG082LfLcA8-00018-00007834-00007978": "I believe in the rule of law.", "rG082LfLcA8-00019-00008056-00008176": "I believe in family.", "rG082LfLcA8-00020-00008176-00008904": "I believe in doing things the right way for the right reason.", "rG082LfLcA8-00021-00008904-00009230": "I believe in personal responsibility.", "rG082LfLcA8-00022-00009411-00009702": "I believe in justice and I believe in righteousness and I", "rG082LfLcA8-00023-00009744-00010641": "believed all of my life that the Republican party express my values.", "rG082LfLcA8-00024-00010746-00011166": "And now I don't recognize that party anymore.", "rG082LfLcA8-00025-00011341-00011711": "I'm like Reagan, when he left the Democrat party, he said, I didn't", "rG082LfLcA8-00026-00011711-00011874": "leave my party my party left me.", "rG082LfLcA8-00027-00011982-00012119": "The Republican party left me.", "rG082LfLcA8-00028-00012252-00012383": "But, I tell you what I'm going to do.", "rG082LfLcA8-00029-00012450-00013032": "Come November, I'm doing something that I never thought I would do.", "rG082LfLcA8-00030-00013179-00013440": "And that is vote for a Democrat president.", "rG082LfLcA8-00031-00013506-00013740": "I do intend to vote for Joe Biden.", "rG082LfLcA8-00032-00013872-00014278": "I have serious philosophical differences with Joe Biden.", "rG082LfLcA8-00033-00014279-00014723": "I have serious philosophical differences with the Democrat party.", "rG082LfLcA8-00034-00014804-00015531": "Always had, they didn't mirror my values, but now the Republican party has not only", "rG082LfLcA8-00035-00015531-00016491": "do they not, does it not mirror my values, it has stepped on, stomped on, my values.", "rG082LfLcA8-00036-00016674-00017358": "And I will not vote for Donald Trump in 2020 as I did in 2016.", "rG082LfLcA8-00037-00017550-00018025": "I used to joke; I would say I would vote for a rat before I voted for a Democrat.", "rG082LfLcA8-00038-00018182-00018270": "My, my, my", "rG082LfLcA8-00039-00018604-00019369": "I can't believe how far gone the Republican party is.", "rG082LfLcA8-00040-00019420-00019621": "It's a white nationalist party now.", "rG082LfLcA8-00041-00019687-00020118": "It's a party that bullies people, doesn't respect people.", "rG082LfLcA8-00042-00020118-00020283": "It doesn't even respect the rule of law.", "rG082LfLcA8-00043-00020481-00021072": "And it saddens me, it saddens me.", "rG082LfLcA8-00044-00021216-00021438": "But Joe Biden is a decent man.", "rG082LfLcA8-00045-00021507-00021650": "He's an empathetic man.", "rG082LfLcA8-00046-00021827-00022611": "Philosophically, I have very little in common, but I refuse to stay home.", "rG082LfLcA8-00047-00022687-00022942": "I refuse to waste my vote and write it in someone.", "rG082LfLcA8-00048-00023101-00023536": "I still have hope for the Republican party, but not", "rG082LfLcA8-00049-00023575-00023806": "with Donald Trump at the head.", "rG082LfLcA8-00050-00023871-00024504": "I've voted Republican all my life, but I won't be voting for", "rG082LfLcA8-00051-00024504-00024878": "Donald Trump again this November."}}, {"audio_id": "rGfw1F2p3B0", "text": {"rGfw1F2p3B0-00000-00000016-00000552": "hey guys uh welcome to my channel data driven decisions so in the channel uh the videos i post", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00001-00000552-00001008": "more about the data science and machine learning kind of stuff and what are the things you can do", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00002-00001008-00001696": "with those technologies so in this video i'm going to show you the comparison between the julia", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00003-00001696-00002296": "programming language and the python programming language so so basically these are the two uh", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00004-00002296-00003008": "like google pull up collaboratory like notebooks basically so one is running uh julia programming", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00005-00003008-00003520": "language and another one is running is a python programming language so in the first", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00006-00003520-00004008": "video it's it's going to be a series of videos of the comparison between these two languages", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00007-00004008-00004384": "and if you come from the python background it will be much more easier for you to understand", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00008-00004456-00005016": "the julia uh coding because both are very similar to each other the only the comparison", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00009-00005016-00005640": "like what is the advantage of julia is that it's very fast it's almost fast as c but at", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00010-00005640-00006184": "the same time it is uh it's very understandable like the python so that is the beauty of julia", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00011-00006184-00006616": "and that's why there are a lot of people are using a julia programming language right now", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00012-00006616-00007088": "so that is why what is what i'm going to do is that like i'm going to show you the the", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00013-00007088-00007672": "comparison so so first comparison is going to be the numbers that we all know the the", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00014-00007672-00008192": "data type is number so number data type is compared like conclude of two data types", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00015-00008248-00008992": "uh like one is the integer and one is the float so if you uh the integers numbers like one two three", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00016-00008992-00009744": "so these are the integer numbers and the float numbers would be something like like 2.3 okay uh", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00017-00009880-00010664": "something like uh 4.5 so these are the in like float numbers so in the in our programming what we", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00018-00010664-00011232": "used to do is that we used to use the both numbers for our like computations and everything so", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00019-00011328-00011760": "now i'm going to show you some of the basic mathematical operations between these two", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00020-00011760-00012344": "languages and both of like how they are different to each other so i'm going to sum of two numbers", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00021-00012344-00013152": "right now so i'm going to add like two okay plus three so if i do that and if i run it", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00022-00013288-00013840": "you can see the fives output the similar kind of thing would happen in python we all know that", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00023-00013840-00014536": "so if i copy it and paste it over there in this notebook and if i run it so you can see the file", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00024-00014536-00015119": "so it's the same thing for between julia and python so if i go to julia and ah do", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00025-00015119-00015880": "the similar kind of thing for the subtraction like 2 minus three okay so the three sorry three minus", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00026-00015880-00016616": "two and if i run it so it will give you the one the similar kind of thing i should get in python", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00027-00016616-00017352": "so if i do this over here so if you run it this will give you the one the same thing", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00028-00017464-00018080": "and now i'm going to do the multiplication and division so for the multiplication i do like i", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00029-00018080-00018656": "i'm going to do the 2 to the power 3 so 2 into 2 into 2 basically so that will give", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00030-00018656-00019840": "you 8 so in julia if i do it like 2 okay to the power 3 and if i run it uh okay it's not coming", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00031-00020056-00020896": "uh so basically this is a python syntax in python which to run like this like 2 to the power 3 but", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00032-00020896-00021528": "in julia if you want to do it you need to write it like this like 2 like x to the power y over here", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00033-00021528-00022200": "like 2 to the power 3 the way we used to write as a mathematical notations in our text notebooks", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00034-00022200-00022912": "basically a human-centric language so that's the beauty of julia so if i run it you can see that", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00035-00022912-00023568": "i'm going to get the 8 and for the python as obvious we need to write it like this like 2", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00036-00023632-00024456": "to the power 3 so you will get the desired output and suppose uh so that is the basically difference", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00037-00024456-00025032": "between these two languages for this particular operation and and then a lot of difference is", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00038-00025032-00025544": "going to come so stay tuned to that and stay tuned with the series of videos which i'm going to post", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00039-00025624-00026216": "and now i'm going to do the mod mod operation so for the mod operation well what we know is that", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00040-00026216-00026824": "we used to do it when programming to find out if the number is odd or even so for that what", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00041-00026824-00027872": "you used to do like if i just 3 mod 2 so because 3 is the odd number we used to get the uh not 0", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00042-00027872-00028608": "as the remainder so that will trigger that it's a like not even number basically so if i run it", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00043-00028672-00029280": "it will give you the like a remainder of one and at the same time if you for the even numbers if", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00044-00029280-00030192": "you just use like four or more two so it will give you the zero uh so it will give you zero so that", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00045-00030192-00030776": "means that uh the particular four number is the even number so it's the basic things we know so", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00046-00030776-00031336": "similar thing you can do also in the python so in python you can see you can just do it so", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00047-00031560-00032264": "that will give you zero and if you just do the three over there so that will give you one so that", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00048-00032264-00032720": "is the odd number so that's the similarity between these two and if you just do the", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00049-00032776-00033784": "uh like division in julia so five okay by three so if i do the divisions", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00050-00033856-00034584": "uh i get this value so if i just copy this code and run it in python okay", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00051-00034584-00035328": "and if i run it i should get the similar yeah so all the operations are almost similar to each", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00052-00035328-00036016": "other only the multiplication sorry the to the power thing is different in judea basically so", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00053-00036128-00036632": "so that is what i'm going to show you today and i hope you like the video if you like it", "rGfw1F2p3B0-00054-00036632-00037208": "please subscribe to my channel like share and i'll see you soon with my next video thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "rGxfAp5le7E", "text": {"rGxfAp5le7E-00000-00000008-00000608": "yes okay so we kind of got through the scriptures that you brought up and uh we didn't even go in", "rGxfAp5le7E-00001-00000608-00001160": "as deep as we could have went because there's so much in there but we're running lower on time and", "rGxfAp5le7E-00002-00001160-00001880": "we got to kind of wrap things down a little bit so i want to preempt the scriptures i brought in", "rGxfAp5le7E-00003-00001880-00002272": "because we're talking about the letter of the law and we're talking about the law in general", "rGxfAp5le7E-00004-00002328-00003152": "and what i want to do is i want to define this a little bit more yes so in proverbs 6 23 it says", "rGxfAp5le7E-00005-00003152-00003920": "for the commandment as the whole divine torah law is a lamp as a glistening candle", "rGxfAp5le7E-00006-00003984-00004976": "and the law even the precept and the statute of it is a light is the illumination of happiness", "rGxfAp5le7E-00007-00005088-00005888": "now how can some that's happiness be a curse but that's what we're told reproofs for correction", "rGxfAp5le7E-00008-00005944-00006736": "and refutation of instruction as doctrine and a warning of reconstruct of restraint are the way of", "rGxfAp5le7E-00009-00006736-00007600": "life restraint but the restraint that we're seeing is i'm not keeping no commandments that's a curse", "rGxfAp5le7E-00010-00007768-00008424": "that's the restraint that we see out there but know this this kingdom is coming yes and you're", "rGxfAp5le7E-00011-00008424-00009016": "either going to be with it or not but nobody that's a rebel or rebeller or anything like that", "rGxfAp5le7E-00012-00009016-00009600": "is gonna get into that kingdom we're gonna cover that as well so with that being said we're shown", "rGxfAp5le7E-00013-00009600-00010160": "that the commandment is a light we're also told that we're like candles not to be put under a", "rGxfAp5le7E-00014-00010160-00010664": "basket we're going to kind of get into a little bit of that now so what i'm going to do is uh the", "rGxfAp5le7E-00015-00010664-00011192": "main gist of this particular section in matthew 5 that i'm going to read is you're not getting in", "rGxfAp5le7E-00016-00011360-00012064": "you violate this text you are not getting into the kingdom so what i'm going to do is because there's", "rGxfAp5le7E-00017-00012064-00012560": "a fair amount of scripture here i'm just going to read through this section and then we'll stop", "rGxfAp5le7E-00018-00012560-00012896": "and we'll elaborate a little and i'm going to go through another section we're reading", "rGxfAp5le7E-00019-00012896-00013312": "through a little bit and then we're going to kind of start to conclude at that point okay so in", "rGxfAp5le7E-00020-00013312-00014008": "matthew 5 verse 14 it says you are the light with luminescent rays of the world a city with walls", "rGxfAp5le7E-00021-00014008-00014712": "that is set on a hill cannot be hidden nor do they light a lamp and put it under a basket used for", "rGxfAp5le7E-00022-00014712-00015304": "measuring but on a lamp stand and it gives light to radiate brilliantly to all who are in the house", "rGxfAp5le7E-00023-00015424-00016096": "let your light with luminescent rays so shine to radiate brilliantly before men that they may", "rGxfAp5le7E-00024-00016096-00016672": "see your good moral works and morality only comes from obedience to divine law", "rGxfAp5le7E-00025-00016800-00017192": "that's where that's where good works come from yes because if you're doing it according to", "rGxfAp5le7E-00026-00017192-00017688": "man's law then it's it's man's righteousness and that's not we what we do or at least that's not", "rGxfAp5le7E-00027-00017688-00018424": "what we focus on um and they may see your good moral morally works as an occupation", "rGxfAp5le7E-00028-00018488-00018808": "and glorify by rendering honor to your father in heaven", "rGxfAp5le7E-00029-00019112-00019784": "do not to the point of denial think that i came i yahshua came to destroy loosen", "rGxfAp5le7E-00030-00019784-00020312": "overthrow or disintegrate the law of moses and the gospels as a prescription", "rGxfAp5le7E-00031-00020392-00020976": "or the prophets i did not come to destroy loosen or overthrow or disintegrate it but", "rGxfAp5le7E-00032-00020976-00021488": "to fulfill by making it complete perfect fully preaching it to its perfection", "rGxfAp5le7E-00033-00021552-00021976": "if you don't get that one you're not getting anything and you're just an outright rebel", "rGxfAp5le7E-00034-00022112-00022640": "for surely i say to you till heaven and earth pass away that is perish which it has not", "rGxfAp5le7E-00035-00022784-00023384": "one jot a small part of the tenth letter of the hebrew alphabet or one tittle the apex", "rGxfAp5le7E-00036-00023384-00024112": "of a hebrew letter will by no means in any way possible pass or perish from the law of moses", "rGxfAp5le7E-00037-00024112-00024776": "and the gospel as a prescription till all is fulfilled by coming into being or existence", "rGxfAp5le7E-00038-00025048-00025760": "whoever therefore breaks by dissolving or destroying one or first of the least in size", "rGxfAp5le7E-00039-00025760-00026568": "and or dignity of these commandments that is an authoritative prescription and teaches as to learn", "rGxfAp5le7E-00040-00026568-00027776": "not to do them by men so you shall be called out loud least which means far less than least", "rGxfAp5le7E-00041-00027776-00028520": "it's not even least it's far far far like far away you're so far away we can't even see you anymore", "rGxfAp5le7E-00042-00028632-00029320": "now that's a pretty degrading statement by those resting currently in the kingdom", "rGxfAp5le7E-00043-00029392-00029895": "the realm of rule of heaven but whoever does by executing without delay", "rGxfAp5le7E-00044-00029960-00030680": "and teaches to the point of acting on them he shall be called out loud great mighty to the", "rGxfAp5le7E-00045-00030680-00031280": "point of fear in by those resting currently in the kingdom the realm of rule of heaven", "rGxfAp5le7E-00046-00031480-00032183": "verse 20 for i say in boasting to you that unless your righteousness justified character", "rGxfAp5le7E-00047-00032183-00032936": "exceeds as to super abound in quality and quantity the righteousness of the scribes", "rGxfAp5le7E-00048-00032936-00033392": "who is a professional writer and the pharisees a religious separatist", "rGxfAp5le7E-00049-00033392-00034504": "you will by no means by absolute denial enter the kingdom that rules of heaven you have heard", "rGxfAp5le7E-00050-00034504-00035104": "it was said to those of old you shall not murder and whoever murders will be in danger", "rGxfAp5le7E-00051-00035104-00035848": "and in a state of liability and imputed of the judgment as a decision for tribunal and damnation", "rGxfAp5le7E-00052-00035848-00036656": "from the divine law but i say to you that whoever is angry to provoke enragement and exasperation", "rGxfAp5le7E-00053-00036656-00037192": "with his brother without a cause that is beyond measure shall be in danger and in", "rGxfAp5le7E-00054-00037192-00038032": "a state of liability of the judgment as decision for tribunal and damnation through divine law so", "rGxfAp5le7E-00055-00038096-00038736": "i wanted to read that because it is so emphatically written here if you're", "rGxfAp5le7E-00056-00038736-00039176": "teaching against the commandments you're telling men oh you don't need to keep them commandments", "rGxfAp5le7E-00057-00039320-00039792": "you don't you don't want you're not supposed to be a jew you're a gentile mm-hmm you keep eating your", "rGxfAp5le7E-00058-00039792-00040528": "pork you keep uh uh breaking the sabbath you go on sunday and worship on that day and the pagan", "rGxfAp5le7E-00059-00040528-00041624": "days and all that other stuff this is what it said this is what it said right here that you are in a", "rGxfAp5le7E-00060-00041624-00042352": "in a decision for tribunal damnation from the divine law of torah and it's written like that in", "rGxfAp5le7E-00061-00042352-00043040": "the book of revelation also all those who rebel the torah is going to judge you the very thing", "rGxfAp5le7E-00062-00043040-00043728": "that these teachers in the christian church are trying to bash us on have not been schooled", "rGxfAp5le7E-00063-00043728-00044216": "in this and yet they've made themselves to be experts and they're not yes because you", "rGxfAp5le7E-00064-00044216-00044696": "don't live this way of life you have no damn idea what the hell you're even talking about", "rGxfAp5le7E-00065-00044800-00045312": "you're not qualified and you are the gatekeepers to the people in your congregation", "rGxfAp5le7E-00066-00045368-00045800": "that's bringing a curse on your people because you don't want them to know about this way", "rGxfAp5le7E-00067-00045968-00046384": "so you really don't have their best interest in mind and i say shame on you", "rGxfAp5le7E-00068-00046480-00046864": "if you want to stay on that side of the fence stay on that side of fence but don't come over here and", "rGxfAp5le7E-00069-00046864-00047528": "think that you're qualified to tell me who i'm part of israel what i am and i'm not and what i", "rGxfAp5le7E-00070-00047528-00048144": "should do and what i should not do because we just went through the scriptures and boy i got more", "rGxfAp5le7E-00071-00048240-00048576": "i got more you got something you want to say on this section you get your tongue tied", "rGxfAp5le7E-00072-00048664-00048952": "it's good oh boy okay so let's go on"}}, {"audio_id": "rGOC9Spfza8", "text": {"rGOC9Spfza8-00000-00000000-00000700": "Translator: Leonardo Silva Reviewer: Queenie Lee", "rGOC9Spfza8-00001-00000975-00001442": "Is it possible to understand everyone at a deep and meaningful level,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00002-00001442-00001886": "to get what really matters to people, no matter how different they are from you?