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+[{"audio_id": "4UeAEP1tLSy", "text": {"4UeAEP1tLSy-00000-00002136-00002728": "Hello, and welcome to this short video on flipped classroom in online and hybrid environment.", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00001-00002728-00003320": "Our guest is professor Blaženka Divjak, from the university of Zagreb, faculty of organization", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00002-00003320-00003879": "and informatics. Professor Divjak, hello.  Hello, the covid-19 pandemic has brought additional", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00003-00003879-00004368": "challenges to education in general. So please, tell us whether your experience is with flipped", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00004-00004368-00005024": "classroom during the pandemic.  If teacher hadintroduced sleep classroom before pandemic,", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00005-00005080-00005712": "usually these teachers are much, much more efficient and better in using", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00006-00005712-00006240": "flipped classroom during pandemics, but then the majority of teaching and learning moved", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00007-00006240-00007184": "online. But sleep classroom is really suitable for online or hybrid model delivery, because", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00008-00007344-00008184": "in all stages we can use online and hybrid, hybrid formats of delivery, for example, in the first stage", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00009-00008184-00008768": "when teachers prepare material, like video lectures,  this material can be put into learning management", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00010-00008768-00009656": "system. Then students can engage with this material in online environment before classes, after that,", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00011-00009656-00010544": "we can prepare quizzes or some other discussion formats or actually just follow what students", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00012-00010664-00011216": "are using during this preparation phase, by use of some simple learning analytics.", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00013-00011312-00011939": "All this can be done very efficiently in a learning management system online. Then,", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00014-00011977-00012696": "when students and teachers come together in, for in-class teaching and learning it can be done in a", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00015-00012696-00013791": "hybrid form or or online format or physical format. But in preparing this very valuable time for", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00016-00013888-00014568": "all the actors of the learning process together, teachers", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00017-00014568-00015088": "can use the feedback from students coming from quizzes and learning analytics", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00018-00015088-00016136": "but also students can can be aware of their, let's say, level of acquiring knowledge and skills", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00019-00016136-00016840": "in this pre-phase. Then, when students and teachers are together, for example, in a hybrid format,", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00020-00017008-00017720": "we can give opportunities to students to ask questions to help collaborate in class,", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00021-00017720-00018368": "students can work in groups, but also we can work with students that are online,", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00022-00018368-00019016": "for example, because of some space restrictions during pandemics and then", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00023-00019016-00019904": "can participate through chat or have having some some forms of group work in an online environment.", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00024-00019984-00020704": "But it is very important that we give students opportunity to interact and work on problem", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00025-00020704-00021552": "solving during classes and after the class, because we cover also, for example,", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00026-00021552-00022360": "problem solving or group work in class, we can give opportunities to students to work", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00027-00022360-00023272": "a little bit more on complex tasks and assessment, formative and summative assessment, can be, can", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00028-00023272-00023984": "include more complex tasks, like project work or problem solving and all that can", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00029-00024089-00024576": "actually contribute to the acquisition of high level of learning outcomes for students.", "4UeAEP1tLSy-00030-00024640-00025384": "Thank you very much for this interesting and, I hope, inspiring insights and thank you for watching."}}, {"audio_id": "4UR8-OteUoI", "text": {"4UR8-OteUoI-00000-00000000-00000200": "Red Dead Redemption 2 RTX 4090+R7 5800X3D RDR 2 8K DLSS OFF"}}, {"audio_id": "4UbyUJOaKCg", "text": {"4UbyUJOaKCg-00000-00000531-00001509": "hi thank you so much um i'll just share my screen", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00001-00001509-00002198": "and yes say again that um i am extremely pleased to be here so thank you so much for the opportunity", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00002-00002198-00002867": "to speak at this conference um my name is bridget visna and i'm the director of policy", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00003-00002867-00003454": "at creative commons so my background is in in copyright law and so it's from that perspective", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00004-00003454-00004043": "that i'll be speaking to today about open content but more specifically creative commons", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00005-00004043-00004774": "license content and artificial intelligence so there's actually many questions that we", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00006-00004774-00005208": "need to find answers to and many problems that we need to find solutions to but i'll", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00007-00005208-00006050": "focus on one today and that's can or or should openly license content and by that i mean", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00008-00006050-00006786": "photographs or artworks text or music especially creative commons license content should it", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00009-00006786-00007515": "be used as an input to train ai and to answer these questions we have to take a look at", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00010-00007515-00008173": "the the cc licenses and tools themselves but even before that um let me share a real life", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00011-00008173-00008924": "example maybe some of you have heard of it in 2019 uh we at creative commons learned", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00012-00008924-00009536": "that researchers at companies like ibm were training their facial recognition ai programs", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00013-00009536-00010197": "by feeding their algorithms with cc license photos that were publicly available um on", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00014-00010197-00010733": "flickr for example so i think there was about one million sorry let me go back there was", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00015-00010733-00011438": "about one million photos uh taken from flickr website uh used to to train this uh facial", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00016-00011438-00012007": "recognition program uh those photos were openly accessible through creative commons licenses", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00017-00012007-00012805": "um and ibm had not told or even asked permission from the people that were either photographed", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00018-00012805-00013566": "or from the photographers however some flickr users were dismayed to learn that ibm had", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00019-00013566-00014204": "used their cc license photos to train the ai all the more so as it was done for commercial", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00020-00014204-00014937": "advantage they had questions about the ethics and the privacy implications of such a data", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00021-00014937-00015715": "set being used for algorithmic training so the question was well do the terms of the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00022-00015715-00016459": "cc licenses allow the open content to be used as input to train ai without any further permission", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00023-00016459-00017151": "from the licensor and to get a sense of the various views on this question we launched", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00024-00017151-00018126": "a twitter poll back in january and nearly half of the respondent says it depends and", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00025-00018126-00018790": "we agree and here's why it depends i'm hearing a bit of background noise and maybe it's just", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00026-00018790-00019667": "me um it's like yes i'm better um so on the one hand uh creative commons is dedicated", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00027-00019667-00020212": "to facilitating greater access and openness for the common good so we believe that the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00028-00020212-00020857": "use of openly accessible content can lead to greater innovation collaboration and creativity", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00029-00020857-00021531": "we also believe that the limitations within copyright law which generally privilege their", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00030-00021531-00022112": "reuse of the facts and the ideas that are embodied in creative works contribute to a", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00031-00022112-00023006": "rich and generative public domain so we support in principle broad access and use of copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00032-00023006-00023645": "works including openly licensed content to train artificial intelligence systems because", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00033-00023645-00024520": "such access can for instance help reduce bias it can enhance inclusivity and inclusion it", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00034-00024520-00025168": "can promote important activities like education and research and it can also foster beneficial", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00035-00025168-00026102": "innovation in the development of ai but on the other hand with new patterns of online", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00036-00026102-00026739": "sharing billions upon billions of copyrighted works that have become the basis of business", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00037-00026739-00027558": "models including those that are built about processing all that content turned data copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00038-00027558-00028300": "licensing becomes inextricably linked to privacy and ethical concerns and something that the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00039-00028300-00029008": "licenses were not originally designed to address so as people share vacation photos online", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00040-00029008-00029594": "for example on flickr they're contributing to a massive trove of data that's processed", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00041-00029594-00030236": "by potentially you know a lot of machine learning or algorithms and i should note that this", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00042-00030236-00030783": "is likely to be the case whether or not they're these photos are shared using cc licensing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00043-00030783-00031575": "or not because in many jurisdictions at least in the united states copyright has very limited", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00044-00031575-00032291": "purview over machine learning and also to the extent that copyright can be leveraged", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00045-00032291-00032881": "to restrict invasive machine learning over content uh creative commons is is reluctant", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00046-00032881-00033511": "to kind of encourage weaponizing copyright law for purposes that are far outside the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00047-00033511-00034503": "original goals of copyright so um i i think it's important to recall at this point that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00048-00034503-00035166": "creative commons licenses are copyright licenses they're designed to give creators of all types", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00049-00035166-00036008": "of work a simple way to grant public permissions um to use their works these tools were or", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00050-00036008-00036544": "licenses and tools they were a response to overly restrictive copyright laws in the context", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00051-00036544-00037298": "of a digital ecosystem where sharing and remix were easy and ubiquitous but where copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00052-00037298-00038016": "was imposing unnecessary barriers to the exchange of knowledge and culture so what does this", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00053-00038016-00038697": "mean in the context of ai training well quick refresher about the cc licenses three three", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00054-00038697-00039315": "main points the first one is that our licenses they don't restrict the reuse to any particular", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00055-00039315-00040006": "types of reuse or technologies so long as the the terms of the license are respected", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00056-00040006-00040856": "so that's the attribution requirement so cc by the share alike or sa no derivatives or", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00057-00040856-00041740": "nd and non-commercial nc so from a strictly copyright perspective there's no special or", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00058-00041740-00042228": "explicit permission that's required from the license store to use the cc license content", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00059-00042228-00042834": "to train the ai applications to the extent that covered permission is required at all", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00060-00042834-00043493": "and that brings me to the second point which is that the licenses do not override limitations", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00061-00043493-00044319": "and exceptions like fair use so if a use is not one that requires permission under copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00062-00044319-00044965": "or suicionaris database rights for example if it's if it's text and data mining that's", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00063-00044965-00045594": "allowed under an exception to copyright one may conduct the ai training activity without", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00064-00045594-00046344": "regard to the cc license and the third point is it's also report important to recall that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00065-00046344-00047162": "our licenses operate within the copyright system so privacy personality publicity and", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00066-00047162-00047893": "other types of rights or even ethical considerations are not covered by the licenses they're not", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00067-00047893-00048568": "universal policy tools they're they're limited to the confines of copyright law and copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00068-00048568-00049246": "is the primary obstacle to reuse that the licenses solve but there are many other issues", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00069-00049246-00049830": "that are related to the reuse of content that our licenses do not address and that re-users", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00070-00049830-00050533": "have to be aware of and like i said this includes privacy rules governing ethical research the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00071-00050533-00051239": "collection the use of data data protection and these have to be addressed and respected", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00072-00051239-00051834": "separate and apart from the copyright issues that the licenses cover so we do our best", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00073-00051834-00052510": "to ensure that those releasing their creations under cc licenses understand the scope of", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00074-00052510-00053091": "the copyright right that are managed under the licenses so if a license may offer users", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00075-00053091-00053748": "permission to reuse a photo it would not offer the permission to make the use of the the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00076-00053748-00054438": "personal likeness of the people in the photos which might be governed by image or personality", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00077-00054438-00055241": "rights so whether one has to comply with the copyright regime and hence with the the cc", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00078-00055241-00055765": "license terms will depend on whether the type of ai training activity is an exercise of", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00079-00055765-00056657": "a right reserve to the rights holder this is a very useful um workflow if you if you", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00080-00056657-00057207": "really are facing this question i encourage you to take a screenshot right now i won't", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00081-00057207-00057937": "be going through every single um tree branch but i think it's a good representation of", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00082-00057937-00058473": "the many situations might one might encounter", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00083-00058473-00059075": "and one of the the main difficulties that there remains significant legal uncertainty", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00084-00059075-00059719": "about whether copyright applies to ai training which means it's not always clear whether", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00085-00059719-00060360": "a cc license applies so in other words there is no consensus on whether the use of copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00086-00060360-00061077": "words as inputs to train an ai system is an exercise of an exclusive right right it doesn't", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00087-00061077-00061672": "involve reproduction of the work does it um does it involve its adaptation et cetera does", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00088-00061672-00062364": "it trigger some kind of exercise of an exclusive right i'm happy to go through this in the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00089-00062364-00062962": "q a if we have time at the end by the way and like i said the situation is likely to", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00090-00062962-00063651": "vary across jurisdictions because countries are now progressively regulating the copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00091-00063651-00064276": "ai nexus like i mentioned in the u.s the use of warps to train ai is likely considered", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00092-00064276-00065079": "fair use and in the eu there's article uh three and four of the dsm directives that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00093-00065079-00065795": "i would refer to uh that's on text and data mining that um that foresees a a regime that's", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00094-00065795-00066433": "a bit different whether the tdm is done for commercial or non-commercial purposes but", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00095-00066433-00066961": "as a matter of copyright law so the we believe that the use of works to train ai should be", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00096-00066961-00067523": "considered not infringing by default assuming that access to the works was lawful at the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00097-00067523-00068145": "point of input so to give you an example if someone conducts text and data mining in the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00098-00068145-00068845": "context of research or education and that's allowed under an exception following the adduct", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00099-00068845-00069305": "that the the right to read is the right to mine then the licenses would not be triggered", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00100-00069305-00070326": "however uh we do recognize that today every act of online sharing potentially implicates", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00101-00070326-00071087": "privacy or ethical concerns and some believe that this is an inevitability that foregoing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00102-00071087-00071648": "personal privacy is necessary when sharing content online but we still imagine a world", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00103-00071648-00072197": "where sharing and privacy can co-exist and that this coexistence is paramount to sustaining", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00104-00072197-00072935": "free and democratic societies and this is why our new strategy um i have a little excerpt", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00105-00072935-00073651": "up there on the screen um it recognizes that we need an approach that transcends copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00106-00073651-00074243": "so the conversation on artificial intelligence within copyright policy must be held also", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00107-00074243-00074774": "in a coordinated and inclusive manner and through the lens of ethics responsibility", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00108-00074774-00075358": "sustainability also cultural rights and human rights and personality rights and privacy", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00109-00075358-00076343": "rights and data protection um yeah as with any fundamental ideal the openness of data", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00110-00076343-00076938": "is should not be considered an absolute end in and of itself but it has to be balanced", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00111-00076938-00077493": "with equally valid considerations the ones that i just mentioned to ensure that sharing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00112-00077493-00078085": "ultimately benefits the public right we want to promote better sharing for a brighter future", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00113-00078085-00078795": "and that might be where the future of open is so beyond copyright issues um artificial", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00114-00078795-00079271": "intelligence is likely to affect the sharing of creative content and the open community", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00115-00079271-00079936": "in general and this legal uncertainty that i mentioned caused by the ethical concerns", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00116-00079936-00080757": "about ai the lack of transparency of ai algorithms and the patterns of privatization and enclosure", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00117-00080757-00081443": "of ai outputs all together they constitute yet another obstacle to better sharing because", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00118-00081443-00082191": "for many creators these concerns are a reason not to share so while we we do support broad", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00119-00082191-00082689": "access to content we also aim to increase our understanding of the ethical concerns", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00120-00082689-00082948": "that may constitute barriers to open sharing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00121-00082948-00083688": "Hi. Thank you so much. I'll just share my screen. And yeah. So, again, that I'm extremely", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00122-00083688-00084288": "pleased to be here. So, thank you so much for the opportunity to speak at this conference.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00123-00084288-00085307": "My name is Brigitte Vezina and I'm the director of policy at Creative Commons. So, my background", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00124-00085307-00085876": "is in copyright law. It's from that perspective I'll be speaking today about open comment,", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00125-00085876-00086436": "but mostly creative license comment and artificial intelligence. There's answers and problems", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00126-00086436-00087106": "we need to find answers to. But I'll focus on one today and that's, can or should openly", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00127-00087106-00087435": "licensed content -- by that I mean photographs or artworks, text or music, especially Creative", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00128-00087435-00087893": "Commons licensed content -- should it be used as an input to train AI?", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00129-00087893-00088554": "And to answer these questions, we have to take a look at the CC licenses and tools themselves.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00130-00088554-00088857": "But even before that, let me share a real life example. Maybe some of you have heard", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00131-00088857-00089474": "of it. In 2019, we at Creative Commons learned that researchers at companies like IBM were", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00132-00089474-00089937": "training their facial recognition AI programs by feeding their algorithms with CC-licensed", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00133-00089937-00090355": "photos that were publicly available on Flickr, for example. So, I think there was about 1", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00134-00090355-00090455": "million -- sorry -- let me go back. There was about 1 million photos taken from Flickr", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00135-00090455-00090676": "website used to train this facial recognition program. Those photos were openly accessible", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00136-00090676-00090969": "through Creative Commons licenses. And IBM had not told or even asked permission from", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00137-00090969-00091309": "the people that were either photographed or from the photographers.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00138-00091309-00091409": "However, some Flickr users were dismayed to learn that IBM had used their CC licensed", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00139-00091409-00091509": "photos to train AI. All the more so, as it was done for commercial advantage. They had", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00140-00091509-00091774": "questions about the ethics and the privacy implications of such a dataset being used", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00141-00091774-00092172": "for algorithmic training. So, the question was, well, do the terms of the CC licenses", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00142-00092172-00092411": "allow the open content to be used as input to train AI without any further permission", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00143-00092411-00092623": "from the licensor? To get information on the various views of this question, we launched", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00144-00092623-00092723": "a Twitter poll back in January. And nearly half of the respondents says, \"It", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00145-00092723-00092823": "depends.\" And we agree. And here's why it depends. I'm hearing a bit of background noise.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00146-00092823-00092923": "Maybe it's just me. Yes. Better. So, on the one hand, Creative Commons is dedicated to", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00147-00092923-00093341": "facilitating greater access and openness for the common good. So, we believe that the use", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00148-00093341-00093602": "of openly-accessible content can lead to greater innovation, collaboration, and creativity.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00149-00093602-00094150": "We also believe that the limitations within copyright law, which generally privilege their", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00150-00094150-00094810": "reuse of the facts and the ideas that are embodied in creative works, contribute to", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00151-00094810-00095468": "a rich and generative public domain. So, we support, in principle, broad access", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00152-00095468-00096066": "and use of copyright works. Including openly-licensed content to train artificial intelligence systems.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00153-00096066-00096713": "Because such access can, for instance, help reduce bias. It can enhance inclusivity and", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00154-00096713-00097194": "inclusion. It can promote important activities like education and research. And it can also", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00155-00097194-00097294": "foster beneficial innovation in the development of AI.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00156-00097294-00097593": "But on the other hand, with new patterns of online sharing billions upon billions of copyrighted", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00157-00097593-00097829": "works that have become the basis of business models, including those that are built upon", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00158-00097829-00098025": "processing all that content turned data, copyright licensing becomes inextricably linked to privacy", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00159-00098025-00098428": "and ethical concerns. And something that the licenses were not originally designed to address.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00160-00098428-00098528": "So, as people share my vacation photos online, for example, on Flickr, they're contributing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00161-00098528-00098628": "to a massive trove of data that's processed by potentially, you know, a lot of machine", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00162-00098628-00098838": "learning algorithms. And I should note that this is likely to be the case whether or not", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00163-00098838-00099148": "these photos are shared using CC licensing or not. Because in many jurisdictions, at", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00164-00099148-00099248": "least in the United States, copyright has very limited purview over machine learning.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00165-00099248-00099647": "And also, to the extent that copyright can be leveraged to restrict invasive machine", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00166-00099647-00100025": "learning over content, Creative Commons is reluctant to kind of encourage weaponizing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00167-00100025-00100488": "copyright law for purposes that are far outside the original goals of copyright.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00168-00100488-00100630": "So, I -- I think it's important to recall at this point that Creative Commons licenses", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00169-00100630-00100944": "are copyright licenses. They're designed to give creators of all types of work a simple", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00170-00100944-00101285": "way to grant public permissions to use their works. These tools were -- or licenses and", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00171-00101285-00101385": "tools, they were a response to overly-restrictive copyright laws in the context of a digital", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00172-00101385-00101591": "ecosystem where sharing and remix were easy and ubiquitous, but where copyright was imposing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00173-00101591-00101804": "unnecessary barriers to the exchange of knowledge and culture.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00174-00101804-00101939": "So, what does this mean in the context of AI training? Well, a quick refresher about", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00175-00101939-00102039": "the CC licenses. Three main points. The first one is that our licenses, they don't restrict", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00176-00102039-00102139": "their reuse to any particular types of reuse or technologies so long as the terms of the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00177-00102139-00102239": "license are respected. So, that's the attribution requirement, CC, BY, the share, SA, nonderivatives,", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00178-00102239-00102528": "ND, and noncommercial, NC. So, there's no special or explicit permission required from", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00179-00102528-00102679": "the licensor to train the CC licenses to override the licenses. That's not that government permission", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00180-00102679-00103135": "is required at all. The second point is the licenses do not override", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00181-00103135-00103377": "limitations and exceptions like fair use. If a use is not one that requires permission", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00182-00103377-00103477": "under copyright or the database rights. For example, if it's -- if it's text and data", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00183-00103477-00103577": "mining that's allowed under an exception to copyright, one may conduct the AI training", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00184-00103577-00103677": "activity without regard to the CC license. And the third point is it's also important", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00185-00103677-00103777": "to recall that our licenses operate within the copyright system. So, privacy, personality,", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00186-00103777-00103877": "publicity, and other types of rights or even ethical consideration are not covered by the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00187-00103877-00103977": "licenses. They're not universal policy tools. They're limited to the confines of copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00188-00103977-00104077": "law. And copyright is the primary obstacle to reuse", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00189-00104077-00104177": "that the licenses solve. But there are many other issues that are related to the reuse", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00190-00104177-00104277": "of content that our licenses do not address and that re-users have to be aware of. Like", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00191-00104277-00104377": "I said, this includes privacy, rules with ethical research, and protection. And these", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00192-00104377-00104477": "have to be addressed and respected, separate and apart from the copyright issues that the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00193-00104477-00104601": "licenses cover. So, we do our best to ensure that those releasing their creations under", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00194-00104601-00104701": "CC licenses understand the scope of the copyright right that are managed under the licenses.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00195-00104701-00104950": "So, if a license may offer users permission to reuse a photo, it would not offer the permission", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00196-00104950-00105313": "to make the use of the personal likeness of the people in the photos. Which might be governed", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00197-00105313-00105554": "by image or personality rights. So, whether one has to comply with the copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00198-00105554-00105952": "regime and hence with the CC license terms will depend on whether the type of AI training", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00199-00105952-00106052": "activity is an exercise of a right reserved to the rights holder. This is a very useful", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00200-00106052-00106152": "workflow if you really are facing this question. I encourage you to take a screenshot right", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00201-00106152-00106252": "now. I won't be going through every single tree branch. But I think it's a good representation", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00202-00106252-00106352": "of the many situations one might encounter. And one of the main difficulties that there", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00203-00106352-00106793": "remains significant legal uncertainty about whether copyright applies to AI training.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00204-00106793-00106939": "Which means it's not always clear whether a CC license applies.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00205-00106939-00107069": "So, in other words, there's no consensus on whether the use of copyright works as inputs", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00206-00107069-00107169": "to train an AI system is an exercise of an exclusive right, right? It doesn't involve", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00207-00107169-00107269": "reproduction of the work. Does it involve its adaptation? Et cetera. Does it trigger", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00208-00107269-00107369": "some kind of exercise of an exclusive right? I'm happy to go through this in the Q&A if", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00209-00107369-00107469": "we have time at the end, by the way. And like I said, the situation is likely to", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00210-00107469-00107569": "vary across jurisdictions because countries are now progressively regulating the copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00211-00107569-00107669": "AI Nexus. Like I mentioned in the US, the use of works to train AI is likely considered", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00212-00107669-00107769": "fair use. And in the EU, there's Article 3 and 4 of the DSM directives that I would refer", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00213-00107769-00107869": "to that's on text and data mining that -- that foresees a regime that's different. Whether", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00214-00107869-00107969": "the TDM is done for a commercial or non-commercial purposes. But as a matter of copyright law,", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00215-00107969-00108069": "we believe the use of works to train AI should be not infringing by default. Assuming that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00216-00108069-00108169": "access to the works was lawful at the point of input.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00217-00108169-00108269": "So, to give you an example, if someone conducts text and data mining in the context of research", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00218-00108269-00108369": "or education and that's allowed under an exception following the right to read it, the right", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00219-00108369-00108469": "to mine. Then the licenses would not be triggered. However, we do recognize that today every", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00220-00108469-00108569": "act of online sharing potentially implicates privacy or ethical concerns. And some believe", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00221-00108569-00108669": "this is an inevitability, that foregoing personal privacy is necessary when sharing content", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00222-00108669-00108769": "online. But we still imagine a world where sharing and privacy can co-exist and this", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00223-00108769-00108869": "coexistence is paramount to sustaining free and democratic societies. And this is why", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00224-00108869-00108969": "our new strategy, I have a little excerpt up on the screen, it recognizes that we need", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00225-00108969-00109069": "an approach that transcends copyright. So, the conversation on artificial intelligence", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00226-00109069-00109169": "within copyright policy must be held also in a coordinated and inclusive manner and", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00227-00109169-00109269": "through the use of ethics, sustainability, and privacy rights and data protection.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00228-00109269-00109369": "Yeah. As with any fundamental ideal, the openness of data is -- should not be considered an", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00229-00109369-00109469": "absolute end in and of itself. But it has to be balanced with equally valid considerations.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00230-00109469-00109569": "So, ones I just mentioned. To ensure that sharing ultimately benefits the public, right?", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00231-00109569-00109669": "We want to promote better sharing for a brighter future. And that might be where the future", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00232-00109669-00109769": "of open is. So, beyond copyright issues, artificial intelligence is likely to affect the sharing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00233-00109769-00109869": "of creative content and the open community in general. And this legal uncertainty that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00234-00109869-00109969": "I mentioned caused by the ethical concerns about AI, the lack of transparency of AI algorithms", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00235-00109969-00110069": "and the patterns of privatization and enclosure of AI outputs all together they constitute", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00236-00110069-00110169": "yet another obstacle to better sharing. Because for many creators, these concerns", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00237-00110169-00110269": "are a reason not to share. So, while we do support brad access to content, we also aim", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00238-00110269-00110369": "to increase our understanding of the ethical concerns that may constitute barriers to open", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00239-00110369-00110469": "sharing. So, I would invite you to join this conversation.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00240-00110469-00110569": "We -- we want to promote the use of CC license content to train AI. But we think that we", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00241-00110569-00110669": "need a community-led, coordinated and inclusive approach to not only consider the copyright", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00242-00110669-00110769": "system, but also these other issues of responsibility, accountability, sustainability, et cetera.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00243-00110769-00110869": "So, we're one actor in a vibrant community of open advocates that promote the interests", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00244-00110869-00110969": "of the millions of people who use CC licenses. And we want to engage in rich conversations", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00245-00110969-00111069": "on AI's multiple facets to promote better sharing in the public interest. And to that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00246-00111069-00111169": "end, the Creative Commons copyright platform working groups have been set up. And throughout", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00247-00111169-00111269": "the year, they will examine the intersection of AI and open content as well as the ethics", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00248-00111269-00111369": "of open sharing. And through these discussions and collective action, we look forward to", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00249-00111369-00111469": "identifying options in licensing and infrastructure, policy, norm-building and also awareness-raising.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00250-00111469-00111569": "So, I would invite you to join them. They're two that you might be interested in. AI and", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00251-00111569-00111669": "open content. Or the ethics of open sharing. There will -- they will be presenting the", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00252-00111669-00111769": "outcomes of their work at a public webinar on November 9th. So, if you're interested,", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00253-00111769-00111869": "please do mark your calendars and get in touch for any further information.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00254-00111869-00111969": "So, with this, I thank you for your attention and I look forward to any questions that you", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00255-00111969-00112069": "may have. Thank you. Serah: Fantastic. Thank you so much if this", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00256-00112069-00112169": "presentation, Brigitte. We do have questions. And I think we have at least time for one.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00257-00112169-00112269": "So, Jeremy asks, does it seem from your user community that there's interesting in deriving", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00258-00112269-00112369": "a new CC license with no machine learning or artificial intelligence?", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00259-00112369-00112469": "Brigitte: I think this is one of the options being explored is to see whether there is", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00260-00112469-00112569": "a need for -- to develop a new type of license that would regulate -- or that would give", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00261-00112569-00112669": "permissions based not on copyright, but on ethical considerations. That's one option", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00262-00112669-00112769": "that's being looked at, at the moment. Another one is an ethical layer built into the existing", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00263-00112769-00112869": "licenses. So, not a separate license, but that each license would include some kind", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00264-00112869-00112969": "of layer in addition to the existing conditions that would take into account privacy or ethical", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00265-00112969-00113069": "concerns. But these are -- these are all open questions that we are beginning to explore.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00266-00113069-00113169": "And I think that if -- if you would like to learn more, the working groups are probably", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00267-00113169-00113269": "the best way to -- to do -- to do so. Serah: All right. Thank you. And another question:", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00268-00113269-00113369": "What do you think about the development of structured data and Wiki data used as basis", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00269-00113369-00113469": "for commercial applications? That is machine learning plus crowd sourcing.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00270-00113469-00113569": "Brigitte: Yeah. I don't have any specific knowledge about that -- those datasets. But", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00271-00113569-00113669": "I think that, yeah. On the principle, Creative Commons would support access to open data", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00272-00113669-00113769": "to the largest extent possible because we think there are many benefits to using as", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00273-00113769-00113869": "diverse and varied data. But at the same time, I want to point to these limits that I -- that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00274-00113869-00113969": "I mentioned where I think that openness maybe stops to be the -- the driving focus and that", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00275-00113969-00114069": "there are other perhaps equally important considerations that need to be taken into", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00276-00114069-00114169": "account. Serah: Great. And the last question, because", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00277-00114169-00114269": "we have time for it. And Lee asks: How do these licenses apply in the context of other", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00278-00114269-00114369": "data that is non-creative like geolocation? And he's thinking of Open Street Maps here.", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00279-00114369-00114469": "Brigitte: That's an important question. And the Creative Commons licenses only apply to", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00280-00114469-00114569": "copyrighted licenses. If it's not original in the copyright sense and does not constitute", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00281-00114569-00114669": "a copyright work, one cannot attach a Creative Commons license to it. So, we wouldn't advise", "4UbyUJOaKCg-00282-00114669-00114670": "applying any Creative Commons license on material that's not copyright-protected."}}, {"audio_id": "4WkHBRssIpc", "text": {"4WkHBRssIpc-00000-00000048-00000376": "Hi. This is Sallie from eLearning and I'm going to demonstrate", "4WkHBRssIpc-00001-00000376-00001000": "how to add a column in your canvas gradebook by adding a new assignment to your course.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00002-00001216-00001864": "So here you can see I have my course opened up already and first I'm just", "4WkHBRssIpc-00003-00001864-00002368": "going to show you the grade book by clicking Grades here in the course navigation menu.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00004-00002664-00003200": "So you can see this course already has three assignments created already,", "4WkHBRssIpc-00005-00003304-00004120": "and each of these assignments has created a column in the gradebook. So what I'm going to show you", "4WkHBRssIpc-00006-00004120-00004784": "how to do is to create another column for an assignment, and I'm going to show you how to", "4WkHBRssIpc-00007-00004784-00005416": "create a column for an assignment that is going to be turned in in class and not online", "4WkHBRssIpc-00008-00005640-00006520": "So first you'll want to go to assignments by clicking Assignments in the navigation menu,", "4WkHBRssIpc-00009-00006759-00007264": "and now just go right up here to the right and click this Add Assignment button.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00010-00007712-00008008": "So now we're at the Create New Assignment page.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00011-00008216-00008584": "So first you'll want to give it a name,", "4WkHBRssIpc-00012-00008672-00009072": "we'll call that essay 1, and instructions.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00013-00009752-00010352": "So this is where you'll put all the instructions for the assignment. You can add links here,", "4WkHBRssIpc-00014-00010352-00011480": "to more information, you can put as much detail as you need. And here you want to enter how many", "4WkHBRssIpc-00015-00011480-00011968": "points the assignment is going to be worth, so I'll say this essay is worth 25 points.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00016-00012040-00012432": "And assignment groups it's something we're going to learn a little bit more about. There's only", "4WkHBRssIpc-00017-00012432-00012984": "one assignment group in this course so we'll go ahead and select assignments.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00018-00013160-00013919": "You can choose to display the grade as points or as a percent, you see there's a few options here.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00019-00013919-00014656": "I'm going to leave it at points so this is going to display their grade as a number out of 25.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00020-00014888-00015472": "Now here, submission type, this is where you can select how the student is going to turn in", "4WkHBRssIpc-00021-00015472-00016024": "the assignment. If this is an online assignment, that you want them to submit from their computer,", "4WkHBRssIpc-00022-00016024-00016728": "you can leave it here as online and then select one or more options of how you would like them", "4WkHBRssIpc-00023-00016728-00017296": "to submit it. But for this purpose, I want to show you how to just create a column in the grade book", "4WkHBRssIpc-00024-00017296-00017936": "for an assignment that they're going to be turning in in class, so that you are able to enter", "4WkHBRssIpc-00025-00018008-00018576": "their grade in the Canvas grade book. So from the drop down menu you can either", "4WkHBRssIpc-00026-00018680-00019376": "select No Submission or On Paper and either of those will work. I'm going to select On Paper.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00027-00019640-00020320": "So you can leave it here, Assigned to Everyone. You can choose to only assign", "4WkHBRssIpc-00028-00020480-00020728": "an assignment to certain members of the class,", "4WkHBRssIpc-00029-00020944-00021640": "but I'm not going to do that. So you can enter a due date, we'll give that October 21.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00030-00021864-00022728": "You can choose availability dates. This will lock their access to the assignment from a", "4WkHBRssIpc-00031-00022728-00023280": "certain date until a certain date, you don't have to fill that in... I'm not going to fill that in.", "4WkHBRssIpc-00032-00023528-00024336": "So, select Save & Publish. So now your assignment is published. So now if we go back", "4WkHBRssIpc-00033-00024336-00024712": "to the grade book, by selecting Grades in the course menu,", "4WkHBRssIpc-00034-00025008-00025783": "you can look and see essay 1 has been added in the grade book. So once your students turn in the", "4WkHBRssIpc-00035-00025783-00026872": "essay, and you've graded it, you can simply open the gradebook and enter their score out of 25. So", "4WkHBRssIpc-00036-00027280-00028176": "that's how you do it, and I will leave it at that. Thank you for listening."}}, {"audio_id": "4Wpap-ets9c", "text": {"4Wpap-ets9c-00000-00000126-00000367": "I finished making a brooch!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00001-00000919-00001119": "Hi, it's Yosuke Awata!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00002-00001119-00001306": "Today, I'm making", "4Wpap-ets9c-00003-00001306-00001514": "a canvas brooch.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00004-00001514-00001696": "I'm using this wood.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00005-00001696-00001951": "I'll put canvas on the wood", "4Wpap-ets9c-00006-00001951-00002113": "and paint picture", "4Wpap-ets9c-00007-00002204-00002307": "and am attaching", "4Wpap-ets9c-00008-00002307-00002543": "a brooch pin on back side.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00009-00002576-00002680": "First,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00010-00002680-00002886": "I'll put canvas.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00011-00002886-00003067": "What I'm using are", "4Wpap-ets9c-00012-00003067-00003354": "any fabric,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00013-00003354-00003584": "glue,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00014-00003584-00003885": "scissors to cut canvas.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00015-00003885-00004119": "I'm attaching fabric now.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00016-00004152-00004424": "First, I'm cutting fabric.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00017-00005004-00005221": "After I cut fabric roughly,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00018-00005498-00005698": "I put glue here,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00019-00005698-00005970": "spread it,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00020-00006312-00006362": "and", "4Wpap-ets9c-00021-00007331-00007642": "cut extra fabric.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00022-00008673-00009020": "Then, I let glue dry.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00023-00009055-00009232": "After glue dry,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00024-00009232-00009463": "I paint Gesso here.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00025-00009742-00010047": "Gesso helps paint to stay good,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00026-00010047-00010330": "and colors come out great too.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00027-00010338-00010697": "Canvas sucks paint without gesso,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00028-00010697-00010927": "so it's hard to paint,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00029-00010927-00011215": "and color won't come out very well.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00030-00011215-00011480": "That's why I paint Gesso!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00031-00011480-00011670": "This is not the canvas", "4Wpap-ets9c-00032-00011670-00011877": "that I just paint on, so", "4Wpap-ets9c-00033-00011877-00012181": "I need paint both sides.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00034-00012181-00012424": "I let one side dry.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00035-00012615-00012798": "It's dry, so I paint", "4Wpap-ets9c-00036-00012798-00013067": "sides and back as well.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00037-00013981-00014227": "Then, I wait till it'll dry.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00038-00014286-00014512": "After it dry,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00039-00014512-00014866": "I'll paint one more coat on front side.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00040-00015328-00015559": "Then, I let it dry.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00041-00015616-00015802": "After gesso dried,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00042-00015802-00016039": "I'll paint a picture", "4Wpap-ets9c-00043-00016039-00016434": "I'll color both sides.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00044-00016434-00016683": "It doesn't have to be a brooch.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00045-00016683-00017023": "It can be just a canvas to paint  on.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00046-00017023-00017360": "It's a tiny canvas board!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00047-00017360-00017595": "I'll paint green!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00048-00017595-00017850": "I'm using acrylic paints.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00049-00017850-00018159": "This is a palette made out of a glass.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00050-00018159-00018513": "I like mixing a little bit of white", "4Wpap-ets9c-00051-00018513-00018923": "cause it's easier to paint flat.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00052-00019742-00019949": "Paint is about dried,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00053-00019950-00020220": "so I paint a picture on front.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00054-00020274-00020519": "What's good about glass palette,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00055-00020519-00020816": "I can scrape paint easily.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00056-00020816-00021045": "Now, I'm working on front side", "4Wpap-ets9c-00057-00022765-00023024": "Something like this!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00058-00023053-00023261": "It's almost dry,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00059-00023261-00023563": "so I paint something here.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00060-00025800-00026025": "Painting part is done!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00061-00026025-00026326": "After it dry, I'll varnish.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00062-00026837-00027175": "Now, I'll varnish back side.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00063-00027714-00027990": "And, I varnish one more.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00064-00028161-00028385": "Let it dry again.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00065-00028385-00028632": "Last thing I do,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00066-00028632-00029027": "I'll put a brooch pin on back side", "4Wpap-ets9c-00067-00029027-00029161": "What I use,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00068-00029161-00029390": "It's such a thin board", "4Wpap-ets9c-00069-00029390-00029630": "so, 2 of short screws", "4Wpap-ets9c-00070-00029630-00029886": "and an electric drill.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00071-00029886-00030353": "It's okay to use screwdriver as well.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00072-00030353-00030608": "I use this today.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00073-00030653-00030848": "Let's measure it.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00074-00030848-00031043": "just roughly,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00075-00031043-00031272": "about this much...", "4Wpap-ets9c-00076-00032059-00032193": "It's straight now!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00077-00032480-00032763": "Now, it's a brooch!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00078-00032763-00033000": "Canvas make it really", "4Wpap-ets9c-00079-00033000-00033213": "look like a PAINTING!!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00080-00033422-00033655": "I finished making a brooch!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00081-00033690-00033802": "BROOCH!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00082-00033802-00034007": "Colors match with my jacket!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00083-00034133-00034359": "Here it is!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00084-00034359-00034669": "It was \"How to make a brooch\" today.", "4Wpap-ets9c-00085-00034669-00034910": "Thank you for watching!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00086-00034910-00035116": "See you next time!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00087-00035116-00035206": "Bye bye!!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00088-00035459-00035753": "If you like this video,", "4Wpap-ets9c-00089-00035753-00036017": "please give me your thumb up", "4Wpap-ets9c-00090-00036017-00036374": "that motivates me to make videos!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00091-00036374-00036673": "I will make more videos", "4Wpap-ets9c-00092-00036673-00036923": "please subscribe my channel!", "4Wpap-ets9c-00093-00036923-00037127": "Thank you!"}}, {"audio_id": "4WJamH8WEeA", "text": {"4WJamH8WEeA-00000-00000000-00000396": "Well, what shall it begin?", "4WJamH8WEeA-00001-00001096-00001493": "I brought the cat nip to let Chibi exercise!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00002-00001993-00002289": "He doesn't get interested at all, so 4x speed!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00003-00002589-00002785": "tossing", "4WJamH8WEeA-00004-00003286-00003582": "He doesn't move at all...", "4WJamH8WEeA-00005-00003682-00003978": "I move more than him now..", "4WJamH8WEeA-00006-00004078-00004274": "How about Kuro?", "4WJamH8WEeA-00007-00004374-00004570": "She easily got interested!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00008-00006067-00006364": "She plays way better than Chibi lol", "4WJamH8WEeA-00009-00006464-00006614": "It's Chibi's turn!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00010-00006914-00007210": "I come closer then!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00011-00007811-00008107": "He's now excited more!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00012-00010004-00010300": "His first cat punch lol", "4WJamH8WEeA-00013-00011401-00011797": "It was just a small move, but he moved a little!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00014-00012598-00012994": "It's active Kuro's turn!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00015-00013595-00013891": "Oops.. Kuro lost his interest, too...", "4WJamH8WEeA-00016-00014191-00014483": "It's snack time after exercise!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00017-00014984-00015280": "I try to take some distance between Kuro and Chibi and let Chibi move!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00018-00016180-00016376": "Eh...he's sitting....", "4WJamH8WEeA-00019-00016977-00017373": "Kuro has yours, too..", "4WJamH8WEeA-00020-00018274-00018470": "Want more!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00021-00019467-00019863": "I'll give Kuro for now, and see if Chibi take an action.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00022-00020463-00020760": "I'll put a pouch there to let him clearly see it!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00023-00020960-00021156": "Looks yum..", "4WJamH8WEeA-00024-00021556-00021752": "Do you have more?", "4WJamH8WEeA-00025-00022753-00022949": "You're lucky to have it..", "4WJamH8WEeA-00026-00023249-00023445": "Yum yum", "4WJamH8WEeA-00027-00025042-00025539": "He used to chase after me when he sees snacks,", "4WJamH8WEeA-00028-00025639-00026135": "but wonder if he has no appetite or he doesn't want to move...", "4WJamH8WEeA-00029-00026836-00027332": "I come close, and he had it! so that means he just didn't want to lift his butt up..", "4WJamH8WEeA-00030-00028233-00028525": "I gave Kuro more than Chibi by now,", "4WJamH8WEeA-00031-00028825-00029121": "so I intensively give Chibi for now.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00032-00029521-00029817": "Kuro's is here.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00033-00030118-00030314": "Here", "4WJamH8WEeA-00034-00031114-00031611": "It's hard to feed and film them simultaneously..", "4WJamH8WEeA-00035-00031911-00032207": "but they don't fight and have it together.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00036-00034305-00034601": "I'm done", "4WJamH8WEeA-00037-00035001-00035297": "I want it, too", "4WJamH8WEeA-00038-00035397-00035693": "You're sitting and waiting! good girl!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00039-00036294-00036490": "Have you noticed?", "4WJamH8WEeA-00040-00036690-00037086": "Chibi doesn't move even a step...", "4WJamH8WEeA-00041-00037287-00037583": "He's staring at Kuro as though he wants it too.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00042-00039680-00040076": "I'm glad that they have an appetite even when they're old,", "4WJamH8WEeA-00043-00040177-00040573": "but Chibi's weight got heavier and heavier these days.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00044-00040673-00041069": "and he doesn't climb up to higher places now,", "4WJamH8WEeA-00045-00041169-00041565": "I seriously have to think of his good diet.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00046-00042466-00042758": "We brought a new cat tower recently,", "4WJamH8WEeA-00047-00043058-00043254": "and that's a great made for old cats,", "4WJamH8WEeA-00048-00043454-00043951": "because the stairs are narrow so it's easier for them to climb up.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00049-00044051-00044447": "Chibi doesn't climb it at all...", "4WJamH8WEeA-00050-00044547-00045043": "It's a Kuro's evacuation place now when Chibi bullies her.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00051-00046044-00046240": "It's run out.", "4WJamH8WEeA-00052-00046440-00046737": "We shall get on a diet!", "4WJamH8WEeA-00053-00046737-00047033": "See you later~"}}, {"audio_id": "4WK4N5mT1sc", "text": {"4WK4N5mT1sc-00000-00003018-00003452": "The morning prises open my reluctant, gritty eyes", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00001-00003453-00003871": "And a million shining pixels reveal today’s surprise", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00002-00003871-00004329": "I fill my pack and lace my boots and rub last Sunday’s bruise", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00003-00004329-00004764": "Then shut the door behind me, saying “what’ve I got to lose?”", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00004-00004764-00005187": "Remember when we used to run like trains upon the rails", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00005-00005187-00005639": "And gaze across the open land to undiscovered trails?", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00006-00005639-00006080": "Bemoan the boring daily grind but never leave the rut", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00007-00006080-00006454": "Those days are over now my friend, I feel it in my gut", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00008-00006454-00006959": "Get your traction from the fraction, come alive with MD5", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00009-00006962-00007386": "There is no point in the chosen point – it’s the ride; the walk; the drive", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00010-00007386-00007818": "It’s an orbital abstraction that I’m sure you can derive", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00011-00007818-00008300": "Digest this random message bit by bit, and you’ll arrive", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00012-00009968-00010434": "This prosaic destination is winking from my screen", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00013-00010434-00010856": "It taunts me as I stumble blind through Earth’s thick coat of green", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00014-00010856-00011300": "This profound unstructured journey makes thinking people grin", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00015-00011300-00011754": "As they spread their map and in it slap their electronic pin", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00016-00011754-00012186": "Two dozen swarming satellites to guide us on our way", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00017-00012186-00012622": "Who cares if we don’t make it, ‘cause we left the house today", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00018-00012622-00013068": "To tread the beaten path is fine, but there’s more than one dimension", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00019-00013068-00013432": "Come play our bitwise lottery and undermine convention", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00020-00013434-00013950": "Get your traction from the fraction, come alive with MD5", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00021-00013954-00014372": "There is no point in the chosen point – it’s the ride; the walk; the drive", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00022-00014376-00014822": "It’s an orbital abstraction that I’m sure you can derive", "4WK4N5mT1sc-00023-00014824-00015284": "Digest this random message bit by bit, and you’ll arrive"}}, {"audio_id": "4WXjecOMksY", "text": {"4WXjecOMksY-00000-00000091-00000291": "ICARDA genebank already publishes a number of datasets.", "4WXjecOMksY-00001-00000291-00000491": "Let's see if we can make the 2019 barley dataset searchable!", "4WXjecOMksY-00002-00000573-00000786": "The published dataset already links to accessions and trait descriptors.", "4WXjecOMksY-00003-00000954-00001154": "I'll have to un-publish this dataset before changes can be made.", "4WXjecOMksY-00004-00001601-00001801": "One final look at the metadata...", "4WXjecOMksY-00005-00002001-00002201": "The \"Ingest\" link opens the new tool!", "4WXjecOMksY-00006-00002406-00002606": "Genesys is now reading the source file and preparing the preview of the data.", "4WXjecOMksY-00007-00002700-00003046": "The source file must have trait names in the first row, and the data in the second row.", "4WXjecOMksY-00008-00003086-00003286": "This is just a preview of the data from the file.", "4WXjecOMksY-00009-00003315-00003623": "The left panel shows the list of columns detected in the dataset.", "4WXjecOMksY-00010-00003703-00003972": "Clicking the column name opens the right-side panel.", "4WXjecOMksY-00011-00004011-00004217": "The left side automatically shows the best matching descriptor.", "4WXjecOMksY-00012-00004257-00004640": "On the right you will find the automatically generated descriptor based on the data found in the file.", "4WXjecOMksY-00013-00004682-00004864": "Close it by clicking outside of the panel.", "4WXjecOMksY-00014-00005148-00005348": "I'll un-publish the dataset to start making changes.", "4WXjecOMksY-00015-00006490-00006690": "This is a barley dataset.", "4WXjecOMksY-00016-00006840-00007040": "I'll jump to the Preview to check if changes were saved.", "4WXjecOMksY-00017-00007135-00007551": "I'll remove existing links to accessions.", "4WXjecOMksY-00018-00008061-00009048": "Seems to be taking long...", "4WXjecOMksY-00019-00009356-00009556": "Almost there.", "4WXjecOMksY-00020-00010038-00010238": "Done. 0 accessions.", "4WXjecOMksY-00021-00011040-00011400": "Now I'll clear the list of trait descriptors already associated with this dataset.", "4WXjecOMksY-00022-00011914-00012114": "I want to read INSTCODE, ACCENUMB, GENUS and DOI from the data,", "4WXjecOMksY-00023-00012114-00012678": "...and automatically link this dataset to accessions in Genesys.", "4WXjecOMksY-00024-00012914-00013114": "I'm selecting the ACCENUMB descriptor.", "4WXjecOMksY-00025-00013277-00013477": "Oh, here!", "4WXjecOMksY-00026-00013834-00013985": "I don't need SPECIES.", "4WXjecOMksY-00027-00014272-00014567": "Now the tool can extract accession references from the data.", "4WXjecOMksY-00028-00014721-00015101": "This also takes a while.", "4WXjecOMksY-00029-00015280-00015480": "Still waiting...", "4WXjecOMksY-00030-00015909-00016109": "Something happened!", "4WXjecOMksY-00031-00016366-00016566": "And now the references are registered.", "4WXjecOMksY-00032-00016972-00017206": "Let's start documenting the data!", "4WXjecOMksY-00033-00017252-00017489": "The top suggestion is the best-matching existing descriptor!", "4WXjecOMksY-00034-00017769-00017969": "The data seems to be OK, so I'll Register the observations and move to the next column.", "4WXjecOMksY-00035-00018305-00018600": "I'm a bit worried that the descriptor doesn't tally up with the data.", "4WXjecOMksY-00036-00018627-00018827": "Looking for alternatives.", "4WXjecOMksY-00037-00019032-00019397": "I guess that these are just well performing accessions!", "4WXjecOMksY-00038-00022241-00022441": "This is almost too easy...", "4WXjecOMksY-00039-00024204-00024855": "The data seems to match the descriptors pretty well!", "4WXjecOMksY-00040-00025051-00025251": "Oh, oh.", "4WXjecOMksY-00041-00025525-00025725": "No problem.", "4WXjecOMksY-00042-00026516-00026933": "I'll map the \"-\" to blank so it will be ignored.", "4WXjecOMksY-00043-00027326-00027752": "And \"0\" is also not a valid value for this descriptor.", "4WXjecOMksY-00044-00031298-00031498": "Drop this value.", "4WXjecOMksY-00045-00032177-00032377": "OK!", "4WXjecOMksY-00046-00033247-00033677": "I don't think this should be a scale descriptor, I'll change it to coded.", "4WXjecOMksY-00047-00034377-00034577": "Where is barley???", "4WXjecOMksY-00048-00035053-00035253": "The terms look good.", "4WXjecOMksY-00049-00035875-00036075": "This is only possible on descriptors in draft state.", "4WXjecOMksY-00050-00036075-00036275": "Published descriptors cannot be modified.", "4WXjecOMksY-00051-00036776-00036976": "That's better.", "4WXjecOMksY-00052-00037492-00037692": "Oh, I need to remove existing observations from Genesys.", "4WXjecOMksY-00053-00037772-00037972": "And try again.", "4WXjecOMksY-00054-00039672-00039872": "We don't have good suggestions.", "4WXjecOMksY-00055-00039872-00040072": "What if I fix the column name?", "4WXjecOMksY-00056-00040168-00040368": "There we go.", "4WXjecOMksY-00057-00041572-00041772": "Ampersand again!", "4WXjecOMksY-00058-00043263-00043463": "And I'm back to the first column \"Institute code\".", "4WXjecOMksY-00059-00043663-00044219": "I'm removing the mapping of these columns from the Dataset so they don't show up later.", "4WXjecOMksY-00060-00044958-00045158": "And here's the result!", "4WXjecOMksY-00061-00045343-00045543": "Scale descriptors have sliders.", "4WXjecOMksY-00062-00046370-00046570": "Coded descriptors show the list of options.", "4WXjecOMksY-00063-00046875-00047313": "Traits using numerical descriptors are visualized as histograms.", "4WXjecOMksY-00064-00047328-00047528": "So you can figure out what to filter for.", "4WXjecOMksY-00065-00047528-00047728": "Your filters affect the charts!", "4WXjecOMksY-00066-00048537-00048737": "This is a long list!", "4WXjecOMksY-00067-00049259-00049743": "I don't like the order of descriptors...", "4WXjecOMksY-00068-00051054-00051254": "Sometime it wants a reload.", "4WXjecOMksY-00069-00051655-00052063": "I'll reorganize the order of descriptors.", "4WXjecOMksY-00070-00052249-00052449": "You go here.", "4WXjecOMksY-00071-00052800-00053456": "What to do?", "4WXjecOMksY-00072-00054680-00054880": "These are tough decisions!", "4WXjecOMksY-00073-00055178-00055378": "You go here.", "4WXjecOMksY-00074-00055679-00055879": "Maybe here.", "4WXjecOMksY-00075-00056013-00056213": "Top of the list!", "4WXjecOMksY-00076-00056565-00056765": "That will do for now.", "4WXjecOMksY-00077-00057093-00057293": "Ta-daaaaa!", "4WXjecOMksY-00078-00057683-00058158": "Now I need to get this published again.", "4WXjecOMksY-00079-00058445-00058645": "Yup!", "4WXjecOMksY-00080-00060327-00060694": "When the Dataset is approved, the accessions are updated so that they link to it.", "4WXjecOMksY-00081-00060761-00060961": "There are some 4,000 things to update now.", "4WXjecOMksY-00082-00061937-00062137": "Alright! Everyone can access the searchable trait data!", "4WXjecOMksY-00083-00062553-00062709": "Enjoy!"