diff --git "a/data/en004/text/00000032.json" "b/data/en004/text/00000032.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/data/en004/text/00000032.json" @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[{"audio_id": "hvsUdjsO-t4", "text": {"hvsUdjsO-t4-00000-00000010-00000056": ">>Dennis: NOT TOO FAR NOW.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00001-00000056-00000063": ">>Dennis: NOT TOO FAR NOW.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00002-00000063-00000180": ">>Dennis: NOT TOO FAR NOW. THANKS A LOT FOR THAT SPORTS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00003-00000180-00000186": ">>Dennis: NOT TOO FAR NOW. THANKS A LOT FOR THAT SPORTS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00004-00000186-00000537": ">>Dennis: NOT TOO FAR NOW. THANKS A LOT FOR THAT SPORTS REPORT TONIGHT, COLLIN.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00005-00000537-00000543": "THANKS A LOT FOR THAT SPORTS REPORT TONIGHT, COLLIN.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00006-00000543-00000747": "THANKS A LOT FOR THAT SPORTS REPORT TONIGHT, COLLIN. >>> WALKING ON TRAILS ARE ONE OF", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00007-00000747-00000754": "REPORT TONIGHT, COLLIN. >>> WALKING ON TRAILS ARE ONE OF", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00008-00000754-00001064": "REPORT TONIGHT, COLLIN. >>> WALKING ON TRAILS ARE ONE OF THE NICEST PERKS OF SUMMER.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00009-00001064-00001071": ">>> WALKING ON TRAILS ARE ONE OF THE NICEST PERKS OF SUMMER.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00010-00001071-00001214": ">>> WALKING ON TRAILS ARE ONE OF THE NICEST PERKS OF SUMMER. THERE'S BEEN AN IMPROVEMENT TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00011-00001214-00001221": "THE NICEST PERKS OF SUMMER. THERE'S BEEN AN IMPROVEMENT TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00012-00001221-00001598": "THE NICEST PERKS OF SUMMER. THERE'S BEEN AN IMPROVEMENT TO THE NEWLY EXPANDED DEAN MAKEY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00013-00001598-00001604": "THERE'S BEEN AN IMPROVEMENT TO THE NEWLY EXPANDED DEAN MAKEY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00014-00001604-00001761": "THERE'S BEEN AN IMPROVEMENT TO THE NEWLY EXPANDED DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST IN BAXTER.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00015-00001761-00001768": "THE NEWLY EXPANDED DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST IN BAXTER.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00016-00001768-00001925": "THE NEWLY EXPANDED DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST IN BAXTER. CLAYTON CASTLE HAS THAT STORY.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00017-00001925-00001931": "SCHOOL FOREST IN BAXTER. CLAYTON CASTLE HAS THAT STORY.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00018-00001931-00002031": "SCHOOL FOREST IN BAXTER. CLAYTON CASTLE HAS THAT STORY. >> Reporter: WE'RE NEARING THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00019-00002031-00002038": "CLAYTON CASTLE HAS THAT STORY. >> Reporter: WE'RE NEARING THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00020-00002038-00002208": "CLAYTON CASTLE HAS THAT STORY. >> Reporter: WE'RE NEARING THE BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOL YEAR AND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00021-00002208-00002215": ">> Reporter: WE'RE NEARING THE BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOL YEAR AND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00022-00002215-00002355": ">> Reporter: WE'RE NEARING THE BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOL YEAR AND STUDENTS AT FORESTVIEW MIDDLE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00023-00002355-00002362": "BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOL YEAR AND STUDENTS AT FORESTVIEW MIDDLE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00024-00002362-00002475": "BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOL YEAR AND STUDENTS AT FORESTVIEW MIDDLE SCHOOL IN BAXTER WILL NOTICE A", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00025-00002475-00002482": "STUDENTS AT FORESTVIEW MIDDLE SCHOOL IN BAXTER WILL NOTICE A", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00026-00002482-00002649": "STUDENTS AT FORESTVIEW MIDDLE SCHOOL IN BAXTER WILL NOTICE A DIFFERENCE IN THE DEAN MAKEY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00027-00002649-00002655": "SCHOOL IN BAXTER WILL NOTICE A DIFFERENCE IN THE DEAN MAKEY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00028-00002655-00002812": "SCHOOL IN BAXTER WILL NOTICE A DIFFERENCE IN THE DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST AS A RECENT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00029-00002812-00002819": "DIFFERENCE IN THE DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST AS A RECENT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00030-00002819-00002929": "DIFFERENCE IN THE DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST AS A RECENT EXPANSION WAS COMPLETED TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00031-00002929-00002936": "SCHOOL FOREST AS A RECENT EXPANSION WAS COMPLETED TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00032-00002936-00003019": "SCHOOL FOREST AS A RECENT EXPANSION WAS COMPLETED TO FURTHER IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00033-00003019-00003026": "EXPANSION WAS COMPLETED TO FURTHER IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00034-00003026-00003173": "EXPANSION WAS COMPLETED TO FURTHER IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE EDUCATION THAT THE FOREST", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00035-00003173-00003179": "FURTHER IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE EDUCATION THAT THE FOREST", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00036-00003179-00003243": "FURTHER IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE EDUCATION THAT THE FOREST PROVIDES.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00037-00003243-00003249": "THE EDUCATION THAT THE FOREST PROVIDES.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00038-00003249-00003530": "THE EDUCATION THAT THE FOREST PROVIDES. THAT EDUCATIONAL ASPECT IS NEAR", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00039-00003530-00003536": "PROVIDES. THAT EDUCATIONAL ASPECT IS NEAR", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00040-00003536-00003847": "PROVIDES. THAT EDUCATIONAL ASPECT IS NEAR AND DEER TO MAKEY.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00041-00003847-00003853": "THAT EDUCATIONAL ASPECT IS NEAR AND DEER TO MAKEY.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00042-00003853-00003983": "THAT EDUCATIONAL ASPECT IS NEAR AND DEER TO MAKEY. >> I'VE BEEN INVOLVED WITH THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00043-00003983-00003990": "AND DEER TO MAKEY. >> I'VE BEEN INVOLVED WITH THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00044-00003990-00004064": "AND DEER TO MAKEY. >> I'VE BEEN INVOLVED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST FROM", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00045-00004064-00004070": ">> I'VE BEEN INVOLVED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST FROM", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00046-00004070-00004170": ">> I'VE BEEN INVOLVED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST FROM THE BEGINNING.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00047-00004170-00004177": "DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST FROM THE BEGINNING.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00048-00004177-00004350": "DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST FROM THE BEGINNING. THAT'S WHEN THE SCHOOL WAS BEING", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00049-00004350-00004357": "THE BEGINNING. THAT'S WHEN THE SCHOOL WAS BEING", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00050-00004357-00004514": "THE BEGINNING. THAT'S WHEN THE SCHOOL WAS BEING DEVELOPED AND CONSTRUCTED AND,", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00051-00004514-00004521": "THAT'S WHEN THE SCHOOL WAS BEING DEVELOPED AND CONSTRUCTED AND,", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00052-00004521-00004654": "THAT'S WHEN THE SCHOOL WAS BEING DEVELOPED AND CONSTRUCTED AND, AT THE SAME TIME, CAME UP WITH", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00053-00004654-00004661": "DEVELOPED AND CONSTRUCTED AND, AT THE SAME TIME, CAME UP WITH", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00054-00004661-00005008": "DEVELOPED AND CONSTRUCTED AND, AT THE SAME TIME, CAME UP WITH THE IDEA OF SETTING ASIDE 60", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00055-00005008-00005015": "AT THE SAME TIME, CAME UP WITH THE IDEA OF SETTING ASIDE 60", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00056-00005015-00005241": "AT THE SAME TIME, CAME UP WITH THE IDEA OF SETTING ASIDE 60 ACRES AS FOREST AREA TO KEEP AS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00057-00005241-00005248": "THE IDEA OF SETTING ASIDE 60 ACRES AS FOREST AREA TO KEEP AS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00058-00005248-00005408": "THE IDEA OF SETTING ASIDE 60 ACRES AS FOREST AREA TO KEEP AS A NATURAL AREA FOR THE STUDENTS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00059-00005408-00005415": "ACRES AS FOREST AREA TO KEEP AS A NATURAL AREA FOR THE STUDENTS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00060-00005415-00005715": "ACRES AS FOREST AREA TO KEEP AS A NATURAL AREA FOR THE STUDENTS TO USE AS AN OUTDOOR CLASSROOM.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00061-00005715-00005722": "A NATURAL AREA FOR THE STUDENTS TO USE AS AN OUTDOOR CLASSROOM.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00062-00005722-00005839": "A NATURAL AREA FOR THE STUDENTS TO USE AS AN OUTDOOR CLASSROOM. >> Reporter: THE EXPANSION", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00063-00005839-00005845": "TO USE AS AN OUTDOOR CLASSROOM. >> Reporter: THE EXPANSION", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00064-00005845-00006032": "TO USE AS AN OUTDOOR CLASSROOM. >> Reporter: THE EXPANSION ADDED HALF A MILE OF TRAIL TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00065-00006032-00006039": ">> Reporter: THE EXPANSION ADDED HALF A MILE OF TRAIL TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00066-00006039-00006322": ">> Reporter: THE EXPANSION ADDED HALF A MILE OF TRAIL TO THE FOREST, BENEFITED HIKERS,", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00067-00006322-00006329": "ADDED HALF A MILE OF TRAIL TO THE FOREST, BENEFITED HIKERS,", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00068-00006329-00006469": "ADDED HALF A MILE OF TRAIL TO THE FOREST, BENEFITED HIKERS, NORDIC SKIERS AND THE SCHOOL.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00069-00006469-00006476": "THE FOREST, BENEFITED HIKERS, NORDIC SKIERS AND THE SCHOOL.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00070-00006476-00006633": "THE FOREST, BENEFITED HIKERS, NORDIC SKIERS AND THE SCHOOL. IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00071-00006633-00006639": "NORDIC SKIERS AND THE SCHOOL. IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00072-00006639-00006816": "NORDIC SKIERS AND THE SCHOOL. IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT BY THE MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT AND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00073-00006816-00006823": "IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT BY THE MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT AND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00074-00006823-00006940": "IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT BY THE MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES TRUST FUND TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00075-00006940-00006946": "BY THE MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES TRUST FUND TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00076-00006946-00007160": "BY THE MINNESOTA ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES TRUST FUND TO THE MINNESOTA D.N.R. WHICH", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00077-00007160-00007167": "NATURAL RESOURCES TRUST FUND TO THE MINNESOTA D.N.R. WHICH", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00078-00007167-00007347": "NATURAL RESOURCES TRUST FUND TO THE MINNESOTA D.N.R. WHICH COORDINATED WITH THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00079-00007347-00007354": "THE MINNESOTA D.N.R. WHICH COORDINATED WITH THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00080-00007354-00007500": "THE MINNESOTA D.N.R. WHICH COORDINATED WITH THE CONSERVATION CORPS OF MINNESOTA", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00081-00007500-00007507": "COORDINATED WITH THE CONSERVATION CORPS OF MINNESOTA", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00082-00007507-00007634": "COORDINATED WITH THE CONSERVATION CORPS OF MINNESOTA TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00083-00007634-00007640": "CONSERVATION CORPS OF MINNESOTA TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00084-00007640-00007757": "CONSERVATION CORPS OF MINNESOTA TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT. >> WE HAD A SPOT IN THE SOUTHERN", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00085-00007757-00007764": "TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT. >> WE HAD A SPOT IN THE SOUTHERN", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00086-00007764-00007897": "TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT. >> WE HAD A SPOT IN THE SOUTHERN SECTION OF OUR SCHOOL FOREST", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00087-00007897-00007904": ">> WE HAD A SPOT IN THE SOUTHERN SECTION OF OUR SCHOOL FOREST", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00088-00007904-00008108": ">> WE HAD A SPOT IN THE SOUTHERN SECTION OF OUR SCHOOL FOREST HERE THAT WE'VE HAD ON OUR KIND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00089-00008108-00008114": "SECTION OF OUR SCHOOL FOREST HERE THAT WE'VE HAD ON OUR KIND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00090-00008114-00008274": "SECTION OF OUR SCHOOL FOREST HERE THAT WE'VE HAD ON OUR KIND OF WISH LIST TO DO FOR A LONG", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00091-00008274-00008281": "HERE THAT WE'VE HAD ON OUR KIND OF WISH LIST TO DO FOR A LONG", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00092-00008281-00008465": "HERE THAT WE'VE HAD ON OUR KIND OF WISH LIST TO DO FOR A LONG TIME, TO ADD ANOTHER HALF MILE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00093-00008465-00008471": "OF WISH LIST TO DO FOR A LONG TIME, TO ADD ANOTHER HALF MILE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00094-00008471-00008762": "OF WISH LIST TO DO FOR A LONG TIME, TO ADD ANOTHER HALF MILE OR SO OF TRAIL FOR EVERYBODY TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00095-00008762-00008768": "TIME, TO ADD ANOTHER HALF MILE OR SO OF TRAIL FOR EVERYBODY TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00096-00008768-00008898": "TIME, TO ADD ANOTHER HALF MILE OR SO OF TRAIL FOR EVERYBODY TO USE, FROM CROSS COUNTRY TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00097-00008898-00008905": "OR SO OF TRAIL FOR EVERYBODY TO USE, FROM CROSS COUNTRY TO", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00098-00008905-00009102": "OR SO OF TRAIL FOR EVERYBODY TO USE, FROM CROSS COUNTRY TO NORDIC SKIING, THE COMMUNITY AS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00099-00009102-00009109": "USE, FROM CROSS COUNTRY TO NORDIC SKIING, THE COMMUNITY AS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00100-00009109-00009232": "USE, FROM CROSS COUNTRY TO NORDIC SKIING, THE COMMUNITY AS WELL AS OUR SCHOOL KIDS HERE.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00101-00009232-00009239": "NORDIC SKIING, THE COMMUNITY AS WELL AS OUR SCHOOL KIDS HERE.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00102-00009239-00009372": "NORDIC SKIING, THE COMMUNITY AS WELL AS OUR SCHOOL KIDS HERE. THAT OPPORTUNITY CAME UP, WE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00103-00009372-00009379": "WELL AS OUR SCHOOL KIDS HERE. THAT OPPORTUNITY CAME UP, WE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00104-00009379-00009512": "WELL AS OUR SCHOOL KIDS HERE. THAT OPPORTUNITY CAME UP, WE APPLIED AND GOT IT.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00105-00009512-00009519": "THAT OPPORTUNITY CAME UP, WE APPLIED AND GOT IT.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00106-00009519-00009652": "THAT OPPORTUNITY CAME UP, WE APPLIED AND GOT IT. >> Reporter: FOR A SCIENCE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00107-00009652-00009659": "APPLIED AND GOT IT. >> Reporter: FOR A SCIENCE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00108-00009659-00009873": "APPLIED AND GOT IT. >> Reporter: FOR A SCIENCE TEACHER LIKE CHRIS, THIS EXPANDS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00109-00009873-00009879": ">> Reporter: FOR A SCIENCE TEACHER LIKE CHRIS, THIS EXPANDS", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00110-00009879-00009996": ">> Reporter: FOR A SCIENCE TEACHER LIKE CHRIS, THIS EXPANDS THE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00111-00009996-00010003": "TEACHER LIKE CHRIS, THIS EXPANDS THE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00112-00010003-00010103": "TEACHER LIKE CHRIS, THIS EXPANDS THE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR HIM AND HIS STUDENTS.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00113-00010103-00010110": "THE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR HIM AND HIS STUDENTS.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00114-00010110-00010246": "THE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR HIM AND HIS STUDENTS. >> I GET TO WALK OUT OF MY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00115-00010246-00010253": "HIM AND HIS STUDENTS. >> I GET TO WALK OUT OF MY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00116-00010253-00010376": "HIM AND HIS STUDENTS. >> I GET TO WALK OUT OF MY CLASSROOM AND IMMEDIATELY BE IN", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00117-00010376-00010383": ">> I GET TO WALK OUT OF MY CLASSROOM AND IMMEDIATELY BE IN", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00118-00010383-00010503": ">> I GET TO WALK OUT OF MY CLASSROOM AND IMMEDIATELY BE IN A NATURAL SETTING.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00119-00010503-00010510": "CLASSROOM AND IMMEDIATELY BE IN A NATURAL SETTING.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00120-00010510-00010850": "CLASSROOM AND IMMEDIATELY BE IN A NATURAL SETTING. SO WE GET TO DO THINGS LIKE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00121-00010850-00010857": "A NATURAL SETTING. SO WE GET TO DO THINGS LIKE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00122-00010857-00010990": "A NATURAL SETTING. SO WE GET TO DO THINGS LIKE MEASUREMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00123-00010990-00010997": "SO WE GET TO DO THINGS LIKE MEASUREMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00124-00010997-00011091": "SO WE GET TO DO THINGS LIKE MEASUREMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL STUFF.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00125-00011091-00011097": "MEASUREMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL STUFF.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00126-00011097-00011461": "MEASUREMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL STUFF. WE CAN DO G.P.S. SCIENCE UNIT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00127-00011461-00011468": "STUFF. WE CAN DO G.P.S. SCIENCE UNIT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00128-00011468-00011898": "STUFF. WE CAN DO G.P.S. SCIENCE UNIT THINGS, WE CAN DO DIE COT MIST", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00129-00011898-00011905": "WE CAN DO G.P.S. SCIENCE UNIT THINGS, WE CAN DO DIE COT MIST", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00130-00011905-00012065": "WE CAN DO G.P.S. SCIENCE UNIT THINGS, WE CAN DO DIE COT MIST KEYS AND NATURE STUDIES.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00131-00012065-00012072": "THINGS, WE CAN DO DIE COT MIST KEYS AND NATURE STUDIES.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00132-00012072-00012168": "THINGS, WE CAN DO DIE COT MIST KEYS AND NATURE STUDIES. >> Reporter: AS MAKEY SAYS,", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00133-00012168-00012175": "KEYS AND NATURE STUDIES. >> Reporter: AS MAKEY SAYS,", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00134-00012175-00012412": "KEYS AND NATURE STUDIES. >> Reporter: AS MAKEY SAYS, IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CORE SYSTEM", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00135-00012412-00012419": ">> Reporter: AS MAKEY SAYS, IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CORE SYSTEM", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00136-00012419-00012579": ">> Reporter: AS MAKEY SAYS, IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CORE SYSTEM OF THE FOREST SYSTEM, EDUCATION", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00137-00012579-00012585": "IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CORE SYSTEM OF THE FOREST SYSTEM, EDUCATION", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00138-00012585-00012719": "IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CORE SYSTEM OF THE FOREST SYSTEM, EDUCATION >> IT'S AN OPPORTUNITY FOR", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00139-00012719-00012726": "OF THE FOREST SYSTEM, EDUCATION >> IT'S AN OPPORTUNITY FOR", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00140-00012726-00012842": "OF THE FOREST SYSTEM, EDUCATION >> IT'S AN OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDENTS TO BE ABLE TO WALK OUT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00141-00012842-00012849": ">> IT'S AN OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDENTS TO BE ABLE TO WALK OUT", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00142-00012849-00012982": ">> IT'S AN OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDENTS TO BE ABLE TO WALK OUT THE BACK DOOR OF THE SCHOOL AND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00143-00012982-00012989": "STUDENTS TO BE ABLE TO WALK OUT THE BACK DOOR OF THE SCHOOL AND", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00144-00012989-00013189": "STUDENTS TO BE ABLE TO WALK OUT THE BACK DOOR OF THE SCHOOL AND BE IN A FOREST SETTING WHERE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00145-00013189-00013196": "THE BACK DOOR OF THE SCHOOL AND BE IN A FOREST SETTING WHERE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00146-00013196-00013440": "THE BACK DOOR OF THE SCHOOL AND BE IN A FOREST SETTING WHERE THEY CAN STUDY NATURE, LEARN THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00147-00013440-00013446": "BE IN A FOREST SETTING WHERE THEY CAN STUDY NATURE, LEARN THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00148-00013446-00013576": "BE IN A FOREST SETTING WHERE THEY CAN STUDY NATURE, LEARN THE DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES THAT ARE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00149-00013576-00013583": "THEY CAN STUDY NATURE, LEARN THE DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES THAT ARE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00150-00013583-00013713": "THEY CAN STUDY NATURE, LEARN THE DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES THAT ARE OUT HERE, LEARN ABOUT THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00151-00013713-00013720": "DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES THAT ARE OUT HERE, LEARN ABOUT THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00152-00013720-00013953": "DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES THAT ARE OUT HERE, LEARN ABOUT THE DIFFERENT HABITATS AND ALL THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00153-00013953-00013960": "OUT HERE, LEARN ABOUT THE DIFFERENT HABITATS AND ALL THE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00154-00013960-00014113": "OUT HERE, LEARN ABOUT THE DIFFERENT HABITATS AND ALL THE ANIMALS AND PLANTS THAT LIVE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00155-00014113-00014120": "DIFFERENT HABITATS AND ALL THE ANIMALS AND PLANTS THAT LIVE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00156-00014120-00014194": "DIFFERENT HABITATS AND ALL THE ANIMALS AND PLANTS THAT LIVE HERE.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00157-00014194-00014200": "ANIMALS AND PLANTS THAT LIVE HERE.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00158-00014200-00014344": "ANIMALS AND PLANTS THAT LIVE HERE. >> Reporter: THE DEAN MAKEY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00159-00014344-00014350": "HERE. >> Reporter: THE DEAN MAKEY", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00160-00014350-00014474": "HERE. >> Reporter: THE DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST IS OPEN TO BOTH", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00161-00014474-00014481": ">> Reporter: THE DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST IS OPEN TO BOTH", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00162-00014481-00014591": ">> Reporter: THE DEAN MAKEY SCHOOL FOREST IS OPEN TO BOTH THE SCHOOL AND THE ENTIRE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00163-00014591-00014597": "SCHOOL FOREST IS OPEN TO BOTH THE SCHOOL AND THE ENTIRE", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00164-00014597-00014637": "SCHOOL FOREST IS OPEN TO BOTH THE SCHOOL AND THE ENTIRE COMMUNITY.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00165-00014637-00014644": "THE SCHOOL AND THE ENTIRE COMMUNITY.", "hvsUdjsO-t4-00166-00014644-00014734": "THE SCHOOL AND THE ENTIRE COMMUNITY. REPORTING IN BAXTER FOR THIS"}}, {"audio_id": "hvGgtr__sR8", "text": {"hvGgtr__sR8-00000-00000003-00000351": "Hi I'm Desmond Patton, I'm a new fellow here at the Berkman Klein Center and", "hvGgtr__sR8-00001-00000351-00000508": "I'm a professor at the School of Social Work at Columbia University.", "hvGgtr__sR8-00002-00000683-00001116": "I'm from Gastonia North Carolina which is a small town outside of Charlotte", "hvGgtr__sR8-00003-00001116-00001422": "North Carolina, I'm a country boy!", "hvGgtr__sR8-00004-00001422-00001559": "This year I'm really trying to understand how", "hvGgtr__sR8-00005-00001559-00002060": "communication on social media leads to offline violence and so I'm studying a", "hvGgtr__sR8-00006-00002060-00002532": "Twitter dataset of young people in Chicago to better understand how things like grief", "hvGgtr__sR8-00007-00002532-00002949": "and trauma and love and happiness all play out on Twitter and the relationship", "hvGgtr__sR8-00008-00002949-00003267": "between that communication and offline gun violence.", "hvGgtr__sR8-00009-00003267-00003776": "So I started my research process in Chicago and I have been", "hvGgtr__sR8-00010-00003776-00004221": "just completely troubled by the amount of", "hvGgtr__sR8-00011-00004221-00004381": "violence that happens in the city.", "hvGgtr__sR8-00012-00004381-00004560": "And one of the ways in which that violence", "hvGgtr__sR8-00013-00004560-00004982": "happens or occurs is through social media communication. And so I want to be", "hvGgtr__sR8-00014-00004982-00005648": "a part of the process of ending violence through learning how young people communicate online."}}, {"audio_id": "hvHy4Mb5g1k", "text": {"hvHy4Mb5g1k-00000-00000032-00000327": "The amount of information we process every day is enormous", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00001-00000328-00000586": "and memorizing everything is simply impossible.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00002-00000586-00000848": "This is where Note-taking software can help us.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00003-00000848-00001206": "So, what options of note-taking software do we have on Linux?", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00004-00001826-00001926": "Hello everyone!", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00005-00001934-00002072": "It’s Average Linux User", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00006-00002080-00002534": "and in this video, I will share with you my note taking experience on Linux.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00007-00002534-00002738": "The first option is pretty obvious – Evernote.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00008-00002738-00002946": "It is not the best in my opinion,", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00009-00002946-00003243": "but it is the most popular note-taking program.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00010-00003243-00003487": "And it was the first note taking program I tried.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00011-00003487-00003739": "Unfortunately, there is no native client for Linux.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00012-00003739-00004077": "Yes, there are some third-party Evernote clients developed for Linux,", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00013-00004077-00004364": "but from my experience, they do not work very well.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00014-00004364-00004810": "However, Evernote has a decent web client, and Linux users can use it with no problems.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00015-00004810-00005200": "In my view, Evernote is an excellent program for general-purpose note-taking.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00016-00005200-00005937": "You can quickly make basic text formatting, insert tables, images, links, create lists and attach files.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00017-00005938-00006386": "The main drawback for me is there is no option to paste programming code with syntax highlighting.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00018-00006386-00006928": "The only way to designate code is to use it as a plain text with some mono font style.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00019-00006928-00007348": "Another annoying thing - there is no option to export notes from the web client.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00020-00007348-00007859": "Finally, it is proprietary software, and you have to pay for premium if you want to use Evernote offline.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00021-00007859-00008218": "So, I dropped out Evernote pretty quickly.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00022-00008218-00008440": "My second note-taking program was Zim.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00023-00008440-00008726": "Zim is very simple software designed to make wiki pages,", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00024-00008726-00009111": "and it perfectly meets many requirements of a note-taking program.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00025-00009111-00009639": "It is native on Linux, and probably it is the most popular note-taking software among Linux users.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00026-00009639-00010122": "All the notes you create in Zim are saved as plain text and can be read by any text editor.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00027-00010122-00010432": "Synchronization can be made through any cloud service like Dropbox.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00028-00010432-00010819": "There are not many options in Zim, and this is rather a positive side.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00029-00010819-00011439": "You can do the basic font formatting, insert links, tables, images, attach files and create lists.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00030-00011439-00011828": "Taking notes in Zim is extremely fast process thanks to the set of keyboard shortcuts.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00031-00011828-00012396": "For example, you type a title and then press Ctrl+1, and the header of level 1 is ready.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00032-00012396-00012912": "If you type some code, highlight it and press Ctrl+T, it will be formatted with a mono font style.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00033-00012912-00013186": "But unfortunately, there is also no syntax highlighting.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00034-00013187-00013566": "You can also extend the functionality of Zim with a set of useful plugins.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00035-00013566-00013986": "Spell Checker and Tray Icon are probably the ones you would activate first.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00036-00013986-00014308": "Zim has been my favorite note-taking program for several years,", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00037-00014308-00014766": "and I still think it is the best note-taking software on Linux to make many simple notes.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00038-00014766-00015316": "However, when my notes became more complex, I started to look for something more sophisticated.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00039-00015316-00015522": "And I found Cherrytree.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00040-00015522-00015761": "Cherrytree is my current note-taking software.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00041-00015761-00016157": "It is the most comprehensive note-taking program available on Linux.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00042-00016157-00016439": "The amount of features in this program extends far beyond my needs.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00043-00016439-00016718": "But three of them make me love this program the most.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00044-00016718-00017024": "1. It is open-source and native on Linux.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00045-00017024-00017520": "2. It has code boxes with syntax highlighting for almost all programming languages.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00046-00017520-00018026": "3. It is extremely efficient thanks to a powerful set of keyboard shortcuts.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00047-00018026-00018445": "Cherrytree stores its notes in a single file that can be password protected.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00048-00018445-00018953": "Synchronization across devices can be easily made through Dropbox or any other cloud service.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00049-00018953-00019254": "The interface of the program is very convenient by default.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00050-00019254-00019517": "If you want, you can change a lot of setting using preferences.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00051-00019517-00020056": "If it is not enough for you, some extra configuration can be achieved by editing the config file.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00052-00020056-00020420": "I also like the tree structure of notes on the left panel.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00053-00020420-00020859": "But the killing feature of Cherrytree is its code boxes with syntax highlights.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00054-00020859-00021037": "It makes code reading much easier.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00055-00021037-00021424": "And the code can be stored in a box that takes only a few lines.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00056-00021424-00021992": "And if needed, this box can be expanded with the shortcuts Ctrl+, or shrunk with Ctrl+Alt+,", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00057-00021992-00022236": "One more feature that I like in Cherrytree", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00058-00022236-00022689": "is its ability to make several automatic backup copies of the notes’ database.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00059-00022689-00023102": "If you removed a note, you could restore it with no problem from a backup.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00060-00023102-00023483": "If you have never used Cherrytree, I highly recommend you to give it a try.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00061-00023483-00023915": "Cherrytree can bring your note-taking experience to an entirely different level.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00062-00023915-00024406": "And if you are on Linux, this is the most comprehensive note-taking program you can get.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00063-00024406-00024672": "If you do not like neither Zim nor Cherrytree,", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00064-00024672-00025010": "here some other note-taking options available for Linux.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00065-00025058-00025180": "Simplenote", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00066-00025180-00025436": "Simplenote is probably even simpler than Zim.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00067-00025436-00025816": "If there was no Zim, I would recommend Simplenote.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00068-00025816-00026132": "It is very good program if your notes contain only text.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00069-00026132-00026762": "For all other type of notes like images, links, codeboxes, you need to format your notes with Markdown.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00070-00026762-00027112": "The basic instructions are provided within the program.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00071-00027112-00027226": "NixNote", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00072-00027226-00027595": "NixNote is an unofficial client of Evernote for Linux.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00073-00027595-00027891": "But you can also use it independently of Evernote.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00074-00027891-00028107": "It is a very promising note-taking program.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00075-00028107-00028570": "You can create text notes, make tables, attach files and images.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00076-00028570-00028989": "But as in Evernote, there is no syntax highlighting for programming code.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00077-00029016-00029133": "Paper from DropBox", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00078-00029133-00029414": "DropBox Paper is the best option for note-taking", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00079-00029414-00029752": "if you do not mind that it is available online only.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00080-00029752-00030010": "It is way better than Evernote online client.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00081-00030010-00030589": "You can take all possible note types: text, tables, images, links, attachments, programming code.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00082-00030589-00030826": "The interface is very responsive and effective.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00083-00030826-00031227": "DropBox provides all the necessary instructions on how to use DropBox Paper.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00084-00031229-00031639": "For me, DropBox Paper is the best option for collaborative notes.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00085-00031639-00031808": "And I highly recommend it.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00086-00031808-00032294": "Please, let me know in the comment section what is your favorite note-taking program on Linux.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00087-00032294-00032589": "And don’t forget to SUBSCRIBE to this channel, if you haven’t subscribed yet.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00088-00032589-00033084": "I will definitely make detailed videos about each of these note-taking programs in the future.", "hvHy4Mb5g1k-00089-00033084-00033318": "Thank you for watching."}}, {"audio_id": "hwy_Pfmrw-E", "text": {"hwy_Pfmrw-E-00000-00000000-00000515": "hi everyone", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00001-00000515-00003386": "this is bank nifty chart 9.15 am market opened", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00002-00003386-00006910": "in this chart you will receive calls according to market trend, calls will not repeat", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00003-00007091-00008468": "buy rend starting time green color candle will appear", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00004-00008675-00012244": "after 10 pm market trend changed to buying so green color candle appeared", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00005-00012244-00015802": "calls will generate automatically in this chart", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00006-00015802-00016297": "SL line crossed", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00007-00016297-00019552": "but market trend continued strong movement given", "hwy_Pfmrw-E-00008-00019552-00026903": "For chart subscription details whats-app - 9488462166"}}, {"audio_id": "hwAmKD6g6a8", "text": {"hwAmKD6g6a8-00000-00000050-00000150": "Hi!", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00001-00000150-00000897": "Tonight I want to talk to you about \"to collaps\" (with speed or rolling over) ,thank you Manu.I", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00002-00000897-00001571": "am thinking that \"to collaps\" is something that fall suddenly,something that doesn't", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00003-00001571-00002064": "work anymore can fall suddenly,in a metaphorical way.I like how Marin Sorescu (romanian writer", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00004-00002064-00002888": "1936-1996) used to say \"we can't talk about abyss itself becouse it would be boring but", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00005-00002888-00003266": "if we talk about soul abyss become interesting\".To collaps can have the meaning of something", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00006-00003266-00005187": "very beneficial becaouse if the situation is not good anymore and collaps it means that", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00007-00005187-00006114": "can be replaced with something new,right?", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00008-00006114-00006273": "For you what does it mean \"to collaps?\"", "hwAmKD6g6a8-00009-00006273-00006292": "Bye!"}}, {"audio_id": "hwLGpH710l8", "text": {"hwLGpH710l8-00000-00000802-00001338": "so I heard about the youth venture trust at our managers conference a couple of", "hwLGpH710l8-00001-00001338-00002117": "years ago where we were shown a video about the work that the youth adventure trust did", "hwLGpH710l8-00002-00002117-00002766": "I'm not sure there was a dry eye in the room that afternoon and i wanted to", "hwLGpH710l8-00003-00002766-00003398": "do a little bit more with the charity so I decided I wanted to do more with the", "hwLGpH710l8-00004-00003398-00004164": "youth adventure trust because I really like the idea of getting young people", "hwLGpH710l8-00005-00004164-00004614": "out in the outdoors and that being a process towards building self-confidence", "hwLGpH710l8-00006-00004614-00005132": "and learning to socialize with other people and I was really lucky in my", "hwLGpH710l8-00007-00005132-00005675": "childhood to be able to get outdoors a lot and I'm really passionate about", "hwLGpH710l8-00008-00005675-00006089": "outdoor sports and things like that so really kind of aligned with what what I", "hwLGpH710l8-00009-00006089-00006590": "enjoy out of life and thought it would be great to facilitate that and help", "hwLGpH710l8-00010-00006590-00006965": "some other be able to do that too", "hwLGpH710l8-00011-00007122-00007806": "they camp I volunteered on took place in Brecon Beacons it was a six-day camp", "hwLGpH710l8-00012-00007806-00008454": "during the course of their camp we did quite a few activities the first day we", "hwLGpH710l8-00013-00008454-00009354": "did kayaking we also did caving rock-climbing gorge walking", "hwLGpH710l8-00014-00009354-00009864": "there was loads of really great outdoor activity i enjoyed it", "hwLGpH710l8-00015-00009864-00010552": "i know the kids did as well there's a lot of work on overcoming their", "hwLGpH710l8-00016-00010552-00011134": "own fears and challenges in life and I think that can range from summoning up", "hwLGpH710l8-00017-00011134-00011845": "the courage you know to jump into a river but that kind of ability to", "hwLGpH710l8-00018-00011845-00012453": "overcome those challenges they can translate that back into their into", "hwLGpH710l8-00019-00012453-00012807": "their lives at home where there might be challenges at school or with their", "hwLGpH710l8-00020-00012807-00013300": "families or or in a variety of ways really really positive and its really", "hwLGpH710l8-00021-00013300-00013851": "really rounded so the five said give to anyone that was thinking of volunteering", "hwLGpH710l8-00022-00013851-00014338": "with the youth adventure trust would be to get in touch the support and the", "hwLGpH710l8-00023-00014338-00014781": "training that you get as a volunteer really is fantastic and it'll set you up", "hwLGpH710l8-00024-00014781-00015270": "to be able to kind of do a great job both you know helping all these young", "hwLGpH710l8-00025-00015270-00015935": "people and having a really rewarding experience for yourself as well"}}, {"audio_id": "hx5mP6iJ1m0", "text": {"hx5mP6iJ1m0-00000-00000003-00000465": "The Palo Alto Networks next-generation firewall has some powerful functions to manage its configuration,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00001-00000465-00000839": "but at the same time it can be very confusing if you're used to other firewall vendors.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00002-00000847-00001310": "So let me explain you the concept of configuration management, so you can make full use of it.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00003-00002296-00002751": "If this is your first time here, I'm Lars from Consigas. We call ourselves the Palo", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00004-00002751-00003080": "Alto Networks experts because the next generation firewall is our passion.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00005-00003110-00003650": "It's what we do all day, every day, migrating firewalls, providing managed services and most important", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00006-00003679-00004307": "implementing security best practices. When I started to work with this box in 2010 nearly anyone knew about Palo Alto Networks.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00007-00004348-00004886": "But as an engineer, I felt that this solution will change the world of cyber security, and yes today", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00008-00004887-00005414": "we know it did it big time because it's one of the few security solutions that can truly secure your network.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00009-00005476-00006003": "However, there's a caveat! You need to set it up in the right way in order to be effective,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00010-00006057-00006395": "because while it's awesome, it's not a magic box! So over the years", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00011-00006396-00006779": "we became professional service partners for Palo Alto Networks, as well as one of the few", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00012-00006798-00007283": "Elite Authorized Training Centers. As I was working in the field for so many years, and being a trainer,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00013-00007284-00007983": "I would like to share my experience with you! So over the next couple of weeks and months we'll release new videos and core concepts,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00014-00008025-00008798": "explaining the fundamental workings of the next generation firewall. Starting with the threat landscape and deployment methods, NAT, App-ID, SSL decryption,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00015-00008827-00009453": "VPNs and many more. So follow us on LinkedIn, YouTube or Twitter to stay up to date.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00016-00009481-00009725": "But now let's get started with configuration management.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00017-00009820-00010286": "The first thing what we need to differentiate again, is remember that on our Palo Alto Networks firewall,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00018-00010286-00010540": "we have a dedicated Management plane and Data plane.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00019-00010540-00010997": "So now if you look at login to the GUI or into the CLI, to do changes to the configuration,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00020-00011020-00011547": "all of these changes are done to a configuration we call our candidate configuration.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00021-00011780-00012737": "And this candidate configuration is residing in memory on our management plane.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00022-00012738-00012938": "Only once you kind of happy here, then you do a commit and,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00023-00013155-00013482": "with this commit you will activate your changes and", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00024-00013546-00014111": "Install it effectively on the data plane, and with this they're going into what we call our running configuration.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00025-00014458-00015105": "Okay, so the interesting thing is that when we do commit, kind of automatically as part of the commit process,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00026-00015241-00015719": "the firewall will also store what we call a configuration version.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00027-00016057-00016457": "By default it will store up to a hundred configs.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00028-00016465-00017040": "That's quite nice because you can always revert back to an older config. Having the case, for instance:", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00029-00017040-00017652": "something isn't working, and then you think: \"Okay, actually, maybe this was because of a firewall change\",", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00030-00017652-00017934": "but you know last Thursday It was still working.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00031-00017934-00018461": "So let's actually rollback to the configuration of last Thursday. You just go on to the firewall and then what you do is:", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00032-00018462-00019074": "you load the config version which was committed last Friday, so do a load,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00033-00019074-00019326": "but important thing here is that this load will actually load this", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00034-00019399-00019973": "configuration version into the candidate configuration. Once you're happy that", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00035-00019973-00020345": "this is the right configuration then you do the commit to activate this configuration.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00036-00020506-00020730": "Now talking about reverts:", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00037-00020731-00021098": "We can also actually revert back from the running configuration.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00038-00021098-00021551": "So let's say you are in the configuration, you're doing some changes, and then you think:", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00039-00021552-00021963": "\"I think I messed this up\". Let's just go back to our active running configuration", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00040-00021963-00022118": "So here what you can do is also a revert!", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00041-00022435-00023168": "And this revert would effectively take the latest running configuration and override the complete candidate configuration,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00042-00023191-00023666": "effectively just you know puts your running configuration again into your candidate configuration.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00043-00023713-00024188": "Beside this we also have two additional data stores for configurations.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00044-00024280-00024617": "The next one is what we call a \"named config\"", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00045-00024951-00025613": "As the name says what we can simply do here is: we can save configurations under a specific name.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00046-00025683-00026297": "So what we do is save and just give the config a name, and obviously from this config", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00047-00026380-00027156": "we can also load, but remember always when you're loading a config, you always load this into a candidate configuration.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00048-00027220-00027773": "And the only way you can activate the configuration is by doing a commit.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00049-00027781-00028200": "The last config store is what we call a \"saved config\".", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00050-00028438-00029250": "And this one often caused a little bit of confusion, so let me give you a use case which probably explains this feature the best.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00051-00029305-00029775": "It happened to me once where I was installing a new firewall in a data center.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00052-00029782-00030326": "So I was fiddling along configuring for a complete hour and then someone was", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00053-00030345-00030888": "fiddling around with the power right and the Box went down! boom!", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00054-00030888-00031280": "With this what happened was when I do configuration changes to my candidate config,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00055-00031283-00031887": "this candidate config just resides in the RAM on the memory on our management plane. It means if the box,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00056-00031899-00032279": "if the power goes down, the box shuts down and this configuration is lost.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00057-00032299-00032907": "Okay, so to overcome these challenges. we have our safe config and", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00058-00032977-00033371": "there isn't really a big difference between named config and safe config. It's just a way of how", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00059-00033372-00033957": "we can much quicker save your configuration. So, here you have an option", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00060-00033957-00034277": "I'm gonna show you this in a moment, where we can simply do a SAVE", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00061-00034360-00034889": "and this saves the latest candidate configuration in this safe config store.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00062-00034918-00035426": "And then from here we can also do a revert, to revert back to the latest saved configuration.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00063-00036286-00036336": "By the way if you're interested in security best practices for Palo Alto Networks,", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00064-00036337-00037029": "then check out the blog on our webpage. Here in the best practice section you can download this worksheet with all", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00065-00037081-00037416": "120 best practices for the next-generation firewall.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00066-00037468-00037818": "Very soon we will also launch the security best practice training", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00067-00037846-00038223": "with a lot of videos explaining all of these security best practices in detail.", "hx5mP6iJ1m0-00068-00038233-00038870": "So if you're interested then sign up to our mailing list, and we will let you know as soon as this free training is available."}}, {"audio_id": "hx6lslmFskc", "text": {"hx6lslmFskc-00000-00000180-00000284": "ERIC GREEN: Why don't we go ahead start.", "hx6lslmFskc-00001-00000284-00000830": "We are going to have a program, project update on 1000 Genomes by Lisa Brooks.", "hx6lslmFskc-00002-00000830-00000930": "LISA BROOKS: Okay.", "hx6lslmFskc-00003-00000930-00001030": "Thank you.", "hx6lslmFskc-00004-00001030-00001366": "So I think it has been about a year or so since we have had an update on this project.", "hx6lslmFskc-00005-00001366-00001826": "We just had a project meeting at Cold Spring Harbor.", "hx6lslmFskc-00006-00001826-00002823": "I think most of you have seen the goals before: that we are trying to find, basically, most", "hx6lslmFskc-00007-00002823-00002923": "variants in populations being studied.", "hx6lslmFskc-00008-00002923-00003031": "Both SNP structural variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00009-00003031-00003620": "So, I'll be discussing the timeline as we go.", "hx6lslmFskc-00010-00003620-00003836": "But the first goal has been reached.", "hx6lslmFskc-00011-00003836-00004014": "All of the samples have been collected.", "hx6lslmFskc-00012-00004014-00004787": "This is from 26 populations, 2,500 unrelated samples plus a lot of their kids.", "hx6lslmFskc-00013-00004787-00005017": "So we're quite happy about that.", "hx6lslmFskc-00014-00005017-00005227": "It worked out.", "hx6lslmFskc-00015-00005227-00005623": "So there are three phases for the project so I'll be talking about those in order.", "hx6lslmFskc-00016-00005623-00006089": "The first phase has alreadyóthe data were released, the last form of the data were released", "hx6lslmFskc-00017-00006089-00006226": "in March.", "hx6lslmFskc-00018-00006226-00006647": "The paper is being written up and it should be submitted in early June.", "hx6lslmFskc-00019-00006647-00007577": "This is based on 1092 samples from 14 populations, with both whole genome light coverage sequencing,", "hx6lslmFskc-00020-00007577-00007868": "exome coverage, genotype data.", "hx6lslmFskc-00021-00007868-00008464": "And the phase 1 results areófirst we found more sequence in the human genome.", "hx6lslmFskc-00022-00008464-00009275": "And there are 38 million SNPs, two million indels, 14,000 deletions.", "hx6lslmFskc-00023-00009275-00009412": "Most of these are novel.", "hx6lslmFskc-00024-00009412-00009743": "As you know the common variants are found first.", "hx6lslmFskc-00025-00009743-00010298": "The deeper you look, the more people in any population, additional populations, you find", "hx6lslmFskc-00026-00010298-00010696": "more, rarer variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00027-00010696-00011018": "So that's why they become more novel.", "hx6lslmFskc-00028-00011018-00011182": "These are high quality.", "hx6lslmFskc-00029-00011182-00011711": "What's a real advance in this dataset is that the different type of variants are being integrated", "hx6lslmFskc-00030-00011711-00011874": "onto haplotypes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00031-00011874-00012376": "So that people who want to impute into GWA studies, for instance, when they take their", "hx6lslmFskc-00032-00012376-00012581": "genotype data, use 1000 genomes data.", "hx6lslmFskc-00033-00012581-00013038": "And they will get not just SNPs, they will get indels and deletions as well.", "hx6lslmFskc-00034-00013038-00013183": "So these are uncommon haplotypes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00035-00013183-00013624": "There are lots of new tools being developed.", "hx6lslmFskc-00036-00013624-00014025": "These data are on the Amazon Web Services - cloud.", "hx6lslmFskc-00037-00014025-00014337": "This was the poster child for big data form NIH.", "hx6lslmFskc-00038-00014337-00014637": "But we will take any cloud.", "hx6lslmFskc-00039-00014637-00014832": "It is not inclusive arrangement.", "hx6lslmFskc-00040-00014832-00015384": "But it is a way because the datasetóclearly the variants are much smaller datasets and", "hx6lslmFskc-00041-00015384-00015494": "those are easily available.", "hx6lslmFskc-00042-00015494-00016075": "The large datasets, if people want to develop methods or look at global analyses that need", "hx6lslmFskc-00043-00016075-00016475": "the BAM files underlying sequence readsóthat's 200 tera bases(?).", "hx6lslmFskc-00044-00016475-00017007": "Those are extremely large datasets.", "hx6lslmFskc-00045-00017007-00017635": "So one of the major results it that givenóso the phase 1 datasets is on almost 1,100 people", "hx6lslmFskc-00046-00017635-00018363": "that imputingóso if you have a GWAS dataset and you want to use the 1000 Genomes dataset,", "hx6lslmFskc-00047-00018363-00018855": "and even though you did genotyping in the GWA, you use the 1000 Genomes data to impute", "hx6lslmFskc-00048-00018855-00019228": "the variance that you didn't see but that are mostly likely there.", "hx6lslmFskc-00049-00019228-00020076": "The imputation from the complete dataset, almost 1,100 people is better than imputation", "hx6lslmFskc-00050-00020076-00020491": "just from the populations that are related to the one that is being looked at.", "hx6lslmFskc-00051-00020491-00020937": "So there is enough sharing of variants and haplotypes across populations that imputation", "hx6lslmFskc-00052-00020937-00021101": "is still useful.", "hx6lslmFskc-00053-00021101-00021763": "Here is an exampleóit's the same foróthe results are very similar for coding variants", "hx6lslmFskc-00054-00021763-00022052": "versus noncoding variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00055-00022052-00022666": "What you have, the big block from left to write are frequency classes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00056-00022666-00023299": "The very rare variants are hereósomewhat rare, not so rare and common variants are", "hx6lslmFskc-00057-00023299-00023399": "here.", "hx6lslmFskc-00058-00023399-00024347": "The dark parts are the variants that are seen only within populations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00059-00024347-00025395": "The medium are ones that are seen, shared between populations on the same continent.", "hx6lslmFskc-00060-00025395-00025495": "The light part is what's shared among continents.", "hx6lslmFskc-00061-00025495-00025595": "And, as you can see, common variants are mostly found in all populations, all continents.", "hx6lslmFskc-00062-00025595-00026127": "This is a reflection of our shared history coming out of Africa and spreading all over", "hx6lslmFskc-00063-00026127-00026683": "the world.", "hx6lslmFskc-00064-00026683-00026783": "So the common variantsó", "hx6lslmFskc-00065-00026783-00026883": "But even very rare variants can still be found shared across all populations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00066-00026883-00027387": "But clearly, the very rare variants are much more population specific.", "hx6lslmFskc-00067-00027387-00027747": "Those arose after people spread around the world.", "hx6lslmFskc-00068-00027747-00028008": "So they arose in very specific places.", "hx6lslmFskc-00069-00028008-00028364": "And allele sharing by frequency, this is kind of an interestingóI'm kind of showing you", "hx6lslmFskc-00070-00028364-00029056": "a few of the sorts of results in the paper.", "hx6lslmFskc-00071-00029056-00029812": "I'm showing you the results from the paper, not all of them, just sort of some interesting", "hx6lslmFskc-00072-00029812-00029912": "highlights.", "hx6lslmFskc-00073-00029912-00030125": "Again, this is allele sharing.", "hx6lslmFskc-00074-00030125-00030747": "That variants that are found in the British, except for very rare ones, which clearly are", "hx6lslmFskc-00075-00030747-00031177": "recent population history, but the variants found in the British are likely to be present", "hx6lslmFskc-00076-00031177-00031493": "in the Luhya where the reverse isn't true.", "hx6lslmFskc-00077-00031493-00031936": "Variants in the Luhya are less likely to be found in the British.", "hx6lslmFskc-00078-00031936-00032325": "So, again, it's a reflect of our population history.", "hx6lslmFskc-00079-00032325-00032794": "People left Africa and there is a lot of genetic drift, a lot of founder effect and didn't", "hx6lslmFskc-00080-00032794-00033149": "take all the variation with them.", "hx6lslmFskc-00081-00033149-00033700": "Here is an example, I believe from Carlos' group, admixture.", "hx6lslmFskc-00082-00033700-00034461": "We have the Puerto Ricans, the Columbians and the Mexicans and amount (?) of European", "hx6lslmFskc-00083-00034461-00035137": "ancestry, African ancestry and Native American ancestry in each of these populations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00084-00035137-00035390": "So we've included admix populations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00085-00035390-00035925": "You know, many populations in the world are admixed so we are getting some very nice ancestry", "hx6lslmFskc-00086-00035925-00036069": "deconvolutions.", "hx6lslmFskc-00087-00036069-00036641": "They are also developing methods to go across the genome for individuals and assign them", "hx6lslmFskc-00088-00036641-00036772": "to ancestry.", "hx6lslmFskc-00089-00036772-00037359": "A loss-of-function variance is something that there is a lot of interest in.", "hx6lslmFskc-00090-00037359-00037672": "And I should say, of course, these are putative loss of function.", "hx6lslmFskc-00091-00037672-00038102": "We're simply looking at the variants and finding, for instance, a stock codon on pretty early", "hx6lslmFskc-00092-00038102-00038202": "on.", "hx6lslmFskc-00093-00038202-00038393": "The assumption is the protein product is not made.", "hx6lslmFskc-00094-00038393-00038813": "But it is not based on any phenotype because, of course, we don't have any phenotype data.", "hx6lslmFskc-00095-00038813-00039346": "As a class, these are much more likely to be nonfunctional, even though you don't really", "hx6lslmFskc-00096-00039346-00040012": "know that about specific ones, except maybe a stock codon, in the second codon or something.", "hx6lslmFskc-00097-00040012-00040734": "And so there are thousands of nonsense, life (?) disrupting, frame shift, large, loss of", "hx6lslmFskc-00098-00040734-00040834": "function variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00099-00040834-00041227": "Now, of course, what's been discovered in these, especially ones that are homozygous,", "hx6lslmFskc-00100-00041227-00041637": "they are in such crucially important genes as olfactory receptors.", "hx6lslmFskc-00101-00041637-00042031": "Where it turns out it does really matter if you smell, if a person has a sense of smell", "hx6lslmFskc-00102-00042031-00042315": "a little bit different from another person, that's not lethal.", "hx6lslmFskc-00103-00042315-00042727": "So, of course, because of the way natural selection works, the ones that are higher", "hx6lslmFskc-00104-00042727-00043149": "frequency, especially ones high enough frequency to actually have homozygotes, really aren't", "hx6lslmFskc-00105-00043149-00043293": "that bad for you.", "hx6lslmFskc-00106-00043293-00043616": "So we talk about loss of function variants but we have to recognize there has been a", "hx6lslmFskc-00107-00043616-00043740": "real selective filter.", "hx6lslmFskc-00108-00043740-00044431": "Okay, phase 2, we are not going to make a paper out of this.", "hx6lslmFskc-00109-00044431-00044681": "The sequence data have been done already.", "hx6lslmFskc-00110-00044681-00045169": "It's almost 1,700 samples, 19 populations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00111-00045169-00045433": "Broad is simply doing the calling of the variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00112-00045433-00045962": "The project really wants to focus on developing the methods for mapping and calling variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00113-00045962-00046522": "Even though this is a lot better than the pilot was, the project has very active analysis", "hx6lslmFskc-00114-00046522-00046862": "group that is really developing a lot of methods of analysis.", "hx6lslmFskc-00115-00046862-00047183": "And instead of going through all the work of calling again and then having to do that", "hx6lslmFskc-00116-00047183-00047661": "on phase 3, they decided, we will just do a very simple, straightforward calling approach", "hx6lslmFskc-00117-00047661-00047949": "and actually spend the time improving the methods.", "hx6lslmFskc-00118-00047949-00048440": "And, of course, this is a projectóthe methods are used in many other projects.", "hx6lslmFskc-00119-00048440-00048758": "So it's a very worthwhile investment.", "hx6lslmFskc-00120-00048758-00049187": "Phase 3, that's the final phase, is all the remaining samples.", "hx6lslmFskc-00121-00049187-00049534": "So that is going to be 2,500 unrelated samples.", "hx6lslmFskc-00122-00049534-00050138": "This includes 500 samples that are being sequenced deeply by Complete Genomics, including 161", "hx6lslmFskc-00123-00050138-00050613": "trios, which means the kids of those unrelated parents.", "hx6lslmFskc-00124-00050613-00050971": "So there will be 2661 samples eventually.", "hx6lslmFskc-00125-00050971-00051453": "The sequencing is planned to be done by December of 2012, calling variants buy the spring of", "hx6lslmFskc-00126-00051453-00052013": "2013 and preparing an integrated paper that summer.", "hx6lslmFskc-00127-00052013-00052403": "So, that is the end of 1000 Genomes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00128-00052403-00052932": "But, of course, people are thinking about what other resources are needed.", "hx6lslmFskc-00129-00052932-00053452": "One (?) in Wash U has certainly been a proponent of this, of working with the genome reference", "hx6lslmFskc-00130-00053452-00053969": "consortium because when you talk about the reference sequence, there certainly are errors.", "hx6lslmFskc-00131-00053969-00054483": "And when you have 2,500 sequences, some of which have been done very deeply, you have", "hx6lslmFskc-00132-00054483-00054744": "a lot of information to correct problems with the reference.", "hx6lslmFskc-00133-00054744-00054924": "So you can find more sequence.", "hx6lslmFskc-00134-00054924-00055569": "And if there are little bits of sequence that haven't been found that can cause errors in", "hx6lslmFskc-00135-00055569-00056011": "variant calling, so simply finding more sequence is useful.", "hx6lslmFskc-00136-00056011-00056427": "I believe it is about 35 mega bases have been found so far.", "hx6lslmFskc-00137-00056427-00056954": "Fix errors provide alternative assemblies, provide entire haplotypes rather than chimeric", "hx6lslmFskc-00138-00056954-00057054": "ones.", "hx6lslmFskc-00139-00057054-00057823": "There is also consideration of what resources would needed in order to help disease studies.", "hx6lslmFskc-00140-00057823-00058085": "Okay.", "hx6lslmFskc-00141-00058085-00058638": "Any questions on the project?", "hx6lslmFskc-00142-00058638-00059638": "PARTICIPANT: This is a fantastic project.", "hx6lslmFskc-00143-00059638-00060010": "It's so important to what we are doing.", "hx6lslmFskc-00144-00060010-00060472": "I'm really, really pleased to see that the 1000 Genomes became 2,500 or 5,000 depending", "hx6lslmFskc-00145-00060472-00060636": "on your point of view.", "hx6lslmFskc-00146-00060636-00060979": "And it just so useful in so many different ways.", "hx6lslmFskc-00147-00060979-00061185": "So congratulations on a great project.", "hx6lslmFskc-00148-00061185-00061322": "LISA BROOKS: thank you.", "hx6lslmFskc-00149-00061322-00061492": "PARTICIPANT: [off microphone] scientific one(?).", "hx6lslmFskc-00150-00061492-00062141": "You may have [00:10:12] but I didn't see it, the total number of loss of function mutations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00151-00062141-00062364": "Those were fairly sever things.", "hx6lslmFskc-00152-00062364-00062589": "LISA BROOKS: They are what?", "hx6lslmFskc-00153-00062589-00062689": "PARTICIPANT: Fairly severe.", "hx6lslmFskc-00154-00062689-00062838": "You know, loss of function mutation.", "hx6lslmFskc-00155-00062838-00063213": "You are making guesses based on your early stop codons, etcetera.", "hx6lslmFskc-00156-00063213-00063313": "LISA BROOKS: Absolutely.", "hx6lslmFskc-00157-00063313-00063413": "Nonsense (?) plus (?) disrupting.", "hx6lslmFskc-00158-00063413-00063513": "PARTICIPANT: And splice ones are easy to predict.", "hx6lslmFskc-00159-00063513-00063613": "LISA BROOKS: Frame shifts.", "hx6lslmFskc-00160-00063613-00063713": "PARTICIPANT: Frame shifts.", "hx6lslmFskc-00161-00063713-00064114": "For the miss(?) sense (?) onesóobviously, there are a lot more miss sense.", "hx6lslmFskc-00162-00064114-00064630": "Was there some analysis or has there been analysis done on those that are likely to", "hx6lslmFskc-00163-00064630-00065037": "be loss of function based on evolutionary constraint?", "hx6lslmFskc-00164-00065037-00065137": "[Simultaneous conversation]", "hx6lslmFskc-00165-00065137-00065557": "LISA BROOKS: There's been the FIG group, the Functional Interpretation Group has been quite", "hx6lslmFskc-00166-00065557-00065657": "active.", "hx6lslmFskc-00167-00065657-00066144": "There is a lot overlap with the encode people who, of course, know about no(?) from (?) function.", "hx6lslmFskc-00168-00066144-00066544": "So there's been a lot of trying to understand some of the functional consequences.", "hx6lslmFskc-00169-00066544-00067372": "There is analyses about which types of genes, gene functions are more or less variable or", "hx6lslmFskc-00170-00067372-00067617": "disrupted by these sorts of variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00171-00067617-00068174": "So there's been a lot of looking at various sorts of functional ways of doing things.", "hx6lslmFskc-00172-00068174-00068420": "PARTICIPANT: I want to throw something in.", "hx6lslmFskc-00173-00068420-00069104": "I think that one of the directions that NHGRIóthis is a little off base but maybe it is not,", "hx6lslmFskc-00174-00069104-00069754": "that it ought to go is large scale efforts to then test those functions.", "hx6lslmFskc-00175-00069754-00070019": "It is one thing for us to identify the variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00176-00070019-00070613": "It's another thing to maybe even know that they are in a promoter or enhancer or in a", "hx6lslmFskc-00177-00070613-00070713": "coding region.", "hx6lslmFskc-00178-00070713-00071151": "But it is another thing to then take those and then do something more than just a little", "hx6lslmFskc-00179-00071151-00071526": "bit of sampling as to whether that actually really is changing the function.", "hx6lslmFskc-00180-00071526-00071755": "I don't think we haveówe have knockouts, obviously, mouse.", "hx6lslmFskc-00181-00071755-00071930": "And we have some things.", "hx6lslmFskc-00182-00071930-00072202": "But I don't think we have a big effort on something like that.", "hx6lslmFskc-00183-00072202-00072423": "And I'm hoping we can talk about that one day.", "hx6lslmFskc-00184-00072423-00072523": "LISA BROOKS: Yes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00185-00072523-00072912": "I mean we have certainly talked about that a bit and people have discussed exactly that", "hx6lslmFskc-00186-00072912-00073245": "point that we actually need to do validation work on these predictions.", "hx6lslmFskc-00187-00073245-00073675": "PARTICIPANT: I didn't want to use the word because I think it is more important thanóit", "hx6lslmFskc-00188-00073675-00073879": "is validation partly but it is reallyó", "hx6lslmFskc-00189-00073879-00074050": "LISA BROOKS: Well, it is also just understanding the function.", "hx6lslmFskc-00190-00074050-00074150": "PARTICIPANT: We need to figure out how to do it.", "hx6lslmFskc-00191-00074150-00074518": "I'm not sure we know how to do that.", "hx6lslmFskc-00192-00074518-00074990": "PARTICIPANT: You alluded to it but do you have an actual number for how, in how many", "hx6lslmFskc-00193-00074990-00075402": "instances you see homozygocity for these presumed loss of function?", "hx6lslmFskc-00194-00075402-00076193": "LISA BROOKS: The Daniel MacArthur paper found, what is it, about 100-ish loss of function", "hx6lslmFskc-00195-00076193-00076293": "variants per person.", "hx6lslmFskc-00196-00076293-00076641": "And I believe about 20 to 30 of those were homozygous.", "hx6lslmFskc-00197-00076641-00077279": "And there was way over representation of things like olfactory receptors.", "hx6lslmFskc-00198-00077279-00077993": "PARTICIPANT: In addition to the sequence, were there any cell lines established from", "hx6lslmFskc-00199-00077993-00078093": "theó", "hx6lslmFskc-00200-00078093-00078193": "LISA BROOKS: Oh, yes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00201-00078193-00078293": "Absolutely.", "hx6lslmFskc-00202-00078293-00078393": "All of the samples have cell lines.", "hx6lslmFskc-00203-00078393-00079057": "And the consent people agreed to have the samples used for things like expression analysis;", "hx6lslmFskc-00204-00079057-00079331": "not, unfortunately, IPS.", "hx6lslmFskc-00205-00079331-00079431": "Yes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00206-00079431-00080200": "So cell lines are available for all of these from Coreal (?). And there are more kids than", "hx6lslmFskc-00207-00080200-00080477": "actually are being studied in 1000 Genomes project.", "hx6lslmFskc-00208-00080477-00080925": "So people who want to look at sort of heritability of cellular, of molecular phenotypes can do", "hx6lslmFskc-00209-00080925-00081032": "that.", "hx6lslmFskc-00210-00081032-00081787": "PARTICIPANT: So I mean just to, again congratulate you on a great presentation and, obviously,", "hx6lslmFskc-00211-00081787-00081968": "as part of 1000 Genomes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00212-00081968-00082482": "One of the things that has been brought up at the last meeting and on everyone's mind", "hx6lslmFskc-00213-00082482-00082612": "is what's next?", "hx6lslmFskc-00214-00082612-00082952": "What's the next big plan that we should have.", "hx6lslmFskc-00215-00082952-00083333": "And I don't know if we have a meeting coming up or something where these issues are going", "hx6lslmFskc-00216-00083333-00083449": "to be discussed.", "hx6lslmFskc-00217-00083449-00083892": "But I think it should be something that we should think about or get, perhaps a group", "hx6lslmFskc-00218-00083892-00084482": "on Council to put together or really kind of integrate the things that we are seeing", "hx6lslmFskc-00219-00084482-00085095": "and the questions that we have aboutóhow we are really going to create the public resources", "hx6lslmFskc-00220-00085095-00085622": "to go from biology of genomes to the clinical interpretation.", "hx6lslmFskc-00221-00085622-00086224": "And I think 1000 Genomes and the efforts that we have invested in so far need to be thought", "hx6lslmFskc-00222-00086224-00086498": "about in terms of long term how to make that happen.", "hx6lslmFskc-00223-00086498-00086745": "It is just more of a comment than anything else.", "hx6lslmFskc-00224-00086745-00087393": "It would be great to get folks sense around the table about their thoughts what should", "hx6lslmFskc-00225-00087393-00087941": "be the future of these kinds of big efforts, in part because they are the only publicly", "hx6lslmFskc-00226-00087941-00088481": "available, large scale data set that everybody has access to, right?", "hx6lslmFskc-00227-00088481-00089050": "It just gets download so much more than anything DB-GAP(?) precisely because it is open.", "hx6lslmFskc-00228-00089050-00089447": "And it really is what catalyzes so much science outside so much science outside of even the", "hx6lslmFskc-00229-00089447-00089547": "consortia.", "hx6lslmFskc-00230-00089547-00090077": "And I think it would be a real mistake to not continue to invest in this kind of area.", "hx6lslmFskc-00231-00090077-00090663": "ERIC GREEN: Any comments or thoughts in particular about that idea?", "hx6lslmFskc-00232-00090663-00091329": "I mean one thing I will say is everything moves very quickly here.", "hx6lslmFskc-00233-00091329-00091910": "So if all of a sudden attention is not paid to and things start to dissipate, people will", "hx6lslmFskc-00234-00091910-00092010": "move on to other things.", "hx6lslmFskc-00235-00092010-00092481": "You will dismantle consortia and interactions that have set up.", "hx6lslmFskc-00236-00092481-00092581": "Maybe that's fine.", "hx6lslmFskc-00237-00092581-00092681": "Maybe they will go on to other things and that will be important.", "hx6lslmFskc-00238-00092681-00093057": "But I think you want to take stock for a moment and just make sure before the dismantling", "hx6lslmFskc-00239-00093057-00093157": "starts.", "hx6lslmFskc-00240-00093157-00093374": "There is obviously an issue of where those funds would come from and so forth.", "hx6lslmFskc-00241-00093374-00093801": "But if we not strategic, then naturally things will disperse.", "hx6lslmFskc-00242-00093801-00093976": "Russ.", "hx6lslmFskc-00243-00093976-00094645": "RUSS: At the risk of stating the obvious, surely there are human populations that have", "hx6lslmFskc-00244-00094645-00094891": "not been well sampled from this.", "hx6lslmFskc-00245-00094891-00095513": "Maybe one of the issues is, is what do we see could be gained from looking at additional", "hx6lslmFskc-00246-00095513-00095778": "populations versus the cost.", "hx6lslmFskc-00247-00095778-00096026": "And I think it needs discussion.", "hx6lslmFskc-00248-00096026-00096660": "PARTICIPANT: I think in addition to the additional populations, I really am intrigued by the", "hx6lslmFskc-00249-00096660-00097074": "connections between the variant information and the functional effects of those variants,", "hx6lslmFskc-00250-00097074-00097580": "which would mean more studied on the samples in which there has now been a big genomic", "hx6lslmFskc-00251-00097580-00098061": "investment to try to seeóthat's a very intriguing list and you can make an even larger list", "hx6lslmFskc-00252-00098061-00098580": "if you included the non-coding regions and the different types of structures.", "hx6lslmFskc-00253-00098580-00099067": "So to follow(?) up one time on the cell line and also the consent issue.", "hx6lslmFskc-00254-00099067-00099677": "So it's blood cell lines and they're consented for anything you can do with a blood cell", "hx6lslmFskc-00255-00099677-00099777": "line?", "hx6lslmFskc-00256-00099777-00099877": "LISA BROOKS: Almost.", "hx6lslmFskc-00257-00099877-00100646": "They are consented for variation sequencing sorts of things.", "hx6lslmFskc-00258-00100646-00101304": "They are consented for things like protein RNA and protein expression sorts of things.", "hx6lslmFskc-00259-00101304-00102110": "We didn'tówhen we were developing these consents in 2001 to 2004, we didn't think of IPS for", "hx6lslmFskc-00260-00102110-00102210": "some reason.", "hx6lslmFskc-00261-00102210-00102393": "They are not consented for that.", "hx6lslmFskc-00262-00102393-00102646": "PARTICIPANT: And that would be excluded then.", "hx6lslmFskc-00263-00102646-00103130": "You could not make IPS cells out of the established cell lines from the 1000 Genomes patients?", "hx6lslmFskc-00264-00103130-00103439": "LISA BROOKS: We've talked about that and we decided not.", "hx6lslmFskc-00265-00103439-00103539": "We could talk some more.", "hx6lslmFskc-00266-00103539-00103723": "But it doesn't look good.", "hx6lslmFskc-00267-00103723-00104255": "PARTICIPANT: I mean I think the other issue is if there are additional populations that", "hx6lslmFskc-00268-00104255-00104729": "are going to be sampled, at that point the consents can be changed to allow for that,", "hx6lslmFskc-00269-00104729-00105358": "perhaps, to happenóif that is one of the things that the sort of community believes", "hx6lslmFskc-00270-00105358-00105826": "would be really beneficial, for example.", "hx6lslmFskc-00271-00105826-00106741": "PARTICIPANT: I'm a little not sure why this is such an interesting set of variants because", "hx6lslmFskc-00272-00106741-00107148": "in a heterozygous form you are going to find a lot of loss of function variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00273-00107148-00107533": "So there is no association with disease with disease because you don't know that about", "hx6lslmFskc-00274-00107533-00107765": "the 1000 or several 1000 people.", "hx6lslmFskc-00275-00107765-00108186": "So I'm not sure why you would want to put a lot of effort into genes that are probably", "hx6lslmFskc-00276-00108186-00108440": "redundant in the genome for function.", "hx6lslmFskc-00277-00108440-00108867": "It would seem to me if you really want to understand interesting genes that have loss", "hx6lslmFskc-00278-00108867-00109326": "of function variants, you would do it in disease populations not in random populations because", "hx6lslmFskc-00279-00109326-00109529": "most of these are not interesting.", "hx6lslmFskc-00280-00109529-00110258": "ERIC GREEN: Before we go to Pearl, does somebody want to argue that point?", "hx6lslmFskc-00281-00110258-00110890": "I mean it's a fundamental point so I think it is worth discussion before we move on to", "hx6lslmFskc-00282-00110890-00110990": "Pearl.", "hx6lslmFskc-00283-00110990-00111090": "Carlos and then [off microphone]", "hx6lslmFskc-00284-00111090-00111452": "CARLOS: Yeah, I mean I think when I think about this set of variants but just this set", "hx6lslmFskc-00285-00111452-00111908": "of polymorphisms that are found by 1000 Genomes, many of the things that are now associated", "hx6lslmFskc-00286-00111908-00112163": "are part of those catalogues.", "hx6lslmFskc-00287-00112163-00112263": "Right?", "hx6lslmFskc-00288-00112263-00112669": "So if we can begin to get an understanding of the function characterization both in terms", "hx6lslmFskc-00289-00112669-00113419": "of expression and impact on protein structure, they may well be the variants that then lead", "hx6lslmFskc-00290-00113419-00113757": "us down the road to linking with disease, particularly ifó", "hx6lslmFskc-00291-00113757-00114357": "PARTICIPANT: No questions that all the variants in the genome is important.", "hx6lslmFskc-00292-00114357-00114749": "But you understand their importance by looking at their association with disease.", "hx6lslmFskc-00293-00114749-00115238": "What I don't understand is why people are saying we need now to focus on these loss", "hx6lslmFskc-00294-00115238-00115890": "of function variants because to me they are the most disinteresting set of genes in the", "hx6lslmFskc-00295-00115890-00116072": "genome, unless they are associated with disease.", "hx6lslmFskc-00296-00116072-00116394": "LISA BROOKS: Of course, 1000 genome sample come from people who are well enough to sign", "hx6lslmFskc-00297-00116394-00116547": "a consent form.", "hx6lslmFskc-00298-00116547-00116936": "But just like everybody else, the get all sorts of diseases.", "hx6lslmFskc-00299-00116936-00117326": "So part of the whole point of 1000 Genomes is there is a two-stop process that we are", "hx6lslmFskc-00300-00117326-00117863": "finding not complete, and especially for the very rare variants, very much not completeówe", "hx6lslmFskc-00301-00117863-00118499": "are finding a whole bunch of variants that are actually out there in people in the populations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00302-00118499-00119121": "And by some of the analyses of function have shown that they really are quite rare.", "hx6lslmFskc-00303-00119121-00119799": "So there has been selection against them that implies we really do have phenotypic effects.", "hx6lslmFskc-00304-00119799-00120280": "So there is this two-stage process of using 1000 Genomes to find a whole bunch of variants.", "hx6lslmFskc-00305-00120280-00120953": "And then, just like any GWA study, using the 1000 genome data in some sort of disease study", "hx6lslmFskc-00306-00120953-00121145": "helps you figure out what's going on.", "hx6lslmFskc-00307-00121145-00121709": "PARTICIPANT: I mean one could argue having, for example, a collection of these cell lines,", "hx6lslmFskc-00308-00121709-00122038": "these 2,500 cell lines, we found an interesting polymorphism.", "hx6lslmFskc-00309-00122038-00122601": "You know, Mike Bankey and his T2D genes project, for example, might have an interesting polymorphism.", "hx6lslmFskc-00310-00122601-00123041": "But segregating in 1000 Genomes he can now order up those cell lines and do functional", "hx6lslmFskc-00311-00123041-00123555": "experiments on those that couldn't be done, necessarily, from the patient samples that", "hx6lslmFskc-00312-00123555-00123655": "were collected.", "hx6lslmFskc-00313-00123655-00124042": "PARTICIPANT: Yes, but if you want to understand the loss of function, you wouldn't go back", "hx6lslmFskc-00314-00124042-00124348": "to the cell line where you justóI mean you could just do a knock down experiment.", "hx6lslmFskc-00315-00124348-00124615": "So I don't understand stillólook.", "hx6lslmFskc-00316-00124615-00125170": "I completely understand the value of the variants in amino acid or other regulatory sequence", "hx6lslmFskc-00317-00125170-00125338": "and their association with disease.", "hx6lslmFskc-00318-00125338-00125908": "I just question the value of putting a lot of effort into understanding the function", "hx6lslmFskc-00319-00125908-00126254": "of genes that have loss of function coming out of this experiment.", "hx6lslmFskc-00320-00126254-00126475": "PARTICIPANT: I guess the one point I would make.", "hx6lslmFskc-00321-00126475-00126860": "I think your point is well taken that you restrict the number of whole organism phenotypes", "hx6lslmFskc-00322-00126860-00127516": "that you can tie to variants when they are in the heterozygous state like this.", "hx6lslmFskc-00323-00127516-00128164": "A huge number of the variants in this dataset are noncoding, many of which will act in Cys", "hx6lslmFskc-00324-00128164-00128517": "(?) and could create phenotypes that could be studied in Cys (?).", "hx6lslmFskc-00325-00128517-00129054": "So back at the level, not of the whole organism phenotype, but just the biology of how gene", "hx6lslmFskc-00326-00129054-00129392": "regulation works, there are huge numbers of elements that have been identified in the", "hx6lslmFskc-00327-00129392-00129970": "encode project, for example, that have been mapped to some rough region.", "hx6lslmFskc-00328-00129970-00130599": "I think it would be very interesting to know how sequence variants that map in those regions", "hx6lslmFskc-00329-00130599-00131232": "impact those sorts of gene expression and mod-labeled phenotype that you can score in", "hx6lslmFskc-00330-00131232-00131359": "Cys (?) and cell lines.", "hx6lslmFskc-00331-00131359-00131947": "It's a biology of genomes and gene regulation issue but it is uniquely addressable by this", "hx6lslmFskc-00332-00131947-00132069": "kind of data.", "hx6lslmFskc-00333-00132069-00132191": "PARTICIPANT: [off microphone]", "hx6lslmFskc-00334-00132191-00132291": "PARTICIPANT: Yeah.", "hx6lslmFskc-00335-00132291-00132638": "Many of you have heard me say this before.", "hx6lslmFskc-00336-00132638-00132738": "I agree with you.", "hx6lslmFskc-00337-00132738-00133253": "I think this is one of the compelling reasons for whyóas we think about selecting genomes", "hx6lslmFskc-00338-00133253-00133742": "to be sequenced in the future, we should pick ones that are as well phenotyped as possible.", "hx6lslmFskc-00339-00133742-00134246": "I would argue that things like eMERGE and PAGE and some of the places where we have", "hx6lslmFskc-00340-00134246-00134849": "pretty robust, deep electronic health records information behind them, at least provides", "hx6lslmFskc-00341-00134849-00135471": "a lot of additional information that could be used to help us tease some of that apart.", "hx6lslmFskc-00342-00135471-00135909": "PARTICIPANT: I couldn't agree with you more that we need to sequence well phenotype samples.", "hx6lslmFskc-00343-00135909-00136467": "That is obviously a critically important component of where sequencing needs to go.", "hx6lslmFskc-00344-00136467-00137082": "I think what is really unique and important about these public resources and community", "hx6lslmFskc-00345-00137082-00137315": "resources, that anybody can get access to them.", "hx6lslmFskc-00346-00137315-00138142": "You don't have to be an eMERGE investigator and you don't need to really be in the lockdown", "hx6lslmFskc-00347-00138142-00138444": "mode of where so much of this data resides.", "hx6lslmFskc-00348-00138444-00138805": "We were, for example, part of the big NHLBI ESP project.", "hx6lslmFskc-00349-00138805-00139326": "And we were investigators in ESP tasked to do population genetics in ESP where everybody", "hx6lslmFskc-00350-00139326-00139764": "was in agreement that we were going to collect sequencing data on these 7,000 people and", "hx6lslmFskc-00351-00139764-00139923": "put it in DB-GAP so we could all share it.", "hx6lslmFskc-00352-00139923-00140419": "It took us a year and a half to get the consents in place just to share that data within the", "hx6lslmFskc-00353-00140419-00140519": "consortium.", "hx6lslmFskc-00354-00140519-00141074": "Whereas for 1000 Genomes, right, this data is immediately out there and available.", "hx6lslmFskc-00355-00141074-00141810": "So, if giving up whether the individual has or doesn't have diabetes would allow you to", "hx6lslmFskc-00356-00141810-00142171": "free the sample so that folks could use it, knowing that there is some polymorphism with", "hx6lslmFskc-00357-00142171-00142494": "20 percent frequency that are linked to diabetes so you could study it in the cell lines I", "hx6lslmFskc-00358-00142494-00142832": "think makes it a compelling resources.", "hx6lslmFskc-00359-00142832-00143149": "PARTICIPANT: But I think we should explore (?) whether there are ways you can have your", "hx6lslmFskc-00360-00143149-00143266": "cake and eat it, too.", "hx6lslmFskc-00361-00143266-00143690": "I mean, so, for example, we've developed a streamlined data use agreement I think in", "hx6lslmFskc-00362-00143690-00143790": "eMERGE.", "hx6lslmFskc-00363-00143790-00143890": "We're testing.", "hx6lslmFskc-00364-00143890-00144149": "We've got new pediatric sites coming on.", "hx6lslmFskc-00365-00144149-00144302": "We brought on two new sites this year.", "hx6lslmFskc-00366-00144302-00144767": "We will see who well that data use agreement transfers.", "hx6lslmFskc-00367-00144767-00145074": "Everybody is anxious to try to figure out how you can reduce the barriers for the reuse", "hx6lslmFskc-00368-00145074-00145355": "of the data because that is key.", "hx6lslmFskc-00369-00145355-00145766": "LISA BROOKS: We should have a meeting on that.", "hx6lslmFskc-00370-00145766-00146029": "PARTICIPANT: So the 1000 Genomes is a great project.", "hx6lslmFskc-00371-00146029-00146703": "And I just wanted to, at the risk of sounding unimaginative, I just wanted to emphasize", "hx6lslmFskc-00372-00146703-00147062": "the point that simply expanding it is important.", "hx6lslmFskc-00373-00147062-00147731": "There is real value in the brute force, and I'm using air quotes here, population-based", "hx6lslmFskc-00374-00147731-00148075": "type of sampling that this does.", "hx6lslmFskc-00375-00148075-00148383": "And I completely agree phenotyping is really important.", "hx6lslmFskc-00376-00148383-00149003": "But there is value to be gained from large scale sequencing like this.", "hx6lslmFskc-00377-00149003-00149194": "But we are going to need much bigger numbers.", "hx6lslmFskc-00378-00149194-00149727": "A thousand or a few thousand genomes is still really pretty small if you are going to try", "hx6lslmFskc-00379-00149727-00150360": "to infer the statistical conclusions about burden, you know, mutational burden tolerated", "hx6lslmFskc-00380-00150360-00150560": "by different genes, etcetera.", "hx6lslmFskc-00381-00150560-00151146": "Those are the kind of things that can come out of simply scaling this up.", "hx6lslmFskc-00382-00151146-00151785": "PARTICIPANT: Can I make one last comment?", "hx6lslmFskc-00383-00151785-00152351": "So in your point, Jim, if we think about, for example, the most exciting things that", "hx6lslmFskc-00384-00152351-00152554": "have come out of 1000 Genomes has been where investigators have been where investigators", "hx6lslmFskc-00385-00152554-00153175": "have taken cell lines, gathered expression data and tried to find, make these eQTL maps.", "hx6lslmFskc-00386-00153175-00153410": "Because of the limitations ofóyou know, those are single investigators.", "hx6lslmFskc-00387-00153410-00153899": "They can do 80 lines, maybe 100 lines, right, those are woefully underpowered experiments.", "hx6lslmFskc-00388-00153899-00154556": "So imagine if we could take all 1,000 of these lines already, characterize them really systematically", "hx6lslmFskc-00389-00154556-00155103": "so that we can do for eQTL what 1000 Genomes has done for sequencing, right, just the power", "hx6lslmFskc-00390-00155103-00155565": "of that resource that then enables an investigator who finds an interesting association or already", "hx6lslmFskc-00391-00155565-00156090": "go into a systematized catalogue. [00:25:54] it is an EBV transformed cell lines and dot,", "hx6lslmFskc-00392-00156090-00156190": "dot, dot.", "hx6lslmFskc-00393-00156190-00156623": "But at least it is one systematic resource that is available for all [00:26:02] to use", "hx6lslmFskc-00394-00156623-00156735": "and could really be catalytic.", "hx6lslmFskc-00395-00156735-00156864": "ERIC GREEN: Okay.", "hx6lslmFskc-00396-00156864-00156992": "LISA BROOKS: Okay.", "hx6lslmFskc-00397-00156992-00157121": "I just actuallyó", "hx6lslmFskc-00398-00157121-00157421": "ERIC GREEN: It was a good discussion.", "hx6lslmFskc-00399-00157421-00158005": "LISA BROOKS: --One final point to set up Anastasia, is that finally the analysis methods are including", "hx6lslmFskc-00400-00158005-00158105": "the X-chromosome.", "hx6lslmFskc-00401-00158105-00158739": "ANASTASIA WISE: So this is an update on a Concept Clearance, which we had bought to", "hx6lslmFskc-00402-00158739-00159578": "Council in May of 2011 that we had received recommendation from Council to put out as", "hx6lslmFskc-00403-00159578-00159933": "a notice instead and then follow the field and see how it progressed.", "hx6lslmFskc-00404-00159933-00160840": "So, as you may remember, the results from the GWAS catalogue have now found over 1,500", "hx6lslmFskc-00405-00160840-00161390": "genome-wide associations at a level of p < 5 X 10-8 for over 200 traits.", "hx6lslmFskc-00406-00161390-00161912": "However, even now there are still only about eight hits that have been found on the X chromosome,", "hx6lslmFskc-00407-00161912-00162257": "which is one more than there were a year ago.", "hx6lslmFskc-00408-00162257-00162627": "And last year we brought a Concept Clearance for the whole chip, which proposed to support", "hx6lslmFskc-00409-00162627-00163312": "a broader utilizations of genome-wide association, looking primarily at the X chromosome as well", "hx6lslmFskc-00410-00163312-00163732": "as the Y chromosome and CNV analysis.", "hx6lslmFskc-00411-00163732-00164391": "And the goal of this was to look at this under-utilized data and facilitate a more comprehensive analysis", "hx6lslmFskc-00412-00164391-00164978": "of this data in Genome-Wide Association studies, to develop and validate new methods for analyzing", "hx6lslmFskc-00413-00164978-00165591": "this data, and put forward ne analytical strategies and statistical methods that would be widely", "hx6lslmFskc-00414-00165591-00165757": "available to the community.", "hx6lslmFskc-00415-00165757-00166359": "There were a number of recommendations that were made at Council a year ago.", "hx6lslmFskc-00416-00166359-00166827": "The first one of these was to go forward with publishing notice rather than putting out", "hx6lslmFskc-00417-00166827-00167529": "a RFA for this initiative and to try and encourage applications to come in through the unsolicited", "hx6lslmFskc-00418-00167529-00168099": "mechanisms with R01, R03 and R21.", "hx6lslmFskc-00419-00168099-00168602": "To present this finding at a number of meetings and try to get the word out, write a paper", "hx6lslmFskc-00420-00168602-00169072": "on the findings that we have and publish it in a prominent journal, to return to Council", "hx6lslmFskc-00421-00169072-00169515": "in about a year and present what we found so far, which is what we are going nowó", "hx6lslmFskc-00422-00169515-00169915": "--And to remove the CNV part from thisóbecause there was really a feeling from Council that", "hx6lslmFskc-00423-00169915-00170333": "CNVs were a little bit more advanced than some of these other data types on the X chromosome", "hx6lslmFskc-00424-00170333-00170629": "and the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial DNA.", "hx6lslmFskc-00425-00170629-00170882": "And so we have issued a notice.", "hx6lslmFskc-00426-00170882-00171199": "We did remove the CNV from the concept.", "hx6lslmFskc-00427-00171199-00171717": "But this is basically the same idea that was brought forward in the Concept Clearance that", "hx6lslmFskc-00428-00171717-00171866": "is put into this notice.", "hx6lslmFskc-00429-00171866-00172353": "And the goals are fundamentally the same, to facilitate this type of analysis in these", "hx6lslmFskc-00430-00172353-00172617": "under-utilized data types.", "hx6lslmFskc-00431-00172617-00173059": "So we are hoping for individuals to put forward applications that would analyze existing GWAS", "hx6lslmFskc-00432-00173059-00173714": "data for the Y chromosome, X chromosome and mitochondrial variants, to focus on datasets", "hx6lslmFskc-00433-00173714-00174139": "that have not previously been analyzed as well as to develop new methodologies to disseminate", "hx6lslmFskc-00434-00174139-00174239": "this to the field in general.", "hx6lslmFskc-00435-00174239-00174647": "And we would really like to hope that this would include diverse populations.", "hx6lslmFskc-00436-00174647-00175481": "So far we have gotten our first batch of applications that have gone through peer review and are", "hx6lslmFskc-00437-00175481-00175836": "hoping to get a couple of them that will come out of that and be funded.", "hx6lslmFskc-00438-00175836-00176240": "We've put forward a number of presentations over the past year.", "hx6lslmFskc-00439-00176240-00176762": "We have presented at the Genomics of Common Disease meeting as well as HGV and the American", "hx6lslmFskc-00440-00176762-00177014": "Society of Human Genetics meeting.", "hx6lslmFskc-00441-00177014-00177495": "We have presented this internally at the Director's Forum quarterly meeting.", "hx6lslmFskc-00442-00177495-00177872": "And we have been working on an X chromosome commentary -- discussion with a journal that", "hx6lslmFskc-00443-00177872-00178331": "we are hoping will be published soon.", "hx6lslmFskc-00444-00178331-00178487": "And then, just to give you and update on the numbers.", "hx6lslmFskc-00445-00178487-00178844": "This is the data that we presented a year ago to Council a year ago, looking at the", "hx6lslmFskc-00446-00178844-00179476": "percentage of Genome-Wide Association papers published in GWAS catalogue that analyzed", "hx6lslmFskc-00447-00179476-00179602": "the X chromosome.", "hx6lslmFskc-00448-00179602-00179936": "We have not completed a number of more months' worth of analysis.", "hx6lslmFskc-00449-00179936-00180423": "And as you can see, the trend is approximately the same with about 33 percent of the papers", "hx6lslmFskc-00450-00180423-00180612": "looking at the X chromosome.", "hx6lslmFskc-00451-00180612-00180953": "So it looks like this isn't something that has really changed over time.", "hx6lslmFskc-00452-00180953-00181407": "Even in the following year we still have only eight hits in the GWAS catalogue that are", "hx6lslmFskc-00453-00181407-00181772": "showing as significant meeting GWAS catalogue standards.", "hx6lslmFskc-00454-00181772-00182391": "And we really feel that this is an area that still needs some stimulus to be able to bring", "hx6lslmFskc-00455-00182391-00182888": "forward new methodologies that are accepted by the community and hope to be funding some", "hx6lslmFskc-00456-00182888-00182988": "grants in this area soon.", "hx6lslmFskc-00457-00182988-00183327": "So, if you have any questions, I will take those now.", "hx6lslmFskc-00458-00183327-00183427": "Yes.", "hx6lslmFskc-00459-00183427-00183963": "PARTICIPANT: As I think the noisiest one against this a year ago, I guess I was wrong.", "hx6lslmFskc-00460-00183963-00184619": "Thanks for bringing the data.", "hx6lslmFskc-00461-00184619-00184779": "ANASTASIA WISE: Thank you.", "hx6lslmFskc-00462-00184779-00184939": "ERIC GREEN: Anything else?", "hx6lslmFskc-00463-00184939-00185039": "Anyone?", "hx6lslmFskc-00464-00185039-00185099": "[Pause] Thank you."