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00003-00001913-00002220": "That proposition sounds a little absurd.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00004-00002220-00002646": "After all, human psychology is really complex.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00005-00002646-00002865": "Some people are abused as children,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00006-00002865-00003156": "others are loved and supported.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00007-00003203-00003630": "The brain of an 18-year-old girl who sleeps with her cell phone", "rGOC9Spfza8-00008-00003630-00003814": "is different than an 80-year-old man", "rGOC9Spfza8-00009-00003814-00004172": "who can't remember the names of his children.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00010-00004261-00004707": "There's no one way to understand everyone, no broad operating principle.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00011-00004796-00005121": "That's the conventional wisdom, it makes perfect sense,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00012-00005121-00005358": "and yet, it's a myth.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00013-00005435-00005824": "A few years ago, I was watching TV, scenes from Afghanistan.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00014-00005824-00006226": "A group of teenage boys was standing in the back of a dusty pickup,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00015-00006226-00006337": "waving rifles,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00016-00006337-00006895": "and one boy wrapped in a white cloth, with dazzling blue-green eyes,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00017-00006895-00007158": "was staring directly into the camera.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00018-00007191-00007678": "He looked intent, menacing, and that was the point of the piece:", "rGOC9Spfza8-00019-00007678-00008255": "we should be afraid because young men were passionate about killing Americans.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00020-00008308-00008507": "Let me tell you about another boy:", "rGOC9Spfza8-00021-00008507-00008653": "my nephew, Rory.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00022-00008735-00009154": "At the time I saw this piece, Rory was a freshman in college,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00023-00009188-00009301": "at Harvard.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00024-00009301-00009680": "But Rory is not full of himself. In a word, he's sweet.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00025-00009680-00010112": "He's not a hugger, but he'll always hug me because he knows that I am.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00026-00010199-00010457": "He bakes brownies with his young cousins.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00027-00010510-00010722": "He wants to be a doctor one day.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00028-00010803-00010910": "I'm proud of Rory,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00029-00010910-00011373": "and I can't imagine a kid more different than that one from Afghanistan,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00030-00011412-00011987": "except, at a fundamental level, these two boys are exactly the same.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00031-00011987-00012607": "They've chosen their respective paths, join the Taliban, go to Harvard,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00032-00012607-00012807": "for the same internal reasons:", "rGOC9Spfza8-00033-00012807-00013052": "they both would like respect.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00034-00013052-00013270": "Everyone knows that when you go to Harvard,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00035-00013270-00013547": "people look up to you for the rest of your life,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00036-00013576-00013801": "and when you join the Taliban,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00037-00013869-00014251": "little kids look on in awe as you drive by in that dusty vehicle.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00038-00014313-00014614": "They also want community belonging.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00039-00014737-00015018": "Rory's got close friends, the men of Harvard,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00040-00015018-00015422": "but no closer, I'd bet, than the men of the Taliban.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00041-00015484-00015856": "And lastly and probably most important to both,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00042-00015890-00016140": "they want to make a difference in their worlds,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00043-00016212-00016428": "they want to help those they love.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00044-00016545-00016811": "What's amazing and horrifying", "rGOC9Spfza8-00045-00016811-00017373": "is that one will learn to be a doctor and the other will learn to kill.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00046-00017441-00017977": "It's true that human behavior is amazingly varied and complex,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00047-00017977-00018170": "but at the level of motivation,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00048-00018170-00018591": "at the level of what drives us to do all those different things,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00049-00018591-00018859": "we're actually identical.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00050-00018859-00019272": "There's a formula for understanding why we do what we do,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00051-00019272-00019549": "and once you get it, you get it.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00052-00019549-00019969": "There are 30 basic human motivations.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00053-00019969-00020118": "Let me give you a quick primer.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00054-00020118-00020308": "There's the obvious, the physical.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00055-00020308-00020631": "We want to survive: we need air, food and water.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00056-00020663-00020983": "There's a second category, of relational needs,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00057-00020983-00021268": "that help us understand how to balance", "rGOC9Spfza8-00058-00021268-00021520": "our self-interest and that of the community.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00059-00021520-00021914": "We all want to receive care, understanding, love,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00060-00021914-00022233": "but at the same time, we want to give our love,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00061-00022233-00022463": "to help others in our lives.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00062-00022492-00023124": "Then there's a third category of needs you'd call aspirational, or spiritual.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00063-00023124-00023546": "We want to grow, we all crave adventure and beauty.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00064-00023546-00023742": "I'm not going to go through the whole list", "rGOC9Spfza8-00065-00023742-00024131": "because everything on the list you're already familiar with.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00066-00024187-00024696": "But don't then mistake this for that old high school sociology lesson,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00067-00024696-00024950": "where the teacher says, \"Human beings have needs;", "rGOC9Spfza8-00068-00024950-00025283": "if they're not fulfilled, unhappiness and war.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00069-00025318-00025832": "That's all true, but I'm not here to make that macro sociological point.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00070-00025832-00026283": "I'm here to help you understand the micro, the human individual,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00071-00026283-00026492": "in any given moment,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00072-00026526-00027027": "what drives your mother, your spouse, your boss.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00073-00027027-00027518": "Human behavior, no matter how seemingly bizarre or mundane,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00074-00027607-00028125": "is designed internally to fulfill one or some of the common needs.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00075-00028125-00028412": "If you want to understand what really matters to a person", "rGOC9Spfza8-00076-00028412-00028638": "at the level of deep motivation,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00077-00028638-00029053": "ask: which of the common needs have they been pursuing?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00078-00029183-00029379": "Here's a story from my personal life.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00079-00029427-00029638": "My wife Shelly sometimes gets upset with me", "rGOC9Spfza8-00080-00029638-00029973": "for not cleaning the dishes to her exacting standard.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00081-00030014-00030406": "I can see her there, as I'm cleaning, over my left shoulder,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00082-00030433-00030618": "pretending to read the mail,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00083-00030655-00030785": "watching me.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00084-00030820-00031148": "Now, I could easily conclude, \"That's a little weird.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00085-00031239-00031384": "She might be OCD.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00086-00031384-00031513": "(Laughter)", "rGOC9Spfza8-00087-00031561-00032025": "But these brilliant observations don't get me very far.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00088-00032098-00032381": "If I want to understand my wife, and I do,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00089-00032381-00032564": "I ask a basic question:", "rGOC9Spfza8-00090-00032643-00032854": "what needs are driving her?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00091-00032889-00033031": "Shelly's a busy woman.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00092-00033031-00033403": "She teaches high school full-time, she drives our kids everywhere,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00093-00033403-00033829": "she calls my mom to say hi and \"I love you.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00094-00034035-00034286": "Excuse me. I got a little emotional with that.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00095-00034286-00034432": "(Laughter)", "rGOC9Spfza8-00096-00034432-00034739": "She calls my mom to say hi and \"I love you.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00097-00034813-00035208": "Clean dishes, neatly stacked and put away,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00098-00035208-00035623": "fulfill in her the common needs for order and rest.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00099-00035623-00035882": "Finally some peace of mind.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00100-00035948-00036422": "And there's one more huge need motivating her dishwash spine:", "rGOC9Spfza8-00101-00036422-00036822": "when I leave stuff on the dishes,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00102-00036822-00037189": "like that big piece of vermicelli hanging off the back,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00103-00037189-00037469": "that's so super obvious to her,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00104-00037469-00037755": "after she's said, \"Larry, do a good job this time;", "rGOC9Spfza8-00105-00037755-00038005": "this time, please, do a good job,\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00106-00038005-00038270": "she concludes I don't care about her.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00107-00038301-00038636": "If you want to understand everyone, including Shelly,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00108-00038636-00038870": "the outside world matters to us", "rGOC9Spfza8-00109-00038870-00039294": "only because we're trying to fulfill needs internally.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00110-00039362-00039616": "She doesn't really care about clean dishes.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00111-00039645-00040101": "At depth, she, like everyone else, wants respect, to be loved.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00112-00040193-00040714": "Human behavior is complex, but human motivation is actually simple.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00113-00040747-00041073": "We seek these common needs, and nothing else.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00114-00041117-00041576": "Now, I didn't myself discover that common needs drive human behavior.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00115-00041576-00042028": "The idea was proposed around 50 years ago by the psychologist Carl Rogers", "rGOC9Spfza8-00116-00042028-00042202": "and then further developed", "rGOC9Spfza8-00117-00042202-00042598": "by the extraordinary peacemaker Marshall Rosenberg.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00118-00042598-00042982": "I came across their concepts around 15 years ago,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00119-00042982-00043175": "and they made good sense to me.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00120-00043175-00043462": "So, I began to implement them in my personal life,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00121-00043462-00043620": "to decode family and friends.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00122-00043620-00044172": "And I was understanding people. I was intrigued, but I was also skeptical.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00123-00044172-00044379": "I asked Marshall Rosenberg,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00124-00044500-00044921": "\"Why 30 needs, and not 755?\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00125-00044953-00045321": "And he said, \"Oh, it could be 30 or 755.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00126-00045321-00045628": "The need to survive, for example, could be further broken down", "rGOC9Spfza8-00127-00045628-00046130": "into the needs to not walk off a cliff, or to not be eaten by predators.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00128-00046130-00046403": "Thirty is just a useful level of aggregation.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00129-00046403-00046718": "I thought, \"OK, that's a good answer, but what about this Marshall?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00130-00046718-00046835": "What are needs,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00131-00046835-00047061": "from a neurological perspective?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00132-00047061-00047411": "What's happening in the brain? How do they actually motivate us?\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00133-00047411-00047731": "And here, Marshall said, \"Oh, that's simple.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00134-00047766-00047984": "Needs are life force,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00135-00048043-00048243": "human life force.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00136-00048286-00048682": "And I thought, \"Whoa. That's not science at all.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00137-00048790-00049188": "And so, I spent the next two years meeting with neuropsychologists", "rGOC9Spfza8-00138-00049188-00049484": "and speaking with evolutionary biologists", "rGOC9Spfza8-00139-00049484-00049739": "and reading cognitive journals with footnotes,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00140-00049739-00050255": "and I eventually concluded this needs stuff is grounded in solid science.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00141-00050334-00050642": "And because research shows", "rGOC9Spfza8-00142-00050642-00051230": "that if you mention the word \"neuroscience\" or \"brain\" in a big talk,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00143-00051230-00051491": "it's a thousand times more likely to go viral,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00144-00051491-00051600": "(Laughter)", "rGOC9Spfza8-00145-00051600-00051872": "let me say, this is neuroscience.