}}, {"audio_id": "4X6lBz1y138", "text": {"4X6lBz1y138-00000-00000000-00000420": "have you ever met someone who made a bad first impression on you but ended up", "4X6lBz1y138-00001-00000420-00000867": "becoming a close friend later on have you ever been the one who's made a", "4X6lBz1y138-00002-00000867-00001092": "less-than-stellar first impression", "4X6lBz1y138-00003-00001092-00001599": "how long did it take for things to turn around one of the most crucial skills in", "4X6lBz1y138-00004-00001599-00002049": "public speaking is getting off on the right foot doing so requires the speaker", "4X6lBz1y138-00005-00002049-00002463": "to give attention to the preparation and delivery of the introduction of their", "4X6lBz1y138-00006-00002463-00003006": "speech in this video we'll discuss the functions components and tips for", "4X6lBz1y138-00007-00003006-00003525": "effective introductions in public speaking the introduction serves a", "4X6lBz1y138-00008-00003525-00004029": "variety of purposes in a speech from the audience's perspective it sets the scene", "4X6lBz1y138-00009-00004029-00004329": "for the rest of the speech and lets them know what you'll be talking about", "4X6lBz1y138-00010-00004395-00004689": "it's also where they'll make the decision about whether or not to bother", "4X6lBz1y138-00011-00004689-00005144": "listening to the rest of the speech from the speaker's perspective the", "4X6lBz1y138-00012-00005144-00005612": "introduction is a great opportunity to build a little positive momentum if the", "4X6lBz1y138-00013-00005612-00006032": "introduction goes well you'll start to build confidence and the butterflies in", "4X6lBz1y138-00014-00006032-00006518": "your stomach will begin to shrink a bit like many other parts of public speaking", "4X6lBz1y138-00015-00006518-00006933": "the components of an introduction are pretty straightforward the things that", "4X6lBz1y138-00016-00006933-00007338": "you should seek to accomplish in a speech introduction are gain attention", "4X6lBz1y138-00017-00007338-00008232": "establish relevance reveal the topic establish credibility and preview the", "4X6lBz1y138-00018-00008232-00008877": "main ideas let's take a look at each of these components separately first things", "4X6lBz1y138-00019-00008877-00009290": "first you need something right up front that will pull the audience in and make", "4X6lBz1y138-00020-00009290-00009429": "them pay attention", "4X6lBz1y138-00021-00009429-00009834": "we suggest a full-on professional wrestling style entrance complete with", "4X6lBz1y138-00022-00009834-00010065": "the outfit and loud rock music", "4X6lBz1y138-00023-00010065-00010638": "alas as cool as that seems we're mostly joking about that in reality you want to", "4X6lBz1y138-00024-00010638-00010953": "gain the attention of the audience in a way that doesn't make them lose all", "4X6lBz1y138-00025-00010953-00011067": "respect for you", "4X6lBz1y138-00026-00011067-00011559": "fortunately there are many ways that you can do just that some of the more", "4X6lBz1y138-00027-00011559-00011900": "traditional methods of gaining the attention of the audience are telling a", "4X6lBz1y138-00028-00011900-00011982": "story", "4X6lBz1y138-00029-00011982-00012629": "referring to the occasion precipitating the speech referring to either recent or", "4X6lBz1y138-00030-00012629-00013187": "historical events with a connection to the speech sharing a startling statistic", "4X6lBz1y138-00031-00013187-00013340": "related to the content of the", "4X6lBz1y138-00032-00013340-00013948": "speech using a compelling quotation asking the audience a question or", "4X6lBz1y138-00033-00013948-00014465": "questions to pique their curiosity or using humor to draw their attention", "4X6lBz1y138-00034-00014465-00014984": "whatever method you use to gain the attention of the audience make sure it", "4X6lBz1y138-00035-00014984-00015304": "has some connection to the topic and content of your speech", "4X6lBz1y138-00036-00015356-00015884": "another important component of an introduction is establishing relevance", "4X6lBz1y138-00037-00015884-00016048": "for an audience", "4X6lBz1y138-00038-00016048-00016334": "have you ever sat in the class and thought what's the use in paying", "4X6lBz1y138-00039-00016334-00016622": "attention i'm never going to use this information", "4X6lBz1y138-00040-00016622-00017023": "well I hate to break it to you but your speech audience is having the exact same", "4X6lBz1y138-00041-00017023-00017117": "thought", "4X6lBz1y138-00042-00017117-00017515": "it's your job as a speaker to show them how this information is important to", "4X6lBz1y138-00043-00017515-00017965": "their lives sometimes that means you have to get a little creative in making", "4X6lBz1y138-00044-00017965-00018409": "the connection between your topic and their life without that connection", "4X6lBz1y138-00045-00018409-00018740": "though you've lost them before you ever get started", "4X6lBz1y138-00046-00018740-00019184": "the next component of an introduction is to reveal the topic of your speech", "4X6lBz1y138-00047-00019184-00019751": "before you start hurling captain obvious memes let me say that you'd be surprised", "4X6lBz1y138-00048-00019751-00020191": "how many speakers failed to communicate the topic of their speech we won't", "4X6lBz1y138-00049-00020191-00020338": "belabor the point here", "4X6lBz1y138-00050-00020338-00020690": "suffice it to say that whether or not you think the audience knows the topic", "4X6lBz1y138-00051-00020690-00020782": "of your speech", "4X6lBz1y138-00052-00020782-00021254": "it's good speaking practice to make sure by making it clear in the introduction", "4X6lBz1y138-00053-00021388-00021665": "you will also need to establish credibility with the audience in the", "4X6lBz1y138-00054-00021665-00022031": "introduction of your speech the members of your audience need to have confidence", "4X6lBz1y138-00055-00022031-00022490": "that you were prepared and actually know a little something about your topic two", "4X6lBz1y138-00056-00022490-00022829": "of the simplest ways of communicating credibility are explaining your", "4X6lBz1y138-00057-00022829-00023338": "experience and your preparation if you have a professional background in this", "4X6lBz1y138-00058-00023338-00023851": "area be sure to let the audience know you can also let them in on the copious", "4X6lBz1y138-00059-00023851-00024244": "amounts of research that you did leading up to the speech or any academic", "4X6lBz1y138-00060-00024244-00024740": "background in the area of course your delivery and overall level of confidence", "4X6lBz1y138-00061-00024740-00025309": "will also help the audience trust you that much sooner outside of the", "4X6lBz1y138-00062-00025309-00025678": "classroom professional speakers are sometimes able to skip establishing", "4X6lBz1y138-00063-00025678-00025922": "credibility in the introduction of their speech", "4X6lBz1y138-00064-00025922-00026282": "why do you think some speakers can get away with this while still delivering", "4X6lBz1y138-00065-00026282-00026503": "effective speeches", "4X6lBz1y138-00066-00026503-00026803": "I'll give you a moment to think about it", "4X6lBz1y138-00067-00027270-00027669": "if you need more time to think about that question feel free to pause the", "4X6lBz1y138-00068-00027669-00028314": "video now otherwise let's continue if a speaker is able to skip establishing", "4X6lBz1y138-00069-00028314-00028508": "their credibility in the introduction", "4X6lBz1y138-00070-00028508-00028863": "it's likely because they are well-recognized and don't need to build", "4X6lBz1y138-00071-00028863-00029333": "much credibility another possible reason is that a speech of introduction", "4X6lBz1y138-00072-00029333-00029664": "preceded the speaker and their credentials were made clear in that", "4X6lBz1y138-00073-00029664-00030158": "speech along with credibility you may also have to take time to establish", "4X6lBz1y138-00074-00030158-00030348": "goodwill with the audience", "4X6lBz1y138-00075-00030348-00030780": "this would be necessary under any circumstance where it's not clear that", "4X6lBz1y138-00076-00030780-00031277": "you have the audience's best interests at heart over your own if it's possible", "4X6lBz1y138-00077-00031277-00031614": "that the audience could find your motives suspect then you'd better", "4X6lBz1y138-00078-00031614-00032133": "reassure them by establishing goodwill finally speakers need to preview the", "4X6lBz1y138-00079-00032133-00032502": "main ideas of their speech in the introduction a previous statement", "4X6lBz1y138-00080-00032502-00032835": "introduces the audience to the major themes and main points of your speech", "4X6lBz1y138-00081-00032910-00033312": "oftentimes a preview is a simple reworking of the central idea statement", "4X6lBz1y138-00082-00033312-00033876": "for speech the preview is also a natural segue into the body of the speech as", "4X6lBz1y138-00083-00033876-00034269": "such it frequently is the last component of the introduction that is delivered", "4X6lBz1y138-00084-00034440-00034830": "we have a few tips to share for making your introductions as effective as", "4X6lBz1y138-00085-00034830-00034938": "possible", "4X6lBz1y138-00086-00034938-00035259": "first the introduction should actually be one of the last things that you", "4X6lBz1y138-00087-00035259-00035727": "prepare for your speech you won't really know what to put into the intro until", "4X6lBz1y138-00088-00035727-00036060": "you fully developed the information in the body of the speech", "4X6lBz1y138-00089-00036060-00036504": "this will also allow more time for you to look for cool quotes and stories as", "4X6lBz1y138-00090-00036504-00036804": "you research that you can use in the introduction", "4X6lBz1y138-00091-00036897-00037311": "secondly keep the introduction short the introduction shouldn't take up more than", "4X6lBz1y138-00092-00037311-00037707": "ten to fifteen percent of your total speech time let's say for example that", "4X6lBz1y138-00093-00037707-00038127": "your assignment calls for a five-minute speech that comes out to 300 seconds", "4X6lBz1y138-00094-00038127-00038628": "which means that your whole introduction should be in the 30 to 45 second range", "4X6lBz1y138-00095-00038628-00039045": "that will go quickly but you need to save as much time as possible for the", "4X6lBz1y138-00096-00039045-00039174": "body of the speech", "4X6lBz1y138-00097-00039174-00039702": "finally it's not a terrible idea to script out your introduction getting", "4X6lBz1y138-00098-00039702-00040086": "things rolling smoothly in the intro can be a help to both the audience and the", "4X6lBz1y138-00099-00040086-00040545": "speaker even scripted out you want your introduction to seem spontaneous and", "4X6lBz1y138-00100-00040545-00040644": "conversational", "4X6lBz1y138-00101-00040644-00040983": "but this is the area of your speech where such precision of language and", "4X6lBz1y138-00102-00040983-00041556": "confidence in preparation can pay off the most your introduction will set the", "4X6lBz1y138-00103-00041556-00042009": "stage for the rest of your speech in many different ways it's worth your time", "4X6lBz1y138-00104-00042009-00042411": "and energy to make certain that the first impression you make is a positive", "4X6lBz1y138-00105-00042411-00042495": "one", "4X6lBz1y138-00106-00042495-00042972": "in this video we discussed the functions components and tips for effective", "4X6lBz1y138-00107-00042972-00043272": "introductions and conclusions in public speaking", "4X6lBz1y138-00108-00043344-00043707": "check out some of our other videos for more insight into the public speaking", "4X6lBz1y138-00109-00043707-00043761": "process"}}, {"audio_id": "4XjGFlDr9-0", "text": {"4XjGFlDr9-0-00000-00000000-00023090": "🌟 🇺🇸 Children's carnival costumes — Shop GrandStart.ru 🌟"}}, {"audio_id": "4XoK8dTNQyg", "text": {"4XoK8dTNQyg-00000-00001229-00001481": "I have always been very intrigued by that", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00001-00001481-00001839": "apparent disconnection between people saying", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00002-00001839-00002368": "that they want to support a societal goal or achievement", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00003-00002368-00002755": "and then not really acting on it. How is that possible?", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00004-00002755-00003163": "Until I started to think about this issue through the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00005-00003163-00003626": "lenses of the dilemma structures which showed me how", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00006-00003626-00004000": "in some cases you need to open up new alternatives", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00007-00004000-00004312": "which are implementable for people to really act", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00008-00004312-00004658": "on issues, you need to coordinated their efforts", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00009-00004658-00005162": "and I do believe that if more people were to know how to use this type of thinking", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00010-00005228-00005639": "we would be much better at approaching and solving a lot of the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00011-00005639-00006010": "societal challenges that we are facing", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00012-00007024-00007078": "some", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00013-00007078-00007627": "consider the Duomo of Milan in Italy to be the most spectacular cathedral of Europe", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00014-00007675-00008017": "Some do not. Oscar Wilde", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00015-00008017-00008431": "in the year 1875 wrote that the cathedral", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00016-00008431-00008990": "would be an awful failure. Like so many European cathedrals", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00017-00008990-00009309": "it took many centuries to complete the building.", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00018-00009309-00009654": "Construction time of the Duomo was from", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00019-00009654-00009996": "1386 to 1965 - almost 600 years.", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00020-00009996-00010470": "but unlike most of these", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00021-00010470-00010781": "other projects, construction of the Duomo", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00022-00010781-00011154": "went on almost continuously throughout that time", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00023-00011154-00011645": "this presented a dilemma for the architects an artists", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00024-00011645-00012036": "should they continue to build along the completely", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00025-00012036-00012361": "out of fashion style of centuries ago", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00026-00012361-00012950": "or should they build according to the styles of their contemporary times", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00027-00012950-00013329": "the dilemma was solved by doing both", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00028-00013329-00013718": "and thus, the cathedral integrates elements", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00029-00013718-00014026": "from Gothics, Baroque, Renaissance", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00030-00014026-00014459": "and even Classicistic creating the overall", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00031-00014459-00014957": "ensemble it it is today. Sylvia Castellazzi", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00032-00014957-00015309": "lives and works in the city of Milan, her hometown", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00033-00015309-00015760": "her research is about the value of dilemmas structures", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00034-00015760-00016275": "she will tell us about how a dilemma can be a source of inspiration", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00035-00016275-00016975": "and innovation.", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00036-00016975-00017056": "We will be discussing one main question during this", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00037-00017056-00017404": "video: how is it possible that third-term", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00038-00017404-00017740": "societal initiatives or things which could", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00039-00017740-00018115": "bring about benefit for a large number of people", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00040-00018115-00018595": "and which was the same to enjoy a certain consensus by the parties and the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00041-00018595-00018706": "actors involved", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00042-00018706-00019070": "how's it possible that this initiative and situations", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00043-00019070-00019506": "then do not get implemented in practice?", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00044-00019506-00019939": "Is it because of a lack of knowledge on what to do or", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00045-00019939-00020217": "is it a lack of willingness to act", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00046-00020217-00020606": "in that direction. Or is it because things get", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00047-00020606-00020948": "framed in a trade-off form and then we always lose on", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00048-00020948-00021381": "one of the two ends. We will try to address this question from a", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00049-00021381-00021819": "rather different perspective which will help us to identify more implementable", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00050-00021819-00021901": "solutions in the end.", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00051-00021901-00022226": "We will do this through the structures of the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00052-00022226-00022781": "social dilemmas which stress in particular the aspect of coordination", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00053-00022781-00022911": "and cooperation", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00054-00022911-00023437": "within this type of initiative. Most of you probably know somebody", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00055-00023437-00023570": "who just started", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00056-00023570-00023882": "working after having finished high school or", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00057-00023882-00024182": "University or who is not in a", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00058-00024182-00024498": "long-term contract but rather in a  temporary", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00059-00024498-00024867": "working agreement. We know that many people", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00060-00024867-00025248": "find themselves in this type of situation and we also know that they", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00061-00025248-00025370": "don't always get", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00062-00025370-00025672": "the proper learning and working conditions", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00063-00025672-00026082": "that other people enjoy and they would and that they would also", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00064-00026082-00026418": "deserve. What this does in this case", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00065-00026418-00026777": "even though we know that it would be beneficial for them", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00066-00026777-00027225": "it would be beneficial for the companies to have better trained", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00067-00027225-00027553": "and better motivated people in their workforce", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00068-00027553-00028002": "and, to a certain extent, it will also be more beneficial for society", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00069-00028002-00028457": "to have a workforce wihch is more employable potentially in the next year", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00070-00028457-00028819": "we look at the question of how comes that", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00071-00028819-00029234": "investments in training and employability for this", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00072-00029234-00029638": "top part of the workforce do not take place even though", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00073-00029638-00029968": "there are reasons for thinking that it should actually be done", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00074-00029968-00030297": "let's imagine the following situation:", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00075-00030297-00030675": "there are two companies and they are each deciding whether", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00076-00030675-00031080": "we want to allocate some budget for our skills program", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00077-00031080-00031494": "for the interns and for temporary workers or whether they will not", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00078-00031494-00031836": "invest in this type of program", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00079-00031836-00032302": "the two companies do not communicate with each other and there is also no past history of", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00080-00032302-00032605": "interactions or communication between the two of them", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00081-00032605-00032905": "each company has two alternatives:", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00082-00032905-00033043": "they can", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00083-00033043-00033358": "decide to invest, or they can decide not to invest", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00084-00033358-00033697": "let's think through a first scenario", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00085-00033697-00034121": "where the first company takes up an investment in these people", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00086-00034121-00034553": "and the other company decides not to do so", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00087-00034553-00034946": "would we have as a outcome of these decisions", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00088-00034946-00035361": "we would see that the first company has decided to invest", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00089-00035361-00035719": "because they think that there will be a benefit from doing so", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00090-00035719-00036084": "for their organization or for the people involved and also", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00091-00036084-00036462": "possibly for society at large and they would", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00092-00036462-00036916": "take up the cost of this investment even though they don't really know", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00093-00036916-00037246": "whether these people will stay longer enough", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00094-00037246-00037666": "in their organization, whether they will decide to go to another company,", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00095-00037666-00038031": "or whether they will just leave in the end to take up other challenges", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00096-00038031-00038591": "what would happen with the other company which has decided not to invest", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00097-00038591-00038974": "they would be able theoretically to", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00098-00038974-00039400": "take some of the people with a better skills and better competency from", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00099-00039400-00039530": "the first company", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00100-00039530-00039894": "and just take them all over in their organization", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00101-00039894-00040246": "this would leave us with the first company", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00102-00040246-00040593": "having invested in the training and having lost", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00103-00040593-00041086": "the return on their investment because the people have gone away", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00104-00041086-00041484": "and with the second company which although it has not invested", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00105-00041484-00041852": "with a better trained and skilled people which", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00106-00041852-00042265": "is getting from the other company, the second company will, in the end, be better", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00107-00042265-00042402": "off than the first one", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00108-00042402-00042844": "they will have all their return without having had to bear the cost", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00109-00042844-00043322": "for the training. A similar scenario would happen", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00110-00043322-00043691": "if we just invert the decisions that the two companies", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00111-00043691-00044106": "take", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00112-00044106-00044437": "let's see what would happen if both companies would decide to", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00113-00044437-00045012": "invest in this program. We would have a situation where", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00114-00045012-00045365": "both companies would have to take a part of the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00115-00045365-00045778": "cost for this program and they would sort of invest in a", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00116-00045778-00046188": "pool of shared resources. We have seen that we never really know", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00117-00046188-00046253": "whether", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00118-00046253-00046691": "people and employees will stay in our organization so we always have to assume", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00119-00046691-00046912": "that they might be going to somebody else", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00120-00046912-00047531": "respective of this, each company decides to invest in this program", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00121-00047531-00047990": "because they assume that if the other campaign does so too", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00122-00047990-00048297": "they could somehow get part of their return from", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00123-00048297-00048603": "taking over the people from the other organization", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00124-00048603-00049124": "so in the end of this scenario we would have two companies which", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00125-00049124-00049543": "both decide to invest - we would have a", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00126-00049543-00049877": "better and a bigger number of people", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00127-00049877-00050375": "trained, with respect of the type of organization they will in the end be in", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00128-00050375-00050703": "this would assume though that", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00129-00050703-00051108": "each company can take with a certain", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00130-00051108-00051528": "degree of certainty that the other company will invest as well", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00131-00051528-00051983": "now what we see that usually happens in reality, though", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00132-00051983-00052315": "is the opposite case -- this is our last", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00133-00052315-00052754": "possible scenario where neither of  the company decides to invest", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00134-00052754-00053098": "Since I do not know as a company what", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00135-00053098-00053560": "other companies and other actors in the labor  market might do", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00136-00053560-00053902": "and since I know that there is a chance they will cast", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00137-00053902-00054239": "profited from my investment without having taken up the costs", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00138-00054239-00054539": "I might decide to just do not take action", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00139-00054539-00055025": "this would minimize my risk irrespective of what the other company", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00140-00055025-00055079": "would do", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00141-00055079-00055589": "what we have just seen is that there is the potential for", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00142-00055589-00056016": "greater collective benefits and for a situation which can put", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00143-00056016-00056416": "more people better off. This would be in a situation where", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00144-00056416-00056784": "both companies decide to invest", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00145-00056784-00057136": "which is also to a certain extent a situation where both companies decide to", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00146-00057136-00057238": "cooperate", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00147-00057238-00057740": "and take action on this issue. However, we know the two companies can't", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00148-00057740-00057847": "communicate", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00149-00057847-00058262": "and they also don't have any opportunity to judge how the other", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00150-00058262-00058405": "company will react", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00151-00058405-00058951": "or even how they would behave. This is why the normal outcome from a", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00152-00058951-00059414": "situation which is framed this way is that in the end, none the company", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00153-00059414-00059841": "invests and also now the company takes action", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00154-00059841-00059925": "leaving us with a situation which is", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00155-00059925-00060391": "suboptional toward the potential gain and their potential benefit for the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00156-00060391-00060490": "collectivity would be.", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00157-00060490-00060958": "we can define dilemma structures", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00158-00060958-00061502": "as problems which are rooted in interactions and in the coronation", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00159-00061502-00061886": "of such interactions - this is why the solution", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00160-00061886-00062217": "of a dilemma structure always has to be", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00161-00062217-00062679": "brought about by a concerted action of individual organizations", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00162-00062679-00063158": "a dilemma structure cannot be solved by only one", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00163-00063158-00063748": "of the people or the organizations involved", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00164-00063748-00063829": "what we need to do is change", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00165-00063829-00064186": "the outcomes and the behaviors in order to achieve that", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00166-00064186-00064594": "potential collective game that we saw before in the structure", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00167-00064594-00064907": "and to do so we have two main leverages", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00168-00064907-00065241": "the first one are insitutions", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00169-00065241-00065763": "and institutional arrangements. We define them broadly by", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00170-00065763-00066245": "indicating systems of rules both formal and informal", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00171-00066245-00066779": "which can help us to modify the behaviors and the decisions", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00172-00066779-00067079": "which people and organizations take", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00173-00067079-00067397": "institutions help us to", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00174-00067397-00067783": "steer behaviors in a different way by making", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00175-00067783-00068216": "certain behaviors more appealing and by sanctioning or making", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00176-00068216-00068658": "other behaviors less appealing. We have already an", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00177-00068658-00069077": "practice examples of institutions which for instance helps us", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00178-00069077-00069607": "to solve or, to a certain extent, to facilitate cooperation", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00179-00069607-00070030": "in the concrete example which we have seen before", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00180-00070030-00070215": "we can think, for instance, that those platforms which help", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00181-00070215-00070542": "companies to achieve a certain standard", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00182-00070542-00071062": "in the working conditions which we offer", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00183-00071062-00071196": "this platform offers an incentive to companies", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00184-00071196-00071524": "to raise their standards for instance to", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00185-00071524-00071851": "invest in temporary workers or in the interns", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00186-00071851-00072239": "in the organization. What companies receive", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00187-00072239-00072583": "is the reputational game or improved image", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00188-00072583-00072923": "by being certified through the these platforms for the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00189-00072923-00073492": "increased quality of their working environment and also see that it's not", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00190-00073492-00073694": "enough that only one company", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00191-00073694-00074002": "signs up to this top-flight platforms", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00192-00074002-00074307": "but we need that more companies do so", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00193-00074307-00074721": "in order for the platform to become credible and to become an established", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00194-00074721-00075072": "institution and this is an example of how", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00195-00075072-00075484": "through this type of arrangements we can facilitate cooperation", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00196-00075484-00075854": "because we both provide incentive for better behavior", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00197-00075854-00076332": "and will also make sure that more companies and more organizations participate", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00198-00076332-00076873": "with us achieving that concerted effort and that coordination", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00199-00076873-00077483": "that we were addressing before. The other leverage that we have is trust", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00200-00077483-00078063": "trust helps us to overcome part of the problem we saw in the structure before", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00201-00078063-00078629": "when I don't know how the other act or the other part or the other", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00202-00078629-00078986": "company acts, that's also because I don't have a", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00203-00078986-00079343": "history or a quarter of interactions with them", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00204-00079343-00079834": "that means I can't trust them - I don't have any signal on how they will behave", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00205-00079834-00080189": "and so I didn't know whether they will exploit my investment or not", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00206-00080189-00080493": "trust is a leverage in this case", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00207-00080493-00080963": "because it helps to facilitate different parties to come to a", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00208-00080963-00081375": "shared understanding and the example we mentioned before", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00209-00081375-00081734": "trust would help us for instance in discussing", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00210-00081734-00082207": "if we are a company with our employees how to move forward in the future", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00211-00082207-00082305": "and so having", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00212-00082305-00082623": "an idea of whether these people will stay with us or will", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00213-00082623-00083144": "rather go to another company and to a certain extent as long as its", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00214-00083144-00083510": "within a legal framework, trust can also help", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00215-00083510-00083885": "agreements among companies in order to set higher standards", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00216-00083885-00084320": "or to take initiatives, we just set the bar higher than what he would be", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00217-00084320-00084698": "without this type of coordination or this type of dialogue", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00218-00084698-00085041": "you can apply the model that we have just seen", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00219-00085041-00085444": "to other issues and situations that you are aware of", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00220-00085444-00085785": "both in your general life or in your organization", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00221-00085785-00086231": "or a society at large and when you reflect on these type of", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00222-00086231-00086681": "issues you can follow the next three steps - first of all,", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00223-00086681-00086994": "it's important that you identify the relevant actors", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00224-00086994-00087460": "who is really involved in the situation who is involved in this problem", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00225-00087460-00087834": "this might require you to look a bit outside", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00226-00087834-00088218": "the common description on the situation to understand really", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00227-00088218-00088533": "who is impacted in this issue also in an interact way", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00228-00088533-00088957": "the second element is to", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00229-00088957-00089381": "identify what drives the behaviors and the decisions which are taken by", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00230-00089381-00089484": "these actors", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00231-00089484-00089869": "which means there are patterns, there are rules, there are", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00232-00089869-00090329": "institutions and structures which create a situation", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00233-00090329-00090733": "the dilemma structure, in which are not easy to be changed", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00234-00090733-00091163": "we need first of all to identify how they impact and how the influence", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00235-00091163-00091740": "the actors involved the third step is the step which requires more", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00236-00091740-00092144": "creativity and innovative thinking from your side", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00237-00092144-00092546": "because the patterns and the structures which are there", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00238-00092546-00092923": "are not easy to be changed - they are the first reason", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00239-00092923-00093259": "why the dilemma structure is there in the first place", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00240-00093259-00093648": "so they're not easy to be changed. We need to think about it", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00241-00093648-00094071": "in a broader way to think of innovative ways to organize", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00242-00094071-00094613": "and coordinate decisions and behaviors in order to facilitate the corporation and", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00243-00094613-00094710": "the coordination", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00244-00094710-00095104": "that we want to achieve in the end", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00245-00095104-00095438": "if you follow these three steps, you will be able to reflect and think", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00246-00095438-00095600": "through similar issues", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00247-00095600-00096083": "on your own and identify what type of potentials are there and how the situation", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00248-00096083-00096179": "could be improved", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00249-00096179-00096560": "with the instruments of the dilemma structures", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00250-00096560-00096904": "you can think autonomously about these type of issues", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00251-00096904-00097464": "and there are many samples out there - you can think about action on climate change", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00252-00097464-00097904": "where many of the challenges which have been brought about by globalisation", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00253-00097904-00098223": "with long and complex production chains", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00254-00098223-00098614": "and with their standards, even tax evasion is a problem which can be", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00255-00098614-00098692": "framed through dilemma structures", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00256-00098692-00099251": "in all these cases it's not enough to just appeal", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00257-00099251-00099633": "to responsibility or to the good will of the", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00258-00099633-00100069": "actors involved, and it's also not enough to provide technological", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00259-00100069-00100585": "or knowledge-based solution. For all these cases we need to", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00260-00100585-00100886": "coordinate actions in order to achieve that", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00261-00100886-00101287": "potential collective game which we know is possible", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00262-00101287-00101760": "we just need to be organized", "4XoK8dTNQyg-00263-00101760-00101816": "thank you for staying with me, and goodbye"}}, {"audio_id": "4XpFTRq714Q", "text": {"4XpFTRq714Q-00000-00000053-00000755": "John Stamatoyannopoulos: So I'm going to talk about some work that", "4XpFTRq714Q-00001-00000755-00001271": "we've done in the context of the ENCODE -- the main ENCODE project.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00002-00001271-00001892": "But also this parallel mouse ENCODE project and I think maybe of you are interested in", "4XpFTRq714Q-00003-00001892-00002049": "mouse and have worked with the mouse data.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00004-00002049-00002559": "And there's really a very tremendous resource out there that has been created and is being", "4XpFTRq714Q-00005-00002559-00002659": "added to.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00006-00002659-00003310": "I'm going to start out with just a general background because I've been hit up with a", "4XpFTRq714Q-00007-00003310-00003968": "few questions about the relationship of regulatory DNA, DNase hypersensitive sites, et cetera.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00008-00003968-00004432": "Just give a brief background on the situation currently with the human genome and then go", "4XpFTRq714Q-00009-00004432-00004876": "into comparison between human and mouse genome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00010-00004876-00005578": "So the focus of the talk is going to be these regions of the genome which I'm generally", "4XpFTRq714Q-00011-00005578-00005903": "going to refer to as regulatory DNA.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00012-00005903-00006323": "They're generally short regions -- a couple hundred base pairs to which transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00013-00006323-00006468": "factors are complex.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00014-00006468-00007131": "And they ENCODE all kinds of interesting activities, which we sort of encompass under the broader", "4XpFTRq714Q-00015-00007131-00007420": "rubric of functional elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00016-00007420-00007814": "Part of the difficulty here that, you know, some of you may have sensed in this meeting", "4XpFTRq714Q-00017-00007814-00008293": "and actually was referred to directly by a couple of the prior speakers is the fact that", "4XpFTRq714Q-00018-00008293-00008753": "we tend to lump these regions into a few categories.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00019-00008753-00009275": "I mean, here we have our little kindergarten vocabulary that we inherited from the 1980s", "4XpFTRq714Q-00020-00009275-00009375": "to describe them.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00021-00009375-00009514": "You know, promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00022-00009514-00009820": "And of course, that et cetera is not very big.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00023-00009820-00010103": "It's only maybe one or two other things.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00024-00010103-00010528": "And this is an enormous challenge right now, is sort of understanding exactly what all", "4XpFTRq714Q-00025-00010528-00010798": "these elements do.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00026-00010798-00011584": "So in a broader effort to map human regulatory DNA, you've seen many different modalities", "4XpFTRq714Q-00027-00011584-00012053": "for mapping and defining where the regions are and then annotating various properties", "4XpFTRq714Q-00028-00012053-00012171": "of them.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00029-00012171-00012899": "A very core property of these regions, no matter what they actually do, is related to", "4XpFTRq714Q-00030-00012899-00013060": "the binding of transcription factors.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00031-00013060-00013556": "And, of course, these factors cause a change in the chromatin structure.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00032-00013556-00013712": "They can recruit other modalities.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00033-00013712-00014056": "They can put modifications in [unintelligible] histones, et cetera.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00034-00014056-00014484": "But really, the cardinal property of these regions, no matter what they do, is that they", "4XpFTRq714Q-00035-00014484-00014865": "have this altered chromatin structure that's accessible to nucleases.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00036-00014865-00015156": "And the classic is DNase 1.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00037-00015156-00015756": "So if you put DNase 1in the nuclease of the cell, essentially very selectively cleaves", "4XpFTRq714Q-00038-00015756-00015887": "the genome in these regions.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00039-00015887-00016387": "IN other words, hundreds fold more frequently than even the flanking regions.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00040-00016387-00016826": "And what this does is releases little tiny fragments of DNA.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00041-00016826-00017528": "And you can capture these just by a size fraction H and sequence them, map them the genome,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00042-00017528-00018027": "and if you go to any region here and start plotting what these sequences look like after", "4XpFTRq714Q-00043-00018027-00018576": "you sequence 30 or 40 million reads genome-wide, this is what you get.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00044-00018576-00019098": "And these peaks -- this is what you see in the browser.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00045-00019098-00019615": "These little peaks are the DNase hypersensitive sites in the case of these assays.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00046-00019615-00020261": "Generically, all of these peaks here that are referred to as the regulatory DNA compartment.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00047-00020261-00020717": "And without going too much into this until later, inside these peaks -- so we're just", "4XpFTRq714Q-00048-00020717-00020817": "looking at the density of cleavage.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00049-00020817-00021454": "If you sequence more and more and more, you can actually start to see the structure of", "4XpFTRq714Q-00050-00021454-00021778": "where these proteins are.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00051-00021778-00022065": "And this is illustrated here just by depth of sequencing.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00052-00022065-00022470": "This is where the protein's recognized, and you can sort of see now the appearance of", "4XpFTRq714Q-00053-00022470-00023185": "-- whoops, sorry -- of the transcription factor footprints where they're sitting on the genome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00054-00023185-00023453": "And these will come around later.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00055-00023453-00024078": "And more broadly then, applying this across various cell types, you can map the promoters,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00056-00024078-00024194": "the enhancers.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00057-00024194-00024781": "And sort of a good number to keep in your head is that there's roughly a range of about", "4XpFTRq714Q-00058-00024781-00025428": "100,000 to 250,000 DNase hypersensitive sites that you'll detect in any given cell type.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00059-00025428-00025850": "So, you know, on average maybe about 150,000 elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00060-00025850-00026366": "And that translates to about 1 percent of the genome that's in that state.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00061-00026366-00026604": "There's a huge amount of these data.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00062-00026604-00027149": "You've seen various pieces of them in prior presentations.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00063-00027149-00027760": "It collectively now -- if you combine the ENCODE data, the data from the Roadmap -- and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00064-00027760-00028169": "actually, there were some questions around this I overheard in one of the breaks that", "4XpFTRq714Q-00065-00028169-00028683": "eventually all of the data from the Roadmap is also being consolidated within code as", "4XpFTRq714Q-00066-00028683-00028824": "well to facilitate access.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00067-00028824-00029175": "Because, you know, many of you just want to go, just say, \"I want this tissue, this cell", "4XpFTRq714Q-00068-00029175-00029275": "type for a data type.\"", "4XpFTRq714Q-00069-00029275-00029508": "So it will all eventually be together.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00070-00029508-00030099": "But in the case of the DNase 1 data, there's over 400 cell and tissue types and also developmental", "4XpFTRq714Q-00071-00030099-00030280": "states.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00072-00030280-00030643": "And virtually all of it from primary cells and tissues.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00073-00030643-00031260": "So just to put some numbers on this, kind of where things stand -- currently it looks", "4XpFTRq714Q-00074-00031260-00031983": "like the human genome encodes at least 4 million DNase hypersensitive sites.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00075-00031983-00032497": "Virtually all of these show some degree of tissue or lineage selectivity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00076-00032497-00032920": "Some of them fairly extreme.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00077-00032920-00033371": "Virtually -- the vast majority of these elements are in the distal non-promoter compartment.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00078-00033371-00033577": "That still leaves a lot in the promoter compartment.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00079-00033577-00033833": "So, you know, Tom was talking about these 50,000 annotated genes.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00080-00033833-00034491": "Well, those genes have a lot of alternative promoters out there as well that are tissue-specific.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00081-00034491-00035002": "One of the things that it's important to keep in mind when you're looking at the DNase 1", "4XpFTRq714Q-00082-00035002-00035944": "data is that you're looking here at a generic snapshot of where regulatory features are", "4XpFTRq714Q-00083-00035944-00036220": "encoded in a particular cell type.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00084-00036220-00036747": "But you are also looking at a compartment that has a capacity for memory, in the sense", "4XpFTRq714Q-00085-00036747-00037386": "that any given site that you see either is active in that cell type at that particular", "4XpFTRq714Q-00086-00037386-00037958": "time, or it is potentially active -- it's primed for some type of activity -- or it", "4XpFTRq714Q-00087-00037958-00038499": "is a remnant of prior activity that exists as a memory.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00088-00038499-00038968": "And this may -- is quite surprising, but it was actually a feature that was uncovered", "4XpFTRq714Q-00089-00038968-00039562": "very early in the history of chromatin and regulatory DNA analysis by Harold Weintraub", "4XpFTRq714Q-00090-00039562-00039752": "and Mark Berdein [spelled phonetically].", "4XpFTRq714Q-00091-00039752-00040507": "And the consequence of this sort of memory compartment is that you can take DNase profiles", "4XpFTRq714Q-00092-00040507-00041005": "and you can see, you know, stuff kind of turning on, off, on, on, off, et cetera.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00093-00041005-00041561": "If you take these things and you just kind of cluster them, you actually can organize", "4XpFTRq714Q-00094-00041561-00042422": "cell and tissue types in a way that recapitulates the structures that we know exist and the", "4XpFTRq714Q-00095-00042422-00042780": "faith decisions that we know were made very early in development.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00096-00042780-00043202": "So in this case, you know, for partitioning of the blood, the epithelia, et cetera.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00097-00043202-00043666": "All of the information and structure in these lineages here was just actually created by", "4XpFTRq714Q-00098-00043666-00044080": "clustering fully differentiated cells.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00099-00044080-00044622": "And the reason for this is that when you look forward in differentiation -- so let's say", "4XpFTRq714Q-00100-00044622-00045037": "if I'm going from stem cell to hematopoietic, you know, progenitor, and then on to some", "4XpFTRq714Q-00101-00045037-00045378": "other hematopoietic lineages, there are two things going on.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00102-00045378-00045941": "First of all, the size of the DNase 1 landscape, the number of hypersensitive sites contracts", "4XpFTRq714Q-00103-00045941-00046190": "as you're moving forward.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00104-00046190-00046394": "And so that's kind of the size of these circles.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00105-00046394-00046980": "And the second thing is that there is this carryover or persistence of information.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00106-00046980-00047394": "And so if we kind of map this out a little bit different way in a few lineages, imagine", "4XpFTRq714Q-00107-00047394-00047962": "you're starting out here with a compartment in embryonic stem cells.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00108-00047962-00048263": "This is sort of the size of the hypersensitive site landscape.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00109-00048263-00048710": "By the time you're in a hematopoietic progenitor, you have shrunk this down.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00110-00048710-00048929": "So this is about 250,000 sites here.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00111-00048929-00049329": "About 140,000 or so sites here.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00112-00049329-00049897": "And at this point, about 40 percent of them are persistent or shared with ES cells and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00113-00049897-00050082": "there are a bunch of things that are new.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00114-00050082-00050440": "And then this happens all over again as you differentiate to each linage.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00115-00050440-00050922": "So here's about 100,000 sites in each of these differentiated cells and about a third of", "4XpFTRq714Q-00116-00050922-00051292": "them are persistent or shared with ES cells.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00117-00051292-00051664": "Another bunch is persistent or shared with the progenitors.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00118-00051664-00052146": "And then there's this compartment about 50 percent -- but it's a different 50 percent", "4XpFTRq714Q-00119-00052146-00052735": "in each of these cell types -- is the one that's unique to that terminal branch.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00120-00052735-00053079": "And so what that means is -- and we've done this sort of analysis now in several other", "4XpFTRq714Q-00121-00053079-00053661": "systems, including dynamically differentiating systems, like ES cells and so the numbers", "4XpFTRq714Q-00122-00053661-00054197": "you keep in mind is about a third of the landscape that you see in fully differentiated cells", "4XpFTRq714Q-00123-00054197-00054815": "is persistent from ES cells and is not associated with active gene expression.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00124-00054815-00055250": "And then -- but if you count in the progenitors, we're estimating that another chunk -- so", "4XpFTRq714Q-00125-00055250-00055813": "roughly half -- of the compartment that's there is there for -- it's persistent.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00126-00055813-00056003": "It's some type of memory function.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00127-00056003-00056438": "It's got a select group of transcription factors, in general.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00128-00056438-00056782": "It's a fairly big group, but that are occupying it.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00129-00056782-00057232": "And this leads -- so it means that the DNase 1 landscape, when you look at it, it's not", "4XpFTRq714Q-00130-00057232-00057351": "all just enhancers.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00131-00057351-00058002": "It's a complex mix of cell states and a much more rich compartment than just what's actively", "4XpFTRq714Q-00132-00058002-00058450": "propagating expression at that time in that tissue.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00133-00058450-00058571": "Okay.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00134-00058571-00059357": "So there are also ways that we can now connect about a million of these 4 million elements", "4XpFTRq714Q-00135-00059357-00060078": "with likely target genes by watching their co-activation with a target gene's promoter", "4XpFTRq714Q-00136-00060078-00060375": "over hundreds of cell types.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00137-00060375-00061117": "And finally, it's worth emphasizing the point that individual cell types that we have looked", "4XpFTRq714Q-00138-00061117-00061573": "at and the more you can parse things, the more this is the case.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00139-00061573-00062155": "Every individual cell type has hundreds of thousands of these elements that are -- appear", "4XpFTRq714Q-00140-00062155-00062488": "to be completely unique for that cell type.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00141-00062488-00062922": "And as we complete the map, that number may shrink a little bit, but it's not going to", "4XpFTRq714Q-00142-00062922-00063247": "get below hundreds, certainly.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00143-00063247-00063607": "Or potentially even low thousands for individual cell types.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00144-00063607-00064180": "Okay, so going within those hypersensitive sites, our calculations now are that the genome", "4XpFTRq714Q-00145-00064180-00064820": "encodes at least 20 million regulatory factor recognition sites.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00146-00064820-00065446": "That in each cell type, there's roughly on the order of 2 to 5 million transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00147-00065446-00066126": "factor footprints that we can detect by genome foot-printing if we sequence to completion.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00148-00066126-00066826": "And that the average cell type uses a recognition lexicon of somewhere between two and 300 words.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00149-00066826-00067335": "And you get this by mining all of those footprints and then collapsing it and find that there's", "4XpFTRq714Q-00150-00067335-00067694": "this lexicon of somewhere between two and 300 motifs.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00151-00067694-00068324": "And then finally, in terms of the global lexicon for recognition sites for TFs, we -- meaning", "4XpFTRq714Q-00152-00068324-00068906": "the community -- I think are now fairly rapidly closing in on a complete recognition lexicon", "4XpFTRq714Q-00153-00068906-00069320": "from combining a variety of technologies to get there.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00154-00069320-00070045": "I was just at a meeting last week where -- there was an update on this and there's quite a", "4XpFTRq714Q-00155-00070045-00070146": "lot of activity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00156-00070146-00070570": "And that's going to, I think, greatly improve and it can be immediately imported into tools", "4XpFTRq714Q-00157-00070570-00070913": "from ENCODE to improve annotations with the genome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00158-00070913-00071402": "But coming back to sort of the general landscape that's out there -- 4 million cites.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00159-00071402-00071905": "Roughly 150,000, you know, computatorially [sic] in any given cell type.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00160-00071905-00072515": "But the big problem is that we have very little idea what most of these sites do.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00161-00072515-00072798": "You know, it's definitely not just enhancers.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00162-00072798-00073222": "I think we're sort of doing ourselves a disservice by using that word and thinking about everything", "4XpFTRq714Q-00163-00073222-00073322": "as enhancers.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00164-00073322-00073777": "Because, really, I think it's a case that most regulatory regions are likely to encode", "4XpFTRq714Q-00165-00073777-00074130": "novel and complex activities that are going to take some time to sort out.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00166-00074130-00074496": "So, you know, for example, we stumbled into a set of elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00167-00074496-00074780": "There's, I don't know, 30 to 40,000 of these in the genome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00168-00074780-00075258": "And what they do sit they sort of park themselves near or partly on axons and loop them to the", "4XpFTRq714Q-00169-00075258-00075855": "promoter region, where they seem to be modulating rates of alternative splicing.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00170-00075855-00076117": "So that's just an example of a complex activity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00171-00076117-00076529": "But there are likely many to be sorted out as we go forward.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00172-00076529-00077150": "And finally, with respect to the transcription factor landscape, the fundamental challenge,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00173-00077150-00077682": "I think, is becoming more clear that every regulatory region is built differently and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00174-00077682-00078177": "every transcription factor has to do its job in its local context with local partners in", "4XpFTRq714Q-00175-00078177-00078523": "its local chromatid environment.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00176-00078523-00078877": "And the chromatin environment is incredibly important.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00177-00078877-00079385": "And, you know, I think there's -- as we understand that better, there's a widening discrepancy", "4XpFTRq714Q-00178-00079385-00079877": "between what's actually going on in the genome and what you can sort of recreate in artificial", "4XpFTRq714Q-00179-00079877-00080050": "assays.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00180-00080050-00080436": "So now I want to turn to the question of where did this all come from and where did, you", "4XpFTRq714Q-00181-00080436-00080658": "know -- how did the regulatory genome arise?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00182-00080658-00081107": "And I'll divide the rest of the talk into two parts: The first part I'll talk about", "4XpFTRq714Q-00183-00081107-00081577": "sort of mouse and human regulatory regions defined by DNase hypersensitive sites and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00184-00081577-00081989": "a bit about the evolutionary dynamics of shaping that landscape.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00185-00081989-00082527": "And then the second part I'll talk about transcription factors and networks and particularly looking", "4XpFTRq714Q-00186-00082527-00083167": "at the relationship between conservation of trans versus cis regulatory activity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00187-00083167-00083785": "So as I mentioned, there has -- in the mouse ENCODE project, it's been a systematic effort", "4XpFTRq714Q-00188-00083785-00084299": "ongoing now to define mouse regulatory DNA using various modalities.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00189-00084299-00084851": "And with the hypersensitive sites, at the time of some publications last year -- I actually", "4XpFTRq714Q-00190-00084851-00084951": "kind of made this slide.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00191-00084951-00085074": "There were 44 cells and tissues.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00192-00085074-00085523": "I think that's something out of the 50s and 60s and it's going to climb higher and get", "4XpFTRq714Q-00193-00085523-00085881": "even more comprehensive and more finely detailed.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00194-00085881-00086639": "But what I'll talk today are about 1.3 million distinct sites that you can map across 44", "4XpFTRq714Q-00195-00086639-00086739": "cells and tissues.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00196-00086739-00087252": "Again, we're looking at an average of about 150,000 DHSs per cell type.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00197-00087252-00088023": "And I'll compare this with a set of around 3 million hypersensitive sites from 230 human", "4XpFTRq714Q-00198-00088023-00088253": "cell and tissue types that we've integrated.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00199-00088253-00088726": "So -- but if you do this and you take the human sequences, the mouse sequences, and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00200-00088726-00089400": "you align everything -- you align the mouse sequence to the human and basically you get", "4XpFTRq714Q-00201-00089400-00090216": "sort of a picture where you can -- for a given orthologous region, you can identify both", "4XpFTRq714Q-00202-00090216-00090932": "species-specific hypersensitive sites and ones that are shared between species.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00203-00090932-00091395": "And there are various ways to do these alignments to make absolutely sure by sort of doing mutual", "4XpFTRq714Q-00204-00091395-00091768": "cross alignments, et cetera, that you're dealing with the same pieces of DNA.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00205-00091768-00092407": "But very globally, the picture you get is this, is of this pool of about 1.3 million", "4XpFTRq714Q-00206-00092407-00093066": "DHSs, around 40 percent of them do not align to the human genome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00207-00093066-00093166": "Okay?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00208-00093166-00093362": "So this is something that is specific to mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00209-00093362-00093525": "And these are not throw-away elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00210-00093525-00093803": "They cluster all around super important mouse genes.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00211-00093803-00093990": "They turn on and off with them.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00212-00093990-00094597": "They have all the properties of mouse regulatory elements, and in fact, many of them are elements", "4XpFTRq714Q-00213-00094597-00095043": "that people have studied in mouse that just don't align in human genome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00214-00095043-00095232": "You have two other compartments here.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00215-00095232-00095782": "So one of them here in the yellow are sites that aligned in the human genome and are also", "4XpFTRq714Q-00216-00095782-00096306": "hypersensitive sites in one -- in some human tissue out there.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00217-00096306-00096878": "And then there's this group of about 24 percent that aligned to the human genome, but are", "4XpFTRq714Q-00218-00096878-00097262": "not hypersensitive in any tissue that we have seen so far.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00219-00097262-00097657": "So they're -- give the fact that that's a larger space, they're potentially have been", "4XpFTRq714Q-00220-00097657-00097892": "evolutionarily extinguished.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00221-00097892-00098306": "So on the one hand, we can look directly at the mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00222-00098306-00098764": "But of course, we can take these sequences and align them across all other animals.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00223-00098764-00099248": "And what you find here is sort of a general picture where we have -- this is the percentage", "4XpFTRq714Q-00224-00099248-00099801": "of the mouse hypersensitive sites there that are kind of aligning.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00225-00099801-00100611": "And then here's sort of the distance -- the evolutionary distance.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00226-00100611-00101276": "And sort of mapping this on here, what you basically get is that sort of 75 percent of", "4XpFTRq714Q-00227-00101276-00102186": "the DHS landscape is restricted to placental animals.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00228-00102186-00102781": "And then if we map in now sort of this stuff here that's kind of shared with, you know,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00229-00102781-00103581": "shared with human, you find that there is this 50 percent of the non-aligning stuff", "4XpFTRq714Q-00230-00103581-00103766": "is restricted to murids.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00231-00103766-00104003": "Here's the stuff that aligns of the human.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00232-00104003-00104643": "And basically, what you find is that the vast majority of mouse and human regulatory DNA", "4XpFTRq714Q-00233-00104643-00105228": "is specific to a placental animals, although even in there, that has been a fairly tremendous", "4XpFTRq714Q-00234-00105228-00105444": "rearranging of the furniture.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00235-00105444-00106001": "And so this appears -- this kind of rearranging appears to -- there's sort of two big picture", "4XpFTRq714Q-00236-00106001-00106228": "principles that emerge from this.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00237-00106228-00106743": "One of them is that there appears to be extensive functional repurposing of DNA.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00238-00106743-00107403": "And what I mean by that is that you have a situation where if you look at these 1.3 million", "4XpFTRq714Q-00239-00107403-00107933": "sites in the mouse and then you look at the one -- so this is the fraction here, this", "4XpFTRq714Q-00240-00107933-00108649": "40 percent or whatever -- sorry, this chunk of about 33 percent that maps the human and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00241-00108649-00109243": "is hypersensitive in some tissue, about 21 -- so this chunk right here in red, 21 percent", "4XpFTRq714Q-00242-00109243-00109801": "overall, but this chunk here is hypersensitive in the same tissue orthologously that is in", "4XpFTRq714Q-00243-00109801-00109901": "human and mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00244-00109901-00110280": "And this other chunk here has switched tissues.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00245-00110280-00110794": "So, for example, it's the case where, you know, these are kind of orthologous elements,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00246-00110794-00111300": "so let's say here's in the mouse and in the human it's both in muscle, which is in orange.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00247-00111300-00111782": "And this is a mouse brain element also on a brain in human and maybe has acquired expression", "4XpFTRq714Q-00248-00111782-00111882": "in muscle.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00249-00111882-00112316": "But this green chunk corresponds to things which are on in one tissue type in the mouse", "4XpFTRq714Q-00250-00112316-00112824": "and then they're completely different one in the human.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00251-00112824-00113421": "So this appears to be a fairly frequent and prevalent phenomenon, that nature can rearrange", "4XpFTRq714Q-00252-00113421-00113670": "the furniture there pretty easily.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00253-00113670-00114146": "And if you look inside these guys, what you find is that the mechanism of this is fairly", "4XpFTRq714Q-00254-00114146-00114727": "straightforward, because in all of these cases, there has been a turnover of the binding site.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00255-00114727-00115350": "So you have some sites that are conserved and then basically you have other sites where", "4XpFTRq714Q-00256-00115350-00115617": "there are novel binding sites that turn up.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00257-00115617-00116124": "So again, if you look in this global compartment of things that are hypersensitive in the human,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00258-00116124-00116692": "only this fraction right here have a conserved transcription factor binding site.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00259-00116692-00117341": "And there's actually a whole bunch of them that, remarkably, are in the same location", "4XpFTRq714Q-00260-00117341-00117727": "in the genome, and we know that because we can align the DNA around there, but there", "4XpFTRq714Q-00261-00117727-00118067": "has been such extensive switching around of the binding sites that there's basically no", "4XpFTRq714Q-00262-00118067-00118522": "conservation of the recognition sequence.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00263-00118522-00118972": "You could have turned over the entire thing and if somebody asked how that can happen,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00264-00118972-00119170": "I can answer that a little bit later.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00265-00119170-00119701": "Because it's sort of a biophysical playground there as well.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00266-00119701-00120080": "And certainly the conserved binding sites are enriched in the sites that have conserved", "4XpFTRq714Q-00267-00120080-00120180": "activity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00268-00120180-00120544": "So basically -- again, just to kind of, you know, throw in some numbers here.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00269-00120544-00121183": "Looking at the entirety of the mouse landscape, you've got 21 percent of that landscape that's", "4XpFTRq714Q-00270-00121183-00121657": "shared with a corresponding, orthologous human tissue.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00271-00121657-00122138": "And eleven percent has a conserved binding site in it somewhere.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00272-00122138-00122706": "Now, that's a fair amount of divergence and, you know, given all of this divergence in", "4XpFTRq714Q-00273-00122706-00123230": "the regulatory landscapes, you can basically ask, \"What is maintaining functional conservation", "4XpFTRq714Q-00274-00123230-00123330": "in mouse and human?\"", "4XpFTRq714Q-00275-00123330-00123666": "I mean, mice and human have the same basic body plan, physiological function, lots of", "4XpFTRq714Q-00276-00123666-00123788": "other things.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00277-00123788-00123997": "So what is sort of maintaining this?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00278-00123997-00124615": "And here is one of the -- one view from the global landscape picture.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00279-00124615-00125183": "And I'll give you another view from sort of the sort of the fine landscape picture that", "4XpFTRq714Q-00280-00125183-00126067": "there are -- we have been treating conservation in a very, very sequence-centric manner and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00281-00126067-00126317": "looking at it at individual spots in the genome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00282-00126317-00126779": "And what that does is it basically ignores the bigger picture of what might be going", "4XpFTRq714Q-00283-00126779-00126879": "on.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00284-00126879-00127269": "And what we find is it's actually conservation of global regulatory content.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00285-00127269-00127708": "So that if I go and look at -- take mouse and human.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00286-00127708-00127890": "So I take a given cell type.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00287-00127890-00128578": "I look and I take a given transcription factor, and I look and say, \"What fraction of the", "4XpFTRq714Q-00288-00128578-00129279": "hypersensitive sites in that cell type, what fraction of real estate is devoted to recognition", "4XpFTRq714Q-00289-00129279-00129486": "sites for that transcription factor?\"", "4XpFTRq714Q-00290-00129486-00129809": "So I calculate that in the human and the mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00291-00129809-00130325": "For every factor in two completely orthologous cell types; this is regulatory T cells in", "4XpFTRq714Q-00292-00130325-00130699": "mouse and human; each dot here is a transcription factor.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00293-00130699-00131573": "And basically, it's the case that the amount of the real estate that's devoted each transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00294-00131573-00131768": "factor is the same in mouse and human.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00295-00131768-00132147": "You can do this in different tissue types, et cetera.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00296-00132147-00132710": "So despite the poor conservation of individual binding sites, the overall proportion of this", "4XpFTRq714Q-00297-00132710-00133618": "real estate is nearly constant between different cell types -- or, sorry, for every given transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00298-00133618-00133748": "factor between two organisms.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00299-00133748-00134549": "So just a recap, quickly, regulatory DNA landscape has undergone a whole cell rewiring during", "4XpFTRq714Q-00300-00134549-00134700": "the mouse-human interval.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00301-00134700-00135210": "Humans and mouse share a core regulon that encodes cell identity and lineage programs.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00302-00135210-00135615": "And I didn't actually go into this, but that core set is really enriched with the lineage", "4XpFTRq714Q-00303-00135615-00135770": "regulatory factors.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00304-00135770-00136273": "The regulatory landscape evolution involves two basic things; one, this extensive repurposing", "4XpFTRq714Q-00305-00136273-00136457": "from one tissue context to another.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00306-00136457-00136951": "And the second one is that there's continuous re-evolution on the same ancestral DNA template.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00307-00136951-00137526": "And finally, strict conservation of the proportion of regulatory DNA, encoding binding sites", "4XpFTRq714Q-00308-00137526-00137683": "for transcription factor.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00309-00137683-00138290": "So very quickly, I just want to walk through the view from the ground up in transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00310-00138290-00138423": "factors and networks.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00311-00138423-00139028": "And so here, what we can do is push the data by deep sequencing down to the level where", "4XpFTRq714Q-00312-00139028-00139348": "we can read individual transcription factor footprints.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00313-00139348-00140045": "This enabled us in 25 cell types to map 8.6 million footprints and so you can go in the", "4XpFTRq714Q-00314-00140045-00140460": "genome and dial them up and see them for various cell types.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00315-00140460-00140895": "A large fraction of these are very cell type selective.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00316-00140895-00141453": "But overall, you have a situation where about 20 percent -- a little bit over 20 percent", "4XpFTRq714Q-00317-00141453-00142003": "of the footprints are conserved positionally between human and mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00318-00142003-00142679": "And on top of that, what you have is conservation of the recognition repertoires.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00319-00142679-00143184": "So if we go and we mine these footprints, we derive a transcription factor lexicon,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00320-00143184-00143689": "just like we did for the human, and you do this and you get a set of 600 unique motif", "4XpFTRq714Q-00321-00143689-00143912": "models, you can compare this.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00322-00143912-00144082": "You can see which ones match databases.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00323-00144082-00144492": "And you get about 240 that are not in databases.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00324-00144492-00145048": "And you can compare this with the identical exercise in a human, and remarkably, these", "4XpFTRq714Q-00325-00145048-00145185": "motifs line up.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00326-00145185-00145712": "So the human and the mouse transcription factors, they're effective repetition repertoire on", "4XpFTRq714Q-00327-00145712-00145930": "the genome is practically identical.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00328-00145930-00146339": "The mouse has some that the human doesn't, and the human has a few that the mouse doesn't.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00329-00146339-00146640": "And the mouse ones are kind of selective for ES cells.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00330-00146640-00146911": "But in general, very strong conservation.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00331-00146911-00147422": "And then if we look at the circuitry, meaning how transcription factors -- so transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00332-00147422-00147628": "factors are obviously wired in a big network.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00333-00147628-00147769": "They control downstream genes.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00334-00147769-00148204": "But one of the most vital genes that transcription factors control are other transcription factors", "4XpFTRq714Q-00335-00148204-00148315": "and themselves.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00336-00148315-00149154": "And you can actually map those circuits by going into data looking at each transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00337-00149154-00149254": "factor gene.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00338-00149254-00149522": "And this is just sort of cartoon for promoter, just to get the idea.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00339-00149522-00149827": "Looking at the transcription factors that are there in footprints, you know, so you", "4XpFTRq714Q-00340-00149827-00150029": "know, these are the ones that are controlling this gene.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00341-00150029-00150475": "And then this gene, of course, this transcription factor can control all these other transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00342-00150475-00150575": "factor genes.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00343-00150575-00151033": "So now you've got the basis of your nodes, transcription factor, and edge.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00344-00151033-00151490": "It's a connection between two transcription factor genes and if you iterate this over", "4XpFTRq714Q-00345-00151490-00151640": "and over, you get a network.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00346-00151640-00151804": "You get these big hairballs, right?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00347-00151804-00152326": "But unlike the sort of normal, you know, hairballs, these are actually -- you can kind of comb", "4XpFTRq714Q-00348-00152326-00152897": "through them really nicely because they contain very, very precise representations of known", "4XpFTRq714Q-00349-00152897-00153195": "-- of transcription factor relationships.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00350-00153195-00153590": "And you do this again in the mouse and systematically map this.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00351-00153590-00154069": "You find that a large number of these transcription factor to transcription factor connections", "4XpFTRq714Q-00352-00154069-00154212": "are cell-selective.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00353-00154212-00154722": "So for example, you know, in brain, this transcription factor is controlling these other genes.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00354-00154722-00155213": "Let's say in retina, the same factor's controlling part of them and other genes.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00355-00155213-00155651": "But the really critical thing is, now what we can do is we can ask, \"What happened to", "4XpFTRq714Q-00356-00155651-00155861": "these connections during evolution?\"", "4XpFTRq714Q-00357-00155861-00156376": "So if I have these transcription factors here in the mouse gene and these here in the human", "4XpFTRq714Q-00358-00156376-00156932": "gene, I can identify instances where, let's say in this case, the same factor's present", "4XpFTRq714Q-00359-00156932-00157180": "in the same position in human and mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00360-00157180-00157678": "In this case, the same factor is present, but it has moved.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00361-00157678-00157984": "In this case, there is a human-specific one.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00362-00157984-00158132": "And here is a mouse-specific one.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00363-00158132-00158442": "And we can look at all of these different proportions.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00364-00158442-00159032": "And when you do this, you find that here's this fraction that is positionally conserved,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00365-00159032-00159636": "and then there is this excess of these sites where the connection has been maintained through", "4XpFTRq714Q-00366-00159636-00160095": "the innovation of a brand new binding site on the template.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00367-00160095-00160754": "So around this number of 20 percent roughly goes to 44, 45 percent.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00368-00160754-00161319": "And at the level of global network architecture, looking how the network is built and how network", "4XpFTRq714Q-00369-00161319-00161909": "motifs are distributed, this is a figure from a paper of a couple years ago showing that", "4XpFTRq714Q-00370-00161909-00162283": "the human cell types -- each line in here is a different human cell type -- had virtually", "4XpFTRq714Q-00371-00162283-00162748": "the identical architecture in how these are utilized.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00372-00162748-00163147": "You can make these computations over these mouse cell types, and you get a very similar-looking", "4XpFTRq714Q-00373-00163147-00163247": "picture.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00374-00163247-00163347": "In fact, it's not just similar.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00375-00163347-00163575": "If you superimpose them, they're practically identical.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00376-00163575-00164226": "So the global architecture of the human and mouse networks are extremely similar, and", "4XpFTRq714Q-00377-00164226-00164709": "this also extends to the fine network architecture, where I can go into any one of these sort", "4XpFTRq714Q-00378-00164709-00165236": "of network motifs and ask what kinds of transcription factors do I find in each location in human", "4XpFTRq714Q-00379-00165236-00165610": "and mouse and you basically, again, find the same thing.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00380-00165610-00166073": "That the same regulators like to sit in the same spots in the same kinds of networks between", "4XpFTRq714Q-00381-00166073-00166173": "human and mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00382-00166173-00166717": "So just kind of wrapping this up and stepping back from the genome, we can see where evolution", "4XpFTRq714Q-00383-00166717-00166941": "here has really been acting, you know.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00384-00166941-00167420": "We talk about this figure about how much individual DNA bases are concerned: 5 percent, 10 percent,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00385-00167420-00167538": "whatever you want.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00386-00167538-00168107": "But when we look up at the level of footprints, there's about a 20 percent conservation if", "4XpFTRq714Q-00387-00168107-00168358": "we go on average across all cell types.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00388-00168358-00168725": "We look at TF, the transcription factor connections.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00389-00168725-00169068": "There is around 44 percent of those are conserved.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00390-00169068-00169502": "And when we go to, finally to networks, we see that the human and mouse networks really", "4XpFTRq714Q-00391-00169502-00169783": "look the same in many different ways.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00392-00169783-00170489": "So with that, I'll wrap up and just highlight some great students and fellows and computational", "4XpFTRq714Q-00393-00170489-00170917": "staff and all of our great collaborators that helped bring the mouse DNase 1 data forward.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00394-00170917-00171491": "And obviously, NHGRI's funding of the mouse ENCODE project.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00395-00171491-00171830": "Thank you.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00396-00171830-00172002": "[applause]", "4XpFTRq714Q-00397-00172002-00172683": "Male Speaker: [inaudible] questions.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00398-00172683-00173796": "Female Speaker: So substantial amount of the mouse and human", "4XpFTRq714Q-00399-00173796-00174380": "genomes are comprised of retro elements that certainly move around and can introduce regulatory", "4XpFTRq714Q-00400-00174380-00175035": "elements, so how much of the lineage-specific regulatory sequences you're describing are", "4XpFTRq714Q-00401-00175035-00175190": "embedded in retroviruses?