}}, {"audio_id": "hxjyVfvodI0", "text": {"hxjyVfvodI0-00000-00000000-00006200": "🌟 🇺🇸 Costume Saint Nicholas Lux — Shop GrandStart.ru 🌟"}}, {"audio_id": "hxotYLlSOtQ", "text": {"hxotYLlSOtQ-00000-00000000-00000200": "मालिन अठहुल के हार लईहा"}}, {"audio_id": "hy3Se77Lc5y", "text": {"hy3Se77Lc5y-00000-00000044-00000309": "Welcome back all", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00001-00000309-00000627": "Today we will see the Garmin 245 after that I've been using it for weeks", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00002-00000627-00000937": "and I will focus more on", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00003-00000937-00001162": "how easy and simple it is", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00004-00001162-00001388": "to do the paring with the phone", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00005-00001388-00001597": "the new functionalities", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00006-00001597-00001888": "which I found more interesting to me", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00007-00001888-00002205": "for the daily use", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00008-00002205-00002480": "if it worths to buy it if you have already a", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00009-00002480-00002767": "forerunner 235 or 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00010-00002767-00003065": "and a comparison with the Garmin 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00011-00003065-00003225": "Right Ste? do you like this type of video?", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00012-00003267-00003383": "Yes of course!", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00013-00003424-00003726": "but the Garmin 735XT is the best :-)", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00014-00003726-00004030": "Ok, then, subscribe to the channel. I'm already subscribed, I want to see the video", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00015-00004030-00004342": "where the Garmin 735XT is the winner, and you?", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00016-00004342-00004631": "If you like this type of video, leave a like, subscribe to the channel", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00017-00004631-00004907": "and activate the notification via the bell here below", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00018-00004907-00005168": "great then, let's start", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00019-00005168-00005269": "with the review", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00020-00005334-00005447": "I cannot wait", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00021-00005571-00005876": "Well who knows maybe Ste will be right, or not?!?", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00022-00005876-00006174": "You must first activate the paring on the watch", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00023-00006174-00006274": "via the specific function", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00024-00006932-00007237": "once it is activated", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00025-00007237-00007452": "we open the Garmin Connect app on the phone, go to Settings -> device", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00026-00007453-00007680": "and add a new device", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00027-00007875-00008210": "Then we follow the guided procedure", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00028-00008255-00008562": "and you will see that after few minutes your watch will be connected with your phone", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00029-00008562-00008763": "and with the app Garmin connect", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00030-00008839-00009092": "As you can see it is very simple", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00031-00009092-00009396": "you can obviously configure different devices", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00032-00009396-00009740": "and the Garmin connect app is really well done", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00033-00009817-00010118": "I immediately tested the GPS connection time", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00034-00010118-00010409": "and compared it with the Garmin 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00035-00010409-00010509": "using GPS + GLONASS for both models", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00036-00010530-00010830": "as recommended by Garmin as more precise one", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00037-00010830-00010930": "They are both very fast and there are no differences", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00038-00011686-00011939": "A new function in 245", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00039-00011939-00012216": "is the quick access to some features through the configuration of widgets in a", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00040-00012216-00012534": "new very nice menu, it looks more from smart watch than from sport watch", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00041-00012881-00013184": "for the music player", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00042-00013184-00013471": "it is easy to access it", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00043-00013471-00013784": "with a single click via the button at the bottom left", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00044-00013784-00014078": "and you can choose to play all the songs on a specific playlist or filter them by the artist,", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00045-00014078-00014367": "album, songs, genres", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00046-00014367-00014656": "and you can listen podcasts and audiobooks", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00047-00014656-00014921": "As far as running configuration is concerned,", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00048-00014921-00015216": "the functionalities are basically those", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00049-00015237-00015568": "you already know if you already have a forerunner", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00050-00015568-00015864": "I must say that the forerunner being specific for running", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00051-00015864-00016157": "you can configure everything you need for your workouts", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00052-00016425-00016739": "For example, you can configure a fartlek", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00053-00016739-00017058": "and the watch will alert you through a beep at each interval", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00054-00017058-00017392": "and if you wear headphones", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00055-00017392-00017545": "the beep will be heard through the headphones", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00056-00017866-00018173": "You can also change the watch face", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00057-00018173-00018464": "it is a little more intuitive than the 735XT.", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00058-00018464-00018765": "I have configured a custom watch face and", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00059-00019089-00019395": "I have not experienced any slowdowns", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00060-00019657-00019966": "with regard to sensors", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00061-00019966-00020257": "you can configure many types of sensors", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00062-00020257-00020565": "I have configured an old heart rate monitor", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00063-00020565-00020809": "and it works very well", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00064-00021072-00021364": "so you have a really wide list of options", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00065-00021423-00021723": "For the music, you can configure different providers", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00066-00021723-00022021": "Deezer, Spotify or upload the music in your laptop", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00067-00022021-00022347": "but you have to connect the watch to your laptop", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00068-00022347-00022695": "using Garmin Express", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00069-00023316-00023557": "A new important function for this watch, which 735XT doesn't have", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00070-00023557-00023836": "is the wifi auto upload", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00071-00023836-00024145": "especially for the daily use I found it really comfortable", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00072-00024145-00024440": "so every time you will finish a training", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00073-00024440-00024720": "you don't need to connect the watch to your laptop", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00074-00024720-00025005": "via the cable", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00075-00025005-00025316": "but it will connect automatically to Garmin connect app", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00076-00025320-00025639": "and your training data", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00077-00025639-00025940": "will be already stored", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00078-00025940-00026248": "if you have connected the Garmin connect app to other socials", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00079-00026322-00026593": "like for instance Strava", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00080-00026711-00026994": "automatically your training data will be uploaded in Strava", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00081-00027129-00027458": "This is a really important feature especially for the daily use", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00082-00027534-00027819": "About the list of available sports you can configure", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00083-00027819-00028066": "it is really more updated than in the 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00084-00028230-00028522": "About the statistics, they are more or less the same", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00085-00028522-00028866": "compared to 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00086-00029170-00029454": "for instance race predictions, recovery time and so on", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00087-00029467-00029730": "in addition the 245 has an indicator for the level of stress", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00088-00029730-00029996": "that says how stressed you are", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00089-00029996-00030311": "and for the energy that says", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00090-00030348-00030666": "how much you are charged through the body battery indicator", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00091-00030984-00031300": "In addition, it is possible to detect running dynamics", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00092-00031300-00031619": "via a chest strap named HRM-Run", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00093-00031619-00031908": "such as vertical oscillation, contact time on the ground", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00094-00031908-00032172": "the balance between the right and left foot", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00095-00032172-00032473": "and therefore be able to control your running style", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00096-00032782-00032882": "another important new feature is that related to security", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00097-00032909-00033210": "through the accelerometer", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00098-00033210-00033510": "the watch is able to understand if you have an illness", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00099-00033780-00034106": "and automatically sends an email or message", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00100-00034106-00034407": "to one of the contacts configured in the address book", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00101-00034414-00034738": "I think you can configure three different ones", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00102-00034963-00035264": "In the message our current position will be communicated", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00103-00035264-00035597": "in addition the same function can be called manually", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00104-00035620-00035814": "in the event of dangerous situations", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00105-00036615-00036886": "I wanted to test the new GPS sensor", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00106-00036886-00037151": "which also has a pulse-oximeter", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00107-00037151-00037403": "useful for detecting sleep apnea", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00108-00038102-00038407": "in addition it includes a", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00109-00038407-00038705": "compass, an accelerometer", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00110-00038705-00038805": "but not an altimeter", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00111-00039122-00039384": "I wanted to do two different tests", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00112-00039384-00039701": "first test 245 with wrist sensor vs 735XT with chest heart rate strap (slow run)", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00113-00039701-00039996": "second test 245 and 735 with sensor on the wrist (tempo run)", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00114-00040926-00041236": "The result of the first test shows us how the sensors on the wrist are not precise", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00115-00041236-00041535": "and are slow to react in case of changes in rhythm", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00116-00041535-00041797": "and there is always a background noise", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00117-00041797-00042087": "because the watch is not well fixed in our wrist", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00118-00042087-00042382": "like the HR chest strap is", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00119-00043396-00043695": "For the results of the second test", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00120-00043695-00043998": "you can visit my Strava profile", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00121-00043998-00044322": "where I uploaded the graphs", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00122-00044322-00044634": "but nothing good for both models", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00123-00045198-00045510": "So I recommend using the chest heart rate monitor", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00124-00045510-00045819": "and the wrist sensors only to understand", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00125-00045819-00046150": "if, on average, after weeks of training", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00126-00046150-00046457": "our heart rate is improving", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00127-00046457-00046763": "and it is not suggested", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00128-00046763-00046863": "for a precise measure", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00129-00047240-00047552": "The watch is of course water resistant", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00130-00047553-00047865": "and has a gorilla glass and not a glass display as for the 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00131-00047865-00048163": "and the display is very sharp and clear to read", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00132-00048163-00048427": "even on a sunny day, clearer than the 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00133-00048427-00048673": "perhaps due to the higher display resolution", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00134-00049273-00049509": "Here I show the technical characteristics in comparison", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00135-00049509-00049830": "and I remind you that I had already talked about them", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00136-00049830-00050144": "during the video of the unboxing", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00137-00050144-00050452": "whose link you can find here above", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00138-00050808-00051100": "For fit and weight", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00139-00051100-00051394": "it's lighter than the 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00140-00051394-00051699": "HR sensor is smaller then the 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00141-00051699-00051975": "therefore 245 better fits in your wrist than 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00142-00052872-00053187": "the better quality of materials makes it more versatile", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00143-00053187-00053521": "and usable also as a smart watch", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00144-00054013-00054279": "For the battery, I charged both watches 100%", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00145-00054279-00054586": "and used them as I would use normally", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00146-00054586-00054687": "so for the 245 I also used music", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00147-00054761-00055014": "to understand the impact on the battery", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00148-00055014-00055322": "Yes, the 735XT has a bigger battery", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00149-00055326-00055602": "but I must say that with the 245", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00150-00055602-00055911": "you can cover a week without any problem", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00151-00057177-00057496": "So let's get to the conclusions", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00152-00057496-00057845": "one of my favorite function for the daily use", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00153-00057851-00058168": "it is surely the wifi", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00154-00058168-00058451": "it is really comfortable to have an automatic upload in the Garmin connect app", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00155-00058451-00058699": "and in the different socials", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00156-00058851-00059153": "and I also appreciated the music feature", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00157-00059153-00059490": "especially for who is looking for motivation", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00158-00059490-00059770": "especially during this time", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00159-00059770-00060061": "I found it really nice to run with the music", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00160-00060061-00060166": "I use special headsets from Plantronics which don't fully isolate you from the environment", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00161-00060226-00060534": "you can find the link of the video", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00162-00060534-00060634": "here above", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00163-00060920-00061207": "About the sensors", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00164-00061207-00061503": "I don't find any difference", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00165-00061503-00061809": "considering how I usually use them", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00166-00061817-00062122": "So the question is now if it worths or not", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00167-00062122-00062411": "to buy the new 245 if you already have a forerunner 235 or 735XT?", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00168-00062411-00062456": "If you are looking for the music feature", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00169-00062456-00062738": "I must say there are other cheaper options", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00170-00062738-00062983": "available on the market now", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00171-00062983-00063286": "if you are interested in the wify", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00172-00063286-00063590": "or other sensors and functions", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00173-00063590-00063870": "I have to say that the extra money to pay", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00174-00063870-00064167": "compared to the Garmin 235 or 735XT", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00175-00064192-00064483": "is really high and not worth it", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00176-00064483-00064785": "but when the price goes down", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00177-00064785-00065008": "it's definitely worth it", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00178-00065008-00065321": "I hope you enjoyed the video, leave me a comment", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00179-00065321-00065608": "as always I thank you and see you next time", "hy3Se77Lc5y-00180-00065644-00065744": "ciao"}}, {"audio_id": "hylv_0-b2OE", "text": {"hylv_0-b2OE-00000-00000000-00000200": "Antorjatik khobor 17 Jun 2021 ।আন্তর্জাতিক সংবাদ। আন্তর্জাতিক খবর।Antorjatik songbad। IDesk News"}}, {"audio_id": "hyLOlfpze8U", "text": {"hyLOlfpze8U-00000-00000024-00000616": "In this video I am going to describe", "hyLOlfpze8U-00001-00000352-00000824": "Rabin's algorithm for finding roots of a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00002-00000616-00001040": "polynomial over a finite field", "hyLOlfpze8U-00003-00000824-00001240": "and also the Cantor Zassenhaus", "hyLOlfpze8U-00004-00001040-00001392": "algorithm for factoring polynomials over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00005-00001240-00001583": "finite fields.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00006-00001392-00001711": "These are two of my absolute", "hyLOlfpze8U-00007-00001583-00001896": "favorite algorithms. They're both", "hyLOlfpze8U-00008-00001711-00001976": "probabilistic algorithms of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00009-00001896-00002176": "Las Vegas type,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00010-00001976-00002296": "and they use randomness in a very", "hyLOlfpze8U-00011-00002176-00002519": "non-trivial way", "hyLOlfpze8U-00012-00002296-00002600": "to give efficient solutions to problems", "hyLOlfpze8U-00013-00002519-00002927": "for which", "hyLOlfpze8U-00014-00002600-00003167": "we know no deterministic polynomial time", "hyLOlfpze8U-00015-00002927-00003320": "algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00016-00003167-00003520": "These algorithms are widely used, they're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00017-00003320-00003776": "implemented in virtually every computer", "hyLOlfpze8U-00018-00003520-00003896": "algebra system including Sage,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00019-00003776-00004039": "and they're also used widely in", "hyLOlfpze8U-00020-00003896-00004192": "cryptography. In fact there's a decent", "hyLOlfpze8U-00021-00004039-00004384": "chance your phone", "hyLOlfpze8U-00022-00004192-00004576": "just ran Rabin's algorithm to find the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00023-00004384-00004839": "root of a polynomial over a finite field", "hyLOlfpze8U-00024-00004576-00005103": "at least within the last few minutes.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00025-00004839-00005336": "So I'm doing this in a Jupyter notebook", "hyLOlfpze8U-00026-00005103-00005480": "using the SageMath kernel. I've included", "hyLOlfpze8U-00027-00005336-00005607": "a link to the notebook down below if you", "hyLOlfpze8U-00028-00005480-00005823": "want to follow along,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00029-00005607-00005935": "and also a link to the lecture notes", "hyLOlfpze8U-00030-00005823-00006119": "which gives a lot more", "hyLOlfpze8U-00031-00005935-00006287": "of the mathematical details behind", "hyLOlfpze8U-00032-00006287-00006720": "the algorithms I'm going to describe.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00033-00006504-00006992": "Okay, so let's get started.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00034-00006720-00007215": "Our problem is we have a polynomial f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00035-00006992-00007447": "over a finite field Fq and we want to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00036-00007215-00007656": "find the Fq-rational roots of it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00037-00007447-00007752": "So to keep things simple let's start", "hyLOlfpze8U-00038-00007752-00008368": "with q a prime say q some prime p,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00039-00008079-00008464": "say 61. I'm going to set up", "hyLOlfpze8U-00040-00008368-00008784": "the finite field Fp", "hyLOlfpze8U-00041-00008464-00008928": "a polynomial ring over Fp", "hyLOlfpze8U-00042-00008784-00009120": "in the variable x,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00043-00008928-00009311": "and then let's consider a polynomial, say", "hyLOlfpze8U-00044-00009120-00009456": "this one: x^8 - 2x + 5.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00045-00009456-00009824": "So I'll just click shift enter to run", "hyLOlfpze8U-00046-00009615-00010015": "that cell. Now I've got my", "hyLOlfpze8U-00047-00009824-00010175": "polynomial, and let's go ahead and see", "hyLOlfpze8U-00048-00010015-00010272": "what its roots are. Sage already knows", "hyLOlfpze8U-00049-00010175-00010432": "how to compute them,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00050-00010272-00010600": "and in fact it's using Rabin's", "hyLOlfpze8U-00051-00010432-00010775": "algorithm to do that,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00052-00010600-00010943": "and it says there are three rational", "hyLOlfpze8U-00053-00010775-00011111": "roots. Now f has degree eight, so that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00054-00010943-00011256": "means there are five other roots living", "hyLOlfpze8U-00055-00011111-00011424": "over some extension.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00056-00011256-00011647": "If we wanted to see where they live we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00057-00011424-00011856": "could factor f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00058-00011647-00012096": "and see that it's a product of three", "hyLOlfpze8U-00059-00011856-00012175": "linear polynomials a quadratic and a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00060-00012096-00012328": "cubic, so", "hyLOlfpze8U-00061-00012175-00012543": "two roots live over a quadratic", "hyLOlfpze8U-00062-00012328-00012647": "extension and three live over a cubic", "hyLOlfpze8U-00063-00012543-00012895": "extension.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00064-00012647-00013056": "And if we wanted to see all eight roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00065-00012895-00013216": "of our degree eight polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00066-00013056-00013400": "we'd have to go to a degree six", "hyLOlfpze8U-00067-00013216-00013528": "extension, which we can do. So now I'm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00068-00013400-00013800": "just going to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00069-00013528-00013944": "base-change my polynomial f to the field", "hyLOlfpze8U-00070-00013800-00014136": "F_p^6 and then ask sage to compute the roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00071-00014136-00014623": "there, and it'll give us back", "hyLOlfpze8U-00072-00014352-00014663": "all eight roots: the three rational roots,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00073-00014663-00014976": "I can't exactly tell by looking at them", "hyLOlfpze8U-00074-00014840-00015151": "but two of these", "hyLOlfpze8U-00075-00014976-00015504": "roots live over a quadratic extension,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00076-00015151-00015768": "and three live over a cubic extension.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00077-00015504-00015816": "And our strategy for finding these roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00078-00015816-00016184": "is going to exploit a very basic fact about", "hyLOlfpze8U-00079-00016040-00016287": "finite fields, in fact it's baked into", "hyLOlfpze8U-00080-00016184-00016640": "the definition,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00081-00016287-00016912": "which is that they are splitting fields", "hyLOlfpze8U-00082-00016640-00017128": "of polynomials of the form x^q-x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00083-00017128-00017695": "This is true even when q is a prime p;", "hyLOlfpze8U-00084-00017472-00017800": "the fact that f p is the splitting field", "hyLOlfpze8U-00085-00017695-00017992": "of x^p-x is just Fermat's little theorem,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00086-00018120-00018600": "and for extensions of Fp, well this is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00087-00018480-00018736": "actually how we defined", "hyLOlfpze8U-00088-00018600-00018968": "those extensions, and in the notes you'll", "hyLOlfpze8U-00089-00018736-00019192": "see a proof that this agrees with other", "hyLOlfpze8U-00090-00018968-00019320": "definitions you may have heard of.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00091-00019192-00019536": "In particular if you take any", "hyLOlfpze8U-00092-00019320-00019672": "irreducible polynomial degree d", "hyLOlfpze8U-00093-00019536-00019856": "its splitting field is going to be", "hyLOlfpze8U-00094-00019672-00020023": "exactly the same splitting field as the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00095-00019856-00020408": "splitting field of x^(q^d)-x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00096-00020023-00020664": "Okay, so what good is that to us?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00097-00020664-00020976": "Well first let's just note that I could", "hyLOlfpze8U-00098-00020823-00021159": "use Sage to check this, at least with", "hyLOlfpze8U-00099-00020976-00021200": "some small examples, so for our finite", "hyLOlfpze8U-00100-00021200-00021551": "field F_61 I could check that the product of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00101-00021400-00021823": "all the linear polynomials over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00102-00021551-00021928": "F_61 is in fact equal to x^p-x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00103-00021928-00022248": "And it's not just for prime fields, I", "hyLOlfpze8U-00104-00022064-00022351": "could do the same thing over F_p^2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00105-00022248-00022744": "It takes a little bit longer because", "hyLOlfpze8U-00106-00022351-00022968": "there's more elements.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00107-00022744-00023159": "So an immediate corollary of this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00108-00022968-00023472": "description of our finite fields is that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00109-00023159-00023543": "if we take the greatest common divisor", "hyLOlfpze8U-00110-00023543-00024048": "of our polynomial f with", "hyLOlfpze8U-00111-00023856-00024272": "a polynomial of the form x^(q^n)-x,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00112-00024272-00024679": "the roots of that polynomial is going to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00113-00024504-00024984": "be a product of linear", "hyLOlfpze8U-00114-00024679-00025559": "factors corresponding to the roots of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00115-00024984-00025791": "f that live in the field F_q^n,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00116-00025559-00025919": "and in particular, the cardinality of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00117-00025791-00026191": "this set the roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00118-00025919-00026368": "of f in F_q^n, which is is going to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00119-00026191-00026616": "be just equal to the degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-00120-00026368-00026680": "of this gcd which we can compute using", "hyLOlfpze8U-00121-00026616-00026944": "the fast Euclidean algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00122-00026944-00027295": "in quasi-linear time, quasi-linear in", "hyLOlfpze8U-00123-00027056-00027519": "the exponent and in the size of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00124-00027295-00027880": "our finite field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00125-00027519-00028152": "Okay, so we could", "hyLOlfpze8U-00126-00027880-00028216": "give this a shot let's see if we can,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00127-00028216-00028591": "let's first see how long this takes to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00128-00028375-00028760": "compute the gcd of f with x^p-x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00129-00028591-00028927": "I realize p is very", "hyLOlfpze8U-00130-00028760-00029112": "small here so you're probably not", "hyLOlfpze8U-00131-00028927-00029239": "impressed but I'm starting with p small", "hyLOlfpze8U-00132-00029112-00029336": "because I want to show you that we can", "hyLOlfpze8U-00133-00029239-00029544": "actually get into trouble", "hyLOlfpze8U-00134-00029336-00029752": "pretty quickly even with a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00135-00029544-00030080": "small value of p if we're not careful.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00136-00029752-00030232": "So I'm taking gcds with x^p-x", "hyLOlfpze8U-00137-00030080-00030495": "to get the rational roots over F_p,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00138-00030232-00030832": "F_p^2, over F_p^3.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00139-00030495-00030832": "Let's try it over F_p^6.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00140-00030883-00031391": "Okay, so I'm waiting, I'm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00141-00031183-00031552": "looking at my watch, I'm wondering what", "hyLOlfpze8U-00142-00031391-00031719": "Sage is doing.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00143-00031552-00031872": "I see this little circle here so I", "hyLOlfpze8U-00144-00031719-00032119": "know it's trying to do something. It's", "hyLOlfpze8U-00145-00031872-00032312": "it's not flashing red, so the cpu isn't", "hyLOlfpze8U-00146-00032119-00032591": "getting hot", "hyLOlfpze8U-00147-00032312-00032736": "I'm not sure what's going on, well let's", "hyLOlfpze8U-00148-00032591-00032856": "go ahead and kill this -- let's go ahead", "hyLOlfpze8U-00149-00032736-00033047": "and stop it for a minute and see what's", "hyLOlfpze8U-00150-00032856-00033247": "happening.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00151-00033047-00033375": "Okay so we get a trace back telling us", "hyLOlfpze8U-00152-00033247-00033512": "where it was and I'm not going to get", "hyLOlfpze8U-00153-00033375-00033696": "into the details of this but", "hyLOlfpze8U-00154-00033512-00033872": "what it's trying to do is, it actually", "hyLOlfpze8U-00155-00033696-00033968": "hasn't even started the computation,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00156-00033872-00034240": "it's still busy", "hyLOlfpze8U-00157-00033968-00034375": "trying to construct this polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00158-00034240-00034496": "Why would that be hard, it's only got", "hyLOlfpze8U-00159-00034375-00034775": "two terms?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00160-00034496-00034991": "Well, if we're going to use a dense", "hyLOlfpze8U-00161-00034775-00035103": "representation of polynomials, which", "hyLOlfpze8U-00162-00034991-00035272": "we'll really need to do if we're going to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00163-00035103-00035384": "compute this gcd, I mean recall we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00164-00035272-00035631": "going to compute this by", "hyLOlfpze8U-00165-00035384-00035808": "doing Euclidean divisions,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00166-00035631-00035975": "I mean we're trying to compute", "hyLOlfpze8U-00167-00035808-00036119": "a remainder, but the first step in doing", "hyLOlfpze8U-00168-00035975-00036160": "that is computing the quotient and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00169-00036160-00036480": "even if the original polynomial is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00170-00036344-00036680": "sparse, the quotient has", "hyLOlfpze8U-00171-00036480-00036824": "no reason to be sparse. What's the degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-00172-00036680-00037056": "of this polynomial? Well it's something", "hyLOlfpze8U-00173-00036824-00037200": "like 61 to the sixth.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00174-00037056-00037368": "that's something like, you know, it's well", "hyLOlfpze8U-00175-00037200-00037640": "over a billion.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00176-00037368-00037847": "So we are going to need memory for", "hyLOlfpze8U-00177-00037640-00037991": "several billion entries in Fq in order", "hyLOlfpze8U-00178-00037847-00038200": "to even write down this polynomial,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00179-00037991-00038519": "never mind actually compute with it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00180-00038200-00038647": "So reasonably enough CoCalc is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00181-00038519-00038816": "having a hard time doing that, it's", "hyLOlfpze8U-00182-00038647-00038888": "actually protecting itself from even", "hyLOlfpze8U-00183-00038888-00039303": "letting us run this. Wo what's the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00184-00039168-00039400": "problem here? The problem here is that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00185-00039303-00039560": "we're exponentiating", "hyLOlfpze8U-00186-00039400-00039768": "in the wrong ring. We're doing this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00187-00039560-00039960": "computation of x to this huge", "hyLOlfpze8U-00188-00039768-00040088": "exponent, p to the sixth, and and it'll", "hyLOlfpze8U-00189-00039960-00040431": "get huger in a minute. This", "hyLOlfpze8U-00190-00040088-00040712": "is a small p, but we don't want to do", "hyLOlfpze8U-00191-00040431-00040863": "that exponentiation over F_q[x].", "hyLOlfpze8U-00192-00040712-00040991": "We would be much better off, because remember", "hyLOlfpze8U-00193-00040863-00041200": "we ultimately only we want to take", "hyLOlfpze8U-00194-00040991-00041559": "this gcd, so it would be just as well", "hyLOlfpze8U-00195-00041200-00041688": "to work in the polynomial ring mod f,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00196-00041559-00041968": "and that's where we should be doing our", "hyLOlfpze8U-00197-00041688-00042184": "exponentiation.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00198-00041968-00042408": "So recall that we have a reduction map from", "hyLOlfpze8U-00199-00042184-00042591": "the polynomial ring over F_q", "hyLOlfpze8U-00200-00042408-00042728": "to the polynomial ring we get", "hyLOlfpze8U-00201-00042591-00042912": "when we take the quotient of the ring", "hyLOlfpze8U-00202-00042728-00043096": "by the ideal generated by f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00203-00042912-00043263": "Now f is not irreducible here, so this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00204-00043096-00043503": "isn't a field, but it is a ring, and we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00205-00043263-00043688": "have a well-defined ring homomorphism,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00206-00043503-00043872": "and we can use this ring homomorphism.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00207-00043688-00044008": "We could apply it to the our polynomial x^q-x", "hyLOlfpze8U-00208-00044008-00044344": "and we're just going to get the ring", "hyLOlfpze8U-00209-00044136-00044600": "homomorphism of the reduction of x", "hyLOlfpze8U-00210-00044344-00044863": "into this quotient ring raised to the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00211-00044600-00045031": "qth power minus its reduction.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00212-00044863-00045247": "And because it's a ring homomorphism", "hyLOlfpze8U-00213-00045031-00045591": "these are mathematically equivalent.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00214-00045247-00045736": "But the right-hand side of this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00215-00045591-00045919": "equation here can be computed", "hyLOlfpze8U-00216-00045736-00046016": "exponentially faster than the left-hand", "hyLOlfpze8U-00217-00046016-00046359": "side, because when we're working in this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00218-00046208-00046528": "quotient ring we're never going to need", "hyLOlfpze8U-00219-00046359-00046656": "to deal with polynomials of degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-00220-00046528-00046887": "greater than the degree of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00221-00046656-00047008": "So all of our computations here", "hyLOlfpze8U-00222-00046887-00047087": "will be working with polynomials of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00223-00047008-00047456": "degree at most seven, okay,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00224-00047087-00047600": "which is a good thing.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00225-00047456-00047872": "And the point here is that the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00226-00047600-00048016": "complexity of computing x to the q mod f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00227-00047872-00048191": "using the standard algorithm of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00228-00048016-00048416": "euclidean division is going to be", "hyLOlfpze8U-00229-00048191-00048624": "quasi-linear in the degree of q,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00230-00048416-00048800": "which could be exponential, you know could", "hyLOlfpze8U-00231-00048624-00049000": "be cryptographically large,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00232-00048800-00049224": "whereas the complexity of computing the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00233-00049000-00049344": "qth power of the reduction of x in this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00234-00049224-00049536": "quotient ring", "hyLOlfpze8U-00235-00049344-00049768": "using binary exponentiation is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00236-00049536-00049872": "quasi-linear in the logarithm of the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00237-00049768-00050168": "exponent q, so exponentially faster.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00238-00049872-00050319": "Okay, so let's go", "hyLOlfpze8U-00239-00050168-00050544": "ahead and give this a try.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00240-00050319-00050680": "So to define the quotient map I'm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00241-00050544-00050824": "actually going to define the quotient.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00242-00050680-00051000": "So I do this by taking R,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00243-00050824-00051128": "the polynomial ring R has a method", "hyLOlfpze8U-00244-00051000-00051327": "called quotient,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00245-00051128-00051495": "I can pass in f and it's just going to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00246-00051327-00051639": "form precisely the ring I've written", "hyLOlfpze8U-00247-00051495-00052000": "down here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00248-00051639-00052336": "So the result is another", "hyLOlfpze8U-00249-00052000-00052488": "ring, but I've I've made it named it pi_f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00250-00052336-00052664": "to suggest to you that we should really", "hyLOlfpze8U-00251-00052488-00052839": "think of this as a reduction map,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00252-00052664-00053039": "because when I apply pi_f to an", "hyLOlfpze8U-00253-00052839-00053312": "element it's going to reduce it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00254-00053039-00053400": "I can plug in any value in R and pi-_f of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00255-00053312-00053712": "that value will", "hyLOlfpze8U-00256-00053400-00053936": "lie in this quotient ring.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00257-00053712-00054055": "Okay so let's try again to see if", "hyLOlfpze8U-00258-00053936-00054400": "we can compute", "hyLOlfpze8U-00259-00054055-00054504": "at least part of the computation.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00260-00054400-00054648": "we're going to do. The first step of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00261-00054504-00054832": "computing this gcd would be to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00262-00054648-00054927": "exponentiate x to the p to the sixth power.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00263-00054927-00055255": "So I could try that again here", "hyLOlfpze8U-00264-00055344-00055760": "and now I see oops, wait a second sage", "hyLOlfpze8U-00265-00055576-00055983": "still seems to be getting stuck here", "hyLOlfpze8U-00266-00055760-00056072": "I'm not getting an answer and then I", "hyLOlfpze8U-00267-00055983-00056272": "realize: Oh, I forgot to move", "hyLOlfpze8U-00268-00056072-00056455": "the parentheses. I'm on", "hyLOlfpze8U-00269-00056272-00056639": "the left hand side of this equality and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00270-00056455-00056816": "i want it to be on the right-hand side.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00271-00056639-00056991": "So let's go ahead and stop it again we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00272-00056816-00057112": "need another trace back stuck in the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00273-00056991-00057312": "same place.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00274-00057112-00057439": "Now I'm going to get an exponential", "hyLOlfpze8U-00275-00057312-00057751": "speed up", "hyLOlfpze8U-00276-00057439-00058120": "by simply moving a parenthesis.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00277-00057751-00058632": "I'm going to move this parenthesis", "hyLOlfpze8U-00278-00058120-00058632": "over here. Okay now let's try it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00279-00058679-00059024": "Wow it took a millisecond. So we went", "hyLOlfpze8U-00280-00058855-00059112": "from a computation that was completely", "hyLOlfpze8U-00281-00059024-00059248": "infeasible,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00282-00059112-00059439": "running out of memory on CoCalc, to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00283-00059248-00059512": "something that takes less than a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00284-00059439-00059704": "millisecond.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00285-00059512-00059872": "And what's the result? Well it's not, it", "hyLOlfpze8U-00286-00059704-00059936": "shouldn't be too surprising to you that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00287-00059936-00060288": "if we're exponentiating x to the p to the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00288-00060104-00060400": "sixth power we're applying the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00289-00060288-00060591": "Forbenius automorphism", "hyLOlfpze8U-00290-00060400-00060727": "to x, we're just going to get back x", "hyLOlfpze8U-00291-00060591-00061039": "which is now called", "hyLOlfpze8U-00292-00060727-00061160": "xbar to denote the reduction of x", "hyLOlfpze8U-00293-00061039-00061320": "into this quotient ring.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00294-00061160-00061544": "Sage helpfully picks a name for the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00295-00061320-00061760": "variable here that is to remind us that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00296-00061544-00062079": "it's not the same x anymore.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00297-00061760-00062239": "Okay, now let's let's try this in", "hyLOlfpze8U-00298-00062079-00062624": "a bigger finite field. Let's take,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00299-00062239-00062800": "say p is 2^255-19.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00300-00062624-00062944": "So I'll use the same polynomial again,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00301-00062800-00063232": "and I'll set up my quotient ring", "hyLOlfpze8U-00302-00062944-00063367": "again, and we'll go ahead and see how", "hyLOlfpze8U-00303-00063232-00063479": "this polynomial factors over this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00304-00063367-00063639": "field. The factorization is a little", "hyLOlfpze8U-00305-00063479-00063791": "different, now we got one linear factor, a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00306-00063639-00064032": "quadratic factor, and a degree five factor,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00307-00064079-00064483": "and now we can easily compute all of these", "hyLOlfpze8U-00308-00064483-00064816": "exponentiations in our quotient ring", "hyLOlfpze8U-00309-00064816-00065239": "very efficiently, even for a large", "hyLOlfpze8U-00310-00064991-00065376": "prime like 2^255-19. So all of these", "hyLOlfpze8U-00311-00065239-00065488": "computations just took a handful", "hyLOlfpze8U-00312-00065488-00065864": "of milliseconds. Excuse me now we're not", "hyLOlfpze8U-00313-00065800-00066239": "getting just xbar, because", "hyLOlfpze8U-00314-00066239-00066583": "we would need to go all the way up to,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00315-00066400-00066832": "I guess a degree 10 extension. We could try", "hyLOlfpze8U-00316-00066583-00066832": "this again.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00317-00067327-00067712": "Yeah, so we go all the way up to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00318-00067720-00068151": "the degree 10 extension of Fp where", "hyLOlfpze8U-00319-00068000-00068504": "now this polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00320-00068151-00068576": "splits completely so we get our xbar", "hyLOlfpze8U-00321-00068504-00069016": "again. Okay, all right.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00322-00069136-00069504": "So now we have an algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00323-00069360-00069704": "our first actual algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00324-00069504-00070024": "which is already a very useful thing", "hyLOlfpze8U-00325-00069704-00070136": "without using any randomness, just by", "hyLOlfpze8U-00326-00070024-00070560": "computing", "hyLOlfpze8U-00327-00070136-00070751": "the cardinality of this,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00328-00070560-00070960": "we can compute the cardinality of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00329-00070751-00071232": "this set S, the set of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00330-00070960-00071344": "Fq^n-rational points of f,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00331-00071232-00071576": "by taking a gcd,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00332-00071344-00071704": "the degree of a gcd. Okay so let's go", "hyLOlfpze8U-00333-00071576-00071951": "ahead and implement an algorithm for", "hyLOlfpze8U-00334-00071704-00071951": "doing that.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00335-00072095-00072560": "Okay, so I've I've done this here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00336-00072407-00072751": "So the function of interest is going to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00337-00072560-00072960": "be count_distinct_roots,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00338-00072751-00073160": "and all it's going to do is compute a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00339-00072960-00073312": "polynomial and take its degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00340-00073160-00073472": "And the polynomial it's going to be", "hyLOlfpze8U-00341-00073312-00073800": "compute is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00342-00073472-00074000": "precisely the gcd of f with x^q-x,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00343-00073800-00074151": "but let's just take a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00344-00074000-00074239": "look to understand how it's doing that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00345-00074151-00074392": "computation.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00346-00074239-00074527": "In order to make sure we're on the right", "hyLOlfpze8U-00347-00074392-00074600": "hand side of the equality rather than", "hyLOlfpze8U-00348-00074527-00074839": "the left,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00349-00074600-00074912": "so it takes in a polynomial f here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00350-00074839-00075183": "it knows", "hyLOlfpze8U-00351-00074912-00075360": "over what field it lives, so f.base_ring()", "hyLOlfpze8U-00352-00075183-00075520": "is just going to be Fq,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00353-00075360-00075656": "and if I wanted to know what q is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00354-00075520-00075863": "I could ask for the cardinality of that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00355-00075656-00076063": "base ring.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00356-00075863-00076256": "Then I'm going to go ahead and compute", "hyLOlfpze8U-00357-00076063-00076472": "my reduction map,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00358-00076256-00076680": "so f.parent() just means the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00359-00076472-00076872": "polynomial ring containing f, so this was", "hyLOlfpze8U-00360-00076680-00077080": "the R above, but since I want my", "hyLOlfpze8U-00361-00076872-00077239": "my function to take in a single argument f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00362-00077239-00077800": "I can grab R from f -- f knows its parent --", "hyLOlfpze8U-00363-00077576-00077983": "and take the quotient. And then I'm going", "hyLOlfpze8U-00364-00077800-00078288": "to compute,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00365-00077983-00078480": "I want to compute x^q-x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00366-00078288-00078616": "Now the subtlety here is I want to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00367-00078480-00078832": "take the gcd", "hyLOlfpze8U-00368-00078616-00078968": "in the polynomial ring over Fq, but I", "hyLOlfpze8U-00369-00078832-00079192": "want to do the computation, this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00370-00078968-00079407": "exponentiation, in the quotient ring", "hyLOlfpze8U-00371-00079192-00079592": "so I take pi_f(x), that's going to give", "hyLOlfpze8U-00372-00079407-00079776": "me my xbar, and in the quotient ring I'm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00373-00079592-00079983": "going to raise it to the qth power.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00374-00079776-00080248": "This is still in the quotient ring and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00375-00079983-00080407": "then I'm going to use the lift() method", "hyLOlfpze8U-00376-00080248-00080680": "of the element of the quotient rin", "hyLOlfpze8U-00377-00080407-00080888": "I get to return an element of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00378-00080680-00081024": "the parent ring. So whenever I define a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00379-00080888-00081288": "quotient like this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00380-00081024-00081439": "I can always apply lift(). We don't know", "hyLOlfpze8U-00381-00081288-00081624": "which lift it's going to take, it's only", "hyLOlfpze8U-00382-00081439-00081663": "going to be well-defined modulo f because", "hyLOlfpze8U-00383-00081663-00081968": "of course this reduction is just an", "hyLOlfpze8U-00384-00081839-00082183": "equivalence class,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00385-00081968-00082327": "lift is just asking for a representative", "hyLOlfpze8U-00386-00082183-00082512": "of that equivalence class, but because", "hyLOlfpze8U-00387-00082327-00082616": "we're about to take a gcd we don't care", "hyLOlfpze8U-00388-00082512-00082863": "we don't care which representative.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00389-00082863-00083288": "Ut'll actually be the unique", "hyLOlfpze8U-00390-00083007-00083536": "representative of degree less than f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00391-00083288-00083704": "And then we want to remember to subtract x", "hyLOlfpze8U-00392-00083536-00083744": "so we get our polynomial x^q-x,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00393-00083744-00084392": "x reduced mod f in this expression here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00394-00084063-00084744": "and then we take the gcd okay.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00395-00084392-00084744": "So let's go ahead and give this a try.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00396-00084951-00085360": "So now in this line what I've done", "hyLOlfpze8U-00397-00085192-00085416": "is I've gone back to our small finite field,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00398-00085416-00085919": "p is 61, set up the finite field and our", "hyLOlfpze8U-00399-00085719-00086063": "polynomial ring again,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00400-00085919-00086216": "redefine our polynomial because I", "hyLOlfpze8U-00401-00086063-00086256": "changed it to live over a different field", "hyLOlfpze8U-00402-00086256-00087039": "a few cells above, defining our", "hyLOlfpze8U-00403-00086744-00087039": "quotient map here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00404-00087063-00087424": "actually this definition isn't even", "hyLOlfpze8U-00405-00087263-00087632": "needed at this point I can just delete it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00406-00087983-00088663": "And I'm then going to count roots in", "hyLOlfpze8U-00407-00088312-00089000": "our finite field of our polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00408-00088663-00089160": "over various extensions of Fp.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00409-00089000-00089472": "Okay and I'll go ahead and just run this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00410-00089160-00089632": "again so we can see it in action.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00411-00089472-00089839": "You'll see there are three roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00412-00089632-00090288": "over Fp those are the three that we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00413-00089839-00090648": "saw earlier, there are five roots over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00414-00090288-00090719": "Fp^2 -- excuse me I'm realizing that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00415-00090719-00091551": "this display here is not very useful,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00416-00091248-00091551": "let's go ahead and fix it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00417-00092119-00092512": "Okay so over F_61 we have three roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00418-00092512-00092888": "over F_61^2 we have 5 roots because of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00419-00092727-00093095": "course the 3 roots that are defined over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00420-00092888-00093263": "F_61 are still there plus we get two new", "hyLOlfpze8U-00421-00093095-00093392": "ones the two that lived over a quadratic", "hyLOlfpze8U-00422-00093263-00093727": "extension.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00423-00093392-00093863": "Over F_61 ^3, well we lose", "hyLOlfpze8U-00424-00093727-00094048": "the roots that were defined over a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00425-00093863-00094263": "quadratic extension because those aren't", "hyLOlfpze8U-00426-00094048-00094416": "inside F_61^3, but we have", "hyLOlfpze8U-00427-00094263-00094607": "the three that were defined over Fp and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00428-00094416-00094992": "then three new ones that are the roots of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00429-00094607-00095232": "the irreducible cubic factor of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00430-00094992-00095368": "Over F_61^4 we're going to again see the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00431-00095232-00095560": "quadratic roots defined over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00432-00095368-00095744": "quadratic extension because F_61^2", "hyLOlfpze8U-00433-00095560-00096039": "is a subfield of F_61^4.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00434-00095744-00096088": "Over F_61^5 we only see the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00435-00096088-00096416": "Fp rational roots, and then finally over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00436-00096416-00097016": "F_61^6 we get all eight roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00437-00096719-00097088": "Okay so just with this very short bit of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00438-00097088-00097656": "code here we can count roots, the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00439-00097456-00097912": "number of roots a polynomial has over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00440-00097656-00098183": "any extension of the base field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00441-00097912-00098319": "Great! And sometimes that may be all we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00442-00098183-00098472": "need to do and in fact if there", "hyLOlfpze8U-00443-00098319-00098632": "was only one root we would actually know", "hyLOlfpze8U-00444-00098472-00098800": "what it is because this distinct_root_poly", "hyLOlfpze8U-00445-00098632-00099112": "would be a linear polynomial,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00446-00098800-00099112": "and we could extract its root.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00447-00099239-00099648": "Okay in fact, let's go ahead and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00448-00099648-00100319": "look at what the polynomial is. So over", "hyLOlfpze8U-00449-00100007-00100488": "F_61 when I take the gcd of f with x^61-x", "hyLOlfpze8U-00450-00100488-00100872": "I get this cubic polynomial and this cubic", "hyLOlfpze8U-00451-00100632-00101151": "polynomial is precisely", "hyLOlfpze8U-00452-00100872-00101304": "the product of the linear factors of f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00453-00101151-00101551": "corresponding to the three rational", "hyLOlfpze8U-00454-00101304-00101792": "roots that live over Fp.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00455-00101551-00101936": "But you know maybe over F_61 if I stare", "hyLOlfpze8U-00456-00101792-00102072": "long enough at this cubic I can figure", "hyLOlfpze8U-00457-00101936-00102248": "out what the roots are. But if this was", "hyLOlfpze8U-00458-00102072-00102383": "a large finite field,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00459-00102248-00102535": "knowing what the polynomial is, what the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00460-00102383-00102743": "coefficients of the polynomial are,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00461-00102535-00102903": "doesn't tell me what the roots are,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00462-00102743-00103048": "even if it's a low degree polynomial, even if", "hyLOlfpze8U-00463-00102903-00103072": "it's a very simple one like say, I don't know,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00464-00103072-00103519": "x^2-7 What's the square root", "hyLOlfpze8U-00465-00103319-00103591": "of seven, or the two square roots of seven", "hyLOlfpze8U-00466-00103591-00104159": "say in Fp where p is 2^255-19?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00467-00104159-00104511": "That's not an easy problem to solve.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00468-00104552-00104879": "In the case of 7 there is an efficient", "hyLOlfpze8U-00469-00104728-00105055": "algorithm to solve it due to René Schoff", "hyLOlfpze8U-00470-00104879-00105303": "which we'll see a little late.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00471-00105055-00105440": "But if I replaced 7 with a much larger", "hyLOlfpze8U-00472-00105303-00105559": "number it would be,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00473-00105440-00105703": "there would be no deterministic", "hyLOlfpze8U-00474-00105559-00105976": "polynomial time algorithm known for", "hyLOlfpze8U-00475-00105703-00106111": "solving that problem.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00476-00105976-00106503": "So how do we how are we going to solve it?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00477-00106111-00106703": "Well our first strategy is to try and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00478-00106503-00106896": "change the polynomial we're taking a gcd with.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00479-00106896-00107383": "So let's try instead of x^p-x, let's try x^s-x,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00480-00107383-00107759": "Let's just let's factor out the x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00481-00107583-00107896": "If we have, if 0 is a root of our", "hyLOlfpze8U-00482-00107759-00108040": "polynomial, that's easy to tell,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00483-00107896-00108240": "the constant term is zero, so let's", "hyLOlfpze8U-00484-00108040-00108320": "forget about the root zero and just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00485-00108240-00108655": "focus on the non-zero roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00486-00108320-00108688": "I'm going to take", "hyLOlfpze8U-00487-00108688-00109111": "s to be (p-1)/2. Now I'm assuming", "hyLOlfpze8U-00488-00108896-00109191": "that p and more generally q is odd.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00489-00109191-00109503": "There are similar algorithms one could", "hyLOlfpze8U-00490-00109320-00109616": "use in even characteristic, but", "hyLOlfpze8U-00491-00109503-00109896": "let's not worry about them for the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00492-00109616-00109896": "purpose of this video.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00493-00109935-00110511": "And let's try computing this gcd again,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00494-00110296-00110848": "and lo and behold we find that we get a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00495-00110511-00111016": "smaller gcd! So this quadratic", "hyLOlfpze8U-00496-00110848-00111159": "divides this cubic,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00497-00111016-00111328": "in fact if I did the division I could", "hyLOlfpze8U-00498-00111159-00111464": "get the other linear polynomial and know", "hyLOlfpze8U-00499-00111328-00111808": "what one of the roots is.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00500-00111808-00112264": "So by taking a gcd with a different polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00501-00111991-00112472": "we were able to split", "hyLOlfpze8U-00502-00112264-00112832": "this polynomial, which was a product of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00503-00112472-00113135": "the linear factors of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00504-00112832-00113279": "So that's great. So why did I choose", "hyLOlfpze8U-00505-00113135-00113455": "this particular value,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00506-00113279-00113808": "this particular polynomial x^s-1", "hyLOlfpze8U-00507-00113455-00114088": "where s is p minus 1 over 2?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00508-00113808-00114296": "Well, I mean, one reason is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00509-00114088-00114440": "it has roughly, it has exactly half the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00510-00114296-00114576": "non-zero roots of Fp. Half", "hyLOlfpze8U-00511-00114440-00114744": "are going to be roots of x^s-1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00512-00114744-00115055": "Which half is it? Well I could I", "hyLOlfpze8U-00513-00114944-00115248": "print them out since 61", "hyLOlfpze8U-00514-00115055-00115367": "is not so big, and I could stare at those,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00515-00115367-00115791": "and maybe my spidey sense tells me that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00516-00115567-00115920": "those look like squares, at least I see", "hyLOlfpze8U-00517-00115791-00116055": "4, 9, and 16 here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00518-00115920-00116216": "or I could just remember Euler's", "hyLOlfpze8U-00519-00116055-00116408": "criterion which tells me that the roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00520-00116216-00116679": "of x to the p minus one over two minus", "hyLOlfpze8U-00521-00116408-00117024": "one are precisely the quadratic residues", "hyLOlfpze8U-00522-00116679-00117296": "in the multiplicative group of Fp.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00523-00117024-00117391": "In fact I could even verify that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00524-00117296-00117855": "that's true, and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00525-00117391-00118128": "indeed it is. Okay so that's great", "hyLOlfpze8U-00526-00117855-00118335": "in situations where maybe", "hyLOlfpze8U-00527-00118128-00118608": "there's only one quadratic residue or", "hyLOlfpze8U-00528-00118335-00118688": "one non-residue, but in general", "hyLOlfpze8U-00529-00118608-00118896": "what do we do", "hyLOlfpze8U-00530-00118688-00119008": "if we find ourselves stuck, as we are", "hyLOlfpze8U-00531-00118896-00119311": "here at this point. Suppose we want to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00532-00119008-00119464": "split this quadratic? Well both roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00533-00119311-00119600": "are quadratic residues, now what are we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00534-00119464-00120016": "going to do?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00535-00119600-00120215": "And this is where Rabin's idea comes in,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00536-00120016-00120352": "and where randomness becomes critical.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00537-00120215-00120591": "So now instead of the polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00538-00120352-00120824": "x to the s minus 1 we're going to just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00539-00120591-00121008": "translate x, just shift it over by delta", "hyLOlfpze8U-00540-00120824-00121167": "and use the same polynomial but our", "hyLOlfpze8U-00541-00121008-00121432": "shift is going to be a random element of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00542-00121167-00121815": "our finite field, okay,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00543-00121432-00121888": "and our hope is that when we take a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00544-00121888-00122200": "shift we're sort of, you can imagine we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00545-00122032-00122288": "sort of moving all the quadratic", "hyLOlfpze8U-00546-00122200-00122600": "residues around", "hyLOlfpze8U-00547-00122288-00122767": "in what would seem like a random way and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00548-00122600-00122952": "our hope would be that by trying", "hyLOlfpze8U-00549-00122767-00123111": "different random values of delta", "hyLOlfpze8U-00550-00122952-00123383": "we have a good chance of being able to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00551-00123111-00123608": "split a polynomial that we know is a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00552-00123383-00124008": "product of linear factors.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00553-00123608-00124055": "Okay. And it's not hard to prove that this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00554-00124055-00124367": "actually is indeed the case, that this works", "hyLOlfpze8U-00555-00124367-00124640": "formally. By the way you can find that proof", "hyLOlfpze8U-00556-00124520-00124791": "of this in the lecture notes or in", "hyLOlfpze8U-00557-00124640-00125015": "Rabin's paper.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00558-00124791-00125264": "We'll say that two elements of our", "hyLOlfpze8U-00559-00125015-00125464": "finite field are of different type", "hyLOlfpze8U-00560-00125264-00125576": "if they're both non-zero and when we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00561-00125464-00125767": "raise them to the sth", "hyLOlfpze8U-00562-00125576-00125976": "power we don't get the same answer. Here", "hyLOlfpze8U-00563-00125767-00126135": "s is going to be q minus 1 over 2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00564-00125976-00126311": "Now of course when we raise a non-zero", "hyLOlfpze8U-00565-00126135-00126432": "alpha or beta to the sth power we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00566-00126311-00126655": "always going to get plus or minus one,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00567-00126432-00126800": "so to say these are non-equal means", "hyLOlfpze8U-00568-00126655-00126928": "one of them is one and one of them is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00569-00126800-00127055": "minus one, in other words one's a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00570-00126928-00127167": "quadratic residue and the other one isn't", "hyLOlfpze8U-00571-00127167-00127744": "Okay and the key theorem that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00572-00127503-00127935": "enables all this is that if we just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00573-00127744-00128024": "pick any two, doesn't matter which two,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00574-00127935-00128088": "because we remember we don't have", "hyLOlfpze8U-00575-00128024-00128240": "control,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00576-00128088-00128383": "necessarily, over alpha and beta, maybe", "hyLOlfpze8U-00577-00128240-00128520": "these are the roots of the polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00578-00128383-00128711": "that was given to us,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00579-00128520-00128855": "if we just shift them both by a random", "hyLOlfpze8U-00580-00128711-00128991": "delta they're going to wind up being of", "hyLOlfpze8U-00581-00128991-00129448": "different type half the time.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00582-00129488-00129848": "And I'll refer you to the lecture notes", "hyLOlfpze8U-00583-00129728-00129983": "for a proof, but it's really just four or", "hyLOlfpze8U-00584-00129848-00130303": "five lines.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00585-00129983-00130688": "And so as a consequence of this is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00586-00130303-00130896": "if we take the gcd, if we first", "hyLOlfpze8U-00587-00130688-00131079": "get a product of the linear factors of f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00588-00130896-00131288": "by taking the gcd with x^q-x, call that g,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00589-00131288-00131840": "and then we take the gcd of g", "hyLOlfpze8U-00590-00131703-00132055": "that we know to be a product of linear", "hyLOlfpze8U-00591-00131840-00132232": "factors with the polynomial x plus delta", "hyLOlfpze8U-00592-00132055-00132328": "to the s minus one, where delta's chosen", "hyLOlfpze8U-00593-00132232-00132584": "at random,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00594-00132328-00132824": "we have at least a fifty percent chance", "hyLOlfpze8U-00595-00132584-00133200": "of finding a non-trivial factor", "hyLOlfpze8U-00596-00132824-00133376": "of g, by which I mean the this gcd", "hyLOlfpze8U-00597-00133200-00133584": "will not be constant and it will not be", "hyLOlfpze8U-00598-00133376-00133744": "equal to g, it will be a proper divisor of g.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00599-00133744-00134376": "Okay and so here's the algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00600-00134048-00134576": "called rational_root that looks for", "hyLOlfpze8U-00601-00134376-00134767": "a rational root of the input polynomial f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00602-00134576-00135008": "And it does this by", "hyLOlfpze8U-00603-00134767-00135200": "initially taking the gcd with x to the q", "hyLOlfpze8U-00604-00135008-00135272": "minus x to get a product of linear factors,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00605-00135272-00135840": "that we know factors completely over Fq,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00606-00135648-00135960": "and then it tries to randomly split it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00607-00135840-00136303": "So let's take a look at the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00608-00135960-00136512": "at the algorithm. Maybe one", "hyLOlfpze8U-00609-00136303-00136672": "important note here if you're not", "hyLOlfpze8U-00610-00136512-00136855": "completely up to speed on python 3,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00611-00136672-00137184": "when we're doing this division", "hyLOlfpze8U-00612-00136855-00137312": "s equals q minus one over 2, we want s to be", "hyLOlfpze8U-00613-00137184-00137503": "q minus one over two, I'm using the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00614-00137312-00137712": "double slash operator -- this denotes", "hyLOlfpze8U-00615-00137503-00137832": "integer division. This makes sure that we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00616-00137712-00137976": "actually get an integer", "hyLOlfpze8U-00617-00137832-00138160": "even though we know q minus one is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00618-00137976-00138248": "exactly divisible by two, we even verify", "hyLOlfpze8U-00619-00138160-00138455": "this.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00620-00138248-00138591": "We want ot get an integer and not a", "hyLOlfpze8U-00621-00138455-00138752": "rational number, otherwise sage will", "hyLOlfpze8U-00622-00138591-00138872": "complain when we try to exponentiate to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00623-00138752-00139191": "a rational number even when that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00624-00138872-00139496": "rational number happens to be an integer.