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00146-00051872-00051997": "(Laughter)", "rGOC9Spfza8-00147-00051997-00052154": "Brain science.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00148-00052154-00052339": "Neuro and brain.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00149-00052339-00052478": "Neuro-brain.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00150-00052478-00052593": "(Laughter)", "rGOC9Spfza8-00151-00052593-00052779": "Now, I'm not a scientist.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00152-00052837-00053188": "I'm a lawyer, a mediator, and a writer.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00153-00053226-00053674": "But being a layperson has allowed me to unravel this science,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00154-00053674-00054079": "to translate it away from chemicals like oxytocin and dopamine", "rGOC9Spfza8-00155-00054079-00054321": "and into what I believe is a useful narrative.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00156-00054379-00054878": "And so, here's what I believe is going on in the human brain, with needs.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00157-00054979-00055299": "The human unconscious evaluates the world,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00158-00055299-00055548": "telling us whether it's dangerous or friendly.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00159-00055548-00055695": "That's its job.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00160-00055730-00055913": "Once it reaches its conclusion,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00161-00055913-00056259": "it's got to motivate the whole system, including the conscious mind,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00162-00056259-00056458": "to do something about it.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00163-00056458-00056576": "How?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00164-00056576-00056784": "If it concludes that the world's dangerous,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00165-00056784-00057111": "we naturally feel fear or anxiety,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00166-00057144-00057358": "and we try to get less of what caused it.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00167-00057358-00057735": "If it concludes the world is friendly,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00168-00057735-00058088": "we naturally feel happy or excited and we try to get more.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00169-00058088-00058335": "But, and this is the key,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00170-00058335-00058942": "how does the unconscious determine what's dangerous and what's friendly?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00171-00058982-00059313": "It's not just left up to each of us individually.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00172-00059313-00059797": "Rather, the criteria upon which we evaluate the world", "rGOC9Spfza8-00173-00059797-00060175": "is born into you and born into me and born into all of us.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00174-00060175-00060370": "Those are the human needs.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00175-00060410-00060884": "Those specific criteria were honed through evolution,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00176-00060884-00061123": "because they allow us to survive,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00177-00061171-00061553": "to relate to other people, and ultimately, to make more people.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00178-00061614-00061802": "\"Am I being respected?\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00179-00061928-00062156": "\"Am I making a contribution in the world?\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00180-00062184-00062429": "\"Does she think I'm cute?\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00181-00062500-00062628": "If so,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00182-00062670-00062855": "pleasure, get more of that!", "rGOC9Spfza8-00183-00062881-00063179": "If not, pain, change the world.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00184-00063224-00063577": "It took me several years to unravel the science", "rGOC9Spfza8-00185-00063577-00063862": "in a way that made narrative sense to me.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00186-00063862-00064007": "And yet, in that time,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00187-00064007-00064429": "I actually stopped caring so much about what was happening in the brain.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00188-00064469-00065037": "I was using this and understanding people in a way that I didn't think was possible.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00189-00065037-00065329": "I was seeing their hearts, it worked,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00190-00065329-00065632": "and really, that's what counts.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00191-00065745-00065987": "I'd like to tie this together with a story.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00192-00065987-00066179": "As I said, I'm a mediator.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00193-00066179-00066624": "When people are at war, they come to me and I help them work it out.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00194-00066624-00066855": "Not too long ago, I was visited by a couple", "rGOC9Spfza8-00195-00066855-00067081": "that had already been divorced.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00196-00067150-00067542": "The ex-wife, Sophia, said a precious object had gone missing.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00197-00067542-00067672": "What was it?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00198-00067751-00067980": "Sophia had never met her father,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00199-00067980-00068226": "and her mother died when she was a little girl.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00200-00068226-00068447": "She was raised by her grandmother,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00201-00068482-00068876": "and in her grandmother's house hung this large painting,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00202-00068876-00069228": "painted by Sophia's grandmother, of Sophia's mother.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00203-00069302-00069608": "Sophia used to look at this painting when she was a little girl", "rGOC9Spfza8-00204-00069608-00069877": "and imagine herself holding her mom's hand", "rGOC9Spfza8-00205-00069920-00070194": "and kissing her mom's cheek.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00206-00070331-00070808": "Sophia's grandmother, the painter, died a few weeks before the mediation,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00207-00070842-00071183": "and in her final hours, she signed the picture.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00208-00071248-00071479": "Sophia described this with tears", "rGOC9Spfza8-00209-00071479-00071787": "and finally looked to her ex-husband and she said,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00210-00071859-00072102": "\"Frank took the picture.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00211-00072168-00072553": "Frank, when are you going to stop trying to punish me for the affair?\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00212-00072719-00073008": "I looked to the guy, and his face was cold as stone,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00213-00073008-00073203": "and I thought, \"Whoa.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00214-00073238-00073562": "People come to see me because I can help solve their problems,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00215-00073562-00073802": "but I'm kind of a one-trick pony.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00216-00073802-00074027": "The thing is I have this excellent trick,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00217-00074027-00074368": "I can help them understand each other's hidden motivations,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00218-00074368-00074656": "and I knew something that Sophia didn't.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00219-00074730-00074954": "Frank wasn't trying to punish her.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00220-00075046-00075425": "People often think revenge is a human motive,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00221-00075495-00075823": "but hurting another person is not a human need.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00222-00075823-00075986": "Now, how do I know?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00223-00076031-00076474": "Well, here's a trick I developed a few years ago that I find very useful.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00224-00076474-00076827": "If you ever think that somebody is motivated by something", "rGOC9Spfza8-00225-00076827-00077109": "that doesn't personally give you pleasure,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00226-00077140-00077468": "you actually haven't found their motivation; go deeper.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00227-00077530-00077815": "I don't get pleasure from hurting other people.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00228-00077815-00078087": "If it's not in me, it's not a common need,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00229-00078087-00078449": "and if it's not a common need, it's not a human motivation.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00230-00078449-00078849": "Go deeper. Revenge is pursued to fulfill another need.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00231-00078913-00079054": "But what?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00232-00079054-00079365": "It varies, but very often, it's a need for understanding.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00233-00079365-00079566": "If I hurt you,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00234-00079566-00079899": "you will understand, at the level of personal pain,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00235-00079899-00080173": "at the level of intense personal suffering,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00236-00080241-00080430": "what you did to me.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00237-00080430-00080619": "You'll finally get it.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00238-00080669-00080887": "This wasn't the case for Frank.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00239-00080924-00081308": "My theory that he had taken the picture", "rGOC9Spfza8-00240-00081308-00081758": "in order to be understood for the pain of the affair was wrong.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00241-00081758-00081944": "I often guess wrong.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00242-00081944-00082393": "But as I was guessing and without blame convinced him to share something else,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00243-00082393-00082623": "his eyes welled with tears", "rGOC9Spfza8-00244-00082623-00082892": "and he looked over at his ex-wife Sophia and he said,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00245-00082892-00083020": "\"Soph,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00246-00083087-00083330": "she had become my grandmother too!", "rGOC9Spfza8-00247-00083377-00083602": "She was all that I had!", "rGOC9Spfza8-00248-00083687-00083950": "You were all that I had.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00249-00084054-00084425": "Frank was an orphan too, just like Sophia.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00250-00084425-00085025": "He took the painting to fulfill a common human need of connection.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00251-00085155-00085383": "Hurting Sophia was never the point.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00252-00085423-00085874": "Sophia moved next to Frank on the couch and she wrapped her arms around him,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00253-00085874-00086124": "and they sobbed together for ten minutes.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00254-00086199-00086568": "And I cried too. I had ten minutes. What was I going to do?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00255-00086568-00086740": "(Laughter)", "rGOC9Spfza8-00256-00086849-00087146": "Frank ultimately returned the painting to Sophia,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00257-00087146-00087478": "and she dug up a trove of old photos", "rGOC9Spfza8-00258-00087549-00087705": "of Frank with her grandmother,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00259-00087705-00087959": "so that he could remember his family.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00260-00087959-00088109": "Understand what happened here.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00261-00088109-00088622": "We didn't make the common and easy mistake thinking that revenge is a motive.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00262-00088664-00089070": "Instead, we went to the source of all human motivation,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00263-00089070-00089239": "to the common needs.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00264-00089239-00089648": "When Sophia understood that Frank had simply needed connection,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00265-00089648-00089936": "human connection, and in particular, to her grandmother,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00266-00089936-00090177": "she got it, she could feel it,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00267-00090177-00090479": "and then the magic, and then solutions.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00268-00090560-00090912": "Now, many people, including some in this audience,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00269-00090912-00091318": "are wary of understanding others, and especially during conflict.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00270-00091318-00091449": "The thought goes like this,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00271-00091449-00091858": "\"If I understand the reasons you did what you did,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00272-00091911-00092139": "I'm basically saying you were justified.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00273-00092186-00092457": "Understanding seems like condoning,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00274-00092520-00092712": "and for this reason, people often say,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00275-00092712-00093085": "\"Don't go inside the mind of a terrorist, don't get them.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00276-00093155-00093473": "To get a terrorist is to legitimate terrorism.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00277-00093660-00093850": "It's to be an apologist.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00278-00093850-00094082": "And for this reason, it was suggested to me", "rGOC9Spfza8-00279-00094082-00094439": "that I dropped from my talk the piece about the Taliban teenager,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00280-00094515-00094914": "because then people might think I condone terrorism.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00281-00095249-00095491": "Let me make something perfectly clear.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00282-00095491-00095895": "Understanding reasons is different than condoning.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00283-00096056-00096327": "I've learned through thousands of mediations", "rGOC9Spfza8-00284-00096377-00096689": "understanding is a power to shape the world", "rGOC9Spfza8-00285-00096689-00097024": "far greater than any sword or gun.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00286-00097083-00097511": "Understanding is exactly how you create the world that you want.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00287-00097511-00097767": "I began this talk asking,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00288-00097767-00098115": "\"Is it possible to understand everyone at a deep and meaningful level,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00289-00098115-00098350": "even those that are different from you?\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00290-00098350-00098580": "And the answer is yes.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00291-00098646-00098929": "When your teenage daughter", "rGOC9Spfza8-00292-00099165-00099434": "asks you for that hair straightener,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00293-00099523-00099985": "and just one week after you bought her that hair crimper,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00294-00100066-00100331": "and she's standing at the top of the stairs", "rGOC9Spfza8-00295-00100460-00100676": "with this crazy crimped hair,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00296-00100799-00101077": "screaming, \"You just don't understand!\",", "rGOC9Spfza8-00297-00101156-00101364": "this is how you understand:", "rGOC9Spfza8-00298-00101437-00101619": "What is she needing?", "rGOC9Spfza8-00299-00101619-00101916": "She wants to be accepted, liked.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00300-00102013-00102387": "The desire to be accepted, to be liked,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00301-00102476-00103005": "is in you, is in me, is in everyone in this audience.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00302-00103005-00103355": "And so you can understand exactly what she feels,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00303-00103463-00103773": "and that alone will transform your relationship.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00304-00103828-00103986": "And then come the solutions,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00305-00103986-00104590": "even if it's only, \"I see you, my beautiful little girl. I get you.\"", "rGOC9Spfza8-00306-00104806-00105096": "There's a formula for understanding why we do what we do,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00307-00105096-00105386": "and once you get it, you get it.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00308-00105485-00105862": "Human behavior is complex, but human motivation is simple.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00309-00105862-00106136": "We seek the common needs, and nothing else.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00310-00106167-00106427": "We seek the common needs, and nothing else.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00311-00106427-00106774": "The common needs are human motivation.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00312-00106855-00107187": "Learn this language of the unconscious,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00313-00107187-00107434": "this language of the heart,", "rGOC9Spfza8-00314-00107434-00107855": "and you'll improve every relationship in your life.