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00402-00175190-00176223": "John Stamatoyannopoulos: Yeah, so actually the", "4XpFTRq714Q-00403-00176223-00176638": "substantial compartment of hypersensitive sites on retro elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00404-00176638-00176928": "And they tend to be extremely cell-type selective.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00405-00176928-00177537": "So actually, Guillaume Burke has a very nice paper on this analyzing it very systematically.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00406-00177537-00178233": "And the -- but when you look at the mouse and you look at what has happened between", "4XpFTRq714Q-00407-00178233-00178409": "human and mouse, you have two things.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00408-00178409-00179022": "Number one, you see a large number of the innovated sequences that are different between", "4XpFTRq714Q-00409-00179022-00179122": "human and mouse.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00410-00179122-00179392": "They do compromise these retro elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00411-00179392-00179787": "So there's two real classes of the new stuff, the stuff that's evolving a kind of unique", "4XpFTRq714Q-00412-00179787-00179990": "DNA and then the retro elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00413-00179990-00180645": "And the second thing is that we see pervasive evidence of the phenomenon of kind of transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00414-00180645-00181251": "factor hopping, in the sense that the binding sites of many types of transcription factors", "4XpFTRq714Q-00415-00181251-00181758": "have disproportionately distributed around the genome through particular classes of retro", "4XpFTRq714Q-00416-00181758-00181858": "elements.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00417-00181858-00182344": "So that's actually an extremely important compartment in the source of a lot of regulatory", "4XpFTRq714Q-00418-00182344-00182444": "diversity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00419-00182444-00182813": "Male Speaker: Hey John.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00420-00182813-00183438": "Regarding the enhance repurposing, do you see any specific pairs of transcribing factors", "4XpFTRq714Q-00421-00183438-00183636": "in the certain tissues?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00422-00183636-00183738": "Like the linkage?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00423-00183738-00184121": "John Stamatoyannopoulos: Yeah, so I think that the issue here is it", "4XpFTRq714Q-00424-00184121-00185005": "appears to be extremely easy for nature to evolve new binding sites and to flip a -- the", "4XpFTRq714Q-00425-00185005-00185493": "specificity of an element from one tissue type to another, even through the innovation", "4XpFTRq714Q-00426-00185493-00186061": "of just a couple of recognition sites for a lineage regulator or for maybe a different", "4XpFTRq714Q-00427-00186061-00186210": "combination of sites.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00428-00186210-00186549": "So in other words, that appears to be a very, very plastic thing.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00429-00186549-00186945": "In some cases, we can even identify elements that have a single new binding site that's", "4XpFTRq714Q-00430-00186945-00187177": "shown up that's flipped its tissue.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00431-00187177-00187583": "More often, though, the case is that there has been larger scale rearrangement.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00432-00187583-00188025": "So the evolutionary time scale on which that appears to be able to take place is really,", "4XpFTRq714Q-00433-00188025-00188225": "really -- appears to be really short.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00434-00188225-00188704": "And I think, you know, part of the issue is that we have been globally thinking for many", "4XpFTRq714Q-00435-00188704-00189467": "years about regulatory elements as being super engineered, tightly put together things that", "4XpFTRq714Q-00436-00189467-00189867": "are really precious like, you know, digging up diamonds in the mine in South Africa.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00437-00189867-00189967": "You know?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00438-00189967-00190153": "When in fact, these things are being mass produced offshore somewhere.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00439-00190153-00190253": "[laughs] You know?", "4XpFTRq714Q-00440-00190253-00190648": "I mean, it just continuously, you know, being produced by evolution.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00441-00190648-00190748": "Male Speaker: Yes.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00442-00190748-00190869": "Somehow, I was also thinking of a Chris Glass talk from yesterday.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00443-00190869-00191397": "Is it possible like one of the TFs is conserved and then this new partner and then this new", "4XpFTRq714Q-00444-00191397-00191497": "repurposing --", "4XpFTRq714Q-00445-00191497-00191719": "John Stamatoyannopoulos: So what you're getting out there is the explanation", "4XpFTRq714Q-00446-00191719-00191994": "for the phenomenon, which may seem paradoxical.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00447-00191994-00192189": "That I have a single piece of DNA.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00448-00192189-00192685": "I know it's the same DNA in human and mouse, because I have enough basis to super confidently", "4XpFTRq714Q-00449-00192685-00192785": "say.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00450-00192785-00193124": "But, in fact, I look and see between you and a mouse, there's like, none of the same transcription", "4XpFTRq714Q-00451-00193124-00193662": "factors there, and the reason for that is because of co-operativity and nucleosome-enforced", "4XpFTRq714Q-00452-00193662-00193762": "co-operativity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00453-00193762-00194101": "So you've got -- in order to have a piece of regulatory DNA, you have to have your factors.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00454-00194101-00194260": "It's got to get rid of the neurosome.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00455-00194260-00194733": "And what that means is that making a change there is very, very easy compared to forming", "4XpFTRq714Q-00456-00194733-00195069": "a new element where there's lot of other sites to come together.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00457-00195069-00195523": "And so what happens is you can lose one and then you can lose another, a different one.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00458-00195523-00195748": "You lose four or five in a row, it's still the site.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00459-00195748-00196167": "The site's there every time, but now you've suddenly turned over the entire furniture", "4XpFTRq714Q-00460-00196167-00196391": "in the house, while the house is still there [laughs].", "4XpFTRq714Q-00461-00196391-00196544": "Male Speaker: Thanks.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00462-00196544-00196697": "Male Speaker: [inaudible]", "4XpFTRq714Q-00463-00196697-00197633": "John Stamatoyannopoulos: You can't do -- it implies that it occurs", "4XpFTRq714Q-00464-00197633-00197848": "sequentially, not a whole cell turnover.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00465-00197848-00197948": "Yeah.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00466-00197948-00198063": "Oh, I’m sorry.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00467-00198063-00198481": "The question was, \"Do you have to leave something there?\"", "4XpFTRq714Q-00468-00198481-00198646": "And that's -- so each time.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00469-00198646-00199045": "So the answer is absolutely, because something has to be there to maintain the co-operativity.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00470-00199045-00199414": "It's exactly what Chris sort of showed, is the sense that you have these cooperative", "4XpFTRq714Q-00471-00199414-00199951": "interactions but still, everybody has to be there in order for that thing to happen.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00472-00199951-00200284": "One last -- okay.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00473-00200284-00200546": "Yeah, we should -- well, you find me at the -- afterwards.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00474-00200546-00200646": "So.", "4XpFTRq714Q-00475-00200646-00200746": "[applause]", "4XpFTRq714Q-00476-00200746-00200746": "[end of transcript]"}}, {"audio_id": "4XtE4Ycjs18", "text": {"4XtE4Ycjs18-00000-00005214-00006669": "Welcome to GF", "4XtE4Ycjs18-00001-00006669-00009686": "VTT", "4XtE4Ycjs18-00002-00009686-00010073": "TFT , Wish You Happy Movies"}}, {"audio_id": "4XxY2DnKSoY", "text": {"4XxY2DnKSoY-00000-00000567-00001372": "It has been long awaited since the film was first announced, and was teased in a brief 30 second clip during the Superbowl.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00001-00001489-00002647": "But the first official trailer for Solo: A Star Wars Story has finally arrived, and shows Alden Ehrenreich getting behind the wheel of the Millenium Falcon for the very first time.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00002-00002764-00004013": "The 85 second preview gave fans their first look at some of the films characters, including Donald Glover as a young Lando Calrissian, and Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke as the mysterious Qi'Ra.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00003-00004130-00005326": "Scroll down for video  Early on in the preview we see the young Solo showing his piloting skills, with a voiceover telling fans he had been running scams on the street since he was ten years old.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00004-00005443-00006337": "Admitting he was kicked out of the flight academy 'for having a mind of my own', he says his main goal is to be 'the best pilot in the galaxy.'", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00005-00006454-00007262": "The handsome rogue was a far cry from the rebellion-leading man who falls in love with Princess Leia in the original trilogy.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00006-00007379-00008609": "Later in the trailer, under a snowy landscape, Woody Harrelson's Beckett tells Solo he wants them to team up, and after an accepting cry from Chewie, Solo says: 'He means yes.'", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00007-00008726-00009862": "In a slew of shots for the film, Donald Glover's Lando is briefly seen, along with a masked character who has been hinted to be the film's villain, and Thandie Newton's mystery character.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00008-00009979-00011101": "Qi'Ra is also seen sporting a glamorous dress and curled hair in a brief glimpse of a bar full of dancers, saying to Solo: 'I might be the only person who knows what you really are.'", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00009-00011218-00011754": "Ever the confident man, Solo scoffs replying: 'What's that?'", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00010-00011871-00012818": "As the trailer closes, Solo is seen getting behind the wheel of the iconic Millenium Falcon for the first time, narrowly avoiding several meteors", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00011-00012935-00013641": "Scoffing, Solo can be heard saying: 'I though we were in trouble there for a second, but it's fine", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00012-00013759-00014262": "We're fine', only for Lando and Qi'ra to scream out in horror.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00013-00014379-00015563": "Most of the film's main cast could be seen in this trailer, though star Phoebe Waller Bridge could not been, leading some to question whether she plays the mysterious robot joining Lando in his ship.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00014-00015680-00016644": "Fans have been eagerly awaiting their first look at this film since it was announced in 2015, after being shroded in secrecy due to a messy production.", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00015-00016761-00018034": "Original directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were fired from the project in June 2017 due to 'creative differences', according to Variety, leading Ron Howard to step in for extensive reshoots", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00016-00018151-00019734": "Solo will the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016's Rogue One, and the next film to follow Star Wars: The Last Jedi, which was absent of Harrison Ford's incarnation of the character due to his passing in The Force Awakens", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00017-00019851-00021739": "The synopsis of the film officially reads: 'Through a series of daring escapades deep within a dark and dangerous criminal underworld, Han Solo meets his mighty future co-pilot Chewbacca and encounters the notorious gambler Lando Calrissian, in a journey that will set the course of one of the saga's most unlikely heroes.'", "4XxY2DnKSoY-00018-00021856-00022455": "Solo: A Star Wars Story will be released on May 25, 2018."}}, {"audio_id": "4XESTTnZ0NI", "text": {"4XESTTnZ0NI-00000-00000325-00000750": "Your brain is the most important tool for university level success, and yet many", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00001-00000750-00001146": "students don't take care of it. This video will talk a bit about how to treat your", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00002-00001146-00001590": "brain well. Keep in mind that everything in this video is a bit of a simplification and", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00003-00001590-00002007": "an exaggeration even though its grounded in research. What happens when you", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00004-00002007-00002413": "learn is that you are growing neural connections. This is your neurons before", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00005-00002413-00002536": "learning.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00006-00002536-00002914": "As you struggle to learn the material, the complexity of the interconnectivity", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00007-00002914-00003396": "between the neurons increases. When you finally 'get it', that is, you understand a", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00008-00003396-00003843": "particular concept, this represents a particular pattern or pathway sometimes", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00009-00003843-00004343": "called a neural trace.This trace, however, is initially weak. You need to refresh it", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00010-00004343-00004600": "several times to strengthen it.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00011-00004600-00005087": "This is what you do when you review. Sleep is also important, because it helps", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00012-00005087-00005569": "prune unsuccessful pathways and makes the central pathway stronger. If you", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00013-00005569-00006005": "have ever learnt something wrong, this is why it is so hard to unlearn it¡±¡°You", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00014-00006005-00006542": "have already established a strong neural trace that is incorrect. This research on", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00015-00006542-00006940": "brain based learning has several implications for you as a student. And the first is", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00016-00006940-00007393": "to tolerate confusion¡±¡°Confusion with difficult concepts is entirely normal. If", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00017-00007393-00007623": "you just read about it, and got it immediately,", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00018-00007623-00007858": "it sort of suggests you already knew it.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00019-00007858-00008301": "A truly novel concept will challenge you, and you'll have to build new neural traces", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00020-00008301-00008774": "in order to understand it.Confusion is simply the state of your brain struggling to", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00021-00008774-00009189": "get a viable neural trace in order to understand it. Most students when they don't", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00022-00009189-00009518": "get something immediately assume that there is something wrong with them, that", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00023-00009518-00009875": "they should get it right away. Nothing could be further from the truth. When you", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00024-00009875-00010242": "are confused, you are actually on the verge of learning something completely", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00025-00010242-00010797": "new. But your brain needs time to do that; so give it the time that it needs. When", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00026-00010797-00011189": "you are struggling with difficult material, what you might do is mark that section of", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00027-00011189-00011486": "the text, or that lecture, and leave it for awhile.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00028-00011486-00011897": "Come back to it the next day. This of course assumes that you have good time", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00029-00011897-00012286": "management skills and you might want to look at the other videos on that subject.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00030-00012286-00012754": "The second most important thing is to read for meaning and understanding.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00031-00012754-00013179": "Immerse yourself in the material; not just reading it over mechanically, but deeply", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00032-00013179-00013637": "thinking about it. When students study for meaning their memory is enhanced.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00033-00013637-00014041": "Feed your brain. Learning is tiring because you are literally building knowledge", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00034-00014041-00014568": "with your brain neurons. This takes resources so eat well, stay away from sugar,", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00035-00014568-00015066": "and drink lots of water. A hungry dehydrated brain performs poorly. Feeding your", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00036-00015066-00015531": "brain also means not feeding it some things. Contrary to several myths, there", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00037-00015531-00015959": "are not a variety of substances that will enhance mental performance. Most of", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00038-00015959-00016395": "them don't actually have substantiated research that clearly increases your", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00039-00016395-00016620": "grades.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00040-00016620-00017118": "Fourth, get good sleep. Sleep is essential for learning because it helps establish", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00041-00017118-00017545": "those strong neural connections. Ideally you should review material before going", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00042-00017545-00017968": "to bed each night, and then again review it in the morning. If you can review within", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00043-00017968-00018423": "twenty-four hours, you greatly enhance your memory. By sleep, I'm not talking", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00044-00018423-00018826": "about naps. Those naps may refresh your brain a bit, but they are not long", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00045-00018826-00019249": "enough for your brain to reach the stages of sleep associated with learning. You", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00046-00019249-00019677": "need enough of these as well. That means, for most students, eight hours of", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00047-00019677-00019848": "sleep.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00048-00019848-00020237": "Five: it may seem strange, but you need at least an hour and a half of natural light", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00049-00020237-00020690": "a day in order to adequately regulate your sleep. If you routinely study in a", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00050-00020690-00021146": "basement, rarely emerging, you may find that your sleep is very ineffective and", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00051-00021146-00021570": "your learning will suffer. Study near a window if you can, it doesn't matter if it is", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00052-00021570-00021991": "raining outside, any natural light will do. Try to get outside, go for walks, all of", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00053-00021991-00022506": "this will give you that one and a half hour of natural light that you need a day. And", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00054-00022506-00022909": "exercise is also essential, it has the added benefit of reducing stress. And", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00055-00022909-00023270": "walking part of the way to school is a good way to get both exercise and that", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00056-00023270-00023373": "natural light.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00057-00023373-00023843": "Want to combine all of this into one technique? Try the triangle approach. It works", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00058-00023843-00024303": "like this: When you need a break when studying, say in Thode library, pack up your", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00059-00024303-00024684": "stuff and leave. You don't want to take a break in front of your textbook; get away", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00060-00024684-00025240": "from it. So, walk across campus and go to say, Mills library. Unpack, and start", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00061-00025240-00025578": "studying again, for as long as you can until you need another break. When you", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00062-00025578-00025938": "need a break, pack up, leave, again you don't want to study in front of your", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00063-00025938-00026261": "textbook and say walk across campus to Health Sciences building, or to Tim", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00064-00026261-00026747": "Hortons, or back to your residence room. Eventually, you end up back at Thode,", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00065-00026747-00027108": "completing the triangle, or quadrangle, or whatever it is depending on how many", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00066-00027108-00027463": "study spaces you have identified for yourself on campus.", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00067-00027463-00027858": "The Triangle technique does several things for you: One, it gives you a break, and", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00068-00027858-00028197": "breaks are important in learning.Each time you start studying again in your new", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00069-00028197-00028544": "environment, you find that you can extend your attention a bit and concentrate", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00070-00028544-00029027": "just a bit longer. The triangle technique gives you several things. First, it gets you", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00071-00029027-00029468": "outside, you get a little bit of exercise, maybe some natural light. You also get a", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00072-00029468-00029847": "break. If you add food and water and good study strategies to this, you've got a", "4XESTTnZ0NI-00073-00029847-00030233": "complete brain based package. I hope that this was helpful, and good luck."}}, {"audio_id": "4XQGyx44OG8", "text": {"4XQGyx44OG8-00000-00000000-00000307": "Hi my name is Ryane Needles and I'm a junior at North Star", "4XQGyx44OG8-00001-00000307-00000762": "(sing poet) and my poem is called size 9", "4XQGyx44OG8-00002-00000762-00001452": "My whole life I have been taught to do big things", "4XQGyx44OG8-00003-00001518-00001797": "dream big achieve big", "4XQGyx44OG8-00004-00001797-00001962": "be big so", "4XQGyx44OG8-00005-00001962-00002406": "you can imagine my surprise when I realized that being big was wrong", "4XQGyx44OG8-00006-00002406-00002769": "I grew up with a pretty face and tight jeans", "4XQGyx44OG8-00007-00002769-00003168": "I grew up with my mom's shape and my brothers didn't", "4XQGyx44OG8-00008-00003168-00003564": "I grew up crying silently in the passenger seat after leaving the mall empty-handed", "4XQGyx44OG8-00009-00003564-00003825": "I grew up with a hatred for dressing rooms", "4XQGyx44OG8-00010-00003825-00004059": "I grew up going to the doctor for a sinus", "4XQGyx44OG8-00011-00004059-00004305": "infection and getting an hour long talk about healthy eating", "4XQGyx44OG8-00012-00004359-00004740": "I grew up counting calories and the number of girls that were prettier than me", "4XQGyx44OG8-00013-00004740-00005196": "I grew up using the entire class period before lunch to decide if I should eat or not", "4XQGyx44OG8-00014-00005196-00005532": "I grew up hearing \"you look like you're losing weight\"", "4XQGyx44OG8-00015-00005532-00005799": "and \"nothing tastes as good as skinny feels\"", "4XQGyx44OG8-00016-00005799-00006126": "from people who have clearly never experienced pepperoni pizza rolls", "4XQGyx44OG8-00017-00006126-00006579": "I grew up seeing boys obsessed over girls whose waists were smaller than their heads", "4XQGyx44OG8-00018-00006579-00006855": "I grew up with thigh gaps and perfectly sculpted ABS", "4XQGyx44OG8-00019-00006855-00007173": "force-fed to me like empty calories every single day", "4XQGyx44OG8-00020-00007173-00007314": "I grew up gasping for air", "4XQGyx44OG8-00021-00007314-00007781": "I grew up with society telling me that I am flawed", "4XQGyx44OG8-00022-00007781-00008106": "and now I'm telling society to look in a mirror", "4XQGyx44OG8-00023-00008106-00008316": "because it's made me afraid to", "4XQGyx44OG8-00024-00008316-00008355": "it's like", "4XQGyx44OG8-00025-00008355-00008574": "playing tug of war with the whole world and with", "4XQGyx44OG8-00026-00008574-00009009": "that many people pulling from the other side even your extra weight won't help you win", "4XQGyx44OG8-00027-00009009-00009108": "and as I grew up", "4XQGyx44OG8-00028-00009108-00009318": "I realized that fitting into our culture", "4XQGyx44OG8-00029-00009318-00009534": "is as hard as fitting into a size 9", "4XQGyx44OG8-00030-00009534-00009843": "I grew up hearing my thin friends calling themselves fat", "4XQGyx44OG8-00031-00009843-00010038": "and wondering what that made me", "4XQGyx44OG8-00032-00010038-00010275": "I grew up spending hours in front of the mirror", "4XQGyx44OG8-00033-00010275-00010557": "wishing I could shrink myself into society's tiny glass", "4XQGyx44OG8-00034-00010557-00011052": "box of perfection that would surely suffocate me but at least I'd fit", "4XQGyx44OG8-00035-00011052-00011478": "in I grew up with skinny friends I grew up obsessed with a number on the scale", "4XQGyx44OG8-00036-00011478-00011838": "I walked through life as though it was printed across my forehead", "4XQGyx44OG8-00037-00011838-00012210": "I believed my weight was the antagonist in every book ever written about me", "4XQGyx44OG8-00038-00012210-00012429": "they couldn't see my straight A's", "4XQGyx44OG8-00039-00012429-00012531": "or my first place", "4XQGyx44OG8-00040-00012531-00012834": "they only saw the way my bra squeezed my sides", "4XQGyx44OG8-00041-00012834-00013074": "or how my jeans squeezed my stomach", "4XQGyx44OG8-00042-00013074-00013313": "not the way their words squeezed my heart", "4XQGyx44OG8-00043-00013313-00013538": "and my heart is a grenade ticking faster", "4XQGyx44OG8-00044-00013538-00013782": "with each full on stare, each crude comment", "4XQGyx44OG8-00045-00013782-00013857": "eachdiscouraging way", "4XQGyx44OG8-00046-00013857-00014031": "and all leading up to the blast", "4XQGyx44OG8-00047-00014031-00014334": "until finally I'll scream out \"I am beautiful\"", "4XQGyx44OG8-00048-00014334-00014655": "even though I don't believe it", "4XQGyx44OG8-00049-00014655-00014988": "but maybe if I yelled it to a big enough crowd", "4XQGyx44OG8-00050-00014988-00015354": "even just one person would stand up and say \"yes, you are\"", "4XQGyx44OG8-00051-00015354-00015555": "not that it would changed my mind", "4XQGyx44OG8-00052-00015555-00015762": "but maybe somebody would see", "4XQGyx44OG8-00053-00015762-00015947": "that the big shoes that I have to fill", "4XQGyx44OG8-00054-00015947-00016161": "are the same size as anyone else's", "4XQGyx44OG8-00055-00016161-00016458": "that my dreams are big and so are my thighs", "4XQGyx44OG8-00056-00016458-00016749": "but those two things are not related", "4XQGyx44OG8-00057-00016749-00016971": "yousee I grew up with a heart fatter than me", "4XQGyx44OG8-00058-00016971-00017325": "I grew up being taught that being who you are", "4XQGyx44OG8-00059-00017325-00017523": "is the most important thing a person can be", "4XQGyx44OG8-00060-00017523-00017880": "I could be mean, dishonest, or hateful", "4XQGyx44OG8-00061-00017880-00018306": "so if big is really the worst thing that comes to mind when people meet me", "4XQGyx44OG8-00062-00018306-00018522": "I'll start writing it on my nametag"}}, {"audio_id": "4YncaDGe07g", "text": {"4YncaDGe07g-00000-00000152-00000810": "God dag till dig! Hej mitt namn  är Vint Cerf.  Jag beklager att jag", "4YncaDGe07g-00001-00000810-00001009": "inte talar Svenska.", "4YncaDGe07g-00002-00001009-00001542": "so you're going to have to put up with Vint Cerf speaking in English.", "4YncaDGe07g-00003-00001542-00001973": "first of all i wish that i could be with you for this wonderful conference on", "4YncaDGe07g-00004-00001973-00002088": "internet freedom", "4YncaDGe07g-00005-00002088-00002525": "to say nothing of the fact that stockholm is one of my favorite cities.", "4YncaDGe07g-00006-00002525-00002916": "but i can't make it so you'll have to put up with this video", "4YncaDGe07g-00007-00002916-00003043": "greeting", "4YncaDGe07g-00008-00003043-00003529": "instead. first of all there could not be more important subject now than", "4YncaDGe07g-00009-00003529-00003911": "maintaining the freedom and openness of the internet. there's no question that", "4YncaDGe07g-00010-00003911-00004369": "those elements have made this a gigantic  economic engine to say nothing", "4YncaDGe07g-00011-00004369-00004851": "of the fact that it has opened up democratic processes in places where", "4YncaDGe07g-00012-00004851-00005307": "they were not in the past. voices that could never have been heard are now made", "4YncaDGe07g-00013-00005307-00005422": "audible.", "4YncaDGe07g-00014-00005422-00005762": "scenes that could not be seen are now made visible", "4YncaDGe07g-00015-00005762-00006213": "i can't imagine anything more important than continuing this multi stakeholder", "4YncaDGe07g-00016-00006213-00006370": "dialogue", "4YncaDGe07g-00017-00006370-00006813": "which his freedom day will be exhibiting", "4YncaDGe07g-00018-00006813-00007267": "that dialogue needs to be continued in the internet governance forum and other", "4YncaDGe07g-00019-00007267-00007456": "fora around the world", "4YncaDGe07g-00020-00007456-00007915": "in order to assure that governments that are concerned about the uses of the", "4YncaDGe07g-00021-00007915-00008201": "internet and the misuse of the internet don't,", "4YncaDGe07g-00022-00008201-00008689": "in their zeal to protect their populations, seriously harm the openness", "4YncaDGe07g-00023-00008689-00009179": "of the internet which has given us so much benefit", "4YncaDGe07g-00024-00009179-00009561": "so i hope that you'll succeed in articulating these issues very clearly", "4YncaDGe07g-00025-00009561-00010149": "and loudly and you will continue to propagate those in places where these", "4YncaDGe07g-00026-00010149-00010508": "messages need to be heard. in the meantime i hope i'll have the", "4YncaDGe07g-00027-00010508-00010697": "opportunity to see YOU on the net!"}}, {"audio_id": "4YnQ64r4H0g", "text": {"4YnQ64r4H0g-00000-00000024-00000256": "How does the brain change throughout our lives?", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00001-00000260-00000628": "What are the normal values of the brain structure volumes?", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00002-00000644-00001019": "Are there any differences between men's and women's brain development?", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00003-00001064-00001364": "A study carried out by the Universitat Politècnica de València,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00004-00001372-00001496": "the Universitat de València", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00005-00001504-00001804": "and the French National Center for Scientific Research", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00006-00001812-00002048": "provides answers to these and other questions.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00007-00002072-00002444": "This study aims to create a reference framework", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00008-00002452-00002600": "for brain volumes,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00009-00002640-00003016": "the different brain structures throughout life, both for men and women.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00010-00003028-00003476": "This work provides a high-value tool for diagnosing neurological pathologies.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00011-00003484-00003779": "It is a new support tool because when you are measuring something,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00012-00003788-00003940": "you need a reference framework.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00013-00003947-00004236": "The volume of a 37 years-old's structure", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00014-00004244-00004512": "is different than a 12 year-old's or a 90 year-old's structure.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00015-00004520-00004908": "You need to know if that is bigger o smaller for that particular age", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00016-00004916-00005056": "and that particular sex.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00017-00005064-00005592": "We have used an extensive database consisting of 3,000 healthy subjects.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00018-00005604-00005860": "We have measured the volume of their brain structures", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00019-00005868-00006000": "throughout their entire life,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00020-00006012-00006368": "so we have progression curves, references margins", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00021-00006388-00006604": "to know if at a certain time we are having", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00022-00006612-00006876": "a high or a small volume of a particular brain structure.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00023-00006884-00007136": "The Spanish and French researchers' study", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00024-00007144-00007400": "is one of the most comprehensive studies done until now", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00025-00007423-00007672": "about human brain evolution throughout the course of a life.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00026-00007680-00008140": "This is one of the studies where we have the most cases analyzed,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00027-00008148-00008268": "about 3,000.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00028-00008276-00008628": "There are no cases with more subjects analyzed.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00029-00008636-00008976": "However, what makes this study unique is the age range,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00030-00008984-00009336": "between 9 months and 90-95 years old.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00031-00009388-00009752": "This is something that had not been done before with the same tool.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00032-00009760-00010260": "20-30 year periods had been analyzed but using different tools", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00033-00010268-00010504": "but then, having all this unified was a problem.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00034-00010512-00010804": "In addition, this work proves that there are differences", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00035-00010812-00011028": "between men and women's brain evolution.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00036-00011036-00011412": "They have obtained differences such as women's brains", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00037-00011420-00011888": "mature early than men's when it comes to volume,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00038-00011896-00012104": "and regarding ageing,", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00039-00012112-00012428": "women's brains age more slowly than men's.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00040-00012436-00012624": "This fact was already known", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00041-00012632-00012840": "but we've empirically supported it with this study.", "4YnQ64r4H0g-00042-00012856-00013163": "The work has been published in the Human Brain Mapping journal."}}, {"audio_id": "4YsqPn_5jM8", "text": {"4YsqPn_5jM8-00000-00000000-00000200": "The blank comment..."}}, {"audio_id": "4YumgbTh8f0", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "4YwyvStdo1g", "text": {"4YwyvStdo1g-00000-00000350-00000550": "Диалектический материализм не самая смешная идея", "4YwyvStdo1g-00001-00000550-00000738": "Но стремится к этому", "4YwyvStdo1g-00002-00000738-00000869": "Логика определяет предел познания", "4YwyvStdo1g-00003-00000869-00000980": "осознание мира заключено в математику", "4YwyvStdo1g-00004-00000980-00001062": "всекай это", "4YwyvStdo1g-00005-00005316-00005516": "Славик, хуй соси", "4YwyvStdo1g-00006-00005938-00006138": "голубь является в великолепии птицей изящной", "4YwyvStdo1g-00007-00007556-00007756": "примордиальная модель трансвития системы", "4YwyvStdo1g-00008-00008700-00008900": "Империя септима знает итоги и лучше", "4YwyvStdo1g-00009-00010476-00010676": "На шаге реконструкции"}}, {"audio_id": "4YXUNtgfPZu", "text": {"4YXUNtgfPZu-00000-00000531-00001943": "A collection of all things' discovered in the area of paranormal.", "4YXUNtgfPZu-00001-00001943-00003618": "Ranging from ghost, haunted residents' and institutions', to the actual science behind", "4YXUNtgfPZu-00002-00003618-00003897": "paranormal research.", "4YXUNtgfPZu-00003-00003897-00004455": "We dive into everything.", "4YXUNtgfPZu-00004-00004455-00006408": "Watch as the mystery unfolds and we find research dealing in apparitions, the supernatural,", "4YXUNtgfPZu-00005-00006408-00006967": "horrors, and unsolved investigations'.", "4YXUNtgfPZu-00006-00006967-00008640": "Is paranormal always dark and spooky or is there something spiritual involved?", "4YXUNtgfPZu-00007-00008640-00009200": "Let us find out."}}, {"audio_id": "4ZECwHyvDkI", "text": {"4ZECwHyvDkI-00000-00000836-00000888": "Oh, I.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00001-00000888-00001161": "Thought I was invincible.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00002-00001179-00001620": "But I got a wake up call when reality was", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00003-00001620-00001748": "setting in.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00004-00001830-00002038": "I'm drifting away.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00005-00002049-00002415": "I'm caught in the storm where the rain can", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00006-00002415-00002703": "wash away my pain.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00007-00002730-00002874": "I need some cover.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00008-00002874-00003215": "This won't stay here with me because stars", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00009-00003215-00003546": "only shine in the night when you dream.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00010-00003588-00003921": "When I'm over the edge and I'm about crashed", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00011-00003921-00004401": "down. Sydney Sunny, you can rescue me.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00012-00004410-00004629": "Save me, Save me.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00013-00004629-00004824": "He said me.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00014-00004851-00005031": "Save me, Sunny.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00015-00005031-00005250": "You'll care. Rescue me.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00016-00006744-00006995": "Me. You can rescue me.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00017-00009675-00009924": "Looking back, it seems so different than to", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00018-00009924-00010218": "me. How could I keep my chin up when the", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00019-00010218-00010515": "world was crumbling underneath my feet and I", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00020-00010515-00010634": "don't want to talk.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00021-00010635-00010962": "I just need somebody to bring me back to", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00022-00010962-00011283": "reality from insecurities.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00023-00011295-00011580": "Oh, I thought I was invincible.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00024-00011685-00011949": "I got a wake up call.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00025-00011961-00012216": "Reality was setting in.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00026-00012341-00012501": "Drifting away.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00027-00012519-00012744": "I'm caught in the storm.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00028-00012756-00013161": "Whether I can wash away my pain.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00029-00013227-00013347": "I need some cover.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00030-00013347-00013605": "This won't stay here with me.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00031-00013641-00013897": "Stars only shine in the night.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00032-00013899-00014013": "When you dream.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00033-00014052-00014238": "When I'm over the edge.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00034-00014238-00014551": "And I'm about to crash down Sydney.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00035-00014553-00014802": "Cause only you can assume.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00036-00014891-00015437": "Sydney. Sydney, Sydney, Sydney.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00037-00015438-00015566": "Sony. Juke.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00038-00015596-00015729": "Rescue me,", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00039-00017229-00018015": "will you? Hit. Rescue me, Mr..", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00040-00019000-00019210": "You keep asking me.", "4ZECwHyvDkI-00041-00021358-00021415": "All of."}}, {"audio_id": "4a_eJqvKWby", "text": {"4a_eJqvKWby-00000-00000000-00000200": "The views on this video have just come back."}}, {"audio_id": "4aK1nZQzn-c", "text": {"4aK1nZQzn-c-00000-00000035-00000441": "The government needs a program on supporting maternity and childhood on the table.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00001-00000441-00001001": "It will be a serious reduction in your favor.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00002-00001056-00001305": "One child is your child.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00003-00001305-00001796": "Two children? Let’s look at the family, maybe someone needs support, but they are your children, too.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00004-00001796-00001930": "But the third child is mine.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00005-00002036-00002545": "I remember meeting with a women's group at some factory. All of them were young women.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00006-00002545-00002729": "And they started talking about children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00007-00002729-00003089": "I said: \"Let's agree: the third child is mine and a little bit yours.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00008-00003089-00003451": "The fourth is 100%, and the fifth child and the next ones are mine. Agreed?\"", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00009-00003517-00003581": "They were silent...", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00010-00003652-00003757": "I say: \"Why aren't you saying anything?\"", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00011-00003815-00003970": "\"Oh, we will have to give a birth after all.\"", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00012-00003970-00004178": "\"Well, I can't give birth instead of you,\" I say.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00013-00004191-00004579": "After the Fact: Lukashenko's Decisions", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00014-00004614-00004993": "The president’s message in 2011 seems to have been heard by Belarusian women.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00015-00005028-00005420": "Over the past 10 years the number of parents with many children in Belarus has doubled.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00016-00005453-00006116": "Today there are 121,000 families in the country raising three or more children. Of course, this is not by chance.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00017-00006146-00006415": "The government constantly invests in families.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00018-00006450-00007128": "While last year more than Br2.5 billion was allocated to support them, this year the figure will be Br3.2 billion.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00019-00007163-00007545": "But there are also concrete benefits and guarantees in addition to payments.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00020-00007567-00008150": "About 7% of the GDP is spent annually to make Belarusian families feel more secure.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00021-00008190-00008519": "Yelena Krylova, BelTA", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00022-00008519-00008823": "In the new episode of BelTA’s YouTube project After the Fact: Lukashenko’s Decisions", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00023-00008823-00009151": "we will talk about how the state invests in families, why Belarusians are having children later in life", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00024-00009151-00009521": "and how our country remains in the top of the most comfortable countries for mothers.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00025-00009534-00009937": "After the Fact: Lukashenko's Decisions", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00026-00009987-00010404": "Maternity benefits, childcare allowance for children up to the age of three,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00027-00010404-00010738": "and bonuses for the eldest child if there are two children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00028-00010756-00011250": "And if anyone thinks that maternity pay is modest, tell that to U.S. mothers, for example.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00029-00011285-00011955": "There is no paid leave in the USA at all. Three years of maternity leave is a luxury European women cannot afford.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00030-00011987-00012525": "In Germany, for example, only 8 weeks are set aside for recovery after childbirth. 16 weeks in Spain.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00031-00012555-00013046": "And no one cares about breastfeeding or the emotional connection between the mother and the baby.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00032-00013064-00013462": "In 2015 Belarus launched a family capital program.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00033-00013500-00013824": "At that time parents were supposed to get $10,000 in the Belarusian equivalent", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00034-00013824-00014268": "at the birth or adoption of the third and subsequent children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00035-00014300-00014728": "Initially, the money could be used when the child came of age.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00036-00014740-00015087": "Five years later the president prolonged the program. And not without reason.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00037-00015114-00015407": "It is clear that the happiness of parenthood cannot be bought or sold,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00038-00015444-00015896": "but knowing that you have financial resources to lean on, even at the stage of family planning, is extremely important.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00039-00015916-00016324": "Families with many children are afforded the maximum guarantees", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00040-00016324-00017054": "and those are somewhat larger in comparison with guarantees for other families. I will mention the main ones.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00041-00017054-00017579": "These are the family capital, support for building or buying a home", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00042-00017579-00018100": "in the form of preferential loans, financial assistance, targeted subsidies.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00043-00018123-00018982": "Labor guarantees. The most popular one is a day off from work, which large families can enjoy and get paid for it.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00044-00018982-00019210": "Guarantees and benefits concerning pensions.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00045-00019210-00020055": "Today mothers with 5 or more children retire 5 years earlier,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00046-00020055-00020625": "and mothers with 4 children get a reduced length of pensionable service.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00047-00020625-00021219": "A number of guarantees in the field of taxation.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00048-00021219-00021951": "Reduced customs payments for importing cars for personal use are also a popular measure.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00049-00021951-00022308": "There is a 50% reduction in customs duties.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00050-00022326-00022762": "\"Do you have children and how many?\" This question is very often asked by the head of state.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00051-00022780-00023158": "And it doesn't matter where and on what occasion the president speaks to the people.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00052-00023171-00023481": "Whether it is the harvesting of crops or the opening of an enterprise.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00053-00023516-00024083": "- How much bread was transported?  - 2,250. 2,400.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00054-00024216-00024389": "- Any kids? - Four.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00055-00024389-00024608": "- He is a father of many. - Well done. What a man!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00056-00024608-00024816": "- What about you? - Same.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00057-00024816-00025710": "The same? Well done! Four. That's the kind of family we should help! The state and the employer should help them out.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00058-00025728-00026505": "This is a device for our medics to treat light and moderate forms of otitis.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00059-00026525-00027274": "It has to be inserted into the ear of an adult or a kid. The effect is achieved as early as after the first two procedures.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00060-00027274-00027565": "He has already tested it on his own kids.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00061-00027565-00027956": "- Why kids? - I have four. Four boys.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00062-00027956-00028418": "Well done, man! Keep it up! Four boys!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00063-00028428-00029077": "- Hello! Hello! - Are these lucky ones? Two boys?", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00064-00029077-00029298": "Four. I beg your pardon.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00065-00029298-00029476": "- First time? - For me? Yes.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00066-00029476-00029708": "- Second time? - Right.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00067-00029708-00029979": "- Is everything okay? - Everything is excellent.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00068-00029979-00030141": "Well done!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00069-00030141-00030542": "- My congratulations! - Thank you!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00070-00030542-00030874": "- This is just in case. - Thank you very much!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00071-00030874-00031388": "Keep giving birth. You should give birth to one more at least. At the least, I say!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00072-00031388-00031766": "- You have yet to work at it! - I understand!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00073-00031766-00031911": "May success attend you!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00074-00031911-00032297": "Aleksandr Grigoryevich [Lukashenko], the girls also wanted to have a picture taken with you if possible.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00075-00032297-00032539": "- With the kiddies? - Yes.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00076-00032539-00032983": "Give him to me. For my left hand.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00077-00033021-00033400": "Little cutey! Give me that one!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00078-00033580-00033749": "And mothers should stand here.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00079-00033868-00034104": "You are so nice!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00080-00034202-00034444": "They've brightened up!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00081-00034517-00034972": "- Take your treasure! It is mine, too. - Well, yeah.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00082-00034972-00035373": "- So small. This one keeps sleeping and that's it. Well done! - Thank you!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00083-00035436-00035728": "This one will be lively. He will probably be an ice hockey player.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00084-00035801-00036077": "- And that serious one will be a successor. - Yes. Right.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00085-00036090-00036370": "- Thank you, girls! - Thank you very much!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00086-00036387-00036929": "During the entire existence of the Family Capital project, almost 122,000 deposits have been opened.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00087-00036959-00037335": "This is a personal account to the tune of Br29,950.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00088-00037358-00038105": "The money can be used ahead of time, for example, to build or buy a home, to pay off a loan, to study, or for medical services.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00089-00038128-00038430": "The program is in demand among large families", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00090-00038430-00039057": "and as of 1 January more than half of the families with many children already use the family capital money.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00091-00039077-00039718": "The most popular option for early use is improvement of housing conditions.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00092-00039728-00040371": "About 75% of the decisions were made with this in mind in 2022.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00093-00040404-00041387": "The demand for services in the field of education is increasing. 10% of the decisions made in 2022 focused on education.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00094-00041387-00041623": "And the demand for medical services is rising, too.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00095-00041643-00041950": "Supporting mothers and children is a national priority.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00096-00041968-00042510": "The socio-economic development program and the demographic security program provide for this, too.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00097-00042540-00042970": "Moreover, traditional family values are guaranteed by the Constitution,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00098-00042970-00043423": "which says in black and white that marriage is the union of a man and a woman", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00099-00043423-00043836": "while the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood are under the protection of the state.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00100-00043836-00044320": "And this is the choice of the majority of Belarusians, who cast their votes in favor of the updated Constitution.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00101-00044357-00045088": "Sociological surveys also show that 98% of the population of Belarus believe that the family is the most important part of life.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00102-00045134-00045630": "As for support for mothers, families raising children,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00103-00045705-00046148": "two children is a must. And having three, four children should be encouraged.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00104-00046191-00046696": "Well, some families may aspire to raise five kids. We have people like that. I thank them.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00105-00046759-00047379": "As the benefits are reduced, the money will be directed here.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00106-00047444-00048087": "At least as long as I am the president, this sphere will not be neglected.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00107-00048167-00048673": "We should pay the most serious attention to it.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00108-00048673-00049059": "If we have absolutely no money, for example, for housing construction,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00109-00049059-00049400": "for supporting and preferences for housing construction, it is our priority,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00110-00049488-00050064": "then we will give the last bit of money to large families for housing construction.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00111-00050137-00050306": "We should proceed from this.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00112-00050321-00050708": "After the Fact: Lukashenko's Decisions", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00113-00050723-00050955": "The position of the head of state is unchanged.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00114-00050968-00051525": "Even now, in the situation of unprecedented sanctions, not a single social program has been terminated.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00115-00051550-00051955": "Belarus will provide housing to parents with many children within two years at most.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00116-00051955-00052584": "It is also the president’s decision. 8,000 large families got the keys to new apartments last year alone.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00117-00052604-00052969": "People sometimes criticize large families, saying that all benefits are given to you,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00118-00052969-00053375": "while we, for example, have two children and get nothing... But is it really so?", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00119-00053393-00053780": "Support for families with 2 children is not much less than support for families with many children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00120-00053800-00054287": "Take a look at the system of state benefits for families raising children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00121-00054287-00054617": "Svetlana Belash, Head of the Population, Gender and Family Policy Office of the Labor and Social Protection Ministry", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00122-00054617-00054985": "Allowances are allocated for every child at birth, regardless of whether it is one, two or three or more children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00123-00054985-00055444": "There are no separate allowances for families with many children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00124-00055461-00055798": "Benefits are increased with the birth of the second child.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00125-00055820-00056194": "Other support measures. Children go to kindergarten.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00126-00056214-00057487": "Parents pay only for meals for the children. If there are two pre-school children, the fee is reduced by 30%.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00127-00057487-00057842": "Families with many children receive a 50% reduction. So, proportionally, right?", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00128-00057842-00058533": "Public transportation is free for schoolchildren during the entire education period.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00129-00058533-00059135": "No matter how many children are in the family.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00130-00059163-00060240": "There are preferences for paying for school meals. Children from any family in primary schools receive free meals.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00131-00060265-00060721": "Again, regardless of whether the family has two children or many children.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00132-00060734-00061066": "But if birth rate solely depended on material wealth...", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00133-00061101-00061516": "While some live for themselves, building careers, hesitating and reflecting,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00134-00061516-00062124": "others dream for years of hearing the cherished word “mom”. Medical technology help such couples.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00135-00062166-00062401": "Of course, the procedure is complicated and not cheap.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00136-00062441-00062933": "Different clinics around the world charge from $1,500 to $6,000 for a single procedure.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00137-00062958-00063541": "Add to that the cost of consultations, examinations and tests. In our country it is not a VIP service.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00138-00063556-00064095": "For two years already married couples have been able to make one free IVF attempt.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00139-00064128-00064476": "The government will allocate another Br5.7 million for it this year.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00140-00064500-00064926": "One free attempt is given to married couples if IVF is a favorable option,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00141-00064926-00065340": "if there are no contraindications and the wife is under 40.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00142-00065340-00065856": "Leonid Neden, Chief Specialist of the Maternal and Child Care Department of the Healthcare Ministry", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00143-00065856-00066164": "These are our citizens of the Republic of Belarus.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00144-00066207-00066492": "The procedure is performed in state healthcare institutions:", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00145-00066492-00067399": "the national applied science center Mother and Child, Minsk City Maternity Hospital No.2", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00146-00067399-00068004": "as well as the Gomel Oblast Diagnostic Medical and Genetic Center Marriage and Family.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00147-00068037-00069099": "The program was launched in 2021. And 2021 saw 884 couples undergo free IVF therapy.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00148-00069124-00069968": "In 2022, according to the latest information we have, about 2,000 IVF cycles were initiated.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00149-00070244-00071182": "Efficiency of one free IVF attempt in state healthcare organizations is over 36%.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00150-00071220-00072091": "I should note that this kind of aid is available in full and there is no waiting list for in vitro fertilization at the moment.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00151-00072116-00072367": "Belarusian women give birth later in life now. And this is a fact.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00152-00072389-00072894": "Although not only Belarusian girls first think about education, career and a home of their own.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00153-00072932-00073159": "Women all over the world do not rush to go on maternity leave,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00154-00073159-00073521": "although, as we remember, this concept does not exist in some countries.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00155-00073556-00074120": "The once common and not very pleasant epithet \"geriatric mother\" does not frighten modern ladies.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00156-00074145-00074944": "As the average age of a woman increases, her reproductive capacity changes.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00157-00074944-00075461": "Venera Semenchuk, Deputy Director for Medical Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation of the national applied science center Mother and Child", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00158-00075461-00075897": "The ideal reproductive age is up to 35 years old,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00159-00075897-00076346": "because later in life women can catch somatic diseases", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00160-00076346-00077037": "and have a greater risk of having children with chromosomal and genetic diseases.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00161-00077057-00077312": "The term “geriatric mother” was used in the past.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00162-00077312-00078330": "Today we do not say it because every woman has the right to realize her productive potential.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00163-00078353-00078938": "Our healthcare system is designed to help them give birth.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00164-00078956-00080405": "Our care is designed to help women detect these diseases at the level of pregnancy planning,", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00165-00080405-00081032": "and to accompany and minimize risks relating to complications during pregnancy.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00166-00081067-00081602": "Of course, ideally everything in the family puzzle should come together: health, love and prosperity.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00167-00081622-00082014": "Doctors will take care of the rest. The state will also lend a hand.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00168-00082029-00082279": "It is not for nothing that Belarus is among the top 25 countries", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00169-00082279-00082521": "in the ranking of countries with comfortable conditions for motherhood.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00170-00082541-00083172": "You cannot make a bang all of a sudden and abolish this support, benefits and so on.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00171-00083192-00084099": "This will never happen as long as I am the president and you work with me! This is our achievement, we have to keep it!", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00172-00084676-00085072": "After the Fact: Lukashenko's Decisions", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00173-00085124-00085370": "It was the project After the Fact: Lukashenko’s Decisions.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00174-00085400-00085850": "Subscribe to our channel to catch new episodes. We talk about the things that matter.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00175-00085917-00086465": "While relying on two fundamental principles which are simplicity and fairness.", "4aK1nZQzn-c-00176-00086485-00086872": "After the Fact: Lukashenko's Decisions"}}, {"audio_id": "4b-Pt75i7Pc", "text": {"4b-Pt75i7Pc-00000-00000649-00001140": "In this video, you can watch Beautiful Girl HD Stock Video", "4b-Pt75i7Pc-00001-00001191-00001610": "This stock footage is free to use you can use this video for your project", "4b-Pt75i7Pc-00002-00001650-00002024": "or commercial purpose but you can't sell this", "4b-Pt75i7Pc-00003-00002082-00002573": "You don't need to ask for any permission to use this footage"}}, {"audio_id": "4cyCv006XuE", "text": {"4cyCv006XuE-00000-00000044-00000276": "Here are 3 things that you should know about the crypto markets today.", "4cyCv006XuE-00001-00000276-00000770": "Number 1. Northern Trust to offer crypto custody. Number 2, Telegram", "4cyCv006XuE-00002-00000771-00001137": "vulnerable to attack and of course Number 3, crypto payment firm Square", "4cyCv006XuE-00003-00001137-00001272": "profits double on Q2.", "4cyCv006XuE-00004-00001564-00002060": "Northern Trust one of the largest asset managers in theworld currently managing $954Billion", "4cyCv006XuE-00005-00002072-00002584": "has just announced plans to launch digital asset custody meaning that they'll be able to", "4cyCv006XuE-00006-00002585-00002978": "have a custodian solution for crypto currencies. This is a really big deal", "4cyCv006XuE-00007-00002978-00003360": "because we haven't really had a large institution offering this in the space", "4cyCv006XuE-00008-00003360-00003642": "and this is one of the key factors we need for institutional capital to enter", "4cyCv006XuE-00009-00003642-00003847": "into the crypto world.", "4cyCv006XuE-00010-00003940-00004244": "On July 26 Telegram launched the telegram passport.", "4cyCv006XuE-00011-00004256-00004677": "Telegram passport away for upcoming ICS to store data on the encrypted app", "4cyCv006XuE-00012-00004677-00005057": "according to third-party securities firm Virgil securities this is under threat", "4cyCv006XuE-00013-00005057-00005387": "from a brute to force attack. This is really important because anyone looking", "4cyCv006XuE-00014-00005388-00005660": "to store their data there it's probably gonna look elsewhere.", "4cyCv006XuE-00015-00005738-00005846": "Mobile payment firm", "4cyCv006XuE-00016-00005846-00006396": "Square in Q2 results a $37 million in revenue from offering Bitcoin", "4cyCv006XuE-00017-00006396-00007004": "on their network. This is interesting because it costs Square $36.5 Millon", "4cyCv006XuE-00018-00007004-00007416": "to offer this meaning they made a small margin of $500K.", "4cyCv006XuE-00019-00007416-00007638": "is this something that can be sustainable?", "4cyCv006XuE-00020-00007638-00008026": "with Bitcoin being offered as a payment solution and other platforms out there?", "4cyCv006XuE-00021-00008042-00008414": "Marco how am i doing with time? Sweet. Remember as always to stay tuned to our", "4cyCv006XuE-00022-00008415-00008804": "socials, subscribe to our channel for more relevant information and updates.", "4cyCv006XuE-00023-00008804-00008892": "Thank you!"}}, {"audio_id": "4cF_DyfN5Oc", "text": {"4cF_DyfN5Oc-00000-00000000-00000200": "It did not help by very much, and the new links did not make much impact."}}, {"audio_id": "4ccbPUh-JUc", "text": {"4ccbPUh-JUc-00000-00000179-00000729": "hello traders its a samurai trade here welcome to this member's video in this", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00001-00000729-00001217": "particular recording I'm going to be going through some ideas with you on", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00002-00001217-00001701": "which are the best Renko range in chart timeframes to use", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00003-00001701-00002318": "for day or swing trading particularly focused on day trading now as we do get", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00004-00002318-00002751": "underway there is a risk in trading of course if you haven't read our", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00005-00002751-00003227": "disclaimer for a period of time please make sure you pause the video and read", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00006-00003227-00003878": "the disclaimer so let's get straight into this I receive a lot of emails from", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00007-00003878-00004434": "members particularly trying to really work out how to set up their entry chart", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00008-00004434-00004914": "their anchor chart one and if you're using a third higher time frame how to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00009-00004914-00005544": "setup the anchor chart to what we call the a C2 okay so I'm going to be going", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00010-00005544-00006075": "through that with you now on top of that traders what I do now have and I'll just", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00011-00006075-00006633": "quickly show you this now where is it let me just find this here it is here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00012-00006633-00007268": "I've got a new day trading terms and abbreviations list here for you it's a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00013-00007268-00007670": "very very comprehensive so for my coaching members that are watching this", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00014-00007670-00008315": "these are all the terms that we actually use and for the standard members our", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00015-00008315-00008775": "gold members these are the terms that you're quite often hear me talk about in", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00016-00008775-00009324": "the recordings and I'll show you where this is posted now always check the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00017-00009324-00009872": "dates because I do update these as we go along and we're going to come back to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00018-00009872-00010289": "that list in a moment so technically speaking here's what we're looking at", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00019-00010289-00010764": "doing we're looking at basically trading in the direction of our anchor chart", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00020-00010764-00011332": "which is represented here by this blue line and we want to be trading trend", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00021-00011332-00011835": "continuation which is the safest form of trade you can possibly have and as we", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00022-00011835-00012392": "know the trend is your friend until it ends so eventually we'll get some golden", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00023-00012392-00012950": "divergence trades so what we're waiting for here is the EC which is our entry", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00024-00012950-00013259": "chart we're waiting for a pullback a retracement then a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00025-00013259-00013910": "trend continuation now we we know that once you start trading your 2B's that", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00026-00013910-00014471": "is where you're getting EMA bounces on one or two higher time frames that our", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00027-00014471-00015078": "accuracy is anywhere between 80 and 90 percent as far as those trades go so", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00028-00015078-00015659": "it's very very important but you understand the philosophy of the entry", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00029-00015659-00016238": "chart the anchor chart one and the anchor chart two now for newer traders", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00030-00016238-00016748": "it may be a little confusing in your early days if you're using a third", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00031-00016748-00017366": "higher timeframe so just leave that out initially until you get a down pat using", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00032-00017366-00017862": "two timeframes but after a period of time it will become second nature and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00033-00017862-00018410": "you'll just find trading so much more enjoyable and less stressful when you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00034-00018410-00018944": "understand the principle of trading with the trend in the direction of a higher", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00035-00018944-00019460": "time frame now the handouts that I'm referring to today particularly for new", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00036-00019460-00020079": "members there is a new folder on my Google Drive called chart time frames is", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00037-00020079-00020735": "at the moment three extensive documents there also we've now got a folder their", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00038-00020735-00021266": "latest Q&A recorded sessions don't forget to check that waits we're posting", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00039-00021266-00021828": "all the Q&A is now and also Renko charts I've got some very comprehensive if", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00040-00021828-00022448": "Renko charts are new to you comprehensive videos and handouts here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00041-00022448-00023123": "on trading Renko so you'll find those there on my Google Drive likewise the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00042-00023123-00023651": "handout that I just showed you there on abbreviations you will find in the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00043-00023651-00024237": "latest Q&A recorded session folder so have a look there you'll find it right", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00044-00024237-00024881": "there so first of all let's discuss the three main trading sessions that we have", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00045-00024881-00025440": "each day because with these sessions we need to consider the speed of a market", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00046-00025440-00025806": "during those times which then will affect our stops particularly if you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00047-00025806-00026313": "like to put your stop-loss above or below a swing a market swing", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00048-00026313-00026927": "high or low the large of a time frame okay over quick the markets moving", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00049-00026927-00027503": "the large of a stop and that is a concern or consideration particularly", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00050-00027503-00028157": "with your targets okay like today today's by the way it's the 13th of May", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00051-00028157-00028782": "2019 and we've really seen there's a lot of uncertainty with the trade talk so", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00052-00028782-00029333": "the market closed down we've closed down in the last week I think 5% since the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00053-00029333-00029900": "the high so and we've seen around two and a half million contracts trade on", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00054-00029900-00030513": "the on the ES sorry just getting my facts right here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00055-00030513-00031032": "in fact and for my members here you know that each day I take a screenshot here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00056-00031032-00031587": "of the volume and we can actually see there that we actually had 2.7 and this", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00057-00031587-00032075": "was before about half now before the markets closed and just why I'm on here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00058-00032075-00032495": "and this really is really a consideration here we know that a week", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00059-00032495-00033194": "ago the CME released the new micro futures contracts well it's far exceeded", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00060-00033194-00033921": "their expectations and just getting back to the Google Drive here I've now opened", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00061-00033921-00034466": "up and I've got to mention this because I just opened this yesterday the e-mini", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00062-00034466-00034965": "micros have only been open a week I've now opened up a folder called micro in", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00063-00034965-00035394": "many futures where I've uploaded one video I did yesterday and I'm going to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00064-00035394-00036038": "be doing some live training videos live in the markets there on the micros but", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00065-00036038-00036480": "what that's got to do of everything that we're talking about today is this that", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00066-00036480-00037019": "we can see that on the micros we saw three hundred and eighty three thousand", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00067-00037019-00037761": "contracts on the in ES which is the micro ES on the es we saw 2.7 million", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00068-00037761-00038303": "plus contracts we're typically on a normal day we'd have around one and a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00069-00038303-00038874": "half million contracts trade and where that affects the time frame or the chart", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00070-00038874-00039525": "size that you're using is the speed of the market if say you normally use a 550", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00071-00039525-00040091": "tick or a three tick renko today the market was moving that quickly", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00072-00040091-00040566": "it was hard to get an order with a market order you're getting 2 or 3 ticks", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00073-00040566-00041057": "slip so these are considerations that you need to take in consideration so", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00074-00041057-00041526": "when we trade New York we have the highest volume when we're trading", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00075-00041526-00042162": "futures with the currency markets but the highest volume is London going into", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00076-00042162-00042672": "New York so when New York closes which has got our highest general volume an", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00077-00042672-00043104": "hour later it reopens into what we call the Globex session which is the asian", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00078-00043104-00043695": "session so if you were trading say the ES where I use a 5:50 tick chart and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00079-00043695-00044274": "typically a 3 tick renko I have to drop those time frames down so I'll drop down", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00080-00044274-00045063": "from a 5:50 down to all 144 and generally a 3 tick Renko down to a 2 and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00081-00045063-00045591": "I'll show you these the chart in a moment and what we use there now as we", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00082-00045591-00046155": "then go into the London session we generally will need to not always but", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00083-00046155-00046647": "quite often need to increase that timeframe because our charts speed up", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00084-00046647-00047121": "that much more so generally during the asian session will only see around and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00085-00047121-00047817": "even into london 10 to 15 percent of the volume that will see during new york now", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00086-00047817-00048234": "you've also got to have a bit of a paradigm shift where as a momentum", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00087-00048234-00048693": "trader i'm in and out of a trade usually within one sometimes seconds to five", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00088-00048693-00049131": "minutes usually in new york in asian the asian session you might be an accession", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00089-00049131-00049623": "even into london in a trade sorry between 15 and minutes and one hour at", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00090-00049623-00050013": "times so some of the other considerations are", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00091-00050013-00050688": "these the type of trade entry order which are you using now one thing I love", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00092-00050688-00051144": "about the globex session is generally you can use limit orders okay you can", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00093-00051144-00051498": "put a limit order on unless you're trading around red flags or something", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00094-00051498-00052050": "happens and that market really really starts flying you usually don't have to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00095-00052050-00052638": "use a market order as quite often some ik we've gotten use to during the New", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00096-00052638-00053174": "York so the type of entry and of course if you want to use a limit", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00097-00053174-00053513": "usually you want to have a slower chart which means a higher time frame so", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00098-00053513-00053957": "speeder market is very important sometimes you just need to set it at if", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00099-00053957-00054470": "it's moving that quickly to sit on hands slippage of course is an issue then with", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00100-00054470-00055097": "the type of order and the size of a stop can become an