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00625-00139191-00139655": "Okay so now we've defined our s, we put", "hyLOlfpze8U-00626-00139496-00139864": "in a trivial check to say well if the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00627-00139655-00140015": "constant coefficient of f is 0 then we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00628-00139864-00140160": "know it has 0 as a root and we could just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00629-00140015-00140391": "take that one,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00630-00140160-00140552": "otherwise we're going to compute this", "hyLOlfpze8U-00631-00140391-00140960": "distinct_root_poly again that was just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00632-00140552-00140960": "the gcd of f with x to q minus x,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00633-00141079-00141391": "and that's going to give us our g which", "hyLOlfpze8U-00634-00141224-00141560": "would now be a cubic polynomial for our", "hyLOlfpze8U-00635-00141391-00141703": "sample degree 8 polynomial f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00636-00141560-00141967": "And now we want to split g, and we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00637-00141703-00142391": "going to do that by going through a loop", "hyLOlfpze8U-00638-00141967-00142640": "where our goal is to get a g that has", "hyLOlfpze8U-00639-00142391-00142840": "degree one or it could be that there are", "hyLOlfpze8U-00640-00142640-00142967": "no rational roots in which case g might", "hyLOlfpze8U-00641-00142840-00143176": "have degree zero when we finish,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00642-00142967-00143288": "and we'll know that we have no roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00643-00143176-00143552": "And so we're going to split", "hyLOlfpze8U-00644-00143288-00143696": "g by picking a random delta using the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00645-00143552-00143815": "random_element() method of our finite", "hyLOlfpze8U-00646-00143696-00144120": "field, which is just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00647-00143815-00144352": "F_q which is just the base ring of g,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00648-00144120-00144567": "then we're going to take our gcd of g", "hyLOlfpze8U-00649-00144352-00144752": "with x plus delta the s minus one and", "hyLOlfpze8U-00650-00144567-00145055": "we're going to do that computation", "hyLOlfpze8U-00651-00144752-00145296": "correctly inside our quotient ring,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00652-00145055-00145472": "pi_g here is the quotient map for our g,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00653-00145296-00145840": "find the quotient of Fq[x] by g,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00654-00145472-00145903": "raise it to the sth power", "hyLOlfpze8U-00655-00145840-00146144": "minus one,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00656-00145903-00146303": "lift as before, and then we're going to", "hyLOlfpze8U-00657-00146144-00146455": "check do we get a polynomial whose", "hyLOlfpze8U-00658-00146303-00146527": "degree is strictly between zero and the", "hyLOlfpze8U-00659-00146455-00146864": "degree of g.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00660-00146527-00147184": "If we do, we found a proper divisor of g.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00661-00147006-00147210": "And now our strategy is, well, we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00662-00147210-00147365": "could either try to find a root--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00663-00147365-00147520": "we're going to recursively either try", "hyLOlfpze8U-00664-00147520-00147666": "to find a route of h.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00665-00147666-00147969": "Or if h has degree that's greater than half the degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-00666-00147969-00148265": "of g, we might as well instead switch to the other factor,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00667-00148265-00148470": "take g divided by h, and look for a rational root", "hyLOlfpze8U-00668-00148470-00148712": "of that quotient.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00669-00148712-00149083": "And so we now have found a smaller g.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00670-00149083-00149250": "We're actually not using recursion here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00671-00149250-00149404": "I guess we're just running on a loop.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00672-00149404-00149766": "We're just replacing g with our smaller g.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00673-00149766-00149865": "Excuse me.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00674-00149865-00150108": "And we're redefining our quotient map here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00675-00150108-00150405": "our pi sub g's, because we're going", "hyLOlfpze8U-00676-00150405-00150582": "to use it again in this loop.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00677-00150582-00150961": "And this is going to keep going until either--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00678-00150961-00151191": "well, if we ever got into this loop in the first place,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00679-00151191-00151382": "we're going to keep-- we know at the end we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00680-00151382-00151581": "going to have a polynomial of degree 1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00681-00151581-00151846": "because we're always finding a proper divisor in this step", "hyLOlfpze8U-00682-00151846-00151896": "here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00683-00151896-00152079": "Otherwise, we don't get out of the loop.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00684-00152079-00152507": "And the loop is going to continue until g has degree 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00685-00152507-00152682": "And then at the end, we're going to return", "hyLOlfpze8U-00686-00152682-00153015": "either the root of our linear polynomial if we have one.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00687-00153015-00153171": "Or the other possibility is we never", "hyLOlfpze8U-00688-00153171-00153321": "entered the loop at all, because g", "hyLOlfpze8U-00689-00153321-00153446": "was trivial to begin with.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00690-00153446-00153884": "In which case, we know there are no rational roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00691-00153884-00154286": "And it's not hard to show that, well, we", "hyLOlfpze8U-00692-00154286-00154685": "know we have a 50-50 chance of splitting our polynomial g.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00693-00154685-00154970": "In the worst case, g might have the same degree as f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00694-00154970-00155249": "And because we're always taking the smaller of the two factors,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00695-00155249-00155667": "we know we're cutting the degree in half in each step.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00696-00155667-00156017": "And we expect that to happen after two random choices.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00697-00156017-00156251": "And so we expect the depth of the recursion", "hyLOlfpze8U-00698-00156251-00156548": "should be logarithmic--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00699-00156548-00156723": "excuse me-- in the degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00700-00156723-00156932": "And so the total running time of this algorithm,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00701-00156932-00157322": "if we ignore log-log factors of q", "hyLOlfpze8U-00702-00157322-00157466": "and logarithmic factors of degree,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00703-00157466-00157709": "it's going to be soft O of n squared d.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00704-00157709-00158159": "So n here is the number-- the bit size of our finite field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00705-00158159-00158408": "I mean, there's an n here because we need to write down", "hyLOlfpze8U-00706-00158408-00158504": "elements of our finite field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00707-00158504-00158670": "And then there's another n because we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00708-00158670-00158918": "doing exponentiation, but with exponents that", "hyLOlfpze8U-00709-00158918-00159098": "have roughly n bits in them.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00710-00159098-00159260": "And then we have a d for the degree--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00711-00159260-00159631": "so quadratic, quasi quadratic in n, quasilinear in d.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00712-00159971-00160180": "All right, so let's go ahead and give this a shot.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00713-00160616-00160885": "So just to see it in action on our polynomial f,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00714-00160885-00161060": "let's go ahead and just run it five times,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00715-00161060-00161240": "just so we can see the randomness coming", "hyLOlfpze8U-00716-00161240-00161385": "into play, here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00717-00161385-00161699": "So in each iteration, I'm printing out", "hyLOlfpze8U-00718-00161699-00162182": "the initial GCD of f with x to the q minus x,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00719-00162182-00162312": "which is a cubic polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00720-00162312-00162562": "And I'm telling you which delta it picked in this iteration.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00721-00162562-00162781": "In this case, first time through, it picked 5.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00722-00162781-00162988": "And that 5 is good.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00723-00162988-00163177": "It split this polynomial, and it found", "hyLOlfpze8U-00724-00163177-00163342": "into a degree 1 and a degree 2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00725-00163342-00163570": "And it took the degree 1 factor, x plus 46,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00726-00163570-00163861": "and it output the root corresponding to that factor.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00727-00163861-00164212": "In the next run, the first delta it tried, 13, didn't work,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00728-00164212-00164398": "so it tried another one, delta 64.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00729-00164398-00164642": "That one worked, And this time-- oh, it didn't find", "hyLOlfpze8U-00730-00164642-00164767": "the same root it found before.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00731-00164767-00165202": "It found a different root, and similarly in the other try--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00732-00165202-00165340": "actually in the next three tries.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00733-00165340-00165465": "It succeeded on the first try.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00734-00165465-00165802": "It never took more than two random deltas to split.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00735-00165802-00166293": "Let's just maybe to see the power of this algorithm,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00736-00166293-00166519": "let's use a higher degree polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00737-00166519-00166822": "Let's take, say, a polynomial degree 19 that we know", "hyLOlfpze8U-00738-00166822-00166999": "has 19 rational roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00739-00166999-00167431": "Let's just take the product of x minus i for i from 1 up to 19", "hyLOlfpze8U-00740-00167431-00167835": "and run our algorithm a bunch of times on that.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00741-00167835-00168251": "So here, we can see our initial GCD was the entire polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00742-00168251-00168612": "because we constructed h to be a product of linear polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00743-00168612-00168797": "We pick our first delta.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00744-00168797-00169031": "And note, now that we've got lots of linear polynomials,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00745-00169031-00169289": "we actually have a much better than 50-50 chance of splitting.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00746-00169289-00169622": "In fact, it's very unlikely we won't split.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00747-00169622-00169954": "And on average, we should expect to split roughly in half.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00748-00169954-00170079": "And that happens in this case.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00749-00170079-00170324": "We split, and we get a degree 9 polynomial and a degree 10.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00750-00170324-00170423": "We take the degree 9.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00751-00170423-00170621": "In the next iteration, we split it 5-4.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00752-00170621-00170753": "We take the degree 4.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00753-00170753-00171003": "Then we split it 2-2, and then we get a linear polynomial,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00754-00171003-00171102": "and we output that one.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00755-00171102-00171257": "And you can see some other runs here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00756-00171257-00171465": "Maybe it doesn't always split 9-10 the first time.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00757-00171465-00171778": "This time, it splits 7-12 and then 3-4 and then 2-1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00758-00171778-00171866": "et cetera, et cetera.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00759-00172111-00172316": "Now at this point, you might not be so impressed.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00760-00172316-00172580": "I mean, this is a finite field with 61 elements in it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00761-00172580-00172784": "How hard can it be to find roots?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00762-00172784-00172953": "Well, let's try a bigger finite field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00763-00172953-00173282": "Let's take one of my favorites, 2 to the 61 minus 1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00764-00173282-00173345": "a Mersenne prime.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00765-00173345-00173696": "And we'll apply it to the same polynomial,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00766-00173696-00174011": "x to the 8 minus 2x plus 5, which now maybe", "hyLOlfpze8U-00767-00174011-00174401": "has a different factorization pattern.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00768-00174401-00174452": "Oh, sorry.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00769-00174452-00174779": "Actually, in this, I'm again applying it to h,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00770-00174779-00175208": "the product of the x minus i for i from 1 to 19,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00771-00175208-00175493": "which just maybe lets you see more of the algorithm in action", "hyLOlfpze8U-00772-00175493-00175650": "better.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00773-00175650-00175921": "And so as before, we now have this initial polynomial, which", "hyLOlfpze8U-00774-00175921-00176051": "is degree 19-- the whole thing.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00775-00176051-00176405": "The coefficients are just bigger now.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00776-00176405-00176764": "We pick a random delta with roughly 61 bits in it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00777-00176764-00176927": "It splits 6-13.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00778-00176927-00177105": "x random delta splits it 1-5.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00779-00177105-00177180": "So that was great.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00780-00177180-00177356": "It only took two iterations.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00781-00177356-00177698": "In some of the other runs, it takes more than two iterations.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00782-00177698-00177980": "But in every case, we descend to a root very quickly--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00783-00177980-00178103": "logarithmic.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00784-00178103-00178457": "The depth of the recursion again is logarithmic in the degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00785-00178457-00178640": "And you can see that even over this-- well,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00786-00178640-00178937": "not quite cryptographic-size field, but decent-size field--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00787-00178937-00179116": "it only takes a few milliseconds.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00788-00179116-00179414": "And, heck, we could try this over a cryptographic-size field", "hyLOlfpze8U-00789-00179414-00179704": "if we wanted to.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00790-00179704-00180058": "Just the screen will get a little uglier,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00791-00180058-00180271": "but it won't take noticeably longer.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00792-00180524-00180589": "So, yeah.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00793-00180589-00180844": "Just going to switch back to my other field because I think--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00794-00180844-00181180": "I'm assuming I'm set up in the--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00795-00181180-00181369": "consider our word-size field later on.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00796-00181721-00181972": "Great.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00797-00181972-00182152": "So that's a way to find a rational root.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00798-00182152-00182392": "What if we want to know what all the rational roots are?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00799-00182392-00182783": "That is, we want to know the complete set s of, say,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00800-00182783-00183103": "fq or fq to the n rational roots of f?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00801-00183103-00183274": "Well, we can easily modify the algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00802-00183274-00183379": "we just wrote to do that.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00803-00183379-00183946": "Instead of-- we were just picking 1/2 of the descent", "hyLOlfpze8U-00804-00183946-00184096": "as we were splitting our polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00805-00184096-00184319": "We could just descend on both halves.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00806-00184319-00184808": "So this is essentially a rewrite of the algorithm above.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00807-00184808-00185127": "The only difference now is I am actually", "hyLOlfpze8U-00808-00185127-00185302": "going to use a recursive algorithm since I", "hyLOlfpze8U-00809-00185302-00185659": "want to follow both paths down the tree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00810-00185659-00186046": "As before, I'm going to--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00811-00186046-00186310": "excuse me-- I'm going to pull out a 0", "hyLOlfpze8U-00812-00186310-00186574": "if it's a root-- just treat that special, get it out of the way", "hyLOlfpze8U-00813-00186574-00186707": "up front.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00814-00186707-00187008": "And if the input-- because this is a recursive algorithm,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00815-00187008-00187138": "I need to handle the base case.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00816-00187138-00187660": "The base case is going to be that g has degree at most 1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00817-00187660-00187831": "meaning it's either linear, in which case", "hyLOlfpze8U-00818-00187831-00187966": "I just pull out a root.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00819-00187966-00188413": "Or it has to be 0, in which case it has no roots,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00820-00188413-00188611": "and I just return an empty list.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00821-00188611-00188912": "But in every other case, if degree is greater than 1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00822-00188912-00189112": "then I'm going to go into a loop, where I'm just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00823-00189112-00189277": "going to pick a random delta.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00824-00189277-00189748": "I'm going to use it to try and split my polynomial g.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00825-00189748-00189943": "And whenever I succeed, I'm then going", "hyLOlfpze8U-00826-00189943-00190384": "to recursively find all the rational roots of both h", "hyLOlfpze8U-00827-00190384-00190513": "and g divided by h.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00828-00191054-00191923": "All right, and so let's go ahead and compile this.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00829-00191923-00192094": "And the nice thing is this doesn't really", "hyLOlfpze8U-00830-00192094-00192264": "change the running time of the algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00831-00192264-00192496": "I mean, by finding both-- by following both paths,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00832-00192496-00192646": "we increase the amount of work we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-00833-00192646-00192796": "doing by a factor of log d.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00834-00192796-00193156": "But that's going to get lost in our soft O notation.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00835-00193156-00193339": "Unless we're keeping track of log factors,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00836-00193339-00193624": "finding all the rational roots takes no more time", "hyLOlfpze8U-00837-00193624-00193856": "really than finding just one of them.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00838-00193856-00194073": "So let's go ahead and try it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00839-00194550-00195008": "So here was, in this case, over p is 2 to the 61 minus 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00840-00195008-00195195": "f only had 1 rational root, and it finds it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00841-00195195-00195341": "So maybe that's not so exciting.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00842-00195341-00195815": "Let's run it instead, where we find all the rational roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00843-00195815-00196088": "of a polynomial we've constructed to have, say, 10", "hyLOlfpze8U-00844-00196088-00196172": "rational roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00845-00196172-00196392": "And I'm just going to make them random.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00846-00196392-00196601": "And let's let it go find them.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00847-00196601-00196839": "And so you see, it's very quick.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00848-00196839-00197063": "I could run it again.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00849-00197063-00197184": "Nothing up my sleeves--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00850-00197184-00197445": "numbers change each time.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00851-00197445-00197767": "The algorithm's very efficient.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00852-00197767-00198067": "So now we have a probabilistic algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00853-00198067-00198358": "for finding all the rational roots of a polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00854-00198358-00198526": "over a finite field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00855-00198526-00198808": "Now strictly speaking, well, it is", "hyLOlfpze8U-00856-00198808-00198949": "finding all the rational roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00857-00198949-00199129": "But it's not telling us their multiplicity.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00858-00199129-00199495": "So if f had a repeated root, the number of roots--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00859-00199495-00199771": "the length of the list returned by distinct rational roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00860-00199771-00199969": "might be less than the degree of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00861-00199969-00200228": "And maybe we want to know the multiplicities of the roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00862-00200228-00200278": "as well.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00863-00200545-00200830": "Well, we could just jigger the algorithm we've already written", "hyLOlfpze8U-00864-00200830-00201040": "to do that by just trying--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00865-00201040-00201298": "checking each root we find to see if it--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00866-00201298-00201697": "by dividing out a linear factor of our polynomial,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00867-00201697-00201991": "and then checking to see if it's a repeated factor,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00868-00201991-00202237": "and we could just evaluate it at the root.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00869-00202237-00202426": "And that's actually reasonably efficient,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00870-00202426-00202609": "but it's not the most efficient thing to do.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00871-00202609-00202843": "We can actually do better.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00872-00202843-00203228": "We can do better by computing the square-free factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00873-00203228-00203612": "So this is with an algorithm due to Yun.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00874-00203612-00203899": "So let me first define the square factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00875-00203899-00204074": "I'll just define it for monic polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00876-00204074-00204236": "So you could put a constant out front", "hyLOlfpze8U-00877-00204236-00204506": "if you don't want your polynomial to be monic.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00878-00204506-00204698": "So to find the square feet factorization,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00879-00204698-00205015": "it's the unique list of monic square-free polynomials", "hyLOlfpze8U-00880-00205015-00205417": "g1 up to gm, and as big as it needs to be.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00881-00205417-00205682": "If f were square-free to start with, m would be 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00882-00205682-00206065": "And we want the last polynomial in our list to be non-trivial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00883-00206065-00206492": "And then f needs to be equal to the product of g1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00884-00206492-00206860": "the square g2, dot, dot, dot, up to the nth power of g sub m.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00885-00207144-00207494": "And so if we compute this square-free factorization,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00886-00207494-00207794": "the nice thing is that we then are left with polynomials g1 up", "hyLOlfpze8U-00887-00207794-00207941": "to gm that we know are square-free.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00888-00207941-00208158": "And we can run our distinct rational roots algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00889-00208158-00208276": "on them.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00890-00208276-00208578": "And then we also know that the multiplicity of the roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00891-00208578-00208945": "of, say, g, gi, is i.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00892-00208945-00209237": "So after I find all the rational roots of g2,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00893-00209237-00209412": "I know immediately what their multiplicity", "hyLOlfpze8U-00894-00209412-00209549": "is, because I've already computed", "hyLOlfpze8U-00895-00209549-00209817": "the square-free factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00896-00209817-00210200": "And the algorithm for computing the square-free factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-00897-00210200-00210598": "is based on a very simple fact, which", "hyLOlfpze8U-00898-00210598-00210992": "is that if I consider the factorization of a polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00899-00210992-00211319": "over a perfect field into irreducibles,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00900-00211319-00211579": "finite fields or perfect fields, I'm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00901-00211579-00211807": "going to get a repeated factor if and only", "hyLOlfpze8U-00902-00211807-00212176": "if that factor divides the GCD of f", "hyLOlfpze8U-00903-00212176-00212392": "with its derivative, its formal derivative.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00904-00212392-00212548": "Again, this is not hard to prove.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00905-00212548-00212773": "There's proof in the notes, if you want to look at it.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00906-00212773-00213289": "And then Yun's algorithm is very simple.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00907-00213289-00213607": "Maybe I'm realizing I'm running a bit long on time here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00908-00213607-00213852": "so I'm not going to spend a lot of time on the details.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00909-00213852-00214146": "I'll just note that it's simple, it's easy to prove,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00910-00214146-00214486": "that it works by induction, and it's very fast.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00911-00214486-00214852": "The only thing it's doing is it's computing derivatives", "hyLOlfpze8U-00912-00214852-00214966": "and taking GCDs.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00913-00214966-00215361": "There's no exponentiations in this algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00914-00215361-00215660": "And so it gives-- it will yield the square-free factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-00915-00215660-00216013": "in time that's quasilinear in the product of n and d.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00916-00216013-00216188": "And you really can't hope to do any better", "hyLOlfpze8U-00917-00216188-00216519": "because it takes 10 times d bits just to write f down.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00918-00216519-00216789": "So this is a quasilinear time algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00919-00216789-00217109": "in the size of its input.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00920-00217109-00217451": "And the key point is that, since there's not an n squared here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00921-00217451-00217717": "there's just an n, this is asymptotically negligible", "hyLOlfpze8U-00922-00217717-00218132": "compared to the time it takes to run distinct rational roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00923-00218132-00218336": "So there's really no reason to just not", "hyLOlfpze8U-00924-00218336-00218615": "run square-free factorization on every input", "hyLOlfpze8U-00925-00218615-00218780": "to distinct rational roots first.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00926-00218780-00219038": "And then we'll automatically know a multiplicity", "hyLOlfpze8U-00927-00219038-00219313": "of all the roots up front.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00928-00219313-00219541": "And you might say, well, maybe that's a waste of time", "hyLOlfpze8U-00929-00219541-00219748": "if our polynomial happens to be irreducible.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00930-00219748-00220033": "Well, yeah, but it's a little o of 1 waste of time.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00931-00220033-00220213": "And any time our input polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00932-00220213-00220335": "is not square-free-- sorry.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00933-00220335-00220510": "It doesn't have to be irreducible, it just", "hyLOlfpze8U-00934-00220510-00220573": "needs to be square-free.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00935-00220573-00220750": "Any time it's not square-free, we'll", "hyLOlfpze8U-00936-00220750-00220906": "actually speed things up by computing", "hyLOlfpze8U-00937-00220906-00221056": "the square-free factorization first.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00938-00221357-00221592": "So let's go ahead and do this.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00939-00221592-00221767": "What have I done here?", "hyLOlfpze8U-00940-00221767-00221902": "I didn't define the algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00941-00221902-00222416": "I'm going to compile the algorithm Run this.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00942-00222416-00222598": "So what I'm doing here is I've just taken--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00943-00222598-00222985": "I've constructed h as a product of ith powers", "hyLOlfpze8U-00944-00222985-00223159": "of quadratic polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00945-00223159-00223330": "And then I've gone ahead and computed", "hyLOlfpze8U-00946-00223330-00223612": "the square-free factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00947-00223612-00223821": "It took, you'll see, almost no time--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00948-00223821-00223925": "just about a millisecond.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00949-00223925-00224213": "I mean, if you wanted to see what", "hyLOlfpze8U-00950-00224213-00224428": "the square-free factorization looked like,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00951-00224428-00224716": "it's just a list of polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00952-00224716-00225031": "I've included a 0th element, just because Python indexes", "hyLOlfpze8U-00953-00225031-00225137": "arrays by 0.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00954-00225137-00225287": "This is always going to be set to 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00955-00225287-00225640": "And then the first entry in the array, this quadratic,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00956-00225640-00225988": "divides our polynomial h to the first power,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00957-00225988-00226316": "this one divides it to the second power, and so on.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00958-00226316-00226621": "So this was the degree, I guess, 45 polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00959-00226621-00227035": "It computes over 2 to the 61 minus 1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00960-00227035-00227456": "and it computes the square-free factorization very quickly.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00961-00227456-00227648": "So now that we know how to compute square-free", "hyLOlfpze8U-00962-00227648-00227983": "factorization, we can put together--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00963-00227983-00228382": "combine this with our distinct rational roots function", "hyLOlfpze8U-00964-00228382-00228565": "to completely factor--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00965-00228565-00228942": "or, sorry, to find all of the rational roots of a polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-00966-00228942-00229081": "together with their multiplicity.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00967-00229081-00229218": "That's the function factor roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00968-00229218-00229534": "And the algorithm just computes the square-free factorization,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00969-00229534-00229777": "and then calls distinct rational roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-00970-00229777-00229983": "for each of the polynomials in the square-- each", "hyLOlfpze8U-00971-00229983-00230188": "of the square-free polynomials in the square-free", "hyLOlfpze8U-00972-00230188-00230413": "factorization-- and then just notes", "hyLOlfpze8U-00973-00230413-00230869": "the appropriate multiplicity of the root-- of its roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00974-00230869-00231496": "So we could go ahead and run this on, just to say,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00975-00231496-00231767": "a random product of linear polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00976-00231767-00232028": "And it quickly finds all the factors", "hyLOlfpze8U-00977-00232028-00232232": "and records their multiplicities.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00978-00232689-00232794": "Great.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00979-00232794-00233013": "So now you know everything you need", "hyLOlfpze8U-00980-00233013-00233394": "to know about finding roots of polynomials over finite fields.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00981-00233394-00233778": "In fact, this is essentially optimal.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00982-00233778-00234010": "No algorithm is known that is better than this.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00983-00234010-00234226": "There are a few things you can fiddle", "hyLOlfpze8U-00984-00234226-00234456": "with around the edges if you want to optimize algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00985-00234456-00234744": "for computing square roots or roots of degree 3 or 4", "hyLOlfpze8U-00986-00234744-00235039": "polynomials, say, using solutions by radicals.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00987-00235039-00235326": "But those are all very minor constant factor improvements.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00988-00235326-00235506": "In terms of the asymptotics, we don't", "hyLOlfpze8U-00989-00235506-00235815": "know any algorithm that's faster than the very simple algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-00990-00235815-00236136": "we just wrote down, at least when-- for large finite--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00991-00236136-00236263": "in large characteristic.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00992-00236263-00236487": "OK.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00993-00236487-00237073": "All right, so I've been focusing on finding", "hyLOlfpze8U-00994-00237073-00237188": "the fq rational roots.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00995-00237188-00237367": "But of course, as we note at the beginning,", "hyLOlfpze8U-00996-00237367-00237641": "this Rabin's algorithm will find roots over whatever field", "hyLOlfpze8U-00997-00237641-00237810": "extension of fq you want.", "hyLOlfpze8U-00998-00237810-00238057": "So you could use this as a factorization algorithm--", "hyLOlfpze8U-00999-00238057-00238307": "you could, actually, by finding roots over extension fields,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01000-00238307-00238492": "and then taking minimal polynomials,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01001-00238492-00238634": "or just multiplying them together.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01002-00238634-00238828": "You could construct a factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01003-00239251-00239571": "So this was noted by Rabin in his original paper.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01004-00239571-00239986": "But shortly after Rabin's 1980 paper came out, in 1981,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01005-00239986-00240571": "Cantor and Zassenhaus noted that, yes, using randomness", "hyLOlfpze8U-01006-00240571-00240652": "is a great idea.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01007-00240652-00241021": "But if you want to factor your polynomial into irreducibles,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01008-00241021-00241336": "you don't want to do that by computing roots over extension", "hyLOlfpze8U-01009-00241336-00241444": "fields.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01010-00241444-00241606": "And there's really no reason to do", "hyLOlfpze8U-01011-00241606-00241735": "any work over extension fields.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01012-00241735-00241927": "I mean, your output is over your base field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01013-00241927-00242135": "And if you think about it, the irreducible factors", "hyLOlfpze8U-01014-00242135-00242305": "of your polynomial really correspond", "hyLOlfpze8U-01015-00242305-00242650": "to Galois orbits of roots over extension fields.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01016-00242650-00242923": "And it's always better to just work with the Galois orbit", "hyLOlfpze8U-01017-00242923-00243250": "as an object in its own right rather than extending up", "hyLOlfpze8U-01018-00243250-00243511": "to this field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01019-00243511-00243717": "So how is this going to work?", "hyLOlfpze8U-01020-00243992-00244350": "Well, the Cantor/Zassenhaus innovation", "hyLOlfpze8U-01021-00244350-00244820": "really applies to the hard part of Rabin's algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-01022-00244820-00244941": "where randomness is required.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01023-00244941-00245181": "It's focused on splitting up polynomials", "hyLOlfpze8U-01024-00245181-00245481": "that we know are products of irreducible polynomials", "hyLOlfpze8U-01025-00245481-00245616": "of the same degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01026-00245616-00245841": "So let's first put ourselves in that situation.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01027-00245841-00246023": "And we do that by computing what's", "hyLOlfpze8U-01028-00246023-00246312": "known as the distinct degree factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01029-00246312-00246719": "So this is the factorization of f into polynomial,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01030-00246719-00246882": "say, g1 up to--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01031-00246882-00247251": "g sub 1 up to g sub d, where each g", "hyLOlfpze8U-01032-00247251-00247575": "sub i is a product of irreducible polynomials", "hyLOlfpze8U-01033-00247575-00247665": "of degree i.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01034-00247665-00248055": "So some of these g sub i's may be equal to 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01035-00248055-00248157": "I'm not ruling that out.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01036-00248157-00248530": "Just define this as a list of d polynomials, where", "hyLOlfpze8U-01037-00248530-00248742": "each of them, we know, is a product of irreducibles", "hyLOlfpze8U-01038-00248742-00248980": "of the same degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01039-00248980-00249244": "And the key point is we already know how to do this.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01040-00249244-00249638": "We can do this just by taking GCDs with x to the q", "hyLOlfpze8U-01041-00249638-00250091": "to the i minus x, as long as we're careful to pull out roots", "hyLOlfpze8U-01042-00250091-00250223": "that we know as we go.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01043-00250690-00250965": "So how is this going to work?", "hyLOlfpze8U-01044-00250965-00251169": "Well, we're going to do the same thing", "hyLOlfpze8U-01045-00251169-00251775": "we did in the first step of Rabin's algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01046-00251775-00252104": "The first step would be to take a GCD with x to the q minus x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01047-00252104-00252342": "That's going to be the product of all the linear factors.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01048-00252342-00252498": "That's going to be our g sub 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01049-00252498-00252855": "And then we're going to remove that product from f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01050-00252855-00253080": "And then we know that all the irreducible factors", "hyLOlfpze8U-01051-00253080-00253380": "of what's left are going to have degree 2 or greater.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01052-00253380-00253605": "And if we focus on the degree 2 ones and remove those,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01053-00253605-00253935": "we can then continue in that fashion.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01054-00253935-00254221": "But it's going to be very useful to use", "hyLOlfpze8U-01055-00254221-00254459": "the square-free factorization in the process of doing", "hyLOlfpze8U-01056-00254459-00254810": "that, because when we want to do this process of removing", "hyLOlfpze8U-01057-00254810-00255071": "the factors we already know, if they're repeated factors,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01058-00255071-00255319": "we don't want to have to waste time trying to figure out", "hyLOlfpze8U-01059-00255319-00255627": "what their multiplicity is.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01060-00255627-00255782": "So in general, we're going to compute", "hyLOlfpze8U-01061-00255782-00256314": "the square-free factorization first, and then", "hyLOlfpze8U-01062-00256314-00256515": "compute the distinct degree factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01063-00256515-00256665": "So I've set this up just so you can", "hyLOlfpze8U-01064-00256665-00256935": "see what naive distinct degree factorization is.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01065-00256935-00257250": "If you wanted to match it up with this definition,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01066-00257250-00257430": "it will do the stupid thing and compute", "hyLOlfpze8U-01067-00257430-00257592": "the square-free factorization, and then", "hyLOlfpze8U-01068-00257592-00257787": "multiply things together to get a result that", "hyLOlfpze8U-01069-00257787-00257921": "matches this definition.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01070-00257921-00258063": "But in practice, what you would do", "hyLOlfpze8U-01071-00258063-00258408": "is you would only call the distinct degree factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01072-00258408-00258669": "function with a polynomial that you already knew", "hyLOlfpze8U-01073-00258669-00258753": "was square-free.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01074-00258753-00259119": "And in that scenario, you'd set the square-free flag to true.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01075-00259119-00259296": "And so let's assume-- let's now look", "hyLOlfpze8U-01076-00259296-00259477": "at the algorithm in that situation, which", "hyLOlfpze8U-01077-00259477-00259718": "is how we're going to use it in our complete factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01078-00259718-00259928": "algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01079-00259928-00260392": "We're going to take our input polynomial f, which we're now", "hyLOlfpze8U-01080-00260392-00260669": "assuming is square-free.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01081-00260669-00260992": "We're going to initialize an array of polynomials", "hyLOlfpze8U-01082-00260992-00261335": "to just all be trivial polynomials 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01083-00261335-00261740": "So we're initially setting g1 through g sub d up to 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01084-00261740-00262052": "And then we're going to go through for each degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01085-00262052-00262511": "And at each step, we're going to construct this distinct degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01086-00262511-00262572": "polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01087-00262572-00263151": "This is the GCD of f with x to the q to the i minus x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01088-00263151-00263372": "And so let's just imagine we're running through this.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01089-00263372-00263575": "In the first step, where i is 1, 2 times i", "hyLOlfpze8U-01090-00263575-00263792": "is probably not going to be greater than the degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01091-00263792-00263929": "Let's ignore that for the moment.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01092-00263929-00264347": "We're then going to compute the same polynomial we computed", "hyLOlfpze8U-01093-00264347-00264683": "in Rabin's algorithm, the GCD with f with x to the q minus x.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01094-00264683-00265034": "And then we're going to divide f by that-- the product", "hyLOlfpze8U-01095-00265034-00265211": "of all the linear factors of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01096-00265211-00265565": "And since f is square-free, we know that what's left in f is--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01097-00265565-00265724": "f is now a product of irreducibles", "hyLOlfpze8U-01098-00265724-00265925": "of degree 2 or greater.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01099-00265925-00266216": "And as we iterate through this, we then do the same thing", "hyLOlfpze8U-01100-00266216-00266474": "and remove all the degree 2 factors that all the degree 3,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01101-00266474-00266553": "et cetera.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01102-00266553-00266774": "There may be layers in which we don't remove anything", "hyLOlfpze8U-01103-00266774-00267305": "because a distinct degree poly might return 1 if there", "hyLOlfpze8U-01104-00267305-00267626": "are no factors of degree i.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01105-00267626-00267863": "Coming back to this if condition here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01106-00267863-00268013": "this is just a bit of cleverness,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01107-00268013-00268376": "that once we get up high enough, if we're at a point where we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-01108-00268376-00268709": "looking for irreducible factors whose degree is", "hyLOlfpze8U-01109-00268709-00269190": "greater than twice the degree of f, we know we must be done.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01110-00269190-00269337": "There's only one.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01111-00269337-00269550": "The f must be irreducible at that point", "hyLOlfpze8U-01112-00269550-00269776": "because we've removed all the lower-degree factors.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01113-00269776-00269913": "And then we can just skip to the end.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01114-00269913-00270129": "There's no reason to set each element of this array.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01115-00270129-00270273": "We already initialized it to 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01116-00270273-00270612": "We'll just set the one remaining irreducible that's left.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01117-00270612-00270753": "So the degree of f--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01118-00270753-00270990": "enter that, using that as an index of the array,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01119-00270990-00271215": "set that to f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01120-00271215-00271579": "So this is the discrete distinct degree factorization function.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01121-00271579-00271734": "This is just a demonstration function", "hyLOlfpze8U-01122-00271734-00271879": "that shows you if you really wanted", "hyLOlfpze8U-01123-00271879-00272172": "to compute the distinct degree factorization outside the scope", "hyLOlfpze8U-01124-00272172-00272379": "of the Cantor-Zassenhaus algorithm,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01125-00272379-00272613": "where you're not computing the square-free factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01126-00272613-00272895": "first, you could use this to compute the distinct degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01127-00272895-00273100": "factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01128-00273100-00273349": "And just to demonstrate this, I'm going to note that once--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01129-00273349-00273640": "now that we know how to compute the distinct degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01130-00273640-00273798": "factorization--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01131-00273798-00274028": "distinct degree factorization-- if we combine that with", "hyLOlfpze8U-01132-00274028-00274150": "the square-free degree--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01133-00274150-00274426": "square-free factorization-- we can completely determine", "hyLOlfpze8U-01134-00274426-00274744": "the factorization pattern of our polynomial and implement one", "hyLOlfpze8U-01135-00274744-00274999": "of my favorite functions, affectionately known", "hyLOlfpze8U-01136-00274999-00275332": "as \"facpat\", which tells me how f splits.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01137-00275332-00275611": "It tells me what the degrees of all the irreducible factors", "hyLOlfpze8U-01138-00275611-00275777": "of f are.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01139-00275777-00275992": "And the way Fat Pat works is it first", "hyLOlfpze8U-01140-00275992-00276155": "computes the square-free factorization,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01141-00276155-00276380": "and then it computes the distinct degree factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01142-00276380-00276683": "of each polynomial in our square-free factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01143-00276683-00277035": "And then it adjusts multiplicities appropriately.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01144-00277035-00277487": "So let's go ahead and run this on our degree 8 polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01145-00277487-00277707": "And recall that we had--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01146-00277707-00278099": "excuse me-- let's just print out f here to remind us what it is.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01147-00278970-00279998": "And we could even-- yeah, so now we're over f p,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01148-00279998-00280210": "where p is 2 to the 61 minus 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01149-00280210-00280319": "So this is our polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01150-00280319-00280688": "And it factors as a linear factor, two quadratic factors,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01151-00280688-00280887": "and a cubic factor.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01152-00280887-00281208": "But even if we didn't have a factorization algorithm,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01153-00281208-00281420": "Fat Pat would have already told us that.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01154-00281420-00281664": "Fat Pat is saying it has a linear factor, two", "hyLOlfpze8U-01155-00281664-00281904": "quadratic factors, and one cubic factor.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01156-00282198-00282388": "Let's try maybe a more complicated example.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01157-00282388-00282534": "I'm going to construct a polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-01158-00282534-00282840": "that I know has a bunch of factors of different degrees,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01159-00282840-00283075": "including some repeated factors.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01160-00283075-00283461": "So this is my polynomial h.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01161-00283461-00283680": "This is the output-- this dictionary here", "hyLOlfpze8U-01162-00283680-00283803": "is the output of Fat Pat.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01163-00283803-00283940": "It's saying there are 20 degree 1", "hyLOlfpze8U-01164-00283940-00284299": "factors in 15 degree 2 factors.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01165-00284299-00284808": "And here, I've actually used Sage's factorization function", "hyLOlfpze8U-01166-00284808-00285000": "to compute the degrees of the factorizations.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01167-00285000-00285137": "And if you count them up, they'll", "hyLOlfpze8U-01168-00285137-00285405": "match with Fat Pat already told us.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01169-00285405-00285543": "And the point I want to emphasize", "hyLOlfpze8U-01170-00285543-00285765": "is that Fat Pat is a deterministic algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01171-00285765-00285891": "There's no randomness here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01172-00285891-00286119": "We were never trying to split anything.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01173-00286119-00286251": "We're just using GCDs.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01174-00286251-00286510": "We used GCDs to get the square-free factorization using", "hyLOlfpze8U-01175-00286510-00286614": "Yun's algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01176-00286614-00286986": "And then we took GCDs to get the distinct degree factorization,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01177-00286986-00287361": "to split f up into products of irreducible polynomials", "hyLOlfpze8U-01178-00287361-00287445": "of the same degree.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01179-00287977-00288281": "So now, for the Cantor-Zassenhaus algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01180-00288281-00288632": "So if we actually want to compute the full factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01181-00288632-00288818": "of f, we're left with the problem", "hyLOlfpze8U-01182-00288818-00289232": "of splitting a polynomial that we know is a product of--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01183-00289232-00289520": "it's a square-free product of irreducible factors--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01184-00289520-00289667": "polynomials of the same degree--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01185-00289667-00289940": "same degree j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01186-00289940-00290481": "And so the neat idea that Cantor and Zassenhaus had", "hyLOlfpze8U-01187-00290481-00291067": "was, instead of taking GCD with the polynomial that Rabin used,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01188-00291067-00291579": "x plus delta to the s minus 1, with a random delta which maybe", "hyLOlfpze8U-01189-00291579-00291756": "lives over an extension field--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01190-00291756-00291875": "this is what we would do.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01191-00291875-00292059": "We would take the degree j extension field--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01192-00292059-00292357": "that we were looking for a root that", "hyLOlfpze8U-01193-00292357-00292650": "lives over degree j extension in the middle of a polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01194-00292650-00293041": "That root would then be irreducible factor of degree j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01195-00293041-00293258": "But Cantor and Zassenhaus note that it's much better", "hyLOlfpze8U-01196-00293258-00293460": "to just compute u to the s minus 1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01197-00293460-00293846": "where u is just some random polynomial mod f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01198-00293846-00294278": "So we take any polynomial of degree strictly less than f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01199-00294278-00294440": "I mean, these are exactly the elements", "hyLOlfpze8U-01200-00294440-00294740": "that Sage would use to represent the quotient ring by f", "hyLOlfpze8U-01201-00294740-00294809": "in any case.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01202-00295109-00295352": "And because we're working in--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01203-00295352-00295556": "we've reduced ourselves to the situation where", "hyLOlfpze8U-01204-00295556-00295814": "we're working with a product of distinct irreducible", "hyLOlfpze8U-01205-00295814-00296217": "factors of the same degree, the Chinese remainder theorem", "hyLOlfpze8U-01206-00296217-00296391": "tells us that this quotient looks", "hyLOlfpze8U-01207-00296391-00296820": "like just a-- is just isomorphic to a product of degree j", "hyLOlfpze8U-01208-00296820-00296963": "extensions of f 2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01209-00296963-00297155": "And there are r of them, where r is the number", "hyLOlfpze8U-01210-00297155-00297267": "of irreducible polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01211-00297267-00297585": "So the degree of f would be r times j, here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01212-00297585-00297990": "And the key point is that picking a random polynomial u", "hyLOlfpze8U-01213-00297990-00298236": "and plugging-- if we imagine plugging it into the reduction", "hyLOlfpze8U-01214-00298236-00298503": "map given to us by the Chinese remainder theorem,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01215-00298503-00298773": "we're effectively picking random elements of each", "hyLOlfpze8U-01216-00298773-00299109": "of these finite fields that are in this factor.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01217-00299109-00299921": "And all we need to do is hope that we hit plus 1 in either--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01218-00299921-00300176": "in one case and minus 1 in another case.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01219-00300176-00300653": "We just don't want to have all the results be plus 1", "hyLOlfpze8U-01220-00300653-00300825": "or all the results be minus 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01221-00300825-00301085": "And so this is just computing the probability", "hyLOlfpze8U-01222-00301085-00301160": "that that happens.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01223-00301160-00301433": "And I'm noticing a typo, which I'm going to fix.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01224-00301433-00301571": "I wrote x plus delta.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01225-00301571-00301820": "That was copied from the corresponding theorem", "hyLOlfpze8U-01226-00301820-00302045": "for Rabin's algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01227-00302045-00302258": "But now, I want it to be u to the s minus 1.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01228-00302258-00302396": "So what this theorem is saying is", "hyLOlfpze8U-01229-00302396-00302735": "that the probability that we get a non-trivial split,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01230-00302735-00302920": "and we find-- we take a GCD of f, which", "hyLOlfpze8U-01231-00302920-00303125": "is a product of irreducible polynomials of degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01232-00303125-00303489": "j with the polynomial u to the s minus 1,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01233-00303489-00303931": "where s is going to be q to the j minus 1 over 2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01234-00303931-00304234": "We have at least a 50-50 chance of splitting f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01235-00304234-00304648": "And the probability increases as the degree of f increases.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01236-00304648-00304876": "The more irreducible factors it has,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01237-00304876-00305170": "the harder it is for them all to get lucky and hit", "hyLOlfpze8U-01238-00305170-00305395": "the same value of plus or minus 1 in every factor.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01239-00305768-00306162": "All right, so let's go ahead and take a look at the algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01240-00306162-00306420": "So this is our equal degree factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01241-00306420-00306702": "This is really the heart of the algorithm, where", "hyLOlfpze8U-01242-00306702-00306901": "we've used the square-free factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01243-00306901-00307139": "algorithm and the distinct degree factorization algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-01244-00307139-00307490": "to put us in a situation where the input f here", "hyLOlfpze8U-01245-00307490-00307754": "is a monic polynomial that's known", "hyLOlfpze8U-01246-00307754-00308015": "to be the product of distinct irreducible", "hyLOlfpze8U-01247-00308015-00308252": "polynomials of degree j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01248-00308252-00308429": "So let d be the degree of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01249-00308429-00308630": "In particular, d better be divisible by j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01250-00308630-00308828": "We can verify that here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01251-00308828-00309023": "Now in order to set this up to be", "hyLOlfpze8U-01252-00309023-00309257": "used inside our other function, we", "hyLOlfpze8U-01253-00309257-00309600": "want to handle the trivial case, where f is actually a constant,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01254-00309600-00309713": "meaning it's degrere is zero.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01255-00309713-00310103": "In that case, it's easy to compute its factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01256-00310103-00310304": "It's trivial, just the empty list.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01257-00310304-00310562": "It could also happen that f has degree exactly equal to j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01258-00310562-00310724": "And since we're assuming it's a product", "hyLOlfpze8U-01259-00310724-00311031": "of irreducible polynomials of degree j, if it has degree j,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01260-00311031-00311156": "it must be irreducible itself.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01261-00311156-00311548": "And we could just return its factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01262-00311548-00311879": "of itself being irreducible.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01263-00311879-00312129": "But now, we're in the case where r is greater than 2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01264-00312129-00312413": "So we're exactly in the setting of this theorem here.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01265-00312413-00312732": "We have at least two distinct irreducible factors", "hyLOlfpze8U-01266-00312732-00312933": "of degree j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01267-00312933-00313404": "We're going to set s to be q to the j minus 1 over 2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01268-00313404-00313827": "But we're not actually going to be working in the finite field", "hyLOlfpze8U-01269-00313827-00313926": "fq to the j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01270-00313926-00314226": "Even though we're exploiting this isomorphism,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01271-00314226-00314445": "we're doing all of our computations over fq.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01272-00314802-00315024": "So we set up our quotient map pi sub f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01273-00315024-00315300": "That's going to put us into this ring here,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01274-00315300-00315564": "in which the Chinese remainder theorem tells us", "hyLOlfpze8U-01275-00315564-00316174": "it's secretly simulating r copies of fq to the j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01276-00316174-00316626": "Now in order to make our lives easier,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01277-00316626-00316791": "in order to ensure that u to the s", "hyLOlfpze8U-01278-00316791-00317022": "is either plus or minus 1, and not 0,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01279-00317022-00317442": "we want u to be co-prime to f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01280-00317442-00317624": "And so how do we do that?", "hyLOlfpze8U-01281-00317624-00317836": "Well, we're going to-- if we generate our random u,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01282-00317836-00318285": "we just pick an array, a vector, of d coefficients.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01283-00318285-00318555": "d is a degree of f, but df--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01284-00318555-00318708": "note it has d plus 1 coefficients.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01285-00318708-00318909": "If we take a vector of d coefficients,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01286-00318909-00319188": "we can just plug that in to the ring for f,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01287-00319188-00319488": "our polynomial ring over a fq, which is just f parent.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01288-00319488-00319812": "And Sage knows that if you give it a list of coefficients,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01289-00319812-00319987": "it should just form the polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01290-00319987-00320286": "So this u is going to be a random polynomial of degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01291-00320286-00320442": "less than f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01292-00320442-00320688": "And to make sure it's co-prime, well, we're going to check.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01293-00320688-00320934": "We're going to take the GCD with f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01294-00320934-00321150": "And you might say, think, we're hoping it's trivial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01295-00321150-00321329": "But actually, we're hoping it's nontrivial,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01296-00321329-00321567": "because if we get lucky, maybe it's not co-prime,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01297-00321567-00321867": "in which case we just found a non-trivial factor of f,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01298-00321867-00322165": "because u has degree less than f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01299-00322165-00322656": "So in that case, we celebrate, and then we", "hyLOlfpze8U-01300-00322656-00322941": "use the polynomial we just found to split up into two parts.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01301-00322941-00323200": "And then we recursively factor each of those parts.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01302-00323200-00323397": "That will very rarely happen if we're working", "hyLOlfpze8U-01303-00323397-00323506": "over a large finite field.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01304-00323506-00323748": "So in the typical case, we're now in a position", "hyLOlfpze8U-01305-00323748-00324396": "set up to use u to split f by computing u to the s minus 1", "hyLOlfpze8U-01306-00324396-00324687": "using our usual trick of reducing to the quotient ring,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01307-00324687-00324918": "exponentiating there, then lifting, and then taking", "hyLOlfpze8U-01308-00324918-00325080": "the GCD.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01309-00325080-00325626": "And we're successful whenever our GCD is a non-trivial factor", "hyLOlfpze8U-01310-00325626-00325977": "of f, meaning its degree is strictly between 0", "hyLOlfpze8U-01311-00325977-00326136": "and the degree of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01312-00326136-00326295": "And any time we get a splitting, we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-01313-00326295-00326661": "then in a position to just recursively factor each", "hyLOlfpze8U-01314-00326661-00326979": "of the h and f over h.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01315-00326979-00327228": "And notice, f was a product of degree j,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01316-00327228-00327513": "irreducible degree j polynomial, so both of the factors, both fh", "hyLOlfpze8U-01317-00327513-00327873": "and f over h, are also products of degree j irreducible", "hyLOlfpze8U-01318-00327873-00327972": "polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01319-00328389-00328648": "So just to put it all together, to give us our final algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-01320-00328648-00328933": "factorization, which is going to completely factor", "hyLOlfpze8U-01321-00328933-00329188": "any polynomial over any finite field,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01322-00329188-00329359": "say, of odd characteristic, although it's", "hyLOlfpze8U-01323-00329359-00329581": "easy to generalize this algorithm to the even", "hyLOlfpze8U-01324-00329581-00329692": "characteristic cases--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01325-00329692-00330069": "only very minor modifications--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01326-00330069-00330358": "we proceed as follows.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01327-00330358-00330678": "We first make sure our polynomial is not constant.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01328-00330678-00331015": "And we make it monic if we need to.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01329-00331015-00331163": "And then we're going to set up res.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01330-00331163-00331371": "It's going to be the results of our factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01331-00331371-00331618": "This is going to be a list of pairs of a polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-01332-00331618-00332002": "and then the multiplicity of an irreducible polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-01333-00332002-00332227": "and the multiplicity of that irreducible polynomial", "hyLOlfpze8U-01334-00332227-00332426": "as a factor of f.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01335-00332426-00332585": "And then the first step is to complete", "hyLOlfpze8U-01336-00332585-00332723": "the square-free factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01337-00332723-00332873": "So at this point, as soon as we've done that,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01338-00332873-00333135": "we completely know what all the multiplicities are going to be.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01339-00333135-00333315": "There's no mystery about those.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01340-00333315-00333704": "And then we proceed to compute the distinct degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01341-00333704-00333899": "factorization of each polynomial in", "hyLOlfpze8U-01342-00333899-00334242": "the square-free factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01343-00334242-00334491": "And then for each polynomial in the distinct degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01344-00334491-00334752": "factorization, we're going to apply our equal degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01345-00334752-00334883": "factorization algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01346-00334883-00335217": "And this is where the Cantor/Zassenhaus trick", "hyLOlfpze8U-01347-00335217-00335488": "of taking random polynomials u comes in,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01348-00335488-00335715": "inside the equal degree factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01349-00335715-00335895": "That returns a list of polynomials.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01350-00335895-00336175": "And we know the list eventually returned by equal degree", "hyLOlfpze8U-01351-00336175-00336321": "factorization-- these are all going", "hyLOlfpze8U-01352-00336321-00336446": "to be polynomials of degree j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01353-00336446-00336720": "They're irreducible polynomials of degree j.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01354-00336720-00337107": "And we know that, because we did our square-free factorization", "hyLOlfpze8U-01355-00337107-00337414": "up front, we know they divide f with multiplicity i.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01356-00337414-00337851": "So we just put in g comma i into our set of results.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01357-00337851-00337977": "And then at the end, .", "hyLOlfpze8U-01358-00337977-00338151": "Even though our algorithm is randomized,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01359-00338151-00338359": "we like it to have a canonical output,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01360-00338359-00338531": "so that no matter what polynomial--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01361-00338531-00338694": "if we put the same polynomial in twice,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01362-00338694-00338826": "we always get the same output.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01363-00338826-00338970": "This is also important if we want", "hyLOlfpze8U-01364-00338970-00339240": "to compare the results with other algorithms", "hyLOlfpze8U-01365-00339240-00339382": "like, say, Sage's algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01366-00339382-00339519": "So we're going to just sort them.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01367-00339519-00339942": "Sage is smart enough to sort a list of tuples", "hyLOlfpze8U-01368-00339942-00340317": "of polynomials and integers.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01369-00340317-00340976": "All right, so now, let's go ahead and run the algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-01370-00340976-00341195": "and compare the results with Sage.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01371-00341195-00341556": "So factorization f-- f here is our running example,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01372-00341556-00341673": "our degree polynomial.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01373-00341673-00341819": "And I've printed the factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01374-00341819-00341975": "But before I even printed it, I first", "hyLOlfpze8U-01375-00341975-00342212": "verified that the factorization of f", "hyLOlfpze8U-01376-00342212-00342572": "given by the function we just implemented", "hyLOlfpze8U-01377-00342572-00342893": "is the same as the factorization computed by Sage using", "hyLOlfpze8U-01378-00342893-00343010": "the factor method.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01379-00343010-00343316": "I'm just sorting the results Sage", "hyLOlfpze8U-01380-00343316-00343538": "gives because the Sage order is not always", "hyLOlfpze8U-01381-00343538-00343934": "the same as our sort order.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01382-00343934-00344121": "And I can also compare the running times", "hyLOlfpze8U-01383-00344121-00344213": "of the two algorithms.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01384-00344213-00344720": "I could factor polynomial f with our algorithm-- say factor it", "hyLOlfpze8U-01385-00344720-00345298": "70 times, take the average over 7 runs of 10 loops each.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01386-00345298-00345461": "And it's something like 5 milliseconds.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01387-00345461-00345689": "That's not as fast as Sage, but no surprise there.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01388-00345689-00345851": "We're implementing this in Python.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01389-00345851-00346070": "Underneath the covers, Sage is calling C code", "hyLOlfpze8U-01390-00346070-00346241": "to do this factorization.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01391-00346241-00346574": "But it's not dramatically slower, either.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01392-00346574-00346910": "I mean, this is still a perfectly reasonably fast", "hyLOlfpze8U-01393-00346910-00347488": "algorithm for factoring a degree 8 polynomial over a finite field", "hyLOlfpze8U-01394-00347488-00347622": "prime.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01395-00347622-00347722": "I'll write it again.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01396-00347722-00347881": "You can just see, we have the results.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01397-00347881-00348464": "We could also try our more complicated polynomial h,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01398-00348464-00348610": "which had a bunch of linear factors", "hyLOlfpze8U-01399-00348610-00348904": "and a bunch of quadratic factors.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01400-00348904-00349441": "And again, you can see that it runs quite quickly.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01401-00349441-00349654": "And what is the complexity of the algorithm?", "hyLOlfpze8U-01402-00349654-00350019": "Well, it's spelled out in excruciating detail", "hyLOlfpze8U-01403-00350019-00350074": "in the notes.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01404-00350074-00350218": "But if you don't want to--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01405-00350218-00350503": "if your eyes glaze over when you see too many long factors,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01406-00350503-00350816": "just remember it's very easy to understand in soft O notation.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01407-00350816-00351146": "It's just quasi quadratic in n, the size of our finite field,", "hyLOlfpze8U-01408-00351146-00351412": "and quasi quadratic in d, the degree of the polynomial we're", "hyLOlfpze8U-01409-00351412-00351484": "trying to factor.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01410-00351736-00352073": "Now I should say there are other algorithms that can do better.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01411-00352073-00352427": "There are algorithms that use linear algebra", "hyLOlfpze8U-01412-00352427-00352640": "over finite fields-- in particular, the Shoup", "hyLOlfpze8U-01413-00352640-00352799": "and Kaltofen algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01414-00352799-00352978": "And then the fastest-known algorithm", "hyLOlfpze8U-01415-00352978-00353215": "actually uses a technique known as modular composition.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01416-00353215-00353440": "This is due to Kedlaya and Umans.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01417-00353440-00353824": "And it's actually able to get the exponent on d down to 3/2.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01418-00353824-00354094": "So its complexity is roughly d to the 3/2 times", "hyLOlfpze8U-01419-00354094-00354265": "n plus dn squared.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01420-00354265-00354503": "But notice, the n squared never goes away.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01421-00354503-00354664": "That's present, always present.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01422-00354664-00355027": "And if d is small, like if d-- if we're just trying to find", "hyLOlfpze8U-01423-00355027-00355651": "two groups, say, or factor a polynomial of a fixed degree--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01424-00355651-00355858": "the important term here is the--", "hyLOlfpze8U-01425-00355858-00356063": "the important factor here is n squared.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01426-00356063-00356341": "And that's the same as in Rabin's", "hyLOlfpze8U-01427-00356341-00356467": "root-defining algorithm.", "hyLOlfpze8U-01428-00356467-00356817": "And it's essentially the cost of exponentiation."}}, {"audio_id": "hz5RaEi0XK0", "text": {"hz5RaEi0XK0-00000-00000220-00000470": "Many people asked and commented", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00001-00000508-00000702": "Jimmy what happened to your red Porsche?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00002-00000720-00000950": "Does it have the 1200 hp or not?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00003-00001003-00001166": "It's time for the revealing", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00004-00001166-00001312": "No, it does not have them", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00005-00001312-00001538": "I am making a video for you today", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00006-00001538-00001865": "with my red 991.1 Turbo S", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00007-00001866-00002054": "right over here", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00008-00002096-00002282": "as you can see", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00009-00002342-00002484": "everything looks like from stock", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00010-00002484-00002640": "the exhaust is the original one", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00011-00002640-00002942": "you know my old one", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00012-00002942-00003238": "when you looked inside you could see the turbine from the back", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00013-00003238-00003528": "because of the outcoming straight pipes", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00014-00003528-00003892": "I was driving 900-920 hp on this car all along", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00015-00003934-00004302": "Actually, I had the fastest Porsche turbo with a VTG charger", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00016-00004334-00004434": "by far", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00017-00004458-00004578": "and", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00018-00004638-00004832": "the initial plan was to reach the 1200 Hp", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00019-00004832-00005118": "by increasing the cubic capacity and all of that", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00020-00005150-00005498": "But I am going to talk more about that during the test drive", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00021-00005510-00005686": "to the gas station", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00022-00005686-00005942": "I am going to show exactly what happened", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00023-00006022-00006226": "Today I am going to do stage 1", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00024-00006264-00006420": "That means only software", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00025-00006440-00006822": "I am going to code the engine electronic, code the transmission control unit", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00026-00006858-00007016": "Why transmission control unit?