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00315-00107979-00108111": "Thank you.", "rGOC9Spfza8-00316-00108111-00108288": "(Applause)"}}, {"audio_id": "rGWbncNSR_E", "text": {"rGWbncNSR_E-00000-00000006-00000454": "let me grab my guitar to show you what it means on the other Frets it's harder to do", "rGWbncNSR_E-00001-00000454-00001103": "and the way we see alip do this is", "rGWbncNSR_E-00002-00001103-00001542": "[Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00003-00001542-00002451": "[Music] hi guys Yuri here again welcome to YB plays music it's another one from alib", "rGWbncNSR_E-00004-00002451-00003017": "Ba ta today and this is californication this has been suggested quite a lot since my first", "rGWbncNSR_E-00005-00003017-00003482": "reaction to him but I haven't checked this one out this is from the Red Hot Chili Peppers", "rGWbncNSR_E-00006-00003482-00004258": "and I just did recently a reaction to one of their live uh performances a jam from Dana", "rGWbncNSR_E-00007-00004258-00004877": "California which is another song from them it's cannot mistake it for this one but let's", "rGWbncNSR_E-00008-00004877-00005144": "check this one out from alibata here we go", "rGWbncNSR_E-00009-00005144-00005662": "[Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00010-00005662-00007736": "thanks for notes [Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00011-00007736-00008370": "okay so first of all we hear the intro and I recognize the song right away and he adds", "rGWbncNSR_E-00012-00008370-00009107": "a couple of extra notes I think compared to the original in which the guitar plays this", "rGWbncNSR_E-00013-00009107-00009664": "riff kind of but he adds some other notes as well I believe I think it's more than just", "rGWbncNSR_E-00014-00009664-00010242": "what we hear in the original uh at least from the guitar that is also in the beginning before", "rGWbncNSR_E-00015-00010242-00010818": "he starts playing we hear some background noises I think he puts the volume pretty high", "rGWbncNSR_E-00016-00010818-00011503": "because like the slightest tap he does with his thumb hits home really hard you hear it", "rGWbncNSR_E-00017-00011503-00012325": "very clearly so I think uh the volume is raised quite a bit so everything sounds is very hearable", "rGWbncNSR_E-00018-00012325-00012736": "uh in what he does to add to the effects", "rGWbncNSR_E-00019-00012736-00016708": "[Music] it's hard to distinguish the it's hard to distinguish The Voice melody in this", "rGWbncNSR_E-00020-00016708-00020989": "uh let's keep going [Music] foreign [Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00021-00020989-00021600": "foreign", "rGWbncNSR_E-00022-00021600-00023434": "[Music] [Applause] [Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00023-00023434-00025879": "thank you [Music] [Applause]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00024-00025879-00027102": "[Music] foreign", "rGWbncNSR_E-00025-00027102-00028937": "I like that", "rGWbncNSR_E-00026-00028937-00029549": "[Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00027-00029549-00030119": "it's it's amazing how he keeps the rhythm uh with one finger like tapping like that", "rGWbncNSR_E-00028-00030119-00030477": "and you have the melody we have this these actions I don't know if you know what I mean", "rGWbncNSR_E-00029-00030477-00031258": "but in a combination with the counting uh the beat let's say it adds a bit of an edge", "rGWbncNSR_E-00030-00031258-00031931": "to that uh by having these other accents with his fingers and the tap that we see he does", "rGWbncNSR_E-00031-00031931-00032467": "it on the upper string with his thumb and perhaps it's also partially why we hear that", "rGWbncNSR_E-00032-00032467-00033231": "so good is that the mic on his guitar is right above that upper string um so the upper string", "rGWbncNSR_E-00033-00033231-00033986": "is the closest by this mic that he has on his guitar which might add to the volume of", "rGWbncNSR_E-00034-00033986-00035388": "that effect let's keep going [Music] [Applause] [Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00035-00035388-00038891": "here we go I love the harmonics [Music] it's artificial", "rGWbncNSR_E-00036-00038891-00039372": "so the harmonics that he uses here I don't go deep into this in most of his videos because", "rGWbncNSR_E-00037-00039372-00040067": "he uses this pretty pretty frequently but I also learned is through his videos and through", "rGWbncNSR_E-00038-00040067-00040619": "searching on that topic because I didn't know beforehand but a harmonic is when you hold", "rGWbncNSR_E-00039-00040619-00041144": "your finger just on the string but don't press it and then play that string and the sound", "rGWbncNSR_E-00040-00041144-00041638": "that makes that's a harmonic and these places where it's easiest are on the fifth fret the", "rGWbncNSR_E-00041-00041638-00042163": "seventh fret the 12th and so on and so forth which makes it harder on the other Frets to", "rGWbncNSR_E-00042-00042163-00043237": "do let me grab my guitar to show you what it means for example here the 12th the seventh", "rGWbncNSR_E-00043-00043237-00043857": "the fifth on the other Frets it's harder to do and the way we see alip do this is he uses", "rGWbncNSR_E-00044-00043857-00044458": "his left hand to press the string and then with his other hand he places a finger on", "rGWbncNSR_E-00045-00044458-00045113": "the string and then streams it with a thumb like that most of the times so that way I", "rGWbncNSR_E-00046-00045113-00045894": "can do for example an artificial harmonic on the let's say the 14th fret which is right", "rGWbncNSR_E-00047-00045894-00046475": "here usually that would not be possible", "rGWbncNSR_E-00048-00046475-00047278": "now you don't hear a lot of extra sound but when I press the second frets right over here", "rGWbncNSR_E-00049-00047278-00047710": "it's a little bit hard to see on the second fret right here and then I hold my finger", "rGWbncNSR_E-00050-00047710-00047810": "right there", "rGWbncNSR_E-00051-00047810-00048640": "then we have a harmonic but that's an artificial harmonic because it's by using my left hand", "rGWbncNSR_E-00052-00048640-00049197": "here pressing it down and then moving actually the positions of these harmonics now that's", "rGWbncNSR_E-00053-00049197-00049775": "it guys let's just keep moving I'm going a little bit too far from the video so let's", "rGWbncNSR_E-00054-00049775-00050881": "return here but you can check it that artificial harmonica", "rGWbncNSR_E-00055-00050881-00052389": "foreign [Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00056-00052389-00053144": "foreign", "rGWbncNSR_E-00057-00053144-00053897": "[Music]", "rGWbncNSR_E-00058-00053897-00057500": "foreign to end it it's always been interesting to me how this song changes keys for the for", "rGWbncNSR_E-00059-00057500-00058030": "the bridge there for the little solo slash Bridge right there uh it's something I don't", "rGWbncNSR_E-00060-00058030-00058717": "really hear it's not your every day key change okay but that's it that was Californication", "rGWbncNSR_E-00061-00058717-00059420": "from uh alibata his finger style cover on guitar so guys I hope you enjoyed my reaction", "rGWbncNSR_E-00062-00059420-00059785": "to this one don't forget to subscribe like and share the video also don't forget to check", "rGWbncNSR_E-00063-00059785-00060370": "out some of my other reaction videos including alibata I also have music videos and tutorials", "rGWbncNSR_E-00064-00060370-00060745": "for you guys to check out so thank you very much and see you guys next time bye", "rGWbncNSR_E-00065-00060745-00062421": "[Music] thank you", "rGWbncNSR_E-00066-00062421-00063697": "[Music] and and um I don't go into deep and through searching and through a harmonic first", "rGWbncNSR_E-00067-00063697-00064645": "of all is when you at certain points on your is when you plug the string is when you um", "rGWbncNSR_E-00068-00064645-00065504": "but when you don't but when it's just but but when breasts EV and what is in our field", "rGWbncNSR_E-00069-00065504-00066302": "when we for example but it's hard to okay but that's okay but that said that was kind", "rGWbncNSR_E-00070-00066302-00066777": "of but that also don't forget to check out some of my other reactions to alibata and", "rGWbncNSR_E-00071-00066777-00066848": "all my oh"}}, {"audio_id": "rH0zC-ET22g", "text": {"rH0zC-ET22g-00000-00000319-00000458": "Script Video #4: Sp 2014 Hello.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00001-00000458-00001049": "This is Maryanne Burgos in Germantown, MD and I would like to share some thoughts with", "rH0zC-ET22g-00002-00001049-00001213": "you.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00003-00001213-00001866": "Regarding Learning Objectives * As we continue to explore new tools please", "rH0zC-ET22g-00004-00001866-00002252": "keep in mind that one of my learning objectives is to .", "rH0zC-ET22g-00005-00002252-00002954": "have you become familiar with some free, internet tools for your own professional development", "rH0zC-ET22g-00006-00002954-00003204": "and for future use with your own students.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00007-00003204-00003718": "* However, when you use these tools with your own students your learning objectives will", "rH0zC-ET22g-00008-00003718-00003893": "be different.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00009-00003893-00004392": "Your objectives will involve foreign or second language learning.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00010-00004392-00005757": "Please remember to always keep in mind these objectives first and then choose an appropriate", "rH0zC-ET22g-00011-00005757-00006037": "tool if it will enhance your students' learning.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00012-00006037-00006299": "* Another thought about using thes tools in your own classrooms is that many of these", "rH0zC-ET22g-00013-00006299-00007013": "tools or sites have special teacher/education accounts which give you more control over", "rH0zC-ET22g-00014-00007013-00007160": "how your students use them.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00015-00007160-00008222": "Now a thought about your own blogs * Remember to do what I call weeding your", "rH0zC-ET22g-00016-00008222-00008361": "garden!", "rH0zC-ET22g-00017-00008361-00008764": "Take a look at your blog roll from time to time and decide if you really want to keep", "rH0zC-ET22g-00018-00008764-00009604": "following these edubloggers You may want to weed out those you do not find useful and", "rH0zC-ET22g-00019-00009604-00009878": "remember you can always add new ones.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00020-00009878-00010253": "You can do weeding in your Twitter account as well.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00021-00010253-00011731": "* BTW ome of you did not add Justin, Jennifer and Brianna blogs to your blogrolls.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00022-00011731-00012524": "Please add them so that you can give them feedback from time to time.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00023-00012524-00012922": "Regarding grades * Congratulations to the following students", "rH0zC-ET22g-00024-00012922-00013959": "who are up to date with their work and have scores of at least 71 at the end of mod 4:", "rH0zC-ET22g-00025-00013959-00014662": "Brianna, Xiaoxuan, Elizabeth, Shimeng, Lisa, Katie, Lijun, Kathleen, Sandra, Jasmine, Haihan,", "rH0zC-ET22g-00026-00014662-00015390": "Chao, and Ke * If you are not on this list or if you do", "rH0zC-ET22g-00027-00015390-00015809": "not have at least 71 grade points by the end of mod 4, then please do the following:", "rH0zC-ET22g-00028-00015809-00015909": "1.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00029-00015909-00016312": "Go to the grade center to see where you are either missing a score or have a lowered score.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00030-00016312-00016412": "2.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00031-00016412-00016512": "Read carefully my reply to you for that particular mod.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00032-00016512-00017945": "In my reply you should find an explanation for why you don't have a score or why your", "rH0zC-ET22g-00033-00017945-00018109": "score is lower than expected.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00034-00018109-00018254": "(Lower scores are usually the result of losing half credit by posting your assignments late).", "rH0zC-ET22g-00035-00018254-00021801": "If one part of the mod has no score that may mean I'm waiting for you to change or add", "rH0zC-ET22g-00036-00021801-00021901": "something.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00037-00021901-00023106": "Please do that and then notify me by posting an answer to my reply to you.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00038-00023106-00023670": "If you do not notify me there that you have changed something, you will not receive credit", "rH0zC-ET22g-00039-00023670-00023770": "for the updates.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00040-00023770-00023885": "I am looking forward to starting to score mod 5 and taking a look at what some have", "rH0zC-ET22g-00041-00023885-00024508": "already done for mod 6.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00042-00024508-00024785": "So this is Maryanne Burgos reminding you to Stay Connected.", "rH0zC-ET22g-00043-00024785-00024790": "See you online."}}, {"audio_id": "rH2CC7Je6Cy", "text": {"rH2CC7Je6Cy-00000-00101052-00101628": "LIKE & SUBSCRIBE <3"}}, {"audio_id": "rH4Opv0CCzY", "text": {"rH4Opv0CCzY-00000-00001340-00001889": "Let us start with the brief review of last class. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00001-00001889-00002444": "for the last couple of classes we have been looking at Optoelectronic devices.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00002-00003560-00004220": "These are devices were this interaction between incident light and the electrical properties", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00003-00004220-00004826": "of the materiel or you have a situation where electrons and holes recombine in order to give", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00004-00004826-00005966": "you a light output. Last class we looked at LED’s or light emitting diodes. The case of LED’s we saw", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00005-00005966-00006689": "that we could model them as a simple p-n junction where we inject carriers, so we inject electrons", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00006-00006689-00007325": "from the n-side and holes from the p-sides so that these electrons and holes recombine in", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00007-00007325-00008019": "order to give you light. Now, depending upon the band gap of the material that determines the wave", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00008-00008019-00008609": "length of the light, so if you have a material like gallium arsenide then the light output is", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00009-00008609-00009332": "produced in the IR region, if you want light in the visible region you chose a material with the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00010-00009332-00010076": "corresponding band gap. So we talked about LED’s and LED’s are an example of spontaneous emission,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00011-00010648-00011611": "which means typically the radiation is emitted in any direction and is not necessarily in phase.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00012-00011611-00013063": "Today, we are going to look at LASERs. So, LASERs is another example of optoelectronic device where", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00013-00013063-00013719": "we have incident a current introduce into the material, so usually you have current that is", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00014-00013719-00015343": "injected which produces light. Now LASERs stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00015-00015343-00018063": "of Radiation, so the first letter in each of this comes together to give your acronym that", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00016-00018063-00018924": "is the laser. Now, there are large number of LASER materials that are possible for example,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00017-00019149-00021276": "you can have a gas based laser typical example would be a helium neon laser. You could also", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00018-00021276-00021774": "have a solid state laser but based on a materiel that is not a semiconductor;", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00019-00022878-00023478": "for example. you have ruby lasers. In today’s lecture we are going to", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00020-00023478-00026270": "focus on LASERs, but you are going to spoke a specifically on semiconductor based lasers. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00021-00026270-00026723": "what are some of the important properties of lasers that you must keep in mind?", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00022-00026723-00029147": "LASERs are highly monochromatic, which means the line width is really small", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00023-00029147-00030239": "last class we saw that the line width is nothing, but the spread the wavelength of", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00024-00030239-00031412": "the output radiation that is delta lambda and this line width is very small. LASER", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00025-00031412-00032873": "radiation is also spatially coherent and it is also temporally coherent,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00026-00034457-00035579": "which means the radiation is highly in phase. For laser primary thing we need is population", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00027-00035579-00038308": "inversion. So, what population inversion means? Is that we must have more number of particles", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00028-00038308-00039127": "in the exited states as compare to the ground state, when we achieve population inversion we", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00029-00039127-00039673": "have an incident radiation that strikes your materiel. This is the stimulated emission part", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00030-00039673-00040369": "this incident radiation causes the particles to go from the exited state to the ground", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00031-00040369-00041098": "state and when they do they emit an output radiations which in phase with the incident", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00032-00041098-00041836": "radiation. This leads the stimulated emission in basically in responsible for the laser action,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00033-00041836-00042799": "so we need to create a population inversion in the system before laser action occurs. In the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00034-00042799-00043525": "case of semiconductor lasers their structure is very similar to the LED’s that we saw before,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00035-00043525-00044152": "but there are some important points to keep in mind when we talk about semiconductor lasers.