issue now as a momentum", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00101-00055097-00055577": "order trader I should say as always traders by the way these videos are all", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00102-00055577-00056045": "real and unedited I don't have a script here so we're the tick chart I'll", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00103-00056045-00056375": "generally use if I'm trading say a 233 tick", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00104-00056375-00056816": "I'll have a seven to eight fixed tick size stop", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00105-00056816-00057350": "so we even with slippage I'm not going to increase it any larger than that yet", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00106-00057350-00057962": "I love to have my stop above or below a swing high or low which we will look at", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00107-00057962-00058492": "in a moment so all these are key considerations with some of the formulas", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00108-00058492-00059258": "I'm about to explain to you so Renko and range charts plot very differently and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00109-00059258-00059852": "set up very differently say to time volume and tick charts so for the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00110-00059852-00060352": "2B's and 3B's which are one of the most powerful trading strategies that", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00111-00060352-00061117": "you'll ever come across okay traders as a new trader focus on 34B's but", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00112-00061117-00061682": "particularly the 2B's they take longer to set up which gives you more", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00113-00061682-00062366": "time to set up and to get ready for the trade excuse me and they're an 80 to 90%", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00114-00062366-00062972": "plus trade when you get it down pattern don't be surprised to see your win-loss", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00115-00062972-00063536": "ratio around 90% so this is why it's important that you understand the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00116-00063536-00064030": "relationship between the entry chart and your anchor chart one and eventually", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00117-00064030-00064700": "your anchor chart - so with the Renko or range chart you want to have a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00118-00064700-00065305": "multiplier that is so safe I've got a Renko chart of four ticks on CL and I've", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00119-00065305-00065689": "got these on charts for you in a moment so we'll just done I'll just give it to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00120-00065689-00066118": "you verbally for a moment so if I've got a 4 tick Renko which is your typical", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00121-00066118-00066995": "size chart for trading CL my anchor would be a seven tick approximately 1.7", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00122-00066995-00067742": "times during the Globex session I will drop that down to a two tick Renko and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00123-00067742-00068381": "I'll have a 4 tick Renko two times just because we can't split and break it down", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00124-00068381-00068750": "any lower or suppose you could but I really don't want to make it any more", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00125-00068750-00069467": "than any less than four so I've got a 2 and the 4 tick now when it comes to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00126-00069467-00069995": "volume and time by the way time volume and tick charts we want to have a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00127-00069995-00070475": "multiplier of three times so in other words if you were trading with the tick", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00128-00070475-00071327": "chart of say 200 ticks you would use an anchor chart one of 600 ticks and your", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00129-00071327-00072064": "highest timeframe your AC2 would be", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00130-00072073-00072815": "1800 let me get this right so you go 200 600 and then you do the time frame your", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00131-00072815-00073661": "highest 3 times higher than your anchor chart 1 so be to 6 and 1800 now that's an", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00132-00073661-00074252": "example we've got a very very successful trader that trades the ES and he trades", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00133-00074252-00075026": "using a 500 tick for his entry chart 1500 for his AC1 and 2 an a half", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00134-00075026-00075617": "thousand sorry four a half thousand for his anchor chart 2 and I will show", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00135-00075617-00076016": "you that in a moment but what I do want to do is quickly talk to you about", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00136-00076016-00076604": "Fibonacci numbers because many of our members hundreds of our members use fib", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00137-00076604-00077153": "numbers ok so with the fib numbers if you're using", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00138-00077153-00077774": "say like as I do on CL I use a 233 now is there much difference between a 200", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00139-00077774-00078269": "and a 233 well it's 233 is going to be a fraction", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00140-00078269-00078776": "slower of course using fib numbers has it really given me a heads-up or major", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00141-00078776-00079347": "advantage I don't know I don't think so but so me my members use them so how", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00142-00079347-00079862": "would I use fib numbers and incorporate them it's a lot harder with your range", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00143-00079862-00080243": "and Renko because you using lower numbers but we tick", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00144-00080243-00080849": "numbers if you're using a 233 tick for see CL my anchor chart is and I'll show you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00145-00080849-00081741": "this is a 610 for my time frame 3 times higher I would use a 1597 approximately", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00146-00081741-00082424": "3 times higher now many of you know rather than use a 610 of FID number I", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00147-00082424-00082931": "use a 550 tick chart I've been using it for many many years so I'm just sticking", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00148-00082931-00083552": "with that but if you want to be exactly to use a 15 sorry a 610 but what you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00149-00083552-00084377": "will notice is my anchor chart is a 1597 so approximately 3 times higher then if", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00150-00084377-00084897": "you went 3 times higher than that you would use a 4181 so if you want to use", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00151-00084897-00085445": "your FID numbers there they are right there so let's have a look at the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00152-00085445-00085929": "handout first of all so which one shall we go now did I bring this up I've done", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00153-00085929-00086324": "a number of videos today I'm not sure if I've shown you this now a lot of these", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00154-00086324-00086910": "traders for the for my general members here I've got a new cheat sheet out on", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00155-00086910-00087425": "day trading terms and abbreviations used so this goes over 2 or 3 pages every", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00156-00087425-00088043": "single term you ever hear me use is on these ok so have a look at this and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00157-00088043-00088586": "these are uploaded in that new folder that's the first thing but the main one", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00158-00088586-00089120": "I wanted to show you is this so and this is where some members are getting little", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00159-00089120-00089564": "confused so let's talk the Globex session I like", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00160-00089564-00090135": "the 4 renko but during the Globex session it's very very slow so you might", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00161-00090135-00090587": "only get a trade every two three sometimes four hours so that's where you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00162-00090587-00091241": "might want to drop down to a a to Renko so the way my charts are generally set", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00163-00091241-00091952": "up I will have a four Renko with my Dom my matrix on the one window then I'll", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00164-00091952-00092385": "have a second window with an anchor chart and I will show you this of seven", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00165-00092385-00092908": "and twelve set up okay so got an anchor of seven and twelve", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00166-00092908-00093404": "now if the markets really slow like and we'll go and have a look in a moment I", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00167-00093404-00093923": "will drop down to a two and the anchor chart I will use so rather than using a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00168-00093923-00094922": "4 and a 7 and 12 I will use a 2 4 and the 7 all right 2 4 and 7 it doesn't", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00169-00094922-00095516": "have to be exact ok now I'll also use for my tick charts", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00170-00095516-00096236": "during the globex session an 89 and a 233 if you want it to have that is an 89", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00171-00096236-00096842": "tick and a 233 if you want to have an anchor chart to you'd use a 610 a fib", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00172-00096842-00097426": "number there all right now during New York I'll use a 4 that works really well", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00173-00097426-00097868": "a 4 Renko and I'll show you that in a moment and my anchor chart is is 7 and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00174-00097868-00098530": "12 anchor chart 1 is 7 and anchor 2 so you can see there it's a proxy 1.7", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00175-00098530-00099274": "times higher and that's about 1.7 times higher again then my anchor chart there", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00176-00099274-00099905": "sorry my entry chart on the ticks 233 the anchor chart 1 is a 610 and you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00177-00099905-00100448": "could you say the 1597 if you were using a third higher time frame I don't", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00178-00100448-00100973": "generally worry about that with the tick because I am looking at my 12 tick Renko", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00179-00100973-00101533": "now why use the combo well as it in general training end in the Q&A's", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00180-00101533-00101932": "you'll see that of course when we use the tick I just work beautifully", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00181-00101932-00102457": "together because we can sometimes lose a lot of information because Renko smooths", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00182-00102457-00102943": "out the chart beautifully but you can miss out on some of your entries and all", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00183-00102943-00103298": "of that of course if you're a brand new trader with me just go and watch the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00184-00103298-00103969": "Renko videos and even with the New York session if it's super super slow just", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00185-00103969-00104663": "drop down to the 2 again now with the ES typically on a normal day you could be", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00186-00104663-00105355": "trading between the 0.5 which is a 2 tick Renko and a 3 tick Renko okay so if", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00187-00105355-00105811": "you look at a day like today it was really pumping today ok so you could", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00188-00105811-00106528": "even drop up or jump up in size but the with that the higher the time frame for", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00189-00106528-00107338": "the larger the stop okay so typically and during New York I'll be", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00190-00107338-00107839": "using during the York and the Globex you should let them get away with 0.5 when", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00191-00107839-00108256": "we see volumes of you know two million two and a half million I've usually got", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00192-00108256-00108909": "to jump up to the point seven five during the globe accession by like a 144", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00193-00108909-00109683": "tick and a 377 my entry charts 144 my anchor chart once 377 and during New", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00194-00109683-00110572": "York 550 and 1597 now I won't going to all the different types of timeframes", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00195-00110572-00111214": "and markets but in the end it really comes down to is the chart tradable in", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00196-00111214-00111643": "other words have you got enough time to execute the trade to look for the set up", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00197-00111643-00112093": "if it's popping that quickly your matrix is flying you know you're getting", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00198-00112093-00112591": "slippage whatever you need to generally increase the time frame that you're", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00199-00112591-00113119": "using and they just sort of explained in some additional videos that I've got in", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00200-00113119-00113722": "that folder so let's go and have a look at some charts here I'll show you on the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00201-00113722-00114346": "charts themselves so first of all let's have a look at this this is a CL and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00202-00114346-00114786": "this is today's trading actually if you look at this so via some great trades", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00203-00114786-00115335": "today on CL fairly typical day here and let me just scroll along here just a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00204-00115335-00115873": "little bit so we're looking at the four Renko now I won't open up this because", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00205-00115873-00116473": "this will show you my my matrix and it's and I'm still on the live account and I", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00206-00116473-00116866": "don't want to show you the general public my or anyone my account number", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00207-00116866-00117292": "here so we won't bring that up but generally speaking I've got my matrix", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00208-00117292-00117766": "here for my live chart okay so you'd have that there now over here a stop", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00209-00117766-00118434": "would go one tick above right so this is our entry chart of 0.04 for each is for", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00210-00118434-00119038": "ticks there just remember to when you set up Renko if you're so using sierra", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00211-00119038-00119506": "charts and ninjatrader your figures and your entries are or the setup of the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00212-00119506-00119870": "chart is different if you were also using empty", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00213-00119870-00120770": "for you in with mt4 Renko and range charts don't come standard so make sure", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00214-00120770-00121421": "you go to a folder on my Google Drive for mt4 and you'll see the link to a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00215-00121421-00121963": "vendor or a third-party vendor that sells you can go there I've got no real", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00216-00121963-00122377": "our never I don't know I don't know him personally but for $50 you can buy a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00217-00122377-00122830": "lifetime license to his Renko and ranges charts and we've got a lot of members", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00218-00122830-00123332": "that the feedback they've given is that it's excellent and his service is good", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00219-00123332-00123944": "so I have a look for the link to that on my google drive if you're using MT4", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00220-00123944-00124585": "now if we look at this here if you're using a market order and it's really", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00221-00124585-00125273": "pumping were like add my stop above here now with a 4 Renko anyway with a 2b", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00222-00125273-00125951": "I'm not in until my third candle so it means I'll end up with a 12 tick stop", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00223-00125951-00126599": "if it markets really pumping to put my stop one tick above there I might end up", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00224-00126599-00127388": "with a 14 or 15 thing stop which is just too high it's typically on the four", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00225-00127388-00127976": "range I'm after between 8 and 12 ticks Nets if I'm scalping the market want to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00226-00127976-00128345": "get out we're after eight to 12 ticks yes I know we can pick up these runners", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00227-00128345-00128795": "and use our ATR and the trigger line I know that but still we want to get out", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00228-00128795-00129182": "and if you're a 1 lot trader okay you want to generally be taking a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00229-00129182-00129730": "fixed target so there if we're in four markets moving too quickly your stops", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00230-00129730-00130135": "going to maybe don't be down here alright so that's why we've got to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00231-00130135-00130576": "really consider the market but typically during London this is a good market and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00232-00130576-00130958": "I'll show you some other things on this so just know why we're here so 2b", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00233-00130958-00131594": "then add a to pivot bounce 2b pivot bounce again then you had a 34 t1 okay", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00234-00131594-00132292": "yeah then you had a 2b oh sorry this is a 34 again t1 nice divergence", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00235-00132292-00132880": "you had a 3D now this is where our three time frames coming to it", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00236-00132880-00133471": "very very high probability trade now if you look it from there that's from about", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00237-00133471-00133987": "11:30 you had one winner winner winner winner this is taking every single one", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00238-00133987-00134620": "winner winner winner winner winner we did have some losses you had a loss", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00239-00134620-00135001": "right there but then you had immediately straight after and have this turned into", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00240-00135001-00135520": "a bit the fun see you divergence traders there's you bet the thumb almost double", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00241-00135520-00136036": "top against your 89 and divergence okay bet the farm thank you for any out of 34", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00242-00136036-00136621": "2b again so one loss said all of these are winners now remember this each", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00243-00136621-00137287": "one of these step downs is two ticks so it's 2 4 6 8 10 that tick down 12 ticks", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00244-00137287-00137845": "a hundred and twenty dollars in that move okay so remember our thing 3x3 yes", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00245-00137845-00138229": "I can okay sorry let me give this out 3 by 8 yes I", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00246-00138229-00138583": "can that's 220 year contract just on three", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00247-00138583-00138997": "trades a day like that so moving along because I want to show you where we drop", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00248-00138997-00139429": "down and where this philosophy comes into it okay you had a great 2d pivot", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00249-00139429-00140023": "bounce here again another 2b pivot bounce formed then a bit the farm trade", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00250-00140023-00140509": "and a pivot bounce okay there you had it here's our next failed trade so you've", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00251-00140509-00140998": "had two losses I don't run out of family when is your head there alright moving", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00252-00140998-00141382": "right along let's look at and let's get to the point here what I wanted to show", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00253-00141382-00141865": "you so now we're in the globex accession okay so there we can see the market", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00254-00141865-00142366": "closed so you had a a 2b on your anchor chart 1 and 2 so what is this", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00255-00142366-00142990": "this is a 200 EMA overshoot when you look at your anchors you're you had a 2B", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00256-00142990-00143554": "on your to high timeframe so do you take that trade every day of a week", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00257-00143554-00144232": "nice winner nice winner nice winner so during the Globex session i want to have", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00258-00144232-00144730": "this there so if we look at the Globex are open today you may notice we had a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00259-00144730-00145564": "two tick and the anchor chart one is a 4 ok so I will use a 2 tick what's 2", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00260-00145564-00145996": "times 2 is 4 look you might get away with you know", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00261-00145996-00146317": "with a 3 but that wouldn't make it a multiplier of 1 point", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00262-00146317-00147178": "five I do prefer to be 1.75 or more so we look at this here we can see up here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00263-00147178-00147691": "we had a little 200 overshoot but there is right there", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00264-00147691-00148504": "you've got a 34 and then we just had set up there a really nice 2d 200 EMA bounce", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00265-00148504-00149236": "on your anchor and here is a nice 2B now just some feedback I just want to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00266-00149236-00149653": "give you two is it traders something to think about because", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00267-00149653-00150157": "when you drop down to a two Renko each one of these step ups is only one tick", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00268-00150157-00150979": "okay so with that particular 34 you had right there 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a touched 8", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00269-00150979-00151396": "ticks you might have actually got your for 8 ticks and just remember when you just", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00270-00151396-00151876": "touch it it doesn't mean your fill you 2b's will generally give you a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00271-00151876-00152308": "better rate of return than your 34 so just think about that", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00272-00152308-00152875": "so that's your rank let's now have a look at the ES chart what we've got", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00273-00152875-00153436": "here and you can't quite see there it's just off screen this is the ES using a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00274-00153436-00154135": "combo of let me just minimize this so here you would be using a 500 what's 3", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00275-00154135-00154753": "times a multiplier on a tick charter three times higher 1500 what's 3 times", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00276-00154753-00155287": "higher than that 4 a half thousand right so what you can see there trade is", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00277-00155287-00156022": "you've got a perfect 3B and look at that as a return very very high", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00278-00156022-00156790": "probability trend trading strategies okay so if you're a newer trader what", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00279-00156790-00157372": "you may choose to use if you find it initially too confusing just use an AC", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00280-00157372-00157789": "one it's you know it'll drop your probabilities down a little but not a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00281-00157789-00158269": "whole lot it's still going to be you know a great trade so we can see that", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00282-00158269-00158698": "we've got a perfect 2B here and it's a pivot bounce", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00283-00158698-00159160": "so you got a 2B pivot bounce and look at that as a return is though a chi was", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00284-00159160-00159886": "that you know that's over $200 in that move if you would use your ATR now as a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00285-00159886-00160392": "quick reminder if you don't have an ATR as I've got here and and for my", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00286-00160392-00161149": "tradestation members my my ATR indicator is on my google drive under tradestation", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00287-00161149-00161713": "indicators so you can download it if you don't have it oh and if I've got to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00288-00161713-00162424": "mention this I've now had a coded for ninja trader rates so if you go onto my", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00289-00162424-00163104": "Google Drive in the ninja trader rates folder okay you will find there a folder", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00290-00163104-00163690": "there I think it's called JG ninja trader rate indicators there you'll find it", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00291-00163690-00164386": "there so I've now got a flat Nt8 now don't despair if you've got multi charts", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00292-00164386-00164916": "or any other program sierra charts etc what you can actually do traders let me", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00293-00164916-00165640": "see if I've got it here you can actually set up yes no I don't have this you can", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00294-00165640-00166198": "set up a parabolic SAR so let me just quickly show you this I'll just quickly", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00295-00166198-00166552": "give you a quick heads-up I may as well hear otherwise I'll get a hundred emails", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00296-00166552-00167026": "about it so if you go and take a parabolic SAR as many of you know about", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00297-00167026-00167505": "hundreds and hundreds of different indicators but a parabolic SAR is", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00298-00167505-00168019": "available for virtually every platform free and I'll do exactly the same thing", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00299-00168019-00168704": "so this parabolic SAR is got a setting of if you go under your inputs of 2", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00300-00168704-00169279": "right so you've got a limit there of death 20 usually or it's but you can see", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00301-00169279-00169951": "on trade say she's two and two if I change that 0 to 2 a six okay", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00302-00169951-00170695": "it will model my ATR almost exactly it's a little harder to see there so if you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00303-00170695-00171370": "don't have the ATR just drop it down and drop in a parabolic SAR which will do", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00304-00171370-00171973": "basically the same thing so what we can see here traders is I've got a 500 where", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00305-00171973-00172294": "you really see it there but it's 500 1500", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00306-00172294-00173053": "and you use a four and a half now let's have a look at the CL chart so with the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00307-00173053-00174079": "CL chart I've got a 233 tick a 610 and a 1597 so if you were a tick chart fan", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00308-00174079-00174514": "you can see there I'm using basically two hundred six hundred then almost", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00309-00174514-00174994": "eighteen under it okay so if you wanted to round it down to two hundred use two", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00310-00174994-00175492": "hundred six hundred excuse me eighteen hundred in this particular case", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00311-00175492-00176107": "I do use the 233 the 610 and the 1597 and what we've got here traders it's a", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00312-00176107-00176794": "perfect 3B right 3B's and there's a 3b he's a 2B just great", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00313-00176794-00177172": "trades and it doesn't matter where you know what trading date is I know it's", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00314-00177172-00177424": "been a fairly good day but look look at that there", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00315-00177424-00177928": "alright here's a here's a 3b there right there what makes this so good this trade", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00316-00177928-00178375": "here well look at your anchor chart what's a trend direction on the anchor", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00317-00178375-00178825": "chart it's heading there now I know it's not on the far right but wine Freddy can", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00318-00178825-00179299": "see you can see that here we've got a great down tree look at this anchor", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00319-00179299-00179878": "chart yeah okay now also get a really deep pullback so we've got a great pull", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00320-00179878-00180499": "back and look at my divergence here I've got great divergence I've got a higher", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00321-00180499-00181021": "high in price great divergence look at the trend on my anchor chart 1 and look", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00322-00181021-00181588": "at the anchor chart 2 we're looking for shorts that's what I'm looking for", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00323-00181588-00182104": "I'm looking for short trades alright this is where as they say trend fortunes", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00324-00182104-00182485": "are made trading with the trend look at this here or retreacement back", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00325-00182485-00183175": "here now this is actually a 3b again here is another 3b again all screaming", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00326-00183175-00183610": "women winners then we come down what have I got right here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00327-00183610-00184165": "what I've got there is a 2d there's my divergence it's a pivot bounce and it's", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00328-00184165-00184921": "a 2d traders using your anchor chart one and then eventually going to anchor", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00329-00184921-00185528": "charts 2 will make a messive difference to your trading okay if", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00330-00185528-00185867": "it's not working for you you're just not doing it right", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00331-00185867-00186317": "you're not putting the time in once again trade is the only place in the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00332-00186317-00186803": "world where success comes before work is in the dictionary like it's slam where", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00333-00186803-00187184": "you know try to still get me shit overtime these strategies don't work", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00334-00187184-00187571": "traders how can they not work the only way these", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00335-00187571-00188039": "strategies don't work is if you're getting in say way down here okay then", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00336-00188039-00188558": "you get a retracement get stopped if the chart is the right timeframe and you're", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00337-00188558-00189074": "either getting in on a limit order or a market order and you're getting in on", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00338-00189074-00189542": "these highs and of course entering in after a close under the trigger line", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00339-00189542-00190310": "okay these are winners and that's why I say traders focus on the 2B's to", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00340-00190310-00190907": "begin with and there is a nice little 34b right there now what I say to our", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00341-00190907-00191516": "members is this and I want to pull up something for you just a moment now when", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00342-00191516-00191885": "you create a compelling future for yourself it's so much easy to master", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00343-00191885-00192371": "view to develop the discipline really my trading really for setups are easy you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00344-00192371-00192964": "know anyone can learn the setups but what really comes down to is mindset is", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00345-00192964-00193589": "everything this is a game about mindset the setups you know blind Freddy can", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00346-00193589-00194150": "almost see them literally now what we've got and in my coaching program traders", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00347-00194150-00194555": "and I know many of you but watch is already in it but with we've got a sane", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00348-00194555-00194954": "five by five yes I can five by five yes I can and they're your 34b", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00349-00194954-00195455": "is quite frankly in your slingshots and whatever with the trend and your 2B's", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00350-00195455-00195902": "and this is on the CEO by the way and so I'm assuming here it doesn't matter what", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00351-00195902-00196316": "market you just change it if you trade in the ES it would be three by six ticks", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00352-00196316-00196889": "trades with the 2B's typically we get in 8 to 20 ticks out of those so it'd be", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00353-00196889-00197441": "three by eight yes I can and as a combo that is take near 34 any 2b and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00354-00197441-00197942": "even if you've got to get out quicker on 2B that's over 400 a day per", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00355-00197942-00198426": "contract now let's remember what this is traders remember", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00356-00198426-00198966": "my Google Drive now you can download this it'll calculate and show you what", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00357-00198966-00199707": "this means to you if you're trading with $5,000 averaging just 200 a day now here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00358-00199707-00200250": "we're looking at 400 a day just with 2b's and 34b's but if you only go for", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00359-00200250-00200754": "200 a day in 16 weeks you've got the potential of earning in excess of 10", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00360-00200754-00201270": "thousand a week increasing the amount of contracts you trade only when you go", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00361-00201270-00201822": "from five thousand to ten when you go from ten you start trading an additional", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00362-00201822-00202455": "contract when you're at fifteen super super conservative this is the potential", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00363-00202455-00202992": "so traders make sure that you set up your charts correctly okay with the", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00364-00202992-00203514": "anchor charts etc now the other consideration what was I going to say", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00365-00203514-00203949": "there about that okay you can download the spreadsheet there's something else", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00366-00203949-00204357": "is going to say there about your anchor charts were vertical or I can't remember", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00367-00204357-00204803": "what it is now but trade is we've covered a huge amount of information", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00368-00204803-00205289": "into today's session now if you've got any questions on them", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00369-00205289-00206007": "it should be fairly clear make sure you go back to that my google drive okay and", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00370-00206007-00206580": "you'll find the handouts in that chart time frames now we are here we is here", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00371-00206580-00206891": "it is here that's what I was going to show you the daily target compound", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00372-00206891-00207330": "spreadsheet okay that's where it is if you want to calculate there if you're", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00373-00207330-00208190": "averaging 300 a day 400 a day per contract etc and you basically I think", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00374-00208190-00208646": "it's within seven weeks you're and that's trade in extra contract after you", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00375-00208646-00209082": "double your money once again you get a compelling future it makes it that much", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00376-00209082-00209448": "easier so traders we will wind this up", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00377-00209448-00210284": "hopefully you clearly understand the timeframe so if you're on Renko or range", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00378-00210284-00210848": "you want to have your anchor chart one point seven times to two times higher", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00379-00210848-00211641": "than your entry your anchor chart to will be one point seven five to two", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00380-00211641-00212148": "times higher than your anchor chart1 that's the multiplier three times", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00381-00212148-00212956": "higher would tick time or volume based you'll generally find that really works", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00382-00212956-00213656": "don't forget to check in the folder at least once a week for my latest Q&A", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00383-00213656-00214101": "videos if you still got any real issues just drop me an email betrayed is that", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00384-00214101-00214404": "ain't yeah it does have to be exact if it walks like a duck quacks like a duck", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00385-00214404-00214848": "it's probably a duck meaning close enough is generally good", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00386-00214848-00215226": "enough the secret is out make sure you're trading with the trend in your", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00387-00215226-00215790": "early days and of course once you clearly understand how powerful your", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00388-00215790-00216279": "high time frames is that is where you'll one two and three D's come in talk but", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00389-00216279-00216569": "that's another video that will get done very shortly", "4ccbPUh-JUc-00390-00216569-00217084": "thank you traders and you'll hear from me again soon"}}, {"audio_id": "4ccCuzz3f7g", "text": {"4ccCuzz3f7g-00000-00000044-00000446": "Who wouldn’t be tempted if they received an email from as prominent a journalist as now", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00001-00000446-00000988": "slain Jamal Khashoggi? Saudi dissident journalist Ali Al-Ahmed received such emails from", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00002-00000988-00001364": "someone posing as the late journalist, insisting on clicking on malicious links.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00003-00001500-00001876": "How did this happen? Can anyone send an email from anybody?", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00004-00002202-00002688": "So emails are basically like letters. Anyone can put anything on them as sender address.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00005-00002714-00003148": "You cant really trust what your email programme is showing you and in addition to that", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00006-00003148-00003620": "you can also just open up another Gmail Account that has the name of another person in it.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00007-00003697-00004032": "We show you the most common tricks attackers use to fake the sender’s address.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00008-00004076-00004574": "Essentially anyone can register an email address under any name. That’s how the attackers", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00009-00004574-00004774": "wrote to Al-Ahmed from Khashoggi’s name.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00010-00004806-00005410": "Using another name is quite common and I don’t expect this to go away anytime in the future. But if you", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00011-00005410-00005730": "search for the person that you're suspecting has sent you this email", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00012-00005730-00006126": "it's usually pretty easy to verify and find out the true email address of a person.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00013-00006166-00006620": "In another trick, attackers abuse that most email programmes by default display names", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00014-00006620-00006972": "instead of full email addresses. For example, if someone selects", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00015-00006972-00007708": "“Joe Biden” <attacker@example.org> as the sender, most email clients will still display just the name “Joe Biden” as the sender.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00016-00007738-00008236": "So there are multiple ways on how you can forge sender email addresses and for one simple trick", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00017-00008248-00008614": "that's actually very easy to detect if someone has been doing .", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00018-00008614-00009188": "The only thing you have to do is to tell your email programme to show you the full email address instead of just the short name.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00019-00009270-00009728": "In this trick’s most extreme form, attackers can even spoof the entire sender address.", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00020-00009728-00010308": "So there are some technologies out there that try to fix this problem. But it will be a long, long time", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00021-00010308-00010832": "until this will be fixed in a practical manner and the reason is that basically every email", "4ccCuzz3f7g-00022-00010832-00011356": "provider out there has to deploy the same kind of technology and that's a very, very difficult and lengthy process."}}, {"audio_id": "4d7nsoLSdQI", "text": {"4d7nsoLSdQI-00000-00001157-00001529": "I'm Rory McGrail the UNESCO Commonwealth learning chair", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00001-00001529-00001959": "in open education resources and I'm a research associate", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00002-00001959-00002455": "and today I'llspeaking", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00003-00002455-00002867": "about open educational resources and", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00004-00002867-00003215": "the first thing to know about them is that they are free", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00005-00003215-00003586": "resources usable for education", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00006-00003586-00003976": "for many different educational purposes and are available", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00007-00003976-00004423": "on the Internet I'm they don't necessarily have to be", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00008-00004423-00004862": "on the Internet on line, they can be print", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00009-00004862-00005322": "they can also be downloaded and printed out", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00010-00005322-00005629": "and take for example text books", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00011-00005629-00006043": "however we are are not just", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00012-00006043-00006588": "text books on the Internet that are free all we are can also be", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00013-00006588-00006975": "educational games, multimedial resources", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00014-00006975-00007281": "resources can be consistent by", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00015-00007281-00007759": "simulations that a point to a specific lesson point", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00016-00007759-00008104": "and many of them are also videos", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00017-00008104-00008509": "that are available either lectures videos", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00018-00008509-00008940": "or videos as part of a simulation, and so", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00019-00008940-00009335": "all of these things if they are free", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00020-00009335-00009657": "freely available and accessible on the Internet", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00021-00009657-00010009": "can be considered to be education open", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00022-00010009-00010393": "educational resources and it's very", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00023-00010393-00010699": "important for us to understand", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00024-00010699-00011006": "that these are available usable", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00025-00011006-00011360": "and reusable in many different contexts", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00026-00011360-00011770": "by educators anywhere in the world in fact", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00027-00011770-00012253": "even just by learners outside the educational system", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00028-00012253-00012572": "and so to give an example", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00029-00012572-00013095": "teachers could go on a video web-site  site with an open license", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00030-00013095-00013441": "and take video and use it in their classroom", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00031-00013441-00013788": "or if they're online point to your students  that they can", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00032-00013788-00013996": "go to that site and user", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00033-00013996-00014321": "or you can download it and incorporated", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00034-00014321-00014715": "and integrated into your lesson, and you can also do the the same", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00035-00014715-00015263": "many multimedia components and simulations for example the simulation", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00036-00015263-00015331": "in", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00037-00015331-00015865": "biology to explain to students and help them", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00038-00015865-00016409": "develop the skills for dissection things like that in medicine equipped to", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00039-00016409-00016759": "point to work how to detect a brain tumor", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00040-00016759-00017303": "and in perhaps integrate school level it could be a simple", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00041-00017303-00017606": "mathematical simulation or", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00042-00017606-00018040": "it could be video \"video lecture\"", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00043-00018040-00018409": "by an expert on different aspects of mathematics", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00044-00018409-00018920": "so that gives you a broad idea about what Open Educational Resources", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00045-00018920-00019284": "are and in the future video I'll be", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00046-00019284-00019734": "speaking about to why we need open education resources", "4d7nsoLSdQI-00047-00019734-00020084": "where we can find them and how we can use them"}}, {"audio_id": "4diQ1ipAFUy", "text": {"4diQ1ipAFUy-00000-00000000-00000385": "what is the secret of the Swiss quality? what has it in common with the Japanese Kaizen?", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00001-00000513-00000775": "would you like your customers and coworkers", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00002-00000775-00001286": "to believe your business is in order and going smoothly?", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00003-00001286-00001428": "I would", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00004-00001428-00001934": "there are oganizations and places giving such impression", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00005-00001934-00002196": "I think of my favorite Switzerland", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00006-00002196-00002681": "when you are in Switzerland all seems to be in order and in the right place", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00007-00002681-00002865": "drivers respect pedestrians", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00008-00002865-00003044": "the nights are silent and calm", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00009-00003044-00003406": "how the Swiss do it, and what can we learn from it to our companies?", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00010-00003406-00003592": "I have been living there for 8 years", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00011-00003592-00003789": "I saw there defects and imperfections", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00012-00003789-00003972": "similar to what we see in Poland", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00013-00003972-00004328": "however the Swiss were different in approaching the issues", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00014-00004328-00004848": "the litter left by the drivers was instantly cleaned up by the service team", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00015-00004848-00005087": "when a colleague gaped and frightened pedestrians", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00016-00005087-00005275": "he lost his driving license for half a year", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00017-00005275-00005484": "the youth was noisy in the center of town", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00018-00005484-00005791": "so the people of the town built the youth club far, far away from the houses", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00019-00005791-00006144": "therefore the Swiss excellence does not mean the lack of problems", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00020-00006144-00006308": "but immediate resolving of the problems", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00021-00006308-00006517": "and constant search for solutions", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00022-00006517-00006831": "it reminds me the Japanese Kaizen known from the Toyota company", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00023-00006831-00007209": "where excellence is to be the result of constant improvements", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00024-00007209-00007569": "therefor if we need the excellence in our organizations", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00025-00007569-00008092": "then let's act on the assumption that improvements never end", "4diQ1ipAFUy-00026-00008092-00008602": "This work by Bernard Fruga is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. PLEASE, SHARE IT!"}}, {"audio_id": "4docmmLtjsA", "text": {"4docmmLtjsA-00000-00000206-00000720": "The mods that I use does not support the rendering of the sound so it had to be recorded individually.", "4docmmLtjsA-00001-00000730-00001566": "It started recording not immediately, but only after ~10 seconds. Map (link in description) has a working sound.  You should rewind to the MP3 file for comfortable listening.", "4docmmLtjsA-00002-00001566-00002078": "There are up to 15 sound layers in the melody. When Minecraft is working with 3 other programs while recording it is not able to play sounds correctly, so they are \"clamped\" and cutted."}}, {"audio_id": "4dx8aWoNvMu", "text": {"4dx8aWoNvMu-00000-00000153-00000346": "Finally, we got one.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00001-00000480-00000903": "It was trying, it took its toll on us.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00002-00000903-00001050": "Truthfully, it did.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00003-00001226-00001573": "Going in to this, I thought we would do better.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00004-00001623-00002286": "But this tournament is filled with champions,  and top level guys.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00005-00002300-00002456": "It sure was tough.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00006-00002496-00002960": "In the very end, though,  Henare showed what he’s made of.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00007-00003083-00003473": "We’ve been waiting… and waiting…  and waiting for this.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00008-00003553-00003763": "But we stayed a team.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00009-00003823-00003966": "We did it.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00010-00004010-00004563": "If we didn’t win at least this one,  I wouldn’t be able to face Honma.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00011-00004800-00005773": "This was just one win, but among this  talent, it means a lot.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00012-00005866-00006543": "Henare was the definitely the one who  took the next step in this tournament.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00013-00006666-00007166": "He just got a lesson in  how tough it is at this level.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00014-00007230-00007700": "He learned how hard it can be  to get even just one win.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00015-00007776-00008616": "In the end, I’m very grateful to have gotten  this win, with my partner Henare.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00016-00008753-00009230": "All that’s left is to see what  Honma thought of this win.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00017-00009243-00009430": "How about it, Kokeshi?", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00018-00009453-00009850": "You’re very anxious,  aren’t you, bastard?", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00019-00009850-00010016": "You know what I’m talking about.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00020-00010033-00010303": "Any questions? Anything?", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00021-00010323-00010543": "Something? Anything?", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00022-00010546-00010716": "Nothing at all?", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00023-00010773-00010893": "It’s always the same story...", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00024-00010896-00011130": "Henare… Henare, come on.", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00025-00012480-00013013": "俺のせいでこんなにも 負けてしまった。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00026-00013036-00013916": "でも毎試合後、真壁さんは俺に言ってくれた。 ”絶対に闘魂を失うな！”", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00027-00013919-00014273": "そして”次は絶対に勝てる！ 絶対に勝てる”って言ってくれたんだ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00028-00014280-00014613": "K.E.Sに負けた後でさえ、 ”次は絶対に勝てる！”って。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00029-00014616-00014953": "そしてBest Friendsに負けた時にも、 ”次こそは絶対に勝てる！”。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00030-00014956-00015156": "その言葉を心に持ち続けて 戦って来た。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00031-00015206-00015753": "それでも途中で心が折れそうに なったこともあった。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00032-00015786-00016413": "2度目のタッグリーグでにして 今日がやっと初勝利だ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00033-00016413-00017120": "俺だって新日本のトップ選手に なれるって証明できた！", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00034-00017190-00017520": "これからはもう上�� 登り続けるだけだ！", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00035-00017780-00018113": "さぁビッグK。ここに座れよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00036-00018186-00018536": "キングコング・ニードロップを 受けてしまって、ヘトヘトなんだよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00037-00018676-00019090": "お疲れさまだ。パートナーに なってくれてありがとう。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00038-00019160-00019260": "楽しかった。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00039-00019290-00019440": "結果は散々だったけどな。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00040-00019443-00019866": "俺たちの望んだ結末は真壁と ヘナーレに持って行かれてしまった。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00041-00019880-00020356": "あいつらは勝って 終わることが出来たな。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00042-00020430-00020826": "俺とビッグKは0点だ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00043-00020913-00021140": "それでも俺たち本当に 頑張ったと思うよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00044-00021266-00021620": "今日こそはやっとチャンスがあると 思って挑んだんだけどな。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00045-00021643-00021846": "本当に接戦だった。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00046-00021976-00022326": "成功出来なかった。今年は何も 成功出来なかったよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00047-00022450-00022683": "俺のキャリアの中であんまり 良い年だったとは言えないな。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00048-00022843-00023603": "NEVER6人タッグのチャンピオンになったけど、 それ以降は下がり続けるのみだった。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00049-00023626-00024276": "でもまだ今年は後1試合 残ってるからな。2日後の福岡だ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00050-00024280-00024720": "誰と戦うのかも何の試合なのかも 全く知らないよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00051-00024720-00025120": "でも最後に勝って今年を 終えたいから、死ぬ気で頑張るよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00052-00025123-00025426": "ビッグK、ここで俺たちの リーグは終わりだ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00053-00025743-00026000": "最後までよく耐えた。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00054-00026033-00026300": "ありがとう。お前の事を 誇りに思うよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00055-00026303-00026439": "彼は本当に成長したよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00056-00026476-00026760": "ヘナーレもまた成長した。 素晴らしいよ。", "4dx8aWoNvMu-00057-00027033-00027266": "次のタッグリーグに 向けてまた頑張るぞ。"}}, {"audio_id": "4e2NopJyXnM", "text": {"4e2NopJyXnM-00000-00000448-00000706": "Because the new revenue recognition standard", "4e2NopJyXnM-00001-00000706-00001129": "allows revenue to only be recorded at the net amount", "4e2NopJyXnM-00002-00001129-00001447": "to be realized, we need to learn how", "4e2NopJyXnM-00003-00001447-00001864": "to account for the return of goods as well.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00004-00001864-00002063": "So let's look at this example.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00005-00002063-00002497": "During January, we sold goods on account for $200,000", "4e2NopJyXnM-00006-00002497-00002767": "with a cost of $80,000.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00007-00002767-00003124": "No sales discounts were offered in this example.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00008-00003124-00003308": "The journal entry is pretty straightforward.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00009-00003308-00003615": "We debit accounts receivable and credit sales revenue", "4e2NopJyXnM-00010-00003615-00003895": "for the amount of $200,000.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00011-00003895-00004243": "We also debit costs of goods sold and credit inventory", "4e2NopJyXnM-00012-00004243-00004540": "for the $80,000.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00013-00004540-00004933": "However, most companies experience returns.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00014-00004933-00005320": "In this example, let's assume that approximately 5% of sales", "4e2NopJyXnM-00015-00005320-00005544": "will be returned.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00016-00005544-00005848": "We debit sales returns and allowances,", "4e2NopJyXnM-00017-00005848-00006469": "and credit refund payable for 5% of revenue, which in this case", "4e2NopJyXnM-00018-00006469-00006692": "is $10,000.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00019-00006692-00007112": "We also need to record the estimate of returned inventory", "4e2NopJyXnM-00020-00007112-00007367": "at 5% of cost.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00021-00007367-00007723": "So we debit estimated returned inventory,", "4e2NopJyXnM-00022-00007723-00008222": "and credit costs of goods sold for $4,000, the estimated", "4e2NopJyXnM-00023-00008222-00008464": "return of goods.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00024-00008464-00008704": "Once the month is over, we can record", "4e2NopJyXnM-00025-00008704-00009244": "the actual amount of returns and correct our estimates.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00026-00009244-00009709": "In this example, assume that $8,000 of goods were returned.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00027-00009709-00010213": "The cost of those goods are $3,200.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00028-00010213-00010783": "So we debit, refund payable, and credit cash for the $8,000.", "4e2NopJyXnM-00029-00010783-00011216": "We also debit inventory and credit the estimated return", "4e2NopJyXnM-00030-00011216-00011562": "to inventory for $3,200."}}, {"audio_id": "4e-Xp5Gil4o", "text": {"4e-Xp5Gil4o-00000-00000010-00000106": "MONDAY.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00001-00000106-00000113": "MONDAY.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00002-00000113-00000176": "MONDAY. THREE PEOPLE FROM REDBY HAVE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00003-00000176-00000183": "MONDAY. THREE PEOPLE FROM REDBY HAVE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00004-00000183-00000517": "MONDAY. THREE PEOPLE FROM REDBY HAVE BEEN CHARGED IN CONNECTION WITH", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00005-00000517-00000523": "THREE PEOPLE FROM REDBY HAVE BEEN CHARGED IN CONNECTION WITH", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00006-00000523-00000720": "THREE PEOPLE FROM REDBY HAVE BEEN CHARGED IN CONNECTION WITH A NOVEMBER 2016 DRUG BUST IN", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00007-00000720-00000727": "BEEN CHARGED IN CONNECTION WITH A NOVEMBER 2016 DRUG BUST IN", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00008-00000727-00000850": "BEEN CHARGED IN CONNECTION WITH A NOVEMBER 2016 DRUG BUST IN GRAND RAPIDS, WHICH RESULTED IN", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00009-00000850-00000857": "A NOVEMBER 2016 DRUG BUST IN GRAND RAPIDS, WHICH RESULTED IN", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00010-00000857-00000994": "A NOVEMBER 2016 DRUG BUST IN GRAND RAPIDS, WHICH RESULTED IN THE SEIZURE OF APPROXIMATELY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00011-00000994-00001000": "GRAND RAPIDS, WHICH RESULTED IN THE SEIZURE OF APPROXIMATELY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00012-00001000-00001054": "GRAND RAPIDS, WHICH RESULTED IN THE SEIZURE OF APPROXIMATELY THREE HUNDRED GRAMS, OF", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00013-00001054-00001061": "THE SEIZURE OF APPROXIMATELY THREE HUNDRED GRAMS, OF", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00014-00001061-00001154": "THE SEIZURE OF APPROXIMATELY THREE HUNDRED GRAMS, OF METHAMPHETAMINE.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00015-00001154-00001161": "THREE HUNDRED GRAMS, OF METHAMPHETAMINE.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00016-00001161-00001451": "THREE HUNDRED GRAMS, OF METHAMPHETAMINE. 38-YEAR-OLD BOBBI JO JOHNSON,", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00017-00001451-00001458": "METHAMPHETAMINE. 38-YEAR-OLD BOBBI JO JOHNSON,", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00018-00001458-00001664": "METHAMPHETAMINE. 38-YEAR-OLD BOBBI JO JOHNSON, 41-YEAR-OLD ELLIE MAE JOHNSON,", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00019-00001664-00001671": "38-YEAR-OLD BOBBI JO JOHNSON, 41-YEAR-OLD ELLIE MAE JOHNSON,", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00020-00001671-00001828": "38-YEAR-OLD BOBBI JO JOHNSON, 41-YEAR-OLD ELLIE MAE JOHNSON, AND 41-YEAR-OLD LONNY JAMES", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00021-00001828-00001835": "41-YEAR-OLD ELLIE MAE JOHNSON, AND 41-YEAR-OLD LONNY JAMES", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00022-00001835-00002035": "41-YEAR-OLD ELLIE MAE JOHNSON, AND 41-YEAR-OLD LONNY JAMES KINGBIRD HAVE EACH BEEN CHARGED", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00023-00002035-00002042": "AND 41-YEAR-OLD LONNY JAMES KINGBIRD HAVE EACH BEEN CHARGED", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00024-00002042-00002108": "AND 41-YEAR-OLD LONNY JAMES KINGBIRD HAVE EACH BEEN CHARGED IN ITASCA COUNTY DISTRICT COURT", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00025-00002108-00002115": "KINGBIRD HAVE EACH BEEN CHARGED IN ITASCA COUNTY DISTRICT COURT", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00026-00002115-00002445": "KINGBIRD HAVE EACH BEEN CHARGED IN ITASCA COUNTY DISTRICT COURT WITH ONE FELONY COUNT OF FIRST", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00027-00002445-00002452": "IN ITASCA COUNTY DISTRICT COURT WITH ONE FELONY COUNT OF FIRST", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00028-00002452-00002512": "IN ITASCA COUNTY DISTRICT COURT WITH ONE FELONY COUNT OF FIRST DEGREE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00029-00002512-00002519": "WITH ONE FELONY COUNT OF FIRST DEGREE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00030-00002519-00002609": "WITH ONE FELONY COUNT OF FIRST DEGREE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE CRIME.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00031-00002609-00002615": "DEGREE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE CRIME.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00032-00002615-00002675": "DEGREE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE CRIME. ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00033-00002675-00002682": "CRIME. ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00034-00002682-00002812": "CRIME. ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS, THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00035-00002812-00002819": "ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS, THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00036-00002819-00002882": "ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS, THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG TASK FORCE NOTIFIED THE GRAND", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00037-00002882-00002889": "COMPLAINTS, THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG TASK FORCE NOTIFIED THE GRAND", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00038-00002889-00002956": "COMPLAINTS, THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG TASK FORCE NOTIFIED THE GRAND RAPIDS POLICE DEPARTMENT THAT A", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00039-00002956-00002962": "TASK FORCE NOTIFIED THE GRAND RAPIDS POLICE DEPARTMENT THAT A", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00040-00002962-00003096": "TASK FORCE NOTIFIED THE GRAND RAPIDS POLICE DEPARTMENT THAT A WHITE CHEVROLET IMPALA WOULD BE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00041-00003096-00003103": "RAPIDS POLICE DEPARTMENT THAT A WHITE CHEVROLET IMPALA WOULD BE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00042-00003103-00003203": "RAPIDS POLICE DEPARTMENT THAT A WHITE CHEVROLET IMPALA WOULD BE TRANSPORTING UP TO 300 GRAMS OF", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00043-00003203-00003209": "WHITE CHEVROLET IMPALA WOULD BE TRANSPORTING UP TO 300 GRAMS OF", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00044-00003209-00003450": "WHITE CHEVROLET IMPALA WOULD BE TRANSPORTING UP TO 300 GRAMS OF METH FROM THE TWIN CITIES TO THE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00045-00003450-00003456": "TRANSPORTING UP TO 300 GRAMS OF METH FROM THE TWIN CITIES TO THE", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00046-00003456-00003903": "TRANSPORTING UP TO 300 GRAMS OF METH FROM THE TWIN CITIES TO THE RED LAKE IN EARLY NOVEMBER.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00047-00003903-00003910": "METH FROM THE TWIN CITIES TO THE RED LAKE IN EARLY NOVEMBER.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00048-00003910-00004027": "METH FROM THE TWIN CITIES TO THE RED LAKE IN EARLY NOVEMBER. BAIL FOR ELLIE JOHNSON WAS SET", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00049-00004027-00004034": "RED LAKE IN EARLY NOVEMBER. BAIL FOR ELLIE JOHNSON WAS SET", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00050-00004034-00004100": "RED LAKE IN EARLY NOVEMBER. BAIL FOR ELLIE JOHNSON WAS SET AT $50,000 WITHOUT CONDITIONS.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00051-00004100-00004107": "BAIL FOR ELLIE JOHNSON WAS SET AT $50,000 WITHOUT CONDITIONS.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00052-00004107-00004894": "BAIL FOR ELLIE JOHNSON WAS SET AT $50,000 WITHOUT CONDITIONS. SHE WAS RELEASED ON HER OWN", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00053-00004894-00004901": "AT $50,000 WITHOUT CONDITIONS. SHE WAS RELEASED ON HER OWN", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00054-00004901-00004954": "AT $50,000 WITHOUT CONDITIONS. SHE WAS RELEASED ON HER OWN RECOGNIZANCE.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00055-00004954-00004961": "SHE WAS RELEASED ON HER OWN RECOGNIZANCE.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00056-00004961-00005028": "SHE WAS RELEASED ON HER OWN RECOGNIZANCE. BOBBI JO JOHNSON IS CURRENTLY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00057-00005028-00005035": "RECOGNIZANCE. BOBBI JO JOHNSON IS CURRENTLY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00058-00005035-00005098": "RECOGNIZANCE. BOBBI JO JOHNSON IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD FOR ITASCA COUNTY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00059-00005098-00005105": "BOBBI JO JOHNSON IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD FOR ITASCA COUNTY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00060-00005105-00005161": "BOBBI JO JOHNSON IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD FOR ITASCA COUNTY AT THE AITKIN COUNTY JAIL.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00061-00005161-00005168": "BEING HELD FOR ITASCA COUNTY AT THE AITKIN COUNTY JAIL.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00062-00005168-00005221": "BEING HELD FOR ITASCA COUNTY AT THE AITKIN COUNTY JAIL. HER BAIL IS SET AT FIFTY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00063-00005221-00005228": "AT THE AITKIN COUNTY JAIL. HER BAIL IS SET AT FIFTY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00064-00005228-00005281": "AT THE AITKIN COUNTY JAIL. HER BAIL IS SET AT FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS WITHOUT", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00065-00005281-00005288": "HER BAIL IS SET AT FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS WITHOUT", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00066-00005288-00005345": "HER BAIL IS SET AT FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS WITHOUT CONDITIONS OR $25,000 WITH", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00067-00005345-00005352": "THOUSAND DOLLARS WITHOUT CONDITIONS OR $25,000 WITH", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00068-00005352-00005779": "THOUSAND DOLLARS WITHOUT CONDITIONS OR $25,000 WITH CONDITIONS.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00069-00005779-00005785": "CONDITIONS OR $25,000 WITH CONDITIONS.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00070-00005785-00005855": "CONDITIONS OR $25,000 WITH CONDITIONS. COURT RECORDS SHOW THAT KINGBIRD", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00071-00005855-00005862": "CONDITIONS. COURT RECORDS SHOW THAT KINGBIRD", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00072-00005862-00005932": "CONDITIONS. COURT RECORDS SHOW THAT KINGBIRD IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD WITHOUT", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00073-00005932-00005939": "COURT RECORDS SHOW THAT KINGBIRD IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD WITHOUT", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00074-00005939-00006005": "COURT RECORDS SHOW THAT KINGBIRD IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD WITHOUT BAIL AND IS CURRENTLY IN CUSTODY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00075-00006005-00006012": "IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD WITHOUT BAIL AND IS CURRENTLY IN CUSTODY", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00076-00006012-00006329": "IS CURRENTLY BEING HELD WITHOUT BAIL AND IS CURRENTLY IN CUSTODY AT THE ITASCA COUNTY JAIL.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00077-00006329-00006336": "BAIL AND IS CURRENTLY IN CUSTODY AT THE ITASCA COUNTY JAIL.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00078-00006336-00006406": "BAIL AND IS CURRENTLY IN CUSTODY AT THE ITASCA COUNTY JAIL. BOTH ELLIE JOHNSON AND KINGBIRD", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00079-00006406-00006413": "AT THE ITASCA COUNTY JAIL. BOTH ELLIE JOHNSON AND KINGBIRD", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00080-00006413-00006466": "AT THE ITASCA COUNTY JAIL. BOTH ELLIE JOHNSON AND KINGBIRD HAVE SEPARATE HEARINGS", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00081-00006466-00006473": "BOTH ELLIE JOHNSON AND KINGBIRD HAVE SEPARATE HEARINGS", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00082-00006473-00006556": "BOTH ELLIE JOHNSON AND KINGBIRD HAVE SEPARATE HEARINGS SCHEDULED FOR APRIL THIRD.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00083-00006556-00006563": "HAVE SEPARATE HEARINGS SCHEDULED FOR APRIL THIRD.", "4e-Xp5Gil4o-00084-00006563-00006786": "HAVE SEPARATE HEARINGS SCHEDULED FOR APRIL THIRD. BOBBI JO JOHNSON'S NEXT COURT"}}, {"audio_id": "4eZkEq49ckE", "text": {"4eZkEq49ckE-00000-00000000-00000613": "Welcome to ‘A Bill a Minute’ from GovTrack, your short breakdown of interesting bills in Congress. I’m Jesse Rifkin.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00001-00000613-00001423": "Georgia enacted the Election Integrity Act in March, a Republican-led law that added new restrictions to elections and voting laws in the state.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00002-00001423-00002103": "In response, Major League Baseball (or the MLB) moved July’s upcoming All-Star Game from Atlanta to Denver.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00003-00002103-00002943": "The U.S. bans most monopolies under federal antitrust laws, but the Supreme Court granted the MLB an exemption back in 1922.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00004-00002943-00003571": "This effectively shields the MLB from potential competition, like another professional baseball league emerging.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00005-00003571-00004556": "Introduced shortly after the All-Star Game move was announced, the Competition in Professional Baseball Act is Republican-led legislation that would end MLB’s antitrust exemption.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00006-00004556-00005426": "Although inspired by the All-Star Game move, the bill itself would not force the MLB to play the game in Atlanta. That’s the league’s decision to make.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00007-00005426-00006269": "The House version was introduced by South Carolina Republican Rep. Jeff Duncan, while the Senate version was introduced by Utah Republican Sen. Mike Lee.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00008-00006269-00007473": "Supporters argue that the MLB behaves in a way that would be arguably against the law if it were almost any other corporation or in any other industry, but an anachronistic provision unjustifiably shields them.", "4eZkEq49ckE-00009-00007473-00007879": "Here’s that argument in song form!", "4eZkEq49ckE-00010-00007879-00008982": "Mon-OH-polies are illegal In most industries you know", "4eZkEq49ckE-00011-00008982-00009744": "But not for baseball, the MLB Maintains a legal monopoly", "4eZkEq49ckE-00012-00009744-00010439": "New bills in Congress would end that After almost a century", "4eZkEq49ckE-00013-00010439-00011406": "Though it LIKE! LY! WON’T! receive a Vote in committee"}}, {"audio_id": "4fuaXNet-Fy", "text": {"4fuaXNet-Fy-00000-00000418-00000576": "The jungle is an absolute death trap.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00001-00001056-00001258": "Everything out there can take you out.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00002-00001786-00001888": "Dense,", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00003-00001888-00001980": "rough,", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00004-00001980-00002090": "wet.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00005-00003304-00003470": "We're there for each other no matter what.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00006-00004514-00004986": "In Tully, 1/1 Alpha was sent out to conduct the jungle warfare training", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00007-00004986-00005368": "where we basically got sent out to the jungle for six to seven days,", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00008-00005368-00005826": "to learn what jungle operations are and how we can ultimately not only survive but thrive", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00009-00005826-00005932": "in that type of environment.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00010-00006750-00007030": "The jungle definitely presents us with a lot of dangers...", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00011-00007030-00007394": "not only in the enemy, but the terrain,", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00012-00007394-00008094": "the wildlife, because anything in Australia can take you out at a moment's notice.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00013-00008876-00009576": "You're constantly mentally, emotionally, and physically drained throughout the duration of the training exercise.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00014-00011466-00011678": "We've always got to have a finger on the trigger.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00015-00012590-00012813": "Everywhere you go there's some sort of choke point.", "4fuaXNet-Fy-00016-00013222-00013469": "The jungle is an absolute death trap."