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00027-00007028-00007252": "I am going to change the switching frequency a little", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00028-00007252-00007322": "and", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00029-00007342-00007554": "what I am going to implement is", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00030-00007568-00007776": "in sport+ mode the car is only shifting up to the sixth gear", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00031-00007776-00008040": "so you can't shift to the seventh gear in sport+ mode", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00032-00008064-00008554": "I am going to change that so I can use the seventh gear even in sport+ mode", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00033-00008624-00008740": "As you can see", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00034-00008740-00008916": "it's a beautiful car", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00035-00008916-00009222": "I call it mine for 4 years by now and I still like it", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00036-00009258-00009656": "The car really only has 15000 km on it", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00037-00009674-00009880": "I mean the body has 15000 km", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00038-00009900-00010220": "It has the second engine by now", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00039-00010250-00010550": "so the second second-hand engine", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00040-00010580-00010750": "you are going to hear the reason for that also later", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00041-00010916-00011160": "We are going to do stage 1 today together with Pipo", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00042-00011186-00011350": "and see what we get", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00043-00011364-00011496": "We are going to do the measurements", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00044-00011514-00011628": "0-100, 100-200", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00045-00011628-00011944": "We are also going to test the top speed after the optimization", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00046-00011968-00012116": "and then we will see", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00047-00012210-00012310": "Stay tuned", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00048-00012360-00012460": "So kids", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00049-00012516-00012904": "we are now in the Porsche 991.1 Turbo S", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00050-00013004-00013158": "I wonder about the top speed", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00051-00013258-00013412": "depending on the traffic", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00052-00013463-00013622": "we will see what we can reach", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00053-00013663-00013972": "but before that, we are going to refuel the good spirit", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00054-00013990-00014444": "We have 102 at Aral, which is 25 km from here", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00055-00014478-00014616": "now we are going there to get some gas", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00056-00014652-00014852": "and then we will hit the road", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00057-00014906-00015032": "Something I wanted to talk about", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00058-00015108-00015426": "I am sure you are asking yourselves why a Porsche has stage 1 in it", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00059-00015447-00015586": "The reason for that is", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00060-00015726-00016476": "as you know my car was the fastest VTG as Turbo S .1 anyway", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00061-00016612-00016726": "on every event", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00062-00016748-00016930": "and my initial plan was", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00063-00016978-00017092": "to get to the 1200 hp", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00064-00017150-00017480": "I was driving 950-960 hp", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00065-00017548-00017672": "with the original engine", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00066-00017690-00017848": "original transmission", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00067-00018018-00018398": "and than someone talk to me about a company", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00068-00018398-00018568": "that does Porsche very well", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00069-00018568-00018698": "they can do displacement", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00070-00018698-00018918": "GT3 RS crankshaft", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00071-00018918-00019118": "basically everything needed", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00072-00019164-00019480": "So I said let's do it no problem", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00073-00019524-00019666": "eventually I brought them the car", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00074-00019738-00019934": "I am not going to drop any names", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00075-00019984-00020268": "and the car was there for a half year", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00076-00020404-00020742": "They disassembled the whole engine", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00077-00020742-00020880": "disassembled the hole car", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00078-00020900-00021000": "and after a half year", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00079-00021018-00021180": "they called me and said", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00080-00021180-00021544": "Hey Jimmy please come and pick up everything, we are going into insolvency", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00081-00021620-00021720": "and I just thought", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00082-00021720-00021920": "nice!", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00083-00021920-00022030": "veery nice!", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00084-00022232-00022512": "Of course, as I am, I already bought the transmission", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00085-00022838-00022938": "took it apart", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00086-00023000-00023400": "Then I thought okay drive down there and get everything before the liquidator comes and everything is gone", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00087-00023460-00023738": "Because as you know liquidators are the worst dogs", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00088-00023738-00023938": "They don't know anything else", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00089-00023938-00024086": "I talked to them", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00090-00024096-00024238": "You have to be careful", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00091-00024246-00024444": "Everyone with a business and a direct debit authority", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00092-00024456-00024682": "shouldn't celebrate too soon", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00093-00024727-00025041": "Because even if you have a direct debit authorization", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00094-00025080-00025358": "and you get the money for the stuff you delivered", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00095-00025493-00025605": "Now, when the firm registers insolvency", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00096-00025650-00026216": "the first thing the liquidator does is to withdraw everything in the last 8 weeks", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00097-00026236-00026388": "that means", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00098-00027268-00027402": "they want everything", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00099-00027474-00027574": "it's crazy", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00100-00027650-00027880": "Anyway, I picked up everything", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00101-00027936-00028062": "except for my block", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00102-00028122-00028280": "I asked him where my block is", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00103-00028345-00028448": "You have to imagine", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00104-00028448-00028622": "I bring them the car", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00105-00028644-00028948": "I drive down there with the trailer and the car is completely disassembled", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00106-00028995-00029139": "Engine completely disassembled", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00107-00029139-00029339": "in ten different boxes with the block missing", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00108-00029406-00029506": "so I ask and he tells me that my block is in Heilbron", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00109-00029506-00029626": "So I tell him", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00110-00029626-00029916": "Alright my block is in Heilbron why am I driving 400km to bring my car to you then?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00111-00030044-00030345": "Because Heilbron is doing everything", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00112-00030352-00030649": "So are they continuing on my project then?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00113-00030649-00030749": "I mean still", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00114-00030751-00030973": "we are talking about a 50.000 € project", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00115-00031030-00031317": "He said, yes everything is clarified he is going take over the project", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00116-00031317-00031557": "So I took everything and drove to Heilbron", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00117-00031593-00031907": "And again I am not dropping any names", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00118-00031933-00032033": "gave them eveything", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00119-00032175-00032508": "and he said: \"Jimmy no problem, 2 months and everything is done...\"", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00120-00032532-00032791": "During that time I was in Abu Dhabi and I called like every ten days", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00121-00032792-00033020": "and asked for an offer or a bill", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00122-00033020-00033324": "cause I have to pay right so he can work on the car", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00123-00034776-00034876": "Okay", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00124-00034876-00035042": "well done", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00125-00035056-00035158": "you want to spend 50.000 €", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00126-00035168-00035504": "and two companies are incapable", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00127-00037594-00037812": "Nevertheless, I have stage 1 in here", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00128-00037868-00038016": "so really only software", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00129-00038085-00038367": "I have programmed the transmission", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00130-00038376-00038602": "air filter from stock, everything from stock", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00131-00038634-00038922": "I measured and the original time for 100-200 was", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00132-00038948-00039104": "6.5 seconds", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00133-00039436-00039622": "It is pretty fast", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00134-00039622-00039946": "but the initial measurement already showed a little more than 560 hp", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00135-00040354-00040648": "and now with satge 1 I measured 5.4", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00136-00041060-00041316": "5.4 is GT2 RS time", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00137-00041372-00041538": "That means the cars has around", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00138-00041600-00041742": "680 hp for sure", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00139-00041908-00042238": "What I implemented for myself is", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00140-00042288-00042600": "The ones that own a car like this one know that if you drive in sport + mode", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00141-00042630-00042926": "the car doesn't shift to the 7th gear", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00142-00042949-00043249": "I changed that", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00143-00043249-00043349": "as you can see it is on sport +", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00144-00043396-00043496": "and I can yet", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00145-00043538-00043638": "shift to the 7th gear", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00146-00043886-00044198": "Things like that are stuff you can implement", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00147-00044242-00044444": "You can increase the shifting rpm", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00148-00044482-00044660": "I don't need to do that at stage 1", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00149-00044717-00045011": "and there are several other things in the written down in the transmission", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00150-00045064-00045238": "So, now a question to you guys", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00151-00045366-00045664": "you know that I am always driving RACE 1000 SCC 500", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00152-00045664-00045765": "at all of the events", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00153-00045830-00045965": "my red speester was", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00154-00045997-00046097": "let me say internationally known", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00155-00046212-00046510": "Just comment below if I should build the red one or", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00156-00046510-00046798": "should I rather get a 992 Turbo S also in red", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00157-00046852-00046992": "and build that one up?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00158-00047026-00047148": "What do you think?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00159-00047148-00047314": "Leave a comment", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00160-00047314-00047416": "what you would like to see", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00161-00047552-00047672": "and let me know", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00162-00048258-00048372": "In terms of sound Pipo", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00163-00048372-00048472": "I have to say", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00164-00048486-00048614": "considered that it's stock", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00165-00048624-00048762": "- gigantic right? - yes", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00166-00048806-00048902": "If you think about it", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00167-00048902-00049034": "the 2015 model", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00168-00049034-00049156": "Turbo S", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00169-00049178-00049352": "everything original, stock exhaust", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00170-00049352-00049584": "and everything sounds so nice if you press the gas", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00171-00049584-00049784": "I mean, as you can see", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00172-00049794-00050105": "I have chosen my car like this", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00173-00050106-00050258": "to have the lightest weight", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00174-00050258-00050354": "I don't have a sun roof", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00175-00050354-00050568": "I do have the carbon bucket seats", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00176-00050578-00050660": "That means", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00177-00050660-00050860": "very hard to find", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00178-00050860-00051060": "a car like this with this equipment", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00179-00051134-00051541": "it weights around 120 kg less than a normal Turbo S", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00180-00051602-00051776": "that's not bad", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00181-00052167-00052367": "When it comes to the color", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00182-00052367-00052632": "I have to admit when I first saw it online", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00183-00052660-00052782": "the color looked very ugly in the pictures", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00184-00052798-00052967": "but eventually, I drove there to see the car", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00185-00052988-00053100": "and Ihave to say", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00186-00053129-00053364": "Porsche in red is for me", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00187-00053410-00053510": "the most beautiful thing ever", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00188-00053712-00053817": "What do you think?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00189-00053822-00054155": "What color would you choose for a Porsche", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00190-00054155-00054355": "comment below", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00191-00054479-00054584": "So kids", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00192-00054632-00054760": "let's get some good gas", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00193-00054829-00055074": "You can see what we have to do to get good gas", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00194-00055588-00055691": "the good \"ultimate\"", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00195-00055828-00056041": "1.28€ per liter", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00196-00056041-00056186": "There you see it", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00197-00056198-00056378": "oil doesn't cost anything right now", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00198-00056378-00056534": "you even get money when you buy oil", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00199-00056841-00056954": "and they want 1.28 per liter", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00200-00057046-00057201": "you know what it is", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00201-00057201-00057387": "it's all taxes", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00202-00057508-00057608": "for the Angelo", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00203-00058224-00058444": "speed camera in 500 meters", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00204-00058508-00058608": "Did you hear that?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00205-00058762-00058932": "that comes from the radio", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00206-00058988-00059179": "the radio tells you where speed cameras are", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00207-00059179-00059379": "what is going on?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00208-00060167-00060416": "If you just could sit in here", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00209-00060416-00060617": "- It just feels so nice right Pipo? - Brutal!", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00210-00060816-00060905": "It's crazy", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00211-00061079-00061222": "just imagine", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00212-00061222-00061574": "this car from stock, topspeed 318 GPS", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00213-00061632-00061779": "factory specification", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00214-00061870-00062041": "and than there is", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00215-00062041-00062194": "if you can remember the Cayene video", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00216-00062198-00062420": "- 321 GPS right Pipo? - Yes", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00217-00062420-00062620": "Wasn't that brutal?", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00218-00062758-00062958": "The app continues running in the background", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00219-00063050-00063250": "the radio runs in the background", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00220-00063426-00063626": "So, we are on the Autobahn", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00221-00063696-00063896": "Let's speed up a bit", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00222-00068308-00068624": "the tachometer is identical to the GPS", "hz5RaEi0XK0-00223-00068624-00068824": "Isn't that crazy? - Yes"}}, {"audio_id": "hzePupZV2f4", "text": {"hzePupZV2f4-00000-00000000-00020290": "🌟 🇺🇸 Carnival costumes for girls — Shop GrandStart.ru 🌟"}}, {"audio_id": "hzElyDNvWpy", "text": {"hzElyDNvWpy-00000-00000120-00000616": "Hello and welcome to Section 4.4.", "hzElyDNvWpy-00001-00000824-00001304": "Two graphs can both be increasing or", "hzElyDNvWpy-00002-00001304-00001968": "both be decreasing, but still be very dissimilar.", "hzElyDNvWpy-00003-00002064-00002400": "For example the exponential function", "hzElyDNvWpy-00004-00002400-00002816": "and the natural logarithm function are", "hzElyDNvWpy-00005-00002816-00003256": "both always increasing, but the", "hzElyDNvWpy-00006-00003256-00003736": "exponential function increases very quickly", "hzElyDNvWpy-00007-00003815-00004384": "while the natural logarithm increases very slowly.", "hzElyDNvWpy-00008-00004640-00005104": "The reason for this different behavior", "hzElyDNvWpy-00009-00005160-00005616": "is that the exponential function is concave up", "hzElyDNvWpy-00010-00005680-00006192": "and the natural logarithm is concave down", "hzElyDNvWpy-00011-00006344-00006784": "Iin this section we'll define those terms", "hzElyDNvWpy-00012-00006784-00007184": "and investigate concavity"}}, {"audio_id": "hzHtbQ8G00c", "text": {"hzHtbQ8G00c-00000-00000065-00000660": "personal growth is the ongoing process of understanding and developing oneself", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00001-00000660-00001107": "in order to achieve once fullest potential in this video I will give you", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00002-00001107-00001652": "five tips out of the top 10 tips for personal growth it's part 1 actually", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00003-00001652-00003006": "what you till the end so that you learn about how you can grow personally hey my", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00004-00003006-00003305": "name is Armin LRau the founder of A Leonard Rau The Entrepreneur's", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00005-00003305-00003864": "Entrepreneur and I'm helping entrepreneurs worldwide to become better", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00006-00003864-00004329": "leaders in order to make their companies more successful if you don't want to", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00007-00004329-00004794": "miss any content of my channel and want to have more videos click on the", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00008-00004794-00005298": "subscribe button below this video and don't forget to switch on the belt so", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00009-00005298-00005744": "that you are always informed about new contents the other day I worked with a", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00010-00005744-00006146": "client who asked me hey Armand that's really great all the business tips", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00011-00006146-00006642": "tricks and tools that were working about we talked about strategy implementation", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00012-00006642-00007073": "we talked about workshop management continuous improvement sales controlling", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00013-00007073-00007653": "and so on so I could share a lot of stuff with this person but then one one", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00014-00007653-00008043": "evening over a beer he said well I mean I've just got one other question how can", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00015-00008043-00008522": "I actually grow personally so I gave him a few tips and that led to my top 10", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00016-00008522-00009015": "list of personal growth and here's tip number one the first one is embrace", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00017-00009015-00009396": "mistakes mistakes aren't good impress these mistakes", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00018-00009396-00009968": "welcome mistakes once you've got a mistake don't don't", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00019-00009968-00010523": "how they how they say it don't belittle yourself don't you know don't don't get", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00020-00010523-00010961": "mad at yourself but just say okay what did I do wrong what can I learn from", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00021-00010961-00011618": "this and what am I going to do better next time personal growth tip number two", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00022-00011618-00012287": "is always have a good mentor yeah you need Mentors", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00023-00012287-00012902": "you are probably maybe I don't know in your early 30s until early 40s you still", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00024-00012902-00013352": "have a long way to go and you know there are many many people out there I'm one", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00025-00013352-00013760": "of them you know who can maybe help you to avoid the mistakes that we have", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00026-00013760-00014309": "already done so if you have a mentor who can actually you know inspire you in", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00027-00014309-00014861": "certain situations give you a certain input that is very very important you", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00028-00014861-00015425": "know I've always had these mentors I my favorite I've my two favorite mentors", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00029-00015425-00015854": "actually was a guy called dick deliver in the UK who helped me to become much", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00030-00015854-00016310": "more senior in my management decision that at that time and another person", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00031-00016310-00016730": "called chitta ramakrishna and who was the CEO also of a siemens company", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00032-00016730-00017240": "actually who helped me to you know become more relaxed and to work more to", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00033-00017240-00017591": "concentrate more on my personal life rather than only business business", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00034-00017591-00018083": "business so I made a lot of good experiences with these two and other", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00035-00018083-00018866": "mentors that I really yeah I'm really grateful for that so personal growth tip", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00036-00018866-00019354": "number two is have a good mentor personal growth tip number three is", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00037-00019354-00019862": "practice listening if you listen a lot you are actually much much bigger in", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00038-00019862-00020273": "quotes than if you talk a lot so practice listening because listening", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00039-00020273-00020870": "allows you first of all to understand secondly to learn thirdly to exactly", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00040-00020870-00021464": "react to the questions and the problems that your team or your shareholders", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00041-00021464-00022115": "their customers have so I also said in one previous video you've got two ears", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00042-00022115-00022459": "and two eyes but just one mouth that is what another", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00043-00022459-00023060": "friend of mine in the UK used to say so practice listening asked a lot of", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00044-00023060-00023475": "questions ask open questions so that you're learning a lot not only you know", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00045-00023475-00024051": "yes/no question open question practice listening is my personal growth tip", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00046-00024051-00024843": "number three personal growth tip number four is actually to give give and you", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00047-00024843-00025331": "shall be given it's a biblical motto isn't it it's a biblical phrase now the", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00048-00025331-00025904": "thing is the idea is that if you give you will actually receive and it's like", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00049-00025904-00026622": "you know in business you do not invest no you don't get the return before you", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00050-00026622-00027209": "have invested and it's the same in leadership you know my personal growth", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00051-00027209-00027752": "tip is to give giving is more satisfactory satisfactory satisfying", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00052-00027752-00028449": "than taking anyway so learn to give that is my personal growth tip number four", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00053-00028449-00029294": "and personal growth tip number five is help be there to help you know ask", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00054-00029294-00029736": "people if they need help give them help again it's very satisfying you know you", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00055-00029736-00030201": "have the feeling that you're doing something sensible and if you're doing", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00056-00030201-00030675": "something something sensible you will grow from within yeah rather than always", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00057-00030675-00031166": "thinking of yourself how can I get more what do I want how can I have more fun", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00058-00031166-00032043": "go and help maybe also in a charity I for example a once per week I go to a to", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00059-00032043-00032727": "a house where migrants are you know you probably know if you are from Europe", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00060-00032727-00033138": "well if you are from Europe you probably know about you know the big migration", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00061-00033138-00033843": "wave that we had from Syria Afghanistan and Africa African countries in 2015", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00062-00033843-00034608": "many many many of the people actually came here to Germany and they are now in", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00063-00034608-00035144": "specific homes and the children they have to go to school though and I'm", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00064-00035144-00035531": "helping them once per week for one and a half hours", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00065-00035531-00036134": "with their homework and that is so satisfying that makes me so happy and it", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00066-00036134-00036497": "makes me grow as a person you know because I say one-and-a-half hours per", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00067-00036497-00036909": "week hang on one and a half hours you can invest one-and-a-half hours per week", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00068-00036909-00037365": "the work we're working week has 40 hours or maybe for some of us 50 or 60 hours", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00069-00037365-00038219": "or 1.5 1.5 hours are even out of 40 hours it's less than 5% so think about", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00070-00038219-00038880": "this helping to make you personally grow now these were the five first tips on", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00071-00038880-00039590": "personal growth that I have for you like helping giving having a mentor etc and", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00072-00039590-00040119": "that was part 1 part 2 is going to come more to come as they say the life", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00073-00040119-00040758": "program actually helps you to grow personally within weeks now if you would", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00074-00040758-00041288": "like me to have a conversation with you and help you on a specific topic of your", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00075-00041288-00041822": "entrepreneurship and/or your personal growth feel free to apply for a private", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00076-00041822-00042234": "planning session with me by clicking on the link underneath this video and we", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00077-00042234-00042581": "will sit together have a chat it's completely free there's no obligation at", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00078-00042581-00043025": "all and we will do a plan for you and if you like you can implement this plan", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00079-00043025-00043469": "together with me or you do it on your own no problem we are no pressure here", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00080-00043469-00044031": "there's no problem at all and I would be looking forward to talking to you now", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00081-00044031-00044490": "that was our mineirão from a linear out the entrepreneurs entrepreneur and I", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00082-00044490-00045050": "would like to help you to become a better leader and don't forget lead your", "hzHtbQ8G00c-00083-00045050-00045275": "side"}}, {"audio_id": "hzMhfE2UOuA", "text": {"hzMhfE2UOuA-00000-00000173-00000775": ">> HELEN GRAVES: All right, welcome to today's canvas Q&A call I am Helen graves an instructional", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00001-00000775-00001390": "designer with @ONE/OEI and I'm happy to have the chance to share with you today about Canvas.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00002-00001390-00001955": "Our topic is Formatting for Usability with the Rich Content Editor.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00003-00001955-00002140": "Sometimes called the RCE.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00004-00002140-00002701": "This is set up as a 3 part series so today in Part II we are going to be talking about", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00005-00002701-00003356": "alt text for images, descriptive links, and captioning.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00006-00003356-00004015": "And this supports you in aligning your course with Section D of the OEI Course Design Rubric.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00007-00004015-00004500": "Specifically, items D3, D7, and D19.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00008-00004500-00004693": "So let's get started!", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00009-00004693-00005623": "Ah, there we go -- In Part I we talked about the reason behind formatting for accessibility", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00010-00005623-00005723": "and usability.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00011-00005723-00006164": "And how it really benefits all students not just those with disabilities.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00012-00006164-00006792": "For example, captioning is of course a help to deaf and hard of hearing students.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00013-00006792-00007365": "But it's also beneficial to students learning English, or student's who are studying in", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00014-00007365-00007481": "a noisy place.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00015-00007481-00007702": "Like on the bus or in Starbucks.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00016-00007702-00008402": "So designing for usability really positively impacts all of your students learning experience.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00017-00008402-00009296": "I'm going to take you to a couple of resources today before we talk about the actual topics", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00018-00009296-00009404": "that I want to show you.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00019-00009404-00009842": "I want to first show you a resource that you can use for later.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00020-00009842-00010067": "So let me get out of this.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00021-00010067-00010668": "Then go to our computer online.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00022-00010668-00011436": "There it is -- This is called the Online Course Design Resources.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00023-00011436-00012209": "And when you are formatting Canvas pages after we talk about the accessibility things, you", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00024-00012209-00012740": "may be later on thinking \"Gosh I know Helen mentioned something about headings, or about", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00025-00012740-00013005": "tables, but I can't remember what I'm supposed to do.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00026-00013005-00013297": "So this is the resource you can come back to later.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00027-00013297-00013415": "As well as the Canvas Guides.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00028-00013415-00013984": "But this is specifically focused on the rubric that the OEI has developed.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00029-00013984-00014197": "So it is a resource for that regard.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00030-00014197-00014543": "It is set up following the structure of the rubric.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00031-00014543-00015154": "And gives tips and some examples and how-to ideas -- not for every rubric item because", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00032-00015154-00015629": "some of them just don't lend themselves to this kind of resource.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00033-00015629-00016051": "But if you scroll down -- and I will give you the link to this.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00034-00016051-00016423": "In fact let me do it now in the chat.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00035-00016423-00017419": "I also have a screen at the end of the presentation that will have the URL on it so if you are", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00036-00017419-00017806": "not seeing the chat, you will be able to find it later.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00037-00017806-00018976": "So let me first type -- I didn't spell it right, but it's the link that is important.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00038-00018976-00019237": "So in the chat is the link.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00039-00019237-00019681": "When you scroll down you will be able to see the accessibility section and it's going to", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00040-00019681-00020421": "have all of the things that we are talking about in these parts I and II.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00041-00020421-00020837": "Liezl in part III next week is going to be talking about some additional resources.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00042-00020837-00021357": "But this is a resource for the basics of formatting for accessibility in Canvas.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00043-00021357-00021461": "So, Alright.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00044-00021461-00021723": "Now let's go back to today's programming.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00045-00021723-00022201": "Where we are going to start with talking about alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00046-00022201-00022729": "If you are not familiar with it, a screen reader device is a tool that will read the", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00047-00022729-00023350": "content of a page, an HTML page or a document, to a visually impaired student.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00048-00023350-00023779": "In order for the screen reader to be most effective, there has to be some formatting", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00049-00023779-00024251": "guidelines that should be followed in setting up the page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00050-00024251-00024729": "So we talked about a couple of them last time, we are talking about a couple of them today.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00051-00024729-00025146": "Alt text has to do with images on a page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00052-00025146-00025842": "Alt refers -- is a shortening of the word Alternative text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00053-00025842-00026686": "So that it's a written description of non-text content, in other words images, on a web page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00054-00026686-00026919": "And it really has two important functions.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00055-00026919-00027551": "One is: it is read by the screen reader devices that I mentioned a moment ago in place of", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00056-00027551-00027651": "images.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00057-00027651-00028250": "So it allows whatever content is in the image and the function of the image to be understandable", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00058-00028250-00028683": "to somebody who isn't seeing the image itself.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00059-00028683-00029406": "It also is displayed on a web page in the place of an image file that isn't loading", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00060-00029406-00029506": "properly.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00061-00029506-00029962": "So you may have seen on web pages where there will be kind of a blank box with a little", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00062-00029962-00030141": "red X in the corner.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00063-00030141-00030364": "That's when the image isn't displaying properly.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00064-00030364-00030863": "And so even a sighted person if there's good alt text for the image, they will be able", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00065-00030863-00031229": "to read what was supposed to be showing on the screen.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00066-00031229-00031577": "So again, usability for all students.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00067-00031577-00031811": "Not just students with visual impairments.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00068-00031811-00032426": "There's a bit of an art to developing alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00069-00032426-00032837": "You want to ask yourself, Why am I using this image?", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00070-00032837-00033163": "What information is it meant to convey?", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00071-00033163-00033407": "And that's what you want to put in the alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00072-00033407-00033730": "However, you don't want to write a book.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00073-00033730-00034074": "Some good guidelines are -- and I have got little bullet list here -- you want to keep", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00074-00034074-00034245": "it short.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00075-00034245-00034689": "Typically not more than 10-15 words whenever possible.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00076-00034689-00035328": "You also don't need to include words like: image of, or picture of.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00077-00035328-00035933": "Because the screen reader device is going to recognize based on the HTML coding that", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00078-00035933-00036056": "this is an image.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00079-00036056-00036628": "So it's going to see the image and it will say to the student who is using the device", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00080-00036628-00036734": "\"image.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00081-00036734-00036941": "And then it will read out the alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00082-00036941-00037306": "So if you said, \"Image of Martin Luther King.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00083-00037306-00037634": "What the student will hear is, \"Image Image of Martin Luther King.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00084-00037634-00037744": "It gets redundant.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00085-00037744-00038256": "So you don't need that kind of additional information, the screen reader device will", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00086-00038256-00038471": "pass that on automatically.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00087-00038471-00039359": "An exception might be if, say you are studying something where this is a lithograph or a", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00088-00039359-00039613": "-- yeah, a lithograph.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00089-00039613-00040378": "I can't talk today -- If the media of the images matters, then you could include that", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00090-00040378-00040492": "as part of the alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00091-00040492-00041093": "So if it was important that the student know it's an illustration or lithograph or a watercolor", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00092-00041093-00041313": "or whatever, then you would include that.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00093-00041313-00041650": "But you don't need the whole, \"image of\" or \"picture of\" kind of thing.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00094-00041650-00042136": "You also want to not include the file type.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00095-00042136-00042944": "Many programs will automatically put the name of the file by default as the alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00096-00042944-00043646": "And of course the name of the file includes .png or .jpg or whatever file type it is.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00097-00043646-00044037": "So again the screen reader is going to read that out to the student.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00098-00044037-00044587": "So they will have whatever name you called your file, your image file, that's what is", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00099-00044587-00044856": "going to be read including .jpg.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00100-00044856-00045343": "Again, it's extraneous information that the student doesn't need.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00101-00045343-00045883": "So in your alt text you want to lop off any of that kind of information.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00102-00045883-00046774": "If the image includes text you want to include that text as part of your alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00103-00046774-00047367": "So that might be one of those exceptions to the trying to keep it short under 10-15 words.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00104-00047367-00047956": "So you want to include any text and I'll show you an example using this one.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00105-00047956-00048411": "In fact, let's go into the edit mode and I'll show you.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00106-00048411-00048612": "-- Oh come on, oh I know.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00107-00048612-00048869": "It's because I'm in student view, silly me.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00108-00048869-00049301": "I forgot to leave student view so we can do this.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00109-00049301-00049655": "-- If I go in and I click on the image.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00110-00049655-00050053": "You can tell it's selected now because it has the little box with the white squares.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00111-00050053-00050509": "And then in the Rich Content Editor, I will click on this little icon that looks like", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00112-00050509-00050703": "a landscape painting.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00113-00050703-00051120": "If you hover over it, it tells you it is the Embed Image Icon.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00114-00051120-00051300": "When I click it, it gives me a popup.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00115-00051300-00051599": "And this is where I can put my alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00116-00051599-00052197": "So by default, this alt text, I got it off of flicker, and they had set up alt text to", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00117-00052197-00052391": "say \"Martin Luther King Jr.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00118-00052391-00052517": "Day 2015.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00119-00052517-00052892": "No file name, no image of, etc, etc.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00120-00052892-00053189": "That might be just absolutely fine.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00121-00053189-00053785": "Or, what I think might be even a better set of alt text is, and I am going to copy it", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00122-00053785-00054545": "so that I don't have to take time to type it all with my little typos going -- what", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00123-00054545-00055204": "I think might be a better alt text is -- Oh Helen, come on.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00124-00055204-00055488": "I want you to be able to see what I have got.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00125-00055488-00056385": "I describe what it is a picture of, which is Martin Luther King speaking at the 1963", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00126-00056385-00056962": "March on Washington and then I include showing the quote and then I put in the words that", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00127-00056962-00057291": "are said on the quote in the image itself.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00128-00057291-00057485": "And I can just click \"Update.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00129-00057485-00058016": "And now that's what is going to be the alt text that a screen reader will read to a student", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00130-00058016-00058316": "using the screen reader device.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00131-00058316-00058868": "And I'll show you a little tool in a minute that is really handy for checking the alt", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00132-00058868-00059004": "text on a page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00133-00059004-00059736": "The other thing to know with alt text is if an image is purely decorative, so let's say", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00134-00059736-00060268": "I'm doing something about accessibility and I have this word cloud there and it's really", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00135-00060268-00061029": "not anything the student needs to see or understand in terms of grasping the content of the page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00136-00061029-00061283": "I just put it there for visual interest.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00137-00061283-00061639": "In that case you would consider the image decorative.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00138-00061639-00062170": "It's not part of the actual content that students need to grasp.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00139-00062170-00062920": "So to make it decorative in Canvas, what you would do, again, you would go to the edit", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00140-00062920-00063256": "mode, and you would click on the image.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00141-00063256-00063667": "So I selected it and I go to the Embed Image.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00142-00063667-00063949": "See this is not good because it's got the .jpeg.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00143-00063949-00064479": "So if I wanted it to say alt text, I could leave it \"accessibility wordcloud.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00144-00064479-00065341": "If I wanted to designate it as decorative, you do two empty quotes \"\". And that is the", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00145-00065341-00065892": "symbol to the screen reader device that this is a decorative image and it will just skip", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00146-00065892-00065992": "over it.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00147-00065992-00066398": "The student won't even know that there was an image there because it's not germane to", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00148-00066398-00066639": "their learning.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00149-00066639-00067057": "Canvas also has a really cool feature now that they have added as they are working on", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00150-00067057-00067302": "increasing their accessibility.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00151-00067302-00068089": "If you add an image, not one that's already in the course, but when I upload a new image,", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00152-00068089-00068458": "-- let me go find one real quick.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00153-00068458-00069293": "There we go, let's do this.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00154-00069293-00070143": "-- as part of the process of adding this image it's now giving me the pop-up field for putting", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00155-00070143-00070243": "in my alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00156-00070243-00070724": "I no longer have to enter the image and then click on it, then open up the tool.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00157-00070724-00070922": "It gives me the field right there.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00158-00070922-00071327": "So I can just type in whatever my alt text is for the image.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00159-00071327-00071816": "If it's a decorative image and I don't want it to display for a screen reader student,", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00160-00071816-00072443": "I can just take that box and then when I click \"upload\" it's going to pop that image on the", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00161-00072443-00072930": "page and al of the alt text will already be dealt with.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00162-00072930-00073436": "So it's really kind of cool that Canvas has added that feature.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00163-00073436-00073886": "In terms of checking for alt text and this is one of the tools that you will be learning", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00164-00073886-00074463": "about next week, there is a browser extension called the WAVE tool that I love because it", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00165-00074463-00074766": "tells me what my alt text is.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00166-00074766-00075388": "So I can read without having to open up the page editor, what the text is currently.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00167-00075388-00075729": "It's telling me, geez this is kind of long you might want to consider whether this is", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00168-00075729-00075835": "accurate or not.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00169-00075835-00076232": "And if I decide I want to change it then I can go in the edit mode.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00170-00076232-00076639": "If I look at this it gives me the quotes so I know that it is empty alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00171-00076639-00077174": "And here, hmm I guess the little decorative image is still needing some tweaks with the", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00172-00077174-00077274": "Canvas tool.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00173-00077274-00077522": "But, in any case, with my WAVE tool I can learn Oh!", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00174-00077522-00077804": "I have got to go in and fix that alt text.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00175-00077804-00078120": "So that's it on images.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00176-00078120-00078554": "Just know there's always more that we could be sharing but because we want to keep this", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00177-00078554-00078816": "short I'm moving it along.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00178-00078816-00079175": "The next thing I wanted to talk to you about is links.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00179-00079175-00079492": "Descriptive links.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00180-00079492-00079714": "Perfectly reasonable to use them.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00181-00079714-00080079": "But a couple of things to know to make it effective when you are setting them up on", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00182-00080079-00080179": "the web page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00183-00080179-00080774": "A screen reader device has the ability to read a list of links on a page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00184-00080774-00081343": "So that instead of having to read the entire page in order to find the links a student", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00185-00081343-00081823": "can set it so that it will read all of the links that are on that page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00186-00081823-00082366": "What that means though is that the link text is out of context.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00187-00082366-00082936": "So if all you have is several links saying \"click here\" the screen reader is just going", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00188-00082936-00083418": "to tell the student link click here, link click here, link more info.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00189-00083418-00083750": "They are not going to know where that link is going.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00190-00083750-00084617": "So you want to instead create a descriptive phrase that actually indicates where that", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00191-00084617-00084926": "link will be taking the student more or less.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00192-00084926-00085250": "You don't have to put, you know, this is a website, etc.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00193-00085250-00086114": "But if all the student hears is link click here or link debunking the myth of voter fraud,", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00194-00086114-00086600": "both go to the same place, but one of them is going to let the student know where that", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00195-00086600-00086897": "link is taking them.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00196-00086897-00087406": "The other thing to know about descriptive links is you want to avoid using the actual", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00197-00087406-00087563": "URL.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00198-00087563-00088131": "A screen reader device if it recognizes words, will read the words.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00199-00088131-00088700": "If it doesn't recognize the words it will read whatever it is character by character.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00200-00088700-00089792": "So a student with this YouTube link would hear: link h-t-t-p-s-:-/-/ and every single", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00201-00089792-00089945": "thing would be read out to them.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00202-00089945-00090388": "And that can be really annoying if you've got several links on a page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00203-00090388-00090907": "Or a bunch of links throughout the course that are all listed that way.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00204-00090907-00091274": "It also doesn't tell them what the video is about.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00205-00091274-00091517": "So again you would want to use a descriptive link.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00206-00091517-00091752": "The title of the video in this case.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00207-00091752-00092186": "And have that link to wherever it is going.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00208-00092186-00092758": "Sometimes people say well wait a minute, students need the URL so that they can go to the site", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00209-00092758-00092994": "when they are away from this page.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00210-00092994-00093545": "If this is a document that you think is going to be printed, what you can do is have the", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00211-00093545-00093967": "link, the live link, on the web page be descriptive.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00212-00093967-00094473": "And then in just plain old text have the actual URL after it.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00213-00094473-00094936": "So that when they have printed off the page, the live link won't work anyhow, but they", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00214-00094936-00095231": "will still have a record of what the link is.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00215-00095231-00095858": "So they can go type that or copy and paste it into their browser at another point.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00216-00095858-00096305": "I also want to show you one really cool little trick with links.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00217-00096305-00096987": "So when I am in edit mode and let's say I want to copy this link and put it on the page,.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00218-00096987-00097858": "And I will say \"Course Design Resources.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00219-00097858-00098492": "Then, and I'm on a Mac so I'm going to say Command first, but if you are on a PC know", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00220-00098492-00098632": "that it's Control.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00221-00098632-00099380": "If I hit Command + K, or in the case of a PC, Control + K, it automatically gives me", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00222-00099380-00099825": "a pop-up box where all I have to do is paste my link.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00223-00099825-00100124": "I don't want this text to display.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00224-00100124-00100548": "I just want -- Oh I know why it did that.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00225-00100548-00100668": "Here's what you have to do first.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00226-00100668-00101323": "You got to highlight the descriptive link text then hit Command or Control + K. And", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00227-00101323-00101482": "paste in your link.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00228-00101482-00101911": "It will say this is what the link text will be when I click okay.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00229-00101911-00102011": "Boom.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00230-00102011-00102111": "There's my link.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00231-00102111-00102211": "That's all I had to do.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00232-00102211-00102558": "So the Command K tool is pretty handy.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00233-00102558-00102917": "Last thing we are going to talk about today is captioning.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00234-00102917-00103405": "Audio content can really be dealt with in two different ways.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00235-00103405-00104035": "One is captioning, which is on the screen text version of whatever is being said or", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00236-00104035-00104135": "narrated.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00237-00104135-00104572": "Any dialog or narration that is happening in the video or audio.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00238-00104572-00105186": "Transcripts are written versions of the audio that is in a separate document.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00239-00105186-00105607": "So the transcript is separate from the audio itself.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00240-00105607-00105994": "The captioning is right on the screen.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00241-00105994-00106383": "Transcripts are really only useful for something that is audio only.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00242-00106383-00106933": "Imagine you are trying to watch a video and read a transcript at the same time as you", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00243-00106933-00107076": "are watching the video.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00244-00107076-00107245": "It's very challenging.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00245-00107245-00107699": "So captioning is what you want to use for videos.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00246-00107699-00108328": "Transcripts are acceptable and the best method if you have an audio-only file that students", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00247-00108328-00108488": "are going to be listening to.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00248-00108488-00108990": "You also want to be aware of what I call \"craptions.\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00249-00108990-00109438": "That's the autogenerated caption that's done on places like YouTube.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00250-00109438-00110000": "A lot of times people think, oh I see captions so it's good to go.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00251-00110000-00110263": "Autogenerated captions are not sufficient for accessibility.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00252-00110263-00111075": "Not only does the speech-to-text software often totally garble what is being said.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00253-00111075-00111739": "And one example that I found on a video was the video was about cars.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00254-00111739-00111995": "And they were talking about different makes and models of cars.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00255-00111995-00112754": "And what the narrator said was Hyundai gets and what the caption said was the hand I guess.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00256-00112754-00113279": "Totally different and it wouldn't make sense at all to a student that isn't hearing the", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00257-00113279-00113379": "words.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00258-00113379-00113848": "So you don't want to rely on the auto-captioning for that reason.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00259-00113848-00114173": "Also, auto-captioning typically has no punctuation.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00260-00114173-00114603": "So it ends up being one long run on sentence.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00261-00114603-00115110": "Depending on how long the video can be, that, you know, could be 5 -0 minutes of one sentence.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00262-00115110-00115753": "If you are listening and watching the captions it seems like it's not a problem because when", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00263-00115753-00116156": "we are listening to the person speak we are hearing the verbal punctuations.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00264-00116156-00116332": "We are hearing when they pause.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00265-00116332-00116440": "When they take a breath.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00266-00116440-00116540": "All of that.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00267-00116540-00117007": "And so we are able to kind of parse the meaning of that sentence.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00268-00117007-00117245": "The structure of what they are saying.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00269-00117245-00117409": "But I'm going to challenge you.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00270-00117409-00117963": "Sometime try watching captioning with the sound totally off.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00271-00117963-00118119": "Craptioning is what I should say.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00272-00118119-00118233": "Not well done captions.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00273-00118233-00118382": "But craptions.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00274-00118382-00118833": "Turn off the sound and watch a couple of minutes of the video and see.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00275-00118833-00119219": "It's pretty challenging to try to figure out what is going on when there is no punctuation", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00276-00119219-00119821": "and when the translation of some of the words is really bizarre.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00277-00119821-00120253": "You actually have access to a couple of resources to help with captioning.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00278-00120253-00120660": "For any video content that you have rights to.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00279-00120660-00121383": "Either you have created it or you have permission to use it for your course,. 3C Media.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00280-00121383-00121919": "You have a free account as an instructor in the CCC system, a free 3C Media account not", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00281-00121919-00122408": "only to store all of your video files but also they will caption for free.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00282-00122408-00122789": "They have grant money from the Chancellor's office to caption for you.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00283-00122789-00123158": "So set up your 3C Media account as one resource.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00284-00123158-00123624": "If you are not familiar with it, check with your DE person.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00285-00123624-00123847": "They'll know what to do.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00286-00123847-00124369": "You can also filter when you are searching on YouTube or in Google.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00287-00124369-00124557": "Filter for closed captioned.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00288-00124557-00124877": "That way -- it's not going to be perfect, you're still going to have to check whatever", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00289-00124877-00125395": "you find to make sure the captions are sufficient -- but it will tend to weed out all of the", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00290-00125395-00125614": "ones that are autogenerated captioned.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00291-00125614-00126142": "So you know it's a smaller pool of more likely candidates when you do that filtering.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00292-00126142-00126830": "There's also something called Amara which is an open source site that is available for", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00293-00126830-00127148": "captioning educational videos.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00294-00127148-00127338": "You need to set up an account to use it.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00295-00127338-00127483": "But it's free.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00296-00127483-00128250": "And what happens is people will use the Amara tool to caption YouTube videos,, to give them", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00297-00128250-00128413": "proper captioning.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00298-00128413-00128651": "And then there's an archive that's now created.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00299-00128651-00129296": "Kind of a library of all of these videos that people have adapted to give proper captioning.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00300-00129296-00129826": "So you could go and do a search at the Amara site for particular videos that you want to", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00301-00129826-00130138": "see if somebody has already done the work for you.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00302-00130138-00130277": "Um...", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00303-00130277-00130390": "I think that's it.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00304-00130390-00130868": "Let me go back to the slide and get you our resource slide.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00305-00130868-00131396": "-- oh it always does that.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00306-00131396-00131530": "Takes me back to the beginning.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00307-00131530-00131630": "Okay.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00308-00131630-00131749": "So this is the resource link.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00309-00131749-00132515": "Next week, same day, Wednesday, same time, 1 PM, will be Part III of this 3 part series.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00310-00132515-00132615": "The final one.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00311-00132615-00133221": "Liezl will be talking about the Canvas Accessibility Checker tool as well as other resources that", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00312-00133221-00133917": "you can use to help you format your Canvas content properly for usability.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00313-00133917-00134452": "So I'm going to just double check to see if there's any questions that anyone has.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00314-00134452-00134560": "Or any comments.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00315-00134560-00134952": "If you are on mute you can go ahead and un-mute or you can type in the chat.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00316-00134952-00135437": "And just let me know if you have a question that I didn't get to today.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00317-00135437-00135563": "And it can be about anything Canvas.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00318-00135563-00135902": "It doesn't have to just be about what we have talked about.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00319-00135902-00136959": "While you are thinking of that I am going to put another thing in the chat which is:", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00320-00136959-00137688": "If you have got a topic that you would like to see us address in the Q&A, you can go to", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00321-00137688-00138032": "that Q&A topic link and make your suggestion.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00322-00138032-00138454": "So Kristine is asking: \"Can we share the link for the Course Design Resources to our campus?\"", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00323-00138454-00138554": "Absolutely.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00324-00138554-00138878": "I have set it up so that it is a public Canvas course.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00325-00138878-00139171": "So anybody can go to it.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00326-00139171-00139627": "It is set up following the structure of the OEI rubric, the course design rubric.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00327-00139627-00140034": "So whether you are using the rubric or not it will be helpful.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00328-00140034-00140627": "But having the rubric -- knowing about the rubric will put it in context.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00329-00140627-00140727": "So yeah.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00330-00140727-00140954": "Absolutely Kristine if you want to share it that will be great.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00331-00140954-00141338": "We figure the more we share everything with people the better our courses are going to", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00332-00141338-00141672": "be within the whole system.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00333-00141672-00141942": "Any other questions?", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00334-00141942-00142160": "Alright.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00335-00142160-00142972": "Well then I am going to let you go on in Santa Rosa this rainy afternoon.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00336-00142972-00143476": "And you can go start thinking about how you want to format your courses and make them", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00337-00143476-00143817": "even more usable for all of your students.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00338-00143817-00144178": "I appreciate you taking the time to be here.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00339-00144178-00144835": "Thank you very much.", "hzMhfE2UOuA-00340-00144835-00145163": "Bye bye."}}, {"audio_id": "hzPtVDTJSKU", "text": {"hzPtVDTJSKU-00000-00000019-00000627": "Antarctic secrets Organism 46-B and Lake Vostok.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00001-00000627-00001216": "John Carpeneter's \"The Thing\" tells the story of a scientific expedition stumbling upon", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00002-00001216-00001374": "a lost alien craft.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00003-00001374-00002077": "They release an alien with the ability to change shape which destroys the base and them.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00004-00002077-00002454": "Is This sci-fi spectacular just fiction?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00005-00002454-00003025": "There is a place in the Antarctic that could somewhat match the story and has been the", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00006-00003025-00003346": "location of many a discovery.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00007-00003346-00003728": "strange creatures and bizarre conditions.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00008-00003728-00006183": "welcome to lake Vostok and Organism 46B Welcome to if…………………………………………………..", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00009-00006183-00006661": "So what is organism 46B and where IS Lake Vostok?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00010-00006661-00007184": "Let's start with the lake, the Antarctic has been popular online topic in the past few", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00011-00007184-00007846": "months many videos and articles being posted that claim the continent is off limits.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00012-00007846-00008396": "The military of countries like The US and Russia enforcing a quarantine of the frozen", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00013-00008396-00008527": "landmass.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00014-00008527-00008839": "could these rumors and stories be tied to the lake?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00015-00008839-00009186": "what makes this lake so special?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00016-00009186-00009807": "the sub-glacial Antarctic lake can be found hidden under four kilometers of ice, the lake", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00017-00009807-00010089": "is an inhospitable place.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00018-00010089-00010599": "researchers working at Vostok Station drilled down into the lake and took measurements of", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00019-00010599-00011424": "the air and at -89 degrees Celsius they recorded the coldest temperature ever measured on Earth.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00020-00011424-00012091": "The 4 kilometers of ice that sits above the lake put the lake's water under enormous pressure.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00021-00012091-00012681": "Researchers say that its comparable to the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, the icy", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00022-00012681-00013276": "water is also cut off completely from the Sun, the life-giving rays unable to penetrate", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00023-00013276-00013523": "the massive depth of ice.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00024-00013523-00014126": "In these extreme conditions finding life would seem highly unlikely, what could provide energy", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00025-00014126-00014301": "to an ecosystem?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00026-00014301-00014890": "there is essentially no outside energy input and this has been for millions of years.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00027-00014890-00015484": "But in the immortal words of Dr. Ian Malcolm \"life finds a way\"", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00028-00015484-00016170": "so what was found under that ice, was there a creature as terrifying as ' The Thing'?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00029-00016170-00016671": "Those studying the location confirmed that there was life in this impossible and almost", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00030-00016671-00017150": "alien environment with the existence of a Vostok-dwelling bacterium.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00031-00017150-00017806": "This species was new to science and had not been found anywhere else on the planet and", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00032-00017806-00018420": "far from being a plucky survivor eking out an existence, it was thriving.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00033-00018420-00019079": "This bacteria was not a lonely organism there were over 3500 species found living in this", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00034-00019079-00019288": "impossible lake.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00035-00019288-00019787": "After the years it took to drill down through the ice these discoveries were akin to hitting", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00036-00019787-00020024": "a biological jackpot.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00037-00020024-00020384": "What they found was not limited to only bacterial life.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00038-00020384-00020944": "They even found species that are generally associated with mollusks and fish, leading", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00039-00020944-00021393": "one researcher to say that the lake “might have fish,”", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00040-00021393-00022045": "This researcher quickly withdrew his statement and this could be down to the finding of organism", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00041-00022045-00022145": "46B.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00042-00022145-00022504": "so What is Organism 46-B?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00043-00022504-00023087": "This creature is an elephantine type of animal which looks like it belongs in the octopus", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00044-00023087-00023265": "or squid family.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00045-00023265-00023942": "It is a huge beast Measuring in at thirty-three feet long and weighing almost one ton.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00046-00023942-00024547": "with fourteen tentacles it is truly a beast of underwater nightmares.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00047-00024547-00025242": "Like the Kraken of legend and other sea monsters, this cryptid creature would be a super predator", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00048-00025242-00025898": "which if found outside of the lake could easily be snacking on unfortunate sailors.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00049-00025898-00026545": "Organism 46-B has some tricks up its fourteen incredibly long sleeves, it is claimed that", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00050-00026545-00027281": "the cephalopod has the capacity to telepathically hypnotize and then immobilize prey.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00051-00027281-00027854": "This ability to control other creatures has a range of over 150 feet, which means getting", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00052-00027854-00028201": "close to the slippery behemoth is difficult.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00053-00028201-00028836": "The Russian military first encountered organism 46B while exploring Lake Vostok.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00054-00028836-00029289": "During the first encounter with the animal, it was said to have purposefully disabled", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00055-00029289-00029527": "their communication equipment.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00056-00029527-00030116": "This is when the creature attacked, the unfortunate man was reported to be treading water one", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00057-00030116-00030779": "moment, then a strange smile came across his face moments before he was torn limb from", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00058-00030779-00030879": "limb.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00059-00030879-00031463": "The deep lake monster snacking on the man's body using its long tentacles to feed the", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00060-00031463-00031854": "dismembered body parts to its beak-like mouth.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00061-00031854-00032373": "This would have been terrifying enough but then this is when the creature showed abilities", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00062-00032373-00032806": "that were truly mind blowing Reminiscent of the creature in 'The Thing'", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00063-00032806-00033663": "organism 46B then changed shape morphing into what appeared to be a large school of fish.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00064-00033663-00034238": "Maybe this was an illusion many cephalopods have the ability to change color and reflect", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00065-00034238-00034878": "their environment, maybe this monster can morph its body to show images and appear as", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00066-00034878-00035436": "something else, the ultimate in camouflage.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00067-00035436-00036199": "Being of a military mindset these divers decide to go after the animal, maybe after some revenge.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00068-00036199-00036748": "They found it and after showing off more shape-shifting abilities a conflict ensued.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00069-00036748-00037474": "The divers all survived as did the Organism 46B but the giant beast did lose one of it", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00070-00037474-00037697": "enormous tentacles.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00071-00037697-00038431": "This is when things get very strange, after the limb was hauled to the surface for study", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00072-00038431-00039063": "it was said to have still been living, and attacked and killed a female member of the", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00073-00039063-00039190": "Russian dive crew!", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00074-00039190-00039792": "This is the beginning of the conspiracy, five years the Russians battled the creature or", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00075-00039792-00040397": "creatures finally capturing a specimen, this specimen was said to have been housed in a", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00076-00040397-00040834": "ship which had been converted into a tank of sorts.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00077-00040834-00041418": "The creature was then taken and presented to Russian officials who were quick to hide", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00078-00041418-00041563": "the animals.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00079-00041563-00042130": "The dive teams were orders to never talk of this expedition or the creature again but", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00080-00042130-00042675": "Inside intelligence has stated that Putin plans to breed these animals and use them", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00081-00042675-00043082": "as enormous weapons if war was to break out.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00082-00043082-00043503": "The Russian authorities seeing the value of this species as a weapon.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00083-00043503-00044229": "A biological bomb that could render an enemies oceans off limits and probably lifeless in", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00084-00044229-00044377": "now time.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00085-00044377-00044967": "octopus and squid typically lay about 20,000 eggs in one season.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00086-00044967-00045587": "Imagine if just a tenth of those eggs hatched the sea would become off limits as these aggressive", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00087-00045587-00045988": "giant predators searched for food.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00088-00045988-00046566": "The chaos they could cause by disrupting communications would be enormous, and the damage they could", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00089-00046566-00046866": "cause to fisheries would be huge.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00090-00046866-00047397": "The mainstream media machine has been quick to debunk this story which has many believing", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00091-00047397-00047577": "that it could be true.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00092-00047577-00048092": "The propaganda of TV and internet being used to hide the evidence much in the same way", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00093-00048092-00048402": "as they do with the UFO phenomena.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00094-00048402-00048963": "However, with Just a little digging the internet can show that there is much more information", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00095-00048963-00049562": "supporting the theory of the existence of Organism 46-B.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00096-00049562-00049900": "So is this a real creature?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00097-00049900-00050452": "Is it an organism that evolved under the ice depths or could it be something from another", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00098-00050452-00050552": "world?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00099-00050552-00051083": "At the start of the video, I mentioned how the lake and its highly pressurized conditions", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00100-00051083-00051542": "are similar to those found under the ice sheet of Europa.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00101-00051542-00052312": "Are the unique animals of the lake and organism 46B possibly descendants of ancient life seeded", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00102-00052312-00052753": "here from a world like the moon Europa?", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00103-00052753-00053321": "The team does note that this wide swathe of deep-lake species includes members specializing", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00104-00053321-00054003": "in every stage of the nitrogen and carbon cycles, implying that the isolated ecosystem", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00105-00054003-00054723": "of Lake Vostok may have fixed, used, and recycled its own limited supply of carbon for several", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00106-00054723-00054888": "million years.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00107-00054888-00055564": "If true, this means that evolution has invented the ultimately sustainable green-space.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00108-00055564-00056221": "This ability to self-sustain may show how life can survive on very little energy.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00109-00056221-00056739": "Maybe this shows us life Could survive a trip through space on an asteroid.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00110-00056739-00057351": "Lake Vostok shows us how few environments we really can discount in our search for life", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00111-00057351-00057577": "in the universe.