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00036-00045760-00047731": "So, the structure of these LASERs is very similar to LED’s, but when we compare", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00037-00047731-00048451": "semiconductor lasers to LASERs produced by other means for example, a gas based laser there are", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00038-00048451-00049243": "some important differences. The first case, here the transition is between energy bands,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00039-00051047-00051641": "so one of the important criteria of lasers is that they should be highly in monochromatic,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00040-00051641-00052354": "which means line width, should be extremely small. In the case of gas based laser say a helium neon", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00041-00052354-00053009": "laser the transition occurs between atomic states and these atomic states are very sharp", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00042-00053009-00053753": "which gives rise to the high monochromaticity, on the case of a semiconductor laser though the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00043-00053753-00054413": "transition is usually form a conduction band to a valence band. So, These are energy band. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00044-00054413-00055034": "there is some spread in the energy and this can affect the monochromatic nature of the light.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00045-00055034-00055855": "If we remember when we talk about LED’s, we also had a similar problem where we had an energy band", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00046-00055855-00056540": "because of the energy band there was a spread in the energy of both the electrons and the holes", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00047-00056540-00057205": "so that there was a line width and the line width increased with increase with the temperature and", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00048-00057205-00057959": "also with a decrease in the wavelength. So, when we talk about semiconductor lasers we have to be", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00049-00057959-00058780": "aware that because you are using energy bands there is a potential for a-line with issue. The", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00050-00058780-00059716": "active region in these lasers is usually very narrow, we will define an active region later", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00051-00059716-00060529": "when we look at the structure of lasers but the active region is narrow is usually of the order", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00052-00060529-00061340": "of nanometers so it is usually less than 1 micrometer. The advantage of this is that", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00053-00061340-00061985": "you can have a laser device that is very compact so think of the optical point is that you have,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00054-00061985-00062486": "but the disadvantage is that it can lead to a high beam divergence.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00055-00062486-00063721": "Lasing action is usually controlled by the current. The lasing action depends upon the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00056-00063721-00064936": "current because the current controls the number of carriers that are injected into the material. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00057-00064936-00067732": "This means, it is easy to modulate these devices especially at high frequencies. We said that the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00058-00067732-00068362": "structure of a laser is very similar to that of an LED. So, if you remember in the case", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00059-00068362-00069076": "of an LED we had electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band and these", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00060-00069076-00069655": "2 recombine in order to give you radiation. So, if I were to show that schematically.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00061-00069655-00071122": "I have 2 energy bands we call one E2 the other E1, in a generalized sense we can also think as E1", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00062-00071122-00072941": "as the ground state and E2 as the excited state. So, I have an electron in the excited state which", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00063-00072941-00073679": "basically relaxes back to the ground state, we saw that this can happen either by releasing light or", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00064-00073742-00074858": "releasing heat in the case of an LED or a LASER this process leads to light in the wavelength or", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00065-00074858-00075551": "the frequency of light depends upon the band gap. So, This is basically a spontaneous emission which", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00066-00075551-00077471": "occurs in an LED, you can also have stimulated emission once again I have a ground state E1 and", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00067-00077471-00078407": "an excited state E2, I have an electron in the excited state. In this particular case I have", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00068-00078407-00079250": "some incident radiation hυ and the energy of the radiation coincides with the energy of this gap", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00069-00079250-00080213": "when this happens the electron falls back down, this emits another photon which is in phase with", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00070-00080213-00081164": "the photon that is incident on your sample. The output is now essentially 2 photons that are in", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00071-00081164-00083160": "phase, this is an example of stimulated emission. So, In the case of a laser you can have both", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00072-00083160-00084153": "spontaneous emission and stimulated emission so both of these are essentially competing processes.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00073-00084153-00085605": "The reverse process can also occur, when we have an incident light instead of causing an electron", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00074-00085605-00086301": "to fall back from the excited to the ground this light can be absorbed by an electron the ground", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00075-00086301-00088356": "state and also take it to the excited state, so absorption process can also occur. So, in the case", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00076-00088356-00089058": "of a laser material we have a number of competing process, we have stimulated emission, we have a", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00077-00089058-00089856": "spontaneous emission and we have absorption. So, For ideal laser material we want to suppress the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00078-00089856-00091047": "spontaneous emission and absorption at the same time promote stimulated emission. If", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00079-00091047-00094633": "Rst denotes the rate of stimulated emission and Rab is your rate of absorption and φ is incident", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00080-00094633-00097486": "photon intensity, then we can write Rst – Rab to the rate of stimulated emission minus the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00081-00097486-00098341": "rate of the absorption depends on the number of electrons that are there in the excited states", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00082-00098341-00099421": "minus number of electrons in the ground state times the incident photon intensity times a", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00083-00099421-00101089": "constant that is called the Einstein coefficient. So, N2 and N1 is the population in the excited", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00084-00101564-00103202": "and ground state. The excited state is E2 and the ground state is E1, B21 is called the Einstein", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00085-00103202-00104663": "coefficient, it depends upon the material and also upon the transition. So, depends upon what", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00086-00104663-00106343": "the state’s 2 and 1 are this is material and also upon the transition dependent. In this particular", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00087-00106343-00106979": "formula, we have ignored the fact that is spontaneous emission occurs we make sure that this", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00088-00106979-00107624": "spontaneous emission rate is much smaller than the stimulated emission. So, the only the competition", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00089-00107624-00108583": "is between emission and absorption. In order for Rst to be greater than Rab we essentially want N2", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00090-00108583-00109360": "to be greater than N1. So, is the reason why you want population inversion the case of a laser?", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00091-00109681-00112311": "Let me just rewrite that equation, is nothing but N2 - N1 we said that if you want Rst to be greater", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00092-00112311-00115075": "than R absorbed is possible only and you have N2 > N1 1. This population inversion is usually", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00093-00115075-00115945": "achieved by external means. So, the simple idea being if you had a p-n junction you could apply a", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00094-00115945-00117163": "forward bias, we saw earlier that when you apply a forward bias you inject carriers into your", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00095-00117163-00117796": "semiconductor your p-n junction so these carriers basically create the population inversion,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00096-00117796-00118959": "inject carriers a willing that to here it is means that this creates population inversion.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00097-00119227-00119968": "We have seen earlier there are semiconductor laser structure is similar to an LED, but we also have", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00098-00119968-00120933": "other optical components to the device. So, typically a laser will have optical", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00099-00120933-00122152": "resonators, we will see those in a minute have optical resonators. The function of", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00100-00122152-00122914": "these resonators is to reflect the light, so that a certain intensity of laser is build up. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00101-00122914-00124792": "usually 2 resonators are used one on either side, one of these is totally reflecting and", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00102-00124792-00125614": "the other one is partially reflecting so that the laser output comes from 1 side. Now, if you look", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00103-00125614-00126261": "at materials at we use for laser, these are very similar to the materials that we saw earlier for", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00104-00126261-00126982": "LED’s. They have to be direct band gap materials usually some sort of a graded hetero-structure", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00105-00126982-00127560": "is used and depending upon the band gap the wavelength of the laser will be determined.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00106-00127560-00128731": "So, some examples of laser materials, I will just draw a graph to show you some of the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00107-00128731-00129982": "materials used in different wavelength regions. I have wavelength on x axis,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00108-00129982-00131659": "the units is micrometers 0.1 micrometers is 100 nanometers so that is the UV region,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00109-00131659-00134272": "0.5 is in the middle of the visible region 1 this is essentially a log scale. So, If you want laser", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00110-00134272-00134878": "light in the case of visible region you want a material whose band gap lies in the visible,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00111-00134878-00136507": "these are usually two 6's so you can have cadmium, zinc sulphate. We saw that in the case of LEDs are", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00112-00136507-00137281": "lot of materials was based upon gallium arsenide which is a direct bind gap semiconductor most of", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00113-00137281-00138307": "these materials can also be used for lasers. So, you have aluminum, gallium arsenide", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00114-00139502-00141023": "can also have gallium arsenic and phosphorus for the higher wavelengths or the lower bind", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00115-00141023-00142600": "gaps can again have indium arsenide base materials, cadmium and mercury.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00116-00143932-00144844": "This is not a complete list, there are whole bunch of other materials that can be used but this sort", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00117-00144844-00145534": "of gives the operating wavelengths of some of the common materials. Usually Hetero-structures", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00118-00145534-00147331": "are used, we saw earlier in the case of LED’s, hetero-structure junctions are used in order", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00119-00147331-00147928": "to concentrate the carriers near the depletion region and something similar is used here and", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00120-00147928-00149386": "we also usually end up having graded compositions. Graded compositions are used so that you can have", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00121-00149386-00150031": "an epitaxial growth, if you have a huge lattice mismatch that leads to defects at the interfaces", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00122-00150031-00150805": "if you want to grow epitaxial layers we want to have lattice parameters as close as possible. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00123-00150805-00151303": "graded compositions help to achieve that because they give you the wave the change", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00124-00151303-00151834": "in the band gap, while at the same time allowing you to grow epitaxial layers.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00125-00151834-00152914": "As we mentioned earlier usually a double hetero-structure model is used for lasers.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00126-00153064-00154195": "So, consider the case of a laser material of length L, there are 2 reflecting mirrors on", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00127-00154195-00156217": "either sides. These are your mirrors and they have reflectivity values of R1 and R2. You have", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00128-00156217-00157318": "light or laser light that is generated within the material, this light gets reflected from", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00129-00157318-00158245": "both the reflecting mirrors and finally some of the lights will also escape. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00130-00158245-00158866": "in this particular material you have both emission, which is your stimulated emission", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00131-00158866-00160703": "and we saw that for lasing action this emission much be more than the absorption. So, If I define", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00132-00160703-00163004": "alpha as a loss due to absorption and g as the gain due to emission, g must be greater than alpha", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00133-00163004-00164681": "your gain must be more than your loss and then we define the net gain at a particular position z the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00134-00164681-00166307": "net gain depends upon the reflectivity of the 2 layers times exponential g minus alpha over z.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00135-00166307-00167435": "Now, if L is the length of your laser and I have and have a light that originates at one corner,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00136-00167435-00168293": "it travels a length l gets reflected from the second mirror and travels a length L back which", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00137-00168293-00169763": "means the total distance traveled is 2 L. So, your net gain occurs you write it here, so you", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00138-00169763-00171623": "have a net gain in phi is more than 1 or you have R1R2exp⁡(g-α), now the total distance traveled is", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00139-00171623-00172526": "2 L because it travels from 1 mirror to the next and then get reflected and comes back. This should", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00140-00172526-00173516": "be greater than 1. Usually we like to define something called Threshold gain, which tells you", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00141-00173516-00174218": "how much current you need to supply in order for lasing action to occur. Once again you must supply", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00142-00174218-00174923": "enough current so that the emission is more than the absorption. So, we define a Threshold gain,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00143-00177444-00180042": "Ith=α+12L1R1R2) . This intern helps you to define the minimum", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00144-00180042-00180837": "current that is required for lasing action. So, in this particular example the 2 reflectors", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00145-00180837-00181686": "help to confine the laser in the plain of the device. But, we also need to confine the light", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00146-00181686-00182334": "within the active layer, so that light does not escape from the top or the bottom. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00147-00182334-00182913": "This is done by usually choosing a graded structure with different refractive indices,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00148-00182913-00183702": "so that you have total internal refraction and the light kept within the active region. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00149-00183702-00184161": "let me include that as well and draw a schematic of the laser structure.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00150-00184398-00185109": "So, We want to confine the beam in the lateral direction done by using reflectors and we also", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00151-00185109-00185601": "want to confine the beam in the vertical direction this is called Wave guiding.