}}, {"audio_id": "4f_muwtWpDI", "text": {"4f_muwtWpDI-00000-00001896-00002446": "hello everyone how are you today this is Marc I'm doing great thanks for asking", "4f_muwtWpDI-00001-00002446-00002923": "in English there are a lot of grammar rules however there are a myriad of", "4f_muwtWpDI-00002-00002923-00003376": "exceptions in this series I'm going to talk about all those exceptions that", "4f_muwtWpDI-00003-00003376-00004233": "other teachers don't talk about so let's take a look at what you don't know about", "4f_muwtWpDI-00004-00004233-00005569": "ADVERBS so stay tuned great so let me tell you first that adverbs are a very", "4f_muwtWpDI-00005-00005569-00006090": "important part of the English grammar why because they can modify whole", "4f_muwtWpDI-00006-00006090-00006870": "sentences or even verbs or other adverbs or adjectives obviously so let's take a", "4f_muwtWpDI-00007-00006870-00007689": "look at first what they are they are words that modify like I said the", "4f_muwtWpDI-00008-00007689-00008589": "meaning of verbs adjectives adverbs or whole sentences they're used to show", "4f_muwtWpDI-00009-00008589-00009611": "time and we have adverbs of time like you know which ones usually yes often", "4f_muwtWpDI-00010-00009611-00010809": "right always etc they can show degree so adverbs of degree which are extremely", "4f_muwtWpDI-00011-00010809-00012357": "quite just too they can show manner so adverbs of manner slowly fast quickly", "4f_muwtWpDI-00012-00012357-00013491": "softly etc they can show place adverbs of place there here nearby above south", "4f_muwtWpDI-00013-00013491-00014302": "west etc there are many lessons on my playlist on adverbs so if you wish to", "4f_muwtWpDI-00014-00014302-00014703": "watch all those lessons click here so let's take a look at my", "4f_muwtWpDI-00015-00014703-00015558": "examples then he's extremely kind to her so kind is yes an adjective so extremely", "4f_muwtWpDI-00016-00015558-00016172": "kind it goes before the adjective in this case right he's extremely kind to", "4f_muwtWpDI-00017-00016172-00016935": "her so another example you wrote the email very quickly so", "4f_muwtWpDI-00018-00016935-00017841": "quickly here is yes an adverb and very is the adverb too so it modifies quickly", "4f_muwtWpDI-00019-00017841-00018594": "very quickly let's take a look at another example why don't you speak", "4f_muwtWpDI-00020-00018594-00019386": "slowly why don't you speak slowly so here we have slowly as the adverb it", "4f_muwtWpDI-00021-00019386-00020214": "modifies what yes the verb speak so why don't you speak slowly it goes after", "4f_muwtWpDI-00022-00020214-00020847": "the verb I'm just going to talk about that the placement of adverbs in just", "4f_muwtWpDI-00023-00020847-00021714": "one minute so the next example amazingly the driver survived the crash so", "4f_muwtWpDI-00024-00021714-00022443": "amazingly here modifies the whole sentence as promised placement so where", "4f_muwtWpDI-00025-00022443-00023181": "does an adjective go well usually and I'm saying here usually before the main", "4f_muwtWpDI-00026-00023181-00023850": "verb right after the verb to be you know the verb to BE is very special", "4f_muwtWpDI-00027-00023850-00024450": "right so it goes after usually at the beginning of a sentence so if you want", "4f_muwtWpDI-00028-00024450-00024875": "to modify the whole sentence it will be at the beginning like I said before", "4f_muwtWpDI-00029-00024875-00025713": "amazingly the driver survived the crash or even at the end of a sentence like my", "4f_muwtWpDI-00030-00025713-00026529": "example why don't you speak slowly so slowly here modifies the verb speak", "4f_muwtWpDI-00031-00026529-00027120": "right and it goes after the verb and at the end of the sentence so this depends", "4f_muwtWpDI-00032-00027120-00027768": "according to the importance you want to give to the adverb these are my examples", "4f_muwtWpDI-00033-00027768-00028806": "they usually play golf on Sundays they usually play golf on Sundays so adverb", "4f_muwtWpDI-00034-00028806-00029391": "of time usually they usually play golf on Sundays", "4f_muwtWpDI-00035-00029391-00030147": "so usually modifying the verb play and it goes before play they are never late", "4f_muwtWpDI-00036-00030147-00030543": "for class well yes we have the verb to be and it", "4f_muwtWpDI-00037-00030543-00031269": "goes after the verb to be so they are never so never is the adverb of time", "4f_muwtWpDI-00038-00031269-00031947": "here and it goes right after the verb to be another example mysteriously he", "4f_muwtWpDI-00039-00031947-00032634": "walked into the room the adverb is here mysteriously and it modifies the whole", "4f_muwtWpDI-00040-00032634-00033351": "sentence right mysteriously he walked into the room so it goes before the", "4f_muwtWpDI-00041-00033351-00034134": "whole sentence and then we have other examples like he came here so here is", "4f_muwtWpDI-00042-00034134-00034953": "the adverb of place yes and it goes right after the verb or at the end of", "4f_muwtWpDI-00043-00034953-00035909": "the sentence he came here or she went there she went there adverb of place and", "4f_muwtWpDI-00044-00035909-00036591": "it goes at the end of the sentence in this case so I talked about how adverbs", "4f_muwtWpDI-00045-00036591-00037182": "can modify the meaning of verbs adjectives other adverbs or whole", "4f_muwtWpDI-00046-00037182-00038091": "sentences but how are they made well we need an adjective and we add -LY to it so", "4f_muwtWpDI-00047-00038091-00039003": "for example elegant elegantly happy happily be careful there we have a Y so", "4f_muwtWpDI-00048-00039003-00040143": "then Y turns into an I so happily like lazy lazily and we can say rare rarely", "4f_muwtWpDI-00049-00040143-00040944": "there are many others but usually we add LY at the end of adjectives", "4f_muwtWpDI-00050-00040944-00041400": "so now let's talk about intensifiers and mitigators what are they they're a", "4f_muwtWpDI-00051-00041400-00042171": "subgroup of adverbs of degree and they modify adjectives or other adverbs just", "4f_muwtWpDI-00052-00042171-00042762": "like my example her dress was wonderfully intricate so", "4f_muwtWpDI-00053-00042762-00043319": "intricate is the adjective and wonderfully is an intensifier", "4f_muwtWpDI-00054-00043319-00044187": "it intensifies the adjective intricate so wonderfully wonderfully intricate now", "4f_muwtWpDI-00055-00044187-00044685": "let's take a look at a mitigator he spoke fairly well", "4f_muwtWpDI-00056-00044685-00045582": "he spoke fairly well so well is the yes the adverb so fairly is the mitigator", "4f_muwtWpDI-00057-00045582-00046215": "there is a trend in this period to create intensifiers in slang so we", "4f_muwtWpDI-00058-00046215-00046869": "can hear hella better it's hella better than other things for example", "4f_muwtWpDI-00059-00046869-00047558": "hella better we have wicked stuff I love wicked stuff", "4f_muwtWpDI-00060-00047558-00048483": "wicked or super nice he is super nice to us he is super nice to us uber", "4f_muwtWpDI-00061-00048483-00049301": "informative so this lesson was uber informative so these are all slang", "4f_muwtWpDI-00062-00049301-00049707": "intensifiers but if you wish to use them you can", "4f_muwtWpDI-00063-00049707-00050331": "nobody's going to say you're wrong now let's talk about flat adverbs what are", "4f_muwtWpDI-00064-00050331-00051033": "they well I told you that an adverb is made by adding  -LY to an", "4f_muwtWpDI-00065-00051033-00051497": "adjective flat adverbs do not change so for", "4f_muwtWpDI-00066-00051497-00052188": "example fast he drove fast we cannot say he drove", "4f_muwtWpDI-00067-00052188-00053066": "fastly he drove fast so the adverb of the adjective fast is fast but we have even", "4f_muwtWpDI-00068-00053066-00054395": "tough we can say slow slowly also is an adverb but also slow straight far", "4f_muwtWpDI-00069-00054395-00055569": "hardly down soon safe or safely for example I have some", "4f_muwtWpDI-00070-00055569-00056337": "people for dinner and I tell them drive safe we can even say drive safely but we", "4f_muwtWpDI-00071-00056337-00056919": "usually hear - drive safe then we have tight so for", "4f_muwtWpDI-00072-00056919-00057669": "example a father to a son says sleep tight not tightly sleep tight sleep well", "4f_muwtWpDI-00073-00057669-00058182": "this is what it means and then we have friendly so friendly and the adverb", "4f_muwtWpDI-00074-00058182-00058800": "friendly beware though we have only and hopefully let's take a look at them you", "4f_muwtWpDI-00075-00058800-00059478": "can only have 10 euros for the whole week so for example a father says that", "4f_muwtWpDI-00076-00059478-00060150": "to a son or to a daughter you can ONLY have 10 euros for the whole week now", "4f_muwtWpDI-00077-00060150-00061035": "what about if I said you can have ONLY 10 euros for the whole week so if I said", "4f_muwtWpDI-00078-00061035-00061679": "ONLY 10 euros for the whole week that means that the stress is in the amount", "4f_muwtWpDI-00079-00061679-00062544": "right 10 euros ONLY the difference there is obvious we place ONLY before the", "4f_muwtWpDI-00080-00062544-00063116": "amount in this case or before the adjective that we want to stress now", "4f_muwtWpDI-00081-00063116-00063840": "let's take a look at HOPEFULLY we usually say HOPEFULLY it won't rain", "4f_muwtWpDI-00082-00063840-00064503": "tomorrow HOPEFULLY it won't rain tomorrow it means I hope it won't rain", "4f_muwtWpDI-00083-00064503-00065322": "tomorrow or we can even say it won't HOPEFULLY rain tomorrow yes that's also", "4f_muwtWpDI-00084-00065322-00065817": "possible great that's it for today thank you very much for watching if you have", "4f_muwtWpDI-00085-00065817-00066351": "any questions any comments or if you want to post your own example of an", "4f_muwtWpDI-00086-00066351-00066882": "adverb you may do so if you want to share the lesson you may do so don't", "4f_muwtWpDI-00087-00066882-00067353": "forget to subscribe to my channel and I see you next week with a new", "4f_muwtWpDI-00088-00067353-00067787": "lesson take care bye-bye"}}, {"audio_id": "4f_ZnNhFWsU", "text": {"4f_ZnNhFWsU-00000-00000000-00002355": "anyone as ruin that date because man was mean adam we only get two minutes", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00001-00002355-00005364": "of recording SHUT UP!appropriate yes I mean no see you said no but he said yes", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00002-00005364-00006165": "that's a better song didn't mean it Right Camera guy did you mean to say yes no oh", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00003-00006165-00009099": "give me what you owe money I'm saying that the tale you why don't you oh my but Nate", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00004-00009099-00010449": "what you're gonna ruin it you hate it you are good", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00005-00010449-00012006": "so yeah my date what you did yeah we're still dating we're gonna kiss", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00006-00012211-00013222": "no no no no hey hey it's calling me recording you will pause without", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00007-00013222-00014566": "pausing is on YouTube but anybody you can spring-trap they won't think I'm Christian", "4f_ZnNhFWsU-00008-00015286-00017809": "dude we have 2 minutes and 35 36 (my sister: hi promise)"}}, {"audio_id": "4fCs0CENgQy", "text": {"4fCs0CENgQy-00000-00000054-00000173": ">> Barry Raven: Good afternoon and welcome.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00001-00000173-00000335": "I'm Barry Raven [assumed spelling], professor here", "4fCs0CENgQy-00002-00000335-00000628": "at the Ford School and the Director for the Center", "4fCs0CENgQy-00003-00000628-00000756": "of Local State and Urban Policies.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00004-00000756-00001130": "We are delighted at Close Up to cosponsor this event", "4fCs0CENgQy-00005-00001130-00001406": "with the School of Public Health, the Gerald Ford School", "4fCs0CENgQy-00006-00001406-00001614": "of Public Policy, and we want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00007-00001614-00001914": "to acknowledge the particular support that we've received", "4fCs0CENgQy-00008-00001914-00002246": "from [inaudible] and Martha Darling [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-00009-00002246-00002403": "We're delighted to have Martha", "4fCs0CENgQy-00010-00002403-00002953": "with us here today to pursue this event.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00011-00002953-00003245": ">> Federalism has been called many things.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00012-00003245-00003476": "I'm not sure I've ever seen the title practice before,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00013-00003476-00003845": "but it certainly fits this piece well now and historically.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00014-00003845-00004133": "I must confess that there was a time a couple of decades ago", "4fCs0CENgQy-00015-00004133-00004491": "when I was working on doctoral dissertation trying to come", "4fCs0CENgQy-00016-00004491-00004614": "to terms with federalism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00017-00004614-00004874": "A little tiny slice of that involved Medicaid", "4fCs0CENgQy-00018-00004874-00005135": "and not understanding what Medicaid was,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00019-00005135-00005381": "why it was created, or how it worked.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00020-00005381-00005787": "Did not understand it and I went into what is then and now one", "4fCs0CENgQy-00021-00005787-00006120": "of the world's great bookstores, the [inaudible] Bookstore", "4fCs0CENgQy-00022-00006120-00006473": "at University of Chicago and found this book.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00023-00006473-00006611": "[Laughter] Policy and Democracy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00024-00006611-00006779": ">> Blood red, notice.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00025-00006779-00006966": ">> It was all in bright red.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00026-00006966-00007278": "As you can see the spine has been faded from [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-00027-00007278-00007352": "[Laughter] Chapter Seven.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00028-00007352-00007578": "Medicaid and commercial market strategy", "4fCs0CENgQy-00029-00007578-00007779": "for the poor, [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-00030-00007779-00008027": "[Laughter] It really opened up for me an understanding", "4fCs0CENgQy-00031-00008027-00008380": "of how Medicaid came into being, how it works,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00032-00008380-00008670": "and here we are a few decades later [laughter]", "4fCs0CENgQy-00033-00008670-00008966": "with the [inaudible] version with all kinds", "4fCs0CENgQy-00034-00008966-00009289": "of new content called Medicaid Politics, Federalism,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00035-00009289-00009484": "Policy Durability, and Health Reform,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00036-00009484-00009654": "just released late last year", "4fCs0CENgQy-00037-00009654-00010051": "by Georgetown University Press by Frank Thompson.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00038-00010051-00010187": "Frank, as many of you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00039-00010187-00010449": "is one of our nation's leading scholars in the area", "4fCs0CENgQy-00040-00010449-00010707": "of health politics and policy for the [inaudible] privileged", "4fCs0CENgQy-00041-00010707-00010921": "to invite him here to the Ford school.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00042-00010921-00011181": "He has served on the faculties of the University of Georgia", "4fCs0CENgQy-00043-00011181-00011403": "and the State University of New York at Albany", "4fCs0CENgQy-00044-00011403-00011624": "where he's held a series of administrative posts.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00045-00011624-00011805": "Frank is a fellow at the National Academy", "4fCs0CENgQy-00046-00011805-00012114": "of Public Administration and now is a member of the faculty", "4fCs0CENgQy-00047-00012114-00012514": "at Georgetown, and so we're very pleased to have him here to talk", "4fCs0CENgQy-00048-00012514-00012786": "about his book, but also put it", "4fCs0CENgQy-00049-00012786-00013228": "into the immediate context whereby Medicaid has gained even", "4fCs0CENgQy-00050-00013228-00013469": "new saliency in the directions that some", "4fCs0CENgQy-00051-00013469-00013721": "of us probably could not have anticipated just a few", "4fCs0CENgQy-00052-00013721-00013846": "years ago.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00053-00013846-00014010": "We're also delighted to be joined", "4fCs0CENgQy-00054-00014010-00014262": "by Scott Grier [inaudible], a colleague from the School", "4fCs0CENgQy-00055-00014262-00014635": "of Public Health, the Department of Health and National Policy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00056-00014635-00014968": "Scott works in a number of areas directly relevant to this.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00057-00014968-00015213": "It is also thought that issues of centralization", "4fCs0CENgQy-00058-00015213-00015597": "and decentralization of how politics and policy in federated", "4fCs0CENgQy-00059-00015597-00015869": "and multilevel systems including the European Union.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00060-00015869-00016108": "Scott was a visiting scholar with us in Close", "4fCs0CENgQy-00061-00016108-00016329": "Up during the fall term.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00062-00016329-00016678": "It's great to have you here with us today.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00063-00016678-00016836": "With that, we're going to ask Frank", "4fCs0CENgQy-00064-00016836-00017142": "to provide extended remarks on his views", "4fCs0CENgQy-00065-00017142-00017431": "on [inaudible] federalism and the future of Medicaid,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00066-00017431-00017794": "turn things over to Scott for some reaction and reflection,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00067-00017794-00018127": "and then as you can see, the table will allow for us", "4fCs0CENgQy-00068-00018127-00018314": "to have some Q and A and hopefully we'll open this", "4fCs0CENgQy-00069-00018314-00018576": "up for extended conversation.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00070-00018576-00018787": "But before going any further,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00071-00018787-00019009": "please do extend a warm welcome to Frank Thompson.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00072-00019009-00019151": "Welcome to our campus.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00073-00019151-00019787": "[ Applause ]", "4fCs0CENgQy-00074-00019787-00019993": ">> Frank Thompson: Thanks, [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-00075-00019993-00020378": "Let's see.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00076-00020562-00020785": "Thank you very much, Barry", "4fCs0CENgQy-00077-00020785-00021114": "for those very kind introductory remarks.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00078-00021114-00021305": "And let me say how much of a pleasure it is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00079-00021305-00021435": "to be at the Ford School.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00080-00021435-00021931": "I was telling the students I met with at noon that if we look", "4fCs0CENgQy-00081-00021931-00022200": "at the top 20 research campuses in the country,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00082-00022200-00022605": "I've been in every one -- had been in every one except,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00083-00022605-00022798": "for some strange reason, [inaudible],", "4fCs0CENgQy-00084-00022798-00023139": "so it's been a great, great privilege or treat to come", "4fCs0CENgQy-00085-00023139-00023377": "and get acquainted with the campus.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00086-00023377-00023810": "I would also note that I had the great good fortune, probably --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00087-00023810-00024153": "oh gosh, 25 years ago, to --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00088-00024153-00024515": "when Gerald Ford visited the University of Georgia", "4fCs0CENgQy-00089-00024515-00024700": "and I was head of the Department of Political Science", "4fCs0CENgQy-00090-00024700-00025039": "to actually sit next to him and moderate a session", "4fCs0CENgQy-00091-00025039-00025400": "where he responded -- made remarks and responded to a lot", "4fCs0CENgQy-00092-00025400-00025829": "of questions, and I've had very great respect for him", "4fCs0CENgQy-00093-00025829-00026110": "and I'm very pleased to be here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00094-00026110-00026314": "Okay. Let's get the show on the road.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00095-00026314-00026725": "And Barry, because I know we've got too many Power Points,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00096-00026725-00026986": "I'm targeting to end about 10 to two.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00097-00026986-00027114": "Does that sound --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00098-00027114-00027481": "Sound sensible and will give Scott a chance here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00099-00027481-00027537": "All right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00100-00027537-00027845": "So I wanted to open -- I know there's a lot of stuff to read", "4fCs0CENgQy-00101-00027845-00028214": "in this thing, but I wanted to open with two themes.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00102-00028214-00028561": "And the top theme is from one of the founders, James Madison", "4fCs0CENgQy-00103-00028561-00028895": "which is all about [inaudible] federalism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00104-00028895-00029169": "Madison did not envision among the founders,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00105-00029169-00029476": "that political parties would come to play as great a role", "4fCs0CENgQy-00106-00029476-00029832": "in the political system as they've come to play.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00107-00029832-00030222": "But I do like the line about the potential to resist", "4fCs0CENgQy-00108-00030222-00030456": "and frustrate the measures of each other.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00109-00030456-00030737": "They understood that they were building intentions", "4fCs0CENgQy-00110-00030737-00031108": "in this federal system from the get go.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00111-00031108-00031435": "The second quote is from Aaron Wooldovski [assumed spelling].", "4fCs0CENgQy-00112-00031435-00031847": "Aaron Wooldovski founded on of the first schools", "4fCs0CENgQy-00113-00031847-00031989": "of public policy, at the University", "4fCs0CENgQy-00114-00031989-00032086": "of California Berkley.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00115-00032086-00032380": "He's the foremost authority in the budget process,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00116-00032380-00032544": "a major political scientist.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00117-00032544-00033118": "But some -- what is it, 25 years ago, he offered an observation", "4fCs0CENgQy-00118-00033118-00033546": "about public service where you have a contentious environment", "4fCs0CENgQy-00119-00033546-00033823": "where people -- the key sides", "4fCs0CENgQy-00120-00033823-00034305": "of the political spectrum do not agree and the challenges", "4fCs0CENgQy-00121-00034305-00034493": "that poses for people committed", "4fCs0CENgQy-00122-00034493-00034692": "to public service and bureaucracies.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00123-00034692-00035010": "And as I've interviewed and talked to people who were trying", "4fCs0CENgQy-00124-00035010-00035579": "to implement the Affordable Care Act in a context where there is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00125-00035579-00035991": "at -- where there is at least one party hoping", "4fCs0CENgQy-00126-00035991-00036352": "that they will fail miserably at it, I thought that sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00127-00036352-00036833": "of captured a sense I have of public service being one", "4fCs0CENgQy-00128-00036833-00037188": "of the hardest -- the highest service", "4fCs0CENgQy-00129-00037188-00037409": "because it's the hardest service.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00130-00037409-00037472": "All right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00131-00037472-00037666": "So, about Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00132-00037666-00037816": "A lot of you are familiar with it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00133-00037816-00038182": "You've read the initial chapters of my book, but just a sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00134-00038182-00038658": "of reminder, Harry Truman -- I'm sorry Lyndon Johnson goes off,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00135-00038658-00038978": "signs Medicaid, Medicare legislation,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00136-00038978-00039413": "and to Harry Truman's home in Independence, Missouri.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00137-00039413-00039789": "And it gets going in 1965.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00138-00039789-00040055": "The fiscal entitlement to the states.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00139-00040055-00040531": "Big enrollments, over $400,000,000,000 federal", "4fCs0CENgQy-00140-00040531-00040858": "and state moneys spent each year on Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00141-00040858-00041276": "A lot of it-- the majority of it going to long-term care.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00142-00041276-00041568": "This is -- ensures that most people", "4fCs0CENgQy-00143-00041568-00041907": "on Medicaid are getting sort of basic health care services.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00144-00041907-00042469": "But the money is in -- substantially in long-term care.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00145-00042469-00042961": "Okay. So a bit of -- a bit on the book,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00146-00042961-00043327": "and it's sort of core theme.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00147-00043327-00043775": "The first part of my talk today sort of draws from the book", "4fCs0CENgQy-00148-00043775-00044097": "in a sort of once over lightly sense gets", "4fCs0CENgQy-00149-00044097-00044214": "at some of the core themes.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00150-00044214-00044518": "The second part, I want to consider where we are now", "4fCs0CENgQy-00151-00044518-00044715": "with some of the developments that really happening", "4fCs0CENgQy-00152-00044715-00045224": "after I finished the book, and we'll speculate a little bit", "4fCs0CENgQy-00153-00045224-00045518": "on where Medicaid may be heading.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00154-00045518-00045942": "But in any event, the book focuses, as those of you", "4fCs0CENgQy-00155-00045942-00046350": "in various classes knows, on the period from Clinton", "4fCs0CENgQy-00156-00046350-00046595": "and into the Obama years.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00157-00046595-00046887": "And I make a number of justifications", "4fCs0CENgQy-00158-00046887-00047146": "for why I think this is an especially fruitful period", "4fCs0CENgQy-00159-00047146-00047281": "to study Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00160-00047281-00047601": "But the biggest single reason that I think its fruitful is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00161-00047601-00048097": "that it was during this period, and it was Clinton-led,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00162-00048097-00048524": "there was a major movement through waivers and other means,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00163-00048524-00048834": "to do devolve authority to the states", "4fCs0CENgQy-00164-00048834-00049039": "over the Medicaid program.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00165-00049039-00049591": "The Clinton administration was a clear water-shed in this regard,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00166-00049591-00049721": "and I think it makes", "4fCs0CENgQy-00167-00049721-00050244": "for an interesting sort of period to follow.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00168-00050244-00050745": "I then deal with this sort of paradox.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00169-00050745-00051071": "There are a lot of pessimists about Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00170-00051071-00051323": "There are all sorts of reasons why people think Medicaid wasn't", "4fCs0CENgQy-00171-00051323-00051459": "going to have much staying power", "4fCs0CENgQy-00172-00051459-00051791": "or would constantly erode over time.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00173-00051791-00051950": "There's a classic line --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00174-00051950-00052197": "a program for the poor is a poor program,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00175-00052197-00052487": "by which they mean it's not only poor it helps the poor,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00176-00052487-00052763": "but it just doesn't have any political muscle associated", "4fCs0CENgQy-00177-00052763-00052830": "with it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00178-00052830-00053159": "There's a whole -- among ecomomists,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00179-00053159-00053388": "a theory called the Libiason [assumed spelling] Theory", "4fCs0CENgQy-00180-00053388-00053729": "which argues that, you know, states in their quest", "4fCs0CENgQy-00181-00053729-00054279": "for economic development will gradually erode benefits --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00182-00054279-00054717": "redistributed benefits for poor or lower income people", "4fCs0CENgQy-00183-00054717-00055127": "for the -- and there's a welfare magnet version of that,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00184-00055127-00055323": "and it's sort of, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00185-00055323-00055553": "an oversimplified form there's this kind of race", "4fCs0CENgQy-00186-00055553-00055971": "to the bottom notion whenever you turn programs", "4fCs0CENgQy-00187-00055971-00056229": "for the poor over to the states.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00188-00056229-00056536": "There's recent evidence that declining trust in government,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00189-00056536-00056978": "which has been, as you know, quite marked since the 1960s,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00190-00056978-00057252": "also has particularly negative implications", "4fCs0CENgQy-00191-00057252-00057524": "for redistributed programs, those that take", "4fCs0CENgQy-00192-00057524-00057977": "from people who've got money and shift to low income folks.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00193-00057977-00058311": "So there was a lot of reasons in the literature", "4fCs0CENgQy-00194-00058311-00058610": "to be pessimistic, that Medicaid wouldn't have much", "4fCs0CENgQy-00195-00058610-00058692": "staying power.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00196-00058692-00058916": "That it wouldn't just show a steady pattern", "4fCs0CENgQy-00197-00058916-00059098": "of erosion over time.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00198-00059098-00059446": "And indeed what I argue in the book is that there's a side", "4fCs0CENgQy-00199-00059446-00059675": "of Medicaid in this period I was examining", "4fCs0CENgQy-00200-00059675-00059804": "that eroded appreciably.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00201-00059804-00060351": "And that is Medicaid is a service entitlement.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00202-00060351-00060635": "Now Medicaid as you -- I think most of you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00203-00060635-00060934": "is an entitlement in a two-fold sense.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00204-00060934-00061195": "One is a fiscal entitlement to the states.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00205-00061195-00061577": "If Michigan spends x dollars on its Medicaid program,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00206-00061577-00061888": "the federal government is required at a certain match rate", "4fCs0CENgQy-00207-00061888-00062122": "to give Michigan the money.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00208-00062122-00062287": "It's not that they can't cap it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00209-00062287-00062513": "It's fiscal entitlement.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00210-00062513-00062878": "But the second sense in which Medicaid was historically an", "4fCs0CENgQy-00211-00062878-00063266": "entitlement was as a service entitlement.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00212-00063266-00063496": "That is, once a state, subject", "4fCs0CENgQy-00213-00063496-00063729": "to a certain federal regulation said", "4fCs0CENgQy-00214-00063729-00064044": "that certain people were eligible for some set", "4fCs0CENgQy-00215-00064044-00064637": "of benefits, people all over the state had to --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00216-00064637-00065029": "were qualified to get those benefits and you couldn't do --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00217-00065029-00065125": "you couldn't cap them.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00218-00065125-00065348": "You couldn't say, \"Well, we're running out of money", "4fCs0CENgQy-00219-00065348-00065618": "in the state so now we're going to start up a wait list", "4fCs0CENgQy-00220-00065618-00065868": "and when time comes we'll give you these benefits.\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-00221-00065868-00066179": "Once you were deemed eligible for Medicaid,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00222-00066179-00066385": "it meant that the state was supposed to provide", "4fCs0CENgQy-00223-00066385-00066649": "that service even if it was putting a lot", "4fCs0CENgQy-00224-00066649-00066976": "of immediate fiscal stress on the states.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00225-00066976-00067161": "In any event, the argument in the book --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00226-00067161-00067796": "a sort of once-over lightly here is that in this period from 92", "4fCs0CENgQy-00227-00067796-00068165": "through to the present really, or really 2010 I guess,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00228-00068165-00068446": "there was a steady erosion in this sense", "4fCs0CENgQy-00229-00068446-00068690": "of Medicaid is a legal entitlement to you.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00230-00068690-00068999": "And a number of things were at work there.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00231-00068999-00069223": "But principally it was waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00232-00069223-00069651": "And under waivers, which I'll talk a little bit more", "4fCs0CENgQy-00233-00069651-00070111": "about later, states increasingly won the right", "4fCs0CENgQy-00234-00070111-00070450": "to do certain Medicaid benefits in particular parts", "4fCs0CENgQy-00235-00070450-00070743": "of the state, say managed care, but not in others.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00236-00070743-00071048": "So the Medicare -- the Medicaid benefits", "4fCs0CENgQy-00237-00071048-00071384": "of a state might vary appreciably by where you live,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00238-00071384-00071568": "which county you were in in Michigan", "4fCs0CENgQy-00239-00071568-00072099": "or whatever state you would want.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00240-00072099-00072504": "So there was a paring down of this statewide requirement", "4fCs0CENgQy-00241-00072504-00072921": "through long-term care waivers designed to create home", "4fCs0CENgQy-00242-00072921-00073066": "and community-based --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00243-00073066-00073298": "more options for home and community-based services.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00244-00073298-00073730": "States also won the ability to establish wait lists,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00245-00073730-00074029": "for especially in the area of long-term care.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00246-00074029-00074420": "So if there's an intellectually disabled individual", "4fCs0CENgQy-00247-00074420-00074884": "who at the age of 18 wants to transition into a group home", "4fCs0CENgQy-00248-00074884-00075278": "and receive home and community-based services", "4fCs0CENgQy-00249-00075278-00075618": "in that home, there's often a significant wait list.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00250-00075618-00075711": "Depends on the state.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00251-00075711-00076010": "Medicaid is all about state variation, as you know.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00252-00076010-00076317": "But wait lists became much more prominent", "4fCs0CENgQy-00253-00076317-00076497": "than they had been before.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00254-00076497-00076910": "Another development to weaken Medicaid is this service", "4fCs0CENgQy-00255-00076910-00077425": "entitlement was a set of statutory decisions", "4fCs0CENgQy-00256-00077425-00077745": "of the repeal of something called the \"Borne Amendment\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-00257-00077745-00078338": "in 1997, which had given providers of services access", "4fCs0CENgQy-00258-00078338-00078781": "to federal courts to complain that states weren't living", "4fCs0CENgQy-00259-00078781-00079277": "up to their obligations under the Medicaid law.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00260-00079277-00079695": "And as a result of the appeal of that amendment and then a set", "4fCs0CENgQy-00261-00079695-00080182": "of court decisions that I won't belabor with you here,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00262-00080182-00080653": "the ability of providers or Medicaid enrollees to go", "4fCs0CENgQy-00263-00080653-00081093": "to federal courts to enforce their Medicaid rights", "4fCs0CENgQy-00264-00081093-00081382": "increasingly diminished.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00265-00081382-00081951": "So the story -- so there was a lot of recapitulate pessimism", "4fCs0CENgQy-00266-00081951-00082176": "about Medicaid's staying power.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00267-00082176-00082334": "And if you just look at the sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00268-00082334-00082731": "of legal service entitlement aspect of it,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00269-00082731-00082884": "it's a case of erosion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00270-00082884-00083202": "But -- and this is sort of the story line of the book,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00271-00083202-00083428": "if you look elsewhere about Medicaid,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00272-00083428-00083684": "it's a story of growth.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00273-00083684-00084005": "It's a story of expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00274-00084005-00084361": "In the book, I show how, in all 50 states,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00275-00084361-00084679": "even the most conservative, Medicaid expenditures", "4fCs0CENgQy-00276-00084679-00085058": "and enrollees per person in poverty steadily increased", "4fCs0CENgQy-00277-00085058-00085676": "over this period from 1992 into 2010, and then finally we had --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00278-00085676-00085889": "and this I had no idea was going to happen", "4fCs0CENgQy-00279-00085889-00086092": "when I started writing this book,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00280-00086092-00086434": "but sometimes you get lucky.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00281-00086434-00086814": "And finally we had the Affordable Care Act, Obama Care,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00282-00086814-00087215": "applies in 2010, and low and behold,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00283-00087215-00087490": "of the 30 plus million people that were slated", "4fCs0CENgQy-00284-00087490-00087875": "to gain coverage over -- under Obama Care - he now endorses", "4fCs0CENgQy-00285-00087875-00088248": "that term, half of them were to gain", "4fCs0CENgQy-00286-00088248-00088437": "through a Medicaid expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00287-00088437-00088813": "And the specifics of the Affordable Care Act are", "4fCs0CENgQy-00288-00088813-00089469": "that if you -- than any individual under 133% of poverty", "4fCs0CENgQy-00289-00089469-00089931": "with some manipulation on how they count income --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00290-00089931-00090231": "it goes up to 138%, anyone", "4fCs0CENgQy-00291-00090231-00090903": "under that income level would be then eligible for Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00292-00090903-00091237": "And that was -- Medicaid then was to be the floor", "4fCs0CENgQy-00293-00091237-00091698": "of a national -- it's not quite, there are gaps in the coverage,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00294-00091698-00091962": "but in a substantial expansion", "4fCs0CENgQy-00295-00091962-00092529": "in the insurance coverage in the United States.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00296-00092529-00093049": "So there was this huge -- in terms of enrollments, spending,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00297-00093049-00093349": "Medicaid increasingly took off.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00298-00093349-00093594": "I look at other markers in the book, too.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00299-00093594-00094015": "I don't rely purely on these numbers, and I argue that,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00300-00094015-00094392": "for instance, Medicaid made a lot of progress in being smarter", "4fCs0CENgQy-00301-00094392-00094640": "about long-term care, it used to put everyone", "4fCs0CENgQy-00302-00094640-00094844": "in institutions, nursing homes.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00303-00094844-00095349": "It increasingly, in the Clinton period, we grew the amount", "4fCs0CENgQy-00304-00095349-00095757": "of long-term care provided in a home and community,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00305-00095757-00095914": "rather than in a nursing home", "4fCs0CENgQy-00306-00095914-00096393": "or another large institution grew from about 15 to 45%.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00307-00096393-00096704": "I think, although the evidence is somewhat mixed,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00308-00096704-00097097": "that the movement of Medicaid enrollees to managed care was", "4fCs0CENgQy-00309-00097097-00097286": "on the whole a good thing.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00310-00097286-00097672": "There were other signs and evidence that Medicaid,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00311-00097672-00098062": "for all its problems, I'm not portraying this as the kind", "4fCs0CENgQy-00312-00098062-00098531": "of insurance program you'll all want to get on, but it --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00313-00098531-00098910": "for all its problems, it was yielding positive outcomes", "4fCs0CENgQy-00314-00098910-00099529": "in terms of access and in terms of health outcomes.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00315-00099529-00099603": "[Pages turning] Okay.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00316-00099603-00099766": "And I mention a couple other things there.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00317-00099766-00099993": "Let me move on here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00318-00099993-00100520": "And so, so the case is that Medicaid sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00319-00100520-00100970": "of confounded some pessimists and was remarkably durable", "4fCs0CENgQy-00320-00100970-00101156": "and sort of a growth story.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00321-00101156-00101350": "And so what's going on?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00322-00101350-00101770": "Why would this -- why would this pattern unfold?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00323-00101770-00102259": "And the top line on this chart just refers to that,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00324-00102259-00102560": "sort of the constraining model of federalism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00325-00102560-00102928": "You know, the welfare magnet, states are not good", "4fCs0CENgQy-00326-00102928-00103301": "to design each of your programs to.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00327-00103301-00103509": "But there is an alternative sort of perspective", "4fCs0CENgQy-00328-00103509-00103691": "that the federal system --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00329-00103691-00103981": "my colleague Dick Nathan is a big proponent of --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00330-00103981-00104271": "a former colleague Dick Nathan is a big proponent of this,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00331-00104271-00104583": "but others, too -- that the dynamics of federalism,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00332-00104583-00104768": "rather than leading to the contraction", "4fCs0CENgQy-00333-00104768-00104932": "of the welfare state,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00334-00104932-00105221": "in a certain sense lead to its expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00335-00105221-00105700": "There's some work out of Europe too to this effect.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00336-00105700-00106097": "So this notion is that federalism can be catalytic.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00337-00106097-00106557": "It would fit more easily with the sort of growth", "4fCs0CENgQy-00338-00106557-00107015": "and what I argue is enhanced durability during this period.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00339-00107015-00107408": "But the literature of sort of catalytic federalism is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00340-00107408-00107617": "in my view sort of underspecified.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00341-00107617-00108006": "What are the more precise dynamics that are interacting", "4fCs0CENgQy-00342-00108006-00108389": "to drive, in this case, Medicaid growth?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00343-00108389-00108929": "And so you'll see listed there on the Power Point what hit me", "4fCs0CENgQy-00344-00108929-00109351": "as -- and they weren't unique to me, by the way, some of them,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00345-00109351-00109597": "others I think I played up a good bit more", "4fCs0CENgQy-00346-00109597-00109757": "than it had been in the literature.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00347-00109757-00109870": "But it's sort of a list.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00348-00109870-00110277": "So there's no question, the Medicaid funding source --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00349-00110277-00110686": "or I'm sorry, the Medicaid formula is a fiscal stimulus.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00350-00110686-00111039": "If Michigan is considering expanding its Medicaid program,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00351-00111039-00111333": "it knows it will only -- you know, it will pay,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00352-00111333-00111518": "I guess now people were telling, I forget --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00353-00111518-00111942": "Medicaid matches a little above 50% in the state [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-00354-00111942-00112216": "So at a minimum, it knows for every dollar it invests", "4fCs0CENgQy-00355-00112216-00112475": "in Michigan, it leverages a federal dollar.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00356-00112475-00112897": "In the case of the Affordable Care Act, federal policymakers,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00357-00112897-00113018": "even if they might have", "4fCs0CENgQy-00358-00113018-00113326": "in a dream world preferred another kind", "4fCs0CENgQy-00359-00113326-00113499": "of health insurance expansion,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00360-00113499-00113808": "they knew they could leverage a certain amount of state effort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00361-00113808-00114060": "and preserve a certain amount of state effort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00362-00114060-00114210": "by working through this.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00363-00114210-00114723": "So the funding formula is huge in this equation.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00364-00114723-00115114": "The second point toward positive social construction --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00365-00115114-00115480": "Medicaid increasingly, I argue it partly because of the wealth,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00366-00115480-00115668": "it became de-linked from the notion", "4fCs0CENgQy-00367-00115668-00115957": "that there were a whole bunch of poor women --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00368-00115957-00116482": "you know, welfare folks that it moved forward.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00369-00116482-00116671": "Also Medicaid increasingly", "4fCs0CENgQy-00370-00116671-00117119": "in long-term care became a program for the middle class.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00371-00117119-00117619": "And so, much more positive social construction", "4fCs0CENgQy-00372-00117619-00117941": "than you get oftentimes for programs that serve the poor.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00373-00117941-00118224": "I know we've had a lot of talk about takers", "4fCs0CENgQy-00374-00118224-00118785": "in the last campaign, but still, I think Medicaid is --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00375-00118785-00119140": "it came over time to be viewed more positively.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00376-00119140-00119538": "I won't go into the supporters, providers, and advocates.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00377-00119538-00119685": "Obviously, there whole set --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00378-00119685-00120052": "I mean, for nursing homes, Medicaid is huge.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00379-00120052-00120284": "Hospitals, it's huge.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00380-00120284-00120579": "There's a whole community and there's advocacy groups", "4fCs0CENgQy-00381-00120579-00120830": "out there, especially for people with disabilities,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00382-00120830-00121235": "that fervently support Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00383-00121235-00121678": "We had -- part of the Affordable Care Act expansion is just this", "4fCs0CENgQy-00384-00121678-00121969": "fleeting period when the democrats ran things.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00385-00121969-00122103": "That's what the fourth bullet --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00386-00122103-00122525": "I think many of you know the last time the democrats had a", "4fCs0CENgQy-00387-00122525-00122696": "democratic president", "4fCs0CENgQy-00388-00122696-00123123": "and essentially a filibuster proof majority in the Senate was", "4fCs0CENgQy-00389-00123123-00123545": "under Jimmy Carter in the first term, 1977-78.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00390-00123545-00123788": "And at that point, there were a lot more conservatives", "4fCs0CENgQy-00391-00123788-00123952": "in the Democratic Party.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00392-00123952-00124223": "Now we've had, of course, this sort of polarization", "4fCs0CENgQy-00393-00124223-00124377": "and an ideological sorting.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00394-00124377-00124701": "So it's very rare.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00395-00124701-00125016": "But let me -- yeah, I think I've got the time --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00396-00125016-00125443": "just pick up on the last two items on this list", "4fCs0CENgQy-00397-00125443-00125924": "that I think create a sort of catalytic forces for growth,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00398-00125924-00126292": "because I think I've -- my work does more to develop", "4fCs0CENgQy-00399-00126292-00126704": "than heretofore in the Medicaid literature in any event.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00400-00126704-00127171": "So let me turn the page.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00401-00127171-00127322": "The intergovernmental lobby.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00402-00127322-00127535": "Governors to the floor.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00403-00127535-00127965": "And the reference to Sam Beir [inaudible] there is simply", "4fCs0CENgQy-00404-00127965-00128235": "to Harvard professor, great student of federalism,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00405-00128235-00128911": "very [inaudible] as well, who in 1978 wrote an article", "4fCs0CENgQy-00406-00128911-00129264": "in the Political Science Review, and there was a lot of concern", "4fCs0CENgQy-00407-00129264-00129575": "that with all the great society programs of Lyndon Johnson,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00408-00129575-00129841": "the federal government was just becoming so powerful", "4fCs0CENgQy-00409-00129841-00130197": "and the states were this puny force that was not able", "4fCs0CENgQy-00410-00130197-00130359": "to influence things much.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00411-00130359-00130726": "And Sam Beir said there's too much anxiety about this,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00412-00130726-00131028": "that states are still have a lot of clout", "4fCs0CENgQy-00413-00131028-00131161": "within our federal system,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00414-00131161-00131424": "and one reason is federal government relys", "4fCs0CENgQy-00415-00131424-00131610": "on them to implement things.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00416-00131610-00132078": "There's a huge amount of influence that can be exerted", "4fCs0CENgQy-00417-00132078-00132403": "if you're the implementing agent of a federal program.\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-00418-00132403-00132572": "And then the second thing he pointed out,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00419-00132572-00132941": "which is really what this slide is about, is the role of the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00420-00132941-00133151": "what he called the \"intergovernmental lobby,\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-00421-00133151-00133661": "and I focus on governors to a great degree.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00422-00133661-00134195": "And in the book, I argue that while governors are --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00423-00134195-00134473": "and what the governors want, and partisan factions", "4fCs0CENgQy-00424-00134473-00135007": "of the governors' want is certainly not determinative", "4fCs0CENgQy-00425-00135007-00135446": "in terms of what happens to Medicaid policy,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00426-00135446-00135788": "but that there is a strong preference on the part", "4fCs0CENgQy-00427-00135788-00136170": "of federal policymakers, members of Congress or our President", "4fCs0CENgQy-00428-00136170-00136513": "when they want to do things to Medicaid", "4fCs0CENgQy-00429-00136513-00136736": "to at least have significant support,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00430-00136736-00137089": "especially among members of their own political party,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00431-00137089-00137304": "governors of their own political party", "4fCs0CENgQy-00432-00137304-00137626": "at the state level when they do things.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00433-00137626-00137983": "Governors -- if you think of them, and I'm not going to go", "4fCs0CENgQy-00434-00137983-00138509": "into it in the interest of time, but they have, when they speak,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00435-00138509-00138681": "they're not just any interest group.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00436-00138681-00138909": "They have a good bit of legitimacy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00437-00138909-00139224": "They command a lot of media attention.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00438-00139224-00139733": "And for federal policymakers to ram a federal change", "4fCs0CENgQy-00439-00139733-00140263": "in Medicaid statute through with great opposition from governors,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00440-00140263-00140544": "especially those of their own party, is not something", "4fCs0CENgQy-00441-00140544-00140775": "that federal policymakers consider lightly.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00442-00140775-00141148": "So this relates to what I'm going to talk", "4fCs0CENgQy-00443-00141148-00141302": "about in a few minutes.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00444-00141302-00141502": "So I want to -- if you look at the Power Point,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00445-00141502-00141918": "it talks about gubernatorial preferences during ordinary", "4fCs0CENgQy-00446-00141918-00142294": "political times.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00447-00142294-00142633": "And in general, governors prefer --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00448-00142633-00142873": "they like all the money Medicaid gives them,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00449-00142873-00143202": "and they prefer the more money -- the second point,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00450-00143202-00143312": "the more money the better.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00451-00143312-00143592": "If they could get an even better match rate, that's terrific.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00452-00143592-00143842": "And then they want -- they don't want any strings attached", "4fCs0CENgQy-00453-00143842-00143880": "to the money.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00454-00143880-00144195": "They'd love to be able to spend it most any way.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00455-00144195-00144384": "And I'm not impugning them, they're --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00456-00144384-00144622": "for good reason they think they know how to spend it better", "4fCs0CENgQy-00457-00144622-00144790": "than the federal government often does.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00458-00144790-00145114": "So during ordinary political times,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00459-00145114-00145560": "this is the way governors tend to behave.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00460-00145560-00145707": "And I argue in the book --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00461-00145707-00145921": "the book, as those of you in the class know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00462-00145921-00146405": "goes into some length about the failed efforts of Newt Gingrich", "4fCs0CENgQy-00463-00146405-00146694": "who was driven by a set of republican governors", "4fCs0CENgQy-00464-00146694-00147156": "to get Medicaid converted to a block grant in the 1990s.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00465-00147156-00147428": "And this was led by John Engler.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00466-00147428-00148056": "He's a major figure in the book, as well as Tommy Thompson.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00467-00148056-00148501": "But I argue that in the period after that failed,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00468-00148501-00148954": "that gubernatorial preferences turned kind of ordinary", "4fCs0CENgQy-00469-00148954-00149314": "in the sense that I'm using the phrase here,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00470-00149314-00149703": "and increasingly Clinton -- you remember this devolved more", "4fCs0CENgQy-00471-00149703-00149984": "and more give them waivers kind of approach have.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00472-00149984-00150283": "It was kind of, to use a phrase that's much", "4fCs0CENgQy-00473-00150283-00150637": "in the news these days, a certain kind of grand bargain.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00474-00150637-00150946": "Governors, I'm going to give you all sorts of waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00475-00150946-00151254": "You're going to be able to shape it more the way you want.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00476-00151254-00151524": "And increasingly governors, and including republicans,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00477-00151524-00151864": "lost much incentive to go after a block grant", "4fCs0CENgQy-00478-00151864-00152288": "because if they could get Medicaid as a fiscal entitlement", "4fCs0CENgQy-00479-00152288-00152532": "and still have a lot of flexibility,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00480-00152532-00152798": "why bother to spend all your time then, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00481-00152798-00153354": "working on a block grant which almost always means less money?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00482-00153354-00153691": "So I argue then that in that period afterwards,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00483-00153691-00154326": "there was a sort of spirit of acceptance of Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00484-00154326-00154639": "And if you look at the major Medicaid expansions,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00485-00154639-00155181": "whether it's Weld and Romney in Massachusetts,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00486-00155181-00155636": "Christie Todd Whitman in New Jersey, Governor Petocky", "4fCs0CENgQy-00487-00155636-00156075": "in New York, a lot of them were the, you know, these expansions", "4fCs0CENgQy-00488-00156075-00156412": "under waivers were led by republican governors.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00489-00156412-00156802": "The final bullet is just -- and I'll come back to it --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00490-00156802-00157142": "whether in these intensely partisan times,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00491-00157142-00157427": "whether governors will behave more now as members", "4fCs0CENgQy-00492-00157427-00157885": "of a grand -- republican governors in particular --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00493-00157885-00158136": "as a grand party coalition.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00494-00158136-00158298": "I am a faithful member of the party", "4fCs0CENgQy-00495-00158298-00158437": "and we don't like Obama Care.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00496-00158437-00158825": "Or whether the sort of pragmatism that I've found", "4fCs0CENgQy-00497-00158825-00159199": "in republican governors during these ordinary political times", "4fCs0CENgQy-00498-00159199-00159423": "will reassert itself.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00499-00159423-00159966": "Okay. So let me see how I'm doing on time.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00500-00159966-00160250": "Let me move on here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00501-00160250-00160731": "Let me go to the waiver part of it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00502-00160731-00160990": "Remember there were sort of six variables I looked at.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00503-00160990-00161458": "And I think my analysis of waivers is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00504-00161458-00161993": "that it was a major sort of fuel for the Medicaid expansion,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00505-00161993-00162274": "partly for the reasons I've alluded to earlier.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00506-00162274-00162678": "But there are two basic kinds of waivers as the first two items", "4fCs0CENgQy-00507-00162678-00162836": "on this slide indicate.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00508-00162836-00163120": "There were the 19 -- Section 19 --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00509-00163120-00163577": "Medicaid is a Section 19 Social Security Act,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00510-00163577-00164102": "and these waivers passed in -- authorized in 1981 were designed", "4fCs0CENgQy-00511-00164102-00164409": "to move people from institutions into home", "4fCs0CENgQy-00512-00164409-00164694": "and community-based services.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00513-00164694-00164998": "There are about 300 of these waivers --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00514-00164998-00165232": "states operate home", "4fCs0CENgQy-00515-00165232-00165449": "and community-based service under these waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00516-00165449-00165700": "About 300 of them out there now.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00517-00165700-00166059": "Two thirds of all money that Medicaid spends on home", "4fCs0CENgQy-00518-00166059-00166415": "and community-based services is done under waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00519-00166415-00167064": "So it enticed states, for reasons I won't get into here,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00520-00167064-00167360": "my argument is, to do a lot more home", "4fCs0CENgQy-00521-00167360-00167817": "and community-based service delivery", "4fCs0CENgQy-00522-00167817-00168026": "than would have ever occurred if they had to stick", "4fCs0CENgQy-00523-00168026-00168363": "within the broiler plate of the Medicaid statute.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00524-00168363-00168465": "The other kind of waiver,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00525-00168465-00168761": "which are the real big enchilada waivers,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00526-00168761-00168950": "are the demonstration waivers", "4fCs0CENgQy-00527-00168950-00169366": "which were approved Section 1115 Social Security Act was", "4fCs0CENgQy-00528-00169366-00169850": "around in 19 -- it was approved in 1962 before Medicaid's birth.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00529-00169850-00170277": "But the bottom line here is that for the first, what 25 years", "4fCs0CENgQy-00530-00170277-00170468": "of the Medicaid program,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00531-00170468-00170733": "the federal government was very reluctant", "4fCs0CENgQy-00532-00170733-00171062": "to grant these major demonstration waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00533-00171062-00171566": "Some of the -- Bruce Flattick, a former official who ran the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00534-00171566-00171824": "was in health care financing administration estimates there", "4fCs0CENgQy-00535-00171824-00171936": "were about 50.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00536-00171936-00172408": "Clinton came in and says to the states, \"Come one, come all.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00537-00172408-00172594": "I''m...\" You know, he had stipulations.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00538-00172594-00172748": "It wasn't any old thing.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00539-00172748-00173183": "But he got behind giving states much more discretion making", "4fCs0CENgQy-00540-00173183-00173629": "and much easier to get these kinds of waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00541-00173629-00173832": "And as a result, we had some of the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00542-00173832-00174022": "a lot of innovation by the states.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00543-00174022-00174236": "Those republican governors I mentioned.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00544-00174236-00174724": "And of course then we had the big bang of states", "4fCs0CENgQy-00545-00174724-00174929": "as laboratories of democracy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00546-00174929-00175269": "Romney Care in Massachusetts, which was a product", "4fCs0CENgQy-00547-00175269-00175627": "of negotiation -- the Bush administration did not want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00548-00175627-00175980": "to renew a demonstration waiver that Massachusetts had", "4fCs0CENgQy-00549-00175980-00176373": "since the mid-90s to do managed care and expand enrollments.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00550-00176373-00176751": "And in the wake of that negotiation, Mitt Romney,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00551-00176751-00177075": "working with Ted Kennedy, came up with this template", "4fCs0CENgQy-00552-00177075-00177530": "for virtually, almost universal healthcare in Massachusetts.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00553-00177530-00177830": "And then that became, of course, the foundation", "4fCs0CENgQy-00554-00177830-00178276": "for Obama Care subsequently.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00555-00178276-00178558": "And the last couple of points --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00556-00178558-00178822": "I'm not going to go into them now, but the argument", "4fCs0CENgQy-00557-00178822-00179007": "of the book -- in the interest of time.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00558-00179007-00179400": "But the argument of the book is that this waiver --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00559-00179400-00179670": "willingness to use waivers,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00560-00179670-00179919": "facilitated a kind of policy learning.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00561-00179919-00180266": "It facilitated this grand bargain between the governors", "4fCs0CENgQy-00562-00180266-00180715": "and the federal government that I mentioned a little while ago.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00563-00180715-00181220": "And was a source of growth and expansion in the program.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00564-00181220-00181511": "Now however, we turn to the sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00565-00181511-00181799": "of looking forward part of the talk.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00566-00181799-00182203": "And so we had this -- in this period I studies it,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00567-00182203-00182705": "I argue a pretty stunning move forward by Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00568-00182705-00183055": "And so now I turn to the issue", "4fCs0CENgQy-00569-00183055-00183357": "of will this have staying power in the current era.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00570-00183357-00183902": "And of course in the case of Medicaid, as you all know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00571-00183902-00184276": "in the wake of the 2012 Supreme Court decision,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00572-00184276-00184611": "the Medicaid expansion essentially became an option", "4fCs0CENgQy-00573-00184611-00185084": "for the states rather than mandated.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00574-00185084-00185710": "And so there are a range of issues present now", "4fCs0CENgQy-00575-00185710-00185935": "that we're present in the past.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00576-00185935-00186121": "We have enormous federal debts.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00577-00186121-00186316": "States, for a whole range of reasons,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00578-00186316-00186551": "are in some of the most precarious financial", "4fCs0CENgQy-00579-00186551-00186862": "circumstances that they've been,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00580-00186862-00187406": "easily over the last 20 -- 30 years.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00581-00187406-00187915": "And so, just looking at the debt issue alone, we have this issue", "4fCs0CENgQy-00582-00187915-00188147": "of how -- what is the federal government going to do", "4fCs0CENgQy-00583-00188147-00188263": "to cope with the debt.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00584-00188263-00188671": "And I look at a couple of what I call bipartisan approaches.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00585-00188671-00188843": "And [inaudible] Simpson,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00586-00188843-00189068": "in terms of how they would treat Medicaid,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00587-00189068-00189277": "[inaudible] Simpson leaves Medicaid alone pretty much.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00588-00189277-00189974": "It's about a $60,000,000,000 savings over a 10-year period.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00589-00189974-00190223": "But another bipartisan -- good faith bipartisan proposal,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00590-00190223-00190400": "[inaudible], really does alter Medicaid a good book,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00591-00190400-00190704": "and I think would alter some of the dynamics", "4fCs0CENgQy-00592-00190704-00191092": "that fueled Medicaid's enhanced durability.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00593-00191092-00191599": "And then we come to a parts approach,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00594-00191599-00191872": "I argue, in this period.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00595-00191872-00192467": "And that is the republican initiative to retrench Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00596-00192467-00192968": "In the book, I talk about how after Gingrich failed", "4fCs0CENgQy-00597-00192968-00193343": "to get the block grant going and, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00598-00193343-00193749": "follow John Engler's lead, you know, or to see John Engler", "4fCs0CENgQy-00599-00193749-00194150": "and Tommy Thompson, that the republican governors pulled back", "4fCs0CENgQy-00600-00194150-00194580": "from any desire to see Medicaid block granted,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00601-00194580-00194788": "taken away as a fiscal entitlement.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00602-00194788-00195207": "And in 19 -- so in 2003, when President Bush came", "4fCs0CENgQy-00603-00195207-00195580": "up with his own version of a block grant proposal,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00604-00195580-00196042": "the republican governors -- very difficult to find anyone", "4fCs0CENgQy-00605-00196042-00196191": "who wanted to support it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00606-00196191-00196332": "Moreover, there was this sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00607-00196332-00196735": "of bizarre almost [inaudible] congressional appearance", "4fCs0CENgQy-00608-00196735-00196984": "by Tommy Thompson, who was then Secretary of Health", "4fCs0CENgQy-00609-00196984-00197386": "and Human Services, in which he denied", "4fCs0CENgQy-00610-00197386-00197636": "that the proposal was a block grant at all.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00611-00197636-00197746": "And it led to this --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00612-00197746-00198011": "if you like reading congressional testimony --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00613-00198011-00198406": "it led to this, this is not a block grant says Thompson", "4fCs0CENgQy-00614-00198406-00198617": "and Henry Waxman says \"Yes it is.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00615-00198617-00198678": "No it isn't.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00616-00198678-00198745": "Yes it is.\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-00617-00198745-00198917": "This goes on for about a page.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00618-00198917-00199124": "Denying that -- you know, you'd even want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00619-00199124-00199299": "to mention the phrase block grant.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00620-00199299-00199594": "I mean, how ugly and politically unappealing.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00621-00199594-00199968": "Well, let me just say that that changed", "4fCs0CENgQy-00622-00199968-00200542": "when the Tea Party had a big victory in 2010 and Mr. --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00623-00200542-00201089": "Representative Ryan's proposal obviously for Medicaid is --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00624-00201089-00201335": "would not only convert it to a block grant,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00625-00201335-00202778": "but would carve $800,000,000,000 out of the program", "4fCs0CENgQy-00626-00202778-00203370": "over a 10 year period, compared say to Simpsons [inaudible] 58", "4fCs0CENgQy-00627-00203370-00203583": "or even the [inaudible] 100 --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00628-00203583-00204832": "$200,000,000,000 in a 10 year -- in a 10 year period.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00629-00204832-00205239": "So what -- and of course Romney and Ryan ran on this,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00630-00205239-00205706": "and I guess what is interesting to me and other colleagues", "4fCs0CENgQy-00631-00205706-00206215": "like my friend Colleen Grogan at Chicago who's been saying,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00632-00206215-00206788": "\"It's getting risky for politicians to attack Medicaid", "4fCs0CENgQy-00633-00206788-00207154": "in these times\" -- that at least among the [laugh] leadership", "4fCs0CENgQy-00634-00207154-00207382": "of the republican party,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00635-00207382-00207801": "they don't think it's very risky to attack Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00636-00207801-00208294": "How, if they ever got close to doing this block grant,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00637-00208294-00208702": "the republican governors would respond, whether as pragmatists,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00638-00208702-00209069": "because this would be devastating fiscally for them,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00639-00209069-00209306": "or whether they would be loyal members", "4fCs0CENgQy-00640-00209306-00210030": "of a partisan coalition I think is a very interesting question.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00641-00210030-00210773": "Okay, so by my reckoning, I've got five minutes here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00642-00210773-00211132": "And let me see what I'm going to pick to do.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00643-00211132-00211576": "Let me just -- I want to focus on this just very, very briefly.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00644-00211576-00212406": "And I realize that Mitt Romney did not win the presidency.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00645-00212406-00212708": "But what Mitt Romney quotes here,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00646-00212708-00213186": "and then the republican party platforms endorsement indicates,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00647-00213186-00213765": "that presidents -- and I would argue Clinton, with waivers,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00648-00213765-00214006": "have without gaining congressional approval", "4fCs0CENgQy-00649-00214006-00214388": "for action, enormous discretion to shape the context", "4fCs0CENgQy-00650-00214388-00214630": "of a policy, and to see whether it succeeds or fails.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00651-00214630-00215030": "I doubt legally whether Romney could have done what he said he", "4fCs0CENgQy-00652-00215030-00215223": "did -- you know, what he promised to do,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00653-00215223-00215544": "if he'd have one the election.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00654-00215544-00215825": "But could he have severely impeded,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00655-00215825-00216219": "assuming he couldn't get it repealed in Congress,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00656-00216219-00216498": "the implementation of the Affordable Care Act?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00657-00216498-00216554": "Absolutely.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00658-00216554-00216933": "I made an argument elsewhere that I won't go into today.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00659-00216933-00217235": "So I'm sort of highlighting then,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00660-00217235-00217494": "and this is my particular research interest", "4fCs0CENgQy-00661-00217494-00217577": "for the moment.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00662-00217577-00217775": "I'm going to very briefly barrel on.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00663-00217775-00218121": "So one of the things I'm looking at now that wasn't in the book", "4fCs0CENgQy-00664-00218121-00218362": "and I still haven't researched adequately,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00665-00218362-00218892": "is the Obama administration's strategies for dealing", "4fCs0CENgQy-00666-00218892-00219132": "with the implementation of Medicaid, and now needing", "4fCs0CENgQy-00667-00219132-00219546": "to coax the states to do it voluntarily.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00668-00219546-00219857": "Originally it was, you've got to do this if you want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00669-00219857-00220035": "to keep your Medicaid program.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00670-00220035-00220446": "Now, the Obama administration confronts a circumstance where,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00671-00220446-00220661": "you know, it has to think its Medicaid strategy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00672-00220661-00220925": "And I'm not going to go into the first --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00673-00220925-00221123": "these are things I'm writing about,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00674-00221123-00221553": "but I'm going to leave them aside.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00675-00221553-00221785": "I'm going to go to the strategies in the wake", "4fCs0CENgQy-00676-00221785-00222344": "of the Supreme Court ruling in June 2012.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00677-00222344-00222942": "And essentially what the Obama administration has done --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00678-00222942-00223492": "you know, a lot of states, especially those that didn't", "4fCs0CENgQy-00679-00223492-00223915": "like it so much, said, \"Oh, now that the court has ruled,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00680-00223915-00224140": "you'll let us do half the expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00681-00224140-00224425": "We won't have to do the whole thing.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00682-00224425-00224619": "We'll do a partial expansion.\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-00683-00224619-00225012": "The Obama administration has just ruled that out.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00684-00225012-00225107": "It's all or nothing.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00685-00225107-00225711": "You've got to do the whole 138% of poverty or forget about it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00686-00225711-00225811": "And -- but I would point", "4fCs0CENgQy-00687-00225811-00226103": "to one additional strategy here before I move on,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00688-00226103-00226292": "since I've talked a lot about waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00689-00226292-00226683": "In the last couple of weeks,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00690-00226683-00227121": "there's a possible leverage point on the waiver front.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00691-00227121-00227356": "The state of Oklahoma, Governor Mary Thalin announced,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00692-00227356-00227756": "we don't want to be part of this Obama Care.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00693-00227756-00228280": "She's actually very pragmatic, reasonable in a lot of senses.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00694-00228280-00228726": "She's under a lot of pressure.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00695-00228726-00229283": "But she said, \"We do want to renew a waiver", "4fCs0CENgQy-00696-00229283-00230076": "that has covered a certain group of people up to 200% of poverty.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00697-00230076-00230469": "And the initial response of the Obama administration is,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00698-00230469-00230782": "we don't see a reason to extend this waiver.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00699-00230782-00230940": "If you want to cover these people,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00700-00230940-00231204": "sign on to the Medicaid expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00701-00231204-00231694": "And I was listening to Scott Walker -- I didn't listen,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00702-00231694-00232004": "but I read the clip on Scott Walker in Wisconsin", "4fCs0CENgQy-00703-00232004-00232344": "or Mike Penstone in -- Governoror Penstone in Indiana.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00704-00232344-00232646": "They all seem to be saying, \"Oh we don't want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00705-00232646-00233101": "to do this Medicaid expansion, but we do want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00706-00233101-00233396": "to continue these nice waivers we have.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00707-00233396-00233582": "The degree to -- one of the things I'm going", "4fCs0CENgQy-00708-00233582-00233725": "to be watching is the degree", "4fCs0CENgQy-00709-00233725-00234066": "to which the Obama administration plays hard-ball", "4fCs0CENgQy-00710-00234066-00234388": "on waiver renewals in an effort to sort of put the screws", "4fCs0CENgQy-00711-00234388-00234536": "on governors to opt for it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00712-00234536-00234665": "I don't know the degree they'll do it,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00713-00234665-00234834": "but the Oklahoma case intrigued me.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00714-00234834-00234892": "All right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00715-00234892-00234938": "Racing on.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00716-00234938-00235104": "I'm down to about my last two minutes here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00717-00235104-00235398": "So I -- this -- I think there's a case that over time,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00718-00235398-00235787": "most states will participate in the Medicaid expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00719-00235787-00236140": "And if you look at the early Medicaid program,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00720-00236140-00236435": "it took a while for states to sign on.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00721-00236435-00236632": "That is, in 1965.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00722-00236632-00236730": "but I do think, as I mentioned before,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00723-00236730-00236894": "that partisan polarization to a degree we remain as polarized,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00724-00236894-00237017": "and Obama Care is seen as the end of freedom", "4fCs0CENgQy-00725-00237017-00237153": "in the United States in certain Tea Party circles,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00726-00237153-00237267": "and in certain states it may make it harder.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00727-00237267-00237473": "It may be the buy-in we saw after 1965 won't be as great.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00728-00237473-00237567": "And this is -- am I on the right slide?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00729-00237567-00237588": "Yeah. Right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00730-00237588-00237690": "This is the grand finale, so to speak.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00731-00237690-00237804": "So the early returns on state participation", "4fCs0CENgQy-00732-00237804-00237944": "in the Medicaid program, you know, obviously you say, well,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00733-00237944-00238011": "the democrats it's sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-00734-00238011-00238146": "of assumed will eventually sign on in this period.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00735-00238146-00238287": "There have been by my count, at least among the governors,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00736-00238287-00238386": "six republican governors who've signed", "4fCs0CENgQy-00737-00238386-00238469": "on for the Medicaid expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00738-00238469-00238626": "There was a group of governors out west -- Nevada, New Mexico,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00739-00238626-00238764": "and then Governor Jan Brewer in Arizona, who signed on", "4fCs0CENgQy-00740-00238764-00238863": "and the sort of working assumption is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00741-00238863-00238989": "that they're looking at Latinos as the demographic", "4fCs0CENgQy-00742-00238989-00239052": "and Latinos want this.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00743-00239052-00239142": "There's North Dakota that's signed on.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00744-00239142-00239298": "And then your very own governor, Governor Snyder has signed on,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00745-00239298-00239415": "and John Kasich of Ohio has signed on.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00746-00239415-00239663": "So there is some movement.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00747-00239663-00239828": "What Chris Christie will do", "4fCs0CENgQy-00748-00239828-00240007": "in New Jersey is still a great mystery.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00749-00240007-00240378": "We're all waiting, and we'll have to see.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00750-00240378-00240832": "But let me just conclude then with the comment,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00751-00240832-00241241": "but the last item on this slide, that one of the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00752-00241241-00241508": "you know, one of the big issues in terms", "4fCs0CENgQy-00753-00241508-00241744": "of whether we achieve national goals", "4fCs0CENgQy-00754-00241744-00242171": "with this Medicaid expansion is what large populate --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00755-00242171-00242363": "the 10 most populous states do.