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00112-00057577-00058316": "IF this video has caught your interest, catch our video on the intelligent octopus.", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00113-00058316-00058680": "More cryptid videos are linked in the description .", "hzPtVDTJSKU-00114-00058680-00060911": "Let me know your thoughts on Organism 46B in the comments below."}}, {"audio_id": "h-iuXNl_22k", "text": {"h-iuXNl_22k-00000-00000458-00000905": "Wondering how to add managers to your YouTube account without sharing your", "h-iuXNl_22k-00001-00000905-00001341": "login and password? Hi, Taylor here with Financial Potion where video is your", "h-iuXNl_22k-00002-00001341-00001703": "financial potion. To never miss out on a video, please make sure you subscribe to", "h-iuXNl_22k-00003-00001703-00002046": "our channel and click on that bell so you're notified when that new video is", "h-iuXNl_22k-00004-00002046-00002528": "uploaded. For one-to-one training or just to support our content, please click", "h-iuXNl_22k-00005-00002528-00002867": "above and connect with us on our Patreon page.", "h-iuXNl_22k-00006-00002867-00003390": "Adding managers to your account is a great idea to get more work done on your", "h-iuXNl_22k-00007-00003390-00003906": "channel without sharing your login and password information. To do this, go to", "h-iuXNl_22k-00008-00003906-00004323": "your YouTube studio and then go to the left hand side where you see the little", "h-iuXNl_22k-00009-00004323-00004806": "gear--that's your settings. Then once you have gotten to the settings, click on", "h-iuXNl_22k-00010-00004806-00005424": "\"permissions.\" Click on \"manage permissions,\" then \"manage permissions\" again, and then", "h-iuXNl_22k-00011-00005424-00005910": "the person with a little plus image on the top right corner. Enter the person's", "h-iuXNl_22k-00012-00005910-00006363": "email address. This will give the person access to your account without sharing", "h-iuXNl_22k-00013-00006363-00006773": "your login and password information. I hope this video helps you add more", "h-iuXNl_22k-00014-00006773-00007145": "people to your team. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave", "h-iuXNl_22k-00015-00007145-00007926": "them in the comment section below and until next week, stay engaging."}}, {"audio_id": "h-jlsvre6b8", "text": {"h-jlsvre6b8-00000-00000891-00010488": "TIME TO WIN", "h-jlsvre6b8-00001-00010488-00012961": "HOLY DOG HE'S MAD", "h-jlsvre6b8-00002-00013585-00013785": "HIHIHIHA"}}, {"audio_id": "h-lZkHiJnHy", "text": {"h-lZkHiJnHy-00000-00000252-00002092": "Marine Corps", "h-lZkHiJnHy-00001-00006809-00009322": "Navy Patrol", "h-lZkHiJnHy-00002-00009390-00010472": "Midway Island", "h-lZkHiJnHy-00003-00015574-00019878": "Before the Battle...", "h-lZkHiJnHy-00004-00020458-00021552": "Japanese fleet sighted...", "h-lZkHiJnHy-00005-00022024-00024522": "B-17s"}}, {"audio_id": "h-Du_te65BY", "text": {"h-Du_te65BY-00000-00000593-00001142": "We hope these tours and all this information get you off to a great start in our Moodle", "h-Du_te65BY-00001-00001142-00001276": "and in our program!", "h-Du_te65BY-00002-00001276-00001777": "Please post in the D4L Community Forum if you have any questions.", "h-Du_te65BY-00003-00001777-00002500": "If you don't get a quick response there, you can send an email to d4l@scrlc.org - that", "h-Du_te65BY-00004-00002500-00002944": "link is always in a block near the top of the page.", "h-Du_te65BY-00005-00002944-00003430": "You have a few more tasks to complete as a part of the work for Week 1 of this module.", "h-Du_te65BY-00006-00003430-00003818": "These are all listed on the main course page.", "h-Du_te65BY-00007-00003818-00004496": "First, please complete the Self-Reflection Activity - Your Technologies Environments.", "h-Du_te65BY-00008-00004496-00004998": "This is a survey to get a sense of the range of ways that you all are accessing this program,", "h-Du_te65BY-00009-00004998-00005360": "and tools you have already used.", "h-Du_te65BY-00010-00005360-00005910": "Next, in the forum discussion titled “D4L Community Discussion” look for the thread", "h-Du_te65BY-00011-00005910-00006547": "titled “Introducing Ourselves” and follow the instructions to post your own introduction.", "h-Du_te65BY-00012-00006547-00007066": "After that, please take a look at the D4L Guide to Synchronous Meeting Tools and if", "h-Du_te65BY-00013-00007066-00007454": "you can, go ahead and set up a meeting with some fellow learners.", "h-Du_te65BY-00014-00007788-00008134": "The next page has some additional resources, for this week", "h-Du_te65BY-00015-00008134-00008674": "then you'll reach the end of the lesson, and you can link back to the main course page", "h-Du_te65BY-00016-00008674-00008950": "to complete all those activities for this week", "h-Du_te65BY-00017-00008966-00009342": "and then move on to the next. I'll see you next week!"}}, {"audio_id": "h-UytwvNfkU", "text": {"h-UytwvNfkU-00000-00000593-00000704": "Melissa Troester: Okay, great.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00001-00000704-00000803": "Thank you very much.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00002-00000803-00001175": "It's great to be here and talk about the work of our Double Normal committee.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00003-00001175-00001691": "Our goal was to do some genomic characterization of cancer-adjacent breast tissue, and what", "h-UytwvNfkU-00004-00001691-00002000": "we're looking at is both field effects and expression subtypes.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00005-00002000-00002467": "So, to get started with this, I wanted to give a bit of the translational relevance", "h-UytwvNfkU-00006-00002467-00002766": "for looking at adjacent normal tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00007-00002766-00003334": "This is a curve from a randomized trial of breast conserving therapy versus radical mastectomy.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00008-00003334-00003828": "And what you see on the y-axis is the probability of recurrence and on the x-axis is the number", "h-UytwvNfkU-00009-00003828-00003954": "of years.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00010-00003954-00004448": "And even 15 to 20 years after surgery you see that individuals having breast conserving", "h-UytwvNfkU-00011-00004448-00004742": "therapy have a much higher probability of recurrence.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00012-00004742-00005264": "Overall survival is the same for the two groups because an additional resection can occur,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00013-00005264-00005787": "but this difference in the recurrence rates has been the subject of some interest, specifically", "h-UytwvNfkU-00014-00005787-00006054": "with relation to this concept of field effects.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00015-00006054-00006458": "The other thing we know is that when local recurrence does occur it commonly occurs in", "h-UytwvNfkU-00016-00006458-00006984": "the lumpectomy bed and that the rates tend to be higher in some different subtypes of", "h-UytwvNfkU-00017-00006984-00007259": "breast cancer, specifically basal-like breast cancers.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00018-00007259-00007736": "So, to try to understand this better, my research group has been doing some work with looking", "h-UytwvNfkU-00019-00007736-00008289": "at field effects and stromal microenvironment surrounding tumor, and then the TCGA had done", "h-UytwvNfkU-00020-00008289-00008822": "this extensive characterization of many different data types in that adjacent normal tissue,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00021-00008822-00009074": "and so I am going to talk to you a little bit about that today.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00022-00009074-00009540": "But to start out with, I think it's important to have a clear definition of what do we mean", "h-UytwvNfkU-00023-00009540-00010025": "by a field effect or what is a field carcinogenic effect, and this visual really nicely shows", "h-UytwvNfkU-00024-00010025-00010312": "what we're thinking about when we're thinking about field effects.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00025-00010312-00010800": "On the left you see a patch which is defined as a small region that is showing high expression", "h-UytwvNfkU-00026-00010800-00011011": "of a particular mutant protein.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00027-00011011-00011182": "In this case, it's mutant p53.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00028-00011182-00011737": "Then, as you move to the right, you see progression of this patch to form a field which ultimately", "h-UytwvNfkU-00029-00011737-00011985": "then persists in the tumor that forms.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00030-00011985-00012546": "So, this is histologically normal tissue at the left, but it harbors this defect that", "h-UytwvNfkU-00031-00012546-00012966": "then ultimately manifests in the cancer, and this is what we refer to as a field effect.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00032-00012966-00013434": "Usually, we are referring to epithelial changes and we're referring to genetic changes that", "h-UytwvNfkU-00033-00013434-00014018": "create an area that looks normal but that, if left behind during resection, could result", "h-UytwvNfkU-00034-00014018-00014137": "in a second primary.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00035-00014137-00014730": "And this was first described in 1953 in oral squamous cell carcinoma, but has subsequently", "h-UytwvNfkU-00036-00014730-00015145": "been shown to occur in a number of different cancer types.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00037-00015145-00015572": "The other thing that happens in the adjacent normal tissue is that we can get a stromal", "h-UytwvNfkU-00038-00015572-00015672": "response.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00039-00015672-00016022": "So, it's well-known that there can be changes in the stromal tissue immediately adjacent", "h-UytwvNfkU-00040-00016022-00016518": "to a tumor and that these changes could be detected by gene expression profiling or other", "h-UytwvNfkU-00041-00016518-00016668": "genomic effects.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00042-00016668-00017326": "So here I'm showing you a heat map from mRNA microarrays -- or mRNA data from a DNA microarray,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00043-00017326-00017800": "and you can see on the left that the cancer-adjacent tissue has a very different gene expression", "h-UytwvNfkU-00044-00017800-00018234": "profile than reduction mammoplasty tissue does, and in this paper we showed that some", "h-UytwvNfkU-00045-00018234-00018715": "of the gene expression changes that were most detectible seemed to be consistent with evidence", "h-UytwvNfkU-00046-00018715-00019234": "of a wound response or a strong stromal reaction to the presence of the tumor.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00047-00019234-00019691": "So, with that background in mind, I am now going to turn to what we have been doing with", "h-UytwvNfkU-00048-00019691-00020207": "the TCGA Double Normal Project, and here I'm representing the data from a number of different", "h-UytwvNfkU-00049-00020207-00020307": "groups.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00050-00020307-00020748": "And I'll start first talking about the DNA analysis, and this is data where we had triplets.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00051-00020748-00021125": "So we had 40 triplets where we had normal breast tissue adjacent to the tumor.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00052-00021125-00021415": "We also had the tumor and we had blood.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00053-00021415-00022068": "And this tissue was -- exome sequencing was performed by the WashU group with Dan Koboldt", "h-UytwvNfkU-00054-00022068-00022479": "and Li Ding doing the analyses that I present here today.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00055-00022479-00022976": "And then we also had copy number alteration data which Andy Cherniack presented -- or", "h-UytwvNfkU-00056-00022976-00023076": "did for our group.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00057-00023076-00023241": "And then we also have methylation data.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00058-00023241-00023655": "Now, the difference with the methylation data is that we don't have a blood normal standard.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00059-00023655-00024134": "We can't look at the blood level methylation as a standard for comparison.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00060-00024134-00024645": "But our key question across all these three DNA data types is: Are there detectible field", "h-UytwvNfkU-00061-00024645-00024946": "effects and/or are there detectible tumor cells?", "h-UytwvNfkU-00062-00024946-00025347": "And the idea was that perhaps some of this adjacent normal tissue could be used as control", "h-UytwvNfkU-00063-00025347-00025552": "tissue for other types of TCGA analyses.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00064-00025552-00026132": "And so what I'm going to show you here is the limitations and the advantages of potentially", "h-UytwvNfkU-00065-00026132-00026308": "using the data in that way.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00066-00026308-00026758": "So this slide is courtesy of Andy Cherniack, and it just shows us how we are using the", "h-UytwvNfkU-00067-00026758-00027052": "SNP array data to find copy number alterations.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00068-00027052-00027631": "So here, using the blood normal as a comparison, Andy has identified the copy number alterations", "h-UytwvNfkU-00069-00027631-00028087": "in tumor, and so you can see that there is a MYC amplification present in this particular", "h-UytwvNfkU-00070-00028087-00028187": "tumor.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00071-00028187-00028647": "Also, lined up right above that, is the normal adjacent, and you can see that there is also", "h-UytwvNfkU-00072-00028647-00029008": "MYC -- focal areas of MYC amplification in that normal tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00073-00029008-00029369": "So, this would be what we would consider a field effect.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00074-00029369-00029794": "Or it could also be potentially evidence of tumor cells, and it's difficult to distinguish", "h-UytwvNfkU-00075-00029794-00030230": "that just from looking at this data, but this is the kind of thing that Andy Cherniack did", "h-UytwvNfkU-00076-00030230-00030689": "to assess the copy number alterations in the adjacent normal tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00077-00030689-00031177": "Here is a map showing you all 40 of the samples that we analyzed, and they're just color-coded", "h-UytwvNfkU-00078-00031177-00031481": "here -- each tumor subtype is color-coded.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00079-00031481-00031883": "And the reason I did that is because I wanted you to see that these field effects seem to", "h-UytwvNfkU-00080-00031883-00032205": "be occurring in all different types of tumors.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00081-00032205-00032724": "So, we have a basal-like and two luminal As that showed some sort of field effect or tumor", "h-UytwvNfkU-00082-00032724-00033194": "contamination based on copy number data, and it was a total of about 7 percent of the samples", "h-UytwvNfkU-00083-00033194-00033726": "had evidence of some kind of copy number alteration in the adjacent normal.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00084-00033726-00034218": "We then turn to analyses by Li Ding and Dan Koboldt, where variant allele frequencies", "h-UytwvNfkU-00085-00034218-00034544": "were detected, again, using the blood normal as the standard.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00086-00034544-00034938": "And what you can see is there is quite a lot of variant allele frequency variation in the", "h-UytwvNfkU-00087-00034938-00035047": "tumor tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00088-00035047-00035567": "And the scale here goes from zero to 100 percent and there is quite a few samples that show", "h-UytwvNfkU-00089-00035567-00035866": "high variant allele frequencies in the tumors.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00090-00035866-00036408": "Then, if you look along the x-axis, you see the variant allele frequency in the adjacent,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00091-00036408-00036905": "and you can see that the axis is much shorter, so we see a lower prevalence of variant allele", "h-UytwvNfkU-00092-00036905-00037354": "frequencies in the normal tissue, but many of the samples that have high variant allele", "h-UytwvNfkU-00093-00037354-00037690": "frequencies in tumors are also showing up in the normals.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00094-00037690-00038028": "There are also many variant allele frequencies that are present in tumor that don't show", "h-UytwvNfkU-00095-00038028-00038143": "up at all in the normal.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00096-00038143-00038536": "So, again, here we're trying to distinguish between what might be a field effect and what", "h-UytwvNfkU-00097-00038536-00038999": "might be tumor cell contamination, but the bottom line with this data is it tends to", "h-UytwvNfkU-00098-00038999-00039322": "be much more sensitive to being able to pick up these mutations.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00099-00039322-00039831": "So, 10 cases out of the 40, or roughly 25 percent, had some evidence of a field effect", "h-UytwvNfkU-00100-00039831-00040019": "by mutation analysis.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00101-00040019-00040471": "So, here we're adding an additional column to the data set, and you can see that the", "h-UytwvNfkU-00102-00040471-00040938": "exome-seq data demonstrated a much larger number of samples with some sort of alteration", "h-UytwvNfkU-00103-00040938-00041107": "in the adjacent normal tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00104-00041107-00041612": "Okay, now, the methylation data is divided into two data sets.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00105-00041612-00041999": "The first is a 27,000 Illumina platform, and that's shown here.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00106-00041999-00042408": "On the left are the tumors corresponding to the adjacent normal on the right, and you", "h-UytwvNfkU-00107-00042408-00042893": "can see that there are quite distinct patterns between tumor and normal for methylation,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00108-00042893-00043380": "but there was one adjacent normal sample that shows a methylation pattern very similar to", "h-UytwvNfkU-00109-00043380-00043505": "what's observed in tumor.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00110-00043505-00044015": "So this one was picked up as having a tumor-like methylation profile.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00111-00044015-00044478": "Here is the Illumina for a 50K data and, again, there were three samples that showed up as", "h-UytwvNfkU-00112-00044478-00044809": "having this tumor-like methylation profile.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00113-00044809-00045275": "So all of these were flagged, and again, I'm going to show you where they came out in terms", "h-UytwvNfkU-00114-00045275-00045434": "of these 40 samples.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00115-00045434-00045866": "And what you can see is that there is one tumor here that kind of consistently was picked", "h-UytwvNfkU-00116-00045866-00046333": "up by -- or one normal sample, excuse me, that was picked up by all three platforms,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00117-00046333-00046629": "but that some of the platforms are picking up different samples.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00118-00046629-00046986": "So there's some heterogeneity in terms of which samples are being identified depending", "h-UytwvNfkU-00119-00046986-00047205": "on which data type is being used.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00120-00047205-00047641": "With the methylation, again, it was a 7 to 10 percent rate, more similar to the copy", "h-UytwvNfkU-00121-00047641-00048038": "number alterations in terms of how many samples were showing these kinds of effects.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00122-00048038-00048491": "So, the gold standard is -- I keep referring to this idea of we can't distinguish between", "h-UytwvNfkU-00123-00048491-00048950": "a field effect and a tumor cell contamination, and so our next thought was how would we actually", "h-UytwvNfkU-00124-00048950-00049134": "go about doing that.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00125-00049134-00049684": "And our strategy was to get a pathologist to do a very careful review of these tissues", "h-UytwvNfkU-00126-00049684-00050078": "to see if there was actually any evidence of tumor cells present in the tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00127-00050078-00050650": "So, in order to distinguish these two questions, we then had a pathologist review all of these", "h-UytwvNfkU-00128-00050650-00051087": "tissues, and what we found was that we actually had, unbeknownst to all of the analysts, there", "h-UytwvNfkU-00129-00051087-00051359": "was a positive control in our data set.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00130-00051359-00051871": "In retroactively going through the data collection and the QC procedures, we noticed that one", "h-UytwvNfkU-00131-00051871-00052371": "cancer adjacent sample had gotten in and had later been detected to have been very adjacent", "h-UytwvNfkU-00132-00052371-00052954": "to a tumor specimen, and so this one sample that was detected by all three of the platforms,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00133-00052954-00053307": "in fact, did have clear evidence of tumor cell contamination.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00134-00053307-00053769": "Unfortunately, as luck may have it, for two of the others there were actually no good", "h-UytwvNfkU-00135-00053769-00053908": "quality sections.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00136-00053908-00054517": "So we concluded from this that if you do have good evidence that there's no tumor in your", "h-UytwvNfkU-00137-00054517-00055032": "normal, then that might be a pretty good indicator that you won't pick up these field effects.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00138-00055032-00055430": "But for cases where that data was missing or where there was clear evidence of tumor", "h-UytwvNfkU-00139-00055430-00055928": "we were finding that the genomic data was also uncovering some evidence of field effects", "h-UytwvNfkU-00140-00055928-00056030": "there.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00141-00056030-00056605": "Okay, so looking for malignant cells is not all that we were capable of doing with this,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00142-00056605-00057138": "and we are very aware, particularly with breast -- breast tissue is very stroma-rich, and", "h-UytwvNfkU-00143-00057138-00057694": "so we were aware of some challenges in analyzing this data, even things to the extent of what", "h-UytwvNfkU-00144-00057694-00058147": "kind of coverage do you get when you have a 40x read but only 5 percent of you tissue", "h-UytwvNfkU-00145-00058147-00058504": "is epithelium, and we're really looking for epithelial-based field effects.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00146-00058504-00058808": "So we were thinking about all of these issues, and we decided that it was really important", "h-UytwvNfkU-00147-00058808-00059278": "to have good characterization of the stromal and epithelial content for our tissues.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00148-00059278-00059819": "So a post-doc in my lab went through and manually annotated using a PerioScanning all of these", "h-UytwvNfkU-00149-00059819-00060366": "samples and very carefully denoted where the epithelial cells, where is the stroma, and", "h-UytwvNfkU-00150-00060366-00060826": "where is the fat, and we were able to come up with composition estimates for every sample.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00151-00060826-00061286": "Then, Andy Beck at Harvard trained an algorithm that can do this in an automated fashion,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00152-00061286-00061794": "and he can now do this very rapidly on all of our samples for the TCGA, and he is also", "h-UytwvNfkU-00153-00061794-00062392": "being able to collect other sorts of morphometric data from these tissues at the same time.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00154-00062392-00062813": "In using this data, we were then able to go back and look at, were there particular marks", "h-UytwvNfkU-00155-00062813-00063362": "-- methylation marks in this case I'm showing you -- that were correlated with the stromal", "h-UytwvNfkU-00156-00063362-00063604": "or epithelial content of the tissue?", "h-UytwvNfkU-00157-00063604-00064112": "What we found was on the 450 platform there were a huge number of probes that were positively", "h-UytwvNfkU-00158-00064112-00064636": "correlated, about 1,300 probes, and about 1,250 probes negatively correlated with epithelial", "h-UytwvNfkU-00159-00064636-00065013": "content given a FDR of about 5 percent.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00160-00065013-00065371": "With the stromal content, there was also a large number of genes that were detected.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00161-00065371-00065830": "So, being able to look at these gene sets might help us to interpret methylation profiles", "h-UytwvNfkU-00162-00065830-00066205": "where we don't have that data, and it might also give us some clues as to the sort of", "h-UytwvNfkU-00163-00066205-00066376": "changes that we're seeing.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00164-00066376-00066823": "There's a lot more that can be done here to sort of mine the biological significance of", "h-UytwvNfkU-00165-00066823-00067141": "these gene sets.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00166-00067141-00067633": "So I started out talking primarily about DNA, and the reason the DNA was so appealing for", "h-UytwvNfkU-00167-00067633-00068063": "us in trying to address this question is that we have this really great sequence standard", "h-UytwvNfkU-00168-00068063-00068310": "which is coming from that triplet, that blood normal.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00169-00068310-00068929": "As I turn to the mRNA and the microRNA data, you're going to see that we don't have that", "h-UytwvNfkU-00170-00068929-00069475": "same facility to make comparisons because we simply don't have the right tissue base", "h-UytwvNfkU-00171-00069475-00069575": "control.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00172-00069575-00069844": "We don't have patient-matched truly normal tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00173-00069844-00070229": "All the tissue that we're getting could be showing effects of response or stromal reaction", "h-UytwvNfkU-00174-00070229-00070374": "to the tumor.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00175-00070374-00070799": "However, we were interested to see, what is the variation in RNA.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00176-00070799-00071164": "So, I had shown you earlier that there is this widespread wound response.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00177-00071164-00071617": "While doing unsupervised analysis just on the cancer adjacent tissue only, we first", "h-UytwvNfkU-00178-00071617-00072085": "discovered that there were two very distinct groups in terms of expression profile.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00179-00072085-00072454": "And here you're seeing that there is two main clusters: one we dubbed active, and the other", "h-UytwvNfkU-00180-00072454-00072924": "inactive based on the fact that the active group showed increased levels of cellular", "h-UytwvNfkU-00181-00072924-00073230": "movement, inflammation, fibrosis, and chemotaxis genes.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00182-00073230-00073551": "So this is truly just based on ontology.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00183-00073551-00074063": "But we were interested to say, \"Okay, if there is this heterogeneity in the normal does it", "h-UytwvNfkU-00184-00074063-00074417": "have something to do with the tumor types that are formed or does it have something", "h-UytwvNfkU-00185-00074417-00074641": "to do with risk of recurrence?\"", "h-UytwvNfkU-00186-00074641-00075102": "And we looked to see whether these two subtypes were correlated with ER status, and there", "h-UytwvNfkU-00187-00075102-00075380": "was no significant association there.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00188-00075380-00075829": "And they also were not correlated with tumor subtype, and the white samples here are ductal", "h-UytwvNfkU-00189-00075829-00076032": "carcinoma in situ samples.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00190-00076032-00076456": "So, this is in some previously published work, but what we had identified in that paper is", "h-UytwvNfkU-00191-00076456-00076951": "that there were two subtypes of cancer-adjacent normal tissue and they seemed to be independent", "h-UytwvNfkU-00192-00076951-00077547": "of tumor subtype, but, interestingly, they appear to predict prognosis and ER positive", "h-UytwvNfkU-00193-00077547-00077647": "tumors.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00194-00077647-00078128": "It's very difficult to predict late survival outcomes for ER positive tumors, and our thought", "h-UytwvNfkU-00195-00078128-00078558": "was that perhaps something about the way that microenvironment responds to the tumor might", "h-UytwvNfkU-00196-00078558-00078985": "give us some clues to understand the progression of those ER positive tumors.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00197-00078985-00079525": "So, when we turn to looking at the RNA data in the TCGA samples, we had this unsupervised", "h-UytwvNfkU-00198-00079525-00079893": "clustering in the back of our mind and we wanted to see if we were going to recapitulate", "h-UytwvNfkU-00199-00079893-00080023": "these same subtypes.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00200-00080023-00080579": "Now, the TCGA data does not have the maturity in terms of the survival outcomes, it's only", "h-UytwvNfkU-00201-00080579-00081015": "a few years in, so we couldn't evaluate the survival probabilities for these two groups,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00202-00081015-00081496": "but we were able to show that there were two distinct clusters also present in the TCGA", "h-UytwvNfkU-00203-00081496-00081596": "data.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00204-00081596-00082027": "And, actually, what I'm showing you here is the microRNA data because the exact same pattern", "h-UytwvNfkU-00205-00082027-00082454": "of expression was observed in the microRNA as was present in the mRNA.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00206-00082454-00082801": "And I understand this is distinct from what was seen in the breast tumor tissue, where", "h-UytwvNfkU-00207-00082801-00083243": "microRNA and mRNA profiles were not strongly correlated.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00208-00083243-00083687": "In the normal tissue, they are almost identical.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00209-00083687-00084250": "So you can see here there are two clusters, and this is data from Gordon Robertson where", "h-UytwvNfkU-00210-00084250-00084969": "he has many, many samples of normal tissue that were done by consensus clustering here", "h-UytwvNfkU-00211-00084969-00085136": "and microRNA arrays.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00212-00085136-00085620": "And then down at the bottom you can see the identify based on the mRNA cluster.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00213-00085620-00086144": "So, the white is active and the black is inactive, and you can see that they're almost perfectly", "h-UytwvNfkU-00214-00086144-00086519": "concordant with the two microRNA clusters.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00215-00086519-00087083": "Interestingly, we tried to figure out what kinds of biological themes might be represented", "h-UytwvNfkU-00216-00087083-00087622": "here, and the strong -- one of the strong factors distinguishing these two were microRNA-200", "h-UytwvNfkU-00217-00087622-00088071": "family genes, which was sort of indicative of a sort of more mesenchymal character.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00218-00088071-00088632": "So, going back again to that pathologic data and that data about the composition of the", "h-UytwvNfkU-00219-00088632-00089173": "tissue, we then wanted to ask, \"Well, is there something about the composition that we can", "h-UytwvNfkU-00220-00089173-00089380": "learn from these expression subtypes?\"", "h-UytwvNfkU-00221-00089380-00089755": "But the other thing, before I turn to that data, is I just wanted to point out that what", "h-UytwvNfkU-00222-00089755-00090219": "you don't see here are those few samples sticking out like you did in the methylation data where", "h-UytwvNfkU-00223-00090219-00090662": "we could say, \"Okay, there's clear evidence of tumor contamination data here.\"", "h-UytwvNfkU-00224-00090662-00091235": "We are not picking up tumor contamination readily in these mRNA and microRNA data the", "h-UytwvNfkU-00225-00091235-00091850": "way we were with the DNA data, but what we are seeing is that these mRNA and microRNA", "h-UytwvNfkU-00226-00091850-00092206": "subtypes seem to be pretty strongly correlated with the composition of the tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00227-00092206-00092649": "There is quite a bit of variation here, but that active subtype seems to be associated", "h-UytwvNfkU-00228-00092649-00093225": "with high levels of adipose-rich stroma, whereas the inactive subtype is associated with high", "h-UytwvNfkU-00229-00093225-00093887": "levels of nonfatty stroma or fibroblastic tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00230-00093887-00094368": "And then the epithelial percentages were not significantly associated with either subtype,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00231-00094368-00094652": "either the active or the inactive.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00232-00094652-00095423": "So, in conclusion, the DNA results from our analysis of the TCGA Double Normal data shows", "h-UytwvNfkU-00233-00095423-00095893": "that there are strong evidence for either field effects or tumor contamination, and", "h-UytwvNfkU-00234-00095893-00096320": "our team has some work to do in trying to figure out exactly how to distinguish those", "h-UytwvNfkU-00235-00096320-00096682": "two or whether there are other ways that we can take advantage of this very rich data", "h-UytwvNfkU-00236-00096682-00096947": "to try to tease those two things apart.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00237-00096947-00097412": "The pathologic evaluation can get us partly there, but I think there's a lot more we can", "h-UytwvNfkU-00238-00097412-00097952": "do, particularly in those triplets, to try to understand where some of this genetic heterogeneity", "h-UytwvNfkU-00239-00097952-00098106": "is coming from.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00240-00098106-00098748": "And in contrast, the RNA really shows us the expression subtypes and is not strongly indicative", "h-UytwvNfkU-00241-00098748-00098892": "of tumor contamination.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00242-00098892-00099316": "So, I'd like to thank the team that contributed all of this data.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00243-00099316-00099731": "I'm presenting information on behalf of many people.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00244-00099731-00100114": "Specifically Chris Benz I wanted to note because while he didn't generate one of the particular", "h-UytwvNfkU-00245-00100114-00100637": "figures here, he's been a co-leader of this group and has provided a lot of really great", "h-UytwvNfkU-00246-00100637-00101168": "insights, as well as the hard work by Andy Cherniack, Dan Koboldt, Li Ding, and Swapna", "h-UytwvNfkU-00247-00101168-00101562": "Mahurkar from USC who did all the methylation analyses.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00248-00101562-00101662": "[applause]", "h-UytwvNfkU-00249-00101662-00102023": "Male Speaker: Beautiful work.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00250-00102023-00102483": "Tom Gerdanaw [spelled phonetically], Michigan.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00251-00102483-00102761": "I spend part of my year signing out [spelled phonetically] breast cancers.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00252-00102761-00103343": "Have you tried to incorporate fibrocystic changes, hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00253-00103343-00103453": "[unintelligible] change.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00254-00103453-00103936": "So, pathologists recognize a lot of changes that occur in benign breast tissue.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00255-00103936-00104076": "Maybe that's driving some of this.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00256-00104076-00104195": "Have you guys tried to address that?", "h-UytwvNfkU-00257-00104195-00104295": "It's a hard thing to address.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00258-00104295-00104395": "Melissa Troester: It is.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00259-00104395-00104801": "We have -- in addition to sort of just looking at composition changes, we had the pathologist", "h-UytwvNfkU-00260-00104801-00105289": "score for any type of benign conditions that they saw present in that tissue so we can", "h-UytwvNfkU-00261-00105289-00105701": "go back and analyze it, although those events were somewhat rare in those adjacent normals.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00262-00105701-00105883": "Male Speaker: Because, you know, a lot of breast cancers", "h-UytwvNfkU-00263-00105883-00106019": "arise in fibrocystic changes --", "h-UytwvNfkU-00264-00106019-00106119": "Melissa Troester: That's true.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00265-00106119-00106219": "Male Speaker: -- and you can divide them broadly into a", "h-UytwvNfkU-00266-00106219-00106599": "proliferative type, where they have more epithelial hyperplasia, and a nonproliferative type,", "h-UytwvNfkU-00267-00106599-00106718": "and maybe that'll be useful.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00268-00106718-00106990": "Melissa Troester: Yeah, and also Andy Beck, I don't know if", "h-UytwvNfkU-00269-00106990-00107568": "Andy's here, but he has a really nice DTF signature which represents some fibrocystic", "h-UytwvNfkU-00270-00107568-00107932": "changes, and that's another thing we're analyzing in this data, to see if we can capture some", "h-UytwvNfkU-00271-00107932-00108051": "of that on the RNA level.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00272-00108051-00108178": "Male Speaker: Quick question.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00273-00108178-00108722": "Have you actually looked at menopausal status with respect to your two different subtypes", "h-UytwvNfkU-00274-00108722-00108873": "of normal tissue?", "h-UytwvNfkU-00275-00108873-00108997": "Melissa Troester: Which status?", "h-UytwvNfkU-00276-00108997-00109097": "Male Speaker: Menopausal status.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00277-00109097-00109197": "Melissa Troester: Menopausal status.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00278-00109197-00109347": "Male Speaker: Simply, are you looking at cycling versus", "h-UytwvNfkU-00279-00109347-00109447": "--", "h-UytwvNfkU-00280-00109447-00109547": "Melissa Troester: We have.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00281-00109547-00109816": "Actually, we've been studying age in relation to those two characteristics, and young age", "h-UytwvNfkU-00282-00109816-00110545": "seems to be associated with the more active phenotype, but menopausal status, the association's", "h-UytwvNfkU-00283-00110545-00110726": "a bit weaker than it is for age.", "h-UytwvNfkU-00284-00110726-00110895": "Raju Kucherlapati: Thank you, Melissa."}}, {"audio_id": "h_gv4QYOshQ", "text": {"h_gv4QYOshQ-00000-00012929-00013229": "An outcome of British rule and education", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00001-00013229-00013559": "the majority of the new bourgeoisie", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00002-00013560-00013877": "were higher caste Hindus", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00003-00013877-00014101": "They continued to exploit", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00004-00014100-00014640": "the depressed classes who were farm laborers", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00005-00014641-00014968": "Old superstitions and bad traditions", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00006-00014968-00015542": "were preserved by the upper castes", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00007-00015542-00015903": "The lower and depressed classes were", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00008-00015902-00016255": "kept away from education", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00009-00016256-00016486": "They were excluded from", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00010-00016486-00016710": "the common life of the village", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00011-00016710-00016947": "and made to suffer cruelly", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00012-00016946-00016948": "and made to suffer cruelly", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00013-00017370-00017683": "in the new context of British rule and western liberal ideology", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00014-00017684-00018205": "there were question raised against caste system", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00015-00018204-00018664": "The reform movement began to take root", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00016-00018665-00019112": "One of its founders was Jyotirao Phule of Poona", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00017-00019112-00019389": "who founded the Satyashodhak Samaj", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00018-00019389-00019590": "in 1873 with the object of", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00019-00019589-00020199": "freeing the individual from the burden of caste", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00020-00020200-00020410": "Which one is Dada Bhide's house?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00021-00020410-00020654": "You are standing in front of it", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00022-00020654-00020954": "Born in the mali community, Phule saw", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00023-00020954-00021351": "the need for education among non-Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00024-00021351-00021648": "and in 1848 started a school in Poona", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00025-00021648-00021901": "for the backward class", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00026-00024514-00024941": "It's time! I don't think anybody else will come", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00027-00025218-00025501": "Friends! Children!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00028-00025638-00025992": "Before formally inaugurating this school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00029-00025992-00026422": "I would like to thank all those people", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00030-00026423-00027040": "who helped us in our objective", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00031-00027040-00027457": "First of all I thank Mr. Bhide", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00032-00027457-00028045": "who has allowed us to use this room", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00033-00028044-00028401": "I also thank all those missionary teachers", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00034-00028401-00028778": "who encouraged us from time to time", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00035-00028778-00029405": "Finally I thank my brave Brahmin friends", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00036-00029406-00029706": "who, in spite of pressure from orthodox Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00037-00029706-00030437": "helped us fulfill our objective", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00038-00030437-00030974": "Now I request Mr. Jyotirao Phule", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00039-00030974-00031261": "the moving spirit behind this school,", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00040-00031261-00031474": "to inaugurate.", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00041-00032192-00032686": "Friends! Today is a great for all of us!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00042-00032686-00033297": "Years ago I attended the marriage of a Brahmin friend", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00043-00033296-00033553": "His relatives saw me and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00044-00033553-00033960": "insulted me by asking me to leave", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00045-00033960-00034320": "They said I was of a low caste and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00046-00034321-00034798": "I had no right to mix with Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00047-00034998-00035401": "They said I was polluting the auspicious occasion", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00048-00035672-00035919": "They said many other things which", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00049-00035919-00036173": "I do not want to repeat", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00050-00036172-00036489": "I could not sleep that night", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00051-00036489-00036972": "I asked myself questions which had no answers", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00052-00037207-00037631": "Then I realized that we would have to struggle", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00053-00037630-00037863": "for our self-respect", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00054-00037964-00038297": "We would have to fight this battle on our own", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00055-00038298-00038562": "We would have to use a weapon", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00056-00038561-00039205": "neither sticks nor swords nor cannons but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00057-00039205-00039629": "knowledge, ideas and words!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00058-00039629-00040179": "And all this is derived from education", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00059-00040180-00040356": "Will the Brahmins teach us?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00060-00040527-00041111": "No because they won't give us such a weapon", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00061-00041111-00041408": "So, we'll have to educate ourselves!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00062-00041738-00042189": "My wife Savitri is my first student", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00063-00042188-00042448": "She'll now help me to teach you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00064-00042449-00042769": "This is how we'll spread knowledge", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00065-00042769-00043367": "because that is a wealth which should be distributed", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00066-00043366-00043966": "This is the first school for low-caste girls", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00067-00043967-00044238": "We welcome boys but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00068-00044237-00044610": "we believe that it is the girls", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00069-00044611-00044928": "who'll help mold future generations", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00070-00044928-00045138": "There will be opposition but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00071-00045138-00045459": "we must carry on bravely", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00072-00045458-00045871": "because we are on the right path", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00073-00045872-00046356": "I wish you luck in your studies", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00074-00046893-00047193": "All right children! You can home now!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00075-00047193-00047492": "We'll begin your studies tomorrow", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00076-00048788-00048945": "Bring Lakshmi everyday", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00077-00048945-00049145": "We'll teach her many good things", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00078-00049145-00049522": "to read and write some grammar, some arithmetic", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00079-00049522-00049724": "Bring her every day!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00080-00051231-00051568": "A fitting punishment to the polluters of religion!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00081-00051568-00051795": "Be brave! This is just the beginning!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00082-00051795-00052039": "Society can only throw mud at us!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00083-00052038-00052381": "What else can it do?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00084-00052382-00052683": "A stagnant, rotting society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00085-00052682-00053105": "sinking in its own mire!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00086-00053106-00053337": "When the lower castes are educated", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00087-00053336-00053509": "we'll overturn this society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00088-00053510-00053773": "We'll wash away its stains", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00089-00053960-00054313": "The work you have begun is courageous", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00090-00054314-00054721": "No married woman can cross the threshold of her home", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00091-00054721-00054938": "and teach like you are doing !", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00092-00054938-00055229": "Hold your head high with pride", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00093-00055228-00055527": "Some day we'll prove that we were right!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00094-00055702-00056206": "What happened? What's wrong with Savitri?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00095-00056206-00056363": "Nothing father!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00096-00056363-00056603": "Then why is she crying?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00097-00056603-00057087": "Why is there mud on her sari?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00098-00057087-00057387": "When she was returning from school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00099-00057387-00057554": "Some boys threw mud at her", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00100-00057554-00057801": "What did you expect? Flowers?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00101-00057801-00058038": "I told you a hundred times", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00102-00058038-00058382": "not to defy religion", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00103-00058381-00058724": "Shudras and women have no right to read and write", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00104-00058725-00058902": "You refuse to listen", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00105-00058902-00059359": "Your school has antagonized every Brahmin in Poona", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00106-00059359-00059656": "Not all Brahmins!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00107-00059656-00060053": "A few enlightened ones support us", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00108-00060053-00060374": "I made a mistake by sending you to school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00109-00060373-00060783": "Those missionary teachers have spoilt you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00110-00060784-00061014": "Had I listened to my people would not", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00111-00061014-00061218": "regret this day", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00112-00061217-00061681": "Do what you want but why drag your wife into this?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00113-00061681-00062969": "Only education can save our country and religion", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00114-00062969-00063269": "Who made this rule that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00115-00063269-00063629": "a Brahmin has a right to education, not a Shudra?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00116-00063630-00063967": "The Brahmins made this rule, isn't it?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00117-00063967-00064191": "That is God's will!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00118-00064190-00064617": "Why drag God into all this?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00119-00064617-00064997": "no country and in no religion", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00120-00064998-00065225": "did God write any book", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00121-00065225-00065409": "They were all written by men", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00122-00065408-00065708": "and theologians would have us believe that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00123-00065709-00066136": "it is God's will so that we won't question it", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00124-00066136-00066790": "Shudras and women are being oppressed in the name of God", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00125-00066790-00067074": "I don't want to argue with you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00126-00067073-00067373": "I know only one thing: we must obey", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00127-00067374-00067673": "the rules made by our forefather", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00128-00068294-00068628": "I have also made a rule", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00129-00068628-00069001": "Follow me now", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00130-00069002-00069259": "Falter not! Fear not!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00131-00069259-00069463": "Discard Manu's rules!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00132-00069462-00069675": "Learn and teach", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00133-00069676-00069863": "Education is happiness", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00134-00069863-00070090": "Listen to what Jyoti says", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00135-00070090-00070277": "Nonsense!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00136-00070276-00070903": "The Mission School has given you stupid ideas", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00137-00070904-00071325": "Someone must have told you I've accepted Christianity", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00138-00071324-00071757": "What? Is this true?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00139-00071758-00072059": "Conversion is not the solution, father!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00140-00072058-00072425": "Though I agree with some aspects of Christianity", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00141-00072425-00072638": "I prefer to remain a Hindu", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00142-00072639-00072913": "and reform Hinduism", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00143-00072912-00073262": "I refuse to listen to any excuse", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00144-00073263-00073607": "You must close down your school and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00145-00073606-00073866": "your wife must stop teaching", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00146-00073867-00074017": "That's impossible!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00147-00074017-00074271": "Everything is possible", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00148-00074270-00074570": "I am telling you for the last time", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00149-00074571-00074901": "If you don't listen to me and the people", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00150-00074901-00075305": "I'll not keep you and your wife in this house", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00151-00075305-00075522": "You must leave!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00152-00075522-00075963": "As you wish! I cannot change my convictions", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00153-00075962-00076188": "We'll leave the house", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00154-00076369-00076682": "Savitri! Pack your belongings!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00155-00076683-00076980": "This is just the beginning!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00156-00078098-00078397": "You have gone mad, Jyoti!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00157-00080467-00080978": "Come Annasaheb Chiplunkar! Please be seated!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00158-00080977-00081414": "I was sorry to hear of your troubles", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00159-00081414-00081674": "It was inevitable!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00160-00081674-00082138": "However, I regretted closing down the school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00161-00082138-00082501": "We cannot run it from here but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00162-00082502-00082763": "we'll open a new school soon", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00163-00082762-00082949": "That's very good", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00164-00082949-00083202": "We need your help!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00165-00083203-00083323": "How can I help you?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00166-00083323-00083707": "It concerns the Dakshina Prize. You've heard of it?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00167-00083707-00084221": "Yes! The Peshwas allotted a large sum every year", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00168-00084220-00084560": "to be given to Brahmins as donation", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00169-00084561-00084901": "The British continued the tradition", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00170-00084901-00085202": "Now some enlightened Brahmins feel that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00171-00085201-00085538": "this money should be given to new writers", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00172-00085538-00085905": "rather than some idle Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00173-00085905-00086329": "Such a petition has even been sent to the Governor", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00174-00086329-00086629": "Correct!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00175-00086629-00086916": "What do you have to do with it?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00176-00086916-00087430": "I got Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Vishnupant Ranade and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00177-00087430-00087663": "Vishnupant Bhide to sign it!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00178-00087664-00087738": "Then?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00179-00087737-00088144": "The orthodox Brahmins are opposing the petition", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00180-00088144-00088467": "They claim that the matter is a religious one", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00181-00088468-00088688": "and the Governor should not interfere", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00182-00089059-00089643": "The orthodox want to preserve obsolete traditions", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00183-00089642-00090062": "What religious pride! What patriotism!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00184-00090063-00090410": "They also want to drive out the British!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00185-00090410-00090864": "They refuse to change but wish to overthrow the British", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00186-00090864-00091230": "And they call me a traitor!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00187-00091464-00091804": "Forget it! How can I help you?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00188-00091805-00092105": "I think if you sign the petition", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00189-00092105-00092292": "the orthodox dare not attack us", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00190-00092292-00092706": "I think that will provoke them even more", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00191-00092705-00092921": "They are afraid of you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00192-00093223-00093627": "If you think including my name will help you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00193-00093626-00093993": "then please go ahead", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00194-00093993-00094443": "For me, the rise of Marathi is the progress of Shudras", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00195-00094444-00094618": "Very true!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00196-00094617-00095157": "The orthodox want to proceed against the petitioners", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00197-00095158-00095402": "They have to be summoned", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00198-00095402-00095619": "to answer for their anti-Sanskrit stance", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00199-00095618-00095737": "I see!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00200-00095912-00096263": "The petitioners are few in number and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00201-00096262-00096562": "the orthodox will collect a large crowd", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00202-00096563-00096876": "We fear we will be physically assaulted", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00203-00097050-00097321": "Don't worry about that!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00204-00097320-00097750": "I'll send 200 shudra wrestlers to protect you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00205-00097751-00097944": "Then there'll be no problem", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00206-00098091-00098322": "What a sight it will be!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00207-00098321-00098861": "Marat hi-loving shudras protecting reformist Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00208-00099049-00099419": "It is our duty to protect the common man's language", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00209-00099419-00099593": "Don't worry, Annasaheb", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00210-00099592-00099899": "We'll end this practice of donations", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00211-00099899-00099905": "We'll end this practice of donations", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00212-00099906-00100133": "What a shame!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00213-00100133-00100557": "You let the procession pass unhindered?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00214-00100557-00100834": "No wonder they are claiming victory", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00215-00100834-00101104": "How could we tackle the Shudras?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00216-00101104-00101315": "They were all over the place", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00217-00101314-00101774": "That gardener Phule is behind all this", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00218-00101775-00102035": "He has misled the Shudras", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00219-00102035-00102185": "How dare he!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00220-00102185-00102486": "The Brahmins are no better!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00221-00102485-00102748": "Running to him for help!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00222-00102749-00102970": "Phule's opening a school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00223-00102969-00103062": "Where?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00224-00103063-00103233": "At the old Ganj Peth!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00225-00103233-00103533": "Vishnupant Thatte, a Brahmin, teaches there", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00226-00103533-00103800": "There's a limit to tolerance", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00227-00103800-00104211": "Make this Thatte's miserable", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00228-00104210-00104600": "Night or day, harass him!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00229-00104601-00104795": "A traitor to his caste!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00230-00104794-00105144": "This Phule has exceeded all limits", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00231-00105145-00105589": "It is time we put a stop to him permanently!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00232-00105588-00105597": "It is time we put a stop to him permanently!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00233-00106222-00106449": "Don't you dare scream", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00234-00106449-00106532": "Who are you?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00235-00106533-00106757": "Ramoshis! We want to kill you!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00236-00106756-00106872": "Why? What have I done?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00237-00106873-00107260": "We don't know! We have accepted a contract", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00238-00107550-00108099": "If my death benefits the Ramoshis then go ahead", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00239-00108565-00108865": "We have sworn to teach their children", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00240-00108865-00109322": "Remember him and continue your work after my death", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00241-00109462-00109602": "What did you say?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00242-00109602-00109902": "I told my wife not to discontinue teaching", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00243-00109903-00110347": "the children of shudras after my death", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00244-00110346-00110753": "It is my good fortune to die teaching", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00245-00110754-00110954": "the children of shudras", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00246-00110954-00111271": "They didn't say you taught shudras", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00247-00111271-00111588": "Why would they tell you?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00248-00111588-00111838": "They have always denied you knowledge", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00249-00111838-00112302": "and compelled you to kill and rob for a living", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00250-00112302-00112732": "They use you to destroy your own people", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00251-00113029-00113469": "How long will a thousand rupees last? Tell me?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00252-00113470-00113933": "Will your children be criminals like you?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00253-00113933-00114130": "Illiterate humans?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00254-00114130-00114520": "Hiding in jungles all their lives?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00255-00114521-00114820": "Do you want Rs. 1000 or the lives of your children?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00256-00115805-00116315": "B for Bakara (Lamb)", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00257-00116316-00116846": "N for Nagada (Drum)", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00258-00117353-00117426": "Speak", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00259-00118224-00118467": "Why have you come here?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00260-00118468-00118695": "Did you recognize us?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00261-00118695-00118925": "Yes! What do you want?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00262-00118925-00119306": "We want to learn, be human!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00263-00119305-00119652": "We have brought our children.", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00264-00119652-00119842": "Will you teach them?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00265-00119843-00119996": "And also us?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00266-00120093-00120393": "Sit down", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00267-00120750-00120999": "Repeat what I say!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00268-00122752-00122948": "Madam!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00269-00122949-00123143": "Mr. Thatte!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00270-00123143-00123580": "You were absent for two days! Are you well?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00271-00123580-00123994": "Yes but...it is difficult to go to the school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00272-00123993-00124293": "Why? What happened?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00273-00124294-00124541": "A few boys follow me", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00274-00124541-00124731": "They call me names!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00275-00124731-00124941": "Even threaten to assault me!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00276-00124941-00125185": "I am afraid that they may", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00277-00125185-00125802": "abuse my wife while I am at school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00278-00125802-00125946": "It has become a big problem", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00279-00125945-00126102": "She's alone at home!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00280-00126102-00126335": "Then don't come to school", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00281-00126336-00126635": "till matters cool down", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00282-00126880-00127117": "There was something else", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00283-00127117-00127290": "What's it?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00284-00127420-00127843": "I have a close friend whose sister is a widow", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00285-00127844-00128415": "She is in trouble and she needs help", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00286-00128415-00128715": "What's the problem?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00287-00128715-00129129": "Not here! Can you come with me?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00288-00129129-00129366": "I've not informed my husband", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00289-00129365-00129665": "It won't take long. He stays nearby", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00290-00129666-00129916": "I'll take you back home", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00291-00129916-00130072": "Let's go!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00292-00130884-00131278": "Keshavrao! Tell Savitribai everything", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00293-00131277-00131577": "If anyone can save us from this hassle then", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00294-00131578-00131841": "it is Savitribai and her husband Jyotirao", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00295-00132025-00132232": "It is a matter of great shame", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00296-00132232-00132462": "Forget it! Tell Savitribai", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00297-00132462-00132706": "What can I say?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00298-00132849-00133310": "My sister was widowed two years back", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00299-00133309-00133896": "Then...one of our relatives", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00300-00133897-00134341": "in this very house", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00301-00134340-00134680": "Now she is pregnant. I don't know what to do!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00302-00134681-00134941": "Everyone at home is disturbed", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00303-00134941-00135395": "Sometimes I wonder why she doesn't die!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00304-00135395-00135749": "Don't say that! We must help Kashibai", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00305-00135748-00136195": "How? We don't have any relatives outside Poona", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00306-00136196-00136533": "so that she can give birth quietly", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00307-00136533-00136947": "I'll talk to my husband. He'll find a way out", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00308-00136946-00137533": "Please help us! We'll never forget the favour!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00309-00137534-00137794": "Can I meet Kashibai?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00310-00137794-00138065": "Would you like to meet her?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00311-00138064-00138374": "Yes! Nothing can be done without meeting her", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00312-00138374-00138477": "Any objections?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00313-00138478-00138778": "None whatsoever! Go in and meet her!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00314-00140166-00140546": "How are you, Kashibai?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00315-00140870-00141169": "I have spoken to your brother", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00316-00141311-00141924": "I have told him that I shall help you and your child", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00317-00142205-00142411": "Understand onething, Kashibai", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00318-00142589-00142929": "I am not doing this to save your family from dishonour", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00319-00143093-00143467": "Nor to save the man who did this to you!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00320-00143466-00143833": "Whatever I do, it will be for you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00321-00143833-00144073": "I want to help you!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00322-00145248-00145652": "Saw that Bapusaheb! North India is in turmoil", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00323-00145652-00146108": "but he sits there calmly writing his book", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00324-00146329-00146682": "What are you writing, Tatyasaheb?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00325-00146683-00146980": "The book is not yet complete but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00326-00146980-00147524": "I've finalized the title. 'Slavery'. How's it?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00327-00147524-00147778": "Good, but a little strong!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00328-00147777-00147980": "I want a strong title", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00329-00147981-00148365": "What's this about north India?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00330-00148364-00148664": "There's a major revolt in Kanpur and Delhi", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00331-00148665-00148959": "The Indian regiments have revolted", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00332-00148958-00149211": "Both Hindus and Muslims are opposing British rule", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00333-00149212-00149399": "I see!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00334-00149399-00149696": "What! No other comment?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00335-00149696-00150057": "It doesn't deserve any further comment", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00336-00150056-00150426": "The British will crush this revolt like the others", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00337-00150426-00150726": "There were several revolts in Maharashtra", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00338-00150727-00150921": "between 1822 and 1846", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00339-00150920-00151243": "All of them were crushed", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00340-00151244-00151501": "This one may succeed", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00341-00151501-00152115": "Even if it is so, who will replace the British?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00342-00152115-00152589": "The same people who gave away India", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00343-00152589-00152906": "on a silver platter to the British", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00344-00152906-00153293": "What use are rebellions if society does not change?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00345-00153293-00153593": "There'll be thousands of martyrs, what else!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00346-00153593-00154047": "Do you think till caste differences are eliminated", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00347-00154047-00154344": "and society changes itself", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00348-00154344-00154611": "the British should rule?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00349-00154611-00154908": "No! I don't say we should confront the British", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00350-00154908-00155302": "after we have removed all ills of society but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00351-00155301-00155721": "our thick skinned society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00352-00155722-00155982": "must show some signs of change", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00353-00155982-00156256": "Something must change somewhere!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00354-00156256-00156757": "There should be some effort to get out of the swamp!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00355-00156756-00157253": "Till that happens, what's the point of any struggle?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00356-00157253-00157470": "I cannot support a nationalism", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00357-00157470-00157863": "which says all is well with our society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00358-00157864-00158285": "British rule has brought new winds to our country", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00359-00158284-00158484": "Take education", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00360-00158485-00158852": "Would the orthodox Brahmins ever allow us", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00361-00158852-00159139": "to open schools for the backward castes?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00362-00159472-00159889": "We all know that the British are not going to", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00363-00159889-00160062": "rule this country for ever!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00364-00160063-00160236": "Even then", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00365-00160436-00160796": "Is it a meeting? The very people we wanted to meet!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00366-00160797-00161098": "No, Mr. Thatte! We are leaving", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00367-00161097-00161504": "We came here to give news, became a discussion", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00368-00161504-00161941": "Jyotirao's another name is discussion rao", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00369-00162338-00162742": "Is everything all right, Mr. Thatte. You're not to be seen", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00370-00162742-00162952": "My troubles continue as before but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00371-00162952-00163235": "we've something else to tell you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00372-00163236-00163520": "Mr. Thatte took me to a friend's house", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00373-00163520-00163727": "He has a widowed sister", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00374-00163726-00164310": "Some relative tricked her. Now she's pregnant.", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00375-00164310-00164433": "Can we help her?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00376-00164434-00164755": "What can we do? They are Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00377-00164754-00165054": "I've given them my word", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00378-00165054-00165388": "It is not an unusual problem", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00379-00165388-00166038": "Orthodox Brahmins do not allow widow re-marriage", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00380-00166039-00166323": "The needs of the body cannot be denied", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00381-00166322-00166532": "It is a self-created problem", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00382-00166533-00166767": "She's in a state of shock", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00383-00166766-00167036": "She's terribly frightened", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00384-00167036-00167400": "There's no safe place where she can deliver", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00385-00167400-00167803": "What help do they expect from us?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00386-00167804-00168225": "Can we bring her here for her delivery?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00387-00168224-00168497": "Here?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00388-00168498-00168845": "Haven't we provoked the Brahmins enough?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00389-00168845-00169062": "Only you can do it, Tatyasaheb", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00390-00169062-00169710": "You said women are treated badly in our society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00391-00169709-00170009": "So what if she is a Brahmin?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00392-00170009-00170226": "She, too, will be humiliated!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00393-00170226-00170596": "Very good! Heard that, Thatte?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00394-00170597-00171024": "I did not know my wife was such a firebrand", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00395-00171024-00171318": "What can I say but 'yes'?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00396-00171317-00171460": "I didn't want to lecture", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00397-00171461-00171822": "But you could! I am proud of you!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00398-00171821-00172121": "Please arrange to bring Kashibai here", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00399-00172122-00172319": "I ll fetch her tomorrow", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00400-00172318-00172567": "prepare the inner room", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00401-00172765-00173225": "If we find the place, can we not open a shelter", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00402-00173226-00173600": "or an orphanage for women like these?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00403-00173600-00173977": "After all, where can such women go?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00404-00173977-00174421": "There can be no greater service than this!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00405-00174420-00174720": "By doing this we could save many widows from", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00406-00174721-00175085": "committing suicide or foeticide", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00407-00175084-00175334": "First bring Kashibai here", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00408-00175335-00175662": "Then let's see what can be done", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00409-00176543-00176910": "What will you name your son?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00410-00176910-00177120": "Yeshwant!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00411-00177120-00177373": "That's a nice name", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00412-00178051-00178321": "Yeashwant is a nice name", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00413-00178321-00178585": "Why not adopt him?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00414-00178585-00178972": "He needs a family. We need a child", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00415-00178972-00179181": "Of course! Why not?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00416-00180333-00180697": "Who's it? Jamdade? I didn't call for you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00417-00180697-00180934": "I don't need a shave", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00418-00180934-00181281": "I had come for Kashibai", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00419-00181281-00181491": "the widow who is staying with you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00420-00181491-00182008": "What for? O I see! To shave her head!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00421-00182008-00182155": "Yes! She sent a message", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00422-00182155-00182386": "How dare you!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00423-00182385-00182742": "You know I am against shaving a widow's head", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00424-00182742-00183042": "You know I am against it and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00425-00183042-00183402": "you are here to shave her head. In my house?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00426-00183403-00184087": "Don't be angry! I myself don't like this work", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00427-00184087-00184478": "but she called for me", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00428-00184477-00184937": "I am not angry with you. It's not your fault", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00429-00184938-00185298": "If you and your people don't like this work", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00430-00185298-00185709": "why don't you refuse to do it?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00431-00185708-00186112": "Tell the Brahmins to pick up the razor themselves", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00432-00186112-00186448": "if they want to continue this barbaric custom", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00433-00186653-00186953": "In fact, till they give up this horrible custom", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00434-00186953-00187417": "you all should refuse to shave them", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00435-00187417-00187657": "You are right!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00436-00187657-00187958": "Show some courage. Only then will it stop", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00437-00187957-00188137": "That's the only way ahead", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00438-00188548-00189102": "1873 is a crucial year in the Dalit movement", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00439-00189102-00189553": "This was the year Jyotirao Phule published 'Slavery'", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00440-00189552-00190029": "The contents of the book angered orthodox Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00441-00190029-00190389": "Jyotirao! This time you have bitten off", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00442-00190390-00190650": "more than you can chew or digest", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00443-00190650-00190897": "I'll see to that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00444-00190897-00191198": "What is it this time?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00445-00191197-00191370": "This book!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00446-00191371-00191848": "How dare you say Manu imposed slavery on shudras?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00447-00191848-00192175": "The caste system is sanctioned by the Vedas", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00448-00192175-00192499": "Do you deny that the Vedas were written by God?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00449-00192499-00192873": "I am convinced that no book in this world", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00450-00192872-00193131": "is written by God", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00451-00193296-00193573": "If some people like to believe that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00452-00193573-00193767": "the Vedas were written by God", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00453-00193766-00194046": "then they can do so but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00454-00194047-00194414": "the Shudras should not believe it", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00455-00194414-00194898": "because the Scriptures enslave them", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00456-00194898-00195155": "You are teaching them to hate Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00457-00195155-00195489": "No! The Brahmins are my brothers", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00458-00195488-00195858": "and hence I am ashamed of their black deeds", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00459-00195859-00196099": "I have no enemity with Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00460-00196099-00196396": "My fight is against Brahmanism!