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00152-00185718-00186462": "This is usually done by choosing materials with different refractive index. So, these are my 2", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00153-00186462-00188046": "mirrors, I have an active region the length is L there is an active region of width d. The active", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00154-00188046-00188652": "region is the region where your electrons and holes recombine in order to produce the laser", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00155-00188652-00189951": "light. There also 2 inactive regions, so these can be used in order to confine the electrons", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00156-00189951-00190695": "and holes within the active region, but we also want materials in such a way in order to provide", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00157-00190695-00191547": "for wave guiding. For example, you can have an active region that is made a gallium arsenide", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00158-00191547-00192378": "and your inactive regions could be P type aluminum gallium arsenide on one side and", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00159-00192378-00194094": "n type aluminum gallium arsenide on the other. So, let n2 or nr2 be the refractive index of", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00160-00194094-00195315": "gallium arsenide and nr3 and nr1 be the refractive index of the inactive aluminum gallium arsenide", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00161-00195315-00198055": "layers. For total internal reflection, we want nr2 to be greater nr1, nr3. So, when", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00162-00198055-00199660": "this happens light can just get reflected within the active layer and will not escape itself. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00163-00199660-00200446": "We can define this angle theta and the critical angle theta for total internal reflection is given", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00164-00200446-00204248": "by theta c is a critical angle for total internal reflection, so which is nothing but (n1n2) . So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00165-00204248-00204713": "consider the case of a gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide material.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00166-00204713-00206471": "So, aluminum gallium arsenide can be written AlxGa1-xAs. So, This is a structure that is", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00167-00206471-00207086": "formed by combining aluminum arsenide and gallium arsenide and the property depends", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00168-00207086-00208394": "upon the value of x. For example, the band gap Eg as a function of x is nothing but 1.43 plus", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00169-00208394-00211232": "similarly the refractive index also depends upon the value of x. So, This gives a refractive index", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00170-00211232-00212000": "that is lower than that of a gallium arsenide so that you can have total internal reflection. For", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00171-00212000-00213271": "a particular value of x say 0.3, your band gap Eg calculated is 1.8 which is greater than the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00172-00213271-00214394": "band gap of gallium arsenide which is 1.43. Similarly, you can calculate the refractive", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00173-00214394-00215834": "index for x is equal to 0.3 which is 3.38 which is less than 3.59 which is the value", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00174-00215834-00216509": "of gallium arsenide. So, We can calculate the critical angle for total internal reflection;", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00175-00216671-00218042": "theta c comes out to be 70.3 degrees. So, of your incident radiation as angle greater θc then will", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00176-00218042-00218777": "have total internal reflection, if it is less than theta c it will be partially reflective. By using", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00177-00218777-00219563": "both optical reflectors at the edges and also by wave guiding so by using a graded structure with", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00178-00219563-00220175": "different refractive indexes you can basically have lasing actions. So, this action is similar", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00179-00220175-00220976": "to that of an LED where in the case of an LED we do not have these optical resonators or these wave", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00180-00220976-00221166": "guiding structures. .", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00181-00221357-00223658": "So, consider the band structure of a simple p-n junction laser. We want to achieve population", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00182-00223658-00224309": "inversion so we want excess carriers or excess electrons in the conduction band, excess holes", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00183-00224309-00225014": "in the balance band. So, we start with heavily doped p and n type materials and we usually used", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00184-00225014-00227303": "degenerates semiconductors. So, These are heavily doped we saw degenerate semiconductors earlier,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00185-00227303-00228017": "where we said at the doping level was so high that the impurity levels form a band which can", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00186-00228017-00228704": "combine with valence or the conduction band. In this particular case the Fermi level will lie", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00187-00228704-00230201": "within the band. So, we can have a p side is Ec Ev and the Fermi level lies within the valence", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00188-00230201-00231239": "band similarly, can have a conduction side we can have the n side where the Fermi level lies", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00189-00231239-00232058": "within the conduction band. So in this particular case, if you form a p-n junction with these 2,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00190-00233956-00235186": "so these are the excess holes that are there in the p side,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00191-00235186-00236785": "these are the excess electrons on the n side. The depletion region is also very narrow", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00192-00236785-00238851": "because we have heavy doping, so when we apply a forward bias the electrons are injected from the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00193-00238851-00239586": "n side to the depletion region the holes are injected from the p side these electrons and", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00194-00239586-00240167": "holes combine within the active region which is the depletion region and that give you a laser,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00195-00240167-00241919": "have recombination in the active region in the active region is nothing but the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00196-00241919-00243486": "depletion region. We can modify this structure in this particular case it is simple p-n junction", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00197-00243486-00244244": "based upon the same material, just like in the case of LED’s we can use hetero-junctions or we", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00198-00244244-00244725": "can also go for double hetero-structure so let us look at an example of that.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00199-00244921-00245677": "So, We already saw earlier that we had a gallium arsenide aluminum gallium arsenide based system.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00200-00245677-00246444": "So, the advantage of that in the case of wave guiding was that total internal reflection is", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00201-00246444-00247242": "also possible, but aluminum gallium arsenide also has a higher band gap in gallium arsenide, so this", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00202-00247242-00247794": "helps to confine the carriers within the active region which is the gallium arsenide region.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00203-00247921-00250588": "If you have an aluminum gallium arsenide gallium arsenide based structure n type and then p type", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00204-00250588-00251614": "aluminum gallium arsenide. So, when we forward bias this double hetero-structure junction once", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00205-00251614-00252444": "again we can inject electrons from the n side onto gallium arsenide and inject holes when", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00206-00252444-00253117": "the p side onto gallium arsenide, then these then recombine to give your laser light. So,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00207-00253117-00256105": "we were to draw a very basic band picture, I just draw the extra lines. So, that this central region", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00208-00256105-00257551": "is your active region have electron and holes and these can recombine to give you light. This", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00209-00257551-00258517": "kind of a structure can then be incorporated with mirrors in order to produce the lasing action. The", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00210-00258517-00259296": "intensity of the output light depends upon the number of electron whole pairs or the current.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00211-00259296-00260791": "So, if I were to plot the light intensity versus the bias current. The bias current defines how", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00212-00260791-00261550": "many electron hole pairs are injected. There is a threshold value below which the material", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00213-00261550-00262996": "behaves as an LED an above which behaves as a laser. Define an I threshold below which", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00214-00262996-00264109": "it is an LED and above which it is a laser. We saw earlier that this threshold current depends", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00215-00264109-00264706": "upon the threshold gain, which says that you must have emission greater than absorption.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00216-00264706-00265480": "This threshold value not only depends upon the material with also depends upon the design,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00217-00265480-00266284": "so it depends upon alpha the reflectivity of your mirrors and the also the dimensions", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00218-00266284-00267388": "of the sample. So, this is just a simple double hetero-structure base", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00219-00267388-00268015": "laser. Can also have specialty laser for example, you can have quantum confinement", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00220-00268015-00268543": "within this active regions in order to give you quantum well based lasers.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00221-00268691-00269423": "In the case of a double hetero-structure laser like the one we just saw with gallium arsenide", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00222-00269423-00270191": "and aluminum gallium arsenide, the active region is the gallium arsenide region. If", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00223-00270191-00271784": "the width of the active region is comparable to de Broglie wavelength, in that particular", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00224-00271784-00273320": "case we can get quantum confinement within the active region. Now the de Broglie wavelength", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00225-00273464-00274643": "is usually of the order of few nanometers. So, one can do a simple calculation relating the", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00226-00274643-00275177": "thermal energy to the momentum in form which we can calculate the wavelength,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00227-00275177-00275888": "if you do that is usually of the order of a few nanometers. So, of the active regions is only a", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00228-00275888-00276710": "few nanometers thick whether it is in 1D, 2D or 3D you can get different orders of quantum", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00229-00276710-00278081": "confinement. If the active region is in the form of a thin film then only the thickness", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00230-00278081-00278987": "is of the order of the de Broglie wavelength, so the thickness is comparable to lambda.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00231-00278987-00280145": "In this case, you have 1D quantum confinement this is called Quantum well. On the other hand", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00232-00280145-00281261": "if it is in the form of a wire where your radius of the wire is of the order of lambda, that is", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00233-00281261-00282186": "the case of 2D quantum confinement that is your quantum wire and if it is in the form of a dot,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00234-00282186-00283977": "then all 3 dimensions, so you can just say for all 3 dimensions or of the order of lambda. So, Now,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00235-00283977-00284874": "you have 3D quantum confinement, so you have a dot. Whenever you have quantum confinement,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00236-00284874-00285585": "you have discrete energy levels so that when you make quantum lasers because you have discrete", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00237-00285585-00286380": "energy levels it also leads to a much narrow over line width. So, we have looked at 2 Optoelectronic", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00238-00286380-00287121": "devices where we have an input electric current giving you an output light both LED’s and LASERs.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00239-00287271-00287565": "The next class, we are going to look at the Reverse problem,", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00240-00287565-00288189": "where we shine light on to a material and look at the output electrical current.", "rH4Opv0CCzY-00241-00288189-00288831": "We will look at photo detectors in next class and after that we look at solar cells."}}, {"audio_id": "rH8oHs6ggBA", "text": {"rH8oHs6ggBA-00000-00000198-00000398": "Hello world!", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00001-00000465-00001033": "People have asked me where to go for an inexpensive", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00002-00001194-00001904": "vacation so I'm gonna be talking about insanely low-cost places to go so", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00003-00002235-00002566": "I've got four, Cambodia, Nepal", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00004-00002700-00002900": "Thailand Myanmar and", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00005-00003003-00003470": "The last one Guatemala so if you're a little tired of Mexico, Guatemala!", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00006-00003720-00003920": "So let me tell you", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00007-00004047-00004247": "Cambodia has beaches", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00008-00004266-00004613": "The best coffee I but you didn't expect me to say that", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00009-00004713-00005020": "Anger Wat, the largest religious monument in the world", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00010-00005100-00005425": "Absolutely stunning I went to it five times and didn't see it all", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00011-00005544-00005744": "It's like", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00012-00005778-00005987": "Maybe it's 8000 acres like Stanford", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00013-00006089-00006508": "University where I am now Palo Alto no not insanely inexpensive", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00014-00006579-00006779": "So there's that...", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00015-00006806-00007552": "Siem Reap has a really nice nightlife. Good restaurants. Where Angkor Wat is", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00016-00007553-00007834": "I know everybody goes there and but it's beautiful", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00017-00007944-00008611": "There's incredible nature. There's the islands, the agricultural center Loei, in Isan", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00018-00008670-00009065": "amazingly spicy food where my friends live. Chiang Mai is nice, but", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00019-00009202-00009836": "You know it's big city now. It has charm, lots of traffic. I would go back", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00020-00009837-00009970": "I have friends there", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00021-00009970-00010454": "And you might like it for a couple of weeks because above Chiang Mai is Pai which is", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00022-00010477-00011102": "incredible, a little village way high up in the mountains above Chiang Mai, and then you're almost to Myanmar slash", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00023-00011173-00011373": "Burma", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00024-00011407-00011780": "Definitely go before it's overrun. I went in", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00025-00011842-00012288": "2013 I did a meditation retreat you can do that there for", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00026-00012400-00012777": "a donation at the vipassana Panditerama.", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00027-00012854-00013054": "I would recommend Yangon", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00028-00013096-00013378": "Bagan, where all the temples are", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00029-00013402-00013938": "I didn't get to that lake, Inle Lake, I'll go back", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00030-00013986-00014436": "To get a room in a decent place, $25 a night pretty good food", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00031-00014560-00015002": "Nice people. And then my last one Nepal", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00032-00015088-00015378": "one of my favorite countries", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00033-00015490-00016288": "You got the mountains, the jungle which is my favorite yes rhinos, elephants, tigers watch out", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00034-00016368-00016716": "Alligators crocodiles, did I say that? Real rhinos people!", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00035-00016933-00017460": "That's my favorite I've never really hiked in the huge mountains. I've