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00756-00242363-00242752": "And in that regard, Florida, Georgia,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00757-00242752-00242936": "and Texas may be critical", "4fCs0CENgQy-00758-00242936-00243425": "to whether the ACA's enrollment goals are met because these --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00759-00243425-00243646": "and they've all rejected, at least to this point,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00760-00243646-00243788": "the Medicaid expansion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00761-00243788-00244311": "And they are home to over 20% of the people in this country", "4fCs0CENgQy-00762-00244311-00244686": "who lack health insurance and would be eligible", "4fCs0CENgQy-00763-00244686-00244856": "for Medicaid coverage.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00764-00244856-00244956": "So that's it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00765-00244956-00245051": "Thank you.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00766-00245051-00245811": "[ Applause ]", "4fCs0CENgQy-00767-00245811-00245978": "I didn't clear the thing for you.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00768-00245978-00246014": "Sorry.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00769-00246014-00246134": ">>That's fine.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00770-00246134-00246454": "I just need a clock so I don't rabbit on.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00771-00246454-00246696": "So first I want to second what Barry said", "4fCs0CENgQy-00772-00246696-00246871": "and what I'm sure you've already concluded,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00773-00246871-00247144": "which is that this is a wonderful book.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00774-00247144-00247375": "And one of the reasons that it's a wonderful book is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00775-00247375-00247677": "that it's based on knowing a lot about policy,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00776-00247677-00248058": "which necessarily involves understanding politics,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00777-00248058-00248287": "but also knowing what the politics are about,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00778-00248287-00248537": "because ultimately this is about the disposition of a whole lot", "4fCs0CENgQy-00779-00248537-00248790": "of money, a whole lot of interests, a whole lot of waste,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00780-00248790-00249136": "which is also known as a revenue stream for many people,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00781-00249136-00249200": "and a whole [inaudible background talking] lot", "4fCs0CENgQy-00782-00249200-00249339": "of people's lives.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00783-00249339-00249617": "And the reason that matters is", "4fCs0CENgQy-00784-00249617-00249869": "that we're having a temporary inconvenience", "4fCs0CENgQy-00785-00249869-00250092": "in political science, which is presently the study", "4fCs0CENgQy-00786-00250092-00250255": "of the Democratic Party.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00787-00250255-00250561": "It paints a traditional picture of American politics", "4fCs0CENgQy-00788-00250561-00251017": "as negotiated with weak parties, lots of transactional behavior,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00789-00251017-00251351": "side payments, pork barrel, and so forth.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00790-00251351-00251689": "As a Europeanist, I quite prefer the political system we appear", "4fCs0CENgQy-00791-00251689-00251980": "to be living in now, at least among the republicans,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00792-00251980-00252169": "where you find out what the party leadership says", "4fCs0CENgQy-00793-00252169-00252489": "and then you recognize that the legislators will weakly march", "4fCs0CENgQy-00794-00252489-00252610": "to do what they're told.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00795-00252610-00253160": "And I say that because most of what I'm going to say is,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00796-00253160-00253348": "political science in the sense of the study", "4fCs0CENgQy-00797-00253348-00253642": "of the Democratic Party politics.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00798-00253642-00253871": "And I want to highlight something that Frank mentioned,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00799-00253871-00254014": "which is just what a series", "4fCs0CENgQy-00800-00254014-00254282": "of near-misses the entire Medicaid program", "4fCs0CENgQy-00801-00254282-00254640": "and the Affordable Care Act has recently experienced.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00802-00254640-00254917": "If the election had gone differently, we could be looking", "4fCs0CENgQy-00803-00254917-00255363": "at vast, vast changes in every aspect of health policy passed", "4fCs0CENgQy-00804-00255363-00255898": "as the Ryan budget under reconciliation, and well,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00805-00255898-00256201": "we'd have a lot to do.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00806-00256201-00256405": "[Laughter] So, [turning pages] sorry --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00807-00256519-00256817": "I changed the order of the things I'm talking about.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00808-00256817-00256884": "What I want to focus", "4fCs0CENgQy-00809-00256884-00257198": "on primarily is what this teaches us not just", "4fCs0CENgQy-00810-00257198-00257441": "about Medicaid, but about federalism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00811-00257441-00257831": "And federalism, as Frank said, gets blamed for a lot, right?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00812-00257831-00258021": "It gets blamed for race to the bottom,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00813-00258021-00258356": "that if you entrust some sort of a tax to the state or some kind", "4fCs0CENgQy-00814-00258356-00258567": "of a regulatory authority to the state,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00815-00258567-00258750": "they will rapidly compete it away.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00816-00258750-00259048": "It used to be that if you wanted to charter a corporation,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00817-00259048-00259179": "you had to have a public purpose.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00818-00259179-00259494": "Delaware said, \"Hell, you don't need a public purpose.\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-00819-00259494-00259755": "And that's why practically every place you --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00820-00259755-00259862": "every company you know", "4fCs0CENgQy-00821-00259862-00260137": "of is headquartered in Delaware formally.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00822-00260137-00260394": "Likewise, we used to -- many states still do,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00823-00260394-00260717": "regulate credit cards and how they can behave towards you.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00824-00260717-00260948": "South Dakota decided that they didn't need", "4fCs0CENgQy-00825-00260948-00261219": "to regulate credit cards, and the result is that you send all", "4fCs0CENgQy-00826-00261219-00261456": "of your credit card statements, or bills,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00827-00261456-00261741": "or payments, to South Dakota.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00828-00261741-00261913": "They get blamed for inequality.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00829-00261913-00262078": "Well, that's by definition.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00830-00262078-00262247": "If you're going to have a federal country,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00831-00262247-00262407": "you are accepting the proposition", "4fCs0CENgQy-00832-00262407-00262673": "that a sick baby will have different life chances based", "4fCs0CENgQy-00833-00262673-00262857": "on where its parents live.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00834-00262857-00262993": "Okay? Deal with it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00835-00262993-00263093": "You have another option.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00836-00263093-00263366": "It's called France.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00837-00263366-00263657": "[Laughter] And, of course, it brings complexity.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00838-00263657-00263982": "I mean, just try to explain the Affordable Care Act to somebody", "4fCs0CENgQy-00839-00263982-00264207": "who isn't -- at least to some extent,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00840-00264207-00264572": "a junkie for American politics, American public administration,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00841-00264572-00264779": "and American health policy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00842-00264779-00265129": "And look at the simplifications even among very savvy people.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00843-00265129-00265429": "We talk about implementation of the Affordable Care Act.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00844-00265429-00265722": "Oh, that's how it looks from Washington, right?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00845-00265722-00265852": "They got their legislation passed.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00846-00265852-00266000": "Now they're going to implement it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00847-00266000-00266188": "Well, from the point of view of Lansing,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00848-00266188-00266342": "this isn't implementation.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00849-00266342-00266477": "This is actual legislation.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00850-00266477-00266715": "This is one of the bigger and more consequential things", "4fCs0CENgQy-00851-00266715-00266913": "that the legislature in the state", "4fCs0CENgQy-00852-00266913-00267126": "of Michigan has had to argue about.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00853-00267126-00267445": "And I don't think they saw it as their role to meekly put", "4fCs0CENgQy-00854-00267445-00267693": "through whatever emerged from Washington.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00855-00267693-00267945": "So complexity, inequality,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00856-00267945-00268087": "and potentially a race to the bottom.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00857-00268087-00268236": "These are all fairly heavy charges", "4fCs0CENgQy-00858-00268236-00268522": "to levy against federalism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00859-00268522-00268651": "But you could argue in response", "4fCs0CENgQy-00860-00268651-00268869": "that in no sense is it the problem.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00861-00268869-00269163": "And this is where I become contentious I think.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00862-00269163-00269426": "Because across the board, if you want to look at the structure", "4fCs0CENgQy-00863-00269426-00269703": "of American public policy, it's not so much", "4fCs0CENgQy-00864-00269703-00270048": "in the states frustrating each other as it is in way", "4fCs0CENgQy-00865-00270048-00270248": "that our fragmented executive system--", "4fCs0CENgQy-00866-00270248-00270456": "or relationship between executive two houses", "4fCs0CENgQy-00867-00270456-00270642": "of a really fractious legislature", "4fCs0CENgQy-00868-00270642-00271052": "and the courts managed to check and balance each other.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00869-00271052-00271195": "That whole thing you hear in high school.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00870-00271195-00271530": "Politics still works extraordinarily well.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00871-00271530-00271726": "And you see this in most [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-00872-00271726-00272026": "Sub-national governments, which we politely call then in order", "4fCs0CENgQy-00873-00272026-00272232": "to disguise all the different variations", "4fCs0CENgQy-00874-00272232-00272613": "between Polish [inaudible] and the Flemish community", "4fCs0CENgQy-00875-00272613-00273028": "and American states, generally exercise the autonomy", "4fCs0CENgQy-00876-00273028-00273299": "that they have within the framework set", "4fCs0CENgQy-00877-00273299-00273864": "by larger government, by federal government in the United States.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00878-00273864-00274249": "They exercise it within their capacities as a lobby.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00879-00274249-00274499": "The national government as an association is a lobby.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00880-00274499-00274691": "Washington has many lobbies.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00881-00274691-00274984": "After financial services, health is the largest source", "4fCs0CENgQy-00882-00274984-00275218": "and employer of lobbyists.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00883-00275218-00275369": "And there's wonderful stuff about --", "4fCs0CENgQy-00884-00275369-00275542": "in the book about the reverse lobbying", "4fCs0CENgQy-00885-00275542-00275742": "to which the governors were subjected.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00886-00275742-00276040": "Because if you're a lobby with enough clout to get attention", "4fCs0CENgQy-00887-00276040-00276372": "such as the AARP or the NGA, you're also a lobby", "4fCs0CENgQy-00888-00276372-00276618": "with enough clout that people who want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00889-00276618-00276938": "to influence your decisions are going to intervene seriously", "4fCs0CENgQy-00890-00276938-00277086": "and try to modify what you do.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00891-00277086-00277569": "And there's wonderful and highly instructive stories about that.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00892-00277569-00277817": "Quebec incidentally considered joining the National", "4fCs0CENgQy-00893-00277817-00278057": "Governor's Association.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00894-00278057-00278341": "And because somehow they think", "4fCs0CENgQy-00895-00278341-00278537": "that the United States would be more friendly", "4fCs0CENgQy-00896-00278537-00278792": "to a small Francophone society.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00897-00278906-00279215": "[Laughter] And they pretty rapidly ended the experiment", "4fCs0CENgQy-00898-00279215-00279394": "when they realized this is a lobby.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00899-00279394-00279597": "You know, we might as well hire [inaudible]", "4fCs0CENgQy-00900-00279597-00279946": "or Webber [inaudible] to represent us, because in Canada,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00901-00279946-00280141": "Quebec swaggers in and they have practically", "4fCs0CENgQy-00902-00280141-00280381": "diplomatic relations.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00903-00280381-00280657": "Joining the NGA, different thing.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00904-00280657-00281010": "So here we have Medicaid as basically a nice example.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00905-00281010-00281211": "Right? The states vary within what they law says.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00906-00281211-00281516": "The states vary within what inter-government relations says.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00907-00281516-00281821": "As was pointed out, Massachusetts' behavior has", "4fCs0CENgQy-00908-00281821-00282059": "in large part been triggered and shaped by the structure", "4fCs0CENgQy-00909-00282059-00282214": "of Medicaid and Medicaid waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00910-00282214-00282401": "It's not just that a bunch of democrats", "4fCs0CENgQy-00911-00282401-00282555": "and Mitt Romney decided that they were going", "4fCs0CENgQy-00912-00282555-00282842": "to restructure the healthcare system.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00913-00282842-00283396": "And this -- what matters is flexibility, money, legislation.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00914-00283396-00283781": "And that also brings to bear a rule of politics", "4fCs0CENgQy-00915-00283781-00284029": "which is nobody actually cares about federalism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00916-00284029-00284205": "People care about politics.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00917-00284205-00284469": "Notably this is why state's rights is a technical term", "4fCs0CENgQy-00918-00284469-00284532": "for racism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00919-00284532-00284883": "The only exceptions are the Quebec's of the world,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00920-00284883-00285064": "of which there are none in the United States,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00921-00285064-00285421": "where their political agenda is precisely their own autonomy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00922-00285421-00285822": "[Pages turning] Now what does that mean?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00923-00285822-00286179": "That means that it's actually Medicaid is pretty rational.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00924-00286179-00286403": "It doesn't look rational, but it is,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00925-00286403-00286725": "because fiscal federalism 101 says that you want", "4fCs0CENgQy-00926-00286725-00286941": "to do two things at the largest possible level.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00927-00286941-00287397": "Set basic citizenship rights and pool risks.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00928-00287397-00287646": "It says you don't want to administer", "4fCs0CENgQy-00929-00287646-00287957": "and make little decisions at the largest possible level", "4fCs0CENgQy-00930-00287957-00288224": "because Washington is a very, very long way away", "4fCs0CENgQy-00931-00288224-00288467": "from Ishpeming and Escanaba.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00932-00288467-00288687": "So is Lansing, but that's a different question.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00933-00288687-00289118": "[Laughter] So from that point, and that's what federations are.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00934-00289118-00289349": "When you actually compare them, federations are pretty good", "4fCs0CENgQy-00935-00289349-00289577": "about moving the money around at the biggest level", "4fCs0CENgQy-00936-00289577-00289858": "and having delivery and policy experimentation", "4fCs0CENgQy-00937-00289858-00290386": "and implementation at much, much lower level.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00938-00290386-00290767": "Now that points to executive federalism, which in the context", "4fCs0CENgQy-00939-00290767-00290988": "of the very polarized American politics", "4fCs0CENgQy-00940-00290988-00291230": "with the extraordinary level of party discipline", "4fCs0CENgQy-00941-00291230-00291548": "that I mentioned might not be such a bad thing.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00942-00291548-00291737": "Because think of the Canadians.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00943-00291737-00292028": "Canadian party politics are obscenely complicated", "4fCs0CENgQy-00944-00292028-00292249": "and I don't recommend studying it unless you", "4fCs0CENgQy-00945-00292249-00292461": "like real head-scratchers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00946-00292461-00292617": "[Laughter] But Canadian voters, it turns out,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00947-00292617-00292804": "have a much simpler problem than American voters", "4fCs0CENgQy-00948-00292804-00292938": "if they don't like something.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00949-00292938-00293159": "They have to apportion blame between Ottawa", "4fCs0CENgQy-00950-00293159-00293392": "and their [inaudible] premiere.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00951-00293392-00293609": "That's a much simpler problem then figuring", "4fCs0CENgQy-00952-00293609-00293834": "out why we don't have the public option", "4fCs0CENgQy-00953-00293834-00294018": "or why we don't have Medicaid block grants", "4fCs0CENgQy-00954-00294018-00294286": "in the United States.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00955-00294286-00294462": "And it's messy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00956-00294462-00294616": "Well, so what?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00957-00294616-00294966": "Are you going to redesign your constitution because it's ugly?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00958-00294966-00295203": "Politics-- it'll rapidly become encrusted and barnacled", "4fCs0CENgQy-00959-00295203-00295456": "with all sorts of other fixes.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00960-00295456-00295764": "If you get the basics right, if the money is being distributed", "4fCs0CENgQy-00961-00295764-00296024": "on a level that prevents the thing essentially a bad", "4fCs0CENgQy-00962-00296024-00296339": "insurance scheme, and you deliver the policy on a level", "4fCs0CENgQy-00963-00296339-00296550": "where people have a chance to experiment,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00964-00296550-00296874": "where failure is confined, where disappointment is limited", "4fCs0CENgQy-00965-00296874-00297195": "to a single place, then you've actually done a pretty good job", "4fCs0CENgQy-00966-00297195-00297446": "and you've done what pretty much all the other decentralized", "4fCs0CENgQy-00967-00297446-00297769": "countries in the world come up with.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00968-00297769-00298027": "It's frankly infantile to say you want to throw", "4fCs0CENgQy-00969-00298027-00298231": "that all aside and, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00970-00298231-00298598": "decentralize insurance regulation to the states", "4fCs0CENgQy-00971-00298598-00298838": "in the theory that we'll have some nice clean market,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00972-00298838-00299159": "because rapidly again it will become complex.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00973-00299159-00299400": "So one of the things that the Scottish government,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00974-00299400-00299520": "of all people, like to say,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00975-00299520-00299731": "and I've never seen an academic patent put on this,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00976-00299731-00299969": "but it's beautiful, and I'll leave you with it,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00977-00299969-00300226": "is that in making policy, there's a trilemma.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00978-00300226-00300377": "Trilemma is when there's three choices", "4fCs0CENgQy-00979-00300377-00300469": "and you can have two, right?", "4fCs0CENgQy-00980-00300469-00300551": "Good, cheap, and quick.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00981-00300551-00300731": "Choose two.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00982-00300731-00301174": "Well, the federal-- the policy trilemma is agreed,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00983-00301174-00301362": "everywhere, and now.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00984-00301362-00301823": "You can have your policy agreed and now in some places.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00985-00301823-00301894": "Texas doesn't agree.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00986-00301894-00302238": "You can have a policy that's agreed everywhere", "4fCs0CENgQy-00987-00302238-00302534": "and that's Germany and that's why their policies take 30 years", "4fCs0CENgQy-00988-00302534-00302660": "to pass.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00989-00302660-00302906": "You can have a policy that's everywhere and now", "4fCs0CENgQy-00990-00302906-00303203": "and come practically to the brink of a civil war.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00991-00303203-00303454": "And you might argue that the structure of American federalism", "4fCs0CENgQy-00992-00303454-00303757": "and the structure of Medicaid is not just rational in the sense", "4fCs0CENgQy-00993-00303757-00303875": "of getting the money and the laws", "4fCs0CENgQy-00994-00303875-00304167": "in the right place despite the ugliness, despite the fact", "4fCs0CENgQy-00995-00304167-00304416": "that none of you ever want to be on Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-00996-00304416-00304693": "But also because it's a pretty good reflection", "4fCs0CENgQy-00997-00304693-00305003": "of the ultimate decision that even if we tried to order pizza,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00998-00305003-00305202": "we couldn't achieve simultaneously agreed,", "4fCs0CENgQy-00999-00305202-00305436": "everywhere, and now in this room.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01000-00305436-00305651": "[Laughter] Thanks for the opportunity to be here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01001-00305651-00306004": "[Applause]", "4fCs0CENgQy-01002-00306004-00306185": ">> You want to stay up?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01003-00306185-00306251": ">> Yep.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01004-00306251-00306631": "[Noises]", "4fCs0CENgQy-01005-00306631-00306787": ">> Thanks to you both.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01006-00306787-00306974": "You know, I hadn't realized we were going to be talking", "4fCs0CENgQy-01007-00306974-00307126": "about Uzbekistan, but...", "4fCs0CENgQy-01008-00307126-00307133": ">> [Inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01009-00307133-00307329": ">> About seven years ago,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01010-00307329-00307684": "the state of California launched a nationwide effort", "4fCs0CENgQy-01011-00307684-00308011": "to create a coalition of other jurisdictions", "4fCs0CENgQy-01012-00308011-00308294": "that would join them [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01013-00308294-00308618": "That process has begun and the only other partner", "4fCs0CENgQy-01014-00308618-00308986": "that California has is Quebec.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01015-00308986-00309163": "[Laughter] So federalism [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01016-00309163-00309620": "We wanted to allow for both presentation and opportunity", "4fCs0CENgQy-01017-00309620-00309884": "for a series conversation and question and answer.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01018-00309884-00310315": "If you would like to take questions from the floor,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01019-00310315-00310539": "when you are recognized, if you'd just [inaudible],", "4fCs0CENgQy-01020-00310539-00310654": "Brian will bring a microphone.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01021-00310654-00310755": "If you'd identify yourself", "4fCs0CENgQy-01022-00310755-00310922": "and ask your question, and we'll get going.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01023-00310922-00311492": "Who would like to begin the conversation?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01024-00311492-00311523": "Please. [Pouring liquid].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01025-00311523-00312058": ">> Hi. I'm [inaudible], an assistant professor here", "4fCs0CENgQy-01026-00312058-00312244": "and [inaudible] depends on this topic", "4fCs0CENgQy-01027-00312244-00312556": "because like I studied [inaudible] differences", "4fCs0CENgQy-01028-00312556-00312994": "in federal taxation, spending, and also half French", "4fCs0CENgQy-01029-00312994-00313382": "and half Southern so I have a very complex relationship", "4fCs0CENgQy-01030-00313382-00313709": "with federalism, both centralist and de-centralist,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01031-00313709-00313976": "and I've lived in both Quebec and in California,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01032-00313976-00314162": "so I'm all over the map.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01033-00314162-00314450": "So one thing I thought was really interesting,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01034-00314450-00314601": "and I talk to people about waivers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01035-00314601-00314824": "I'm still trying to understand how waivers work.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01036-00314824-00315146": "But one thing I do understand is that the matching rates", "4fCs0CENgQy-01037-00315146-00315440": "in America are very unequal.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01038-00315440-00315463": ">> Right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01039-00315463-00315577": ">> Depending on the state.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01040-00315577-00315904": "So [inaudible] New York, the federal government matches one", "4fCs0CENgQy-01041-00315904-00316132": "for one for every dollar the state spends.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01042-00316132-00316418": "In Michigan, we get two dollars for every dollar that we spend.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01043-00316418-00316676": "And in Mississippi, you get three dollars.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01044-00316676-00316973": "So I find that pretty interesting, on top of the fact", "4fCs0CENgQy-01045-00316973-00317235": "that the poverty line isn't indexed for local cost", "4fCs0CENgQy-01046-00317235-00317463": "of living or local age levels.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01047-00317463-00317756": "And so it's a lot easier in a sense to qualify.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01048-00317756-00317815": "And some of these [inaudible],", "4fCs0CENgQy-01049-00317815-00318156": "which are already getting these big matching grants.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01050-00318156-00318281": "So I think it's kind of fascinating", "4fCs0CENgQy-01051-00318281-00318404": "that the political equilibrium", "4fCs0CENgQy-01052-00318404-00318748": "that we've seen has been the blue states that are kind", "4fCs0CENgQy-01053-00318748-00319031": "of more liberal, right, getting lower matching rate,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01054-00319031-00319255": "having lower eligibility rates, but these red states", "4fCs0CENgQy-01055-00319255-00319452": "that don't care so much, okay,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01056-00319452-00319635": "but they support the matching system", "4fCs0CENgQy-01057-00319635-00320017": "because they're coming away with huge amounts of money, right?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01058-00320017-00320331": "And so, at least that's my guess.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01059-00320331-00320655": "And so what I see in the future, all right, is that we have", "4fCs0CENgQy-01060-00320655-00321053": "to deal with some way of reforming the system,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01061-00321053-00321377": "because the trajectory of healthcare costs", "4fCs0CENgQy-01062-00321377-00321543": "over the next 30 or 40 years.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01063-00321543-00321985": "In Canada, they actually decided to apportion the grants", "4fCs0CENgQy-01064-00321985-00322260": "on a per capita basis so that they don't have --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01065-00322260-00322562": "they have basically a block grant per person, okay,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01066-00322562-00322701": "regardless of where they live.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01067-00322701-00322987": "I think that's a much better system, in a sense.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01068-00322987-00323368": "Although it'd be even nicer to say, hey, Florida's got a lot", "4fCs0CENgQy-01069-00323368-00323639": "of old people, so maybe the fact that they have more people", "4fCs0CENgQy-01070-00323639-00323805": "in long-term health care.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01071-00323805-00324008": "Maybe they should get more money.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01072-00324008-00324185": "So do you think there's any --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01073-00324185-00324500": "I want to rephrase this to a question, okay, so [laughter]", "4fCs0CENgQy-01074-00324500-00325126": "if we -- there is a lot of concern", "4fCs0CENgQy-01075-00325126-00325396": "about the [inaudible] healthcare [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01076-00325396-00325788": "We probably need to do something", "4fCs0CENgQy-01077-00325788-00326250": "about containing the costs in the long term.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01078-00326250-00326766": "And what I'm curious is how do you see the politics", "4fCs0CENgQy-01079-00326766-00327134": "of this changing as sort of, you know, the Ryans and the Romneys", "4fCs0CENgQy-01080-00327134-00327461": "of the world trying to find solutions.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01081-00327461-00327689": "And as states like Georgia and Texas,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01082-00327689-00327858": "their incomes are rising, it seems like.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01083-00327858-00328160": "And so maybe then the red states are going", "4fCs0CENgQy-01084-00328160-00328708": "to start becoming less advantaged with these programs.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01085-00328708-00329149": "I'm not sure that's going to happen.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01086-00329149-00329241": "But as we've [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01087-00329241-00329680": "And now I'm not sure that's going to happen anymore.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01088-00329680-00330052": "And so, what I'm curious is what do you think that A,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01089-00330052-00330234": "Medicaid has become a wasteful system", "4fCs0CENgQy-01090-00330234-00330351": "because of the matching system,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01091-00330351-00330517": "especially in some of these states?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01092-00330517-00330754": "And B, do you think there is a way for it in terms", "4fCs0CENgQy-01093-00330754-00331263": "of reforming it to sort of deal with the long-term prospects", "4fCs0CENgQy-01094-00331263-00331423": "over the next 30 to 40 years?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01095-00331423-00331609": ">> Well, I'll start.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01096-00331609-00331848": "Let me go to one.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01097-00331848-00332028": "And I may not have heard you right", "4fCs0CENgQy-01098-00332028-00332268": "on your empirical assertion, and then I'll try to deal", "4fCs0CENgQy-01099-00332268-00332585": "with the waste thing and hold my feet to the fire if I forget --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01100-00332585-00332828": "if I forget the question.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01101-00332828-00333199": "But you're right on the federal match in places like Mississippi", "4fCs0CENgQy-01102-00333199-00333462": "and so forth in the deep south", "4fCs0CENgQy-01103-00333462-00333847": "and other places have much more fiscal incentive to do Medicaid", "4fCs0CENgQy-01104-00333847-00334187": "because the record is that they do not do it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01105-00334187-00334384": "That the sources -- you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01106-00334384-00334646": "they look the gift horse in the mouth.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01107-00334646-00334926": "And it's a testimony to political culture", "4fCs0CENgQy-01108-00334926-00335242": "and political ideology.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01109-00335242-00335631": "So the formula, if one defines a successful formula", "4fCs0CENgQy-01110-00335631-00336197": "as convincing the sort of poorest states to get benefits", "4fCs0CENgQy-01111-00336197-00336372": "up where richer states have them,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01112-00336372-00336586": "it's been a miserable failure.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01113-00336586-00337051": "In the book, I trace every state increase their expenditures", "4fCs0CENgQy-01114-00337051-00337243": "in a [inaudible] per poor person.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01115-00337243-00337476": "And I asked, well is there a convergence?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01116-00337476-00337610": "You know, are we getting more alike?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01117-00337610-00337904": "But no, you know, the coefficient of variation is", "4fCs0CENgQy-01118-00337904-00338354": "as high as ever on that kind of front.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01119-00338354-00338746": "So let me go to the waste question.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01120-00338746-00339189": "Obviously, there are all sorts of issues we face in trying", "4fCs0CENgQy-01121-00339189-00339583": "to contain costs in this country and so on and so forth.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01122-00339583-00339742": "Is there waste in Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01123-00339742-00340243": "You know, they have -- there's some calculation", "4fCs0CENgQy-01124-00340243-00340492": "of fraud among government programs", "4fCs0CENgQy-01125-00340492-00340767": "and I think Medicaid probably is up there at the top.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01126-00340767-00341224": "But I would argue, if you look at Medicaid, plenty of warts", "4fCs0CENgQy-01127-00341224-00341607": "on this program, but it is a bare-bones program.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01128-00341607-00341820": "What Medicaid pays per --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01129-00341820-00341978": "and they have different kinds of enrollees.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01130-00341978-00342361": "Taking care of people with disabilities, as well as,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01131-00342361-00342574": "in long-term care issues are expensive.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01132-00342574-00343058": "I would argue that it is really a bare-bones program.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01133-00343058-00343344": "Costs per beneficiary are less than Medicare,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01134-00343344-00343596": "God knows, private insurance.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01135-00343596-00343849": "And they don't pay, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01136-00343849-00344095": "provider network adequacy is a real issue,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01137-00344095-00344289": "because they don't pay a lot of providers.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01138-00344289-00344468": "They pay worse than the other programs.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01139-00344468-00344741": "So, when I hear the sort of Ryanesque, oh,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01140-00344741-00345249": "we can take 800,000,000,000 over 10 years and everything --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01141-00345249-00345402": "you know, we're going to figure out a way", "4fCs0CENgQy-01142-00345402-00345711": "to make Medicaid more efficient, I just don't know --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01143-00345711-00346002": "it's a really bare-bones program.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01144-00346002-00346092": "Is there waste?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01145-00346092-00346313": "I'm sure there's some waste.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01146-00346313-00346967": "But I -- I think if you try and cut it, you really are,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01147-00346967-00347366": "there's going to be a price to pay in access or health outcome.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01148-00347366-00347859": "You know, that's just a take on it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01149-00347859-00348025": ">> I'd also say the book is very good.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01150-00348025-00348165": "You know, buy the book.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01151-00348165-00348484": "It's very good about how Medicaid's actually not the", "4fCs0CENgQy-01152-00348484-00348723": "terrible program that we've been repeatedly told it is.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01153-00348723-00349042": "Again, I don't think any of you -- I don't recommend it to you.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01154-00349042-00349323": "But it's not the Hell of bad care and endless waits", "4fCs0CENgQy-01155-00349323-00349620": "that it's often portrayed to be.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01156-00349620-00349891": "I would just say, being comparative again,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01157-00349891-00350174": "the US has a small distinction in compared to federalism", "4fCs0CENgQy-01158-00350174-00350441": "as being the only country that doesn't have any kind", "4fCs0CENgQy-01159-00350441-00350775": "of flat-out redistribution for no particular purpose", "4fCs0CENgQy-01160-00350775-00351066": "from sub-national government to sub-national government, right?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01161-00351066-00351364": "We have no equivalent of just slicing off a big chunk", "4fCs0CENgQy-01162-00351364-00351588": "of revenue from [inaudible] and [inaudible] in order", "4fCs0CENgQy-01163-00351588-00351712": "to keep Berlin stylish.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01164-00351712-00352177": "And a lot of the time, that's because we pass our programs", "4fCs0CENgQy-01165-00352177-00352367": "as being about redistribution to people, right?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01166-00352367-00352656": "This is the ecological fallacy of red and blue states,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01167-00352656-00352935": "is that programs will often redistribute successfully", "4fCs0CENgQy-01168-00352935-00353302": "to poor people in red states who are either voting democratic", "4fCs0CENgQy-01169-00353302-00353703": "or not voting because there are various red state issues.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01170-00353703-00354149": "And that's why the federal government has transformed the", "4fCs0CENgQy-01171-00354149-00354278": "south, you know.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01172-00354278-00354450": "Look at the south before The New Deal", "4fCs0CENgQy-01173-00354450-00354769": "and you can see very clearly the long-term, you could argue,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01174-00354769-00354931": "Democratic Party incentive,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01175-00354931-00355250": "or liberal democratic party incentive, to spend a lot", "4fCs0CENgQy-01176-00355250-00355468": "of money creating a welfare state in the south", "4fCs0CENgQy-01177-00355468-00355616": "over the objections of the people", "4fCs0CENgQy-01178-00355616-00355930": "who run most of the south.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01179-00355930-00356169": "It's also never a technical discussion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01180-00356169-00356287": "You don't hire economists", "4fCs0CENgQy-01181-00356287-00356526": "to design [inaudible] compliance system", "4fCs0CENgQy-01182-00356526-00356710": "that will deliver the correct incentives.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01183-00356710-00356887": "That's the fantasy of the IMF.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01184-00356887-00357083": "You can only do that if you're the IMF lording it", "4fCs0CENgQy-01185-00357083-00357218": "over poor countries.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01186-00357218-00357423": "In rich countries, you hire the economists", "4fCs0CENgQy-01187-00357423-00357610": "for the specific purpose", "4fCs0CENgQy-01188-00357610-00357879": "of telling you how your side will win and lose", "4fCs0CENgQy-01189-00357879-00358097": "in a particular negotiation.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01190-00358584-00358920": ">> Hi. I'm Adrianna McIntyre,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01191-00358920-00359041": "and I'm a [inaudible] degree student", "4fCs0CENgQy-01192-00359041-00359211": "with [inaudible] public policy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01193-00359211-00359506": "I had a question about the durability of Medicaid,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01194-00359506-00359718": "and I was wondering what you think the implications are", "4fCs0CENgQy-01195-00359718-00360048": "of the demographic shift with baby-boomers reaching 65", "4fCs0CENgQy-01196-00360048-00360153": "in record numbers", "4fCs0CENgQy-01197-00360153-00360390": "and essentially feeding a growing", "4fCs0CENgQy-01198-00360390-00360520": "dual-eligible population.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01199-00360520-00361098": "What does that mean for the program in the future?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01200-00361098-00361345": ">> Well, I think if they're aware --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01201-00361345-00361677": "if they stay aware of what Medicaid can do for them,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01202-00361677-00362236": "it'll be a further force bolstering Medicaid durability.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01203-00362236-00362796": "These numbers aren't precise, but something like 65%", "4fCs0CENgQy-01204-00362796-00363138": "of middle class people enter nursing homes paying", "4fCs0CENgQy-01205-00363138-00363560": "for themselves and within a year, they wind up on Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01206-00363560-00363955": "Medicaid has become a major long-care --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01207-00363955-00364400": "I mean it is the long-term care program", "4fCs0CENgQy-01208-00364400-00364705": "for people who've essentially never been on welfare,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01209-00364705-00365168": "are not one of these -- what's the phrase, dependents,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01210-00365168-00365484": "sort of takers, who nonetheless at the end", "4fCs0CENgQy-01211-00365484-00365679": "of life, run out of luck.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01212-00365679-00365898": "And somebody's got to take care of them.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01213-00365898-00366421": "So I would think that that's a force, and the duals as well --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01214-00366421-00366781": "a force for enhanced Medicaid durability.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01215-00366781-00367240": "Middle-class people needing the program, on the other hand,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01216-00367240-00367609": "getting people to recognize what Medicaid is --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01217-00367609-00367923": "how Medicare doesn't really give you long-term care,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01218-00367923-00368041": "that isn't easy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01219-00368041-00368357": "Although I must say, in terms of Kaiser Polling,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01220-00368357-00368629": "it is quite amazing the number of people --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01221-00368629-00368935": "I think it's 50-60% who've been on Medicaid", "4fCs0CENgQy-01222-00368935-00369210": "or know someone who's been on Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01223-00369210-00369707": "And I know in the context of middle-class parents", "4fCs0CENgQy-01224-00369707-00369878": "with intellectually disabled", "4fCs0CENgQy-01225-00369878-00370161": "or developmentally disabled children, great numbers", "4fCs0CENgQy-01226-00370161-00370567": "of them know a whole lot about Medicaid and they are", "4fCs0CENgQy-01227-00370567-00370849": "as ferocious of defenders of the program", "4fCs0CENgQy-01228-00370849-00371117": "as I think you'll find anywhere.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01229-00371117-00371545": ">> David Pelton.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01230-00371545-00372161": "[Inaudible] the likelihood [inaudible] with gun control,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01231-00372161-00372746": "the likelihood that some states will move further [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01232-00372746-00372805": ">> Right", "4fCs0CENgQy-01233-00372805-00373020": ">> Will reject that care [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01234-00373020-00373166": ">> Right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01235-00373166-00374112": ">> In the direction of [inaudible] and socialism.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01236-00374112-00374840": "[Inaudible] two states right next to each other,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01237-00374840-00375638": "say maybe Michigan and Illinois [inaudible] state and one", "4fCs0CENgQy-01238-00375638-00375882": "where it's [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01239-00375882-00376356": ">> If I understood the question correctly, I think in terms", "4fCs0CENgQy-01240-00376356-00376591": "of this sort of polarization that's going on,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01241-00376591-00376840": "and there's the literature which I haven't read that talks", "4fCs0CENgQy-01242-00376840-00377227": "about not only are we ideologically getting that way,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01243-00377227-00377508": "but that people are literally voting geographically", "4fCs0CENgQy-01244-00377508-00377734": "with their feet, that you know.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01245-00377734-00377883": ">> [Inaudible] mass migration.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01246-00377883-00378199": ">> Yeah. You know, that conservative people live more", "4fCs0CENgQy-01247-00378199-00378477": "in Texas and if you're liberal, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01248-00378477-00378610": "you live more in New Jersey.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01249-00378610-00378821": "I haven't [inaudible] analyzed that very carefully.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01250-00378821-00379256": "But I do believe that unlike the first Medicaid program,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01251-00379256-00379649": "where it took about five years to get --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01252-00379649-00379851": "it was 65 this was passed.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01253-00379851-00380385": "Five years for every state except Arizona to sign on.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01254-00380385-00380539": "That this time could be different.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01255-00380539-00381020": "That there may be ideological hold outs in places like Texas", "4fCs0CENgQy-01256-00381020-00381528": "or the deep south which are really unified republican", "4fCs0CENgQy-01257-00381528-00382032": "governments now contrary to what it was for most of our history,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01258-00382032-00382440": "the republicans control both houses of the legislature", "4fCs0CENgQy-01259-00382440-00382584": "and they run the government.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01260-00382584-00382829": "So it'll be interesting to me whether, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01261-00382829-00383078": "they ever do come on board and whether this variance", "4fCs0CENgQy-01262-00383078-00383184": "that I think you're talking", "4fCs0CENgQy-01263-00383184-00383547": "about as a result gets wider and wider.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01264-00383547-00384078": ">> Hi. I'm Ruth Deagen, a student here", "4fCs0CENgQy-01265-00384078-00384165": "at the school [inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01266-00384165-00384840": "You're talking about [inaudible] expenditures over time as a sign", "4fCs0CENgQy-01267-00384840-00385231": "of Medicaid's durability and I wonder if you also think of that", "4fCs0CENgQy-01268-00385231-00385519": "as a threat to its durability given that as it takes", "4fCs0CENgQy-01269-00385519-00385731": "up a larger and larger percentage of the state budget,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01270-00385731-00386121": "it becomes a target for cuts.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01271-00386121-00386342": ">> There is a down side as well, as an upside.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01272-00386342-00386590": "Peter Orsock [assumed spelling], who's, you know, the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01273-00386590-00387169": "worked for President Obama, has been very much in the forefront", "4fCs0CENgQy-01274-00387169-00387734": "of those who argue that Medicaid is hurting higher education", "4fCs0CENgQy-01275-00387734-00388014": "and other functions.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01276-00388014-00388542": "And especially with the cost growth that you mentioned,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01277-00388542-00388814": "the sort of relentless increases of costs,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01278-00388814-00389190": "even to what I would argue is a relatively bare-bones not", "4fCs0CENgQy-01279-00389190-00389789": "so wasteful program, there are really hard choices out there", "4fCs0CENgQy-01280-00389789-00389952": "in terms of how much you can --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01281-00389952-00390351": "the states I'm thinking of in particular, put into Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01282-00390351-00391156": "And I have no -- other than that the higher education community", "4fCs0CENgQy-01283-00391156-00391352": "is a whole lot weaker politically", "4fCs0CENgQy-01284-00391352-00391614": "than the Medicaid community, I'd probably --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01285-00391614-00391940": "that's not a right or wrong kind of an answer, but it's just,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01286-00391940-00392187": "you know, it is a down side, you're right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01287-00392187-00392422": "People do talk about cutting it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01288-00392422-00392894": "But again, I'm struck with the Ryan program,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01289-00392894-00393225": "[inaudible] in Washington, a policy player said", "4fCs0CENgQy-01290-00393225-00393494": "that no governor in his", "4fCs0CENgQy-01291-00393494-00393894": "or her right mind would possibly support the Ryan plan", "4fCs0CENgQy-01292-00393894-00394153": "if it ever became possible.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01293-00394153-00394594": "Now it's been all sort of talk, and nobody was going to pass it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01294-00394594-00395035": "Now what we mean by right mind in these times is up for grabs,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01295-00395035-00395751": "but it would have devastating impacts on the fiscal pressures", "4fCs0CENgQy-01296-00395751-00395948": "that states would face if anything", "4fCs0CENgQy-01297-00395948-00396151": "like that came to close.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01298-00396151-00397133": "[ Noises ]", "4fCs0CENgQy-01299-00397133-00397247": ">> Thank you.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01300-00397247-00397397": "Hi. Jason Buckbem [assumed spelling].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01301-00397397-00397656": "I'm a student in Health Management and Policy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01302-00397656-00397866": "My question for the panelists is around some", "4fCs0CENgQy-01303-00397866-00398177": "of these odd incentives that you get for duals,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01304-00398177-00398474": "where a state might invest in better long-term care,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01305-00398474-00398713": "pay more out of its own pocket even though it's getting the", "4fCs0CENgQy-01306-00398713-00398895": "match, the savings accrued in Medicare.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01307-00398895-00399173": "And I know there's been more attention to this", "4fCs0CENgQy-01308-00399173-00399379": "in recent years and the duals demos", "4fCs0CENgQy-01309-00399379-00399705": "and the special office created in the ACA, but it still seems", "4fCs0CENgQy-01310-00399705-00400004": "like a fundamental tension, and I can't think", "4fCs0CENgQy-01311-00400004-00400300": "of any other state-federal partnership program", "4fCs0CENgQy-01312-00400300-00400552": "that his this kind of terrible incentive built in.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01313-00400552-00400852": "I was hoping to hear you thoughts.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01314-00400852-00401152": ">> There's got to be some other program that does it [laughter].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01315-00401152-00401279": "I don't know what it is, though.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01316-00401279-00401398": "You've got me there.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01317-00401398-00401732": "But I disagree with you.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01318-00401732-00402177": "If we get a system where we don't put people in the hospital", "4fCs0CENgQy-01319-00402177-00402384": "so much, we keep them in the, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01320-00402384-00402705": "reduced hospital re-admissions for the elderly, say,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01321-00402705-00403179": "and states are absorbing the cost", "4fCs0CENgQy-01322-00403179-00403517": "and Medicare is getting off scott free-- or not scott free,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01323-00403517-00403994": "but with less expenditure, there ought to be a way", "4fCs0CENgQy-01324-00403994-00404186": "of sharing the savings.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01325-00404186-00404488": "And of course they're working on it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01326-00404488-00404963": "And I don't-- there's obviously been no breakthrough.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01327-00404963-00405566": "Hope springs eternal, but you're right on the basic dysfunction", "4fCs0CENgQy-01328-00405566-00405719": "in the incentive structure.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01329-00405719-00406161": ">> David Jones, School of Public Health Doctoral student.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01330-00406161-00406429": "I was at a speech-- or at an event recently", "4fCs0CENgQy-01331-00406429-00406719": "where I saw a republican congressman give a speech,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01332-00406719-00406980": "and he said that one of the reasons that the implementation", "4fCs0CENgQy-01333-00406980-00407190": "of the ACA is failing so miserably is", "4fCs0CENgQy-01334-00407190-00407561": "because states were involved in the drafting of the legislation.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01335-00407561-00407768": "So, strong assertion.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01336-00407768-00408175": "I'd be curious to hear you talk a little bit more about the role", "4fCs0CENgQy-01337-00408175-00408355": "of states in the legislative process.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01338-00408355-00408639": "You talked about the governor's association and...", "4fCs0CENgQy-01339-00408639-00408684": ">> Right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01340-00408684-00408846": ">> ...from that point moving forward, what,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01341-00408846-00409158": "if anything the Obama administration", "4fCs0CENgQy-01342-00409158-00409508": "or Congress could have done that would have led", "4fCs0CENgQy-01343-00409508-00409693": "to different outcomes.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01344-00409693-00410093": ">> I-- you know, I hear the argument from time to time", "4fCs0CENgQy-01345-00410093-00410347": "that if only there would have been greater reaching", "4fCs0CENgQy-01346-00410347-00410706": "across the isle, and we would have come up with something.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01347-00410706-00410964": "But I find -- and I'll get to your more specific point", "4fCs0CENgQy-01348-00410964-00411130": "in a minute, but I just --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01349-00411130-00411451": "having read countless books on the past --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01350-00411451-00411916": "or some books on the passage of Obama Care, and then focused", "4fCs0CENgQy-01351-00411916-00412349": "on particular on Medicaid, I just don't think this", "4fCs0CENgQy-01352-00412349-00412703": "if only they would have tried to reach out to us.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01353-00412703-00413020": "I just don't think it's true.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01354-00413020-00413727": "In the case of the states, the governors,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01355-00413727-00414139": "for understandable reasons, were very, very concerned", "4fCs0CENgQy-01356-00414139-00414554": "about whatever the match rate would be.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01357-00414554-00414879": "And there were some certifiably crazy proposals", "4fCs0CENgQy-01358-00414879-00415022": "out of the US Senate.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01359-00415022-00415476": "Some by democrats, which argued that they didn't want", "4fCs0CENgQy-01360-00415476-00415884": "to give this very enhanced 100% early 90% match", "4fCs0CENgQy-01361-00415884-00416181": "and they even talked about, well, states could borrow money", "4fCs0CENgQy-01362-00416181-00416441": "to cover their you know, share of the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01363-00416441-00416791": "and really, just terrible ideas.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01364-00416791-00417185": "And the governors fought back on that front very fearful", "4fCs0CENgQy-01365-00417185-00417496": "of an unfunded mandate and were quite vigorous.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01366-00417496-00417904": "And people on the Hill began to read it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01367-00417904-00418246": "Early on, the National Governor's Association tried", "4fCs0CENgQy-01368-00418246-00418612": "to get, you know, a group of governors together", "4fCs0CENgQy-01369-00418612-00419558": "to offer sensible input, but by I think the middle of 2009,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01370-00419558-00420039": "this Obama Care, or the health reform had taken off", "4fCs0CENgQy-01371-00420039-00420535": "into the realm of ideology, symbolism,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01372-00420535-00420959": "if we can break Obama's back on this one,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01373-00420959-00421253": "he'll be one-term president.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01374-00421253-00422033": "I just think it got elevated by July to never never land,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01375-00422033-00422462": "and so when the democratic governors by and large said,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01376-00422462-00422651": "\"Oh yes, we will endorse --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01377-00422651-00422877": "we're for Obama and we'll endorse this,\"", "4fCs0CENgQy-01378-00422877-00423287": "and the republican governors I think uniformly opposed it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01379-00423287-00423764": "By that point, it had just come caught up in sort of I'm", "4fCs0CENgQy-01380-00423764-00423908": "for it, you're against it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01381-00423908-00424235": "And I think they governors had less,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01382-00424235-00424718": "other than around the match rate, less influence", "4fCs0CENgQy-01383-00424718-00424870": "than they otherwise would have.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01384-00424870-00425360": ">> Right here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01385-00425360-00425399": ">> Right here.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01386-00425399-00425720": "Sorry. So, my name is Claire Hutchins", "4fCs0CENgQy-01387-00425720-00425960": "and I'm a first-year at the Ford School.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01388-00425960-00426093": "Kind of building off of,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01389-00426093-00426384": "I believe your name is David -- comment, question.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01390-00426384-00426551": "Do you think that governors", "4fCs0CENgQy-01391-00426551-00426825": "and states would have had a very different approach", "4fCs0CENgQy-01392-00426825-00427087": "to the implementation of the ACA had this happened", "4fCs0CENgQy-01393-00427087-00427234": "in better economic times?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01394-00427234-00427545": "I think a lot of states, they come back and say, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01395-00427545-00427789": "we're really worried about the fiscal implications,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01396-00427789-00428145": "but had this been legislation of the late 90s,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01397-00428145-00428422": "would they have looked at it differently.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01398-00428422-00428687": ">> Well, you jumped in too.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01399-00428687-00428926": "I think economic--", "4fCs0CENgQy-01400-00428926-00429326": "better economic times would have helped,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01401-00429326-00429678": "but I really think this ideological shift", "4fCs0CENgQy-01402-00429678-00430043": "or polarization we've seen over the last 30 years --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01403-00430043-00430264": "and political scientists have really sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-01404-00430264-00430788": "of studied this fairly carefully -- you know, whether Rick Perry", "4fCs0CENgQy-01405-00430788-00431025": "and the people in Texas would have liked this --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01406-00431025-00431383": "I mean, times there were as bad as a lot of places.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01407-00431383-00431892": "It helped, but I think the political ideology really", "4fCs0CENgQy-01408-00431892-00432046": "does matter.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01409-00432335-00432816": ">> My name is Justin Ladder and I'm a grad student", "4fCs0CENgQy-01410-00432816-00432996": "in the econ department.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01411-00432996-00433355": "So one thing that I noticed with sort of medical expenses", "4fCs0CENgQy-01412-00433355-00433679": "in the United States, especially in the last several decades is", "4fCs0CENgQy-01413-00433679-00433977": "that they're being driven more and more by chronic,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01414-00433977-00434379": "long-term illnesses like Type 2 Diabetes, heart disease,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01415-00434379-00434500": "and various forms of cancer.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01416-00434500-00435037": "Many of these diseases are also highly correlated with poverty.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01417-00435037-00435280": "[Inaudible] people have Type 2 Diabetes", "4fCs0CENgQy-01418-00435280-00435618": "because they can only afford to eat crappy food", "4fCs0CENgQy-01419-00435618-00435743": "and live a crappy lifestyle basically.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01420-00435743-00436178": "And I'm wondering if there's been any serious discussion", "4fCs0CENgQy-01421-00436178-00436535": "on policy of using consumption taxation", "4fCs0CENgQy-01422-00436535-00436879": "to not only create the money to pay for these diseases but also", "4fCs0CENgQy-01423-00436879-00437246": "to discourage those behaviors as a form of containing the cost.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01424-00437246-00437866": "I know that's something [inaudible] a lot,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01425-00437866-00438371": "but I don't hear it on national stations at all.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01426-00438371-00438395": ">> Right. [Inaudible].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01427-00438395-00438708": "There is an effort within some Medicaid --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01428-00438708-00439218": "some states to make Medicaid patients more individually", "4fCs0CENgQy-01429-00439218-00439518": "responsible about their health and there's sort of a notion", "4fCs0CENgQy-01430-00439518-00439663": "that if they're having a health problem,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01431-00439663-00440054": "a lot of it is due to bad habits.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01432-00440054-00440576": "But the level of sort of penalty", "4fCs0CENgQy-01433-00440576-00440868": "or sentence structure they set up, it's not clear", "4fCs0CENgQy-01434-00440868-00441276": "to me whether, you know, how much of an impact it's had.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01435-00441276-00441572": "Beyond that -- I don't know if you have anything,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01436-00441572-00441831": "but I take you point,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01437-00441831-00442220": "but I haven't heard anything very major,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01438-00442220-00442485": "especially around a consumption tax in that respect,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01439-00442485-00442683": "at least in the Medicaid realm.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01440-00442683-00442843": ">> I think the last place I would look", "4fCs0CENgQy-01441-00442843-00443147": "for comprehensive coherent tax reform would be Washington.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01442-00443147-00443388": "It's hard enough to do it on a state level,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01443-00443388-00443676": "if you were in Michigan over the last couple of years.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01444-00443676-00443758": "So I think you'd look", "4fCs0CENgQy-01445-00443758-00444126": "for individual governments trying it out.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01446-00444126-00444295": "New York State and New York City seem", "4fCs0CENgQy-01447-00444295-00444601": "to be particularly fond of such experiments.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01448-00444601-00444789": "And potentially it would diffuse.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01449-00444789-00445089": "I don't think the diffusion literature tells us that's true", "4fCs0CENgQy-01450-00445089-00445230": "or not.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01451-00445230-00445547": "I'd also say that that's part of a broader subset of things", "4fCs0CENgQy-01452-00445547-00445735": "that everyone in the world is dealing with which is", "4fCs0CENgQy-01453-00445735-00446006": "that we have a lot of welfare states and health programs", "4fCs0CENgQy-01454-00446006-00446271": "that were set up essentially on the premise", "4fCs0CENgQy-01455-00446271-00446504": "that you needed some kind of cover", "4fCs0CENgQy-01456-00446504-00446685": "for when you were off work.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01457-00446685-00447005": "Then you needed some kind of cover for the medical bills.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01458-00447005-00447276": "And then they usually add something for doctor bills.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01459-00447276-00447578": "That's the rough progress of health insurance development", "4fCs0CENgQy-01460-00447578-00447777": "in the US and that's the rough progress", "4fCs0CENgQy-01461-00447777-00448026": "of its development in a lot of places.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01462-00448026-00448321": "The problem is this does not produce a system", "4fCs0CENgQy-01463-00448321-00448580": "in any country that's particularly well suited", "4fCs0CENgQy-01464-00448580-00448827": "to complex co-morbidities, chronic problems,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01465-00448827-00449077": "or anything to do with the long-term care wave that's", "4fCs0CENgQy-01466-00449077-00449225": "coming at us.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01467-00449225-00449603": "The Class Act, which has now been cut,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01468-00449603-00449863": "was an intellectually interesting effort to try it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01469-00449863-00450072": "The United Kingdom's commissioned a number of reports", "4fCs0CENgQy-01470-00450072-00450221": "which they've run into the sand as soon", "4fCs0CENgQy-01471-00450221-00450453": "as they saw the budgetary estimates.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01472-00450453-00450667": "And the result is that I think you have a lot of ferment,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01473-00450667-00450934": "and as far as I can tell, no really good ideas.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01474-00450934-00451110": "On what you do about systems that are very,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01475-00451110-00451500": "very good at paying, you go to hospital, reasonably good", "4fCs0CENgQy-01476-00451500-00451884": "at paying you to go for episodes of care of the doctor.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01477-00451884-00452334": "Largely poor, despite all the PR, at getting you to do,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01478-00452334-00452558": "you know, live a healthier lifestyle.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01479-00452558-00453062": "And absolutely out of ideas on questions of long-term care.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01480-00453062-00453218": "And that includes going back", "4fCs0CENgQy-01481-00453218-00453412": "to what do you do with dual-eligible's.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01482-00453412-00453700": "There's a range of other ideas world-wide which range", "4fCs0CENgQy-01483-00453700-00454020": "from even more expensive and silly than dual-eligible's", "4fCs0CENgQy-01484-00454020-00454655": "through to throw grandma off from a train.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01485-00454655-00455147": ">> I would like to ask about what happens when governors", "4fCs0CENgQy-01486-00455147-00455485": "and legislatures are on a different track.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01487-00455485-00455743": "In Michigan, we have republican governor,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01488-00455743-00455892": "republican legislature.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01489-00455892-00456110": "But they don't agree about what to do with Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01490-00456110-00456592": "Do either of you have any suggestions of what's likely", "4fCs0CENgQy-01491-00456592-00457210": "to be the next step and what might be done?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01492-00457210-00457514": ">> I don't -- certainly don't know the case in Michigan.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01493-00457514-00458143": "Jan Gruer in Arizona has a similar problem.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01494-00458143-00458387": "You know that -- it will be very interesting.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01495-00458387-00458818": "There's a book out recently on whether governors get their way", "4fCs0CENgQy-01496-00458818-00459254": "with legislatures, and one part of it deals with sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-01497-00459254-00459605": "of the non-budget items and have, you know --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01498-00459605-00460060": "there's variance of course in particular circumstances.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01499-00460060-00460384": "But they have a hard time winning on a lot of their sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-01500-00460384-00460682": "of substantive proposals, and this is in the aggregate,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01501-00460682-00460920": "so I'm not talking about Medicaid in particular.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01502-00460920-00461422": "When it comes to budget items, however, and budget proposals,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01503-00461422-00461610": "governor -- the track record", "4fCs0CENgQy-01504-00461610-00461884": "of governors is pretty impressive dealing", "4fCs0CENgQy-01505-00461884-00462437": "with legislatures, and I don't know where, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01506-00462437-00462671": "it's obvious it's got budget implications,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01507-00462671-00462850": "and it's obviously a substantive proposal.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01508-00462850-00463159": "I don't know how strong the Tea Party is among the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01509-00463159-00463538": "you know, sort of the republicans of Michigan.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01510-00463538-00463726": "But you're right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01511-00463726-00464139": "Came out we had this separation of power fragmented system.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01512-00464139-00464666": "So what governors want may not carry the day.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01513-00464666-00464816": ">> In 30 seconds.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01514-00464816-00465084": "There's also executives have to have some kind", "4fCs0CENgQy-01515-00465084-00465175": "of outcome legitimacy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01516-00465175-00465405": "They can do something and claim credit for it.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01517-00465405-00465582": "You can say want Rick Snyder did,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01518-00465582-00465775": "and then do you like it or not?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01519-00465775-00465984": "Legislators, being in the House of Representatives or being", "4fCs0CENgQy-01520-00465984-00466126": "in the Michigan Assembly,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01521-00466126-00466306": "the main thing they do is take positions", "4fCs0CENgQy-01522-00466306-00466607": "and they're often fiercely policed by all sorts of factions", "4fCs0CENgQy-01523-00466607-00466813": "within the party for the positions that they take.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01524-00466813-00467060": "So structurally, it's much easier to look", "4fCs0CENgQy-01525-00467060-00467272": "like a sensible person and leader as a governor", "4fCs0CENgQy-01526-00467272-00467485": "than as a member of the House of Representatives,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01527-00467485-00467667": "where you're pretty much condemned to look", "4fCs0CENgQy-01528-00467667-00467891": "like a blow-hard much of the time.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01529-00467891-00468112": "The other point is, who would be a member", "4fCs0CENgQy-01530-00468112-00468252": "of the Michigan state legislature?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01531-00468252-00468472": "Or the California state legislature?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01532-00468472-00468625": "You're good enough to run an enterprise", "4fCs0CENgQy-01533-00468625-00468764": "of that scale and complexity.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01534-00468764-00469016": "You're personable enough to get elected,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01535-00469016-00469172": "and what at age 40 you're going", "4fCs0CENgQy-01536-00469172-00469372": "to abandon your obviously successful career", "4fCs0CENgQy-01537-00469372-00469622": "for an eight-year term limited career break,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01538-00469622-00469841": "so you can be surrounded by a rabble of ideologues", "4fCs0CENgQy-01539-00469841-00469991": "in their 20s quite frequently.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01540-00469991-00470507": "I mean, who would be a legislator in these states?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01541-00470624-00471197": ">> I wanted to go back to Affordable Care Act", "4fCs0CENgQy-01542-00471197-00471662": "and the expansion of Medicaid and the --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01543-00471662-00471718": "certainly based", "4fCs0CENgQy-01544-00471718-00472112": "on Massachusetts' experience the requirement", "4fCs0CENgQy-01545-00472112-00472496": "for vastly increased numbers of primary care physicians...", "4fCs0CENgQy-01546-00472496-00472510": ">> Great.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01547-00472510-00473078": ">> ...because of the expansion and what the potential is there", "4fCs0CENgQy-01548-00473078-00473552": "for addressing some of these behavioral issues", "4fCs0CENgQy-01549-00473552-00473931": "from in effect going to a public health model rather", "4fCs0CENgQy-01550-00473931-00474453": "than the [inaudible] to get more families started", "4fCs0CENgQy-01551-00474453-00475021": "on the right foot from birth, but everybody's covered", "4fCs0CENgQy-01552-00475021-00475368": "but birth now just because of reimbursement requirements.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01553-00475368-00475577": "But the whole point of having", "4fCs0CENgQy-01554-00475577-00475947": "that coverage more comprehensively", "4fCs0CENgQy-01555-00475947-00476347": "and perhaps messages more comprehensively developed", "4fCs0CENgQy-01556-00476347-00476539": "from a public health perspective.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01557-00476539-00476716": ">> That model.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01558-00476716-00477299": "I think it's an absolutely great idea and I'm beginning", "4fCs0CENgQy-01559-00477299-00477846": "to follow this and the degree to which states attempt", "4fCs0CENgQy-01560-00477846-00478199": "to encourage that kind of public health model I think will be", "4fCs0CENgQy-01561-00478199-00478414": "very -- it's tricky.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01562-00478414-00478787": "It's not going to be easy given the sort of interests", "4fCs0CENgQy-01563-00478787-00478954": "that are running around in that system.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01564-00478954-00479310": "The other point I would make, and I think this is part", "4fCs0CENgQy-01565-00479310-00479834": "of your remark is that I am hopeful that, you know,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01566-00479834-00479970": "as the demand for sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-01567-00479970-00480460": "of primary care providers increases, that nurses --", "4fCs0CENgQy-01568-00480460-00481010": "at least nurse practitioners will gain more ability to deal", "4fCs0CENgQy-01569-00481010-00481332": "with certain, you know, basic sort of health issues", "4fCs0CENgQy-01570-00481332-00481682": "which could also, if done right, might facilitate this sort", "4fCs0CENgQy-01571-00481682-00482060": "of public health kind of perspective.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01572-00482060-00482431": "And we'll see, there's certainly movement.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01573-00482431-00482581": "I think some movement in that direction,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01574-00482581-00482768": "but I haven't tracked it at all [inaudible],", "4fCs0CENgQy-01575-00482768-00482874": "but it's -- you're right.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01576-00482874-00483047": "It'll be a real pressure point.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01577-00483047-00483329": ">> There's also a case for more efficiency and better use", "4fCs0CENgQy-01578-00483329-00483435": "of people because we're", "4fCs0CENgQy-01579-00483435-00483720": "in a world-wide healthcare workforce shortage.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01580-00483720-00483910": "And given that the United States is a country", "4fCs0CENgQy-01581-00483910-00484172": "with essentially no concept of cost containment,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01582-00484172-00484430": "we've been hoovering up medical professionals", "4fCs0CENgQy-01583-00484430-00484621": "from the entire planet.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01584-00484621-00484808": "Well-- particularly India, at some point,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01585-00484808-00484995": "India's actually going to have enough jobs", "4fCs0CENgQy-01586-00484995-00485209": "for all those access doctors,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01587-00485209-00485403": "and if China doesn't start exporting doctors,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01588-00485403-00485458": "we're in the soup.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01589-00485458-00485721": "The whole world's getting older together.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01590-00485721-00485870": "Much of the world is getting richer,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01591-00485870-00486116": "and the United States is structurally dependent", "4fCs0CENgQy-01592-00486116-00486280": "on essentially pillaging India,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01593-00486280-00486568": "and I don't think that's a long-term viable strategy.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01594-00486568-00487035": ">> And so we come to the end of a conversation [laughter].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01595-00487035-00487331": ">> On pillaging India [laughter].", "4fCs0CENgQy-01596-00487331-00487657": ">> [Inaudible] remarkably durable [inaudible]", "4fCs0CENgQy-01597-00487657-00488066": "but the fault lines are really extraordinary, whether that is", "4fCs0CENgQy-01598-00488066-00488443": "within the state, between state and nations, and even,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01599-00488443-00488706": "and we didn't have time for conversation, what happens", "4fCs0CENgQy-01600-00488706-00489030": "when a second-term termed limited president does not", "4fCs0CENgQy-01601-00489030-00489256": "like the reaction of some governors,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01602-00489256-00489514": "and the very possibility, which I hadn't thought of before,", "4fCs0CENgQy-01603-00489514-00489804": "waivers being withdrawn or made more difficult", "4fCs0CENgQy-01604-00489804-00489912": "when normally the presumption", "4fCs0CENgQy-01605-00489912-00490251": "of waivers is they are expanding exponentially.