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00461-00196576-00196877": "You better understand that the shudras are", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00462-00196876-00197109": "this country's strength", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00463-00197110-00197447": "Now we must take advice from you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00464-00197447-00197891": "Look here! You cannot serve society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00465-00197891-00198121": "with these idiotic and defamatory books", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00466-00198121-00198702": "Nor can you, by saying the Vedas are divine", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00467-00198701-00199241": "or that I publish idiotic and defamatory books", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00468-00199242-00199596": "or that I should learn Marathi grammar", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00469-00199596-00199973": "before writing anything", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00470-00199973-00200273": "Not one of you so-called intellectuals", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00471-00200273-00200590": "can answer any of my questions", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00472-00200590-00201138": "That's why this pretence of superiority", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00473-00201137-00201417": "Poona is said to be a city of intellectuals", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00474-00201417-00201717": "but with people like you even that is in decline", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00475-00201718-00202289": "By opposing us, you are betraying the country", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00476-00202288-00202601": "You cannot stop the reformation of society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00477-00202602-00203013": "If you try to do that you'll be swallowed", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00478-00203012-00203471": "You can then curse but no one will pay any attention", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00479-00204224-00204554": "Encouraged by the success of the book 'Slavery'", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00480-00204554-00204731": "Jyotirao Phule founded", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00481-00204731-00205080": "the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00482-00205428-00206125": "Both the Brahmo Samaj and the Prarthana Samaj", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00483-00206125-00206609": "were founded by very learned people", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00484-00206609-00207079": "However, both concentrate on upper caste reforms", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00485-00207080-00207461": "All the talkative reformers have collected there", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00486-00207460-00207703": "No one is interested in", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00487-00207704-00208051": "understanding and ending the caste system", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00488-00208051-00208508": "There are many who praise them!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00489-00208508-00209069": "Theirs is a mutual admiration society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00490-00209068-00209338": "Please clarify, Tatyasaheb", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00491-00209339-00209973": "Of course! You all know Mahadevrao Ranade", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00492-00209973-00210237": "He is a noted reformist", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00493-00210236-00210426": "Once I spoke to him", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00494-00210426-00211036": "I wanted to congratulate you on your second marriage", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00495-00211037-00211193": "but did not feel like it", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00496-00211357-00211757": "You are a leader among the reformers in Maharashtra!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00497-00211758-00212005": "Forgive me for my frankness", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00498-00212005-00212479": "but if a groom of 32 years marries", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00499-00212478-00212762": "a girl of 11 years", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00500-00212762-00213061": "how can we bring about social reform?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00501-00213233-00213546": "People honour and respect you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00502-00213546-00213889": "So, no one said anything", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00503-00213890-00214381": "I am a Kunbi farmer. I've no fear and so, I can say this!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00504-00214380-00215054": "You probably don't know I had to remarry", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00505-00215054-00215408": "on my father's insistence", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00506-00215408-00215848": "I know my wife is very young", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00507-00215848-00216148": "Your marriage is in accordance with", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00508-00216149-00216636": "neither your status nor your social ideology", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00509-00216636-00216970": "When reformers like you don't practise what you preach", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00510-00216970-00217327": "the movement regresses by ten years", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00511-00217327-00217547": "I don't think this is right!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00512-00217547-00217871": "This happened two years ago!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00513-00217871-00218238": "A similar event took place recently", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00514-00218238-00218538": "With the exception of Vishnu Shastri Pandit", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00515-00218538-00218942": "there isn't a single high caste reformer", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00516-00218942-00219259": "who practises what he preaches", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00517-00219259-00219509": "Do you know what Ranade did", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00518-00219509-00219766": "when his sister became a widow?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00519-00219766-00220257": "I am familiar with your arguments but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00520-00220256-00220900": "the truth is everyone is opposed to this remarriage", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00521-00220900-00221704": "As it is I am called a heretic all over Poona", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00522-00221704-00222024": "I didn't allow my sister's head to be shaved", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00523-00222025-00222566": "for this the Brahmins are already annoyed with me", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00524-00222565-00222888": "Now if I allow her remarriage the Brahmins", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00525-00222889-00223599": "will swoop upon me like a swarm of bees", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00526-00223887-00224173": "And you are so scared of it", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00527-00224173-00224473": "that you are prepared to ruin your sister's life", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00528-00224734-00225227": "You are compelling her to spend her best years", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00529-00225228-00225638": "reciting Scriptures in a dark room!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00530-00225865-00226164": "Condemned to a life of loneliness", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00531-00226426-00226727": "If you insist on doing this", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00532-00226726-00227186": "then there isn't a greater fraud than you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00533-00227187-00227537": "Your tongue moves but not your feet", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00534-00227537-00228014": "You merely hunger for titles and honours", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00535-00228014-00228215": "You merely want to be felicitated", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00536-00228214-00228427": "and known as a leader of the society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00537-00228428-00228678": "you want to be known as", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00538-00228678-00228945": "pseudo reformer with modern outlook", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00539-00229312-00229815": "Has orthodoxy and ritualism eroded your soul?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00540-00230310-00230617": "If so, we Kunbis are better than you!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00541-00230617-00230964": "We have no social prestige or status but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00542-00230964-00231263": "we practise what we preach", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00543-00231721-00232062": "I am disappointed and saddened", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00544-00232268-00232568": "I had not expected you to surrender", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00545-00232569-00232867": "to obnoxious social customs", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00546-00233109-00233426": "What I mean is high caste reformers behave", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00547-00233426-00233945": "as if they are members of a social club", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00548-00234080-00234423": "People will praise them, write books on them", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00549-00234424-00234771": "but society will not progress", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00550-00234771-00235242": "Shudras will have to take society ahead", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00551-00235241-00235637": "That's why the Satyashodhak Samaj is being founded", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00552-00235825-00236292": "Friends! I pray to you to accept that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00553-00236292-00236749": "there is one God and we are his children", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00554-00236749-00237026": "I call upon you to reject any middleman", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00555-00237026-00237309": "between you and God!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00556-00237310-00237574": "We don't need priests", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00557-00237573-00237894": "They cheat us in the name of birth, death and marriage", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00558-00237894-00238151": "Let's get rid of them forever", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00559-00238151-00238448": "A day will come when historians will say", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00560-00238448-00238749": "the Satyashodhak Samaj was the first institution", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00561-00238748-00238991": "to bring about true reform", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00562-00239322-00239856": "Please become members of the Satyashodhak Samaj", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00563-00239856-00240227": "Give me workers who will go to villages", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00564-00240226-00240513": "and fight against the caste system", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00565-00240513-00240790": "If they can sing then so much the better", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00566-00240790-00241220": "They'll propagate our message through songs", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00567-00242452-00242929": "The Sun gives its light equally to all", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00568-00242929-00243447": "The moon for all is the same and so is the rain!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00569-00243446-00243832": "Why are not all humans equal?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00570-00245064-00245344": "Humanity is a gift of God!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00571-00245345-00245759": "Given equally to all!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00572-00245758-00245988": "The pride of Brahmanism is hollow!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00573-00245989-00246256": "False is the creed of untouchability!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00574-00246256-00246686": "Says Jyotiba: Recognise the Truth!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00575-00248321-00248685": "Good of you to come so promptly, Dr. Ghole!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00576-00248685-00249049": "I heard Vishnupant Chiplunkar is very ill", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00577-00249048-00249291": "I want you to examine him!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00578-00249292-00249586": "Vishnu Shastri is the leader of the orthodox", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00579-00249586-00249853": "He has indulged in mud-slinging", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00580-00249852-00250196": "He calls himself the Shivaji of Marathi language!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00581-00250196-00250513": "He defames you at every opportunity", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00582-00250513-00250866": "Aren't there Brahmin doctors in Poona? Why call me?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00583-00250867-00251431": "There are! But none of them is your equal!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00584-00251431-00251788": "Vishnupant is a good man", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00585-00251788-00252089": "His patriotism is praiseworthy", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00586-00252088-00252388": "He is not a mere talker", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00587-00252388-00252745": "He practises what he preaches", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00588-00252745-00253045": "We must oppose such orthodox Brahmins but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00589-00253046-00253276": "we must not hate them", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00590-00253276-00253546": "or be angry with them on a personal level", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00591-00253746-00253932": "Please go and attend to him!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00592-00254878-00255148": "Vishnu Shastri's stomach is burning", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00593-00255148-00255449": "The vaidya's medicine has had no effect", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00594-00255448-00255727": "He is writhing and screaming with pain", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00595-00256636-00256802": "The doctor has come!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00596-00257200-00257581": "Was there only a kunbi doctor in the whole of Poona?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00597-00257580-00258056": "I have to die then why at the hands of a shudra?", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00598-00258918-00259301": "It is better to drink poison than your medicine", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00599-00259302-00259833": "You hate all Brahmins the religion of the Aryas", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00600-00259832-00260032": "The missionaries are better than you!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00601-00260033-00260333": "Your minds have already become Christian", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00602-00260333-00260954": "Go away doctor! I don't want to see your face!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00603-00260954-00261364": "I won't be treated by a Brahmin hater", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00604-00262068-00262432": "Forgive me, Dr. Ghole! should have known", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00605-00262432-00262672": "that Vishnu Shastri may insult you", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00606-00262949-00263250": "Vishnu Shastri is no more!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00607-00263249-00263598": "It is rumoured he took poison", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00608-00263720-00264187": "The police want a doctor's certificate", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00609-00264187-00264544": "saying the death was a natural one", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00610-00264544-00265101": "They'll not release the body till they get the certificate", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00611-00265338-00265659": "I must trouble you once again, doctor", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00612-00265658-00265898": "You may not like it", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00613-00265899-00266276": "True, Vishnu Shastri was a narrow-minded man", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00614-00266276-00266549": "but he was undoubtedly sincere", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00615-00266686-00267086": "Such a man should not face such indignity", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00616-00267220-00267454": "Dr. Ghole you visited him yesterday", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00617-00267453-00267930": "Certify that Vishnu Shastri died of natural causes", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00618-00267931-00268525": "Your tolerance and generosity is boundless", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00619-00268524-00268824": "Ill write such a certificate", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00620-00268825-00269239": "Shastriji would not have accepted my certificate", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00621-00269239-00269563": "but his death has solved that problem", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00622-00269562-00269975": "I had heard that Death ends all enmity", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00623-00270109-00270419": "Today, I've experienced it!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00624-00270420-00270600": "Today, I've experienced it!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00625-00270420-00270914": "Victory to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00626-00271371-00272129": "Friends! to an illiterate man like me", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00627-00272128-00272458": "the love and devotion you have shown", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00628-00272458-00272757": "I have no words to thank you for that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00629-00273006-00273443": "Recently, at the residence of Hari Raoji", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00630-00273443-00273810": "the Duke and Duchess of Connaught were honoured", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00631-00273810-00274174": "I was also invited but", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00632-00274173-00274473": "I was barred from attending because", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00633-00274474-00274894": "I went in the ordinary clothes of a farmer", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00634-00275044-00275508": "Later when I was introduced to the Duke I told him", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00635-00275508-00276045": "that what he was seeing was not the real India", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00636-00276045-00276589": "Expensive clothes, jewels, grandeur", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00637-00276589-00276782": "This is not India!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00638-00276783-00277186": "All this is like moss on stagnant water", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00639-00277377-00277838": "India over which your mother Queen Victoria rules", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00640-00277837-00278097": "is in the villages where", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00641-00278097-00278744": "lakhs of starving, naked people stay", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00642-00278745-00279142": "There is ignorance, misery and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00643-00279142-00279489": "exploitation in the name of religion and caste", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00644-00279489-00279936": "Where man is compelled to live like an animal", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00645-00279936-00280297": "That is real India!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00646-00280296-00281096": "I asked the Duke if he would like to see the real India", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00647-00281097-00281617": "Victory to Mahatma Phule!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00648-00281868-00282275": "It is to fight for the rights of these people that", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00649-00282275-00282572": "we have established the Satyashodhak Samaj", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00650-00282572-00282873": "Our work is not yet done", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00651-00282872-00283228": "We must fight till we have won all rights", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00652-00283429-00283729": "The upper castes, through the Sarvajanik Sabha and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00653-00283730-00283920": "the Indian National Congress", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00654-00283920-00284194": "in the name of Hindutva have started", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00655-00284193-00284493": "an agitation demanding more rights", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00656-00284494-00284614": "That is good!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00657-00284614-00285015": "Thirty years after his death in 1890", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00658-00285014-00285314": "Jyotirao Phule's desire for a broad-based", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00659-00285315-00285649": "political movement for rights was fulfilled", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00660-00285648-00285858": "when the Indian National Congress became", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00661-00285858-00286288": "a mass organization under Mahatma Gandhi", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00662-00286289-00286746": "In 1932 when he was in the Yerawada Jail", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00663-00286746-00287113": "Gandhiji recognized Phule's vision and said:", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00664-00287113-00287461": "Jyotirao Phule was a true Mahatma", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00665-00287460-00288050": "That's why I say: stand by the Satyashodhak Samaj", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00666-00288051-00288385": "and see that it progresses", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00667-00288384-00288757": "If we are united, we can reform the society", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00668-00288758-00289204": "Victory to Mahatma Phule!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00669-00289702-00290126": "If the Shudras toil together", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00670-00290126-00290585": "The truth is, they'll never starve!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00671-00290990-00291413": "If children of Shudras become literate", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00672-00291414-00291848": "their lives will be prosperous", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00673-00292265-00292692": "Do not give alms to the evi", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00674-00292692-00293126": "Nor refuge to the gambler or drunkard", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00675-00293126-00293553": "The exploiters cannot be called just!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00676-00293553-00293987": "Those who teach hate are not religious!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00677-00294390-00294820": "Be he Muslim, Christian or Shudra", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00678-00294821-00295244": "They are all brothers and children of God!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00679-00295665-00296099": "It is bad to talk of high and low castes", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00680-00296099-00296522": "This will not bring prosperity", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00681-00296953-00297390": "God resides where Truth is spoken", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00682-00297390-00297817": "Happiness abounds where God resides!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00683-00298241-00298668": "There can be no Truth without knowledge!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00684-00298668-00299092": "Education leads to Knowledge!", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00685-00300553-00300960": "In the past the caste system has not only led", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00686-00300960-00301520": "to the oppression of certain groups but also", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00687-00301521-00301888": "to the separation of scholastic learning", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00688-00301888-00302159": "from craftsmanship and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00689-00302158-00302761": "the divorce of philosophy from actual life", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00690-00302762-00303270": "This outlook has to change completely because", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00691-00303269-00303569": "it is opposed to modern conditions and", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00692-00303569-00304026": "the democratic idea", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00693-00304027-00304444": "The spirit of the age is in favour of equality", "h_gv4QYOshQ-00694-00304444-00315715": "In India, we must aim at equality"}}, {"audio_id": "h_Gy2gtQ5nE", "text": {"h_Gy2gtQ5nE-00000-00020708-00024000": "This happens when threes fall or are cut down"}}, {"audio_id": "h_KEZIXI_kU", "text": {"h_KEZIXI_kU-00000-00000000-00001011": "SCP-788 magma carp | object class: euclid", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00001-00001172-00001516": "Item #: SCP-788", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00002-00001516-00001777": "Object Class: Euclid", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00003-00001777-00002464": "Special Containment Procedures: SCP-788 is contained at Site ██ in a high-temperature", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00004-00002464-00003060": "ceramic lined chamber 25 m in diameter, filled with molten lead kept at a temperature of", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00005-00003060-00003361": "900 degrees Centigrade.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00006-00003361-00003946": "If SCP-788 becomes active or attempts to break containment, its containment chamber is to", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00007-00003946-00004351": "be cooled until SCP-788 ceases movement.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00008-00004351-00005053": "SCP-788 is to be fed 500g pellets of iron and magnesium on a daily basis.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00009-00005053-00005658": "Description: SCP-788 is a creature resembling an African carp (Labeo coubie), approximately", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00010-00005658-00006700": "3.2 m in length and composed entirely of ultramafic magma with a 'skin' of cracked picritic basalt.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00011-00006700-00007354": "It is currently estimated to have a core temperature of approximately 1475 degrees Centigrade,", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00012-00007354-00007695": "though its skin temperature is typically much lower.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00013-00007695-00008275": "Samples obtained from SCP-788 have shown no differentiation or internal structure.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00014-00008275-00008932": "SCP-788 has been observed with simple behavior identical to that of a typical water-dwelling", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00015-00008932-00009083": "fish.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00016-00009083-00009519": "It does not exhibit unusual strength for a creature of its size, though its sheer size", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00017-00009519-00010019": "and mass can result in damage to its containment cell if it becomes agitated.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00018-00010019-00010704": "SCP-788 consumes several types of ore and minerals, with a preference for iron and magnesium,", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00019-00010704-00010995": "though it has not been observed excreting any material.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00020-00010995-00011738": "Since its containment, SCP-788 has grown approximately 22 cm in length.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00021-00011738-00012331": "SCP-788 was discovered following the 19██ eruption of [REDACTED].", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00022-00012331-00012853": "It is currently theorized that multiple instances of SCP-788 may exist in the mantle layer of", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00023-00012853-00013288": "the earth, and the eruption of [REDACTED] may have brought SCP-788 to the surface.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00024-00013288-00013875": "Contingencies are currently in place if another instance of SCP-788 is discovered by Foundation", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00025-00013875-00014001": "or civilian assets.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00026-00014001-00014169": "Addendum 788-01: Incident 788-01", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00027-00014169-00014719": "On █/██/██, SCP-788 became slow and apathetic for a period of approximately", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00028-00014719-00015169": "twenty four (24) days, during which its abdomen swelled considerably.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00029-00015169-00015837": "At the end of this period, SCP-788 produced over ███ spherical objects, presumably", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00030-00015837-00016319": "eggs, with an average diameter of approximately 3 cm.", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00031-00016319-00016919": "Analysis shows that these are composed of the same type of magma as SCP-788, and all", "h_KEZIXI_kU-00032-00016919-00017398": "specimens have been separated into another containment cell and placed under observation."}}, {"audio_id": "hA2GljzEwAA", "text": {"hA2GljzEwAA-00000-00001344-00001712": "god damn it i need to make a new one let's see what's available", "hA2GljzEwAA-00001-00001920-00002984": "showcasing a stylized japanese aesthetic GetsuFumaDen delivers a dynamic", "hA2GljzEwAA-00002-00003080-00003704": "oh hey you guys welcome to a new episode of my 2 yen a web series where i discuss and review", "hA2GljzEwAA-00003-00003704-00004424": "any media that comes to my attention and give it my 2 yen's worth this review will be focusing on a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00004-00004424-00005016": "new game this time around instead of reviewing old games that not many people have played i've got it", "hA2GljzEwAA-00005-00005016-00005656": "let's talk about a new game that i know none of my five subscribers have ever", "hA2GljzEwAA-00006-00005656-00006544": "even seen the game GetsuFumaDen Undying Moon why did i decide to go with this game as my", "hA2GljzEwAA-00007-00006544-00007208": "first attempt at reviewing new games well as you can clearly see from my name i am a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00008-00007208-00007912": "huge sucker when it comes to japanese folklore and this game is just begging me to review it", "hA2GljzEwAA-00009-00008008-00008760": "so let's not waste any time and dig into this game so before i dissect this game let me give", "hA2GljzEwAA-00010-00008760-00009696": "you a quick recap GetsuFumaDen Undying Moon is a remake of the old old old way old game", "hA2GljzEwAA-00011-00009696-00010672": "of just being called GetsuFumaDen on the famicom in 1987 and i know for a fact that some of you if", "hA2GljzEwAA-00012-00010672-00011504": "not all of you just heard about this game unlike a japanese enthusiast and connoisseurs like myself", "hA2GljzEwAA-00013-00011560-00012128": "i have the vast knowledge of these unknown games and knew all of its history and lore", "hA2GljzEwAA-00014-00012232-00013256": "the game was created by konami oh konami the poster child of bad corporate decisions and the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00015-00013256-00014088": "punchline of the gaming industry including youtube getsu fuma den the old one was a side-scrolling", "hA2GljzEwAA-00016-00014088-00014791": "action adventure game with a unique and innovative ideas that were ahead of its time too bad it was a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00017-00014791-00015352": "japanese exclusive the remakes changed the formula a bit and made the game as a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00018-00015352-00016024": "rogue vania more on that in the gameplay section for now let's just focus on the story", "hA2GljzEwAA-00019-00016424-00016912": "in the original game it follows the story of getsu fuma on a quest", "hA2GljzEwAA-00020-00016912-00017504": "in the mad demon island kyokito to avenge his fallen brothers (i'll get to my point don't worry)", "hA2GljzEwAA-00021-00017504-00017928": "to retrieve the legendary pulse sword funny enough named the hadouken", "hA2GljzEwAA-00022-00018032-00018776": "to defeat the demon lord ryokotsuki in the remake you see gets tsufuma standing on a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00023-00018776-00019304": "cliff with a clan's shrine mating overlooking the horizon where ryokotsuki can be seen in the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00024-00019304-00019936": "background fuma sets out to the land of limbo in order to find out the whereabouts of his brother", "hA2GljzEwAA-00025-00020104-00020960": "and that's it that's the story no really that's it this is one of the few cutscenes in the game where", "hA2GljzEwAA-00026-00020960-00021600": "there is any dialogue that explains the story all the other cutscenes are basically boss encounters", "hA2GljzEwAA-00027-00021600-00022160": "and they don't even have any other explanation to the reason the demons were ever set free", "hA2GljzEwAA-00028-00022160-00022640": "what were their motives any plot hooks that could engage the player to continue the story", "hA2GljzEwAA-00029-00022792-00023368": "well the only other cutscene that has any resemblance to the plot is", "hA2GljzEwAA-00030-00023488-00024232": "warning warning spoilers ahead spoilers ahead skip to this part to avoid the spoilers", "hA2GljzEwAA-00031-00024232-00024480": "not like it mattered for this game but whatever", "hA2GljzEwAA-00032-00024592-00025152": "okay so as you venture further in the land of limbo near the end of the game you encounter", "hA2GljzEwAA-00033-00025152-00025768": "getsu rando fuma's older brother next to the statue of the founder which is the original fuuma", "hA2GljzEwAA-00034-00025768-00026456": "from the old game with the legendary sword rando is jealous that he was not chosen for the sword", "hA2GljzEwAA-00035-00026456-00027160": "and decided to fight fuma to regain the title as the leader of the clan and then you fight him", "hA2GljzEwAA-00036-00027327-00028256": "wow so original we haven't seen any stories where you get to fight your siblings in a game such", "hA2GljzEwAA-00037-00028256-00029144": "an original never before seen idea it's not like we've seen this in countless games oh wait we did", "hA2GljzEwAA-00038-00029408-00030008": "also we are already near the end of the game and this is the only plot thread that was presented", "hA2GljzEwAA-00039-00030008-00030712": "to us and it is an unoriginal overused trope that we have seen a million times and to be honest even", "hA2GljzEwAA-00040-00030712-00031368": "if this is the only story third they will ever get this entire fight serves no purpose to the actual", "hA2GljzEwAA-00041-00031368-00032152": "plot you kill rando yippee now what would that give us some sort of new purpose or motivation to", "hA2GljzEwAA-00042-00032152-00032736": "get rid of the demons you were already doing that in the first place do they really have to push", "hA2GljzEwAA-00043-00032736-00033296": "this plot twist of the brother being jealous and losing his senses to claim ownership of the clan", "hA2GljzEwAA-00044-00033360-00033864": "only to have a pointless two-part fight that doesn't improve your character nor", "hA2GljzEwAA-00045-00033864-00034440": "does it add anything new aside now that he is dead and we must kill off the demons", "hA2GljzEwAA-00046-00034592-00035248": "it seems pointless in the original game the brothers were already dead and you set out", "hA2GljzEwAA-00047-00035248-00035928": "on a vengeance quest to retrieve the pulse swords and defeat the demons in one sentence you already", "hA2GljzEwAA-00048-00035928-00036520": "know the motive the journey and the goal and it was presented for a famicom game that you have", "hA2GljzEwAA-00049-00036520-00037144": "to read the manual or whatever has been written in the introduction to figure out the rest it was a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00050-00037144-00037768": "waste of time just to make these two cutscenes just to throw in an onisan complex in the mix", "hA2GljzEwAA-00051-00037984-00038648": "okay so after that what else happens what's next well you get to venture into one last area which", "hA2GljzEwAA-00052-00038648-00039384": "is a frozen spaceship that is being controlled by the demons can konami what are you drinking", "hA2GljzEwAA-00053-00039472-00040208": "only to reach the end and fight the final boss the amatsu tosu a giant tentacle monster", "hA2GljzEwAA-00054-00040568-00040944": "so you defeat the hanky-panky rapey takoyaki", "hA2GljzEwAA-00055-00040944-00041632": "and retrieve the proof of heroics and then the ship comes tumbling down and then the credits roll", "hA2GljzEwAA-00056-00041728-00042272": "and to add insult to injury you are sent back to the clan estate and you get to replay the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00057-00042272-00042816": "game all over again it's bad enough that the story is not compelling nor engaging there is", "hA2GljzEwAA-00058-00042816-00043464": "nothing else to do other than set forth into the land of limbo again to fight more demons again", "hA2GljzEwAA-00059-00043544-00044216": "with no new side quests to stretch out the game as well as a lackluster story this gets a bad coin", "hA2GljzEwAA-00060-00044400-00044856": "since we got the story out of the way though i wouldn't really call that a story", "hA2GljzEwAA-00061-00044856-00045504": "let's focus on the gameplay GetsuFumaDen Undying Moon is a hack and slash side-scrolling", "hA2GljzEwAA-00062-00045504-00046112": "rogue vania hybrid it basically means that it takes from both the roguelike genre and the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00063-00046112-00046672": "metroidvania genre which is already a sub-genre prominent in both metroid and castlevania", "hA2GljzEwAA-00064-00046752-00047224": "what this gibberish means is that you get to run around in procedurally generated mazes and you", "hA2GljzEwAA-00065-00047224-00047840": "make your way to the end to fend off the boss of the maze also like all known roguelike games", "hA2GljzEwAA-00066-00047840-00048448": "every time you enter limbo or start a run the game will randomize the enemies locations loots", "hA2GljzEwAA-00067-00048448-00049048": "and entrances to parts of the maze what's fun about this is that whenever you defeat a boss", "hA2GljzEwAA-00068-00049048-00049608": "you get to choose to venture forth into a new location or biome which gives the player the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00069-00049608-00050232": "feeling that you're controlling fuma's destiny which in turn makes each run you set in unique", "hA2GljzEwAA-00070-00050496-00050944": "the game is a hack and slash like i mentioned where you need to move around and slash away", "hA2GljzEwAA-00071-00050944-00051984": "at your enemies making sure you don't get hit or die in the process and trust me you will die a lot", "hA2GljzEwAA-00072-00052808-00053384": "so you're basically telling me it's like the dark souls of rogue vineyards", "hA2GljzEwAA-00073-00053824-00054760": "not every game is as difficult as dark souls but it does take inspiration from it see when you die", "hA2GljzEwAA-00074-00054760-00055200": "you lose all the progress that you have and the souls that you acquired but you get to", "hA2GljzEwAA-00075-00055200-00055664": "keep the items and materials that you found along the way if you decided to return to the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00076-00055664-00056312": "client hideout after a boss or from the game menu but with lesser resources which in turn", "hA2GljzEwAA-00077-00056312-00056567": "helps you in upgrading fuma and his weapons", "hA2GljzEwAA-00078-00056688-00057344": "but a huge problem is that when you start a run you have to commit to it till the very", "hA2GljzEwAA-00079-00057344-00057991": "end which is something that i am not a fan of to be honest is that true for all roguelike games", "hA2GljzEwAA-00080-00058048-00058464": "comment down below that's true also be really great if you like this video as well subscribing", "hA2GljzEwAA-00081-00058464-00059040": "that really helped me out as for the weapons fuma actually has a variety of weapons to play", "hA2GljzEwAA-00082-00059040-00059608": "around with your first weapon that you get is the katana which can deal three strikes and a counter", "hA2GljzEwAA-00083-00059608-00060312": "special attack i was never able to correctly time the counter so i never use it but i always go", "hA2GljzEwAA-00084-00060312-00060952": "with the katana as my primary choice because you always start with the katana as you begin your run", "hA2GljzEwAA-00085-00061112-00061616": "the other weapons available are an umbrella that can deal two swings but can deflect", "hA2GljzEwAA-00086-00061616-00062200": "incoming attacks dual katanas that dish out fast attacks and can rotate around you to attack demons", "hA2GljzEwAA-00087-00062200-00062752": "from both sides gauntlets where you have a small reach but can deal a heavy push attack", "hA2GljzEwAA-00088-00062808-00063376": "the club which is a very slow weapon but can deal massive damage but at the cost of your speed", "hA2GljzEwAA-00089-00063376-00063855": "and a spear that can hit from a distance and can lunge at enemies and push them away", "hA2GljzEwAA-00090-00063855-00064712": "there is also a list of sub weapons ranging from an arrow to kunis to even a gun you also have a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00091-00064712-00065416": "paper bomb caltrops and a aura bracelet you can mix and match the equipment that you find on the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00092-00065416-00065976": "run to better suit your build to progress further you can have two main weapons and sub weapons at", "hA2GljzEwAA-00093-00065976-00066416": "a time and when you encounter a new weapon on the ground you have the option to discard one", "hA2GljzEwAA-00094-00066416-00066992": "of your currently equipped weapons to swap it out with the new one you also have a limited amount", "hA2GljzEwAA-00095-00066992-00067464": "of healing potions that doesn't heal you a lot in the beginning of the game and they are your", "hA2GljzEwAA-00096-00067464-00068120": "only method of healing but don't worry in every area or biome you can inspect a stone glyph in", "hA2GljzEwAA-00097-00068120-00068616": "which it gives you one free potion provided you have enough space for your evidence to take it", "hA2GljzEwAA-00098-00068744-00069384": "all in all for a roguelike game it checks out all the boxes that it should even though", "hA2GljzEwAA-00099-00069384-00069968": "i'm not a fan of both roguelike games or souls games or anything", "hA2GljzEwAA-00100-00070048-00070552": "that difficult that doesn't mean it's a bad thing it actually gets a good call", "hA2GljzEwAA-00101-00070776-00071304": "GetsuFumaDen while it is a roguelike game what else does it provide that is fresh", "hA2GljzEwAA-00102-00071304-00071856": "and new from its competition actually being my first ever roguelike game i", "hA2GljzEwAA-00103-00071856-00072544": "don't know what is considered new or different anything i will experience in this game i guess", "hA2GljzEwAA-00104-00072544-00073144": "it'll be the standard or prerequisite for other roguelike games that i will eventually play", "hA2GljzEwAA-00105-00073240-00073864": "don't count your blessings as you explore the maze and kill demons you encounter souls and these", "hA2GljzEwAA-00106-00073864-00074472": "magatamas the being any angle looking things souls are either dropped from enemies or just", "hA2GljzEwAA-00107-00074472-00075016": "laying there for you to grab them you have two soul types blue and purple the blue souls give", "hA2GljzEwAA-00108-00075016-00075568": "you temporary buffs in either your mane or sub weapons health and potions how that works", "hA2GljzEwAA-00109-00075568-00076016": "is that when you get a blue weapon soul certain enhancements will be available to you depending", "hA2GljzEwAA-00110-00076016-00076560": "on the weapon's description and abilities as well as boosting its damage the health soul increases", "hA2GljzEwAA-00111-00076560-00077288": "your maximum health so that the sad excuse of a bamboo twig fuma doesn't die so easily the potion", "hA2GljzEwAA-00112-00077288-00077704": "soul gives you an extra potion when you take it provided you have enough space to carry one", "hA2GljzEwAA-00113-00077800-00078240": "it is a good idea but the thing that kind of bugged me about this is that you can only carry", "hA2GljzEwAA-00114-00078240-00078912": "one blue soul type and once you take another soul the previous one disappears what's bad enough is", "hA2GljzEwAA-00115-00078912-00079544": "that you have no clue what blue soul you're gonna get unless you absorb it so it feels like a gamble", "hA2GljzEwAA-00116-00079544-00080064": "to take any other souls and when you get one that is not useful to you in the run you need to roam", "hA2GljzEwAA-00117-00080064-00080632": "around hoping to find a treasure or a demon that drops these souls and pray to god that you get", "hA2GljzEwAA-00118-00080632-00081288": "what you wanted i would have hoped if there would be some sort of name tag or a specific indicator", "hA2GljzEwAA-00119-00081288-00081984": "to let me know what each blue type soul is but it's not a huge game breaking thing so it's fine", "hA2GljzEwAA-00120-00082120-00082744": "the purple souls are different and more important purple souls can be found at fallen warriors", "hA2GljzEwAA-00121-00082744-00083264": "corpses located randomly in the maze they are used to activate your weapons to boost them up", "hA2GljzEwAA-00122-00083264-00083864": "and unlock their perks and abilities so finding them is part of the journey and a huge part in", "hA2GljzEwAA-00123-00083864-00084344": "surviving these runs it's a good thing that they are marked on the map so you know that roaming", "hA2GljzEwAA-00124-00084344-00085064": "around the maze will eventually net you some good stuff before setting out to the next bio you", "hA2GljzEwAA-00125-00085064-00085704": "encounter these maidens that upgrade fuma and his weapons there are a number of upgradable options", "hA2GljzEwAA-00126-00085704-00086184": "creating and upgrading weapons whenever you find a scroll of a weapon you can unlock it", "hA2GljzEwAA-00127-00086184-00086624": "and upgrade it here upgrading the weapons requires materials that you gather from", "hA2GljzEwAA-00128-00086624-00087120": "the demons that you slay in the maze once you upgrade a weapon you have to activate the new", "hA2GljzEwAA-00129-00087120-00087936": "weapon skill by spending the purple souls a huge note is that the weapon upgrades are permanent", "hA2GljzEwAA-00130-00087936-00088648": "but the activations from the purple souls are only available during the run and will reset if you die", "hA2GljzEwAA-00131-00088648-00089128": "or return to the clan estate another thing is that if you switch out your weapon with a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00132-00089184-00089752": "new one you don't get to refund your souls back so choose wisely when switching weapons the other", "hA2GljzEwAA-00133-00089752-00090296": "upgrades are basically flat number boost to fuma stats and modifiers like how many materials you", "hA2GljzEwAA-00134-00090296-00090904": "can bring back after death what is the maximum health potion capacity you can carry these can be", "hA2GljzEwAA-00135-00090904-00091584": "upgraded by spending magatamas which can be found as loot for treasures or demons the other upgrades", "hA2GljzEwAA-00136-00091584-00092200": "though can be unlocked first by finding the corresponding scrolls to unlock the stat boost so", "hA2GljzEwAA-00137-00092256-00092952": "the more you play the more you find them i'll get to that later one last thing that i liked", "hA2GljzEwAA-00138-00092952-00093664": "as well is the demonize form when you slay enough monsters without taking any damage fuma begins to", "hA2GljzEwAA-00139-00093664-00094184": "emit an aura this means that when you attack a demon there is a chance that you might deal a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00140-00094184-00094792": "very powerful critical attack the more kills you do the more damage and more frequent it becomes", "hA2GljzEwAA-00141-00094848-00095576": "a nice visual indicator is when fuma's armor begins to change and glow think of it as a reward", "hA2GljzEwAA-00142-00095576-00096328": "for playing the game strategically and efficiently all thanks to my patent pending get good", "hA2GljzEwAA-00143-00096328-00097608": "juice ah the visuals what more can i say about them it's one of the reasons why i", "hA2GljzEwAA-00144-00097608-00098272": "chose to review this game it's a parrot with my friends that i have a crippling addiction", "hA2GljzEwAA-00145-00098272-00098584": "to japanese history samurais ninjas folklore and lore", "hA2GljzEwAA-00146-00098736-00099840": "me a weeb that's completely preposterous whoever said that is completely lying hey the entire game", "hA2GljzEwAA-00147-00099840-00100632": "looks and feels like it's coming out of a japanese painting the specific art style is of the yukio-e", "hA2GljzEwAA-00148-00100712-00101336": "that you guys might be familiar with the game does not disappoint when it embraces this art style", "hA2GljzEwAA-00149-00101456-00101840": "the characters and monsters are all cel-shaded to have this art brush", "hA2GljzEwAA-00150-00101840-00102568": "finish that mixes well with the surrounding though some of the time too well the monsters", "hA2GljzEwAA-00151-00102568-00103176": "oh man the monsters that are picked up from the ancient japanese mythology such as onis", "hA2GljzEwAA-00152-00103176-00103327": "Iwa Kozō", "hA2GljzEwAA-00153-00103327-00103479": "Nurarihyon", "hA2GljzEwAA-00154-00103479-00103616": "Numagozen", "hA2GljzEwAA-00155-00103616-00104352": "and even the infamous Wanyudo appears to annoy the living hell out of you now the highlight", "hA2GljzEwAA-00156-00104352-00105216": "of the entire game has to be the bosses who in their own right feel like a set piece or even a", "hA2GljzEwAA-00157-00105216-00105824": "part of a japanese play even the way that they're introduced in their own cutscenes they even strike", "hA2GljzEwAA-00158-00105824-00106296": "a pose for their own ukiyoe painting that makes you feel like you're in for the ride of your life", "hA2GljzEwAA-00159-00106400-00106992": "you can clearly see that i can be very biased when the game knows how to play my strings right", "hA2GljzEwAA-00160-00107144-00107488": "while true that the story is boggy at best", "hA2GljzEwAA-00161-00107583-00108064": "the rest of the game looks promising and this might probably get 4 blues", "hA2GljzEwAA-00162-00108408-00109111": "think again the game's glaring issue is that it's still in early access half of it if not most of", "hA2GljzEwAA-00163-00109111-00109848": "the game is still not complete when i played this game the current patch of the time was 0.1.11 and", "hA2GljzEwAA-00164-00109848-00110472": "the game had a couple of bugs and issues now even though that yes it is still in early access that", "hA2GljzEwAA-00165-00110472-00110904": "technically doesn't mean that i should be giving it review right now i'd probably be giving it", "hA2GljzEwAA-00166-00110904-00111583": "some bad results not necessarily true even though that most of the game is unfinished", "hA2GljzEwAA-00167-00111648-00112311": "i'm pretty sure all the bug fixes and changes are not going to change the overall core aspect of the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00168-00112311-00112920": "game so technically i can still make a review about it and i can still have my gripes on it", "hA2GljzEwAA-00169-00113016-00113511": "one of said gripes is that when you are in a run you encounter a shop that might sell you", "hA2GljzEwAA-00170-00113511-00114111": "weapons and sometimes materials nothing out of the ordinary for roguelikes but this shop", "hA2GljzEwAA-00171-00114111-00114648": "leaves little to be desired most of the time the weapons available are not even stronger than the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00172-00114648-00115376": "ones i already have and the materials that are sold are like at unbelievable prices so i reached", "hA2GljzEwAA-00173-00115376-00115872": "a point where i'm just window shopping around hoping to eventually get something out of it", "hA2GljzEwAA-00174-00115952-00116383": "which is not something you overlook in a genre like this", "hA2GljzEwAA-00175-00116600-00117256": "the game also had these fast travel portals that you can use to fast travel the problem", "hA2GljzEwAA-00176-00117256-00117680": "with that is that there are times when the portals are placed in the most", "hA2GljzEwAA-00177-00117680-00118240": "inconvenient of places some of the places that i need to go doesn't even have any fast travels", "hA2GljzEwAA-00178-00118240-00118856": "next to it so i have to walk all the way to my destination without relying on these portals", "hA2GljzEwAA-00179-00118856-00119480": "it feels sometimes like those portals were more of a hindrance than assistance another thing", "hA2GljzEwAA-00180-00119480-00120096": "that when you finish the game once you unlock a higher difficulty and get to repeat the cycle", "hA2GljzEwAA-00181-00120096-00120632": "true that you will get to visit the other biomes and other runs and maybe encounter new enemies", "hA2GljzEwAA-00182-00120632-00121448": "and weapons to unlock but in the end what's next what is the incentive for me a person that is not", "hA2GljzEwAA-00183-00121448-00122056": "interested in continuing a game loop a person that loses interest very quickly if the game gets stale", "hA2GljzEwAA-00184-00122159-00122704": "nothing i did mention that i can find the other scrolls to boost up the character but the end", "hA2GljzEwAA-00185-00122704-00123256": "result is the same it's just a modifier increase in the end to better off my chances to fight the", "hA2GljzEwAA-00186-00123256-00123880": "bosses that i already defeated time and time again you know when i result in using cheat engines", "hA2GljzEwAA-00187-00123935-00124720": "then this game has a problem yeah i know i know he uses cheats don't blame the player blame the game", "hA2GljzEwAA-00188-00124720-00125208": "well blame konami for that a different topic for a different", "hA2GljzEwAA-00189-00125208-00125808": "day but when the game gets repetitive and it goes on and on with nothing new to provide", "hA2GljzEwAA-00190-00125808-00126383": "it becomes a boar fest regardless of how amazing the visuals and the presentations are", "hA2GljzEwAA-00191-00126440-00127016": "Even though it is a run-of-the-mill roguelike that i guess checks all the boxes i did have", "hA2GljzEwAA-00192-00127016-00127616": "fun playing it it just needs to be polished a little bit more to fully enjoy the experience", "hA2GljzEwAA-00193-00127616-00128256": "now konami still has a bad track record when it comes to reviving their franchises i mean", "hA2GljzEwAA-00194-00128256-00128983": "really have a look at their past attempts it feels that they're trying their best with this game", "hA2GljzEwAA-00195-00129048-00129783": "just not as much as of writing this review a new patch was released to the game", "hA2GljzEwAA-00196-00129783-00130335": "patch 0.28 where they fixed some of the issues and added some quality of life", "hA2GljzEwAA-00197-00130335-00130880": "improvements such as the dismantle feature as well as a new playable character Getsu Renge", "hA2GljzEwAA-00198-00130992-00131552": "you can see that the company is showing signs they care for their ip regardless of their", "hA2GljzEwAA-00199-00131552-00132088": "past practices which trust me they will not get a pass on that who thought it was a bright idea to", "hA2GljzEwAA-00200-00132088-00132672": "make [ __ ] pachinkos instead of actual games are you [ __ ] insane different topic different day", "hA2GljzEwAA-00201-00132776-00133320": "now with all of that i give this game my final rating of", "hA2GljzEwAA-00202-00133848-00134584": "yeah even with all of the issues and lack of additional content it was a pleasant experience", "hA2GljzEwAA-00203-00134720-00135520": "do i recommend the game no no not until it's fully released or at least when it's out of", "hA2GljzEwAA-00204-00135520-00136192": "its early access phase just wait for it to go on sale or something or better yet wait for it to", "hA2GljzEwAA-00205-00136192-00136808": "come out on the nintendo switch because this is a perfect console fit for it like all the other", "hA2GljzEwAA-00206-00136808-00137632": "roguelike games are available in its library now on a final note since konami has been so grateful", "hA2GljzEwAA-00207-00137632-00138248": "to bring out one of their ips from the grave i wish that they bring more franchises that have", "hA2GljzEwAA-00208-00138328-00140184": "never seen the light of day and to that i say bring back zone of the enders 3 you [ __ ] liches"}}, {"audio_id": "hAtny1__LyY", "text": {"hAtny1__LyY-00000-00000362-00000658": "Financial energy commodity contracts are traded on the", "hAtny1__LyY-00001-00000658-00000939": "New York Mercantile Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00002-00000939-00001410": "The picture at the left side of the slide here, the actual", "hAtny1__LyY-00003-00001410-00001679": "building with the reflection of the sun on it, is the New", "hAtny1__LyY-00004-00001679-00001971": "York Mercantile Exchange building on the Hudson River", "hAtny1__LyY-00005-00001971-00002100": "in New York City.", "hAtny1__LyY-00006-00002100-00002487": "To the right is an actual picture taken with the traders", "hAtny1__LyY-00007-00002487-00002861": "trading in the pits, as they yell and scream back and forth", "hAtny1__LyY-00008-00002861-00003067": "at one another, placing the orders.", "hAtny1__LyY-00009-00003319-00003679": "The New York Mercantile Exchange started in the 1800s.", "hAtny1__LyY-00010-00003679-00003990": "There were scattered markets for the goods in large cities.", "hAtny1__LyY-00011-00003990-00004329": "You can picture a city like New York City and agricultural", "hAtny1__LyY-00012-00004329-00004695": "products being brought in and sold in various parts of it.", "hAtny1__LyY-00013-00004695-00005175": "So some entrepreneurial businessmen decided that they", "hAtny1__LyY-00014-00005175-00005345": "needed a central exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00015-00005345-00005556": "So in 1872, it was founded as the", "hAtny1__LyY-00016-00005556-00005776": "Butter and Cheese Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00017-00005776-00005967": "In 1880, it was changed to the Butter,", "hAtny1__LyY-00018-00005967-00006156": "Cheese, and Egg Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00019-00006156-00006464": "And then finally in 1882, it was changed to its present", "hAtny1__LyY-00020-00006464-00006756": "name of the New York Mercantile Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00021-00006756-00007091": "Later products would include yellow globe onions, apples,", "hAtny1__LyY-00022-00007091-00007376": "potatoes, plywood, and platinum.", "hAtny1__LyY-00023-00007376-00007728": "Platinum is the only product which is still traded today on", "hAtny1__LyY-00024-00007728-00007970": "the New York Mercantile Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00025-00007970-00008289": "So today, it trades crude oil, heating oil, gasoline,", "hAtny1__LyY-00026-00008289-00008576": "propane, natural gas, platinum, and palladium.", "hAtny1__LyY-00027-00009394-00009515": "Futures contract.", "hAtny1__LyY-00028-00009515-00009808": "The definition given by the New York Mercantile Exchange", "hAtny1__LyY-00029-00009808-00010139": "is a legally binding obligation for the holder of", "hAtny1__LyY-00030-00010139-00010577": "the contract to buy or sell a particular commodity at a", "hAtny1__LyY-00031-00010577-00011053": "specific price and location at a specific date in the future.", "hAtny1__LyY-00032-00011053-00011196": "The key word here is future.", "hAtny1__LyY-00033-00011196-00011346": "These are known as futures.", "hAtny1__LyY-00034-00011346-00011702": "We are buying and selling energy commodities at a future", "hAtny1__LyY-00035-00011702-00011856": "date and time.", "hAtny1__LyY-00036-00011856-00012143": "And again, this is a legally binding obligation.", "hAtny1__LyY-00037-00012143-00012395": "This is what makes exchanges a sound", "hAtny1__LyY-00038-00012395-00012648": "place to conduct business.", "hAtny1__LyY-00039-00012648-00013071": "If you fail to perform under a contract obligation with the", "hAtny1__LyY-00040-00013071-00013371": "New York Mercantile Exchange, there are both financial and", "hAtny1__LyY-00041-00013371-00013613": "legal ramifications.", "hAtny1__LyY-00042-00013613-00014019": "The components of a standard NYMEX energy contract.", "hAtny1__LyY-00043-00014019-00014191": "First, we name the commodity--", "hAtny1__LyY-00044-00014191-00014375": "crude oil, natural gas, heating", "hAtny1__LyY-00045-00014375-00014581": "oil, unleaded gasoline.", "hAtny1__LyY-00046-00014581-00014797": "The price, which is what most times we are", "hAtny1__LyY-00047-00014797-00014956": "most interested in.", "hAtny1__LyY-00048-00014956-00015063": "The location--", "hAtny1__LyY-00049-00015063-00015385": "each of the energy commodities on NYMEX has a different", "hAtny1__LyY-00050-00015385-00015488": "delivery location.", "hAtny1__LyY-00051-00015488-00015610": "And then the date.", "hAtny1__LyY-00052-00015610-00015985": "What the future point in time do we wish to buy or sell the", "hAtny1__LyY-00053-00015985-00016158": "energy commodity?", "hAtny1__LyY-00054-00016158-00016385": "The trades on the New York Mercantile Exchange between", "hAtny1__LyY-00055-00016385-00016559": "the counterparties are conducted under the", "hAtny1__LyY-00056-00016559-00016868": "International Swaps and Derivatives Association, or", "hAtny1__LyY-00057-00016868-00017151": "ISDA, 2002 Master Agreement.", "hAtny1__LyY-00058-00017151-00017438": "This is a standardized contract under which all", "hAtny1__LyY-00059-00017438-00017692": "financial energy commodity contracts are traded.", "hAtny1__LyY-00060-00018084-00018404": "One of the primary functions of energy contracts on the New", "hAtny1__LyY-00061-00018404-00018566": "York Mercantile Exchange is that they", "hAtny1__LyY-00062-00018566-00018806": "provide us price discovery.", "hAtny1__LyY-00063-00018806-00019137": "We can establish a price for crude oil, natural gas,", "hAtny1__LyY-00064-00019137-00019345": "heating oil, and unleaded gasoline for any", "hAtny1__LyY-00065-00019345-00019554": "future point in time.", "hAtny1__LyY-00066-00019554-00019813": "Years back, prior to the advent of the New York", "hAtny1__LyY-00067-00019813-00020072": "Mercantile Exchange, no one could really tell what the", "hAtny1__LyY-00068-00020072-00020323": "price was at any point in time.", "hAtny1__LyY-00069-00020323-00020574": "Most trades were conducted over the telephone.", "hAtny1__LyY-00070-00020574-00020897": "But now, with the New York Mercantile Exchange, at any", "hAtny1__LyY-00071-00020897-00021231": "point in time, you can look up the live trading.", "hAtny1__LyY-00072-00021231-00021454": "The New York Mercantile Exchange is owned by the", "hAtny1__LyY-00073-00021454-00021789": "Chicago Mercantile Exchange, or the CME Group.", "hAtny1__LyY-00074-00021789-00022226": "If you go to cmegroup.com, you can see the commodity prices.", "hAtny1__LyY-00075-00022226-00022609": "There are some links to that on the home page of the course", "hAtny1__LyY-00076-00022609-00022765": "module here.", "hAtny1__LyY-00077-00022765-00023226": "In addition, this allows us to perform what we call hedging.", "hAtny1__LyY-00078-00023226-00023543": "Hedging is to reduce risk in a transaction.", "hAtny1__LyY-00079-00023543-00023865": "In the case of the futures contracts, it helps us to", "hAtny1__LyY-00080-00023865-00024115": "reduce our price and/or physical risk.", "hAtny1__LyY-00081-00024115-00024501": "We may be concerned about high prices if we're a consumer of", "hAtny1__LyY-00082-00024501-00024640": "energy commodities.", "hAtny1__LyY-00083-00024640-00024954": "We may be concerned about low prices if we are a producer of", "hAtny1__LyY-00084-00024954-00025105": "energy commodities.", "hAtny1__LyY-00085-00025105-00025523": "We may also be concerned about receiving physical supply or", "hAtny1__LyY-00086-00025523-00025755": "having to guarantee physical market.", "hAtny1__LyY-00087-00025755-00025895": "The New York Mercantile Exchange", "hAtny1__LyY-00088-00025895-00026049": "contracts guarantee that.", "hAtny1__LyY-00089-00026516-00026860": "Some of the common terms used by NYMEX.", "hAtny1__LyY-00090-00026860-00026933": "An ask--", "hAtny1__LyY-00091-00026933-00027230": "an ask is a motion to sell at a specific price.", "hAtny1__LyY-00092-00027230-00027408": "It's the same as an offer.", "hAtny1__LyY-00093-00027408-00027612": "So ask and offer are interchangeable.", "hAtny1__LyY-00094-00027612-00027783": "It's your asking price.", "hAtny1__LyY-00095-00027783-00027992": "What do you wish to get in the", "hAtny1__LyY-00096-00027992-00028133": "marketplace for your commodity?", "hAtny1__LyY-00097-00028133-00028435": "And notice this is a motion, because they're addressing the", "hAtny1__LyY-00098-00028435-00028918": "idea of the physical trading that takes place in the pits,", "hAtny1__LyY-00099-00028918-00029170": "the movement of hand gestures back and forth as", "hAtny1__LyY-00100-00029170-00029330": "traders buy and sell.", "hAtny1__LyY-00101-00029330-00029497": "A bid, then, is the opposite.", "hAtny1__LyY-00102-00029497-00029755": "It's a motion to buy at a specific price.", "hAtny1__LyY-00103-00029755-00030045": "What is your bid for the energy commodity?", "hAtny1__LyY-00104-00030045-00030345": "A bull-- in this case, we're talking about a person.", "hAtny1__LyY-00105-00030345-00030652": "It's one who anticipates prices will increase or", "hAtny1__LyY-00106-00030652-00030866": "volatility in the market will increase.", "hAtny1__LyY-00107-00030866-00031067": "They're the opposite of a bear.", "hAtny1__LyY-00108-00031067-00031341": "A bear is one who anticipates a decline in price or the", "hAtny1__LyY-00109-00031341-00031552": "volatility in the marketplace.", "hAtny1__LyY-00110-00031552-00031731": "Obviously, the opposite of a bull.", "hAtny1__LyY-00111-00031983-00032207": "This is a picture of the New York Mercantile Exchange", "hAtny1__LyY-00112-00032207-00032327": "trading floor.", "hAtny1__LyY-00113-00032327-00032652": "It just so happens in the foreground is the natural gas", "hAtny1__LyY-00114-00032652-00032729": "trading pit.", "hAtny1__LyY-00115-00032729-00033187": "Off to the left, barely seen, is the crude oil trading pit.", "hAtny1__LyY-00116-00033187-00033592": "Notice the various colors of jackets around the floor.", "hAtny1__LyY-00117-00033592-00033892": "I will identify who some of those are in a minute.", "hAtny1__LyY-00118-00033892-00034344": "But the yellow jackets, for the most part, those are NYMEX", "hAtny1__LyY-00119-00034344-00034558": "compliance personnel.", "hAtny1__LyY-00120-00034558-00034918": "The multi-colored jackets, the blues, the burgundies, some of", "hAtny1__LyY-00121-00034918-00035219": "the other colors, represent brokers, what are known as", "hAtny1__LyY-00122-00035219-00035487": "clearing brokers on the floor of the New", "hAtny1__LyY-00123-00035487-00035620": "York Mercantile Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00124-00035620-00035964": "They have posted credit, and they have licenses to trade on", "hAtny1__LyY-00125-00035964-00036110": "behalf of their clients.", "hAtny1__LyY-00126-00036396-00036647": "So we have the floor brokers, which I mentioned.", "hAtny1__LyY-00127-00036647-00036779": "We have locals.", "hAtny1__LyY-00128-00036779-00037216": "These are the individuals and firms and in some cases funds", "hAtny1__LyY-00129-00037216-00037602": "that have a large amount of money and wish to trade.", "hAtny1__LyY-00130-00037602-00037787": "They are speculators.", "hAtny1__LyY-00131-00037787-00037999": "They're not interested in the physical commodities", "hAtny1__LyY-00132-00037999-00038060": "whatsoever.", "hAtny1__LyY-00133-00038060-00038309": "They're interested in price movement, and wherever price", "hAtny1__LyY-00134-00038309-00038583": "is moving, that's where they want to be.", "hAtny1__LyY-00135-00038583-00038790": "Ring reporters and ring chairmen--", "hAtny1__LyY-00136-00038790-00039073": "we'll drop back here a second, and I will show you.", "hAtny1__LyY-00137-00039073-00039388": "The ring reporters are in the yellow jackets near the", "hAtny1__LyY-00138-00039388-00039619": "trading rings themselves.", "hAtny1__LyY-00139-00039619-00039989": "There is a podium, if you can tell, situated above the", "hAtny1__LyY-00140-00039989-00040328": "natural gas pit with some personnel in yellow jackets.", "hAtny1__LyY-00141-00040328-00040510": "Those are the ring chairmen.", "hAtny1__LyY-00142-00040510-00040818": "Their primary responsibility is to oversee the activity of", "hAtny1__LyY-00143-00040818-00041149": "the pits and to resolve any disputes.", "hAtny1__LyY-00144-00041149-00041481": "Since we have people who are yelling orders back and forth", "hAtny1__LyY-00145-00041481-00041898": "to one another and using paper slips, sometimes mistakes can", "hAtny1__LyY-00146-00041898-00042177": "be made, and if there's a disagreement over the actual", "hAtny1__LyY-00147-00042177-00042502": "details of a trade, the ring chairman is supposed to step", "hAtny1__LyY-00148-00042502-00042743": "down and resolve that trade between the two", "hAtny1__LyY-00149-00042743-00043005": "counterparties.", "hAtny1__LyY-00150-00043005-00043253": "We have floor committee members.", "hAtny1__LyY-00151-00043253-00043663": "Those are basically NYMEX committee members.", "hAtny1__LyY-00152-00043663-00043833": "The New York Mercantile Exchange also", "hAtny1__LyY-00153-00043833-00044010": "has compliance people.", "hAtny1__LyY-00154-00044010-00044271": "And the Commodity Futures Trading Commission is the", "hAtny1__LyY-00155-00044271-00044809": "regulatory body for energy financial derivative trading.", "hAtny1__LyY-00156-00044809-00045000": "They have their own personnel on the floor as well.", "hAtny1__LyY-00157-00045000-00045377": "And then there are hundreds of line staff from the New York", "hAtny1__LyY-00158-00045377-00045502": "Mercantile Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00159-00045740-00046071": "We'll now talk about each one of the specific contracts for", "hAtny1__LyY-00160-00046071-00046265": "energy commodities.", "hAtny1__LyY-00161-00046265-00046539": "The first is crude oil.", "hAtny1__LyY-00162-00046539-00046729": "Symbol is CL.", "hAtny1__LyY-00163-00046729-00047199": "We refer to this as West Texas Intermediate, or WTI crude.", "hAtny1__LyY-00164-00047199-00047438": "It is low sulfur, and so therefore is given the", "hAtny1__LyY-00165-00047438-00047657": "nickname sweet crude.", "hAtny1__LyY-00166-00047657-00048111": "The NYMEX contract for crude oil was initiated in 1983.", "hAtny1__LyY-00167-00048111-00048424": "Every contract represents 1,000 barrels, which is the", "hAtny1__LyY-00168-00048424-00048685": "equivalent of 42,000 gallons of oil.", "hAtny1__LyY-00169-00048956-00049216": "Price quotes on the New York Mercantile Exchange are all US", "hAtny1__LyY-00170-00049216-00049554": "dollars and cents, in this case per barrel.", "hAtny1__LyY-00171-00049554-00049705": "A minimum price fluctuation--", "hAtny1__LyY-00172-00049705-00050069": "that is, the amount that the price has to move for a trade", "hAtny1__LyY-00173-00050069-00050431": "to take place-- is a penny, or $10 a barrel.", "hAtny1__LyY-00174-00050431-00050819": "The delivery point for crude oil under this contract is", "hAtny1__LyY-00175-00050819-00051262": "what's known as FOB, or free on board, or delivered to the", "hAtny1__LyY-00176-00051262-00051590": "seller's facilities at Cushing, Oklahoma and to any", "hAtny1__LyY-00177-00051590-00051855": "pipeline or storage facility with access to Cushing", "hAtny1__LyY-00178-00051855-00052202": "Storage, TEPPCO, or Equilon pipelines.", "hAtny1__LyY-00179-00052202-00052725": "So if you buy or sell crude oil contracts on NYMEX for a", "hAtny1__LyY-00180-00052725-00053067": "particular month, you are obligated to either receive", "hAtny1__LyY-00181-00053067-00053276": "the crude oil or deliver the crude", "hAtny1__LyY-00182-00053276-00053406": "oil at Cushing, Oklahoma.", "hAtny1__LyY-00183-00053830-00054104": "Deliveries are to be made uniformly across the month.", "hAtny1__LyY-00184-00054104-00054416": "This is the contractual obligation.", "hAtny1__LyY-00185-00054416-00054857": "The idea here is to make all parties deliver", "hAtny1__LyY-00186-00054857-00055097": "as equally as possible.", "hAtny1__LyY-00187-00055097-00055290": "The actual obligation--", "hAtny1__LyY-00188-00055290-00055698": "for instance, if I sold 30 contracts for the month of", "hAtny1__LyY-00189-00055698-00056176": "September, that means 30,000 barrels of crude oil--", "hAtny1__LyY-00190-00056176-00056438": "the Exchange would like me to deliver that at", "hAtny1__LyY-00191-00056438-00056582": "1,000 barrels a day.", "hAtny1__LyY-00192-00056582-00057009": "However, if I cannot, my real legal obligation is 30,000", "hAtny1__LyY-00193-00057009-00057192": "barrels for the month.", "hAtny1__LyY-00194-00057192-00057585": "The trading hours on NYMEX for what we consider to be the", "hAtny1__LyY-00195-00057585-00057957": "open outcry or pit trading, the general session where the", "hAtny1__LyY-00196-00057957-00058240": "traders are in the pits yelling orders back to one", "hAtny1__LyY-00197-00058240-00058766": "another, run from 9:00 AM to 2:30 PM Eastern Standard Time.", "hAtny1__LyY-00198-00058766-00058988": "The Chicago Mercantile Exchange also has an", "hAtny1__LyY-00199-00058988-00059478": "electronic trading platform known as Globex, and this is", "hAtny1__LyY-00200-00059478-00059804": "virtually 24 hours a day, seven days a week.", "hAtny1__LyY-00201-00059804-00060404": "It starts at 6:00 PM on Sunday evenings and ends at 5:45 PM", "hAtny1__LyY-00202-00060404-00060654": "on Friday, Eastern Time.", "hAtny1__LyY-00203-00060654-00060967": "Crude oil can be traded for up to nine years.", "hAtny1__LyY-00204-00060967-00061212": "And then we also have products that are known as strips.", "hAtny1__LyY-00205-00061212-00061611": "These are available for terms of 2 to 30 consecutive months.", "hAtny1__LyY-00206-00061611-00061907": "In essence, strips amount to an average price.", "hAtny1__LyY-00207-00061907-00062282": "If I wanted to buy six months worth of crude, rather than go", "hAtny1__LyY-00208-00062282-00062638": "out and have my broker quote me one month's price at a", "hAtny1__LyY-00209-00062638-00062840": "time, they'll just give me an average price", "hAtny1__LyY-00210-00062840-00062979": "across the six months.", "hAtny1__LyY-00211-00062979-00063387": "Therefore, I am purchasing a six month strip of crude oil.", "hAtny1__LyY-00212-00063677-00064002": "The last trading day, every contract expires.", "hAtny1__LyY-00213-00064002-00064300": "Again, we are talking about future contracts.", "hAtny1__LyY-00214-00064300-00064769": "So currently, the closest future contract is September.", "hAtny1__LyY-00215-00064769-00065090": "The crude oil contract, then, settles three business days", "hAtny1__LyY-00216-00065090-00065304": "prior to the 25th of the month.", "hAtny1__LyY-00217-00065304-00065701": "So just in case the 25th is a non-trading day, either a", "hAtny1__LyY-00218-00065701-00066011": "weekend day or a holiday, the settlement occurs three", "hAtny1__LyY-00219-00066011-00066396": "business days prior to the business day that is prior to", "hAtny1__LyY-00220-00066396-00066554": "the business day ahead of the 25th.", "hAtny1__LyY-00221-00066554-00066746": "I know that sounds very confusing.", "hAtny1__LyY-00222-00066746-00067045": "I can't quite figure it out myself half the time.", "hAtny1__LyY-00223-00067045-00067139": "Margin requirements.", "hAtny1__LyY-00224-00067139-00067323": "This is a big issue here.", "hAtny1__LyY-00225-00067323-00067597": "You can see that if you want to buy or sell crude oil", "hAtny1__LyY-00226-00067597-00067941": "contracts, for every single contract that you wish to", "hAtny1__LyY-00227-00067941-00068421": "enter into, you have to have $5,100 in a margin account.", "hAtny1__LyY-00228-00068421-00068916": "That's a safety net against losses that you could incur.", "hAtny1__LyY-00229-00068916-00069233": "This protects your clearing broker and protects the New", "hAtny1__LyY-00230-00069233-00069507": "York Mercantile Exchange from default by you as a", "hAtny1__LyY-00231-00069507-00069644": "counterparty.", "hAtny1__LyY-00232-00069644-00070001": "This also discourages a lot of traders from just jumping in", "hAtny1__LyY-00233-00070001-00070214": "and trying to trade contracts.", "hAtny1__LyY-00234-00070214-00070648": "For example, if a trader wanted to speculate on 10", "hAtny1__LyY-00235-00070648-00070757": "crude oil contracts--", "hAtny1__LyY-00236-00070757-00071127": "that's only 10,000 barrels-- that's not a lot", "hAtny1__LyY-00237-00071127-00071326": "of volume, per se.", "hAtny1__LyY-00238-00071326-00071676": "They would have to put $51,000 in a margin account before", "hAtny1__LyY-00239-00071676-00071825": "they could even get started.", "hAtny1__LyY-00240-00072204-00072382": "Here is the symbol breakdown.", "hAtny1__LyY-00241-00072382-00072685": "When you look at futures screens, or if you see the", "hAtny1__LyY-00242-00072685-00073019": "prices reported in the Wall Street Journal or any other", "hAtny1__LyY-00243-00073019-00073505": "type of publication, you'll see these funny symbols.", "hAtny1__LyY-00244-00073505-00073779": "The first two letters of the symbol represent the energy", "hAtny1__LyY-00245-00073779-00073925": "commodity themselves.", "hAtny1__LyY-00246-00073925-00074172": "So CL represents crude oil.", "hAtny1__LyY-00247-00074172-00074469": "The second letter is the actual month of delivery.", "hAtny1__LyY-00248-00074469-00074779": "For example, U equals September.", "hAtny1__LyY-00249-00074779-00075126": "The final symbol is the number that corresponds to the year.", "hAtny1__LyY-00250-00075126-00075333": "In our example, 2.", "hAtny1__LyY-00251-00075333-00075824": "So the September 2012 contract for crude oil on the NYMEX is", "hAtny1__LyY-00252-00075824-00076089": "expressed as CLU2.", "hAtny1__LyY-00253-00076089-00076349": "Other symbols that represent energy commodities--", "hAtny1__LyY-00254-00076349-00076704": "NG for natural gas, HO for heating oil.", "hAtny1__LyY-00255-00076704-00077046": "RBOB represents unleaded gasoline,", "hAtny1__LyY-00256-00077046-00077238": "and then PN for propane.", "hAtny1__LyY-00257-00077238-00077458": "And then here's the breakdown of the symbols for the", "hAtny1__LyY-00258-00077458-00077646": "monthsthat they use.", "hAtny1__LyY-00259-00077646-00077908": "Feel free to use this as a cheat sheet if you ever run", "hAtny1__LyY-00260-00077908-00078231": "across those quotes and can't remember what they mean.", "hAtny1__LyY-00261-00078542-00078775": "When you look at futures screens, you're going to see", "hAtny1__LyY-00262-00078775-00079183": "column headers that will use these types of terms.", "hAtny1__LyY-00263-00079183-00079480": "When you see the open, that's the opening price at the", "hAtny1__LyY-00264-00079480-00079615": "opening bell.", "hAtny1__LyY-00265-00079615-00079889": "When you see people on television ringing the bell", "hAtny1__LyY-00266-00079889-00080142": "for the open of whatever market it might be--", "hAtny1__LyY-00267-00080142-00080590": "stock market, the NYMEX, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange--", "hAtny1__LyY-00268-00080590-00080892": "as soon as the bell goes off, the very first trade that is", "hAtny1__LyY-00269-00080892-00081172": "consummated, that price is registered as the", "hAtny1__LyY-00270-00081172-00081357": "open for the day.", "hAtny1__LyY-00271-00081357-00081659": "The high is the highest price that traded that day,", "hAtny1__LyY-00272-00081659-00081954": "including the after hours electronic trading.", "hAtny1__LyY-00273-00081954-00082208": "The low is the lowest price that traded for that day,", "hAtny1__LyY-00274-00082208-00082607": "including after hours electronic trading.", "hAtny1__LyY-00275-00082607-00082813": "That gives us the range on the day--", "hAtny1__LyY-00276-00082813-00083151": "what was the entire range of pricing that day.", "hAtny1__LyY-00277-00083151-00083465": "When you see last, that's the last trade that just occurred.", "hAtny1__LyY-00278-00083465-00083778": "In other words, what was the last trade that had occurred?", "hAtny1__LyY-00279-00083778-00084240": "The net would be the change in price from that last trade to", "hAtny1__LyY-00280-00084240-00084350": "the one prior to it.", "hAtny1__LyY-00281-00084350-00084640": "So are we going up or are we going down as", "hAtny1__LyY-00282-00084640-00084836": "we're trading currently?", "hAtny1__LyY-00283-00084836-00084927": "And then change--", "hAtny1__LyY-00284-00084927-00085434": "the change is the change in price from the trade that just", "hAtny1__LyY-00285-00085434-00085760": "occurred, from that last trade, versus the prior day's", "hAtny1__LyY-00286-00085760-00085811": "settlement.", "hAtny1__LyY-00287-00085811-00086065": "What was the final price for the energy commodity the day", "hAtny1__LyY-00288-00086065-00086387": "before, and where do we sit relative to that today?", "hAtny1__LyY-00289-00086387-00086603": "That's what change represents.", "hAtny1__LyY-00290-00086603-00086984": "We refer to futures contract trading as a zero sum game.", "hAtny1__LyY-00291-00086984-00087125": "For every buyer, there is a seller.", "hAtny1__LyY-00292-00087125-00087360": "I can't buy crude oil contracts without someone", "hAtny1__LyY-00293-00087360-00087619": "being willing to sell them to me, nor can I sell them", "hAtny1__LyY-00294-00087619-00087782": "without a market.", "hAtny1__LyY-00295-00087782-00088071": "And believe it or not, less than 2% of all the contracts", "hAtny1__LyY-00296-00088071-00088318": "traded actually go to physical delivery.", "hAtny1__LyY-00297-00088318-00088719": "In other words, less than 2% of the contracts will actually", "hAtny1__LyY-00298-00088719-00088921": "be energy commodities exchanged between", "hAtny1__LyY-00299-00088921-00089031": "counterparties.", "hAtny1__LyY-00300-00089031-00089398": "Now, on the one hand, that may sound like a small number, but", "hAtny1__LyY-00301-00089398-00089791": "with each crude oil contract representing 1,000 barrels,", "hAtny1__LyY-00302-00089791-00090165": "and you can trade between 50,000 and 100,000 contracts a", "hAtny1__LyY-00303-00090165-00090602": "day, it does amount to a substantial amount of physical", "hAtny1__LyY-00304-00090602-00090972": "energy commodities being exchanged.", "hAtny1__LyY-00305-00090972-00091219": "This is what a typical futures screen would look like.", "hAtny1__LyY-00306-00091219-00091442": "These are the headers that I mentioned to you.", "hAtny1__LyY-00307-00091442-00091853": "On the day that I printed this off, you can see the last", "hAtny1__LyY-00308-00091853-00092413": "trade was $92.68 and, represented a drop of $0.19", "hAtny1__LyY-00309-00092413-00092958": "from the prior day's settle of $92.87 in the far", "hAtny1__LyY-00310-00092958-00093086": "right corner there.", "hAtny1__LyY-00311-00093086-00093471": "We had the opening price of $93.25, and a high and low on", "hAtny1__LyY-00312-00093471-00093591": "the day as well.", "hAtny1__LyY-00313-00093591-00093885": "And the very far right column is the time at", "hAtny1__LyY-00314-00093885-00094216": "which the trade occurred.", "hAtny1__LyY-00315-00094216-00094419": "Natural gas futures contracts.", "hAtny1__LyY-00316-00094419-00094703": "The contract unit is 10,000 MMBtus--", "hAtny1__LyY-00317-00094703-00095074": "that is, 10,000 million British thermal units.", "hAtny1__LyY-00318-00095074-00095305": "Prices are quoted in US dollars and cents, and the", "hAtny1__LyY-00319-00095305-00095649": "minimum fluctuation between trades has to be 1/10 of a", "hAtny1__LyY-00320-00095649-00095980": "penny or what we refer to as a tick.", "hAtny1__LyY-00321-00095980-00096290": "Trading hours are exactly the same, but the trading months", "hAtny1__LyY-00322-00096290-00096551": "for natural gas-- you can actually trade natural gas out", "hAtny1__LyY-00323-00096551-00096940": "12 years if there was in fact a need to buy or sell for that", "hAtny1__LyY-00324-00096940-00097292": "long of a period of time.", "hAtny1__LyY-00325-00097292-00097618": "Last trading day for natural gas contracts, the futures, is", "hAtny1__LyY-00326-00097618-00097946": "the third business day prior to the first calendar day of", "hAtny1__LyY-00327-00097946-00098110": "the delivery month.", "hAtny1__LyY-00328-00098110-00098503": "We do trade options in energy futures contracts.", "hAtny1__LyY-00329-00098503-00098877": "In the case of natural gas, those expire one day prior to", "hAtny1__LyY-00330-00098877-00099084": "the actual contract itself.", "hAtny1__LyY-00331-00099084-00099481": "The delivery point for buying and selling under NYMEX", "hAtny1__LyY-00332-00099481-00099789": "natural gas contracts is a place known as the Henry Hub", "hAtny1__LyY-00333-00099789-00099927": "in Erath, Louisiana.", "hAtny1__LyY-00334-00099927-00100322": "Texaco has their Henry plant in Erath, Louisiana.", "hAtny1__LyY-00335-00100322-00100742": "Sabine Pipeline Company runs the hub on behalf of the New", "hAtny1__LyY-00336-00100742-00100948": "York Mercantile Exchange.", "hAtny1__LyY-00337-00100948-00101260": "And again, the delivery period is to be uniform across the", "hAtny1__LyY-00338-00101260-00101843": "month of production for which the contracts were exchanged.", "hAtny1__LyY-00339-00101843-00102217": "This is a schematic of the pipelines going in and out of", "hAtny1__LyY-00340-00102217-00102375": "the Henry Hub.", "hAtny1__LyY-00341-00102375-00102557": "There are various sources of natural gas", "hAtny1__LyY-00342-00102557-00102710": "coming offshore, onshore.", "hAtny1__LyY-00343-00102710-00103014": "There is gas moving to the Northeast, the Southeast, the", "hAtny1__LyY-00344-00103014-00103415": "Upper Midwest, as well as from Louisiana back into Texas.", "hAtny1__LyY-00345-00103415-00103893": "So it made an ideal market hub for indicating various supply", "hAtny1__LyY-00346-00103893-00104018": "and demand.", "hAtny1__LyY-00347-00104230-00104321": "Settlement price.", "hAtny1__LyY-00348-00104321-00104769": "Every day, the New York Mercantile Exchange will put", "hAtny1__LyY-00349-00104769-00105097": "together a final price for that day's trading.", "hAtny1__LyY-00350-00105097-00105322": "The settlement price is the weighted average of all the", "hAtny1__LyY-00351-00105322-00105608": "trades that occur during the last two minutes of trading in", "hAtny1__LyY-00352-00105608-00105776": "that regular session.", "hAtny1__LyY-00353-00105776-00106169": "Now, when the closest future month, or what we call the", "hAtny1__LyY-00354-00106169-00106433": "prompt month, when that contract expires, they're", "hAtny1__LyY-00355-00106433-00106672": "going to take the total number of trades in the last 30", "hAtny1__LyY-00356-00106672-00106951": "minutes to come up with a weighted average, and that", "hAtny1__LyY-00357-00106951-00107135": "will be the price for that month.", "hAtny1__LyY-00358-00107135-00107407": "And that month rolls off, as we say, and it's in the", "hAtny1__LyY-00359-00107407-00107542": "history books.", "hAtny1__LyY-00360-00107542-00107757": "Margin requirements for natural gas are substantially", "hAtny1__LyY-00361-00107757-00108058": "less than crude oil, but the value is substantially less,", "hAtny1__LyY-00362-00108058-00108672": "so there's only $2,100 margin requirement per contract.", "hAtny1__LyY-00363-00108672-00108903": "This is what a natural gas futures", "hAtny1__LyY-00364-00108903-00109006": "screen would look like.", "hAtny1__LyY-00365-00109006-00109257": "If you ever see one of these on a trading floor or", "hAtny1__LyY-00366-00109257-00109564": "somewhere else, perhaps on someone's screen who trades in", "hAtny1__LyY-00367-00109564-00109756": "these contracts, this is what it would look like.", "hAtny1__LyY-00368-00110219-00110397": "We're now going to talk about unleaded gasoline,", "hAtny1__LyY-00369-00110397-00110642": "referred to as RBOB.", "hAtny1__LyY-00370-00110642-00111141": "RBOB stands for Reformulated Blend for Oxygenated Blending.", "hAtny1__LyY-00371-00111141-00111343": "What we get at the gas pump--", "hAtny1__LyY-00372-00111343-00111583": "you usually have the opportunity to get 100%", "hAtny1__LyY-00373-00111583-00111907": "unleaded in very few places.", "hAtny1__LyY-00374-00111907-00112059": "Mostly, it's a 90/10--", "hAtny1__LyY-00375-00112059-00112553": "that is, it's 90% gasoline, 10% ethanol or some other type", "hAtny1__LyY-00376-00112553-00112670": "of blending component.", "hAtny1__LyY-00377-00112670-00113255": "In some cases, you hear about E85, which is 85% unleaded,", "hAtny1__LyY-00378-00113255-00113542": "15% of some other additive, normally", "hAtny1__LyY-00379-00113542-00113708": "something like ethanol.", "hAtny1__LyY-00380-00113708-00113976": "So what's traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange is", "hAtny1__LyY-00381-00113976-00114181": "actually the 100% unleaded.", "hAtny1__LyY-00382-00114181-00114456": "It becomes a feed stock for unleaded, because it's only", "hAtny1__LyY-00383-00114456-00114769": "90% of what we get at the pump unless", "hAtny1__LyY-00384-00114769-00114914": "we're buying 100% unleaded.", "hAtny1__LyY-00385-00114914-00115216": "So it's reformulated blend for oxygenated blending.", "hAtny1__LyY-00386-00115216-00115595": "They're going to blend oxygenators into", "hAtny1__LyY-00387-00115595-00115841": "the unleaded gasoline.", "hAtny1__LyY-00388-00115841-00116038": "The oxygenators are seasonal in nature,", "hAtny1__LyY-00389-00116038-00116222": "depending on the regions.", "hAtny1__LyY-00390-00116222-00116550": "Again, oxygenators help to burn the gasoline more", "hAtny1__LyY-00391-00116550-00116856": "efficiently and therefore reduce the emissions.", "hAtny1__LyY-00392-00116856-00117188": "Oxygenators are things such as ethane, ethanol, butane,", "hAtny1__LyY-00393-00117188-00117448": "isobutane, and natural gasolines.", "hAtny1__LyY-00394-00117448-00117876": "Every RBOB contract is 42,000 gallons.", "hAtny1__LyY-00395-00117876-00118184": "US dollars and cents, and the minimum fluctuation is 1/1000", "hAtny1__LyY-00396-00118184-00118508": "of a penny per gallon.", "hAtny1__LyY-00397-00118508-00118891": "The delivery point is free onboard or delivered into the", "hAtny1__LyY-00398-00118891-00119243": "petroleum products terminals in New York Harbor.", "hAtny1__LyY-00399-00119243-00119341": "Margin requirements--", "hAtny1__LyY-00400-00119341-00119732": "$8,100 per contract.", "hAtny1__LyY-00401-00119732-00120000": "Last but not least, heating oil, or HO.", "hAtny1__LyY-00402-00120000-00120252": "It's sometimes referred to as number two fuel oil.", "hAtny1__LyY-00403-00120252-00120531": "Every contract is 42,000 gallons.", "hAtny1__LyY-00404-00120531-00120878": "We are still dealing with US dollars and cents per barrel.", "hAtny1__LyY-00405-00120878-00121235": "Minimum price fluctuation is 1/1000 of a penny per gallon.", "hAtny1__LyY-00406-00121235-00121645": "The delivery point is the same as for RBOB, and that is free", "hAtny1__LyY-00407-00121645-00121948": "onboard or delivered to the petroleum products terminals", "hAtny1__LyY-00408-00121948-00122101": "in New York Harbor.", "hAtny1__LyY-00409-00122101-00122365": "Everything else pretty much remains the same under the", "hAtny1__LyY-00410-00122365-00122510": "standardized NYMEX contracts."