hiked in the valley", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00036-00017593-00017870": "Kathmandu Valley from Ngarkot that was epic", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00037-00018072-00018272": "What else do I like about it? The people.", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00038-00018360-00018716": "And if you can get away from the main centres you're better off", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00039-00018774-00018988": "Because that's where you're gonna be able to talk to people", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00040-00019045-00019397": "Insanely inexpensive. Okay people say. Oh, would you have to pay to get there?", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00041-00019570-00020348": "Yeah, you gotta fly there, you know what I actually saw a $600 round-trip from LA to Phnom Penh in Cambodia", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00042-00020656-00020833": "$600", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00043-00020833-00021613": "If you're flexible in the time that you go it ends up being insanely cheap like I've been going to Nepal since", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00044-00021675-00022100": "2006 I've been five times and this last trip was the cheapest", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00045-00022161-00022361": "one I got", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00046-00022467-00022811": "It was a one-way ticket the whole way was 500 dollars", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00047-00022811-00022934": "I changed it", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00048-00022934-00023477": "But that's unheard of because Kathmandu is a hard place to land a plane so you have to have an expert do it", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00049-00023477-00024043": "It's a bowl, and it's not so easy. The runway isn't as long as you'd like it to be, but I've never had a problem", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00050-00024117-00024317": "so oh", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00051-00024381-00024537": "one last one", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00052-00024537-00025235": "Guatemala! oh boy I lived there for several months on Lake Atitlan, highly recommend it San Marcos", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00053-00025296-00025496": "Panachel", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00054-00025515-00025714": "I like San Marcos the best", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00055-00025737-00025937": "San Pedro", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00056-00025970-00026296": "Take a boat to go around to all the villages so you can try different ones", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00057-00026297-00026645": "I like Santa Cruz really sleepy little town closest to Pana.", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00058-00026757-00027257": "You can rent a house for between three and five hundred a month don't pay more you can find it", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00059-00027324-00027524": "so", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00060-00027576-00027683": "Yeah", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00061-00027683-00028308": "There's a lot of opportunity in the world to go to places where you don't have to spend so much money and", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00062-00028362-00029039": "If you look for flights, and you might be able to use your points, you can get a darn good bargain", "rH8oHs6ggBA-00063-00029041-00029740": "So from Palo Alto, in my elephant shirt, I got in Cambodia. I'll see in the next video"}}, {"audio_id": "rHfBMV0jZlk", "text": {"rHfBMV0jZlk-00000-00000012-00000161": "Do me a favour real quick.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00001-00000161-00000644": "Close your eyes, and think of the first name that pops into your head when I say, NPC.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00002-00000644-00000940": "If you’re feeling particularly helpful, go ahead and share that in the comments, I’d", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00003-00000940-00001096": "love to know who you thought of.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00004-00001096-00001446": "Did you think of Sans, the cheeky skeleton and secret boss from Undertale?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00005-00001446-00001838": "Did you think of Kass, the accordion-playing parrot from Breath of the Wild and (hopefully)", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00006-00001838-00001944": "Tears of the Kingdom?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00007-00001944-00002089": "Or maybe you thought of Monika.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00008-00002089-00002198": "Just, Monika.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00009-00002198-00002399": "Or did you think of someone smaller?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00010-00002399-00002732": "A bit player who has still made an impact on gaming culture.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00011-00002732-00003061": "Someone who likes shorts, or who is, apparently, an error?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00012-00003061-00003400": "Non-player characters, which is to say, game characters that the player doesn’t control", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00013-00003400-00003697": "for the bulk of the game, are the lifeblood of many a title.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00014-00003697-00004127": "Not all games have or need NPCs, but even games with bare bones non-player characters", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00015-00004127-00004459": "use them for a significant amount of worldbuilding and exposition.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00016-00004459-00004818": "Many of these characters get overlooked, but they are vital to the gaming experience – and", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00017-00004818-00005289": "when a game really nails its NPCs, they’ll stay with you long after the game is over.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00018-00005289-00005793": "A good NPC feels like a true friend (or a true enemy!) and it’s easy to suspend your", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00019-00005793-00006157": "disbelief and see them, not as a collection of art assets, but as a living, breathing", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00020-00006157-00006461": "person with emotions, wants, needs, and desires.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00021-00006461-00006963": "Recently, I’ve been obsessing over this question: what actually makes a great NPC?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00022-00006963-00007386": "Over the past year, in what little free time I have, I’ve been making a game, just for", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00023-00007386-00007486": "fun.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00024-00007486-00007801": "It’s a very basic premise – you wander around a town and you talk to the people you", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00025-00007801-00007901": "meet.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00026-00007901-00008264": "With such a simple premise, I’m aware that the NPCs need to be interesting and enjoyable", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00027-00008264-00008470": "enough to hold the player’s interest.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00028-00008470-00008631": "So how do I do that?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00029-00008631-00008840": "Well, I asked the experts: all of you.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00030-00008840-00009193": "I asked who your favourite NPCs are, any why you love them.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00031-00009193-00009393": "Your answers were, of course, quite eclectic.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00032-00009393-00009852": "To paraphrase Tolstoy, all happy NPCs relationships are happy in their own way.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00033-00009852-00010179": "That said, there were certain patterns and trends that emerged in your answers, from", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00034-00010179-00010571": "which I’ve come up with a list of things that can help make an NPC memorable, engaging,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00035-00010571-00010671": "and lovable.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00036-00010671-00011090": "But first, the true answer to the question, what makes a great NPC?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00037-00011090-00011259": "The player does.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00038-00011259-00011583": "None of this is possible without a suspension of disbelief.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00039-00011583-00011825": "Creativity is a collaborative process.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00040-00011825-00012087": "Whoever you thought of when I first said NPC?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00041-00012087-00012422": "That says as much about you as it does about the developers behind that game.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00042-00012422-00012817": "You were willing to use your imagination, to see a fictional character as alive, even", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00043-00012817-00013022": "if only briefly, while playing the game.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00044-00013022-00013445": "One of the human brain’s great skills is seeing humanity in other people, animals,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00045-00013445-00013545": "and objects.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00046-00013545-00013944": "This serves an important evolutionary advantage – it’s easier to spot danger if your brain", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00047-00013944-00014348": "fills in the blanks and assumes a shadow or movement around you is a person.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00048-00014348-00014628": "It has also helped us to grow together as a community.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00049-00014628-00015055": "The ability to see the humanity in others – people around us, animals, even our infrastructure", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00050-00015055-00015419": "– helps encourage compassion, cooperation, and trust.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00051-00015419-00015877": "Humans are designed to love others, even if that other is a sword with human eyes for", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00052-00015877-00015977": "some reason.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00053-00015977-00016387": "Our instinctive anthropomorphism can only reach so far, though, without prompting.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00054-00016387-00016742": "People donate a lot more money, for example, to charities that look after animals that", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00055-00016742-00017050": "look more like humans than, say, insect charities.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00056-00017050-00017370": "Even though we all really need bees to not go extinct.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00057-00017370-00017850": "Sometimes, our innate desire to see a familiar human spark in the world around us needs a", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00058-00017850-00017950": "little push.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00059-00017950-00018373": "From your comments, it’s clear that the easiest push to make an NPC engaging and interesting,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00060-00018373-00018473": "is humour.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00061-00018473-00018573": "This makes sense.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00062-00018573-00018923": "Leaving aside the world of video games, scientific studies have shown that humour is the number", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00063-00018923-00019373": "one most important factor in human attractiveness – if two people share a sense of humour,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00064-00019373-00019573": "they are far more likely to fall in love.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00065-00019573-00019981": "So, we have characters like Sans from Undertale, who endears himself to the player instantly", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00066-00019981-00020251": "by... telling some of the worst jokes imaginable.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00067-00020251-00020586": "Sans’ puns are the perfect introduction to his character.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00068-00020586-00020951": "They hook you in quickly and establish that this little guy a bundle of fun, the kind", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00069-00020951-00021300": "of character who doesn’t take things too seriously and is just a light-hearted goof.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00070-00021300-00021509": "…Then… the rest of the game happens.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00071-00021509-00021903": "Sans’ humour is important not just for establishing his role in this part of the story, but also", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00072-00021903-00022159": "for setting the tone of the Snowdin chapter of the game.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00073-00022159-00022548": "Sans arrives at a time when the game has been getting a little more serious, and his arrival", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00074-00022548-00022962": "punctures some of the dramatic tension and emotional weight that has been building up.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00075-00022962-00023380": "Any good NPC will communicate as much about the world as they do about themselves.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00076-00023380-00023770": "That might mean explicitly telling you what each button on your controller does, or establishing", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00077-00023770-00024070": "some of the lore and backstory to the place you’re exploring.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00078-00024070-00024537": "An interaction with an NPC, whether a major player in the story or simply a random townsperson", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00079-00024537-00024861": "with a single line of dialogue, should teach you something meaningful.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00080-00024861-00025290": "If a game features too many conversations that are just empty patter, before long, players", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00081-00025290-00025650": "will learn that there’s no point actually engaging with the NPCs along the way.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00082-00025650-00026067": "A good NPC conversation should feel like an essential part of understanding the game,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00083-00026067-00026319": "should provide some new, vital piece of knowledge.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00084-00026319-00026694": "Some games will try to get around this by having NPCs yell out exposition, unprompted,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00085-00026694-00027120": "as the player walks past, but while this can be an effective way of delivering information,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00086-00027120-00027508": "if the player doesn’t actually want to talk to an NPC, we’re unlikely to remember the", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00087-00027508-00027660": "interaction for very long.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00088-00027660-00028037": "For an NPC to be memorable, they need to be the kind of character that the player enjoys", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00089-00028037-00028139": "talking to.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00090-00028139-00028463": "We should want to seek them out at the start of any new phase of the game to see what new", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00091-00028463-00028624": "dialogue they have to offer.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00092-00028624-00028937": "Take the guard from Fire Emblem: Three Houses as an example.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00093-00028937-00029319": "His unbridled optimism and friendly nature make him a pleasure to interact with, even", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00094-00029319-00029688": "if just for a moment as we’re busy scurrying around engaging with the game’s more noteworthy", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00095-00029688-00029788": "characters.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00096-00029788-00030077": "This was another trend in your responses to my initial question.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00097-00030077-00030412": "What makes you want to talk to an NPC, rather than skip them entirely?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00098-00030412-00030764": "It helps if they’re likable and, this word came up repeatedly, charming.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00099-00030764-00031020": "Now, of course, charm comes in many forms.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00100-00031020-00031352": "This doesn’t just mean that a character should be sycophantic or overly sweet to the", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00101-00031352-00031452": "player.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00102-00031452-00031866": "One of my personal favourite NPCs is the dastardly Linebeck from The Legend of Zelda: Phantom", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00103-00031866-00032042": "Hourglass, who’s more than a bit of a cad.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00104-00032042-00032452": "A kind of cowardly Han Solo, only in it for the money, and with a history of ruining the", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00105-00032452-00032616": "lives of people around him.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00106-00032616-00033013": "All of this is what makes him so much fun, even as he’s strangling my avatar or making", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00107-00033013-00033141": "life more difficult for me.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00108-00033141-00033469": "Plus, he’s got an absolute banger of a theme tune.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00109-00033469-00033885": "Now, if being inherently charming and enjoyable to talk to was an easy skill, we’d all be", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00110-00033885-00034087": "doing it all the time in real life.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00111-00034087-00034487": "As someone who is a bit of a charisma vacuum myself, I can attest to how difficult it is", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00112-00034487-00034788": "to be witty and fun and generally just nice to talk to.