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01606-00490251-00490533": "Does that become even still a kind of a bit", "4fCs0CENgQy-01607-00490533-00490804": "of an intergovernmental power play and tool?", "4fCs0CENgQy-01608-00490804-00491104": "I guess we stay tuned as we move into another decade of Medicaid.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01609-00491104-00491351": "With that please join me in thanking our panelists.", "4fCs0CENgQy-01610-00491351-00491818": "[ Applause ]"}}, {"audio_id": "4fHPsqKx9Cu", "text": {"4fHPsqKx9Cu-00000-00000003-00000516": "you were saying something this is one of our clients attorney Walker just go back", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00001-00000516-00000835": "and share what you were talking about education.", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00002-00000886-00001936": "what I was saying earlier was that as a client here the nice thing about the", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00003-00001936-00002654": "relationship with Ponder Financial is that if you're not educated on any", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00004-00002654-00003546": "particular aspect of finances you can first get educated and then once you're", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00005-00003546-00004260": "educated then you can collaborate with your financial adviser on the other hand", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00006-00004260-00004839": "if you're already educated on that particular aspect of financial world", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00007-00004839-00005620": "you can shoot, leap straight to the collaboration skip the education you're", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00008-00005621-00006267": "both on the same and higher plane already let me just start there yeah and the", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00009-00006267-00006951": "world of finance is divided into so many little subtopics so many subtopics", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00010-00006951-00007500": "they're virtually impossible to have any one person being authority of all it's", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00011-00007500-00008165": "just a question of having access to that information and that's what's really key", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00012-00008165-00009156": "the ability total into people who themselves are authorities on topic number one all the way", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00013-00009156-00009765": "to topic over 250 just the ability to have access to that and educate yourself", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00014-00009765-00010422": "on the ones that are important to you then once you're educated then you can graduate to collaboration we", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00015-00010422-00010814": "actually make a plan about what to do about it in your own particular financial case.", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00016-00010814-00011172": "And as a client for over a year you were saying about how the workshop presentation  was so", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00017-00011172-00011634": "different because we have to update our information and update our knowledge", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00018-00011634-00012486": "and resources to help people. this is my return visit and it was, more was", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00019-00012486-00013259": "different than was the same. It was radically remodeled and remade to keep", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00020-00013259-00013628": "up with what's going and that's about the 2018 tax reform act", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00021-00013628-00014126": "for someone like you that has a lot of things hands of different pots it", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00022-00014126-00014466": "now makes everything work and multiply but again we have to have a", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00023-00014466-00014931": "team of experts we've provided you customer service and we've always been there to help you", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00024-00014931-00015287": "but now we can actually take you like you said, from one place", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00025-00015287-00015894": "to another but we have to have a tax planning team to be able to to that. Right.", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00026-00015894-00016487": "In regards to the presentation yeah I knew you were absolutely on top of things when I saw", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00027-00016487-00017118": "that Yahoo quote yeah it just hit internet a couple days ago", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00028-00017118-00017625": "So you're all over the latest and the greatest is, so that's important.", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00029-00017625-00017957": "appreciate your business I appreciate you thank you so much Attorney", "4fHPsqKx9Cu-00030-00017957-00018197": "sure thing"}}, {"audio_id": "4fKV8m0G3Yu", "text": {"4fKV8m0G3Yu-00000-00000000-00000050": "NATURAL STAR,", "4fKV8m0G3Yu-00001-00000050-00000100": "LIFE IS ANALOG AND CONTINUOUS,", "4fKV8m0G3Yu-00002-00000100-00000200": "GLOBAL WARMING, THURKHAN FUNDED SELEBRATIONS,...SHIFTING SPOILING \"ANDRA CULTURE\", BY THURKHAN HYBRID SKOUNDRELS,..."}}, {"audio_id": "4fcnCV44y2o", "text": {"4fcnCV44y2o-00000-00000104-00000744": "Many animals have quite elaborate courtship rituals;", "4fcnCV44y2o-00001-00000832-00001464": "we'll try to understand this at least in part", "4fcnCV44y2o-00002-00001464-00001928": "by considering an alternative where animals", "4fcnCV44y2o-00003-00001928-00002984": "rely entirely on chance for mating and reproduction to occur.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00004-00003152-00003528": "What I mean by this is, that we'll treat", "4fcnCV44y2o-00005-00003528-00004152": "a male and a female animal meeting and producing offspring", "4fcnCV44y2o-00006-00004224-00004592": "as a completely random event.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00007-00004728-00006296": "And we'll ask ourselves, over a small time interval h,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00008-00006600-00008584": "How many new animals will be born?", "4fcnCV44y2o-00009-00008760-00009664": "Our goal here is to find the birth rate beta.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00010-00009856-00010296": "For simplicity we'll ignore gestation;", "4fcnCV44y2o-00011-00010296-00010776": "we'll think of birth as an instantaneous process,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00012-00010912-00011488": "also for simplicity let's assume that the population", "4fcnCV44y2o-00013-00011488-00012120": "is split half and half into male and female animals", "4fcnCV44y2o-00014-00012448-00013712": "So to calculate the number of new animals born", "4fcnCV44y2o-00015-00013944-00014712": "over some time period h,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00016-00015096-00015584": "there are P divided by two males", "4fcnCV44y2o-00017-00015847-00016496": "and there are P divided by two females", "4fcnCV44y2o-00018-00016632-00017152": "so (P divided by two) times (P divided by 2)", "4fcnCV44y2o-00019-00017352-00019784": "is the total number of ways a male and a female could interact", "4fcnCV44y2o-00020-00020232-00021224": "I mean, for example, if we had a little population of six,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00021-00021224-00021784": "three males and three females,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00022-00022400-00023280": "there are these nine possible interactions.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00023-00023536-00023984": "And over here we'll put some probabilities,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00024-00024384-00026832": "let p-sub-1 be the probability that an interaction occurs,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00025-00026832-00027832": "p-sub-2 can be the probability that if an interaction occurs,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00026-00027976-00029383": "it results in a birth, and not a probability here but a number,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00027-00029512-00030672": "n can be the average number of new animals", "4fcnCV44y2o-00028-00030672-00030983": "that a birth event will produce.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00029-00031256-00031968": "So over a small time interval h, we should see", "4fcnCV44y2o-00030-00031968-00032824": "this many, or approximately this many, new animals born", "4fcnCV44y2o-00031-00033032-00033784": "And now we are going to collapse all of these,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00032-00033976-00034448": "we don't really care about this 2 or this 2,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00033-00034448-00035184": "or this p-sub-1 or this p-sub-2 or this n,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00034-00035472-00036584": "let's multiply all the constants together and call that product k,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00035-00037128-00037728": "and we find that for some constant k there should be", "4fcnCV44y2o-00036-00037728-00038304": "about k times P-squared new births", "4fcnCV44y2o-00037-00038560-00039384": "over this small time interval.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00038-00039600-00040072": "Well in terms of the birth rate,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00039-00040464-00041032": "over a small time interval there should be", "4fcnCV44y2o-00040-00041288-00042432": "(the length of the time interval) times (the birth rate) times (P) new births,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00041-00042984-00043360": "so since these give us two different ways", "4fcnCV44y2o-00042-00043360-00043752": "of counting the number of new animals", "4fcnCV44y2o-00043-00044384-00044984": "they must be equal", "4fcnCV44y2o-00044-00045480-00046384": "and we'll divide both sides of this equality by P,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00045-00046952-00047368": "we'll divide both sides of this equality by h,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00046-00047440-00047976": "and a constant divided by a constant is still a constant,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00047-00048032-00048464": "we'll just absorb this h into this k,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00048-00049112-00050016": "and we find that if we view births as a totally random event,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00049-00050264-00051136": "the birth rate should be about k * P * P;", "4fcnCV44y2o-00050-00051136-00051567": "P, remember, is a function of time;", "4fcnCV44y2o-00051-00051640-00051824": "when we introduced birth rates,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00052-00051824-00052232": "and we've seen this before with the logistic model,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00053-00052232-00052736": "when we introduced birth rate it was a as a function of time,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00054-00052832-00053191": "if the birth rate is a function of population,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00055-00053191-00053584": "and population is a function of time,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00056-00053584-00054184": "then the birth rate is a function of time by composition.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00057-00054472-00055032": "And we'll assume that the death rate is constant,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00058-00055391-00056184": "call it delta, and the general population model", "4fcnCV44y2o-00059-00056264-00057008": "with these assumptions becomes dP / dt", "4fcnCV44y2o-00060-00057264-00057872": "equals (the birth rate) minus (the death rate)", "4fcnCV44y2o-00061-00058248-00058991": "times the current population.", "4fcnCV44y2o-00062-00058991-00059816": "By tradition we'll … even though it doesn't change the equation …", "4fcnCV44y2o-00063-00059816-00061816": "we'll pull a k out, and also write this P up front,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00064-00061816-00062767": "and I know I said something about analyzing the behavior", "4fcnCV44y2o-00065-00062767-00063040": "of this differential equation,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00066-00063120-00063544": "I think now that that be its own video,", "4fcnCV44y2o-00067-00063632-00064048": "just to keep down the time lengths", "4fcnCV44y2o-00068-00064048-00064840": "of each individual video; so we'll see that shortly."}}, {"audio_id": "4g44TQRvlQk", "text": {"4g44TQRvlQk-00000-00000008-00000500": "hi viewers this is Victor Godfrey and I'm welcoming you all to a brand new", "4g44TQRvlQk-00001-00000500-00001075": "video on this channel. in today's video I will share with you an amazing", "4g44TQRvlQk-00002-00001075-00001607": "ready-made lead magnet funnel inside builderall funnel Club that enables you to", "4g44TQRvlQk-00003-00001607-00002184": "start generating leads instantly and also make sales. guys you know that in", "4g44TQRvlQk-00004-00002184-00002643": "order for you to generate a lead you actually need a lead magnet and builderall", "4g44TQRvlQk-00005-00002643-00003033": "recognize the need for an effective lead magnet and went ahead and created a", "4g44TQRvlQk-00006-00003033-00003611": "ready-made lead magnets campaigns and all you need to do is to use the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00007-00003611-00004161": "ready-made lead magnet campaign funnels rather or funnels and start", "4g44TQRvlQk-00008-00004161-00004776": "generating leads and sales for your own business. so this is an extract of the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00009-00004776-00005277": "ready-made lead magnet funnels inside builderall funnel club and you can choose", "4g44TQRvlQk-00010-00005277-00005721": "any of these funnels for you lead magnet funnels and start generating leads and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00011-00005721-00006216": "sales for your business is online and also want you guys to know that with the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00012-00006216-00006564": "creation of this value-packed lead magnets you no longer have the need or", "4g44TQRvlQk-00013-00006564-00007070": "spending extra money on PLL's contents anymore and you also don't have the need", "4g44TQRvlQk-00014-00007070-00007527": "of hiring a copywriter anymore because buta all has already taken care of this", "4g44TQRvlQk-00015-00007527-00007925": "needs for you right inside the ready-made lead funnels inside without", "4g44TQRvlQk-00016-00007925-00008768": "or from our club so once you you know sign up and become a builder or I forget", "4g44TQRvlQk-00017-00008768-00009417": "or become an account holder with buta all this will be the first page you are", "4g44TQRvlQk-00018-00009417-00010115": "trying to taking to this particular page if you go up here you see this athlete", "4g44TQRvlQk-00019-00010115-00010493": "section here that's where you have to click you click on your affiliate button", "4g44TQRvlQk-00020-00010493-00011025": "here so that it will take your straight out to the funny o'clock section and the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00021-00011025-00011496": "only only those that have premium plans are premium plan subscribers as buta out", "4g44TQRvlQk-00022-00011496-00011949": "can be able to assess the phone our club so if you actually want to have access", "4g44TQRvlQk-00023-00011949-00012407": "to this formula club there you have to sign up with the Buda or premium plan", "4g44TQRvlQk-00024-00012407-00012897": "account and I'll be leaving a link below we are actually you know sign up and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00025-00012897-00013328": "become a premium account holder so once a click", "4g44TQRvlQk-00026-00013328-00013781": "this particular affiliates button here on this dashboard it will take you to", "4g44TQRvlQk-00027-00013781-00014405": "the next page we a and on the left side you'll see that our this sales lead", "4g44TQRvlQk-00028-00014405-00014834": "generation funnel and our really page you will need to click or the button", "4g44TQRvlQk-00029-00014834-00015169": "you'll need to click once you click it there'll be a drop down here that shows", "4g44TQRvlQk-00030-00015169-00015622": "you the funnel club so all you need to do now is to click on this funnel club", "4g44TQRvlQk-00031-00015622-00016181": "so that you'll be able to see all the funnels they are to lead magnets that", "4g44TQRvlQk-00032-00016181-00016564": "you can actually start using to generate sales and leads for your own businesses", "4g44TQRvlQk-00033-00016564-00017117": "before I proceed to that I also want you guys to see that every funnel inside", "4g44TQRvlQk-00034-00017117-00017609": "lead funnel any every funnel inside the funnel club already has your affiliate", "4g44TQRvlQk-00035-00017609-00018044": "links already and then so I just need to do is just to start sending traffic to", "4g44TQRvlQk-00036-00018044-00018423": "them does if you an affiliate marketer if you decide to be an affiliate and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00037-00018423-00018983": "strictly do the affiliate business then you send traffic here but if you don't", "4g44TQRvlQk-00038-00018983-00019280": "want to be an athlete and you want to use it solely for your own business", "4g44TQRvlQk-00039-00019280-00019961": "needs then you can also do that and every of the arm inside the club from", "4g44TQRvlQk-00040-00019961-00020414": "your club area there are different funnel templates with different niches", "4g44TQRvlQk-00041-00020414-00020845": "that are peculiar to every kind of business which we can actually deploy", "4g44TQRvlQk-00042-00020845-00021362": "for your own business needs so having said that this has throw some extracts", "4g44TQRvlQk-00043-00021362-00021953": "of some other from our templates inside the funnel club that you could actually", "4g44TQRvlQk-00044-00021953-00022625": "use for your own business needs so but for this particular video I've decided", "4g44TQRvlQk-00045-00022625-00023222": "to work with this particular for now that says thermogenic foods so I'd like", "4g44TQRvlQk-00046-00023222-00023564": "to work with this particular funnel and show you guys certain things you can", "4g44TQRvlQk-00047-00023564-00023912": "actually do with any of the particular funds of the chosen but for me I've", "4g44TQRvlQk-00048-00023912-00024341": "chosen this particular one so I'm going to click on the view also click on the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00049-00024341-00024872": "View for note is going to take you to the page I probably bring you to this", "4g44TQRvlQk-00050-00024872-00025166": "place this particular page and from here you", "4g44TQRvlQk-00051-00025166-00025643": "can see I have my affiliate link here and I can decide to promote my affiliate", "4g44TQRvlQk-00052-00025643-00026020": "link or send traffic to this particular plane and once people get to this link", "4g44TQRvlQk-00053-00026020-00026633": "and click on the link it takes them to this home page this is the home page", "4g44TQRvlQk-00054-00026633-00026989": "this is what they see once they get once they click on the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00055-00026989-00027656": "link it brings them to this particular homepage we could be able to see this", "4g44TQRvlQk-00056-00027656-00028313": "and this page actually has an ebook downloadable ebook very beautiful that", "4g44TQRvlQk-00057-00028313-00028850": "they can actually download and it says seven main foods that accelerate your", "4g44TQRvlQk-00058-00028850-00029389": "body metal makes up listen so a lot of people working as affiliate marketers or", "4g44TQRvlQk-00059-00029389-00029876": "selling weight-loss product like network marketers I believe this is a very good", "4g44TQRvlQk-00060-00029876-00030358": "template of funnel you can actually use to generate leads and we also be able to", "4g44TQRvlQk-00061-00030358-00030895": "solve your product that I incongruent with this particular type of ebook here", "4g44TQRvlQk-00062-00030895-00031433": "that has to do with weight loss so as you can see there's a provision for them", "4g44TQRvlQk-00063-00031433-00031766": "to download the ebook here and look at what happens with this magnet this", "4g44TQRvlQk-00064-00031766-00032285": "particular funnel when they click on here to download the ebook it takes them", "4g44TQRvlQk-00065-00032285-00032726": "a pop shop actually comes up in front of the screen requesting for them to", "4g44TQRvlQk-00066-00032726-00033155": "provide your names and their email address before they can be able to go", "4g44TQRvlQk-00067-00033155-00033656": "ahead to download this so this is one of the strategies leader on earth actually", "4g44TQRvlQk-00068-00033656-00034100": "inculcated inside this particular funnel to enable you to generate leads because", "4g44TQRvlQk-00069-00034100-00034478": "by them providing this information you're able to capture their data and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00070-00034478-00034805": "once you capture their data you can actually be able to start you know", "4g44TQRvlQk-00071-00034805-00035462": "sending them value contains emails follow-up you know for you to actually", "4g44TQRvlQk-00072-00035462-00035894": "warm them up and be able to make a salute then directing them to whatever", "4g44TQRvlQk-00073-00035894-00036263": "acts in you actually one of started an array of services or product or whatever", "4g44TQRvlQk-00074-00036263-00036653": "but the the beautiful aspect of this is that before they are able to download", "4g44TQRvlQk-00075-00036653-00037121": "the ebook this pop-up comes up for them to provide the information which is very", "4g44TQRvlQk-00076-00037121-00037661": "very effective as well so once they provide your name as requested here and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00077-00037661-00038128": "the email address then click on the download button it takes them to this", "4g44TQRvlQk-00078-00038128-00038651": "particular page and this is a thank you page this particular page is really", "4g44TQRvlQk-00079-00038651-00039440": "cannot be able to download the e-book as requested but there's something you can", "4g44TQRvlQk-00080-00039440-00039962": "actually do here you know inside Beulah or you have the ability to you know it", "4g44TQRvlQk-00081-00039962-00040371": "did any of the pages it homepage or the Thank You page to suit", "4g44TQRvlQk-00082-00040371-00040827": "your own business needs so what I normally do is this if I'm promoting", "4g44TQRvlQk-00083-00040827-00041310": "this particular our funnel I'm trying to use this funnel as my lead magnet once", "4g44TQRvlQk-00084-00041310-00041568": "they get to this Thank You page I just don't send them directly here", "4g44TQRvlQk-00085-00041568-00042018": "what I normally do out how ad for this particular type Thank You page and put", "4g44TQRvlQk-00086-00042018-00042522": "on insights a call-to-action button where I'll be prompting them to actually", "4g44TQRvlQk-00087-00042522-00042978": "do for that stops once they get to this page and I'm going to show you guys what", "4g44TQRvlQk-00088-00042978-00043461": "I do but before I get to that point I just want you guys to see that you can", "4g44TQRvlQk-00089-00043461-00043881": "actually edit any of these pages you can a deeply homepage you can see the edit", "4g44TQRvlQk-00090-00043881-00044253": "button here and you can I probably do all this at the back office of your", "4g44TQRvlQk-00091-00044253-00044523": "Buddha all account once you download these funnels into", "4g44TQRvlQk-00092-00044523-00044922": "your account there you go to the back office and do whatever accent you want", "4g44TQRvlQk-00093-00044922-00045336": "to do that you can customize them to suit your own business needs supper for", "4g44TQRvlQk-00094-00045336-00045879": "me I just write so you know customize the Thank You page and I inserted a call", "4g44TQRvlQk-00095-00045879-00046347": "to action button which I'm going to show you guys or I just peed in few seconds", "4g44TQRvlQk-00096-00046347-00046938": "so guys our remember that this is the Thank You page once I click on the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00097-00046938-00047271": "download and after providing the I because it brings them to this place so", "4g44TQRvlQk-00098-00047271-00047685": "this is the original Thank You page but I told you guys that I went ahead and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00099-00047685-00048246": "you know edit ended like Thank You page and you know made it to suit my own", "4g44TQRvlQk-00100-00048246-00048666": "business need and what I did was I added extra buttons a call to action button", "4g44TQRvlQk-00101-00048666-00049134": "trying to prompt them to do something else and this is what exactly I did I", "4g44TQRvlQk-00102-00049134-00049608": "had to scroll up so that you guys will see I actually had in this particular", "4g44TQRvlQk-00103-00049608-00050106": "section we I said they should check out the number one recommended product to", "4g44TQRvlQk-00104-00050106-00050529": "help you jump-start fat-burning now and actually you know putting", "4g44TQRvlQk-00105-00050529-00051054": "greater this call to action button where if they click only show me the product", "4g44TQRvlQk-00106-00051054-00051552": "it actually take them to a page where I'll be marketing a product today and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00107-00051552-00051882": "the whole essence of doing this is that I've actually used this particular", "4g44TQRvlQk-00108-00051882-00052164": "formula not number one by giving them an e-book", "4g44TQRvlQk-00109-00052164-00052647": "electronic generated a lead which is the first step then the second step is that", "4g44TQRvlQk-00110-00052647-00053040": "actually also want to use the same funnel to sell a product so if you're an", "4g44TQRvlQk-00111-00053040-00053480": "affiliate marketer or you're a networker or whatever business", "4g44TQRvlQk-00112-00053480-00053901": "providing that is incongruent with this particular funnel you can actually use", "4g44TQRvlQk-00113-00053901-00054414": "this same strategy too just like saying using one stone to kill two birds I'm", "4g44TQRvlQk-00114-00054414-00054696": "using this particular formula to generate a lead and at the same time", "4g44TQRvlQk-00115-00054696-00055227": "trying to make it so my intent here is purely to get the lead and also see if I", "4g44TQRvlQk-00116-00055227-00055665": "can make it sell today because right now they've actually gotten downloaded and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00117-00055665-00056049": "ebook they showing them with seven men fools that accelerate what it meant", "4g44TQRvlQk-00118-00056049-00056579": "losing metabolism rather and the next thing is I'm also trying to sell to them", "4g44TQRvlQk-00119-00056579-00057210": "a product that actually solves the same kind of problem so once they click and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00120-00057210-00057825": "this particular show show me the product it will take them to another page so", "4g44TQRvlQk-00121-00057825-00058391": "let's check it out so you can see mainly they clicked from show me the product", "4g44TQRvlQk-00122-00058391-00058965": "you brought them to this Amazon page sales page showing them this particular", "4g44TQRvlQk-00123-00058965-00059412": "product and again what I did was I am actually selling my showing them a", "4g44TQRvlQk-00124-00059412-00059946": "product that is also in congruence with the title or maybe with the product with", "4g44TQRvlQk-00125-00059946-00060516": "the funnel they just clicked I mean the the e-book they downloaded rather so you", "4g44TQRvlQk-00126-00060516-00060941": "can see this particular product here also talks about tamo genic fat burner", "4g44TQRvlQk-00127-00060941-00061371": "weight loss supplement appetite suppressant it is in Congress it is", "4g44TQRvlQk-00128-00061371-00061779": "related to the e-book they just downloaded so if you're an affiliate", "4g44TQRvlQk-00129-00061779-00062298": "marketer selling products from Clickbank or you're a network how different how", "4g44TQRvlQk-00130-00062298-00062607": "only help me this is extracted you can actually", "4g44TQRvlQk-00131-00062607-00063116": "deploy you know to actually makes us and also generate leads but guys there's a", "4g44TQRvlQk-00132-00063116-00063708": "disclaimer here I'm not Amazon athlete I'm not promoting this product I am NOT", "4g44TQRvlQk-00133-00063708-00064101": "so I'm only just using this particular product for educational and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00134-00064101-00064773": "demonstrative purposes alone so having said this much guys you can see that", "4g44TQRvlQk-00135-00064773-00065141": "this is one of the ways you can actually use one of the d'enfer you already make", "4g44TQRvlQk-00136-00065141-00065748": "lead magnet for knows inside buta or as tap generates only you if you", "4g44TQRvlQk-00137-00065748-00066117": "just want to promote the product the funnels or you just need to do is send", "4g44TQRvlQk-00138-00066117-00066414": "traffic directly if you don't want to edit anything if you don't have any", "4g44TQRvlQk-00139-00066414-00066675": "other business so this can actually become a full-time business for you", "4g44TQRvlQk-00140-00066675-00067092": "by sending traffic fuel to any of these funnels I have your affiliate link on", "4g44TQRvlQk-00141-00067092-00067632": "them and those that have the need or clicker needs once they click on it then", "4g44TQRvlQk-00142-00067632-00067983": "it prompts them to take further actions that are actually the results to meets", "4g44TQRvlQk-00143-00067983-00068364": "and sells for you so it's a win-win situation either you're using it to", "4g44TQRvlQk-00144-00068364-00068817": "promote your own pest mad business or you want to use this alone to promote", "4g44TQRvlQk-00145-00068817-00069345": "your affiliate link as the business of its own any strategy or any matter you", "4g44TQRvlQk-00146-00069345-00069888": "decide to adopt actually works and it generates income for you so having said", "4g44TQRvlQk-00147-00069888-00070566": "that guys so you can actually see that giving out any of these ready-made lead", "4g44TQRvlQk-00148-00070566-00070902": "magnet funnels you would have successfully given out something of", "4g44TQRvlQk-00149-00070902-00071313": "great value and you also generated a lead to start reading your list and you", "4g44TQRvlQk-00150-00071313-00071820": "can also use the lead magnet link funnels or magnet to lead to lead your", "4g44TQRvlQk-00151-00071820-00072297": "prospects your network effect magazine products or whatever services you're", "4g44TQRvlQk-00152-00072297-00072624": "actually providing and also make sure that you're also following up with your", "4g44TQRvlQk-00153-00072624-00073122": "generated leads through emails by persistently providing valuable contents", "4g44TQRvlQk-00154-00073122-00073689": "so guys this is the time for you to become a do that I feel it by signing up", "4g44TQRvlQk-00155-00073689-00074091": "through the affiliate link below in the description and start utilizing the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00156-00074091-00074442": "ready-made lead funnels inside you that offer on your club and start generating", "4g44TQRvlQk-00157-00074442-00075033": "leads and make more cells and also start any recurring monthly commissions for", "4g44TQRvlQk-00158-00075033-00075477": "yourself besides that so this is also one of the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00159-00075477-00076065": "reasons why I love promoting buta all you know is one of the best selling", "4g44TQRvlQk-00160-00076065-00076608": "products in the market and again its generates tab or recurring monthly", "4g44TQRvlQk-00161-00076608-00077112": "income and it's also have ready to go sales funnels our annual income faster", "4g44TQRvlQk-00162-00077112-00077628": "and apart from that so there's total support these trainings they'll actually", "4g44TQRvlQk-00163-00077628-00078177": "help you to be able to utilize this and start making money and apart from that", "4g44TQRvlQk-00164-00078177-00079011": "so it has an awesome customer retention rates so once again just like I say", "4g44TQRvlQk-00165-00079011-00079433": "there'll be a link below this video for you to sign up and become an athlete and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00166-00079433-00079941": "it is completely free to become a Buddha or athlete and if you sign up for the", "4g44TQRvlQk-00167-00079941-00080301": "Builder of a premium plan that has the funnel Club", "4g44TQRvlQk-00168-00080301-00080838": "for premium account members then you have access to an exclusive private area", "4g44TQRvlQk-00169-00080838-00081300": "where you have tons of invaluable resources that will show you how to get", "4g44TQRvlQk-00170-00081300-00081774": "results faster along with the community of Buda our athletes that are ever ready", "4g44TQRvlQk-00171-00081774-00082727": "to assist you any time and any day so viewers we've come to the end of this", "4g44TQRvlQk-00172-00082727-00083301": "video and if we did got some value in it then go ahead and like this video and", "4g44TQRvlQk-00173-00083301-00083766": "subscribe to my channel and also make sure to hit the notification bill so you", "4g44TQRvlQk-00174-00083766-00084231": "can be notified the next time that I upload a video on my youtube channel so", "4g44TQRvlQk-00175-00084231-00084986": "once again thank you for staying by am watching Diggs thank you once again"}}, {"audio_id": "4g92sBnXMhc", "text": {"4g92sBnXMhc-00000-00000016-00000412": "These are my favorite easy plants for a space withlow light.", "4g92sBnXMhc-00001-00000412-00000527": "Golden photos", "4g92sBnXMhc-00002-00000527-00000911": "This plant is very pretty and very easy to propagate.", "4g92sBnXMhc-00003-00000911-00001187": "In fact, we have manybabies around the house.", "4g92sBnXMhc-00004-00001187-00001294": "The silver potos", "4g92sBnXMhc-00005-00001294-00001572": "A really easy plant and it shines.", "4g92sBnXMhc-00006-00001572-00001710": "The peace lily", "4g92sBnXMhc-00007-00001710-00002189": "The foliage is just so beautiful and even at low light conditions it may flower.", "4g92sBnXMhc-00008-00002189-00002304": "The ZZ plant", "4g92sBnXMhc-00009-00002304-00002657": "I had to include this one because it's the easiest plant I've ever had", "4g92sBnXMhc-00010-00002657-00002910": "and it hasa new leaf.", "4g92sBnXMhc-00011-00002910-00003210": "And the bird's nest fern, which is one of my favorites", "4g92sBnXMhc-00012-00003210-00003369": "because it lookslike it's dancing.", "4g92sBnXMhc-00013-00003369-00003552": "Now, go get your plant."}}, {"audio_id": "4gPgRCfJVk0", "text": {"4gPgRCfJVk0-00000-00000433-00001063": "Good morning, yes it's practically 10 here and as I say in these cases, certainly not", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00001-00001063-00001163": "one", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00002-00001163-00002119": "very early morning, a late morning but still morning, mr, master, maestro", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00003-00002119-00002402": "or simply or", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00004-00002402-00002665": "simply David Lynch?", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00005-00002665-00003122": "It's May 30th, 2022 and it's a Monday.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00006-00003122-00003351": "Here in Naples a clear, clear", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00007-00003351-00003769": "morning in this moment, very still right now,", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00008-00003769-00004821": "78.8 fahrenheit around 26 celsius and this means that it's that day really, really, really,", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00009-00004821-00005296": "really soft like in these days and in this period and also over because it seems more", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00010-00005296-00006071": "a Summer climate than Spring climate, on the other hand we are moving towards June and", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00011-00006071-00006362": "so this is normal, because we are heading towards the summer.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00012-00006362-00006462": "As regard the", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00013-00006462-00006852": "video-thoughts I don't know if I'll do it but it I'll do it as always it's separate", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00014-00006852-00006952": "from this, so", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00015-00006952-00007264": "eyes open.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00016-00007264-00008086": "Anyway, as he and you all just see from the window:", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00017-00008086-00008939": "today you can't see anything because in these days you can see only the green roller shooter", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00018-00008939-00009892": "because as I have already explained yesterday in the summer we open the curtain thus putting", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00019-00009892-00009992": "on display", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00020-00009992-00010414": "the green roller shooter to let in some more air, since it's summer and it's hot", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00021-00010414-00010896": "compared to the tent and therefore in the summer you will see more of the green roller", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00022-00010896-00010996": "shooter,", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00023-00010996-00011386": "given also that it may be that I will stop at some point.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00024-00011386-00011531": "It is not said that", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00025-00011531-00011631": "I continue.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00026-00011631-00011835": "Maybe a year after the channel (June 17th) I'll stop, but we'll see, I don't know.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00027-00011835-00012118": "However I believe that this afternoon the temperature could also rise, for sure", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00028-00012118-00012564": "it will stay on the same level, but we will see anyway.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00029-00012564-00012906": "But the really important thing", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00030-00012906-00013990": "with this atmosphere is that today we have, today we have those beautiful, those beautiful", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00031-00013990-00015209": "those beautiful, those beautiful, those beautiful blue skies and golden sunshine and I think", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00032-00015209-00015325": "all along the way.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00033-00015325-00015666": "Obviously all along the way here always a few degrees less, I mean", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00034-00015666-00016101": "especially compared to American friends because as you know we have a full schedule", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00035-00016101-00016201": "different.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00036-00016201-00016401": "Well, we can't complain because in this month of May we had", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00037-00016401-00016712": "almost always those beautiful blue skies and golden sunshine and we hope to continue like", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00038-00016712-00016812": "this", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00039-00016812-00017113": "also tomorrow, with this trend that we have already had for two days if I'm not mistaken.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00040-00017113-00017213": "Although in", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00041-00017213-00017668": "these days during the afternoon, usually around five or six, then it gets cloudy", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00042-00017668-00018379": "I hope that it does not do this today, maybe then I will update you in tomorrow's Report", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00043-00018379-00018479": "or", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00044-00018479-00018579": "in description.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00045-00018579-00018679": "So, said this:", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00046-00018679-00019531": "so from the mythical window with the orange, red, blue, green water courtain, behind me", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00047-00019531-00019801": "in these days", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00048-00019801-00020006": "and its green", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00049-00020006-00020329": "roller shooter near me", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00050-00020329-00020537": "and finally from my mythical keyboard Yamaha DGX 640, YPG, YPG-625", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00051-00020537-00022486": "have a great day him, all the people who follow the channel and the reports, yes a greeting", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00052-00022486-00023006": "really everyone and also I hope you all have a great breakfast, I'll do it soon, my stomach", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00053-00023006-00023181": "grumbles, I don't know if you hear it.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00054-00023181-00023454": "But above all I hope you can console yourself if the weather were to", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00055-00023454-00023629": "be ugly in your part than here.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00056-00023629-00024034": "Not that we don't console ourselves even when the weather", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00057-00024034-00024579": "it is beautiful, indeed, but as far as I'm concerned when the weather is bad I console", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00058-00024579-00024679": "myself even more,", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00059-00024679-00025049": "on the other hand, the two words consolation and breakfast in Italian also rhyme.", "4gPgRCfJVk0-00060-00025049-00025471": "I'll see you in the video-thoughts if I'll do it or tomorrow!"}}, {"audio_id": "4gb6pdfOJ_U", "text": {"4gb6pdfOJ_U-00000-00000046-00000288": "Today, we are testing a sport game.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00001-00000394-00000728": "To do this, we called in a physical training expert.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00002-00001052-00001124": "What the.. !?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00003-00001142-00001242": "Still sitting ?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00004-00001302-00001562": "It's normal, we sit to play videogames.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00005-00001602-00001876": "I called you in to test a sport game,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00006-00001923-00002014": "not to do sport.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00007-00002090-00002154": "It's obvious..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00008-00002208-00002360": "These guies never leave the couch.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00009-00002430-00002696": "Actually, I'm here because the commandant sent me.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00010-00002726-00002854": "First we're warming up", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00011-00002854-00002978": "with an aerobic session.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00012-00003016-00003182": "Fuck no! Not this!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00013-00003261-00003340": "Hum..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00014-00003358-00003538": "I have a ... medical certificate of..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00015-00003558-00003734": ".. exemption..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00016-00003758-00003858": "because hum..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00017-00003902-00004042": "because hum.......", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00018-00004086-00004278": "Let us fully inhale!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00019-00004654-00004724": "Let's go!!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00020-00004860-00004976": "Come on! Right leg!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00021-00005046-00005096": "Come on!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00022-00005216-00005294": "Left leg!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00023-00005554-00005730": "Now, right arm! Come on!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00024-00005762-00005818": "Come on!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00025-00005830-00005902": "Buck up!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00026-00005958-00006026": "Left arm!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00027-00006082-00006132": "Come on!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00028-00010646-00010818": "Let's go with Track&Field 2.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00029-00010840-00011010": "A sport game with our expert. Let's start!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00030-00011092-00011152": "Let's go!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00031-00011536-00011768": "So we're starting with the training mode.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00032-00011768-00011824": "Yea yea.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00033-00011850-00011936": "\"training\".", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00034-00011960-00012162": "Well 'Hurdles' , at first.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00035-00012170-00012416": "Yup, 'hurdles'. Then we do the other things.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00036-00012572-00012622": "There.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00037-00012712-00012796": "As I said before:", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00038-00012810-00012928": "'A' to run", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00039-00012928-00013069": "'B' makes you jump over hurdles.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00040-00013140-00013190": "Alright.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00041-00013190-00013336": "The guy actually knows the game.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00042-00013346-00013576": "This is the first expert we get who really knows the game", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00043-00013576-00013674": "An expert expert.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00044-00013852-00013950": "He's gonna say..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00045-00013982-00014056": "Looks good.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00046-00014072-00014297": "Why are they chicks despite you are dudes?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00047-00014586-00014713": "Cos' it's more aesthetical.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00048-00014713-00014780": "Holy cow!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00049-00014819-00014984": "the CPU chick did a super start.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00050-00015168-00015326": "I'm faster cos' I'm black.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00051-00015326-00015480": "Wow! Hurdle clearing!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00052-00015532-00015610": "Yes, indeed.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00053-00015622-00015780": "It's not the same morphology.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00054-00015930-00016166": "You don't run a turtle  with an ostrich.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00055-00016540-00016610": "Come on!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00056-00016648-00016750": "Who's first ?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00057-00016750-00016822": "Who is it?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00058-00016854-00016934": "I think it's me.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00059-00016968-00017026": "Really?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00060-00017154-00017394": "You manage to beat the expert. Good job.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00061-00017444-00017576": "Cos' I have a black girl.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00062-00017576-00017720": "Well, \"black\",", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00063-00017730-00017924": "the color is more like orange at this point.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00064-00018018-00018086": "Yeaaaah !", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00065-00018086-00018150": "Nice!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00066-00018328-00018428": "Bravo!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00067-00018610-00018660": "Well.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00068-00018788-00018850": "I'm gonna try.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00069-00018878-00019042": "Yeah! The expert is not expert that much.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00070-00019058-00019184": "Wait.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00071-00019194-00019384": "Maybe it just wasn't his favorite discipline.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00072-00019418-00019696": "The he's gonna give us wrong instructions.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00073-00019696-00020014": "It writes the result of the sports event.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00074-00020055-00020162": "Can we skip it?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00075-00020231-00020398": "Ah ok they show the times.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00076-00020398-00020684": "I (Sap) did 2.47 and you (Sav) were a little faster.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00077-00020722-00020822": "Come on! First exercise!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00078-00020825-00020925": "Obstacle clearing!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00079-00021024-00021184": "Fuck! We cannot do this!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00080-00022768-00022868": "What's this muck up?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00081-00022928-00023028": "Dunno, looks like a trap.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00082-00023064-00023164": "It's a trap.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00083-00023332-00023400": "7 minutes!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00084-00023488-00023720": "I know a legless cripple who did it in 20 seconds.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00085-00023756-00023900": "You, you didn't even manage to finish!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00086-00024320-00024476": "\"Horizontal bar\", what's this?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00087-00024500-00024748": "Roughly speaking, the goal is to mess it all up with the controller.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00088-00024776-00024968": "My turn I guess, I'm player 1. Yea.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00089-00025064-00025240": "I'm glad I'm not playing this event.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00090-00025256-00025452": "I like the way the guy flies up to the bar.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00091-00025508-00025616": "What you do?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00092-00025616-00025758": "Just have fun cos' hum..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00093-00025758-00025900": "I don't know at all..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00094-00025900-00026016": "I never managed to..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00095-00026039-00026232": "He's an expert but he doesn't \"know at all\".", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00096-00026277-00026510": "On this event you never know what the guy do,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00097-00026514-00026600": "or is gonna do.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00098-00026600-00026666": "See.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00099-00026688-00026810": "Arm releasing!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00100-00026866-00026995": "Why everyone in the audience", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00101-00027008-00027370": "has the same clothes with only 3 different colors ?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00102-00027518-00027774": "The yellow glasses prevent me from seeing colors.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00103-00027786-00027932": "The judges are fuckin' scary!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00104-00027960-00028126": "Look at the one on the bottom left!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00105-00028136-00028245": "You don't want to talk to that guy.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00106-00028362-00028582": "Looks like his mustache merged with his eyebrows.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00107-00028695-00028888": "Are these normal human moves?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00108-00028936-00029024": "Not sure.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00109-00029083-00029416": "His arms look as long as his legs, but it's ok.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00110-00029604-00029839": "At least there's an effort (by konami).", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00111-00030060-00030368": "I'm tuning the volume up cos' I don't hear what the music sounds like.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00112-00030388-00030552": "This is the end, there is a jump,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00113-00030583-00030739": "and you have to keep standing.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00114-00030800-00030883": "Will be hard to beat.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00115-00030904-00031039": "He fell on his ass.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00116-00031056-00031232": "He fell yup, so he'll get a..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00117-00031288-00031368": "shitty grade.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00118-00031383-00031433": "Ok.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00119-00031539-00031660": "We will try to do better", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00120-00031945-00032027": "Impressive..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00121-00032072-00032252": "To qualify, you have to get at least 5.0.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00122-00032639-00032864": "So you got 1.10 over (10). Ok..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00123-00032864-00032940": "I did.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00124-00035372-00035532": "This is a complete mess guies!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00125-00035956-00036224": "Roughly speaking, you run, you run,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00126-00036232-00036424": "and you must press 'B' before the line.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00127-00036424-00036628": "you have to manage the jumping angle at the same time.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00128-00036644-00036872": "Sprites are well made, they're big!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00129-00036872-00037048": "I must remember", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00130-00037056-00037168": "First I run.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00131-00037168-00037328": "You run run run.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00132-00037448-00037576": "Impressive for a NES", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00133-00037636-00037872": "They may have used the background layer.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00134-00037872-00037996": "Yea you must manage the angle.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00135-00038292-00038440": "He will never reach the..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00136-00038656-00038844": "He didn't even reach the sand.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00137-00038912-00039012": "at 12 meters.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00138-00039212-00039488": "not sure if we are hearing thunder falling near the guy,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00139-00039512-00039660": "or the audience applausing.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00140-00039660-00039780": "I have 3 tries.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00141-00039788-00039936": "Come faster, faster!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00142-00039936-00040108": "You're far from max power.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00143-00040144-00040284": "Hard to do it.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00144-00040292-00040398": "Didn't you smash the line?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00145-00040398-00040466": "Nah.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00146-00040466-00040576": "It's ok, jump!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00147-00040576-00040740": "2nd jump is disgusting.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00148-00040788-00040888": "Holy cow.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00149-00041016-00041080": "8 meters.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00150-00041112-00041364": "9 meters! We getting closer from the sand!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00151-00041396-00041596": "12 meters to qualify, still far.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00152-00041628-00041828": "It's 0 meters (in the sand).", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00153-00041852-00042040": "Holy cow, it's hard to reach the (12 meters).", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00154-00042512-00042628": "Come on, the line!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00155-00043268-00043392": "He goes slow-motion.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00156-00043476-00043632": "So the sand is there.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00157-00043656-00043810": "First time we see the sand!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00158-00043810-00043920": "11.22 meters.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00159-00044020-00044136": "Now that's impressive.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00160-00044240-00044444": "\"Penalty: fitness\"", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00161-00044540-00044716": "Don't rest arms on the knees!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00162-00044716-00044812": "You must play like this.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00163-00044812-00044896": "Cheater!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00164-00044908-00045008": "There you are.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00165-00045032-00045144": "Let's go!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00166-00045292-00045408": "Shoot the pidgeon!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00167-00045428-00045492": "Nah nah.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00168-00045664-00046016": "Never seen Fort Boyard*?  [*french tv show with arm endurance and other events]", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00169-00046032-00046208": "A rifle is quite hard you know.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00170-00046248-00046496": "Well, you (Sav) decide when to launch", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00171-00046532-00046844": "By pressing.. 'B' I think.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00172-00046856-00047048": "Does'nt work? I do it I guess.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00173-00047064-00047114": "Yea.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00174-00047148-00047224": "Now you..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00175-00047304-00047376": "You fail.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00176-00047432-00047608": "You fail cos' you suck.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00177-00047610-00047876": "I must get back to it, I didn't play the game for 10 years.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00178-00047876-00048104": "And you are in the best conditions for doing it.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00179-00048104-00048226": "Sportive conditions.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00180-00048296-00048568": "Hey they even made a parallax scrolling.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00181-00048620-00048876": "Layers of background moving like this.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00182-00049348-00049620": "Fuck! My arms already hurt like crazy.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00183-00050168-00050316": "That son of a gun!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00184-00050316-00050540": "He is actually better with weights than without.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00185-00050540-00050692": "You're right, it motivates me.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00186-00051482-00051586": "Come on keep arms straight!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00187-00051912-00052058": "A weight on the head too!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00188-00052605-00052678": "10 out of 10!!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00189-00052836-00052982": "Now this is an expert!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00190-00053012-00053086": "This time.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00191-00053094-00053190": "I'm dead tired.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00192-00053388-00053496": "You know how to aim, don't you?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00193-00053562-00053612": "Yeah,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00194-00053612-00053755": "only when i have 2 grams in the blood.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00195-00053755-00053805": "<Ready!>", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00196-00053860-00054012": "and I'v not alcohol in my pack.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00197-00055364-00055414": "Alright..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00198-00055420-00055508": "It's too hard. Let's charge!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00199-00055729-00055782": "Well..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00200-00055782-00055982": "You emptied your magazines without hitting the target.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00201-00056072-00056272": "I know a blind person who did better.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00202-00056352-00056541": "And you even wounded an instructor.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00203-00056746-00056946": "So, give us your expert impressions of this game.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00204-00057024-00057108": "Ola, it's..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00205-00057108-00057190": "it's sexy!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00206-00057228-00057278": "Yup.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00207-00057291-00057382": "Yea, it's pink.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00208-00057396-00057446": "Yea.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00209-00057508-00057558": "Come on!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00210-00057572-00057748": "Sounds little bit like an aerobic music.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00211-00057804-00057944": "You chose [inaudible].", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00212-00057970-00058136": "no, you choose the skill ok.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00213-00058240-00058398": "That landing is disgusting!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00214-00058398-00058516": "You did a face down!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00215-00058524-00058660": "Hey the grades are not that bad.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00216-00058660-00058796": "What do you think about this game?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00217-00058805-00058888": "Well it was..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00218-00058888-00059032": "It was quite good.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00219-00059032-00059102": "Still me? Yea.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00220-00059141-00059217": "Why is it good?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00221-00059254-00059467": "I find it entertaining, amusing.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00222-00059524-00059602": "However the..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00223-00059700-00059772": "the musics..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00224-00059824-00059978": "The musics are of average quality.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00225-00060029-00060116": "Yea musics are not that good.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00226-00060116-00060278": "But the variety of events is cool,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00227-00060278-00060390": "that reflects well the spirit of olympic games.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00228-00060455-00060672": "The only real issue is, as you can see,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00229-00060752-00060952": "the events with grades like this one.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00230-00060952-00061114": "It seems to be very random.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00231-00061241-00061398": "You press any buttons and..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00232-00061512-00061600": "they give you a random grade.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00233-00061600-00061766": "Maybe it's part of the gameplay choices.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00234-00061904-00062060": "Maybe there is a right combination of buttons to press.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00235-00062090-00062250": "Well you have to find it, (it's not explained).", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00236-00062286-00062446": "Frankly, this game is well made.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00237-00062524-00062666": "Sprites are quite big,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00238-00062690-00062862": "Graphics are ok.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00239-00062986-00063105": "She turns so much that..", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00240-00063105-00063284": "I think she pukes while spinning.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00241-00063402-00063526": "Look I got 5.8!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00242-00063526-00063655": "Yea yea that's because of the puke,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00243-00063670-00063805": "They were impressed by it.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00244-00063805-00063982": "They never seen an athlete puke during a jump like that.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00245-00063982-00064152": "You can tell us in the comment section", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00246-00064152-00064298": "what you think about this game.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00247-00064336-00064720": "Don't hesitate to subscribe to our channel and follow us!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00248-00064754-00064900": "Why is that guy blinking?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00249-00064934-00065096": "Because he blinks, he's a boss maybe!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00250-00065238-00065329": "That's weird.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00251-00065424-00065624": "Have you ever seen an athlete blinking like this?", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00252-00065624-00065700": "I don't.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00253-00065720-00065816": "Come on! Go!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00254-00066852-00066976": "Come on! Faster!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00255-00067564-00067680": "Have spirit!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00256-00067808-00067890": "It's flabby!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00257-00067912-00068032": "You look like corpses!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00258-00069090-00069192": "It's too hard!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00259-00070154-00070216": "Attention!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00260-00070478-00070528": "Well!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00261-00070548-00070698": "Let's make a little debriefing!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00262-00070746-00070878": "I think we did well!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00263-00070930-00070996": "Yeah.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00264-00071060-00071126": "We will get a good grade!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00265-00071174-00071244": "We're gonna rock!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00266-00071328-00071402": "Yeah, yeah it's certain!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00267-00071458-00071658": "So. According to my Scorecards,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00268-00071738-00071788": "hum,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00269-00071812-00071862": "well,", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00270-00071868-00071988": "you really suck ass.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00271-00072676-00072780": "Somethin' like that.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00272-00073014-00073152": "Let's finish with this.", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00273-00073300-00073366": "Ouch! Fuck!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00274-00073366-00073416": "Shit!", "4gb6pdfOJ_U-00275-00073536-00073686": "Ouch! Fuck!"}}, {"audio_id": "4hgOXLlghsQ", "text": {"4hgOXLlghsQ-00000-00000424-00000832": "FDA panel endorses lower-dose Moderna COVID shot for booster.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00001-00000888-00001320": "Some Americans who received Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine at least six months", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00002-00001320-00001712": "ago should have a half-dose booster to increase their coronavirus protection,", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00003-00001712-00002192": "according to US health officials. A group of outside experts to the Food and Drug", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00004-00002192-00002720": "Administration unanimously decided to suggest a booster shot for elderly, as well as younger", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00005-00002720-00003304": "persons with other health issues, jobs, or living arrangements that put them at risk for COVID-19.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00006-00003304-00003815": "The suggestion isn't legally binding, but it's an important step toward expanding the US booster", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00007-00003815-00004416": "campaign to millions more people. After the FDA approved its usage last month, many people who", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00008-00004416-00004904": "received their original Pfizer shots at least six months ago are already getting a booster — and", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00009-00004904-00005384": "these are the same high-risk groups that FDA advisers suggested should get a Moderna booster.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00010-00005440-00005944": "Despite original Biden administration plans to do so, the panel highlighted that there is no", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00011-00005944-00006464": "proof that it is time to release booster doses of either the Moderna or Pfizer vaccines to everyone.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00012-00006520-00006959": "Unvaccinated people are still at risk from the coronavirus, whereas those who have been", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00013-00006959-00007456": "vaccinated have strong protection against serious disease or death from COVID-19.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00014-00007456-00007976": "Dr. Michael Kurilla of the National Institutes of Health said, \"I don't really see a need", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00015-00007976-00008488": "for a 'let it rip' campaign for everyone.\" The dose for the first Moderna vaccination is two", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00016-00008488-00009168": "100-microgram doses. However, Moderna claims that a single 50-microgram booster dose should enough.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00017-00009224-00009632": "For people who had the Moderna and Johnson & Johnson shots earlier this year,", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00018-00009632-00010016": "the government convened its experts to weigh in on who should get boosters and when.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00019-00010080-00010672": "On Friday, the panel will explore J&J. The FDA will make final decisions on boosters", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00020-00010672-00011224": "from both businesses based on the advice of its consultants. Even if the judgment is favorable,", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00021-00011224-00011760": "there is still one more obstacle to overcome: next week, a panel created by the Centers for", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00022-00011760-00012152": "Disease Control and Prevention will provide more details on who should receive one.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00023-00012224-00012680": "Many scientists in the United States disagree on who needs boosters and why they're needed —", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00024-00012680-00013096": "whether they're only for those who are at risk of serious sickness or whether they should be used to", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00025-00013096-00013600": "attempt to prevent milder infections as well. Moderna offered insufficient evidence to", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00026-00013600-00013912": "support their low-dose booster, according to the FDA panel.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00027-00014080-00014400": "During the peak of the delta variant in July and August,", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00028-00014400-00014863": "a Moderna study found that those who had been vaccinated recently had a 36 percent", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00029-00014863-00015280": "lower rate of \"breakthrough\" infections than those who had been vaccinated earlier.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00030-00015344-00015872": "A six-month booster dose restored virus-fighting antibodies to levels deemed to be protective in", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00031-00015872-00016432": "another research of 344 participants, with considerable rises in antibodies able to", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00032-00016432-00017000": "target the delta form. But it was a limited trial, and only approximately half of the participants", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00033-00017000-00017432": "received the exact doses that would be given out as part of a Moderna booster campaign.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00034-00017496-00017952": "Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh said, \"The data itself is not", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00035-00017952-00018384": "solid, but it is obviously trending in the direction that is supportive of this vote.\"", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00036-00018448-00018920": "Several counselors were concerned that boosting with a lower dose would deprive consumers of some", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00037-00018920-00019368": "of the benefits of a full-strength third shot. \"That might have a huge impact on the", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00038-00019368-00019832": "durability,\" Kurilla speculated. Moderna said it picked the lower-dose", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00039-00019832-00020248": "booster because it caused less unpleasant shot reactions like fever and achiness", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00040-00020248-00020632": "while also allowing for more vaccine to be available for worldwide delivery.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00041-00020696-00021224": "Heart inflammation is a very rare side effect of both the Moderna and Pfizer vaccinations,", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00042-00021224-00021704": "especially in young men shortly after the second dose — and one unanswered concern is whether", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00043-00021704-00022264": "another treatment could trigger additional cases. Moderna's booster research was insufficiently", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00044-00022264-00022792": "large to detect such an uncommon risk. Israel, on the other hand, began offering", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00045-00022792-00023240": "Pfizer boosters earlier than the United States and to a larger portion of their population.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00046-00023320-00023816": "Dr. Sharon Alroy-Preis of Israel's health ministry told an FDA panel on Thursday", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00047-00023816-00024320": "that the extra shot isn't any riskier after 3.7 million booster doses were given out.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00048-00024384-00024896": "The FDA's advisors deemed the results reassuring because the Moderna vaccine is identical.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00049-00024952-00025424": "While Pfizer's boosters are only for select high-risk populations of Americans,", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00050-00025424-00025904": "Israeli officials attribute the delta spike to a widespread use of boosters in their country.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00051-00025976-00026472": "\"There's no doubt in my view that the break in the curve was caused by the booster dose,\" Alroy-Preis", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00052-00026472-00026944": "stated in response to FDA experts who pointed out that other countries have seen a reduction", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00053-00026944-00027783": "in delta instances without using boosters widely. However, FDA advisers raised one perplexing issue:", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00054-00027783-00028224": "People with severely weakened immune systems can already receive a third full dose of the", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00055-00028224-00028672": "Moderna vaccine soon after their initial vaccinations, so the question remains", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00056-00028672-00029039": "whether they should also be eligible for a booster, which would be their fourth dose.", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00057-00029112-00029588": "The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education supports the Associated Press", "4hgOXLlghsQ-00058-00029588-00029982": "Health and Science Department. All content is entirely the responsibility of the AP."}}, {"audio_id": "4he1x49CVzc", "text": {"4he1x49CVzc-00000-00000000-00000575": "So, here we have a beautiful demo of our collaboration hackfest with Collabora", "4he1x49CVzc-00001-00000575-00000775": "and Redhat and SuSE.", "4he1x49CVzc-00002-00000775-00001010": "And here we have two machines side by side,", "4he1x49CVzc-00003-00001010-00001227": "and as you can see as I type into one,", "4he1x49CVzc-00004-00001227-00001601": "\"hello world\" *ping* - it appears in the other, which is all very encouraging.", "4he1x49CVzc-00005-00001601-00001955": "More interesting, of course, is as we start to fiddle with these graphs, you know,", "4he1x49CVzc-00006-00001955-00002205": "so the \"Despair\" is really down to a zero", "4he1x49CVzc-00007-00002205-00002600": "about now; and we're gonna revise, you know, yesterday as well in fact.", "4he1x49CVzc-00008-00002600-00002842": "\"Caffeination\" I think is much too high here,", "4he1x49CVzc-00009-00002842-00003188": "so as we change the numbers, you can see the charts that change on both machines.", "4he1x49CVzc-00010-00003188-00003428": "Lets try… I think the title is pretty good,", "4he1x49CVzc-00011-00003428-00003860": "so I think we'll get rid of that comment there.", "4he1x49CVzc-00012-00003860-00004060": "and Will's [laptop] is then updating", "4he1x49CVzc-00013-00004060-00004801": "Let's try renaming this to \"Collaboration Rocks\",", "4he1x49CVzc-00014-00004801-00004974": "and there we are.", "4he1x49CVzc-00015-00004974-00005216": "So - it's a prototype and it's awesome.", "4he1x49CVzc-00016-00005216-00005900": "And it is Eike Rathke's work, and Will Stevenson^W^W and Will Thompson - I'm terribly sorry -", "4he1x49CVzc-00017-00006003-00006141": "and mine. Thank you!"}}, {"audio_id": "4hDHmkm-ncY", "text": {"4hDHmkm-ncY-00000-00000000-00000157": "Tired of the eternal drinking?", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00001-00000165-00000329": "Busty sluts are not fun?", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00002-00000347-00000476": "Got tired of the body  guards?", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00003-00000486-00000756": "Business trips don't bring enough money?", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00004-00000765-00001064": "Tired of the cars being updated every month?", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00005-00001087-00001287": "Throw away your dangerous motorcycles!", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00006-00001309-00001550": "Burn your luxury sportcars!", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00007-00001560-00001818": "And also get rid of your personal planes", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00008-00001818-00002283": "Made of pure gold worth several tens of million dollars!", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00009-00002290-00002983": "Buy a Picador straight from the factory or take a used version cheaper with little mileage.", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00010-00003009-00003209": "Now it's time to find YOUR unity!", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00011-00003231-00003585": "Go to a quiet town on the edge of Paleto-Bay County", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00012-00003585-00003878": "And be sure the Picador will always be faithful to you.", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00013-00003878-00004142": "He will leave the police and protect you from bullets!", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00014-00004202-00004505": "Buy Cheval Picador for only 17.000 dollars", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00015-00004505-00004785": "From the official Cheval dealer on Adams Apple Boulevard!", "4hDHmkm-ncY-00016-00005191-00005241": "Fuck the niggers!"}}, {"audio_id": "4hE9tiPxzCy", "text": {"4hE9tiPxzCy-00000-00000050-00000191": "Hello, I'm Ozan", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00001-00000204-00000520": "and in this episode we will look at the fourth and fifth  species  which consitute the modes.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00002-00000525-00000908": "Differing from the modern tonal system of major minor  duality...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00003-00000908-00001329": "there was an eig   ht tone system from middle ages until the  mid 16. century.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00004-00001337-00001470": "These tones are called \"modes\".", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00005-00001512-00001941": "In western Europe, the eight mode system appears first in  the 9. century", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00006-00001950-00002358": "Adapted from the \"octoekhos\" (eight tones) system of  Byzantine Empire...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00007-00002387-00002850": "it was used to group chants that were similar and finished  the same way.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00008-00002937-00003395": "These endings (finales) are: D E F G", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00009-00003454-00003941": "Each mode has two versions, so we end up having eight modes  from four finales.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00010-00004004-00004254": "Species of fourth and fifth", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00011-00004266-00004400": "When defining the modes...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00012-00004400-00004662": "species of fourth and fifths are mentioned.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00013-00004666-00005095": "These species deal with the order of the tones and semitones  which constitute the fourths and fifths.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00014-00005116-00005645": "Check these episodes if you need more information about  intervals.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00015-00005675-00006175": "Let's start with the fourths: In a perfect fourth there are  two tones and a semitone.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00016-00006212-00006612": "We can see them as building blocks. If there are two tones  and a semitone...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00017-00006612-00006950": "we can have a total of three species of fourth.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00018-00007008-00007366": "Namely, having the semitone at the beginning, in the middle  or at the end", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00019-00007625-00007925": "The interval succesion of the so called first species is:", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00020-00007958-00008150": "Tone, semitone, tone", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00021-00008170-00008566": "This is a symmetric beginning, in which the semitone is in  the middle", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00022-00008600-00008858": "For example: D E F G (re mi fa sol)", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00023-00008875-00009429": "Any fourth with the same \"tone semitone tone\" plan would be  an example of the first species", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00024-00010795-00011108": "With the solmisation prevailing from 11. century onwards...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00025-00011108-00011404": "and semitone being expressed as \"mi fa\"...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00026-00011404-00011704": "it was possible to use the same syllables for each fourth  species.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00027-00011795-00012191": "Those who are unfamiliar with solmisation can check \"Mi Fa  and Hexachords\" episode", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00028-00012295-00012791": "Second species of fourth has a semitone and two tones in  ascending order", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00029-00012820-00013120": "For example: E F G A (mi fa sol la)", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00030-00013154-00013537": "Again, following the same interval progression, it could be  formed on different pitches.