}}, {"audio_id": "hAOTcosXhxg", "text": {"hAOTcosXhxg-00000-00000024-00000256": "to the afghan people we may make this commitment", "hAOTcosXhxg-00001-00000456-00001152": "the conflict will not be the end we will not walk away thanks to our military and our allies", "hAOTcosXhxg-00002-00001272-00001960": "and the brave fighters of afghanistan the taliban regime it's coming to an end", "hAOTcosXhxg-00003-00001960-00002320": "we've destroyed an enormous amount of the military infrastructure of the taliban", "hAOTcosXhxg-00004-00002320-00003064": "the days of the taliban are over yes the taliban have got time but their game of waiting", "hAOTcosXhxg-00005-00003168-00003856": "is a game that will not succeed these afghans searched for dead bodies after a us airstrike", "hAOTcosXhxg-00006-00003856-00004536": "hit a wedding party 35 civilians were killed and 38 injured the bride is among the injured", "hAOTcosXhxg-00007-00004536-00005064": "in kandahar hospital along with other women and children and as commander-in-chief", "hAOTcosXhxg-00008-00005064-00005720": "i have determined that it is in our vital national interest to send an additional 30 000 u.s troops", "hAOTcosXhxg-00009-00005720-00006176": "to afghanistan there was no question of us withdrawing our british troops a u.s", "hAOTcosXhxg-00010-00006176-00006840": "operation in western afghanistan killed some 90 civilians, the US at first", "hAOTcosXhxg-00011-00006840-00007408": "denied that any civilians had been killed, \"I have two words for you, Predator Drones..", "hAOTcosXhxg-00012-00007631-00008112": "you will never see it coming. Listen to this 13 year old pakistani boy whose grandmother was", "hAOTcosXhxg-00013-00008112-00008832": "killed in a drone strike, \"I no longer love blue skies in fact i now prefer gray skies the drones", "hAOTcosXhxg-00014-00008832-00009432": "do not fly when the skies are grey and for a short period of time the mental tension and fear eases", "hAOTcosXhxg-00015-00009432-00009984": "this war has taken longer than most anticipated but over the last three years the tide has turned", "hAOTcosXhxg-00016-00010088-00010608": "we broke the taliban's momentum i think this country is a vast improvement on what we found", "hAOTcosXhxg-00017-00010608-00011184": "in 2001 and i think our troops can leave with their head health heads held high over a job", "hAOTcosXhxg-00018-00011184-00011816": "very well known we will be deploying an additional 440 personnel to nato's resolute support mission", "hAOTcosXhxg-00019-00011816-00012312": "in afghanistan there's anger and confusion on this fine nut farm the drone strike came", "hAOTcosXhxg-00020-00012312-00012800": "when workers were resting after a day's work don't the americans see that they were just", "hAOTcosXhxg-00021-00012800-00013456": "working and gathering pine nuts why do they attack ordinary workers the taliban wants to make a deal", "hAOTcosXhxg-00022-00013456-00014096": "there is no military path to uh victory for the taliban your own intelligence community has", "hAOTcosXhxg-00023-00014096-00014663": "assessed that the afghan government will likely collapse that's not true but america and other", "hAOTcosXhxg-00024-00014663-00015272": "nato countries were certainly caught totally off guard the taliban declared the war in afghanistan", "hAOTcosXhxg-00025-00015272-00015856": "was over on monday after they took control of the presidential palace in the capital kabul", "hAOTcosXhxg-00026-00016144-00016552": "we were told we were fighting terrorists the real terrorist was me", "hAOTcosXhxg-00027-00016552-00016984": "and the real terrorism is this occupational terrorism"}}, {"audio_id": "hB5D0_6ZqR8", "text": {"hB5D0_6ZqR8-00000-00000000-00000501": "Welcome to my video", "hB5D0_6ZqR8-00001-00000505-00001000": "Thank you for this video view", "hB5D0_6ZqR8-00002-00001000-00001508": "Like, sub, share, support my channel.", "hB5D0_6ZqR8-00003-00001516-00002000": "Thank you very much"}}, {"audio_id": "hBf9kKAbcC0", "text": {"hBf9kKAbcC0-00000-00000071-00000535": "My name is Martin McLean and I work for the National Deaf", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00001-00000535-00001016": "Children's Society where I lead on post-14 policy and", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00002-00001016-00001504": "practices. We are a children charity but we support", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00003-00001504-00002096": "young people up to the age of 25. That is young people with all levels of", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00004-00002096-00002543": "deafness from mild to profound. Our vision", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00005-00002543-00003200": "is of a world without barriers to deaf children and young people. Deafness,", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00006-00003200-00003592": "in itself, is not a barrier to higher education.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00007-00003592-00003984": "Thousands of deaf people complete higher education", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00008-00003984-00004671": "every year. I got an undergraduate degree and two post-grad qualifications.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00009-00004671-00005000": "I don't think I would have achieved those without", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00010-00005000-00005416": "adjustments being made by the universities and colleges", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00011-00005416-00005823": "that I attended and communication support", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00012-00005823-00006328": "being put in place through Disabled Students' Allowances.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00013-00006328-00006984": "Right now is a very challenging time for many of us as we adjust to a new", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00014-00006984-00007392": "world that we find ourselves in. Many higher", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00015-00007392-00007808": "education providers have been gradually providing more and", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00016-00007808-00008352": "more learning opportunities online over the last few years so were", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00017-00008352-00008824": "able to respond quickly to a lockdown by providing remote learning", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00018-00008824-00009311": "opportunities. However for deaf students, having to", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00019-00009311-00009775": "access a lecture or seminar online does present", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00020-00009775-00010184": "new issues.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00021-00010232-00010639": "Have you ever tried lip reading someone off the computer screen?", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00022-00010639-00010952": "Particularly if the picture is a bit fuzzy or", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00023-00010952-00011632": "jerky. I can tell you it's difficult! Often lectures are captured where you", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00024-00011632-00012224": "only see the slides, so there's no one to lip read anyway.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00025-00012224-00012800": "Subtitles are often non-existent. I recognise it is not always that", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00026-00012800-00013247": "straightforward to add subtitles but technology is making this", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00027-00013247-00013600": "much easier than it used to be.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00028-00013600-00014056": "OK. So now we're talking about automated subtitles", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00029-00014056-00014719": "using speech recognition technology. Remember this is not yet some magic", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00030-00014719-00015272": "solution - automated captions are far from 100%", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00031-00015272-00015784": "accurate. It can be hard work", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00032-00015784-00016404": "for a deaf student to filter out errors and there is a real risk of", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00033-00016404-00016823": "misunderstanding important concepts being relayed by a", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00034-00016823-00017264": "lecturer - even a small grammatical error can", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00035-00017264-00017872": "result in reading a sentence in a completely different way.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00036-00017880-00018223": "Some universities are trying automated captioning", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00037-00018223-00018831": "at the moment. The key thing is that the subtitles are edited.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00038-00018831-00019392": "Any automated captioning platform should enable subtitles to be edited", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00039-00019392-00019744": "easily after being created using the voice", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00040-00019744-00020208": "recognition technology. If the errors", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00041-00020208-00020959": "are not edited out, you haven't really got an accessible lecture.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00042-00020984-00021400": "If good quality subtitles cannot be made available", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00043-00021400-00021736": "when you may need to be discussing with a deaf student putting", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00044-00021736-00022423": "in place a speech to text reporter or electronic note taker for lectures.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00045-00022423-00023112": "Over half of deaf students do not claim Disabled Students' Allowances", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00046-00023112-00023704": "to cover the cost of their support and it is not necessarily because they feel", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00047-00023704-00024031": "they don't need it. It is these students we are", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00048-00024031-00024376": "particularly concerned about at the moment.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00049-00024376-00024695": "Late applications for Disabled Students' Allowances", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00050-00024695-00025143": "are permitted and is probably reasonable for higher education providers", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00051-00025143-00025584": "to cover the cost of communication support whilst an application", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00052-00025584-00025888": "is going through.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00053-00025912-00026552": "What about if you use sign language? Many British Sign Language interpreters", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00054-00026552-00027072": "have been able to provide interpretation of lectures and seminars remotely.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00055-00027072-00027560": "However there can be issues in accessing live seminars and discussions", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00056-00027560-00027968": "if the picture quality is not good enough.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00057-00027968-00028575": "If using a video platform like Zoom or Microsoft Teams, you need to be able to", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00058-00028575-00028968": "pin the interpreter easily so that they can be visible on the", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00059-00028968-00029600": "screen for the whole time. It's good to be aware that concentrating", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00060-00029600-00029904": "on a sign language interpreter for some time", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00061-00029904-00030352": "and trying to read slides and messages within the chat function", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00062-00030352-00031016": "can be very tiring. There's a lot of visual information to be processed.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00063-00031016-00031400": "Breaks are therefore important.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00064-00031400-00031895": "UCL have come up with some very useful guidance on remote working", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00065-00031895-00032263": "with sign language interpreters which can be downloaded", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00066-00032263-00032583": "from this link.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00067-00032768-00033168": "Some, not all but some deaf students, will appreciate", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00068-00033168-00033728": "good quality audio input when accessing a seminar or lecture.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00069-00033728-00034040": "If there's a lot of background noise or rustling,", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00070-00034040-00034591": "you're making it much harder for a deaf student to listen.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00071-00034703-00035336": "For tutorials, flexibility is important. Deaf students have", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00072-00035336-00035840": "different needs to each other. Can you use a video call rather than a", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00073-00035840-00036280": "phone call? if a video call is difficult for", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00074-00036280-00036775": "students , what about chatting through text? If you use", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00075-00036775-00037391": "automated captions, for example, on Skype or Google remember to open them up", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00076-00037391-00037744": "yourself so you can see if there are any glaring", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00077-00037744-00038184": "errors in the captions.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00078-00038224-00038944": "Online exams and assessments. Oral assessments must be discussed", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00079-00038944-00039416": "with the deaf student to find the best arrangement to make sure", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00080-00039416-00040024": "they have full access. With written exams the normal access", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00081-00040024-00040575": "arrangements that the deaf student would have, such as extra time, modified", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00082-00040575-00040975": "language, or sign language interpretation, must be", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00083-00040975-00041488": "reflected within the alternative arrangements.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00084-00041631-00042416": "And finally... With most providers taking a blended learning approach in the 2020-21", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00085-00042416-00042928": "academic year it is important that higher education providers are taking", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00086-00042928-00043400": "steps to address issues that arise from this.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00087-00043400-00044047": "Remember no one deaf student is the same - access needs will vary from student to", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00088-00044047-00044440": "student and good communication with students", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00089-00044440-00044816": "about what works for them and finding time to", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00090-00044816-00045408": "to review things and how they are going is important.", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00091-00045480-00045936": "The guidance in this video can be found in written form", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00092-00045936-00046872": "here this link. For further advice, deaf students and", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00093-00046872-00047312": "higher education staff are able to contact our helpline in a", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00094-00047312-00047984": "variety of different ways visit", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00095-00048159-00048703": "www.ncds.org.uk/helpline", "hBf9kKAbcC0-00096-00048831-00049103": "thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "hBicKUN81Wo", "text": {"hBicKUN81Wo-00000-00000000-00000294": "Welcome Soldiers", "hBicKUN81Wo-00001-00000408-00000662": "Today our topic is", "hBicKUN81Wo-00002-00000764-00001054": "Basic information about PUBG mobile", "hBicKUN81Wo-00003-00001054-00001223": "This is one of the best basic tips training that you will see", "hBicKUN81Wo-00004-00001404-00001598": "For beginners", "hBicKUN81Wo-00005-00002312-00002580": "To start click upper left of your screen upper left Classic then click the target icon", "hBicKUN81Wo-00006-00002604-00002902": "For you to direct at the shooting range training ground", "hBicKUN81Wo-00007-00004181-00004376": "Please take note that it is very important that we have 2 kinds of weapon", "hBicKUN81Wo-00008-00004444-00004581": "We need to have assault riffle and the snipping riffle", "hBicKUN81Wo-00009-00004709-00004943": "This is very important. This is the things that I learned during series of battle games.", "hBicKUN81Wo-00010-00005036-00005292": "Having those guns will give you higher chance of winning", "hBicKUN81Wo-00011-00006936-00007232": "Lets picked assault riffle and snipping riffle", "hBicKUN81Wo-00012-00009592-00009907": "Next is head gear. Best headgear is level 3", "hBicKUN81Wo-00013-00010026-00010242": "The same with vest ant backpack always get the level 3", "hBicKUN81Wo-00014-00011952-00012002": "Then we get pan. This is funny because you will carry a pan behind your back", "hBicKUN81Wo-00015-00012002-00012246": "But it has advantage. Sometimes it blocks bullet when somebody shoot you at the back", "hBicKUN81Wo-00016-00012478-00012678": "Its funny", "hBicKUN81Wo-00017-00012678-00012770": "But its helpful somehow", "hBicKUN81Wo-00018-00013096-00013396": "Next is medkit, syringe, energy drink, painkiller", "hBicKUN81Wo-00019-00013700-00013978": "Later I will show how to use this thing", "hBicKUN81Wo-00020-00014508-00014851": "Next is gun accesories", "hBicKUN81Wo-00021-00015045-00015348": "Its very important to have this", "hBicKUN81Wo-00022-00015348-00015636": "For you to get the best performance of your guns during the actual battle", "hBicKUN81Wo-00023-00015963-00016144": "Accesories like suppressor, flash hider for you to be not easily seen by enemy", "hBicKUN81Wo-00024-00016260-00016511": "This tuitorial is for PUBG mobile", "hBicKUN81Wo-00025-00016646-00016989": "This is the only gaming gadgets that I can afford for now", "hBicKUN81Wo-00026-00016993-00017298": "There are so many kinds of PUBG. For me only PUBG Mobile", "hBicKUN81Wo-00027-00018100-00018404": "Next stop is to get ammo", "hBicKUN81Wo-00028-00018997-00019295": "Lets maximixe how many they will gaved", "hBicKUN81Wo-00029-00019479-00019783": "I think already enough", "hBicKUN81Wo-00030-00019783-00019883": "Next is scope", "hBicKUN81Wo-00031-00020225-00020510": "Lets get first red dot for us to see the difference", "hBicKUN81Wo-00032-00020510-00020816": "Get also 2x 3x 4x 6x 8x", "hBicKUN81Wo-00033-00021634-00021798": "Okey lets start", "hBicKUN81Wo-00034-00022573-00022739": "Use first the snipping riffle", "hBicKUN81Wo-00035-00022877-00023014": "Scope must be 8x", "hBicKUN81Wo-00036-00023992-00024092": "Try head shot", "hBicKUN81Wo-00037-00024112-00024212": "Then body shot", "hBicKUN81Wo-00038-00024445-00024756": "We can also try to lay on the ground while shooting", "hBicKUN81Wo-00039-00026098-00026324": "If cannot see the target change position", "hBicKUN81Wo-00040-00027299-00027600": "We can lean left and right direction depends on the situation", "hBicKUN81Wo-00045-00029284-00029384": "Next to shoot is assault riffle", "hBicKUN81Wo-00046-00029491-00029708": "The recoil of this gun is very important", "hBicKUN81Wo-00047-00029892-00030116": "You need to practice and be familiar with your gun", "hBicKUN81Wo-00049-00030401-00030561": "Dont forget to reload", "hBicKUN81Wo-00050-00031121-00031389": "The assault riffle", "hBicKUN81Wo-00051-00031389-00031532": "Is very helpful and effective", "hBicKUN81Wo-00052-00031586-00031819": "During close encounter its very effective", "hBicKUN81Wo-00053-00032114-00032347": "You can fire while running", "hBicKUN81Wo-00054-00032418-00032602": "However it is difficult to control", "hBicKUN81Wo-00056-00033140-00033314": "Dont forget to reload", "hBicKUN81Wo-00058-00033792-00034085": "While we are running", "hBicKUN81Wo-00059-00034085-00034324": "Better put the gun on your back", "hBicKUN81Wo-00061-00034711-00035020": "Running is more faster", "hBicKUN81Wo-00063-00035285-00035496": "Next is granade", "hBicKUN81Wo-00064-00035572-00035865": "Lets get 3 pcs", "hBicKUN81Wo-00067-00036463-00036647": "Also smoke granade", "hBicKUN81Wo-00069-00037213-00037402": "Molotov", "hBicKUN81Wo-00070-00037490-00037794": "So how we will use this thing", "hBicKUN81Wo-00074-00038790-00039005": "Medkit, pain killers can be used if you have low life and energy", "hBicKUN81Wo-00075-00039005-00039267": "It will boost you and help you recover", "hBicKUN81Wo-00077-00039545-00039711": "Normally players maximize the usage of that", "hBicKUN81Wo-00084-00041466-00041772": "Lets try the granade", "hBicKUN81Wo-00085-00041772-00042061": "You must understand how to use granade", "hBicKUN81Wo-00086-00042061-00042369": "Throwing option is high and low toss", "hBicKUN81Wo-00088-00042657-00042969": "Normally use high specially if enemy is far", "hBicKUN81Wo-00090-00043250-00043350": "Click granade icon", "hBicKUN81Wo-00091-00043392-00043570": "You will see a red curve line showing direction", "hBicKUN81Wo-00093-00043974-00044283": "That is the correct timing", "hBicKUN81Wo-00094-00044285-00044573": "Your enemy do not have time to escape", "hBicKUN81Wo-00095-00044573-00044768": "If you throw very early, granade already on the ground", "hBicKUN81Wo-00096-00044866-00045155": "And your enemy still have enough time to escape", "hBicKUN81Wo-00098-00045517-00045811": "Best thing to do throw it around 4 seconds", "hBicKUN81Wo-00100-00046132-00046420": "You can see on the upper portion there is counter. Once 4s released", "hBicKUN81Wo-00102-00046750-00047067": "Smoke is used", "hBicKUN81Wo-00103-00047093-00047486": "Just in case you need to help somebody on the other side", "hBicKUN81Wo-00104-00047506-00047606": "The same concept", "hBicKUN81Wo-00107-00048297-00048397": "You can transfer on other side", "hBicKUN81Wo-00109-00048613-00048912": "You can recover somebody and enemy will not have clear vision", "hBicKUN81Wo-00110-00048955-00049265": "That is the purpose of smoke", "hBicKUN81Wo-00112-00049630-00049730": "For molotov", "hBicKUN81Wo-00113-00049894-00050044": "Used to ignite fire and burn the area", "hBicKUN81Wo-00118-00051533-00051825": "Lets try driving", "hBicKUN81Wo-00121-00052613-00052927": "We have different kind, motorcycle and 4 wheels", "hBicKUN81Wo-00122-00053061-00053256": "But I prefered to used 4 wheels", "hBicKUN81Wo-00123-00053694-00054008": "Try first all terrain vehicle. Still can use even with smoke", "hBicKUN81Wo-00126-00054513-00054613": "One of the best specially in mountain area", "hBicKUN81Wo-00128-00055016-00055339": "Just press speed boost for more power", "hBicKUN81Wo-00131-00056658-00056804": "The only problem your body is exposed", "hBicKUN81Wo-00132-00056914-00057231": "Break first before exit that is the correct timing", "hBicKUN81Wo-00133-00057232-00057527": "If you will not do that your life will be on danger", "hBicKUN81Wo-00134-00057528-00057840": "It will caused damage", "hBicKUN81Wo-00136-00058231-00058533": "One of the best is Jeep", "hBicKUN81Wo-00137-00058533-00058831": "Your body is covered during travel", "hBicKUN81Wo-00139-00059484-00059753": "Oh there is something wrong on this car", "hBicKUN81Wo-00140-00059849-00059953": "Try other pick up", "hBicKUN81Wo-00144-00061536-00061794": "Also broke, this car needs repair", "hBicKUN81Wo-00146-00062498-00062912": "One tire is missing. Sorry I didn't noticed", "hBicKUN81Wo-00148-00063346-00063553": "Lets try speed boat, hopefully still Ok", "hBicKUN81Wo-00150-00064169-00064472": "Try shoot just fur fun", "hBicKUN81Wo-00154-00065590-00065820": "We can use speedboat for tutorial", "hBicKUN81Wo-00157-00066844-00067116": "Lets drive the boat", "hBicKUN81Wo-00162-00069961-00070266": "Break before Exit very important to avoid damage", "hBicKUN81Wo-00165-00070912-00071219": "One more thing while running", "hBicKUN81Wo-00166-00071219-00071474": "You can use the eye icon to view your sorrounding", "hBicKUN81Wo-00167-00071474-00071766": "Very effective to check if somebody is following", "hBicKUN81Wo-00170-00072335-00072442": "Very helpful", "hBicKUN81Wo-00171-00072505-00072804": "Just look and used that icon", "hBicKUN81Wo-00173-00073118-00073464": "Normally located at upper right area", "hBicKUN81Wo-00177-00074215-00074514": "Some player use jump technique to avoid bullet", "hBicKUN81Wo-00179-00074827-00075139": "That's all for now", "hBicKUN81Wo-00180-00075139-00075306": "You already knew the basic", "hBicKUN81Wo-00183-00076827-00077146": "Our next video is application on battle", "hBicKUN81Wo-00184-00077288-00077569": "DON'T FORGET TO SUBSCRIBE", "hBicKUN81Wo-00185-00077589-00077748": "Thank you for watching"}}, {"audio_id": "hBSSnGFOmhM", "text": {"hBSSnGFOmhM-00000-00002130-00002290": "(There's a little too much of this)", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00001-00003703-00004069": "http://www.penny-arcade.com/patv/show/extra-credits", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00002-00005220-00005266": "(Bejewed is awesome)", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00003-00010253-00010366": "Title picture!", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00004-00011193-00011593": "Or tear down others', as I'm doing now. :)", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00005-00013643-00013779": "(Imperial Guard - the other humans)", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00006-00015156-00015429": "All should fear the Emperor's wrath!", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00007-00015476-00015813": "It is better to die for the Emperor than live for yourself.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00008-00015840-00016043": "Heresy grows from idleness.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00009-00016073-00016289": "This is the judgment of the righteous!", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00010-00016303-00016359": "Scum!", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00011-00016393-00016716": "Redeem them with sword and fire!", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00012-00016730-00016960": "We strike with the wrath of the righteous!", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00013-00016983-00017116": "Burn, heretic.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00014-00017143-00017353": "By the Emperor, it shall be so.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00015-00017383-00017619": "Today, the enemy shall know fear.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00016-00017643-00017833": "The Emperor guides my blade.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00017-00017846-00018033": "We go to spread his word.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00018-00018050-00018360": "Only at war are we truly faithful!", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00019-00019196-00019356": "40,000 (40k) means the 41st millennium C.E.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00020-00019660-00020040": "The soldier operating that walking tank has died. And been brought back.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00021-00021040-00021256": "Suffer not the witch to live.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00022-00028600-00028726": "I will NOT make a period joke.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00023-00040926-00041056": "Yep, these guys again.", "hBSSnGFOmhM-00024-00051790-00052486": "These are some Eldar Webway gates. To put it very simply, it's a network of teleportation hubs."}}, {"audio_id": "hCFhnmLDG34", "text": {"hCFhnmLDG34-00000-00002009-00002395": "Welcome to Unit Three of Saylor.org's Professional Writing course.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00001-00002395-00002863": "Now that you've completed your draft, it's time to edit and polish, so that you can command", "hCFhnmLDG34-00002-00002863-00003025": "your audience's attention.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00003-00003025-00003500": "The goal of the proofreading process is to eliminate distractions, errors, and other", "hCFhnmLDG34-00004-00003500-00003972": "red flags, but as you may be all too aware, it's not easy to edit something you wrote", "hCFhnmLDG34-00005-00003972-00004072": "yourself.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00006-00004072-00004430": "You read what you thought you wrote, rather than what's really on the page.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00007-00004430-00004828": "Now, ideally, you can borrow a friend or a colleague to check your work, but if you must", "hCFhnmLDG34-00008-00004828-00005300": "go it alone, you'll have to trick yourself into seeing your document with fresh eyes.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00009-00005300-00005721": "In this final unit, then, you'll learn some techniques to do just that.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00010-00005721-00006142": "One of the simplest being to set your work aside for a few hours or a few days and come", "hCFhnmLDG34-00011-00006142-00006271": "back to it later.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00012-00006271-00006665": "We'll give you an editorial checklist, too, to help you police your writing.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00013-00006665-00007120": "And you can use it in a few ways, but I'd suggest moving item by item, scanning each", "hCFhnmLDG34-00014-00007120-00007493": "document for just that one issue every time.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00015-00007493-00007883": "And this way, you're reading with the eyes of a critical editor, rather than the eyes", "hCFhnmLDG34-00016-00007883-00008033": "of the author.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00017-00008033-00008510": "And hold on to this list; it'll serve you in writing and editing in the future.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00018-00008510-00008963": "I hope you've enjoyed this professional writing course so far; when you've finished, I encourage", "hCFhnmLDG34-00019-00008963-00009483": "you to come back whenever you like to review techniques, hone your skills, and become an", "hCFhnmLDG34-00020-00009483-00009631": "ever more effective writer.", "hCFhnmLDG34-00021-00009631-00009849": "Enjoy the last unit, and good luck."}}, {"audio_id": "hCRCywduMlY", "text": {"hCRCywduMlY-00000-00000117-00001563": "DANCING!"}}, {"audio_id": "hDhgBYOYbTQ", "text": {"hDhgBYOYbTQ-00000-00000279-00000540": "I'm really hungry. I guess I'll go eat."}}, {"audio_id": "hDnzT5podBy", "text": {"hDnzT5podBy-00000-00000000-00000200": "LECTURE ON INSURANCE LAW- INSURABLE INTEREST SIMPLIFIED"}}, {"audio_id": "hDudscpYwDI", "text": {"hDudscpYwDI-00000-00000069-00000442": "Hey there, Greg Kemble again…", "hDudscpYwDI-00001-00000442-00000992": "This video looks at the last of the Four Pillars of the Guided Pathways framework:", "hDudscpYwDI-00002-00001016-00001634": "ensuring that students are learning on these pathways, which we have created for them,", "hDudscpYwDI-00003-00001652-00002324": "which we’ve encouraged them to enter, and which we want them to stay on.", "hDudscpYwDI-00004-00002338-00003250": "I see this pillar as having two facets: alignment and, let’s call it, experience.", "hDudscpYwDI-00005-00003270-00003560": "So first, let’s talk about alignment.", "hDudscpYwDI-00006-00003560-00003929": "During convocation, there was an SLO workshop--", "hDudscpYwDI-00007-00003929-00004374": "run by Shawn Frederking, the SLO Coordinator,", "hDudscpYwDI-00008-00004374-00004880": "and Jeremy Brown, our Dean of Institutional Effectiveness.", "hDudscpYwDI-00009-00004880-00005628": "They brought in some case studies of how other colleges successfully handle SLOs,", "hDudscpYwDI-00010-00005628-00006036": "which is, of course, something we’ve struggled with.", "hDudscpYwDI-00011-00006036-00006868": "Now, what stood out most to me is how pretty much all those colleges were focused less on course SLOs,", "hDudscpYwDI-00012-00006868-00007216": "and more on program outcomes.", "hDudscpYwDI-00013-00007216-00007994": "And this focus on program outcomes—specifically, aligning them with the expectations of employers", "hDudscpYwDI-00014-00007994-00008714": "or transfer institutions—this focus is in line with what the fourth pillar encourages.", "hDudscpYwDI-00015-00008764-00009392": "Now, it’s simple enough to align course learning outcomes with the goals of a program.", "hDudscpYwDI-00016-00009393-00010064": "But it’s less clear how to ensure our program’s learning outcomes align with the needs of", "hDudscpYwDI-00017-00010064-00011036": "those who take our students when they leave us—again, employers and transfer institutions.", "hDudscpYwDI-00018-00011110-00011500": "This is an important shift in focus.", "hDudscpYwDI-00019-00011500-00012189": "In an earlier video, I said that the Guided Pathways framework helps us develop ways to", "hDudscpYwDI-00020-00012189-00012792": "support our students from the moment they show interest in us until the moment they leave us.", "hDudscpYwDI-00021-00012806-00013684": "But, in fact, Guided Pathways—in particular, though this type of alignment, program alignment—", "hDudscpYwDI-00022-00013684-00014680": "it seeks to set students up to succeed well after they’ve left us. We'll come back to that.", "hDudscpYwDI-00023-00014680-00014980": "The other facet refers to our students’ experience.", "hDudscpYwDI-00024-00014980-00015681": "Thomas Friedman, writing in the New York Times, reported that a 2014 Gallup poll identified", "hDudscpYwDI-00025-00015681-00016284": "two components that link education to long term success in the workplace.", "hDudscpYwDI-00026-00016284-00016862": "“Successful students,” he writes, “had one or more teachers who were mentors and", "hDudscpYwDI-00027-00016862-00017456": "took a real interest in their aspirations, and they had an internship related to what", "hDudscpYwDI-00028-00017456-00017731": "they were learning in school.”", "hDudscpYwDI-00029-00017732-00018242": "The first of those—mentor teachers—probably relates a bit to the third pillar—", "hDudscpYwDI-00030-00018242-00018492": "keeping students on the path.", "hDudscpYwDI-00031-00018516-00019444": "But the second—internships, or more generally, opportunities for authentic, active learning—", "hDudscpYwDI-00032-00019444-00019964": "it's directly supported by this fourth pillar.", "hDudscpYwDI-00033-00020082-00020638": "And, ideally, this isn’t just about tagging internships onto the student’s college experience,", "hDudscpYwDI-00034-00020638-00021308": "but it’s about faculty embedding such opportunities into the curriculum—group projects,", "hDudscpYwDI-00035-00021308-00022068": "service learning, learning communities, stuff like that—even in early courses in a program,", "hDudscpYwDI-00036-00022068-00022432": "so students are engaged earlier in the process.", "hDudscpYwDI-00037-00022432-00023006": "And if that’s going to happen, the institution needs to offer faculty its support—", "hDudscpYwDI-00038-00023020-00023682": "finding internships or clinical placements, providing technology that allows students to develop", "hDudscpYwDI-00039-00023682-00024526": "e-portfolios (that's something that came up several times at the SLO workshop).", "hDudscpYwDI-00040-00024526-00025224": "Offering professional development, encouraging cross-disciplinary collaboration, and so on.", "hDudscpYwDI-00041-00025420-00026174": "Now, like much of the Guided Pathways framework, many of the concepts related to this pillar—both", "hDudscpYwDI-00042-00026175-00026856": "regarding alignment and active learning experiences--are almost second nature for our colleagues in", "hDudscpYwDI-00043-00026856-00027580": "Career Technical Education—in CTE—because much of this is baked into what they already do:", "hDudscpYwDI-00044-00027580-00028076": "hands-on learning, advisory boards, and so on.", "hDudscpYwDI-00045-00028124-00028682": "But the point of Guided Pathways is to scale things that are working—", "hDudscpYwDI-00046-00028682-00029163": "to bring things that are working for a group of students to", "hDudscpYwDI-00047-00029163-00029476": "the entire student population.", "hDudscpYwDI-00048-00029548-00030245": "Now, I’m not saying that, for example, my department, English, should become a CTE program,", "hDudscpYwDI-00049-00030245-00030650": "but we can learn from the practices that our CTE colleagues", "hDudscpYwDI-00050-00030650-00030880": "have developed and refined:", "hDudscpYwDI-00051-00030880-00031526": "program-focused, work-based learning, alignment with employer expectations.", "hDudscpYwDI-00052-00031732-00032436": "Now, I know that some faculty bristle at this pragmatic focus on employer expectations when", "hDudscpYwDI-00053-00032436-00032770": "we’re talking about non-CTE programs.", "hDudscpYwDI-00054-00032770-00033407": "But a couple things seem worth mentioning: first, especially for our students, our college", "hDudscpYwDI-00055-00033407-00034096": "has the potential to be a pathway to a better life for our students—not just intellectually,", "hDudscpYwDI-00056-00034096-00035012": "or culturally, or spiritually—all of these may be important—but also physically and economically.", "hDudscpYwDI-00057-00035012-00035544": "We can improve the quality of life for our students and their families.", "hDudscpYwDI-00058-00035544-00036278": "And second, surveys with employers—and this is no different for community college students,", "hDudscpYwDI-00059-00036278-00036562": "as for four-year or even grad students—", "hDudscpYwDI-00060-00036570-00037144": "employers aren’t complaining that students are struggling with degree-specific skills.", "hDudscpYwDI-00061-00037144-00037866": "They’re saying they're struggling with problem solving, communications, computation.", "hDudscpYwDI-00062-00037876-00038300": "So aligning our programs with employer expectations", "hDudscpYwDI-00063-00038300-00039288": "doesn’t involve narrowing or limiting our students’ education or its value. It's right in line with that.", "hDudscpYwDI-00064-00039288-00040030": "And in fact, that value extends well beyond employment prospects: aside from the fact that many students", "hDudscpYwDI-00065-00040030-00040452": "will be working at jobs that haven’t even been invented yet, we want", "hDudscpYwDI-00066-00040452-00041002": "to be sure that we’ve helped them develop the critical thinking skills needed to navigate", "hDudscpYwDI-00067-00041002-00041697": "our world—to tell the difference between real and fake news, to apply and adapt their", "hDudscpYwDI-00068-00041698-00042462": "knowledge and skills to unfamiliar situations, to build the mindset and tenacity", "hDudscpYwDI-00069-00042462-00042910": "necessary to work through challenging problems.", "hDudscpYwDI-00070-00042910-00043522": "In the next video, we’ll talk about opportunities and challenges and concerns related to the", "hDudscpYwDI-00071-00043522-00043672": "Guided Pathways framework.", "hDudscpYwDI-00072-00043798-00043942": "See you then."}}, {"audio_id": "hDBm_QyB_ly", "text": {"hDBm_QyB_ly-00000-00000024-00000566": "Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to our course \"Physical Chemistry 101\". My name is Dr. Lauth", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00001-00000566-00001266": "and today´s topic is about chemical kinetics: How fast or how slow does a chemical reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00002-00001333-00002032": "proceed? That is the key question to arise in reaction kinetics. While in thermodynamics,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00003-00002278-00002978": "the question of affinity, of drive (delta G) is crucial, kinetics would ask:", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00004-00003379-00004079": "What about reaction rate r? Which parameters speed up or slow down the reaction? We consider", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00005-00004530-00005230": "a simple process: reactant R transforms into product P. During the process, we track the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00006-00005708-00006408": "concentration of both reactant and product. The blue curve describes the dependence of", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00007-00006588-00007250": "the reactant´s concentration with time, and the slope of the curve represents the rate", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00008-00007250-00007950": "of decomposition r(R). The red curve shows the concentration of the product P varying", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00009-00008356-00009056": "with time, the slope of this curve describing the rate of formation r(P). The unit of the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00010-00009278-00009925": "rates of decomposition and formation - [concentration] over time - will be moles per liter and", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00011-00009925-00010625": "second, for instance. Formation rates are positive and decomposition rates are negative.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00012-00010821-00011421": "By dividing them by the respective stoichiometric number, we get the \"classic\" reaction rate", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00013-00011421-00012121": "r (without subscript). Microscopically chemical process may be illustrated by the so called reaction profile, which may be compared to a miniature golf course:", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00014-00012384-00013084": "This curve shows the potential energy in going from the reactant molecule to the product molecule- usually", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00015-00013863-00014563": "with an energy barrier. This energy barrier appears as a maximum in the energy profile", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00016-00014572-00015172": "of the reaction. Reaction rate is influenced by the detailed course of this reaction profile.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00017-00015172-00015813": "In addition the concentration of the reactant and temperature are also crucial for the reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00018-00015813-00016514": "rate. In general, reaction rate will depend on a number of parameters: solvent, catalyst,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00019-00016807-00017507": "temperature, area of phase boundary , concentration of the reactants. We may keep the first four", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00020-00017979-00018679": "parameters constant and summarize them as a so called a reaction rate constants. This", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00021-00019026-00019726": "mathematical expression is the reaction rate law. It gives the rate as a function of the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00022-00020801-00021501": "concentration of the reactant. The rate law can be predicted only for elementary reactions,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00023-00021565-00022265": "usually it has to be determined experimentally. The rate law often has the form of a power", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00024-00022502-00023202": "function. The exponent of the reactant concentration [A] is called the order of the reaction. For", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00025-00023460-00024160": "reactions with multiple reactants there may be several orders accordingly. The order indicates", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00026-00024297-00024997": "how sensitive the reaction rate responds to a change in concentration. The decomposition", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00027-00025365-00026064": "of N2O5 is a first order reaction, the rate is proportional to the [N2O5] concentration.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00028-00026558-00027258": "The decomposition of NO2 is a second-order reaction, the rate of this reaction is proportional", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00029-00027320-00028020": "to the square of [NO2] concentration. The reaction CO + N2O is overall second order.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00030-00028619-00029319": "first order with respect to each of the reactants. The rate of enzymatic degradation of ethanol", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00031-00029522-00030222": "is not dependent on the concentration: we have a zero order reaction. Fractional reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00032-00030571-00031271": "orders are also possible. The decomposition of acetaldehyde follows a 1.5-order rate law.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00033-00031849-00032549": "In a zero order reaction, the reaction rate is independent of the concentration of reactants", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00034-00032549-00033249": "and thus constant for the whole reaction sequence. This means that the concentration of the reactant", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00035-00033416-00034116": "decreases linearly with time. In a mechanical analogy for a zero order reaction we dip a", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00036-00034206-00034906": "ladle into a container R, say a bathtub, carry an amount of liquid to the right and empty", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00037-00035149-00035849": "the ladle into bathtub R. We keep doing so until bathtub R is empty.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00038-00036227-00036902": "The level of each bathtub is a measure of the concentrations of R and P, the volume", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00039-00036902-00037602": "of the transport ladle is a measure of the rate constant k. The rate law is a differential", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00040-00037637-00038337": "equation (derivation of the concentration of R in respect to time is a function of the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00041-00038358-00039058": "concentration of R itself) By integrating we may end up with concentration as a function", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00042-00039088-00039788": "of time ([R] = f (t)), the so-called integrated rate law. For a zero order reaction, the integrated", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00043-00039911-00040611": "rate law is a linear equation. An important characteristic of a kinetic process is the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00044-00040671-00041371": "half-life - the time after which the concentration has dropped to half its initial value [R]°.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00045-00041443-00042049": "Half-life can easily be calculated using the integrated rate law: The half-life of a zero", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00046-00042049-00042749": "order reaction is not constant but gets shorter as the reaction proceeds. In first order reactions", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00047-00043253-00043863": "reaction rate is proportional to the reactant concentration. Doubling concentration means", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00048-00043863-00044563": "doubling of the rate. In our mechanical analogy, we now transport the liquid with a pipette", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00049-00044677-00045377": "from bathtub R to bathtub P. This means that the amount of fluid transported is constantly", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00050-00045627-00046327": "getting smaller. The diameter of the pipette is correlated with the rate constant k. If", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00051-00046430-00047130": "we integrate the rate law of a reaction first order, we get an exponential function. The", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00052-00047171-00047871": "concentration decreases exponentially with time. Accordingly, half-life is constant.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00053-00048058-00048758": "The decomposition of NO2 is a second order process. The rate is proportional to the concentration", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00054-00048825-00049525": "of [NO2] ² squared. When [NO2] concentration drops to half the rate will drop to a quarter.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00055-00049702-00050280": "This nucleophilic substitution is first order with respect to each of the reactants and", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00056-00050280-00050980": "second order in total. The same applies for hydrolysis of esters - in this case first", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00057-00051216-00051916": "order with respect to acetate and hydroxide: total order two. If we have a simple second", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00058-00052067-00052672": "order reaction, and integrate the rate law, we´ll end up with this relationship between", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00059-00052672-00053372": "reactant concentration and time. The half-life will thus increase when the reaction proceeds.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00060-00053402-00054102": "With [R]° being the initial concentration of R, it does take twice as long from half", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00061-00054372-00055072": "of [R]° to quarter of [R]° than from of [R]° to half [R]°. If we perform a reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00062-00055262-00055962": "like ester hydrolysis with the reactants in non- stoichiometrical amounts, integration", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00063-00056002-00056702": "of the rate law is somewhat complicated, we then obtain this equation. If one of the reactants", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00064-00056889-00057589": "is present in large excess, this equation simplifies to a simple exponential function", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00065-00057619-00058319": "again -- to a first order reaction (referred to as pseudo-first order reaction). Let´s", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00066-00058437-00059137": "put together the most important equations for simple order reactions: For a zero order", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00067-00059161-00059861": "reaction, the reaction rate is constant. The integrated rate law provides a straight line.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00068-00060188-00060888": "For a first order reaction the half-life is constant. The plot of ln[R] versus time yields", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00069-00061201-00061901": "a straight line. For a second order reaction, the plot of the reciprocal of [R] (1 over", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00070-00062125-00062825": "[R]) versus time gives a straight line. From the slopes of the lines, the rate constants", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00071-00062880-00063580": "can be determined. Note that the rate constants have different units, depending on reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00072-00063672-00064372": "order. The half-life is constant only for a first order reaction; for a zero order reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00073-00064449-00065149": "it is getting shorter, for a second order reaction it is getting longer. The concentration-dependence", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00074-00065504-00066175": "of the reaction rate is described by the rate law; now for its temperature dependence. In", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00075-00066175-00066875": "fact the rate constants of most reactions are very sentive to temperature. In general,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00076-00067563-00068263": "the constant increases greatly if we increase temperature. van't Hoff´s rule of thumb states,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00077-00068356-00069056": "that 10 Kelvins temperature increase corresponds to a doubling of the rate constant. Arrhenius", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00078-00069311-00070011": "gives a more quantitative description of the k-T relationship - the famous Arrhenius equation", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00079-00070031-00070731": "rate constant k = A * exp(-E(A)/RT) . E(A) is the activation energy (in kilojoules per", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00080-00071462-00072160": "mole), and A is a frequency factor (or pre-exponential factor), which has the same unit as the rate", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00081-00072160-00072773": "constant. With these two parameters, the temperature dependence of a process may be completely", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00082-00072773-00073467": "described. The activation energy corresponding to the energy barrier in the reaction profile,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00083-00073467-00074156": "which must be exceeded, for the process to run. The frequency factor corresponds to the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00084-00074156-00074856": "limit of the rate constant at infinitely high temperature. The direct plot of k versus T", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00085-00075144-00075844": "yields the Arrhenius exponential function. This function can be mathematically bent to", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00086-00076260-00076879": "straight line just by plotting the logarithm of the rate constant against the reciprocal", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00087-00076879-00077579": "of the temperature (the famous Arrhenius plot). The slope of the line in the Arrhenius plot", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00088-00077945-00078645": "is related to the activation energy, and the axis intercept is related to frequency factor.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00089-00078764-00079380": "Rate constants for arbitrary temperatures may be calculated using Arrhenius equation.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00090-00079380-00080080": "Let me give you an example: The decomposition of ethylamine was studied at different temperatures.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00091-00080329-00080844": "The rate constants were plotted according to Arrhenius, the Arrhenius plot yields an", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00092-00080844-00081544": "intercept of 25. From this we can determine the frequency factor to 8x10^10 1/s. The activation", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00093-00082052-00082752": "energy is obtained from the slope : 176.4 kJ/mol. With both of these coefficients, we", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00094-00082873-00083486": "can now calculate the rate constant for any temperature by the Arrhenius equation. Let´s", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00095-00083486-00084123": "look at a nucleophilic substitution reaction at molecular level. The reactants approach", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00096-00084123-00084706": "each other; bonds are stretched, a new bond is formed, generally the potential energy", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00097-00084706-00085406": "of the reactants will increase. It reaches a maximum in the so-called activated complex", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00098-00085594-00086080": "or transition state #(number sign, pound sign, hash sign). Thus, at the atomic level, a chemical", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00099-00086080-00086780": "reaction consists of the formation and decomposition of an activated complex (a transition state),", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00100-00087192-00087892": "symbolized by # (number sign, pound sign, hash sign). Analogously we may sketch a reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00101-00088207-00088907": "profile of the decomposition of hydrogen iodide into its elements: two HI molecules collide,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00102-00089185-00089885": "the potential energy increases and we reach the activated complex. The activation energy", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00103-00089977-00090677": "- the energy difference between reactants and activated complex is 1.45 eV. After passing", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00104-00090760-00091460": "the activation energy mountain products hydrogen and iodine are formed. Energetically the products", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00105-00091598-00092298": "are located on a 0.54 eV lower level than the reactants - this corresponds to the enthalpy", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00106-00092643-00093343": "of reaction (exothermic reaction). We want to discuss a model substitution reaction in", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00107-00093476-00094176": "more detail and define \"reaction coordinate\". If we plot the potential energy of the three", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00108-00094269-00094969": "atom system A, B, C as a function both of the distances AB and distance BC, we obtain", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00109-00095416-00096116": "kind of a three-dimensional \"energy surface\" of this reaction. There are many paths which", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00110-00096274-00096974": "lead from reactants to the products in this energy landscape, but there is a special path", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00111-00097043-00097743": "(valley-like) passing the lowest energy barrier (red line) and that is the reaction coordinate.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00112-00098279-00098958": "We can speed up a reaction clearly, if we lower the energy of the transition state.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00113-00098958-00099658": "This is done in catalysis in that a more complex pathway with intermediates (yellow) is chosen,", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00114-00099856-00100556": "but this path has a lower activation energy. Minima correspond to intermediates in the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00115-00100843-00101543": "reaction profile, maxima correspond to states (activated complexes - marked by #). A reaction", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00116-00102198-00102777": "consists of the formation and decomposition of a transition state. In the collision theory", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00117-00102777-00103420": "of kinetics, it is assumed, that reactant particles must collide with a certain minimum", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00118-00103420-00104120": "energy, to form the transition state. Most of the collisions will not reach this minimum", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00119-00104185-00104885": "energy, so they do not lead to the transition state. Only very few collisions are energetic", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00120-00104891-00105588": "enough to form the transition state. To use our landscape analogy, the energy of most", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00121-00105588-00106288": "collisions will not suffice to climb the activation mountain, only a few collisions will form", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00122-00106601-00107283": "the activated complex and then transform to the product. The energy distribution in a", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00123-00107283-00107983": "gas can be described by Maxwell-Boltzmann. At 300 K only 2 ppb of all the particles have", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00124-00108283-00108983": "an energy of 50 kJ/mole or larger (corresponding to the integral of the Maxwell-Boltzmann).", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00125-00109492-00110192": "If we increase temperature increase by 73 K this number will increase to 100 ppb - accordingly", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00126-00110594-00111294": "the rate of reaction will increase by a factor of 50. According to Eyring´s theory of kinetics", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00127-00111427-00112127": "there is quasi-equilibrium (steady state) between the reactants and the transition state.", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00128-00112272-00112972": "Treating this equilibrium thermodynamically we may calculate the concentration of the", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00129-00112992-00113692": "activated complex. Multiplying this concentration by a decomposition factor, Eyring gives an", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00130-00113753-00114453": "equation for the rate constant of a second order chemical process. The Eyring equation", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00131-00114836-00115536": "states that the reaction rate constant is determined by the activation enthalpy (delta", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00132-00115815-00116515": "H #) and the activation entropy (delta S #). Any factor influencing rate - for example solvents", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00133-00117125-00117825": "or foreign ions -- can be discussed by using Eyring´s equation: Any activity that reduces", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00134-00118182-00118882": "the instability difference between reactants and transition state (delta G #), will accelerate", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00135-00118974-00119674": "the reaction. (green lines). Any activity that increases this instability difference", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00136-00120102-00120802": "(shown in red), will slow down the reaction. Consider the reaction of a double positively", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00137-00121073-00121773": "charged cobalt complex with a hydroxide ion with this reaction profile in a non-polar", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00138-00121865-00122565": "solvent. If we switch to a more polar solvent, we stabilize both the reactants and the transition", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00139-00122863-00123502": "state. However, the reactants will be more stabilized due to their greater charge, and", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00140-00123502-00124192": "in the end we´ll have an increase in free activation enthalpy delta G #, slowing down", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00141-00124192-00124892": "the process. These kinds of ion reactions will be slower in a more polar solvents. The", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00142-00125311-00125870": "reverse is true for the reaction between uniformly charged ions - here the reaction will speed", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00143-00125870-00126570": "up in polar solvents. Reactions between ions and neutral particles are unaffected by polarity", "hDBm_QyB_ly-00144-00127105-00127621": "and ionic strength. Thank you for watching."}}, {"audio_id": "hDII6wC3axk", "text": {"hDII6wC3axk-00000-00000000-00000200": "Alam Sunda", "hDII6wC3axk-00001-00000200-00000400": "Puncak - Bogor", "hDII6wC3axk-00002-00000400-00000600": "Indonesian food"}}, {"audio_id": "hEdLZ9YJ-a8", "text": {"hEdLZ9YJ-a8-00000-00000008-00000616": "Black Excellence hustle formula is the world's biggest network of enthusiasts,", "hEdLZ9YJ-a8-00001-00000680-00001464": "advocates, aficionados, and practitioners of Black exuberance, and Black prosperousness,", "hEdLZ9YJ-a8-00002-00001536-00002320": "and Black Excellence, while also highlighting the drive, get-up-and-go and the Hustle", "hEdLZ9YJ-a8-00003-00002320-00002760": "that was required to arrive there, at \"Black Excellence\"", "hEdLZ9YJ-a8-00004-00002888-00003720": "Now, I am \"Black Excellence\". I am credible and recognized authority when it", "hEdLZ9YJ-a8-00005-00003720-00004600": "concerns curating accomplishments and achievements in the African American community. 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So, Hey, make sure you are subscribed Today, and hit the Notification Bell,", "hEdLZ9YJ-a8-00020-00015912-00016920": "with a like so you never miss a video from us. Welcome to the Black Excellence Hustle Formula."}}, {"audio_id": "hE6qlGnWHq0", "text": {"hE6qlGnWHq0-00000-00000000-00000700": "নতুন জোটের শর্তগুলো একটাও গ্রহনযোগ্য না, প্রত্যেকটাই সংবিধান পরিপন্থী -বানিজ্যমন্ত্রী তোফায়েল আহমেদ", "hE6qlGnWHq0-00001-00000700-00001400": "নতুন জোটের শর্তগুলো একটাও গ্রহনযোগ্য না, প্রত্যেকটাই সংবিধান পরিপন্থী -বানিজ্যমন্ত্রী তোফায়েল আহমেদ", "hE6qlGnWHq0-00002-00001400-00002100": "নতুন জোটের শর্তগুলো একটাও গ্রহনযোগ্য না, প্রত্যেকটাই সংবিধান পরিপন্থী -বানিজ্যমন্ত্রী তোফায়েল আহমেদ", "hE6qlGnWHq0-00004-00002300-00003000": "নতুন জোটের শর্তগুলো একটাও গ্রহনযোগ্য না, প্রত্যেকটাই সংবিধান পরিপন্থী -বানিজ্যমন্ত্রী তোফায়েল আহমেদ", "hE6qlGnWHq0-00006-00003200-00003900": "নতুন জোটের শর্তগুলো একটাও গ্রহনযোগ্য না, প্রত্যেকটাই সংবিধান পরিপন্থী -বানিজ্যমন্ত্রী তোফায়েল আহমেদ"}}, {"audio_id": "hE9T7A_Iqs4", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "hEraSJU5D2I", "text": {"hEraSJU5D2I-00000-00000063-00000329": "You are pausing to shoot after a jab, which is not good. Try to minimize the pause time.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00001-00002366-00002566": "Lower your posture.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00002-00002784-00002984": "Slowly, go forward.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00003-00003753-00003953": "Turn right away.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00004-00005561-00006308": "The moment of landing, do the jab. And move forward to do the shooting motion.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00005-00006482-00006949": "Make a little bit of space and move to the side while holding balance.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00006-00007103-00007303": "Do the rebound.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00007-00007740-00007940": "one, two, touch the ground.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00008-00009150-00009350": "Hold your balance, do the jab, move forward, shoot and do the rebound.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00009-00011658-00011858": "From here, do a high width and grab the ball.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00010-00012085-00012285": "think as if the ball will come this way and grab.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00011-00012430-00013055": "Open with your right food and look at the ring and shake once then do dribble skill.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00012-00013530-00014291": "There are situations where it will be 1 against 1. You can make the decision to do the pick n pop move.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00013-00014497-00014697": "Do it with strength.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00014-00018142-00018342": "Come faster.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00015-00019840-00020296": "You cut forward, do a turn move halfway and come back and do a fade away.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00016-00020354-00020554": "Imagine as you do.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00017-00020777-00020977": "Should you do driving like this or", "hEraSJU5D2I-00018-00021205-00021405": "go in like this?", "hEraSJU5D2I-00019-00021418-00021618": "This is how you should go in.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00020-00022500-00022700": "Ok, that's not it.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00021-00022755-00023224": "We will start with pop up when we do 1 to 1.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00022-00024119-00024319": "In the beginning do as if you are going to shoot.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00023-00024551-00024751": "And then go like this.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00024-00027529-00027729": "Go in, do the spinning , nice.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00025-00029076-00029126": "More strength.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00026-00029464-00029599": "You can go more in.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00027-00030562-00030762": "Lower your posture.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00028-00030963-00031163": "Go forward slowly.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00029-00031451-00031573": "Break time.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00030-00032259-00032459": "When you obtain the ball, open immediately and look the ring.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00031-00032541-00033016": "Since you are good at shooting, create your space with a side lift.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00032-00033339-00033834": "If the defender approaches, you can just attack the ring since there is an interval of time.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00033-00033944-00034144": "It doesn't have to be long, just short.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00034-00034166-00034366": "Do this step simultaneously while looking the ring and pulling your leg.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00035-00037308-00037624": "If there is no space, you just cut the move after lift.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00036-00037912-00038112": "Jump longer.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00037-00038634-00038706": "The opposite side.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00038-00038752-00038952": "Bounce the ball near your body.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00039-00039143-00039459": "If you move further with the side lift, it will create more opportunities to shoot.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00040-00040399-00040830": "The same move of the lift push however we add the crossover.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00041-00040964-00041164": "Not a normal crossover, we do a push crossover.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00042-00041568-00041768": "And move to the side.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00043-00042777-00042977": "Everything is good however, try to move further to the sides.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00044-00043146-00043346": "If you do the crossover like that the defender is going to snatch the ball from you.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00045-00043776-00043976": "Do the push crossover correctly, towards your body.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00046-00044994-00045194": "Move the ball with your step.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00047-00047657-00047990": "Move to the side, not forward. Keep your balance.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00048-00048180-00048799": "Shake the defender sideways, so that it can be easy to cut forward the ring.", "hEraSJU5D2I-00049-00050869-00051069": "Now i'm going to follow you."}}, {"audio_id": "hEr-rM8vpVA", "text": {"hEr-rM8vpVA-00000-00000000-00000900": "Shree making", "hEr-rM8vpVA-00001-00000900-00007100": "শ্রী কি করে বানায়"}}, {"audio_id": "hENmUCLGVtI", "text": {"hENmUCLGVtI-00000-00000136-00000480": "We asked UBC faculty for their perspective on common", "hENmUCLGVtI-00001-00000480-00000832": "student concerns about office hours. Here's what they said.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00002-00001048-00001432": "What would you say to a student who may be too scared to come to you for help?", "hENmUCLGVtI-00003-00001488-00002023": "You know even if you're in a huge class, if you're in the big first or second year science classes,", "hENmUCLGVtI-00004-00002168-00002536": "it really can feel and I understand like it can feel as though the instructor doesn't have", "hENmUCLGVtI-00005-00002536-00003032": "time or there's too many students or stuff. But you know, you'd be surprised on the instructor", "hENmUCLGVtI-00006-00003032-00003479": "end. I've probably got 80 percent of my class that thinks that I'm so busy that I can't talk", "hENmUCLGVtI-00007-00003479-00003768": "to them but then I've got the other percentage that is coming in and talking to me, and that", "hENmUCLGVtI-00008-00003768-00004280": "are getting help. So you're missing out if you think that your instructor doesn't have time", "hENmUCLGVtI-00009-00004280-00004688": "because there are classmates, regardless of how big your class is, that are getting help.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00010-00004688-00005256": "I've never known an instructor, including myself, any instructor who judges students based on", "hENmUCLGVtI-00011-00005376-00006048": "their grades and how well they do on a test. The thing that does reflect on an instructor's view", "hENmUCLGVtI-00012-00006048-00006656": "of their students is their commitment and the effort they put in. If a student's coming into", "hENmUCLGVtI-00013-00006656-00007472": "office hours and is obviously making that effort to improve, that reflects really well. That goes", "hENmUCLGVtI-00014-00007472-00007895": "regardless of how they're doing in the class, if they're getting a B, or if they're failing.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00015-00007959-00008432": "I think there is a lot of pressure on students even before they come into university", "hENmUCLGVtI-00016-00008512-00008832": "to get good grades and, if you don't get good grades, you're a bad person.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00017-00008920-00009640": "I think it is really hard to shed that. Usually I tell students that, if you come to see me,", "hENmUCLGVtI-00018-00009752-00010168": "you're demonstrating to me that you care about this course and you're doing the right thing. So,", "hENmUCLGVtI-00019-00010168-00010784": "it's already a positive check for you. Yeah, maybe you've got a bad mark, but that's the past, right?", "hENmUCLGVtI-00020-00010784-00011160": "It doesn't mean you're going to get a bad mark again and now you're taking action to avoid that.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00021-00011408-00011840": "I mean it's easier from my perspective to say \"I've seen everything, don't worry.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00022-00011944-00012624": "No judgment.\", but often I think people are their worst judges and their worst", "hENmUCLGVtI-00023-00012624-00013528": "critics. Students can just be assured that if they go see a prof, the prof is happy. For me, as", "hENmUCLGVtI-00024-00013528-00014360": "an instructor and an educator, it is my job to set the atmosphere and to be really explicit that I am", "hENmUCLGVtI-00025-00014360-00014984": "welcoming to my students and that I encourage them to come to me if they're struggling. If a student", "hENmUCLGVtI-00026-00014984-00015832": "is still feeling nervous about that, this is good practice for life! There are so many times in life", "hENmUCLGVtI-00027-00015832-00016224": "when you just have to accept that you can't do everything or that you're struggling and you need", "hENmUCLGVtI-00028-00016224-00016824": "to reach out for help. I, personally, am way more impressed by a student who can reach out to me", "hENmUCLGVtI-00029-00016888-00017592": "early and who recognizes that they're struggling and asks me for help. The more transparent and", "hENmUCLGVtI-00030-00017592-00018392": "honest you can be about what you're struggling with, even if it's like \"You're talking like", "hENmUCLGVtI-00031-00018392-00018824": "about this concept as if we should know what it is, but to be honest there's an assignment", "hENmUCLGVtI-00032-00018824-00019488": "on it and I just really don't understand it. I'm struggling with that.\", that's okay! Once again,", "hENmUCLGVtI-00033-00019488-00019912": "that's the responsibility of the professor and sometimes that's happened with me before with", "hENmUCLGVtI-00034-00019912-00020648": "students where I didn't even think to explain this concept. That's my fault. So, often communicating", "hENmUCLGVtI-00035-00020648-00021096": "with your prof can help them illuminate what they need to do better too. If you're scared", "hENmUCLGVtI-00036-00021096-00021576": "to go talk to somebody, pick the person who you think is the easiest person to talk to.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00037-00021872-00022400": "So, I would say it's the instructor that you like the most, that you feel comfortable to in your", "hENmUCLGVtI-00038-00022400-00022936": "classrooms. Think about the instructor who creates a welcoming atmosphere, who's having fun. I know", "hENmUCLGVtI-00039-00022936-00023200": "university is like well we shouldn't be having fun while we're learning but actually the best", "hENmUCLGVtI-00040-00023200-00023752": "learning happens when you have fun. So think about the person who is the most approachable for you.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00041-00023872-00024296": "It might be a previous instructor, it doesn't have to be a current one. It might just be them kind", "hENmUCLGVtI-00042-00024296-00024744": "of saying \"Hey, let's see what we can do to get you to talk to your current ones or maybe we need", "hENmUCLGVtI-00043-00024744-00025184": "advising\". Sometimes it helps to hear from people like your instructors and stuff.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00044-00025248-00026008": "All of us have problems, don't assume because we come into class, we're always on and engaging.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00045-00026008-00026344": "Everybody has problems, it's just we all manage them differently right?", "hENmUCLGVtI-00046-00026400-00026783": "I've got more practice under my belt for knowing how I want to manage it.", "hENmUCLGVtI-00047-00028376-00028736": "To learn more about office hours and how to get the most out of them,", "hENmUCLGVtI-00048-00028736-00029280": "watch our previous video in this playlist."