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00113-00034788-00035041": "Crafting interesting NPCs takes work.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00114-00035041-00035491": "Depending on the game and its genre, getting dialogue interactions just right take a significant", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00115-00035491-00035681": "number of revisions.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00116-00035681-00036110": "Portal 2 is one of the most heavily playtested games in the history of the medium.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00117-00036110-00036535": "The team at Valve came up with an interesting idea called F-Stop, built a game around it,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00118-00036535-00036866": "playtested it extensively, discovered that people were disappointed that the game didn’t", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00119-00036866-00037307": "actually have portals, then scrapped the entire F-Stop game and started from scratch.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00120-00037307-00037947": "Every level was fine-tuned to perfection to ensure that every single puzzle was perfect.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00121-00037947-00038332": "The perfect difficultly, the perfect number of moving parts and signposting, they even", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00122-00038332-00038653": "polished the motion of the game to a level where they could be sure that it gave players", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00123-00038653-00038894": "the least possible motion sickness.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00124-00038894-00039079": "And, they playtested NPC dialogue.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00125-00039079-00039179": "Extensively.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00126-00039179-00039279": "How well did jokes land, how did players react to characters, did the NPCs elicit the correct", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00127-00039279-00039379": "emotional response?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00128-00039379-00039560": "Not only did playtesting inform the puzzles of the game, but the character arcs that the", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00129-00039560-00039660": "NPCs go through.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00130-00039660-00040047": "I don’t normally like to do spoilers in these videos, but... it’s Portal 2.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00131-00040047-00040363": "Is it okay to spoil Portal 2 at this point?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00132-00040363-00040721": "Said writer Jay Pinkerton: “When we playtested, we found a very stark", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00133-00040721-00041182": "difference between this imperious, all-powerful GLaDOS talking to you, and this powerless", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00134-00041182-00041362": "GLaDOS talking to you on your gun.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00135-00041362-00041759": "And what we discovered was, point blank, no one wants to hear this woman telling you you’re", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00136-00041759-00042087": "an awful person, dumb and fat, while she’s sitting on your gun.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00137-00042087-00042349": "People were asking, ‘Why am I carting this person along?’", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00138-00042349-00042636": "By a matter of necessity GLaDOS needed to have a character shift.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00139-00042636-00043027": "She’s going to be your sidekick - she can’t just be needling you for a half hour.”", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00140-00043027-00043475": "So the narrative arc for GLaDOS, and, by extension, the whole narrative message of the game, came", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00141-00043475-00043649": "about because of extensive playtesting.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00142-00043649-00044097": "Now, it’s not particularly inspiring to hear the story of a very well-funded game", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00143-00044097-00044496": "project that had extensive playtests thrown at it until it was polished to perfection,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00144-00044496-00044833": "but while most games just won’t have that level of resources, it is worth bearing in", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00145-00044833-00045226": "mind that characters can benefit from player feedback just as much as any other aspect", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00146-00045226-00045332": "of a game.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00147-00045332-00045759": "After all, the point of an NPC is ultimately to simulate, in some form, an interaction", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00148-00045759-00045931": "between two living things.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00149-00045931-00046336": "Depending on the game, as with Portal, that relationship between the player and characters", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00150-00046336-00046640": "they meet will change and develop over time.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00151-00046640-00047022": "Another of the common themes in your comments on your favourite NPCs was the fun of seeing", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00152-00047022-00047322": "a character go through their own story arc which isn’t necessarily always connected", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00153-00047322-00047447": "to that of the player.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00154-00047447-00047834": "These can be big plot points for the game – a rival in a Pokemon game learning a lesson,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00155-00047834-00048225": "for example, or developing a closer relationship with Sojiro in Persona 5 and learning more", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00156-00048225-00048395": "about his family and backstory.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00157-00048395-00048743": "Or, these can be little things – background characters who have different dialogue at", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00158-00048743-00049065": "different stages in the game, giving you a reason to check back in on them regularly", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00159-00049065-00049260": "to see how their lives are progressing.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00160-00049260-00049665": "In a video game, you as the player are often the centre of all the action; the world often", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00161-00049665-00049802": "revolves around you.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00162-00049802-00050015": "(Literally, if you’re playing Katamari Damacy.)", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00163-00050015-00050344": "NPCs with their own character arcs helps to give the sense that they’re off on their", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00164-00050344-00050738": "own, separate adventures – it helps to create the illusion that the game’s setting is", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00165-00050738-00051053": "larger than the one story that you’re experiencing yourself.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00166-00051053-00051435": "This is, ultimately, the point of NPCs in general – to make a world feel lived-in,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00167-00051435-00051603": "and a little less barren.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00168-00051603-00051895": "With this, also, we get the sense that a character is relatable.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00169-00051895-00052283": "We can see a little bit of ourselves in their struggles, or at least empathise with the", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00170-00052283-00052409": "challenges they face.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00171-00052409-00052885": "Empathy is gold dust for characters in any work of fiction.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00172-00052885-00053329": "Take a character like Groose from The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00173-00053329-00053470": "Good old Groose.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00174-00053470-00053777": "Someone who, at first, feels like little more than a one-dimensional archetype.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00175-00053777-00053930": "He’s Gaston, right?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00176-00053930-00054030": "From Beauty and the Beast?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00177-00054030-00054175": "There’s not much more going on there.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00178-00054175-00054595": "But, as the story progresses and the player spends more time with Groose, we learn about", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00179-00054595-00054872": "his wants and needs, and we see him struggle with challenges.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00180-00054872-00055363": "Before long, that empathy kicks in, and we start to see this character in a new light.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00181-00055363-00055719": "What would otherwise feel like nothing more than a caricature is given greater depth,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00182-00055719-00056101": "all because the player is forced to spend some time with Groose, see a little more of", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00183-00056101-00056276": "what’s going on inside his heart.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00184-00056276-00056689": "The nice thing about this process is that, as mentioned, we as players are eager to fill", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00185-00056689-00056826": "in the gaps ourselves.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00186-00056826-00057259": "To do some of the emotional and creative legwork in finding humanity in characters that, of", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00187-00057259-00057722": "necessity, are limited in how much they can display believable intelligence and adaptability.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00188-00057722-00058223": "It helps that gaming is inherently a medium that encourages this kind of emotional investment.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00189-00058223-00058647": "Anyone playing a game is projecting themselves into a story; wilfully putting themselves", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00190-00058647-00058995": "in the shoes of a character that exists outside of themselves.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00191-00058995-00059427": "This could easily be a video in its own right, but, when doing all of this to identify with", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00192-00059427-00059830": "a player character, it’s not that much more effort to develop empathy for other characters", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00193-00059830-00060020": "within the game as well.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00194-00060020-00060252": "So, what makes a great NPC?", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00195-00060252-00060416": "You do, as the player.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00196-00060416-00060739": "You make a collection of pixels into an imaginary friend.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00197-00060739-00061222": "Great NPCs come from an open, honest, trusting creative collaboration between game designers", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00198-00061222-00061355": "and game players.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00199-00061355-00061829": "It helps when a character is inherently charming, fun, or makes the player feel good about themselves.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00200-00061829-00062247": "It helps when NPCs go through their own character development and are shown to learn and grow,", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00201-00062247-00062376": "just like the player.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00202-00062376-00062649": "Ultimately, though, all of this can only go so far.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00203-00062649-00063105": "It’s only when the player then engages with a character and chooses to overlook a game’s", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00204-00063105-00063537": "limitations, to see a character as alive, that the NPC becomes truly great.", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00205-00063537-00063969": "So, the moral of the story: if you’re wondering why you’re obsessed with Kass from Breath", "rHfBMV0jZlk-00206-00063969-00064234": "of the Wild… you’ve got nobody to blame but yourself!"}}, {"audio_id": "rH_N5_2kWGc", "text": {"rH_N5_2kWGc-00000-00000000-00000342": "I hope you are not actually near a volcano that is erupting!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00001-00000342-00000542": "Yup! I am here near the volcano!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00002-00000727-00001001": "Hello, my name is Martin & welcome to Sindssygt Spændende (Insanely Exciting)", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00003-00001051-00001522": "Today we are looking at the volcano that is erupting in Iceland!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00004-00002322-00002521": "Damn that looks niice!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00005-00002521-00002721": "I wish I could see that volcano!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00006-00002721-00002921": "Should I go there.... Hmm....", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00007-00002921-00003121": "Naah that probably wont be possible :(", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00008-00003121-00003321": "It would have been nice if we could get some nice pictures of the volcano!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00009-00003321-00003611": "But wait a minute... We already have a reporter ready in Iceland!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00010-00003611-00004210": "We have our Iceland reporter, Muhammed! Maybe he wants to go and see the volcano", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00011-00004210-00005165": "Naah... It's probably too dangerous... Noone in their right mind would go see an active volcano.... Thats....", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00012-00005226-00005736": "I am just getting told that Muhammed is already at the volcano...!!!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00013-00005736-00005936": "Muhammed??", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00014-00005936-00006136": "Hello Martin!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00015-00006136-00006410": "I hope you are not AT the volcano! It's erupting!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00016-00006433-00006833": "Yeah I am here right at the volcano! It's at Fagradalsfjall", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00017-00006833-00007807": "We are a small group who took the long way up here to look at the volcano. It's about 5-6 km from the coast", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00018-00007807-00008007": "So we parked the car at the coast and walked here", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00019-00008007-00008881": "Okay... Before I ask you how dangerous it is for you to be near a volcano... Can you tell me a little about the volcano?", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00020-00008896-00009399": "Well... Right now we are at the southwest of Iceland, on a peninsula called Reykjanes.", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00021-00009408-00009641": "I will turn my camera so you can see the volcano", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00022-00009641-00009988": "The Volcano Fagradalsfjall is right here", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00023-00009988-00010275": "And it hasn't erupted for 6000 years", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00024-00010275-00011343": "And talking about the entire area... No volcano has erupted for 800 years... The entire area Reykjanes", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00025-00011419-00012065": "Okay... But isn't it very dangerous to be near a volcano that is erupting??", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00026-00012137-00012337": "Yeah, actually it is", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00027-00012337-00012537": "Of course it is dangerous", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00028-00012537-00013236": "And it's easy to feel the heat even though I am probably 1 km away from the volcano", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00029-00013236-00013653": "The heat is enormous even at this distance", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00030-00013653-00013900": "It's so fascinating!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00031-00013900-00014590": "What also happens is that as lava flows it hits the side of the mountain over here in the south and in the north", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00032-00014590-00015401": "This results in small landslides which can be dangerous", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00033-00015550-00016634": "We are here at Fagradalsfjall, and it has just been renamed \"Geldingadalur\"", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00034-00016839-00017937": "Muhammed, it was really nice seeing you again! Thanks for risking your life for science! Also I think we are many at home that are very jealous of you right now! :D", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00035-00017937-00019235": "It is also nice to see you Martin! Good initiative! I always like to follow your channel! For all of you watching.. .Subscribe to his channel.", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00036-00019235-00019933": "And a goodbye from Reykjavik, the northernmost capital of the world!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00037-00020033-00020630": "Ohh wait now we are at Geldingadalur! A goodbye from geldingadalur!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00038-00020746-00020946": "Thankyou Muhammed!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00039-00020946-00022746": "And that was Muhammed, our Iceland reporter! If you want to see more stuff from Muhammed, you can follow him on instagram!", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00040-00022746-00023243": "Otherwise... I just want to say... Iceland, Volcanos and to risk your life for science is.....", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00041-00023243-00023443": "Insane Exciting! (Sindssygt Spændende)", "rH_N5_2kWGc-00042-00023443-00024647": "Instead of looking at me, lets look at some nice pictures taken of the volcano! New videos every sunday... Cya on sunday!"}}]