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00031-00015000-00015641": "The third and the last species of fourth has two tones and a  semitone, again in ascending order", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00032-00015641-00015920": "Namely the inversion of the second species order", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00033-00015962-00016262": "For example: C D E F (ut re mi fa)", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00034-00017770-00018233": "As seen, the three species of fourth can be expressed in a  single hexachord", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00035-00018625-00018820": "Concerning the species of fifth", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00036-00018820-00019120": "These are formed by adding a whole tone to the species of  fourth.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00037-00019120-00019604": "First two species of fifth arise from the first two species  of fourth", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00038-00020341-00020491": "Second species of fifth", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00039-00021141-00021520": "As you see, the same syllable may be used in fifth jumps  while solmising.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00040-00021520-00021912": "If we add a whole tone below the third species of fourth,  we get the thirds species of fifth...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00041-00021912-00022270": "and if we add a whole tone above, we get the fourth species  of fifth", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00042-00022287-00022416": "Third species of fifth:", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00043-00022995-00023137": "Fourth species of fifth:", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00044-00023766-00024170": "So we got to know the three species of fourth and four  species of fifth.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00045-00024208-00024562": "In Musica Enchiriadis, where we discussed primitive  polyphony...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00046-00024604-00024954": "there are examples of the same melody, adapted to each  species of fifth.", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00047-00025050-00025504": "Let's have a look at these examples before we finish: First  species  (Protus)", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00048-00026441-00026741": "Second (Deuterus)", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00049-00027725-00027966": "Third (Tritus)", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00050-00028950-00029250": "Fourth (Tetrardus)", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00051-00030245-00030683": "In the next episode, we will have a look at the Dorian mode  (Protus)...", "4hE9tiPxzCy-00052-00030683-00031083": "which consists of the first species of fifth and fourth.  Goodbye!"}}, {"audio_id": "4hJe3P2GAM8", "text": {"4hJe3P2GAM8-00000-00000000-00018476": "Vsquared Got The Juice 🧃"}}, {"audio_id": "4hM2qtpFAvc", "text": {"4hM2qtpFAvc-00000-00000042-00000650": "Welcome to Parna Garden. It has been a while since I last uploaded the last gardening video.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00001-00000792-00001096": "Because I have been busy with work and travel.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00002-00001096-00001796": "Now that I'm back, I would like to show to how to collect seeds from the vegetables grown in your home garden", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00003-00001796-00002162": "and save them to start plants for the next growing season.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00004-00002162-00002848": "Also, we will take a quick tour of the garden up until frost hit this week", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00005-00002848-00003240": "and my recent harvest from the first week of December.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00006-00003368-00003520": "This is a winter melon", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00007-00003600-00004058": "You may have seen this variety of winter melon in my harvest video", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00008-00004240-00004650": "I'm going to cut this winter melon open and collect", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00009-00004660-00004900": "the seeds before I could use it for cooking", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00010-00004950-00005950": "You can also make winter melon juice, and it is known to be beneficial for people suffering from acidity.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00011-00006000-00006276": "This is how the inside of a winter melon looks like.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00012-00006288-00006568": "It has many fairly large seeds.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00013-00006568-00007009": "You can collect these seeds in a bowl, wash them,", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00014-00007072-00007280": "and dry them under the sun.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00015-00007280-00007880": "and then finally store it in salable plastic bags.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00016-00007930-00008560": "I'm going to take a small portion of this winter melon for", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00017-00008630-00009180": "today's use, and I'm going to collect seeds from that smaller piece.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00018-00009180-00009640": "The rest of the winter melon goes to the refrigerator", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00019-00009720-00010268": "and it can stay there for at least a week.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00020-00010318-00011106": "As you can see here, the small portion of winter melon itself  has a lot more seeds than you would require", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00021-00011106-00011290": "for a small backyard garden", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00022-00011390-00012460": "Here, I'm going to harvest dried pods of yard long beans, also known as Asian long beans.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00023-00012620-00013322": "These dry bean pods are very easy to work with just bare hands", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00024-00013430-00014191": "As you can see here, when you split the bean pod open, the beans pop out", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00025-00014191-00014660": "and you can collect them to start the seedlings for the next growing season.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00026-00014660-00014860": "They can also be used for cooking", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00027-00014918-00015340": "This is a ridge  gourd", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00028-00015450-00015906": "If you let it stay in the vine for long, it tuns dry and brown like this.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00029-00016000-00016830": "You an cut the large end of this ridge gourd and shake it for all the seeds to come out easily.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00030-00017202-00017590": "Clean the seeds of husk and save them to start your next year's ridge gourd plats", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00031-00017710-00017990": "This is a plant of green chillies.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00032-00018010-00018790": "As I have not harvested all of the green chillies, they have ripened and turned red.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00033-00018790-00019390": "These red chillies can be dried under the sun for a few days", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00034-00019390-00020020": "and then stored in air tight containers for future use in the kitchen", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00035-00020030-00020440": "or for starting new seedlings for the next growing season", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00036-00020440-00020940": "This is a bitter gourd, also known as bitter melon.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00037-00020940-00021340": "When it turns into this  beautiful orange color.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00038-00021440-00021890": "and the pod starts opening by itself.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00039-00021950-00022590": "Inside this pod you will see a lot of seeds covered in red pulp.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00040-00022690-00023530": "You can take these seeds and throw it into water, and squeeze the pulp out of them.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00041-00023680-00024380": "The seeds inside are light brown in color as you can see here.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00042-00024480-00025230": "You can dry these seeds for a day or two and then save then for the next season.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00043-00025230-00025930": "To collect seeds from this ripe shooting star eggplant, I am gong to throw it into this container", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00044-00025930-00026430": "and add water to kit, then set aside for a few days", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00045-00026430-00026930": "so it becomes mushy and the seeds separate easily.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00046-00026930-00027530": "Here are the separated and cleaned seeds that I'm going to strain now", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00047-00027530-00027880": "and dry them under the sun on top of a paper towel", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00048-00027980-00028330": "After the seeds are dry, you can store them", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00049-00028330-00028830": "and use them next year for starting your eggplant seedlings", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00050-00028980-00029330": "Here is a tip to speed up this process -", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00051-00029330-00029830": "If you make a couple of cuts in the eggplant before you immerse it in water", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00052-00029830-00030430": "it becomes mushy faster and you can separate the seeds sooner.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00053-00030430-00030630": "Lets collect some okra seeds.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00054-00030730-00031030": "Here is my okra patch towards the end of the season", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00055-00031030-00031430": "with some okra pods that have gone to seed", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00056-00031430-00031930": "which means these okra pods have stayed on the plant", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00057-00031930-00032230": "until they became dry and brown.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00058-00032230-00032680": "These pods are filled with lots of okra seeds.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00059-00032720-00033030": "As you can see here, I am trying to open it with one hand", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00060-00033130-00033430": "Because I have the camera on the other", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00061-00033430-00033930": "But you can see, there are lot of black round okra seeds", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00062-00033930-00034230": "inside each of these pods", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00063-00034230-00034730": "Here is a close up view of the okra seeds that I collected", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00064-00034730-00035130": "These are Shankhapushpa flowers from my garden", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00065-00035130-00035490": "They grow in vines.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00066-00035490-00035860": "After the flowers drop, the plant produces", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00067-00035870-00036250": "pods filled with seeds.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00068-00036260-00036620": "When the pods are brown, they are ready to be harvested.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00069-00036630-00037290": "When you harvest the pods, sometimes they split open and you can see the seeds", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00070-00037440-00037890": "Typically each pod has 6 - 7 seeds", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00071-00037890-00038490": "and they are very easy to open with just one hand", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00072-00038490-00039070": "These are the seeds collected from the vegetables and flowers", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00073-00039070-00039510": "grown in my backyard garden in the year 2017.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00074-00039510-00039860": "It is important to label the seeds that you collect and", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00075-00039860-00040310": "also mark the year in which you collect them.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00076-00040310-00040810": "Because after a few years, the germination rate of the seeds may go down", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00077-00040810-00041310": "and you not get the expected result after sowing the seed", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00078-00041310-00041610": "and waiting for a few weeks for it to emerge", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00079-00041710-00042410": "Here, I am going to store all of these seed packets in a shoe box", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00080-00042410-00042810": "and set it aside for the next growing season.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00081-00042910-00043180": "Now on to garden tour.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00082-00043180-00043780": "First, let's take a look at this tomato plants growing in containers.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00083-00043780-00044080": "These were planted in spring", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00084-00044080-00044780": "and they have already produced a lot of tomatoes in early summer this year", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00085-00044780-00045590": "Now , towards the end of fall and early winter, they are producing second round of tomatoes.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00086-00045590-00046290": "And some of them are not going to be ready before the first frost in my area.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00087-00046290-00046990": "These are indeterminate variety of tomato plats, and they grow up until the first frost.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00088-00047010-00047530": "As we experienced higher than usual temperature  in early winter this year", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00089-00047530-00047930": "the bell pepper plants have been producing a lot of peppers.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00090-00047930-00048480": "You can see multiple plants of bell peppers here making baby peppers", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00091-00048480-00048730": "in early December.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00092-00048730-00049330": "In addition to bell peppers, the green chillie plant has been producing a lot of green chillies.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00093-00049330-00049730": "Also, the poblano pepper is making peppers too.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00094-00049730-00050020": "Here is an over ripe bitter gourd", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00095-00050020-00050200": "that has split open on its own", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00096-00050200-00050530": "and its seeds are about to fall into the ground", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00097-00050680-00051110": "Hyacinth bean plant has been putting out a lot of", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00098-00051120-00051390": "bean pods towards the end of fall", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00099-00051420-00051729": "and up until the first frost", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00100-00051829-00052429": "It is producing a lot of flowers and fresh bean pods", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00101-00052429-00052629": "This plant has gone up on the fence and", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00102-00052679-00053229": "you can see at the top, there are a lot of flowers  and fresh beans", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00103-00053229-00053750": "This garden bed had tomatoes and winter melon earlier this year.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00104-00053750-00054079": "After their production, I have pulled these plants out.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00105-00054090-00054479": "Here in this area, luffa is still producing.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00106-00054479-00055079": "Also, hyacinth beans are producing bean pods", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00107-00055150-00055350": "These vegetables were harvested", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00108-00055350-00055679": "from my garden in the first week of December", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00109-00055679-00055879": "just a few days before the temperature went", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00110-00055879-00056320": "below freezing and killed all the vegetables plants in my garden", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00111-00056470-00056679": "On the night of December 7th,", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00112-00056679-00057020": "the temperature in my area went below freezing", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00113-00057110-00057450": "It went down to -5 degrees Celsius,", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00114-00057450-00057850": "which is equivalent to 23 degrees Fahrenheit.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00115-00057979-00058250": "Here is how my garden looked the next morning.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00116-00058270-00058850": "Although I had covered these chillies and peppers with plastic sheeting,", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00117-00058950-00059220": "it did not save them from the cold.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00118-00059220-00059620": "Thank you for stopping by and viewing this video of Parna Garden.", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00119-00059679-00060300": "If you like this video and would like to get notified of future videos from Parna Garden,", "4hM2qtpFAvc-00120-00060320-00060620": "please hit the like and subscribe button below."}}, {"audio_id": "4hZJW1nHrM8", "text": {"4hZJW1nHrM8-00000-00000747-00001072": "- Expert elicitation is a rigorous way of assessing", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00001-00001072-00001385": "probability distributions from experts.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00002-00001385-00001772": "But as Granger Morgan has said when done poorly", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00003-00001772-00002118": "it can lead useless or even misleading results,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00004-00002118-00002347": "but when it's done really well it allows to have", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00005-00002347-00002469": "probabilistic information", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00006-00002469-00002660": "that we wouldn't have any other way.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00007-00002770-00003256": "So there's three major uses of expert elicitation", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00008-00003256-00003540": "and ecological forecasting.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00009-00003540-00003846": "The first is through developing", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00010-00003846-00004203": "probability distributions on the priors.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00011-00004203-00004627": "The second is probability distributions for likelihoods", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00012-00004627-00004926": "and the third isn't related to probabilities", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00013-00004926-00005147": "but is related to formally understanding", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00014-00005147-00005424": "the process and the structure of the model", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00015-00005424-00005675": "through causal relationships using", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00016-00005675-00005919": "conceptual modeling or mental modeling.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00017-00005919-00006276": "Our focus on how we think about eliciting", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00018-00006276-00006650": "probabilities for priors and likelihoods.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00019-00006650-00006984": "So in particular priors are one of the ways", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00020-00006984-00007219": "that expert elicitation is particularly", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00021-00007219-00007476": "useful for ecological forecasting.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00022-00007476-00007753": "Most of the time, what you'll see in the literature", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00023-00007753-00008147": "is a use of uninformative priors or uniform distributions.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00024-00008147-00008415": "Now if you're a statistician you have no information", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00025-00008415-00008581": "about ecological systems,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00026-00008581-00008867": "this can be a very reasonable assumption.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00027-00008867-00009197": "But many of us, with ecological knowledge", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00028-00009197-00009453": "know something about these systems.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00029-00009453-00009743": "And so developing prior distributions", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00030-00009743-00010017": "that put reasonable bounds on the phenomenon", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00031-00010017-00010192": "of interest that we care about,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00032-00010192-00010617": "is a really powerful way of constraining", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00033-00010617-00010885": "and providing information", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00034-00010885-00011196": "within this modeling context that allows us", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00035-00011196-00011504": "to say something meaningful right from the beginning.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00036-00011504-00011702": "It also means that as we develop", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00037-00011702-00012017": "these Bayesian forecasting approaches,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00038-00012017-00012510": "it can prevent us from developing posterior distributions", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00039-00012510-00012913": "that are spurious relationships solely based off of the data", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00040-00012913-00013241": "because we've specified information through", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00041-00013241-00013565": "those probability distributions at expert elicitation", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00042-00013565-00013974": "in the priors that allows us to say something meaningful", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00043-00013974-00014224": "right from the beginning so that you can combine", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00044-00014224-00014411": "the priors and the likelihoods", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00045-00014411-00014769": "in a way that improves the way that we forecast.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00046-00014769-00015269": "This means that expert elicitation is particularly useful", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00047-00015302-00015636": "when we're working in data limited situations.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00048-00015636-00015837": "We've a number of ecological problems", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00049-00015837-00016084": "where we just don't have the data that we would like.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00050-00016084-00016353": "Examples like invasive species,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00051-00016353-00016621": "endangered and threatened animals and plants,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00052-00016621-00016820": "as well as infectious diseases.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00053-00016820-00017099": "These are some of the cases where expert elicitation", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00054-00017099-00017301": "can be particularly useful", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00055-00017301-00017633": "to develop better ecological forecast.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00056-00017633-00018056": "So one of the examples where a model based forecasting", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00057-00018056-00018352": "and expert elicitation have been combined", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00058-00018352-00018722": "is through the use of a weather forecasting.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00059-00018722-00019005": "So there is actually a natural experiment built-in", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00060-00019005-00019255": "because in the early days in the 1960s,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00061-00019255-00019551": "when we were just building weather models", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00062-00019551-00019786": "it didn't perform as well as we would like.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00063-00019786-00020269": "However, there were a number of local weather forecasters", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00064-00020269-00020603": "who had been predicting the weather for a number of years", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00065-00020603-00020897": "and providing probabilistic distributions", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00066-00020897-00021210": "over other conditions that they expected.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00067-00021210-00021661": "So over time what you're able to see is that", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00068-00021661-00022161": "in our early days the experts outperformed the models.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00069-00022174-00022457": "But over time the models got better", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00070-00022457-00022872": "and we were able to assess how well the models did versus", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00071-00022872-00023372": "the experts by using scoring rules and skill assessments.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00072-00023431-00023635": "By doing that one of the things", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00073-00023635-00023898": "that was really important in this processes", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00074-00023898-00024172": "is that the experts were an important part", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00075-00024172-00024340": "of the forecast process.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00076-00024340-00024576": "They were able to understand some of the limitations", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00077-00024576-00024900": "of the model and contextualized the results", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00078-00024900-00025149": "for their particular location.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00079-00025149-00025322": "In addition to this being you know", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00080-00025322-00025508": "a great natural experiment,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00081-00025508-00025760": "one of the things that really accelerated", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00082-00025760-00026166": "the learning both for the experts and the forecast models", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00083-00026166-00026436": "is that you'd make a forecast", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00084-00026436-00026673": "whether its by an expert or by a model", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00085-00026673-00026869": "and you'd observe it the next day.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00086-00026869-00027027": "And you'd gain more information", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00087-00027027-00027195": "and you'd make another forecast", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00088-00027195-00027343": "and you'd observe it the next day", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00089-00027343-00027635": "and you had a huge amount of information", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00090-00027635-00027829": "that allowed you as an expert", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00091-00027829-00028104": "to learn how well you were doing over time", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00092-00028104-00028264": "and to improve over time", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00093-00028264-00028636": "such that people got better and you could see that.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00094-00028636-00028901": "So when you had real expert weather forecasters", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00095-00028901-00029161": "they performed quite well.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00096-00029161-00029555": "Weather models they had the same benefit of", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00097-00029555-00030023": "making forecast, observing and seeing it improve over time.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00098-00030023-00030449": "That meant as we improved our ability to forecast", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00099-00030449-00030783": "we were really able to judge how well the models did", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00100-00030783-00031256": "and zero in on where we could make the improvements.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00101-00031256-00031523": "And that means that as we think about this", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00102-00031523-00031814": "really thinking about how ecological forecast", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00103-00031814-00032251": "expert judgment formalize expert judgment combined together", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00104-00032251-00032445": "I think it's one of the key ways", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00105-00032445-00032795": "that we can improve ecological forecast.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00106-00032795-00032963": "One of the things that I wanna highlight", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00107-00032963-00033210": "are some of the problems that occur.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00108-00033210-00033532": "Well things that an ecologist should be aware of when", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00109-00033532-00033875": "developing or constructing and expert elicitation.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00110-00033875-00034256": "The first thing is is that this is not a trivial process.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00111-00034256-00034543": "We can certainly think about our own expertise", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00112-00034543-00034801": "and judgment when developing these models", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00113-00034801-00035089": "and making those assumptions explicit.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00114-00035089-00035354": "But if you're formerly incorporating", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00115-00035354-00035654": "probabilistic distributions into model", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00116-00035654-00036010": "it requires thoughtful consideration and it's,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00117-00036010-00036370": "equivalent in thought in terms of the design", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00118-00036370-00036757": "of the experiment as designing and ecological experiment", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00119-00036757-00037073": "out in a particular ecosystem.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00120-00037073-00037367": "That means that you really wanna engage", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00121-00037367-00037605": "social scientists and decision scientists", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00122-00037605-00037915": "to help you design an expert elicitation", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00123-00037915-00038190": "that would allow an elicitation of a prior", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00124-00038190-00038452": "or likelihood that would be meaningful", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00125-00038452-00038658": "for the model that you're constructing", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00126-00038658-00038867": "the system that you're studying.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00127-00038867-00039297": "But that is also robust and rigorous.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00128-00039297-00039587": "That means as we think about what elements", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00129-00039587-00039772": "one needs to consider to develop", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00130-00039772-00040176": "a robust and rigorous expert elicitation process,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00131-00040176-00040450": "some of the problems with elicitations", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00132-00040450-00040903": "that had been identified by Granger Morgan in his 2014,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00133-00040903-00041311": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences paper are", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00134-00041311-00041549": "first you have to be careful to make sure", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00135-00041549-00041770": "that you're focusing on the topic", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00136-00041770-00042014": "where an expert could actually make", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00137-00042014-00042363": "an informative predictive judgment.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00138-00042363-00042692": "That's not always the case with every single scenario", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00139-00042692-00042992": "where one wants to develop such data", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00140-00042992-00043197": "so you want to make sure that you're", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00141-00043197-00043375": "setting up the problem such that someone", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00142-00043375-00043766": "could actually answer probabilistic question.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00143-00043766-00044092": "Additionally, a lot of times we like to use", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00144-00044092-00044305": "qualitative uncertainty language.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00145-00044305-00044731": "We'd use terms like likely, you know, about normal,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00146-00044731-00045231": "more likely than not, these terms are imprecise", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00147-00045237-00045594": "and it means that experts may interpret", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00148-00045594-00045842": "what probabilities are associated with those", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00149-00045842-00046103": "qualitative descriptors in different ways.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00150-00046103-00046516": "So it's really important to avoid qualitative language", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00151-00046516-00047012": "and to focus on precise qualitative probabilities.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00152-00047012-00047305": "A lot of times when we're doing this with experts", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00153-00047305-00047674": "we often times use mental shortcuts", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00154-00047674-00048035": "and we're most of the time over confident", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00155-00048035-00048298": "so we construct probability distributions", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00156-00048298-00048495": "that are too narrow.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00157-00048495-00048884": "These are phenomenon that are fairly well known", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00158-00048884-00049230": "and some of the mental shortcuts that we use", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00159-00049230-00049542": "or heuristics can be minimized", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00160-00049542-00049881": "through the design of your elicitation protocol.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00161-00049881-00050352": "In other situations, it's really impossible to remove", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00162-00050352-00050852": "some of the mental shortcuts one might use from that process", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00163-00050872-00051217": "and in those cases we need to be aware of", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00164-00051217-00051466": "how that might affect the results", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00165-00051466-00051749": "and ways that we may be able to correct for that", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00166-00051749-00052066": "through design or through modifications", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00167-00052066-00052280": "of the probability distributions", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00168-00052280-00052560": "after the elicitation has been conducted.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00169-00052560-00052779": "It's really important to get the right experts", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00170-00052779-00053035": "you really wanna make sure if you're", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00171-00053035-00053278": "capturing the phenomenon that you're getting", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00172-00053278-00053610": "multiple experts that really capture the range", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00173-00053610-00054096": "of perspectives for that particular phenomenon of interest.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00174-00054096-00054542": "Additionally, you don't wanna shortchange the development,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00175-00054542-00054960": "modifications and testing of your elicitation protocol.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00176-00054960-00055155": "This is one of the most important steps", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00177-00055155-00055490": "to make sure that its robust and you want to make sure", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00178-00055490-00055764": "that you're including in your elicitation protocol", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00179-00055764-00056264": "ways that capture all of the relevant information that's", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00180-00056304-00056632": "needed as part of this process.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00181-00056632-00056828": "That means that it's perfectly fine", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00182-00056828-00057208": "for an expert to sit in front of a computer or at their desk", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00183-00057208-00057552": "so that she can access information that would help her", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00184-00057552-00057997": "to make a more informed probabilistic assessment.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00185-00057997-00058250": "When thinking about these elicitations", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00186-00058250-00058550": "you wanna make sure that you're capturing uncertainty", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00187-00058550-00058961": "and representing the correct functional form,", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00188-00058961-00059172": "you wanna make sure you're getting a diversity", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00189-00059172-00059455": "of expert opinion and that's captured in part", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00190-00059455-00059739": "through the choice of the experts in making sure that", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00191-00059739-00060165": "you're getting the right people as part of the elicitation.", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00192-00060165-00060416": "And then finally, if you've captured", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00193-00060416-00060717": "input from multiple experts there's questions", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00194-00060717-00060974": "about whether or not it's useful", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00195-00060974-00061254": "to aggregate that expert judgment and develop", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00196-00061254-00061558": "a probability distribution for all of those experts", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00197-00061558-00061774": "whether its more useful to keep", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00198-00061774-00061996": "those probability distributions", "4hZJW1nHrM8-00199-00061996-00062235": "independent for each of the experts."}}, {"audio_id": "4ihPbQIti5U", "text": {"4ihPbQIti5U-00000-00000403-00000758": ">> [Applause] Thank you and I'm so glad to have everybody here in Chula Vista", "4ihPbQIti5U-00001-00000758-00001288": "and to have the launch of the Pool Safely campaign here in San Diego", "4ihPbQIti5U-00002-00001288-00001488": "and Southern California, we're so honored.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00003-00001488-00002007": "I wanted to talk a little bit about our backdrop for this press conference and what we are doing", "4ihPbQIti5U-00004-00002007-00002482": "to ensure that kids know how to swim and one of the parts of that--", "4ihPbQIti5U-00005-00002482-00002766": "of the many layers of protection.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00006-00002766-00003222": "So, this program that you see is called the Elementary Learn to Swim program.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00007-00003222-00004008": "These are all fourth graders and we have typically in a given year fourteen schools,", "4ihPbQIti5U-00008-00004008-00004414": "over a thousand fourth graders go through two weeks of swim instruction.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00009-00004414-00004844": "They come in daily as part of their physical education program.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00010-00004844-00005476": "And what you see are-- is a school that if you look at the demographic visually,", "4ihPbQIti5U-00011-00005476-00006071": "heavily Hispanic, and the figures that we have are very much consistent", "4ihPbQIti5U-00012-00006071-00006333": "with the figures that USA Swimming put out.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00013-00006333-00006879": "And Cher Tanenbaum mentioned about six in ten Hispanics not knowing how to swim", "4ihPbQIti5U-00014-00006879-00007092": "because we actually survey these kids.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00015-00007092-00007570": "And of the nearly-- actually over five thousand kids that have gone through the program", "4ihPbQIti5U-00016-00007570-00008225": "since 2006, we have sixty three percent of them that this is their first swim lesson.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00017-00008225-00008557": "These are fourth graders that are going through swim lessons", "4ihPbQIti5U-00018-00008557-00008775": "for the very first time in their life.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00019-00008775-00009385": "Ninety nine percent of them have access to either a pool, a beach or some other body", "4ihPbQIti5U-00020-00009385-00009885": "of water on a regular basis here in sunny Chula Vista and Southern California.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00021-00009885-00010183": "So, that's an absolute recipe for disaster.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00022-00010183-00010538": "These kids have access to the water and we're so happy to be able", "4ihPbQIti5U-00023-00010538-00010731": "to provide this first swim lesson.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00024-00010731-00011128": "And we're able to do it through the generosity of the Friends of Chula Vista", "4ihPbQIti5U-00025-00011128-00011493": "and also a partnership with the Kaiser Foundation,", "4ihPbQIti5U-00026-00011493-00011937": "which has provided now two hundred thousand dollars over the past four years", "4ihPbQIti5U-00027-00011937-00012372": "so that these five thousand kids can have these swimming lessons.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00028-00012372-00012560": "So, today they're learning how to swim.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00029-00012560-00012947": "They're learning how to properly size a life jacket, how to do CPR", "4ihPbQIti5U-00030-00012947-00013366": "and these are invaluable life skills.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00031-00013366-00013622": "And we can't argue that swimming is--", "4ihPbQIti5U-00032-00013622-00014137": "and learning how to swim is an absolutely essential safety skill,", "4ihPbQIti5U-00033-00014137-00014369": "but it's also such a wonderful exercise.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00034-00014369-00014838": "These kids are getting great exercise and this same group,", "4ihPbQIti5U-00035-00014838-00015118": "these same five thousand kids we have,", "4ihPbQIti5U-00036-00015118-00015471": "forty percent of them have never played a sport in their entire life.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00037-00015471-00016040": "So, with the obesity rates that are so high in Chula Vista, this is a great opportunity", "4ihPbQIti5U-00038-00016040-00016361": "for them to come out and get some wonderful exercise.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00039-00016361-00016551": "And again, this is a great program.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00040-00016551-00017016": "Thank you to the Kaiser Foundation for making it possible for us", "4ihPbQIti5U-00041-00017016-00017353": "to continue to service this community.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00042-00017353-00017866": "And we have over-- nearly six thousand kids that go through our swim lesson program", "4ihPbQIti5U-00043-00017866-00018062": "in addition to these one thousand kids.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00044-00018062-00018441": "So, we're doing-- we feel we're doing our part to educate the public.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00045-00018441-00019245": "And on a greater scale outside of Chula Vista and more so into San Diego I'm very proud", "4ihPbQIti5U-00046-00019245-00019554": "to have you guys here and to have the Pool Safely campaign--", "4ihPbQIti5U-00047-00019554-00020029": "or we decided that our message here in San Diego should be everybody in.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00048-00020029-00020266": "And the idea is that we are all partners.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00049-00020266-00020376": "We're all involved.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00050-00020376-00020655": "We all need to be a part of the solution.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00051-00020655-00021066": "And so, we take that figuratively and literally.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00052-00021066-00021553": "So, we'd like to invite as we're closing this wonderful press conference,", "4ihPbQIti5U-00053-00021553-00021972": "anyone who is willing and able to enter the water", "4ihPbQIti5U-00054-00021972-00022380": "and give it a swim or work with these kids.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00055-00022380-00022518": "I know some people are prepared.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00056-00022518-00022702": "So, thank you again for coming.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00057-00022702-00022983": "And please enjoy this wonderful, wonderful water.", "4ihPbQIti5U-00058-00022983-00023041": "[Applause]"}}, {"audio_id": "4itUVB2SUE0", "text": {"4itUVB2SUE0-00000-00002200-00002400": "Playn you goin' crazy!"}}, {"audio_id": "4iwZicN5sTE", "text": {"4iwZicN5sTE-00000-00000003-00000450": "What's up everyone? Welcome back to The Durbin Compound! If you haven't met me already, my", "4iwZicN5sTE-00001-00000450-00000981": "name is Devin Durbin. So today on the channel we're going over some mink oil application on", "4iwZicN5sTE-00002-00000981-00001500": "some leather boots. I hope to teach you some tips and tricks along the way. So stay tuned!", "4iwZicN5sTE-00003-00002700-00003339": "All right guys, so what you'll need for this project is, I always have a microfiber towel, of course", "4iwZicN5sTE-00004-00003339-00003938": "your mink oil, depends on what kind of brand you get. I've always had the Ariat or the Griffin mink", "4iwZicN5sTE-00005-00003938-00004562": "oil. They've all been good to me. And I also throw in some leather gloves. So, usually I only put a", "4iwZicN5sTE-00006-00004562-00005258": "leather glove? a latex glove. So I usually only put on a latex glove on one hand, the hand that I'm applying", "4iwZicN5sTE-00007-00005258-00005867": "with. Just makes it that much easier for cleanup. So, I'm going to bring you in close here. I'm going to shift the", "4iwZicN5sTE-00008-00005867-00006431": "light so that you guys can see this application and just exactly what I do. Okay guys, let's get", "4iwZicN5sTE-00009-00006431-00006986": "down to it. So this is pretty straightforward. Anytime you apply mink oil I'm going to warn", "4iwZicN5sTE-00010-00006986-00007637": "you, if you're looking into it. It will make the leather a lot darker. So just keep that in mind", "4iwZicN5sTE-00011-00007637-00008300": "when you're thinking about mink oil on a fresh set of boots. It is going to make the leather a", "4iwZicN5sTE-00012-00008300-00008984": "lot darker. So literally, you just take your paste here. If it's warm inside the house, you'll get a nice", "4iwZicN5sTE-00013-00008984-00009626": "easy application there on your fingers. And we're literally just going to rub it into the leather. So", "4iwZicN5sTE-00014-00009626-00010433": "I'm going to make a couple talking points while I'm doing this. I always concentrate on my seams.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00015-00010433-00011090": "Usually most of the time when people talk about boots wearing out it's, always along the seams", "4iwZicN5sTE-00016-00011090-00011807": "first. And what happens is you get moisture, you get dirt, and it basically breaks down the threads", "4iwZicN5sTE-00017-00011807-00012560": "in between the leather sections. So a lot of people will say, \"Oh, these boots only lasted", "4iwZicN5sTE-00018-00012560-00013028": "me a year blah blah blah blah.\" Well they didn't take care of them. They let moisture rot out the", "4iwZicN5sTE-00019-00013028-00013580": "threads. And then they come apart on them. So that's the first place you're going to have water intrusion", "4iwZicN5sTE-00020-00013580-00014477": "in a leather boot. Your mink oil keeps that leather supple and definitely allows it to keep its, you", "4iwZicN5sTE-00021-00014477-00015053": "know, water repellent properties. So this mink oil you can already see how dark it makes the", "4iwZicN5sTE-00022-00015053-00015691": "the leather. I'm a big fan of it. Some people aren't. Some people want to keep that light leather look.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00023-00015691-00016575": "Now the mink oil will keep it impervious to a lot of things. So I even had recently...this exact pair of", "4iwZicN5sTE-00024-00016575-00017457": "boots I was wearing, during a paint mixing event, where I was mixing a five-gallon bucket of epoxy", "4iwZicN5sTE-00025-00017457-00018195": "paint--white. And literally the bucket spun around on me. And literally covered these boots in white", "4iwZicN5sTE-00026-00018195-00018975": "epoxy paint. So you can't even tell that these were even in a paint accident, where they were literally", "4iwZicN5sTE-00027-00018975-00019656": "covered. I didn't get them to the point where I could clean them off for about 20 minutes. So the fact", "4iwZicN5sTE-00028-00019656-00020394": "that...see? This is some aluminized paint right here that was on there before. But you can't", "4iwZicN5sTE-00029-00020394-00021231": "even really tell where I had literally covered these things in white paint. It was able to be", "4iwZicN5sTE-00030-00021231-00021972": "cleaned off. I used some citrus-based cleaner and it literally allowed me to wash it right off of", "4iwZicN5sTE-00031-00021972-00022452": "the leather. So that's the awesome thing about mink oil is, when you're doing your boots like", "4iwZicN5sTE-00032-00022452-00023229": "this, you keep up with it often, to keep your boots in good shape. Keep the leather pliable. Keep the", "4iwZicN5sTE-00033-00023229-00024150": "water and all the crap out of it. And it all around just takes care of your boot from the outside in.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00034-00024150-00024693": "You know, if you've watched any of my previous boot videos, I'm a big proponent of", "4iwZicN5sTE-00035-00024693-00025284": "boot drying. You definitely need to take care of your boots day in and day out. If you want some", "4iwZicN5sTE-00036-00025284-00025962": "longevity out of them, you need to dry them. And a boot dryer is the best way to do it. So keeps the", "4iwZicN5sTE-00037-00025962-00026451": "stitching and stuff from rotting from the inside. This will definitely protect them from the outside.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00038-00026451-00027083": "So these boots are about three years old. They're well worn. I'm about to get them resoled. You can", "4iwZicN5sTE-00039-00027083-00027981": "see the soles on them. They're just getting worn down. So, after you've coated the boot completely,", "4iwZicN5sTE-00040-00027981-00028658": "the directions on all mink oil I've seen always say wait five minutes. So we're going to set this", "4iwZicN5sTE-00041-00028658-00029292": "off to the side. We're going to do the other boot. And then, by the time we're done doing the other boot, it'll probably", "4iwZicN5sTE-00042-00029292-00030030": "be about five minutes. And all we're going to do is literally, just wipe it off with the microfiber. So...", "4iwZicN5sTE-00043-00030601-00031201": "All right guys so, as I start to wipe this boot off, it's been about five minutes.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00044-00031301-00031866": "You don't want tooverly work the microfiber. You're literally just wiping off the", "4iwZicN5sTE-00045-00031866-00032505": "excess. So just be careful to wipe, you know, around the seams and things like that. Just get", "4iwZicN5sTE-00046-00032505-00033204": "the gunk off here. As you wear the boot the rest of it will come off. Not necessarily need to be", "4iwZicN5sTE-00047-00033204-00033990": "going crazy with the microfiber. Just wipe off the excess. So a couple things that I wanted to put in", "4iwZicN5sTE-00048-00033990-00034728": "here also with this video is that I do this every couple weeks. Maybe every three weeks, or four weeks,", "4iwZicN5sTE-00049-00034728-00035337": "whenever I see the leather start to get the color that I started with. You know, that's when I do it.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00050-00035337-00036075": "You see how it turned the leather a nice darker color and it's very, very pliable. So then", "4iwZicN5sTE-00051-00036075-00036768": "it makes it very, very comfortable to wear every day. And I attribute the reason why my boots last", "4iwZicN5sTE-00052-00036768-00037263": "so long is because I take care of them. So, don't think that you can just throw a boot on your foot", "4iwZicN5sTE-00053-00037263-00037848": "every day and it's going to last an eternity. Some of them are good. Some of them are bad, but it also", "4iwZicN5sTE-00054-00037848-00038457": "depends a lot on you. So, we're going to go ahead and clean the other boot off and wrap up this video.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00055-00038457-00039138": "All right guys, I hope that brought some value to you and your boots. Applying mink oil is the simple", "4iwZicN5sTE-00056-00039138-00039786": "process. Take the time to take care of your boots. They will take care of you. I've worn the crap out", "4iwZicN5sTE-00057-00039786-00040323": "of these boots. And every time I use mink oil and refresh them people are like, \"Man did you get new", "4iwZicN5sTE-00058-00040323-00040935": "boots?\" No, I just take care of the boots that I wear in, day in and day out. So keep that in mind.", "4iwZicN5sTE-00059-00040935-00041502": "Always take care of your stuff. It'll take care of you. So I hope you guys enjoyed the video. Give", "4iwZicN5sTE-00060-00041502-00041979": "me a thumbs up, or a thumbs down. Whatever you're into! And we'll see you guys in the next video."}}, {"audio_id": "4iOPDZ9nAFY", "text": {"4iOPDZ9nAFY-00000-00000000-00000200": "THANKSS FOR WATCHING", "4iOPDZ9nAFY-00001-00000200-00000400": "TRY TO SUBSCRIBE IF YOU ARE NEW ON MY CHANNEL", "4iOPDZ9nAFY-00002-00000400-00000600": "ALSO DO NOT FORGET TO PRESS BELL ICON FOR MORE UPDATES AND GIVEAWAYS"}}, {"audio_id": "4j61rwjc7Yg", "text": {"4j61rwjc7Yg-00000-00000036-00000516": "Wind , ocean , Sun , and Earth", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00001-00000660-00000834": "As old as time .", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00002-00000834-00000942": "As powerful as love", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00003-00001116-00001410": "Being able to feel and connect with all of this", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00004-00001602-00002007": "This is what’s makes us human", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00005-00002007-00002178": "As the weight of the primordial world pulls", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00006-00002178-00002484": "Mother Nature Constantly tugging at the feet of my heart", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00007-00002484-00002898": "The vibrations of manifested emotion keeping my mind a float", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00008-00002898-00003126": "And sustaining my soul", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00009-00003076-00003126": "My Soul", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00010-00003126-00003466": "Tap yo feet and pat hand", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00011-00003466-00003474": "Let the rythym seep with in Nice of you to chill wit me and kick it again", "4j61rwjc7Yg-00012-00003474-00005281": "And without further a due  let the Journey begin"}}, {"audio_id": "4j7_ng8Vq1o", "text": {"4j7_ng8Vq1o-00000-00000053-00000181": "Hi!", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00001-00000182-00000320": "Welcome to Codewars.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00002-00000320-00000762": "In this series I'm going to solve TDD katas using JavaScript.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00003-00000762-00001241": "If this is your first time here and you want to learn Frontend and JavaScript, start right", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00004-00001242-00001716": "now by subscribing, and don't forget to turn on the subtitles.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00005-00001716-00001898": "[Music playing]", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00006-00002052-00002580": "Let's solve today kata titled \"Count IP Addresses.\"", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00007-00002688-00003282": "Implement a function that receives two IPv4 addresses, and returns the number of addresses", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00008-00003282-00003597": "between them (including the first one, excluding the last one).", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00009-00003597-00003654": "Okay.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00010-00003654-00004044": "All inputs will be valid IPv4 addresses in the form of strings.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00011-00004044-00004396": "The last address will always be greater than the first one.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00012-00004396-00004694": "So I don't need to check this boundaries, okay.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00013-00004694-00004889": "Let's consider an example.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00014-00004889-00005499": "The start and the end, the different between them is to 256, okay.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00015-00005500-00005994": "In the one place there are 255 IP addresses.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00016-00005994-00006728": "In the first one there are 255, but in the second one there are 255 times 255.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00017-00006730-00007230": "The third - 255 times 255 times 255, okay.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00018-00007230-00007990": "And for this case, there are 255 plus 1, is 256, okay.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00019-00008094-00008348": "Let's consider these two cases.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00020-00008348-00008760": "The first one. There is the difference in 50 IP addresses.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00021-00008761-00008968": "For the second case it's more interesting.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00022-00008968-00009677": "There are 256, as we see in the previous case, but the start address is 10.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00023-00009677-00010253": "So the result is 256 - 10 = 246.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00024-00010253-00010675": "So to solve kata I have to do the following.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00025-00010675-00011299": "I need to calculate the difference between each place of this range from start to end", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00026-00011299-00011678": "and multiply the result by the value of each place.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00027-00011678-00012385": "I need to split the string by \"dot,\" thus I'll get the value of each place, calculate", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00028-00012386-00012928": "the difference and then get the sum of these results.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00029-00013013-00013254": "Let's calculate these digits.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00030-00013254-00013522": "First one should be...", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00031-00013522-00013828": "And split.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00032-00014002-00014150": "And take third element.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00033-00014150-00014791": "Then \"start,\" split by \"dot,\" and take third element.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00034-00014791-00015210": "And let's do the same for all digits.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00035-00015360-00015469": "Second one.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00036-00015576-00015868": "Second, first, zero.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00037-00015972-00016212": "It will be here \"third\".", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00038-00016324-00016470": "Here - \"fourth.\"", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00039-00016782-00016950": "Let's review them.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00040-00017748-00017938": "Yes, as expected.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00041-00017938-00018256": "Here we have 1 and -10.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00042-00018256-00018816": "This one should be multiplied by 256 and -10.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00043-00018874-00019246": "So, let's create a helper function for that.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00044-00019326-00019558": "It will be like this.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00045-00019828-00020732": "\"Calc\" function that takes a value and a place of this IP address.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00046-00020732-00021098": "For the default value it should be 1, just for simplification.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00047-00021098-00021988": "And returns \"end\" address, split by \"dot\" \"n-th\" position minus start.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00048-00022112-00022256": "Times \"m\".", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00049-00022378-00022662": "Let's review our function here.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00050-00023112-00023236": "Let's try.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00051-00023544-00023672": "That's correct.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00052-00023673-00023998": "And now we can provide the final result.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00053-00023998-00024400": "For that I don't need these temporary variables.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00054-00024592-00024942": "And return the value.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00055-00025306-00025950": "According to each place I need to add its multiplication factor, like this.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00056-00026077-00026224": "Plus the next value.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00057-00026602-00026758": "Plus the last one.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00058-00026982-00027127": "Let's try this.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00059-00027395-00027602": "And for all test cases.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00060-00027848-00028048": "Yes, that's correct.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00061-00028048-00028212": "I like it.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00062-00028318-00028502": "My code is available on GitHub.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00063-00028502-00028742": "Documentation is available in the Internet.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00064-00028742-00029038": "Follow the links if you’re eager to get more.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00065-00029038-00029458": "If you like this video give it \"thumbs up\", share it with your friends, subscribe to the", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00066-00029458-00029700": "channel and watch other episodes.", "4j7_ng8Vq1o-00067-00029700-00029983": "Thanks for watching and dive deeper."}}, {"audio_id": "4juZktihejy", "text": {"4juZktihejy-00000-00000590-00001088": "Wyoming is 8th in the nation of sugar beet production, but how do these beets turn into", "4juZktihejy-00001-00001088-00001299": "the sugar we eat?", "4juZktihejy-00002-00001299-00001789": "After farmers pull beets from the soil, they are delivered to the factory or pile grounds.", "4juZktihejy-00003-00001789-00002071": "Here beets are dry screened, sampled, and weighed.", "4juZktihejy-00004-00002071-00002500": "The sugar beets are dumped into a wet hopper and floated into the factory.", "4juZktihejy-00005-00002500-00002983": "After passing through a catcher to remove debris, the beets are washed, rinsed, and", "4juZktihejy-00006-00002983-00003174": "fed into beet slicers.", "4juZktihejy-00007-00003174-00003676": "Here very sharp knives cut them into long noodle-like pieces called cossettes.", "4juZktihejy-00008-00003676-00004020": "The cossettes are fed into a diffusion system.", "4juZktihejy-00009-00004020-00004336": "Sugar is removed from the beets by hot water \"washing\".", "4juZktihejy-00010-00004336-00004826": "The hot water emerges from the diffuser as sugar water called \"raw juice\".", "4juZktihejy-00011-00004826-00005483": "The juice enters the evaporators at 13 to 15% solids and leaves at 60% solids.", "4juZktihejy-00012-00005483-00005689": "It is now called thick juice.", "4juZktihejy-00013-00005689-00006236": "The thick juice is sent to a melter where the raw sugars are dissolved through agitation", "4juZktihejy-00014-00006236-00006346": "and heat.", "4juZktihejy-00015-00006346-00006742": "This is fed to the white pan where white sugar is crystallized.", "4juZktihejy-00016-00006742-00007423": "After crystallization, the solution is concentrated to 92% solids and consists of sugar crystal", "4juZktihejy-00017-00007423-00007669": "surrounded by syrup.", "4juZktihejy-00018-00007669-00008089": "Crystals are separated from the syrup by spinning the sugar against a screen.", "4juZktihejy-00019-00008089-00008561": "The white sugar is conveyed to the granulator for further drying and cooling.", "4juZktihejy-00020-00008561-00008996": "From the University of Wyoming Extension, I’m Ashley Garrelts, Exploring the Nature", "4juZktihejy-00021-00008996-00009046": "of Wyoming."}}, {"audio_id": "4j_j2CIZWQo", "text": {"4j_j2CIZWQo-00000-00000000-00000999": "Guys Welcome back to another gameplay scenes"}}, {"audio_id": "4jR10_SB4Nk", "text": {"4jR10_SB4Nk-00000-00002616-00003130": "I know... I know that it's not easy to see the park in these conditions", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00001-00003160-00003508": "But this isn’t the time to knock yourself down... is it?", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00002-00003514-00003834": "...Even if yesterday a new decree has been issued", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00003-00003834-00004344": "and it says that even professional athletes can not train, so I don't know if I'll come here again", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00004-00004344-00005034": "Today I'll talk about something that you always ask me on instagram or here on youtube", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00005-00005034-00005472": "Today I'll talk about dirt bikes... not only about my dirt bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00006-00005488-00006006": "but I'll compare a basic dirt bike with a pro dirt bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00007-00006014-00006080": "But first....", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00008-00006150-00006200": "Music tip!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00009-00007780-00008102": "First of all I have to make a clarification", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00010-00008108-00008370": "Dirt bikes are made to jump", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00011-00008370-00009018": "So they cannot be replaced by enduro, cross-country or downhill bikes", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00012-00009042-00009576": "Many of you ask me if they can turn their bike into a dirt bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00013-00009586-00009908": "You can't just remove the rear brake to have a dirt bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00014-00009922-00010512": "So today I want to show you why the dirt bike is made to jump", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00015-00010516-00011014": "and then which are the differences between a basic dirt and a pro dirt bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00016-00014368-00015163": "First of all here I have two Rose The Bruce: same frame but different mount", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00017-00015184-00015706": "Dirt bikes have a lowered frame on the back", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00018-00015724-00016390": "in fact in this section we have to move a lot when we pump or when we jump", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00019-00016394-00016948": "so this shape makes the rider move freely", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00020-00016956-00017464": "Another characteristic that distinguishes the dirt bike from the others is the fork", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00021-00017484-00018340": "In the dirt bike the fork helps to absorb the impact in landing, in fact is has max 100mm excursion", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00022-00018340-00019398": "In the perfect dirt bike the fork shouldn't work on the kick so that it doesn't absorb anything and we can jump higher", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00023-00019408-00019910": "Many times when people use a dirt bike for the first time are worried and they say:", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00024-00019912-00020048": "\"This for doesn't work!\"", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00025-00020048-00020278": "It's not true! It works, but in landing", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00026-00020278-00020438": "It shouldn't work on the kick...", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00027-00020438-00020630": "I know that it works a little on the kick too...", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00028-00020630-00021714": "but it's not like an enduro or a downhill bike in which the fork is totally pressed and you lose all the push", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00029-00021728-00022318": "Third important thing about dirt bikes is that they are single speed to mean that they haven't the gearbox", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00030-00022322-00022756": "It'd be useless because on these bikes mostly you pump and not pedal", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00031-00022762-00023114": "The pedal is used just in case of emergency or to start", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00032-00023114-00024242": "The tires are always very hard, about 4 bar, because you don't need a proper grip but just flowability", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00033-00024244-00024848": "The more the tires are hard the more flowability you'll have and you can gain speed with less effort", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00034-00024882-00025442": "Why do we use just one brake on the dirt bike?", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00035-00025448-00025910": "Firstly in dirtjump the braking are not so many", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00036-00025910-00026289": "but also because these bikes are made to do tricks", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00037-00026289-00027444": "The front lever could also be a danger... if do a trick and I take the handlebar on the front brake lever pushing it while I'm landing....", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00038-00027660-00028280": "So let's use just the rear brake which is useful to stop but also to correct some tricks in air", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00039-00028280-00029254": "As you have seen the dirt bike has no particular components like instead the modern bikes have", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00040-00029254-00029906": "So which is the difference between your bike and a basic one?", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00041-00029908-00030616": "I want to explain why at a certain level the type of bike counts", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00042-00030626-00031752": "I must point out that at the beginning you don't have to worry about your bike... ride, learn knew tricks and don't mind if you have a fence instead of a bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00043-00031752-00032076": "All started with basic bikes...", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00044-00032076-00032758": "The main difference between a basic and a pro dirt bike is the weight", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00045-00032768-00033372": "My bike weighs about 10-10.5kg", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00046-00033376-00033952": "while a basic bike weighs from 11.5 to 13 kg", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00047-00033952-00034552": "I assure you that three kilos of difference in air are many", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00048-00034552-00035106": "Is the set of all components that makes the difference", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00049-00035106-00035778": "200g from a piece, 400g from another and slowly they make a difference", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00050-00035780-00036662": "The fork is also fundamental... I mount a Pike DJ while this one is a Manitou Circus Pro", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00051-00036668-00037518": "The difference of weight is felt especially during certain tricks", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00052-00037526-00038030": "For example, barspin is easier with my bike than this basic one", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00053-00038030-00038344": "Before I forget... This is a barspin", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00054-00038866-00039368": "Now that it is clear to you let's talk about the wheels", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00055-00039398-00040222": "Tire, inner tube and wheel itself are all crucial...", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00056-00040246-00041256": "I don’t want to look fussy but physics teaches us that the farther we get from the fulcrum, the bigger the radius gets and the strength increases", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00057-00041266-00041856": "Usually on a pro dirt bike you can also find the rotor", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00058-00041856-00042442": "It's a brake system used to endlessly spin the handlebar", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00059-00042450-00043294": "so you don’t have problems with coiled cables. But keep in mind that if you don't do 50 barspins per day you can keep the classic cable brake", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00060-00043304-00044434": "Of course my mount is lighter than the basic one, but I don't want to annoy you with the weight of every single component", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00061-00044448-00044876": "But I want to show you the finer things that usually aren't told", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00062-00044876-00045902": "The first one that many of you are interested in is the crank stopper that avoids the pedals to turn randomly in the air", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00063-00045914-00046752": "I make it with a piece of rubber held by an iron band. The rubber piece touches the crank and brakes it", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00064-00046766-00047686": "It's easy to mount. You have to remove the crank and insert this rubber piece which can be found in every DIY shops", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00065-00047700-00048004": "because it is a normal hydraulic seal", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00066-00048004-00048774": "I think that this is one of the best gadgets for those who want to try the first tricks", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00067-00048774-00049182": "Another important thing are the grips", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00068-00049186-00050902": "The dirt bike is the only one on which I use grips without the lock-on system, because when I take the handlebar badly in the air the lock-on can hurt", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00069-00050910-00052034": "I leave in description the link for the Rose The bruce. You will find two different mounts and the most expensive is the pro model", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00070-00052062-00052994": "Okay.. stop talking for now, I want to show you that I can have fun with a basic model too", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00071-00052994-00054414": "However I want to respect this quarantine period and I don’t want to cause further inconvenience to hospitals by getting hurt", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00072-00054414-00055116": "So I decided to try just five tricks on the bag with the basic bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00073-00055458-00056255": "I almost forgot that these Rose The Bruce are available at Monza Pizza Bikepark to be tried", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00074-00056300-00057876": "I know that most of you understand my videos but for all the haters I just want to point out that I put my guards on even if I'm going to do easy tricks on the bag", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00075-00057900-00058946": "By the way I haven’t used my bike in a long time and I decided to add a sixth trick", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00076-00058952-00059676": "Five tricks are easy while the sixth is more technical so with the basic bike should be more difficult", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00077-00059691-00060032": "So now I try six tricks with my bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00078-00060358-00060428": "Tuck no hand", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00079-00060729-00060790": "Barspin", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00080-00061005-00061072": "Tailwhip", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00081-00061294-00061378": "360", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00082-00061644-00061744": "Backflip", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00083-00061884-00062079": "And last one", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00084-00062429-00062738": "360 opposite downside tailwhip", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00085-00062984-00063740": "To be honest is not so easy to do some tricks with a different bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00086-00063740-00064248": "One thing I noticed right away is that the riding is lower compared to my bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00087-00064354-00064658": "Okay first trick is tuck no hand so...", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00088-00064694-00064758": "...I have to take my hands off", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00089-00065630-00065822": "Let's say that I felt good", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00090-00065822-00066548": "Just when I was on the roll-in I felt bit weird because the hub is not so precise", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00091-00066588-00067466": "while on my bike I have the Industry Nine that are known to be perfect", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00092-00067488-00067854": "Okay let's improve with these tricks. It's time for barspin", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00093-00067854-00068230": "I can feel that it is way heavier than mine", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00094-00069104-00070184": "I felt the weight but the most annoying thing is that this bike has a different ride setup... I am more ahead on this one", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00095-00070210-00071018": "But here's the kicker! Without crankstopper and with this ahead setup I could have some problems!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00096-00071052-00071644": "Look at this difference: when I push them, they spin", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00097-00071656-00072002": "while on my bike if I push them with the same strenght..", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00098-00072132-00072350": "...same strenght! Look!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00099-00072378-00072532": "Now very powerful", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00100-00072596-00072916": "This is what happens to have a crankstopper", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00101-00072916-00073212": "I have to focus on the movement of my feet", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00102-00074234-00074456": "Okay now the spins", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00103-00075158-00076056": "I felt the spin less because the back is heavier but not bad!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00104-00076068-00076374": "Okay now backflip!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00105-00077036-00077584": "Guys... backflip is definitely the trick that can be done with everything", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00106-00077624-00077826": "By the way, I came up with something", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00107-00078166-00079144": "Okay guys now I have to try 360 downside tailwhip that is a very technical trick", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00108-00080056-00080268": "I could do it! Let's try it again!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00109-00080816-00080876": "Here it is!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00110-00081896-00081988": "Here it is", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00111-00082008-00082058": "Okay...", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00112-00082130-00082412": "I missed the first try because I’m not used to this bike", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00113-00082412-00082778": "I did the six jumps that you've seen... actually seven with this one!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00114-00082802-00083330": "It's not so easy to get used to a different bike... but I did", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00115-00083340-00083690": "It was short but intense guys..", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00116-00083816-00083930": "Let's take off the helmet", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00117-00083952-00084086": "and turn off the bag", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00118-00084184-00085064": "I hope that you understand that my intent was to show you the differences between a basic dirt bike and a pro model", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00119-00085064-00085496": "It's not my intent to tell you that the pro model is perfect while the basic on is not", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00120-00085496-00086586": "Actually I recommend you to buy a bike pre-assembled instead of assembling it", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00121-00086598-00087598": "But if you are already a \"veteran\" I showed you some tips to try new tricks easily", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00122-00087632-00088654": "I know that I'm annoying but please subscribe to my channel because I know that many of you are not my subscribers. We have to grow this sport!", "4jR10_SB4Nk-00123-00088656-00088782": "See you in the next video!"}}, {"audio_id": "4jZO03aY_hY", "text": {"4jZO03aY_hY-00000-00000000-00000200": "Subscribe, like and share"}}]