}}, {"audio_id": "hFzcbCdkOPy", "text": {"hFzcbCdkOPy-00000-00000000-00000200": "Hi everyone", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00001-00000200-00000400": "This is Banknifty 1 Minute chart", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00002-00000531-00002157": "Market opened 9.15 Am", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00003-00002157-00004218": "After 11 am Market raised 38500 acted as support", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00004-00004218-00005923": "Automatic breakout happened so buy trend begin", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00005-00005923-00007669": "Green color candle opened to intimate Buy trend", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00006-00007669-00009428": "everyday it will analyse market movement and give calls automatically", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00007-00009428-00010070": "98 point required", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00008-00010070-00012195": "After 55 minutes finally reached Target", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00009-00012195-00015776": "Banknifty weekly option 38500 CE, u can directly apply on option also", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00010-00015776-00017239": "After 2 pm trend reversed", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00011-00017239-00019207": "Red color candle opened so sell trend begin", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00012-00019207-00021595": "Whenever trend changes candle color also change u can easily guess it", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00013-00021595-00025896": "Within 30 Minutes target Achieved", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00014-00025896-00027092": "It will give call like this everday", "hFzcbCdkOPy-00015-00027092-00027704": "For chart subscription details WhatsApp - 9488462166"}}, {"audio_id": "hFa54uR6En4", "text": {"hFa54uR6En4-00000-00000040-00000704": "Hey my friend! If you're wondering what is the one of the simplest ways to get started online,", "hFa54uR6En4-00001-00000704-00001344": "it's to follow some steps, some simple steps to actually get going if you don't if you can't see", "hFa54uR6En4-00002-00001344-00001888": "what i'm showing right here this is my 12 critical steps to your online success it's an e-book I", "hFa54uR6En4-00003-00001888-00002584": "wrote a while ago it's got all the 12 steps that I followed that I kind of put together over time", "hFa54uR6En4-00004-00002656-00003511": "on how to get the success online that you deserve right so I mean I've been building online for five", "hFa54uR6En4-00005-00003511-00003960": "years now and I've learned all that all sorts of stuff I've done all sorts of things wrong this I", "hFa54uR6En4-00006-00003960-00004296": "put together actually last year it's been a year since I put this together it's still definitely", "hFa54uR6En4-00007-00004296-00004808": "valid actually you can see behind me the the steps are in on there and we're going to kind", "hFa54uR6En4-00008-00004808-00005384": "of go through these steps uh and talk to you about what these 12 steps are and where you can get this", "hFa54uR6En4-00009-00005384-00005992": "we're going to talk about that in just a second but first this... So the real question is this:", "hFa54uR6En4-00010-00006120-00006544": "What are the strategies, techniques and tools that you need to learn", "hFa54uR6En4-00011-00006544-00007231": "to generate residual income from the e-learning boom that's happening right now?", "hFa54uR6En4-00012-00007231-00007776": "My name is Jean-Serge Gagnon and welcome to Course Income Secrets...", "hFa54uR6En4-00013-00007984-00008552": "So you want to have success online well definitely you deserve it", "hFa54uR6En4-00014-00008552-00009088": "and you need the best way for you to learn is to actually go through processes that others", "hFa54uR6En4-00015-00009088-00009624": "have gone through already right you got to model what works do what others have had success with", "hFa54uR6En4-00016-00009624-00009952": "and hopefully i can help you with that but before we get into that i want to make sure", "hFa54uR6En4-00017-00009952-00010744": "if you're listening to the audio of this go check out cis283, I believe it's cis283 let's make sure", "hFa54uR6En4-00018-00010816-00011784": "cis283.jsgagnon.com to go check out the video and the blog post you definitely want to check that", "hFa54uR6En4-00019-00011784-00012360": "out and while we're at it make sure you subscribe to my YouTube channel if you're seeing this on", "hFa54uR6En4-00020-00012360-00012760": "any platform there's going to be a link to go to YouTube or to my blog make sure you", "hFa54uR6En4-00021-00012760-00013352": "subscribe to my list get on my YouTube subscriber list like my Facebook page", "hFa54uR6En4-00022-00013456-00013896": "follow me on instagram follow me on TikTok follow me on Snapchat all the different platforms not", "hFa54uR6En4-00023-00013896-00014360": "follow it's friend me on Snapchat send me a friend request on Facebook everything go ahead", "hFa54uR6En4-00024-00014360-00014872": "and connect send me an email just connect let's connect make sure we stay connected all right so", "hFa54uR6En4-00025-00014872-00015319": "what are these 12 steps that i'm talking about here what are the 12 steps what do i mean by the", "hFa54uR6En4-00026-00015319-00016024": "12 critical steps to your online success well it's pretty straightforward i want your success i want", "hFa54uR6En4-00027-00016024-00016616": "you to get the results that you deserve and when we talk about results we're talking about lots of", "hFa54uR6En4-00028-00016616-00017304": "different things so let me just start by showing you the results of being online that i've gotten", "hFa54uR6En4-00029-00017304-00017920": "so let me just go to the webcam right here the desktop i mean okay so this is my blog right if", "hFa54uR6En4-00030-00017920-00018920": "you haven't been to my blog you can get to it by going to jsgagnon.com or jeansergegagnon.com and", "hFa54uR6En4-00031-00019032-00019912": "that's just the blog site and like I said the cis283.jsgagnon.com is the link to directly to", "hFa54uR6En4-00032-00019912-00020456": "go to directly to the episode where i'm going to be showing you about this but as you can see on my", "hFa54uR6En4-00033-00020456-00021096": "blog there is a link right here or an image an image of this particular e-book you just", "hFa54uR6En4-00034-00021096-00021704": "click it and it'll load up a page where you can actually put your email address and your name to", "hFa54uR6En4-00035-00021704-00022360": "actually get a copy of this for free there's no strings attached you get my list you you", "hFa54uR6En4-00036-00022360-00022760": "even can unsubscribe to the list you don't have to worry about being on the list if you don't want to", "hFa54uR6En4-00037-00022824-00023504": "but you can keep this e-book for yourself for free right so what does this e-book give you let's talk", "hFa54uR6En4-00038-00023504-00023992": "about well maybe we talked about this the results first so what do i mean by results right results", "hFa54uR6En4-00039-00023992-00024432": "can be all sorts of different things you talk to different leaders lots of people are basically", "hFa54uR6En4-00040-00024432-00024960": "saying you know results in the end results are sales right or income making money right you're", "hFa54uR6En4-00041-00024960-00025400": "trying to build a business online trying to make money online you want those kinds of results", "hFa54uR6En4-00042-00025400-00025832": "right you want the income you want the freedom you want to be able to quit your job that's", "hFa54uR6En4-00043-00025832-00026368": "definitely what i want that's the results i want that's the result i've always wanted right but it", "hFa54uR6En4-00044-00026368-00026912": "has to start with lots of other things before you get there like you're not gonna have anybody buy", "hFa54uR6En4-00045-00026912-00027592": "anything from you unless you're unless they they they tr you know they trust you they gotta there's", "hFa54uR6En4-00046-00027592-00028048": "this whole know like trust factor that we talk about in online branding and personal branding", "hFa54uR6En4-00047-00028120-00028688": "where you have to where you have to be a person that they really want to connect with that they", "hFa54uR6En4-00048-00028688-00029256": "really like that they really trust before they can trust you they have to know you and before they", "hFa54uR6En4-00049-00029256-00029680": "know you before they let sorry before they trust you they have to like you and before they like you", "hFa54uR6En4-00050-00029680-00030127": "they have to know you and that's why we talk about personal branding we talk about posting content", "hFa54uR6En4-00051-00030127-00030536": "all the time and this is why when you look at this you can see i posted this every single", "hFa54uR6En4-00052-00030536-00031160": "day right December so you know December 1st 3rd third oh that's the third two two days in a row", "hFa54uR6En4-00053-00031160-00031520": "the third that's not actually true one of them is on the second obviously i must have done it", "hFa54uR6En4-00054-00031520-00032248": "late uh but anyways every day right November 27th i i guess i skipped the weekends 26 25 so i do it", "hFa54uR6En4-00055-00032248-00032704": "is weekdays that i do but it's every single day i create a new blog post a new video and i post that", "hFa54uR6En4-00056-00032776-00033280": "and then of course i share that across all the platforms i share this on Facebook i share it", "hFa54uR6En4-00057-00033280-00033832": "on LinkedIn I share it on YouTube i share it on instagram i share it on twitter i share it on", "hFa54uR6En4-00058-00033920-00034896": "on audio platforms as well you know you know apple iTunes, Stitcher i heart radio spotify", "hFa54uR6En4-00059-00034984-00035576": "alexa scales i mean everywhere that i can i share my content every single day and i do", "hFa54uR6En4-00060-00035576-00036232": "it a lot with automation with syndication with tools even though i post myself the tools help", "hFa54uR6En4-00061-00036232-00036672": "me create the content to make it easier for me to post and that's one of the things i actually", "hFa54uR6En4-00062-00036672-00037144": "talk about i uh but anyways we're not going to get into that right now but this e-book", "hFa54uR6En4-00063-00037144-00037560": "here this e-book here that you can actually get like i said by clicking this link right there", "hFa54uR6En4-00064-00037640-00038112": "you can get it by just clicking the link uh not the link but click the image right there on the", "hFa54uR6En4-00065-00038112-00038840": "page right to actually go and get this e-book you just click that and get it anyways enough for", "hFa54uR6En4-00066-00038840-00039448": "that what is this e-book about so the other thing like for example getting results you know could be", "hFa54uR6En4-00067-00039448-00040024": "be having subscribers on your email list right results could be posting and getting people to", "hFa54uR6En4-00068-00040024-00040624": "comment and liking and engaging and sending you messages right results could be having a growing", "hFa54uR6En4-00069-00040624-00041096": "community of people who know like and trust you so that when you do actually have something to sell", "hFa54uR6En4-00070-00041096-00041640": "they'll buy from you and that's one of the things that you know it's a constant it's a constant", "hFa54uR6En4-00071-00041736-00042176": "improvement over time you got to work at it you got to work at it and eventually get to there", "hFa54uR6En4-00072-00042176-00042672": "um but yeah so that's kind of how this works okay so now to get this e-book what is in this e-book", "hFa54uR6En4-00073-00042672-00043280": "uh like us like i mean i can i can show you the pages a little bit here basically we talk about", "hFa54uR6En4-00074-00043384-00044056": "so we have i don't know if you can you can't really see this the pages i'm actually i guess", "hFa54uR6En4-00075-00044144-00044568": "so this example little step step number one step number anyways there's 12 steps we're going to", "hFa54uR6En4-00076-00044568-00045416": "show you more in uh online here so if i go and i put my email here right i put my name and email", "hFa54uR6En4-00077-00045584-00046136": "and and then i just click on this yes thing here and then i say i want success now i click on that", "hFa54uR6En4-00078-00046136-00046816": "and it'll send me the the e-book and it also gives me this option to get the workbook for", "hFa54uR6En4-00079-00046816-00047296": "seven dollars now i'm now this workbook you really do want to look at getting right now", "hFa54uR6En4-00080-00047296-00047712": "because it is actually more than this if i go for example to show you where that workbook is", "hFa54uR6En4-00081-00047768-00048432": "if i go to where that that this where where this e-book is uh whoops", "hFa54uR6En4-00082-00048736-00049336": "sorry i went to the wrong place here i typed in the wrong link so if i go to um", "hFa54uR6En4-00083-00049496-00050288": "a clickecourse where the the the where this e-book is hosted i can just go find it right here and", "hFa54uR6En4-00084-00050288-00050616": "uh there's the e-book right there right now this is a free course", "hFa54uR6En4-00085-00050616-00051136": "a free e-book these are all videos that come with it and here is the actual e-book right here", "hFa54uR6En4-00086-00051288-00051776": "you could go find it and and look at it without even putting your name and email in that box but", "hFa54uR6En4-00087-00051776-00052240": "i really highly recommend you do because this is the e-book right here right so we talked about", "hFa54uR6En4-00088-00052240-00052760": "the 12 different steps step number one defining your vision well actually let's just go to the", "hFa54uR6En4-00089-00052760-00053216": "list right here so step number one define your vision step number two define your audience step", "hFa54uR6En4-00090-00053216-00053984": "three define your avatar define step four define your offer step five create your content copy step", "hFa54uR6En4-00091-00053984-00054496": "six define your attractive character step seven prepare your soap opera email sequence step eight", "hFa54uR6En4-00092-00054496-00055144": "have a free or low cost item to get them on your list step number nine set up your tools step 10", "hFa54uR6En4-00093-00055144-00055704": "is create a capture page step 11 is define your stack and step 12 is prepare weekly webinar now", "hFa54uR6En4-00094-00055704-00056304": "you don't you don't have to go through all this exactly like this you don't have to do all this", "hFa54uR6En4-00095-00056304-00056991": "exactly like this but having that as a steps to go through will help you to really really define", "hFa54uR6En4-00096-00056991-00057464": "and understand more of what you're trying to do how it is that you build business online", "hFa54uR6En4-00097-00057528-00058079": "and this is and this is you know really critical for you to be able to do if you want to if you", "hFa54uR6En4-00098-00058079-00058544": "want to have success online right so let me just show you the other thing i'm talking about", "hFa54uR6En4-00099-00058640-00059536": "the workbook oh sorry the workbook is available after you get this free this free book you can", "hFa54uR6En4-00100-00059536-00060224": "get the word book afterwards uh actually let me that's over here if i go in the ebook there's a", "hFa54uR6En4-00101-00060224-00060648": "there's a link to the workbook right over here right so there's the workbook and there's a master", "hFa54uR6En4-00102-00060648-00061176": "class so if i click on this workbook link i'm going to open it up in another tab here", "hFa54uR6En4-00103-00061312-00061840": "and this is the workbook as you can see after you get this free ebook if you click that link", "hFa54uR6En4-00104-00061840-00062400": "to go get it you're going to get it for 24 right so that's why it's really important if you're", "hFa54uR6En4-00105-00062472-00062944": "sort of not sure if you're thinking maybe i should well just go ahead and get it for seven bucks it's", "hFa54uR6En4-00106-00062944-00063600": "really it's really nothing right and it at this other workbook right let me just kind of show you", "hFa54uR6En4-00107-00063600-00064208": "this is hidden so that you won't be able to find it let me just go to my courses right here now you", "hFa54uR6En4-00108-00064208-00064912": "only have access to that if you buy it obviously um and there's no there's where is it where's", "hFa54uR6En4-00109-00064912-00065632": "the workbook the workbook there's the workbook the workbook okay so the workbook is basically", "hFa54uR6En4-00110-00065936-00066608": "is basically a it's it's an expansion on everything it's also includes everything that", "hFa54uR6En4-00111-00066608-00067312": "i've done to do these 12 steps you know it gives you examples of the things that ask your questions", "hFa54uR6En4-00112-00067312-00067984": "you can see what it is that um that i've done kind of helps you give you an idea and gives", "hFa54uR6En4-00113-00067984-00068560": "you places to put your goals your anyways all these things all these 12 steps this is the", "hFa54uR6En4-00114-00068560-00069024": "workbook to help you to actually really put it together so that you can actually get the results", "hFa54uR6En4-00115-00069144-00069600": "much more quickly than if you didn't get any of that so that's the workbook the other thing", "hFa54uR6En4-00116-00069664-00070272": "is by the way if you if you do want the workbook you can get it right there but", "hFa54uR6En4-00117-00070272-00070752": "just for seven dollars right then if you don't you know click on no no thanks right", "hFa54uR6En4-00118-00070752-00071296": "then there's the third the second thing which is another offer which is at 197 which is the", "hFa54uR6En4-00119-00071352-00072200": "master class so the master class is going to be me going through with you live in facebook groups", "hFa54uR6En4-00120-00072200-00072776": "or we can do zooms it really depends on how many people we get into this but if we get just a few", "hFa54uR6En4-00121-00072776-00073216": "then we're probably going to do zooms and as the group grows as there's more and more people that", "hFa54uR6En4-00122-00073216-00073752": "go in there that's going to be more and more right but as you can see right over here it's also 197", "hFa54uR6En4-00123-00073752-00074480": "but if you don't get it right away there's the these are the videos the master class right if", "hFa54uR6En4-00124-00074480-00075040": "i open that in the new tab the master class after the fact it oh i guess it's still 197.", "hFa54uR6En4-00125-00075128-00075584": "okay well i guess you can get the master class but that's either that's a an error in my case", "hFa54uR6En4-00126-00075656-00076304": "in there um or maybe no anyways yeah so it's it's 197 that's okay so whether you get it uh", "hFa54uR6En4-00127-00076304-00076896": "there i'm probably gonna have to fix that because it's supposed to be a different price whenever but", "hFa54uR6En4-00128-00076896-00077328": "anyways yeah that's fine so the master class is like i said it's me going through these 12 steps", "hFa54uR6En4-00129-00077384-00078152": "one a week working with you to actually put together your results put together your avatar", "hFa54uR6En4-00130-00078152-00078744": "put together your offer put together your audience put together you know your vision put together", "hFa54uR6En4-00131-00078744-00079232": "these all these different things that are in here right put together your your tools help you set", "hFa54uR6En4-00132-00079232-00079872": "up your tools help you help you set up um your capture page help you create your content copy", "hFa54uR6En4-00133-00079872-00080336": "how do you define your attractive character all those things we go through together that's what", "hFa54uR6En4-00134-00080336-00081024": "the master class is but even without the master class you've got the um like i said the the um", "hFa54uR6En4-00135-00081120-00081840": "uh the bonus book let's can i go back yeah i can so workbook at seven dollars instead of", "hFa54uR6En4-00136-00081840-00082536": "49 which is um i guess is it over here where is it right over here yeah 24. so it's at 24.", "hFa54uR6En4-00137-00082536-00083056": "oh instead of 449 when you buy it after the fact which you know 24 is still not the bigger deal so", "hFa54uR6En4-00138-00083056-00083528": "maybe but still you really want to take advantage of that when you first go through this when you", "hFa54uR6En4-00139-00083528-00084160": "first click on this link right here to go get the 12 critical steps and get it in your inbox right", "hFa54uR6En4-00140-00084160-00084840": "okay so let's go a little bit more into what these 12 steps are as you can see behind me", "hFa54uR6En4-00141-00084840-00085496": "there well you can't really see i suppose it's pretty small but the 12 steps let's go through", "hFa54uR6En4-00142-00085496-00086112": "them again a little bit more all right so let's go back this is the workbook so do i have where's the", "hFa54uR6En4-00143-00086248-00086912": "no these are the offers okay let me go back to the actual 12 critical steps let's go through", "hFa54uR6En4-00144-00086912-00087416": "the 12 critical steps talk a little bit more about the 12 different steps this is", "hFa54uR6En4-00145-00087416-00088104": "what is going to help you to achieve the results that you deserve so step number", "hFa54uR6En4-00146-00088104-00088720": "one is defining your vision right so we define your vision so we talk about your perfect day", "hFa54uR6En4-00147-00088720-00089296": "your your perfect ear maybe we talk about these things these these ways of visualizing", "hFa54uR6En4-00148-00089296-00089928": "because without a vision without knowing where you're going what's going to be there when you get", "hFa54uR6En4-00149-00089928-00090536": "there how it's how your life's going to be it's really hard to you know work on all this stuff", "hFa54uR6En4-00150-00090536-00090888": "because there is going to be some difficult times there can be some things that are really hard to", "hFa54uR6En4-00151-00090992-00091552": "hard to to to get through there's going to be negative people in your life there's going to", "hFa54uR6En4-00152-00091552-00091960": "be challenges there's going to be things that don't work there's going to be things you do that", "hFa54uR6En4-00153-00091960-00092624": "you lose a lot of money you know i mean i i spent thousands thousands over 25 000", "hFa54uR6En4-00154-00092624-00093240": "on facebook ads that really haven't given me that many results over the last five years right i've", "hFa54uR6En4-00155-00093240-00093864": "spent on cryptocurrencies i i i got i got scammed and things like that i those those things will", "hFa54uR6En4-00156-00093864-00094248": "happen you got to keep going you got to have a vision you got to know where you're going", "hFa54uR6En4-00157-00094248-00094744": "what it's going to be like otherwise you won't you'll quit you're going to be like god this is", "hFa54uR6En4-00158-00094744-00095192": "not worth it it's too hard right so that's your vision number one is your vision number two is", "hFa54uR6En4-00159-00095192-00096024": "defining your audience now the see the way the way these steps are laid out by the way are done", "hFa54uR6En4-00160-00096024-00096448": "this way for a reason right like for example as you can see right here there's the setting up", "hFa54uR6En4-00161-00096448-00097024": "your tools which is step number nine this is not how i did it when i started i actually started", "hFa54uR6En4-00162-00097112-00097696": "pretty much doing the tools thing i set up my social accounts i set up my autoresponder i set", "hFa54uR6En4-00163-00097696-00098200": "up my pixels i set up everything in the beginning without even knowing the direction i was going", "hFa54uR6En4-00164-00098200-00098592": "without even knowing who my audience was without even knowing what my offer was without", "hFa54uR6En4-00165-00098592-00099288": "even knowing you know all the stuff that if you don't if you don't know you're going to be doing", "hFa54uR6En4-00166-00099288-00099712": "a ton of stuff that you don't really need to be doing just now right like for example", "hFa54uR6En4-00167-00099712-00100240": "setting up your tools if you do that right in the beginning you're gonna you can spend", "hFa54uR6En4-00168-00100312-00101064": "years setting up tools right you there's so much to do why why that you that you you never you're", "hFa54uR6En4-00169-00101064-00101488": "never done there's always more tools there's other more ways of optimizing things there's", "hFa54uR6En4-00170-00101552-00102016": "pop-ups to set up on your blog there's there's there's capture pages there's this there's that", "hFa54uR6En4-00171-00102016-00102664": "all that stuff doesn't need to be done until you know what your offer is who your audience is your", "hFa54uR6En4-00172-00102664-00103200": "avatar all these things because that'll help you to define well oh i didn't need to do that", "hFa54uR6En4-00173-00103200-00104024": "that if i don't if my avatar you know my my audience is is x that audience is not", "hFa54uR6En4-00174-00104024-00104592": "interested in this you might have wasted you know a week or a month setting up something", "hFa54uR6En4-00175-00104704-00105183": "on something that your audience doesn't even care about because you didn't know what who your", "hFa54uR6En4-00176-00105183-00105616": "audience was so that's why that's laid out this way that's an example right but anyways okay so", "hFa54uR6En4-00177-00105616-00105992": "we define your audience what is your audience what does it mean to define your audience", "hFa54uR6En4-00178-00106080-00107048": "um there's two different kinds of uh how can i say definitions for audience right one is who what", "hFa54uR6En4-00179-00107048-00107456": "do they look like what kind of people are they what's their education what's their background", "hFa54uR6En4-00180-00107456-00108111": "where they live all these things and it's kind of a definition right just for you to kind of clarify", "hFa54uR6En4-00181-00108111-00108632": "how your messages so you know who you're talking to what kinds of people they are do they have kids", "hFa54uR6En4-00182-00108632-00109240": "are they are there in their 50s are they in their 20s um what kind of music they like all", "hFa54uR6En4-00183-00109240-00109800": "these things affect the kinds of messages that you're going to put out there right because you", "hFa54uR6En4-00184-00109800-00110216": "know if they're if they're in their 50s and you want to talk about music you talk about", "hFa54uR6En4-00185-00110216-00110920": "different tunes and different bands and than if they were in their 20s right um if they're in the", "hFa54uR6En4-00186-00110920-00111464": "80s or whatever right so that's that's why it's important to define your audience so the second", "hFa54uR6En4-00187-00111520-00112016": "definition of an audience if you will is is for advertising for social media advertising", "hFa54uR6En4-00188-00112016-00112688": "or other kinds of advertising where you have to define their characteristics inside those tools", "hFa54uR6En4-00189-00112688-00113176": "right so you'll in facebook for example you can choose the country you can choose their interests", "hFa54uR6En4-00190-00113176-00113696": "you can choose different things and other platforms have different things you can you can", "hFa54uR6En4-00191-00113759-00114408": "choose to define who you're going to advertise to right so that's that's what audience is right the", "hFa54uR6En4-00192-00114408-00115064": "next thing step number three is defining your avatar so defining your avatar is", "hFa54uR6En4-00193-00115152-00115720": "is is a single person now lots of people are like oh my god i can't define one person what if what", "hFa54uR6En4-00194-00115720-00116400": "if that's not the the best customer what's up because the avatar the avatar is supposed to be", "hFa54uR6En4-00195-00116400-00117368": "your specific definition of one ex one person who represents your best customer your ideal customer", "hFa54uR6En4-00196-00117368-00118104": "the person you would be wanting to work with that person is almost somebody who could be your best", "hFa54uR6En4-00197-00118104-00118592": "friend right somebody who you'd be willing to spend time with who you love helping who you love", "hFa54uR6En4-00198-00118704-00119480": "to to to to answer any questions they have you you you feel comfortable with them you they have the", "hFa54uR6En4-00199-00119480-00119983": "same values as you maybe or things like that right that's your perfect customer that's your avatar", "hFa54uR6En4-00200-00119983-00120583": "it's one person it's you have they have a specific age they have a specific eye color hair color", "hFa54uR6En4-00201-00120664-00121680": "build weight age gender um city they live in house they live in everything is very very specific", "hFa54uR6En4-00202-00121808-00122464": "and the reason why you do that is because it helps you whenever you're trying to craft messages", "hFa54uR6En4-00203-00122464-00122783": "you're thinking about that person that you're talking to and", "hFa54uR6En4-00204-00122896-00123496": "the thing that you have to realize is it doesn't mean that you can't talk to anybody else", "hFa54uR6En4-00205-00123576-00124296": "because it's just the person that you def you use to clarify things the message that you write", "hFa54uR6En4-00206-00124296-00124783": "or the ad you do or the post you do or the image you post or the video you do", "hFa54uR6En4-00207-00124935-00125496": "to them right doesn't mean that somebody else won't relate to it as well right so that's", "hFa54uR6En4-00208-00125496-00126040": "the thing don't worry about the fact that you're defining one person it's not it does not limit you", "hFa54uR6En4-00209-00126040-00126688": "in any way in terms of being able to target other people okay so just to clarify to help you", "hFa54uR6En4-00210-00126752-00127176": "think your message that's defining your avatar the next thing is defining your offer right i", "hFa54uR6En4-00211-00127176-00127632": "mean you got to define your offer obviously you got to know exactly what it is you're selling", "hFa54uR6En4-00212-00127632-00128208": "i'm still struggling with that even now even though in that video that i did a year ago i", "hFa54uR6En4-00213-00128208-00128744": "talked about defining your offer i talked about how i was trying to figure it out at the time i", "hFa54uR6En4-00214-00128744-00129296": "was working on my i don't even remember i have to look at that again but the point is that whatever", "hFa54uR6En4-00215-00129296-00129864": "it was that i was defining back then it can change any of this stuff can change it doesn't", "hFa54uR6En4-00216-00129864-00130488": "it's not like um it's not like in cement where nothing changes and you can't change anything", "hFa54uR6En4-00217-00130488-00131056": "but it does help to define all this to give you direction that's the point so defining your offer", "hFa54uR6En4-00218-00131056-00131648": "you got to know what you're selling what it's what it gives people it's not about it's not as", "hFa54uR6En4-00219-00131648-00132392": "much about the product as it is the results that people will get from that what is the offer what", "hFa54uR6En4-00220-00132392-00132968": "is it giving people what do they get if they buy this from you right so that's defining your offer", "hFa54uR6En4-00221-00133064-00133752": "the next uh step number five is creating your content or copy right create your content copy", "hFa54uR6En4-00222-00133752-00134376": "what does that mean um so did i do that oh yeah i did okay so creating your content copy is all", "hFa54uR6En4-00223-00134376-00135152": "about the wording that you use inside your post inside your ads inside your videos the wording you", "hFa54uR6En4-00224-00135152-00135920": "use inside your capture pages in your funnel pages these words affect people's minds when they read", "hFa54uR6En4-00225-00135920-00136456": "those words when they look at those words when they listen to those words they will be affected", "hFa54uR6En4-00226-00136456-00136992": "differently depending on the sequence of the words depending on if they're reading it depending on if", "hFa54uR6En4-00227-00136992-00137720": "words bold or not underlined different font size different color all those things affect the person", "hFa54uR6En4-00228-00137720-00138352": "reading it differently right uh so if you read a if the word is red for example has a different", "hFa54uR6En4-00229-00138352-00139024": "meaning than if the word is green right there's there's and if it's bold versus regular underlined", "hFa54uR6En4-00230-00139024-00139576": "versus not underlined all those things affect certain things and you know saying things like", "hFa54uR6En4-00231-00139576-00140312": "you don't want to miss this webinar is not a good thing that's a bad copy you want to say you must", "hFa54uR6En4-00232-00140408-00141040": "attend this webinar you're right you're you're planting the positivity of attending the webinar", "hFa54uR6En4-00233-00141040-00141712": "instead of planting the miss the webinar right so that's why sometimes the words affect", "hFa54uR6En4-00234-00141712-00142400": "the person's men uh reaction or internal internal memory rate uh and that's one of the things that's", "hFa54uR6En4-00235-00142400-00143016": "important so that's your copy number six is defining your attractive character in online", "hFa54uR6En4-00236-00143016-00143536": "marketing you're going to be sending out emails to a list you're going to be building a list so you", "hFa54uR6En4-00237-00143536-00144216": "need to have a character that's that's that you're using to talk to them so the character could be", "hFa54uR6En4-00238-00144216-00144960": "you typically it would be you you uh whatever you are are you an adventurer are you a pioneer", "hFa54uR6En4-00239-00145040-00145600": "are you a leader are you a i don't remember there's a couple different uh personas that", "hFa54uR6En4-00240-00145600-00146216": "you can you can kind of model after and that kind of talks about how you can define that you can be", "hFa54uR6En4-00241-00146216-00147064": "whatever persona you want to um and and what's the word become right do you want to you want to", "hFa54uR6En4-00242-00147136-00147816": "embrace or whatever and that's what you use as your persona in your emails in your posts", "hFa54uR6En4-00243-00147816-00148536": "it's it's who you are creating that content for them right that's the final attractive so next", "hFa54uR6En4-00244-00148536-00149240": "number seven is your soap opera sequence when you send when you get somebody on your email list", "hFa54uR6En4-00245-00149296-00150016": "you gotta send them a few emails five to ten emails that kind of help them to get to know you", "hFa54uR6En4-00246-00150016-00150528": "because they might not know you yet they might have just gotten like me whenever you get this", "hFa54uR6En4-00247-00150528-00151000": "you're gonna get some emails from me to kind of try to hopefully you get to know me a little bit", "hFa54uR6En4-00248-00151000-00151544": "you get to see what i'm about the kinds of stuff i do and that's what you get that's your soap opera", "hFa54uR6En4-00249-00151544-00152056": "sequence your initial emails that are that are meant to indoctrinate people that are meant to", "hFa54uR6En4-00250-00152056-00152552": "get them to know you get them to hopefully like you and and hopefully even trust you", "hFa54uR6En4-00251-00152704-00153024": "so that they they'll buy from you if you offer them something else after right", "hFa54uR6En4-00252-00153104-00153680": "that's your soap opera sequence then have a free item to get them on your list so you gotta have", "hFa54uR6En4-00253-00153680-00154144": "something to give them to get on your list now if you don't have anything if you don't have like an", "hFa54uR6En4-00254-00154144-00154600": "ebook if you can't write an ebook like this you can actually go to something like this a plr", "hFa54uR6En4-00255-00154768-00155232": "uh plr dot jawsalesgaming.com i'm actually going to put that in here plr", "hFa54uR6En4-00256-00155304-00155656": "dot johnsavesgaming.com it's actually uh let me just put that right here", "hFa54uR6En4-00257-00155816-00156440": "where is it there it is okay so plr dot john dot com you actually go there and you can actually", "hFa54uR6En4-00258-00156440-00157064": "let's actually open that in a incognito because otherwise it wants me to log in so you go to", "hFa54uR6En4-00259-00157064-00157776": "that link right to plr dot johnson.com and you can actually sign up for this", "hFa54uR6En4-00260-00157880-00158448": "you just go just to juju where is it sign up right here you click on the sign up link right there", "hFa54uR6En4-00261-00158544-00159104": "and i don't know if it's if i don't know if you're going to be able to get it at 37 right now but you", "hFa54uR6En4-00262-00159104-00159808": "can actually have a lifetime membership at 137 or for 37 oh wow that's pretty crazy so use coupon", "hFa54uR6En4-00263-00159808-00160952": "code this coupon here so you just sign up you put that coupon code in there right whoops hw245 i", "hFa54uR6En4-00264-00160952-00161376": "don't know if that i don't know that coupon code oh look it says until december 10th so that's", "hFa54uR6En4-00265-00161376-00161768": "that's actually today so i don't know when you watch this maybe there's going to be another", "hFa54uR6En4-00266-00161768-00162544": "coupon but lifetime access 137 is normally just 37 bucks anyway get access to this what's in here is", "hFa54uR6En4-00267-00162544-00162960": "you can actually use this i'm just going to log in because i'm actually like signed into this", "hFa54uR6En4-00268-00163088-00163576": "what you get in there is you can have a whole bunch of things you can give away for free", "hFa54uR6En4-00269-00163576-00163960": "some of them you have to sell but some of them you can give away for free like for example say", "hFa54uR6En4-00270-00163960-00164672": "for example you want to offer people list building for true success this ebook right here right so", "hFa54uR6En4-00271-00164672-00165296": "uh resell rights so there's certain ones that if i go to ebooks private label master resell", "hFa54uR6En4-00272-00165296-00165728": "if i just put master reseller it'll show me the ebooks that are free that you can give away so", "hFa54uR6En4-00273-00165728-00166392": "all these ebooks you can actually have and give them to people for free just create a capture page", "hFa54uR6En4-00274-00166392-00167048": "and have this ebook and give that to them so that could be your thing that you have for free a free", "hFa54uR6En4-00275-00167048-00167616": "item to give you could have that on here over here right all these different ebooks and and this", "hFa54uR6En4-00276-00167616-00168096": "these are ebooks you can give them courses too there's courses private resell master resell rates", "hFa54uR6En4-00277-00168096-00168480": "so i mean there's all these courses here that you can actually give people right you can give", "hFa54uR6En4-00278-00168480-00168984": "these ultimate home workout plan how to start a freelance business the winning mindset formula", "hFa54uR6En4-00279-00169056-00169592": "disconnect to reconnect you know resilience zoom master boost your immune system i mean", "hFa54uR6En4-00280-00169592-00170056": "it's crazy i look there's thousands of courses in here that you can actually give people", "hFa54uR6En4-00281-00170056-00170744": "as a bonus for them signing up to your list right you need to give people something for free to sign", "hFa54uR6En4-00282-00170744-00171568": "up to their list okay so that's plr dot json.com so next one is set up your tools now in in this", "hFa54uR6En4-00283-00171568-00171864": "in this in this step we're talking about setting up your", "hFa54uR6En4-00284-00171952-00172584": "uh your email a list or autoresponder she's gonna actually have people sign up to your list you", "hFa54uR6En4-00285-00172648-00173152": "need to we talk about setting up your capture pages or your lead pages or your funnels", "hFa54uR6En4-00286-00173152-00173504": "talk about all those things if you're not a clickfunnel member of course you can go to", "hFa54uR6En4-00287-00173504-00174408": "cf.js.com i anything like that you can always ask me right what how to get some of these things then", "hFa54uR6En4-00288-00174408-00174872": "in step number 10 we talked about creating your capture page i actually show you how to create a", "hFa54uR6En4-00289-00174872-00175608": "capture page in the same tool that i use that let me build these funnels here right so that's the", "hFa54uR6En4-00290-00175608-00176120": "tool called a funnelizer you can also do that in other tools but anyways i'll show you funnelizer", "hFa54uR6En4-00291-00176120-00176584": "in here and then step number eleven define your offer stack so when you're thinking about", "hFa54uR6En4-00292-00176648-00177088": "building your business you need to have something free then you to get them on", "hFa54uR6En4-00293-00177088-00177576": "your list right the lead capture item then you have to have a low price offer like i have the", "hFa54uR6En4-00294-00177576-00178120": "seven dollar book other than after this after this free ebook that's not the seven dollar one", "hFa54uR6En4-00295-00178216-00178536": "where's the seven dollar one no it's not there either where did", "hFa54uR6En4-00296-00178536-00179008": "it right here the seven dollar one right so i have the seven dollar one which is that's", "hFa54uR6En4-00297-00179008-00179632": "next right you have your offer stack so it's zero then i have seven then i have the master class 197", "hFa54uR6En4-00298-00179720-00180216": "and then i have at a thousand five thousand those kinds of things i have uh coaching and", "hFa54uR6En4-00299-00180216-00180976": "things like that that i also have available that you wouldn't know until you're in my you know uh", "hFa54uR6En4-00300-00180976-00181352": "email sequences you're getting these emails you're getting you're seeing my stuff you're seeing", "hFa54uR6En4-00301-00181408-00181944": "my content you're becoming in my list you'll eventually get those offers right and that's what", "hFa54uR6En4-00302-00181944-00182512": "the offer stack is all about so we talk about that and finally preparing your first webinar we talk", "hFa54uR6En4-00303-00182512-00182944": "about this because that's one of the best ways to actually grow your business online is to actually", "hFa54uR6En4-00304-00182944-00183792": "do a webinar you do a webinar where you offer your higher end thing right whatever it is depending on", "hFa54uR6En4-00305-00183792-00184336": "what business you're in you've got a higher end thing which could be uh like in my case right", "hFa54uR6En4-00306-00184336-00184864": "now it's my syndication engine i'm actually doing that every single week a syndication engine video", "hFa54uR6En4-00307-00184864-00185592": "or blog sorry a syndication engine webinar where i talk about how to be on the present how to create", "hFa54uR6En4-00308-00185592-00186176": "content for every single platform really quickly and i talk about the engine and the platform and i", "hFa54uR6En4-00309-00186176-00186760": "i sell that for a whole year access to that for a whole year right that then i give away other", "hFa54uR6En4-00310-00186760-00187248": "things bonuses and things like that that are worth well over whatever i'm charging", "hFa54uR6En4-00311-00187328-00187904": "and that's what the webinar is all about and i talk about creating slides in google slides and", "hFa54uR6En4-00312-00187904-00188672": "things like that so that's yeah so that's the 12 steps to your online success that you deserve the", "hFa54uR6En4-00313-00188672-00189272": "success you deserve right you get the success you deserve and like i said you go to my blog", "hFa54uR6En4-00314-00189272-00189888": "you can go here you can click on this 12 critical steps to actually get that free e-book and like", "hFa54uR6En4-00315-00189888-00190472": "i said make sure you actually take advantage of this deal this seven dollar deal on the workbook", "hFa54uR6En4-00316-00190472-00191032": "because the workbook is normally it's over here is it is normally 24 dollars right if you don't", "hFa54uR6En4-00317-00191032-00191552": "get the the workbook right away when you're going through this and you enter your likes here let's", "hFa54uR6En4-00318-00191552-00192088": "show you again if i click on this it takes me to this page where i enter my name and email where it", "hFa54uR6En4-00319-00192088-00192608": "talks about what the 12 steps this is a free ebook you just put your name and email then you'll get", "hFa54uR6En4-00320-00192608-00193200": "the offer for the seven dollar workbook like i said you know whatever you don't have to get it", "hFa54uR6En4-00321-00193200-00193696": "if you don't get it you can get it afterwards for 24 otherwise if you get it right away", "hFa54uR6En4-00322-00193768-00194488": "it's only seven dollars um and we talk about like i said we go through the whole process of getting", "hFa54uR6En4-00323-00194488-00195152": "all these steps you have access to this as well and that's yeah so that's what the 12 steps to", "hFa54uR6En4-00324-00195152-00195904": "your online success is all about this e-book right here you can get for free and yeah so that's it", "hFa54uR6En4-00325-00195984-00196560": "anyways hopefully that explains a lot and you're you're going to get your e-book i hope to see you", "hFa54uR6En4-00326-00196560-00197216": "in my list and we'll get to know each other and anything you need just go ahead and contact and", "hFa54uR6En4-00327-00197216-00197712": "hopefully i can help you with the what you need all right we'll see you in the next episode have", "hFa54uR6En4-00328-00197712-00198360": "yourself a great day! This has been course income secrets, the entrepreneur's blueprint", "hFa54uR6En4-00329-00198360-00198848": "to generating income from the e-learning boom! Some of your friends need to hear this message,", "hFa54uR6En4-00330-00198848-00199376": "so don't forget to share! For more content like this, go to CourseIncomeSecrets.com", "hFa54uR6En4-00331-00199376-00200136": "and make sure to subscribe and follow us here. My name is Jean-Serge Gagnon, until next time"}}, {"audio_id": "hGjBb3F7QVI", "text": {"hGjBb3F7QVI-00000-00000073-00000363": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00001-00000520-00000640": "- [Narrator] Don't give up", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00002-00000640-00000840": "when someone denies you your right.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00003-00000840-00001181": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00004-00001181-00001304": "- Thank you very much.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00005-00001304-00001431": "This is this month's \"Legislative Update.\"", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00006-00001431-00001758": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00007-00001758-00002002": "- Continue pushing it", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00008-00002002-00002112": "a step", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00009-00002112-00002228": "forward.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00010-00002228-00002342": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00011-00002342-00002472": "- With your body girl (mumbles)--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00012-00002472-00002559": "- Yeah.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00013-00002559-00002642": "- Right?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00014-00002642-00002832": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00015-00002832-00003059": "- If you give people the chance from the encouragement", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00016-00003059-00003323": "and some supports, amazing things can happen.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00017-00003323-00003640": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00018-00004617-00004731": "- Hello, I'm Mark Hughes.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00019-00004731-00004884": "Welcome to Disability Viewpoints.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00020-00004884-00005135": "It's good to be back on the air, it's been a little while.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00021-00005135-00005412": "And I feel honored to have my co-host today", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00022-00005548-00005702": "Joan Willshire.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00023-00005702-00006009": "And my special guest today is gonna be Sue Abderholden", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00024-00006009-00006299": "from the National Alliance on Mental Illness.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00025-00006299-00006519": "And who's your guests gonna be today Joan.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00026-00006519-00006873": "- I have a fantastic guest with me today Roberta Opheim.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00027-00006873-00007053": "She is a Mental Health", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00028-00007053-00007273": "and Developmental Disabilities Ombudsman", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00029-00007273-00007380": "for the State of Minnesota.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00030-00007380-00007480": "- Sounds great.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00031-00007480-00007617": "And so, we'll have that", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00032-00007617-00007864": "and a few other things coming up next", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00033-00007864-00008108": "on Disability Viewpoints stay tuned.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00034-00008108-00008425": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00035-00008945-00009055": "- Hello, I'm Mark Hughes,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00036-00009055-00009202": "welcome to Disability Viewpoints.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00037-00009202-00009349": "It's been a little while since we've been on the air.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00038-00009349-00009549": "Glad to be back, it's an honor.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00039-00009549-00009836": "With me today is my special guest Sue Abderholden", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00040-00009836-00010066": "from the National Alliance on Mental Illness", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00041-00010066-00010226": "here in the Twin Cities, welcome Sue.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00042-00010226-00010397": "- Thanks for having me Mark.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00043-00010397-00010690": "- Hey, you're welcome and glad to have you on.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00044-00010690-00010947": "And one of the questions we wanna ask is,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00045-00010947-00011234": "how has COVID-19 changed", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00046-00011378-00011654": "the folks with mental or people with mental illness,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00047-00011654-00011858": "how've their lives really changed,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00048-00011858-00011965": "first of all?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00049-00011965-00012118": "- Well, I think what we've seen", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00050-00012118-00012325": "is that everyone's mental health has been impacted.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00051-00012325-00012519": "So, we're all living with great uncertainty", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00052-00012519-00012709": "about what's going to happen in the future,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00053-00012709-00012862": "how long we'll have to be at home", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00054-00012862-00013002": "and wear mask.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00055-00013002-00013339": "You have people who are worried about catching COVID-19", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00056-00013339-00013640": "because of their age, their underlying healthcare condition,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00057-00013640-00013870": "or if they're an essential employee.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00058-00013870-00014003": "You have people who are alone", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00059-00014003-00014224": "and are feeling very isolated.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00060-00014224-00014481": "You have families that are together 24/7", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00061-00014481-00014731": "which can be a little bit too much.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00062-00014731-00015008": "You also have people worrying about their jobs", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00063-00015008-00015168": "and loss of income.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00064-00015168-00015352": "And the one thing we haven't really talked", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00065-00015352-00015678": "very much about, is that people are experiencing grief.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00066-00015678-00016002": "So, you have teens that don't have their prom", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00067-00016002-00016192": "or their graduation or college students", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00068-00016192-00016353": "that don't have graduation.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00069-00016353-00016573": "You have weddings that are postponed.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00070-00016573-00016796": "People can't even attend funerals.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00071-00016796-00016960": "And so, all of those things", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00072-00016960-00017237": "lead to kind of the ambiguous loss,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00073-00017237-00017387": "which leads to grief.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00074-00017387-00017560": "So I think everyone's kinda struggling right now", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00075-00017560-00017737": "with anxiety and depression.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00076-00017737-00018041": "- So, the next question we wanna ask is,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00077-00018184-00018498": "legislatively, there's been a lot of things going on,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00078-00018498-00018858": "even though we were really had", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00079-00018858-00018998": "the regular legislative session,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00080-00018998-00019172": "but it was short for some of us", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00081-00019172-00019315": "because we weren't able to really", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00082-00019315-00019672": "be at the State Office Building or Senator Capitol.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00083-00019672-00019979": "Can you tell us what's going on, for example, NAMI,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00084-00019979-00020350": "as far as legislative things that affect mental health?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00085-00020463-00020673": "- Well, most of our stuff is still waiting.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00086-00020673-00020844": "And we're hoping that it'll be brought up", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00087-00020844-00020950": "during the special session.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00088-00020950-00021227": "So, a lot of our work,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00089-00021227-00021441": "we had worked for three years", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00090-00021441-00021658": "to update the Commitment Act.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00091-00021658-00021958": "All of that is the Senate Bill that didn't get voted", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00092-00021958-00022232": "off the House Floor before midnight.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00093-00022232-00022489": "A couple of weeks ago, the last night of session,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00094-00022489-00022742": "there were also things in there related", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00095-00022742-00023039": "to youth assertive community treatment teams,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00096-00023039-00023343": "and to changes to our children's", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00097-00023343-00023533": "residential treatment programs.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00098-00023533-00023727": "So, we're a lot of really important things", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00099-00023727-00023960": "in that Bill that we are just waiting for.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00100-00024100-00024277": "The other thing that isn't talked about very much", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00101-00024277-00024547": "are the waivers that have been put into place", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00102-00024547-00024758": "because of the emergency order.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00103-00024758-00024921": "And one of the biggest things", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00104-00024921-00025105": "for the mental health community,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00105-00025105-00025428": "is that you could finally get therapy by phone.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00106-00025428-00025705": "Most people with a very serious mental illness,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00107-00025705-00025972": "do not have a computer, do not have a laptop,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00108-00025972-00026095": "do not have an iPad.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00109-00026095-00026286": "They don't have any way to do Telehealth.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00110-00026286-00026569": "And so, the phone has been really important.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00111-00026569-00026763": "And what they've seen is that it has worked", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00112-00026763-00027010": "really pretty well for a lot of people", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00113-00027010-00027420": "and the no-show rates are down, people are connected,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00114-00027420-00027767": "some families with children find it more helpful.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00115-00027767-00028081": "But I will say that what we've seen because of Telehealth", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00116-00028081-00028371": "and having to move totally in that direction", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00117-00028371-00028685": "is the disparities in our State,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00118-00028685-00028955": "in terms of we have people who don't even have phones,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00119-00028955-00029142": "people that don't have enough minutes on their phones", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00120-00029142-00029642": "to do therapy by phone, unreliable internet connection,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00121-00029729-00029883": "all of those kinds of things", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00122-00029883-00030290": "can really make it difficult to access mental healthcare.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00123-00030407-00030690": "- Before the Telehealth I think it's good.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00124-00030690-00030887": "But the one question I'd have,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00125-00030887-00031077": "is how accurate do you think that is", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00126-00031077-00031321": "as far as diagnosis", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00127-00031321-00031468": "or", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00128-00031468-00031668": "'cause in a real emergency case,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00129-00031668-00031945": "you have to still go to the doctor or go to the,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00130-00032092-00032348": "and so, how accurate do you think Telehealth really is?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00131-00032489-00032716": "- I think it is pretty accurate.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00132-00032716-00033022": "Even before COVID-19 hit,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00133-00033022-00033226": "a lot of mental health services,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00134-00033226-00033493": "particularly psychiatry in greater Minnesota,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00135-00033493-00033680": "was delivered through Telehealth,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00136-00033680-00033893": "'cause we have a shortage of psychiatrists.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00137-00034000-00034354": "And it would you rather it be in person?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00138-00034354-00034537": "I think for most people, yes.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00139-00034537-00034677": "But when you have a lot of barriers", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00140-00034677-00034844": "in terms of transportation", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00141-00034844-00035001": "and things like that,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00142-00035001-00035171": "it actually worked out okay.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00143-00035171-00035295": "- All right.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00144-00035295-00035692": "Well good, and that may be our future", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00145-00035692-00035902": "coming up is more Telehealth and--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00146-00035995-00036149": "- Absolutely.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00147-00036149-00036446": "- You've seen a lot in your years at NAMI.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00148-00036593-00036966": "What do you think has been the biggest improvements,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00149-00036966-00037133": "and what do you see coming ahead?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00150-00037327-00037660": "- Well, I would say probably the biggest improvement", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00151-00037660-00037921": "is really the development of our community-based", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00152-00037921-00038088": "mental health system", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00153-00038088-00038445": "in home care, supportive housing,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00154-00038445-00038605": "schooling to mental health,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00155-00038605-00038752": "mobile mental health crisis teams.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00156-00038752-00038922": "I think those are all important.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00157-00038922-00039069": "- All right and--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00158-00039069-00039275": "- I like to say that our mental health system isn't broken,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00159-00039275-00039389": "it was never built.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00160-00039389-00039489": "(laughs) - And so what we've seen", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00161-00039489-00039619": "is kind of that foundation", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00162-00039743-00039866": "being built, - [Mark] Very good, yeah.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00163-00039866-00040016": "- We still have a long ways to go.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00164-00040016-00040280": "And one of the things that I wanna saying Mark is that", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00165-00040407-00040597": "changes to our criminal justice system", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00166-00040597-00040970": "because of Mr. Floyd's murder is really important.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00167-00040970-00041204": "A lot of people who are killed by police", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00168-00041204-00041354": "actually have a mental illness.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00169-00041354-00041785": "And so we are certainly an ally in this effort,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00170-00041785-00042102": "and we are pushing for better police training,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00171-00042102-00042362": "for better use of mobile crisis teams,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00172-00042362-00042655": "changes to the 911 system,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00173-00042655-00042802": "all of those kinds of things", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00174-00042802-00042969": "to try to make sure this doesn't happen in he future.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00175-00042969-00043313": "- Yeah, sometimes in mental health,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00176-00043453-00043640": "I don't think we can ever give enough education", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00177-00043640-00043843": "'cause every case is special.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00178-00043983-00044207": "And there's a little more mental health going on", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00179-00044207-00044357": "I think now,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00180-00044357-00044741": "and the one issue that I see coming up ahead", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00181-00044741-00045014": "is the affordable housing for mental health.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00182-00045014-00045168": "And I think that's a big issue.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00183-00045168-00045442": "I think it's something that still needs to be worked on.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00184-00045442-00045618": "There are a lot of things that need to be worked on,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00185-00045618-00045885": "but especially that one, can you wanna--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00186-00045885-00046005": "- I totally agree.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00187-00046005-00046159": "Yeah.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00188-00046159-00046426": "If you look at the frequent utilizers of emergency rooms", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00189-00046426-00046699": "and police interaction,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00190-00046699-00046993": "generally they are people who don't have housing,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00191-00046993-00047217": "who have unstable family.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00192-00047217-00047447": "So, that would be a,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00193-00047447-00047630": "it's a real solution,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00194-00047630-00047917": "instead of just keep bringing people to jail or to ER.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00195-00048031-00048324": "- Well, yeah, that's true, very true.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00196-00048324-00048495": "How do you think legislatively,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00197-00048495-00048681": "the legislators really look", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00198-00048681-00048948": "at COVID-19 versus mental health?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00199-00048948-00049202": "I think there's a lot of work that can be done.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00200-00049202-00049349": "Still needs to be done,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00201-00049349-00049532": "but how do you think that has been intercepted?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00202-00049716-00049863": "- Well, I'm hoping the legislature", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00203-00049863-00050086": "keeps some of these waivers in place", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00204-00050086-00050210": "so that we can continue", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00205-00050210-00050527": "to do services by phone in particular.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00206-00050640-00050844": "I do think that because of COVID-19,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00207-00050844-00050974": "there is greater awareness", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00208-00050974-00051217": "about how things impact your mental health.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00209-00051217-00051544": "So, people who thought they were mentally healthy before", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00210-00051544-00051878": "now really understand the impact of isolation", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00211-00051878-00052075": "and that kind of counsel anxiety,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00212-00052075-00052328": "and the high stress, and the real impact", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00213-00052328-00052455": "that that can have on your mental health.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00214-00052455-00052619": "And I think that's a good thing", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00215-00052619-00052879": "for people to really kind of raise their awareness", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00216-00052879-00053076": "in recognition of that.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00217-00053076-00053226": "- Absolutely, absolutely.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00218-00053226-00053560": "And I think there's a lot of ways this can be marketed,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00219-00053560-00053860": "I think the whole picture needs to be looked at.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00220-00054140-00054467": "For anybody who has just had an issue with mental health,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00221-00054467-00054587": "what would you recommend", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00222-00054587-00054767": "and what advice would you give them?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00223-00054908-00055054": "- Well, if you're struggling with your mental health,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00224-00055054-00055235": "you definitely wanna reach out.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00225-00055235-00055495": "We do encourage people to talk", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00226-00055495-00055685": "with their primary care physician first,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00227-00055685-00055812": "to make sure", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00228-00055812-00055955": "it's not some other type of healthcare condition", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00229-00055955-00056156": "that's impacting you.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00230-00056156-00056439": "But then call your insurance company,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00231-00056439-00056593": "find out who's in your network.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00232-00056593-00056703": "So you make sure that you're going", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00233-00056703-00056856": "to an in-network therapist,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00234-00056856-00056980": "it start there.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00235-00056980-00057200": "And these days you can go on the internet,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00236-00057200-00057447": "you can see kind of the type of practice", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00237-00057447-00057717": "that someone does, their kind of area of focus", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00238-00057717-00057857": "so that you can make sure you're lining up", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00239-00057857-00058004": "with the right person.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00240-00058004-00058264": "You might want to specify that you want someone", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00241-00058264-00058528": "who is a woman, or a man,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00242-00058528-00058791": "or someone who focuses on LGBTQ issues,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00243-00058791-00058955": "or someone who's your same race.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00244-00058955-00059279": "So, you really wanna kind of research that and make sure,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00245-00059279-00059532": "but I'd also encourage you to look at the resources", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00246-00059532-00059729": "that NAMI has on its website.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00247-00059729-00059939": "namimn.org.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00248-00059939-00060100": "- [Mark] Wanna say that again", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00249-00060100-00060270": "if somebody didn't have a pencil.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00250-00060270-00060730": "- It's NAMI, N-A-M-I, MN for minnesota.org.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00251-00060730-00060967": "- And do you have an 800 number by chance?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00252-00061181-00061327": "- These days most people don't care", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00253-00061327-00061481": "about the 800 numbers", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00254-00061481-00061671": "'cause you don't get charged those long distance numbers.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00255-00061671-00062025": "So, our phone number is 651-645-2948.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00256-00062355-00062539": "But we have peer-led support groups.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00257-00062539-00062892": "We have a lot of free online classes right now,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00258-00062892-00063066": "that people can reach out to,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00259-00063066-00063339": "but if you're really, really struggling,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00260-00063339-00063750": "you can text and then from Minnesota just 741-741-2047,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00261-00063967-00064184": "and someone will reach out and help you.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00262-00064184-00064307": "- Great, great.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00263-00064307-00064597": "Is there something that you'd like to cover?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00264-00064597-00064791": "We got about three minutes left or so?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00265-00064914-00065071": "- Well, one thing I wanna say that,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00266-00065171-00065291": "and I think it's really important", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00267-00065291-00065371": "that", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00268-00065495-00065792": "we all need to be addressing racism.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00269-00065792-00066162": "Racism actually negatively impacts people's mental health.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00270-00066162-00066286": "- Right?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00271-00066286-00066429": "Because you have not just these big things", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00272-00066429-00066689": "like happened the murder of Mr. Floyd,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00273-00066689-00066910": "but also those microaggressions,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00274-00066910-00067227": "the discrimination just day in and day out.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00275-00067227-00067664": "And I think that as a community, as a society,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00276-00067664-00067841": "we need to really start addressing that,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00277-00067841-00067957": "so that we have,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00278-00068171-00068461": "so that we're not negatively hurting people,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00279-00068461-00068585": "like we have been.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00280-00068585-00068862": "And the impact of COVID-19,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00281-00068862-00069142": "you can look at every state across the nation,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00282-00069142-00069379": "and you will see that African Americans", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00283-00069379-00069726": "are impacted more,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00284-00069726-00070036": "even based on the proportion of the population", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00285-00070036-00070190": "than others.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00286-00070190-00070473": "And so, these are issues we really need to address.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00287-00070473-00070770": "- I think that whether you live in Minnesota,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00288-00070770-00070927": "or in any other State and we do,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00289-00071071-00071327": "there's been so many things that are going on with COVID-19,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00290-00071327-00071791": "and then the Floyd issue that Minnesota just,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00291-00072031-00072215": "there's a lot of things that are happening.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00292-00072215-00072652": "The isolations, the mental illness, the COVID-19,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00293-00072652-00072839": "and it's a real load for people.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00294-00072839-00073123": "And I think that Minnesota overall", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00295-00073123-00073470": "has done very, very well that the Minnesota people", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00296-00073470-00073810": "have really been together and tried to help each other.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00297-00073810-00074150": "I mean, you can't help the protests that are going on,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00298-00074150-00074434": "but overall, if people needed groceries,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00299-00074434-00074694": "people were there to help them and things like that.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00300-00074694-00075064": "And I think that's really what Minnesota is all about.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00301-00075064-00075241": "And I just think that people", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00302-00075241-00075478": "have handled overall pretty well.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00303-00075478-00075648": "There's things that can be done,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00304-00075648-00075902": "but overall it's been pretty good.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00305-00075902-00076062": "So, in our last couple minutes,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00306-00076062-00076189": "I want to give you the final thought,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00307-00076189-00076416": "but I do want to say Susan,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00308-00076416-00076753": "that you have testified down in the House and Senate,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00309-00076753-00076903": "as much or more than I have.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00310-00076903-00077120": "Carol Levin has covered you well,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00311-00077120-00077360": "and done a great job over there for you.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00312-00077360-00077674": "And you may not realize it, but I'm one of your fans", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00313-00077674-00077867": "in the back row of the hearing rooms.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00314-00077867-00078114": "If you're testifying, I'm usually there,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00315-00078114-00078258": "if I'm not I'm in the Building,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00316-00078258-00078501": "but I just wanna thank you and commend you", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00317-00078501-00078755": "for the real job that you've done", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00318-00078755-00079045": "and let you expound on what you're done", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00319-00079045-00079295": "and what you're trying to do if you want to.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00320-00079295-00079472": "- Well, thanks for those kind words Mark", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00321-00079472-00079622": "I appreciate it. - [Mark] I mean it.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00322-00079622-00079876": "- The only thing I would say is during this difficult time", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00323-00079876-00080130": "is for people to control what you can,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00324-00080130-00080293": "which includes turning off the news.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00325-00080293-00080517": "So you're not listening to it all the time.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00326-00080517-00080757": "If you're worried about someone, reach in,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00327-00080757-00080904": "because if you're feeling depressed", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00328-00080904-00081067": "you're not going to reach out,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00329-00081067-00081387": "really be mindful of nutrition", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00330-00081387-00081558": "and moving in some ways", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00331-00081558-00081808": "so you get the endorphins going in your brain.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00332-00081808-00082085": "And then I always like to end it with grace and space.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00333-00082085-00082242": "We don't always do our best,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00334-00082242-00082482": "when we're under this kind of extreme stress.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00335-00082482-00082685": "And so give people grace and space.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00336-00082776-00082892": "- Yeah. - Thank you, bye", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00337-00082892-00083036": "Great, we got about a minute left", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00338-00083036-00083323": "and I wholeheartedly wanna thank you for all you're doing,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00339-00083323-00083473": "and let you know again,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00340-00083473-00083723": "you got a real fan here and keep up your good work.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00341-00083723-00083943": "I know we're all supposed to get around to retiring,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00342-00083943-00084087": "but I'm not going to,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00343-00084087-00084204": "(laughs)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00344-00084204-00084357": "and if you do, that's your option,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00345-00084357-00084567": "but you've done a great job and you're really the voice", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00346-00084567-00084788": "for Minnesota when it comes to mental illness,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00347-00084788-00084938": "and thanks much.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00348-00084938-00085118": "- Well, thanks so much for having me on again Mark,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00349-00085118-00085408": "and thanks for your many years of doing this show.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00350-00085408-00085535": "I think it's an important", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00351-00085535-00085678": "and valuable asset to the community.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00352-00085678-00085922": "- Well, we'd like it to continue and we hope it does.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00353-00085922-00086096": "And if I have anything to say about it, it will.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00354-00086096-00086229": "So, there you go.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00355-00086229-00086583": "But I would be remiss if I didn't thank the staff", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00356-00086583-00086776": "I have behind me and Jo Erbes,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00357-00086776-00086960": "who really puts us together.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00358-00086960-00087263": "And she's not here today, but I'm sure she'll hear this.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00359-00087263-00087604": "So, we'll be good, again Sue thanks for being on here.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00360-00087604-00087817": "- [Sue] Absolutely. And we'll have you on again.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00361-00087817-00088001": "So you just raise your hand", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00362-00088001-00088251": "whenever you wanna get on here and we'll do it.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00363-00088251-00088374": "- [Sue] Sounds good, thank you.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00364-00088374-00088581": "- Yup, take care Sue, we'll see you again.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00365-00088581-00088661": "- [Sue] Okay.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00366-00088661-00088778": "- Bye now.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00367-00088778-00089095": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00368-00089616-00089853": "- Welcome back to disability viewpoints.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00369-00089853-00090006": "My name is Joan Willshire,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00370-00090006-00090203": "and I'll be your cohost for this segment.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00371-00090346-00090837": "Well, much of the attention related to COVID-19 impact", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00372-00090924-00091164": "is on the vulnerable population.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00373-00091164-00091554": "It's really been focused on longterm care facilities", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00374-00091554-00091661": "in the seniors.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00375-00091661-00091818": "We know people with disabilities", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00376-00091818-00092258": "are not at all experiencing, the same types of things.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00377-00092258-00092449": "And so the pandemic is out there", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00378-00092449-00092702": "and we really wanted to take this opportunity", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00379-00092702-00093079": "to talk about how it is impacting people with disabilities.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00380-00093079-00093326": "With me today is Roberta Opheim.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00381-00093326-00093623": "She is the Minnesota State Ombudsman person,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00382-00093623-00094000": "for Developmental Disabilities and Mental Health.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00383-00094000-00094144": "Welcome Roberta.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00384-00094144-00094400": "- Thank you Joan and thanks for having me today.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00385-00094400-00094701": "- It's always a pleasure to have you on board here, Roberta,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00386-00094701-00095095": "and there are probably more questions than answers here,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00387-00095095-00095365": "and I'm not sure how we're gonna do this", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00388-00095365-00095608": "because usually we do a great question", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00389-00095608-00095728": "and answer segment", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00390-00095728-00096005": "and this is really tough with this pandemic.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00391-00096005-00096156": "Isn't it?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00392-00096156-00096586": "- The pandemic has really thrown the service industry", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00393-00096699-00096956": "into disarray while longterm care facilities", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00394-00096956-00097237": "most people are familiar with or assisted living.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00395-00097237-00097487": "Many of the individuals that we serve", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00396-00097487-00097881": "live in group homes of four or five people", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00397-00097881-00098047": "living in the home.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00398-00098047-00098191": "Some homes have less than that,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00399-00098191-00098668": "but is still a mini type of congregate setting,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00400-00098668-00098938": "or they live in intermediate care facilities", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00401-00098938-00099135": "for developmentally disabled.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00402-00099135-00099219": "And", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00403-00099365-00099796": "what we're seeing are rules, conditions, ideas,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00404-00100019-00100160": "that are all over the map.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00405-00100160-00100500": "- Right, what's the biggest takeaway here", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00406-00100500-00100820": "that's been the most impacted", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00407-00100820-00101261": "for folks living in group homes and residential settings?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00408-00101261-00101461": "- For those who are living in group homes", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00409-00101461-00101741": "who do not have COVID,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00410-00101865-00102175": "they're under the same stay at home order,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00411-00102175-00102675": "or were prior to the governor releasing it as everyone else.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00412-00102789-00102916": "And there were several of us that worked", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00413-00102916-00103116": "with the department of human services", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00414-00103116-00103349": "to attempt to provide guidance,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00415-00103349-00103620": "to ensure that people's rights were protected.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00416-00103620-00103977": "And our fundamental mission on that", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00417-00103977-00104350": "was to say that people with disabilities", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00418-00104350-00104754": "should not be restricted or have their rights restricted", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00419-00104754-00104968": "any more than you and I,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00420-00104968-00105251": "which of course would mean, the stay at home order said,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00421-00105251-00105528": "we should stay at home and we should wear masks,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00422-00105528-00105755": "but you could go out to go to the grocery store.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00423-00105755-00106106": "You could go out to go to the pharmacy.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00424-00106106-00106596": "In some cases, we had people who have jobs", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00425-00106596-00106763": "and the essential workforce,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00426-00106763-00106986": "and we had group homes saying", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00427-00106986-00107370": "\"you can't go to your job,\" which put their job at risk.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00428-00107594-00107774": "And yet you or I,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00429-00107774-00107971": "if we were essential workers,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00430-00107971-00108258": "could continue to work in our facilities.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00431-00108258-00108698": "So, we worked very hard to educate", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00432-00108698-00109075": "providers of group homes about the rights,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00433-00109075-00109576": "but we're still seeing a tremendous amount of conflict.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00434-00109689-00109859": "Do you feel like individual residents", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00435-00109859-00110123": "that are living in group homes and residential settings,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00436-00110123-00110463": "are being, you have access to getting tested?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00437-00110647-00110937": "They haven't, well with them staying at home,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00438-00110937-00111207": "most of them were not having access to testing,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00439-00111207-00111598": "unless of course they or someone in the facility,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00440-00111698-00111885": "was suspected to have COVID.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00441-00111885-00112011": "- [Joan] Sure.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00442-00112011-00112215": "- They are now, as I understand it,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00443-00112215-00112665": "trying to extend the testing beyond the nursing homes", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00444-00112665-00112942": "and beyond the drive to test centers", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00445-00112942-00113403": "and go into these group homes in congregate settings.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00446-00113403-00113766": "But I don't know that to what level or to what extent", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00447-00113766-00114020": "they've been successful in doing that.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00448-00114020-00114374": "- Well and it seems like I'm trying to track data", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00449-00114374-00114574": "on what percentage of people with disabilities", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00450-00114574-00114761": "are being impacted by COVID.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00451-00114761-00114998": "That seems rather a challenge these days to--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00452-00114998-00115271": "- [Roberta] It is. - determine.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00453-00115271-00115405": "- The department of health", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00454-00115405-00115668": "is collecting an awful lot of data,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00455-00115668-00116055": "but the data that they're reporting out,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00456-00116169-00116332": "is primarily for nursing homes", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00457-00116332-00116800": "and then they talk about the age of the people that,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00458-00116800-00117140": "but people with developmental disabilities,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00459-00117140-00117340": "the biggest concern would be", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00460-00117340-00117657": "if they have an underlying condition like diabetes,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00461-00117657-00117831": "or heart condition,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00462-00117831-00118164": "then they'd be in the same kinds of levels of risk", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00463-00118164-00118484": "that a non-disabled person would be.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00464-00118484-00118882": "But they often do have multiple co-occurring disorders,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00465-00118882-00119112": "both physical and otherwise.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00466-00119112-00119195": "And,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00467-00119292-00119472": "so, they are at risk.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00468-00119472-00119739": "They are considered vulnerable adults,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00469-00119739-00119909": "not just on a normal basis,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00470-00119909-00120120": "but certainly during the pandemic.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00471-00120120-00120236": "- Exactly.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00472-00120236-00120547": "All right, as we're moving forward", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00473-00120547-00121010": "with much of the COVID and the pandemic,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00474-00121010-00121164": "do you think there's needs", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00475-00121164-00121541": "to be more funding directed towards perhaps moving folks", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00476-00121541-00121774": "out of these group settings?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00477-00121774-00122008": "So, they're maybe not as risk,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00478-00122125-00122248": "think about the individuals", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00479-00122248-00122489": "who are in prison or in jail systems.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00480-00122615-00123049": "- I think that when COVID is done", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00481-00123049-00123203": "and we all sit down and say,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00482-00123203-00123483": "what did we learn from this?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00483-00123636-00123963": "I think we will have a lot of recommendations", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00484-00123963-00124337": "including that if someone's can", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00485-00124337-00124741": "live in an independent setting with services coming to them,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00486-00124741-00125048": "that in fact, that's a goal that we have.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00487-00125048-00125261": "That's a longterm goal in the State of Minnesota", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00488-00125261-00125485": "is for people to have their own place,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00489-00125485-00125675": "their own apartment, their own home,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00490-00125675-00125902": "maybe with a roommate, maybe not.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00491-00125902-00126212": "And then have the services brought to them,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00492-00126212-00126389": "including and up to", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00493-00126389-00126679": "people who might need 24 hour a day service.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00494-00126679-00126960": "Which sometimes happens in the group home,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00495-00126960-00127100": "but they should have a right", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00496-00127100-00127290": "to live in a group home if they choose,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00497-00127290-00127570": "but live independently if they choose.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00498-00127570-00127937": "So, I think that what I've learned through the pandemic", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00499-00127937-00128221": "is we want to push that and escalate it", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00500-00128221-00128511": "before we're in this situation again.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00501-00128511-00128631": "- Right.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00502-00128631-00128798": "Now, another factor we've all heard", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00503-00128798-00129042": "for anyone with, or without a disability,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00504-00129042-00129279": "when you do have to go into the hospital", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00505-00129279-00129779": "because your condition with the virus has gotten worse.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00506-00129926-00130153": "You're not allowed to have a family member or friends", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00507-00130153-00130497": "or personal care attendant, anyone be with you.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00508-00130497-00130974": "That has got to really be hitting hard home for individuals.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00509-00130974-00131217": "- It it's a big problem.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00510-00131217-00131394": "And we've been talking", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00511-00131394-00131558": "with the health department and others,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00512-00131558-00131841": "and I think there's been some modification", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00513-00131841-00132045": "in some of the hospitals, but you're right.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00514-00132045-00132305": "We first learned of it when a staff member's mother", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00515-00132305-00132482": "fell and needed immediate surgery,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00516-00132482-00132799": "not due to COVID, but because of a fracture,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00517-00132799-00133186": "and all she could do was drop her mother off", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00518-00133186-00133286": "at the emergency room.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00519-00133286-00133436": "She wasn't allowed to go in.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00520-00133436-00133656": "Her mother was deaf.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00521-00133656-00134057": "And so she's standing out in the driveway negotiating", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00522-00134057-00134350": "how they're gonna communicate with her mother.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00523-00134350-00134671": "And fortunately", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00524-00134671-00134941": "there are many types of sign language interpreters,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00525-00134941-00135225": "there's video and all of that.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00526-00135225-00135478": "So, they were able to do that.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00527-00135478-00135682": "But as I thought about that", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00528-00135682-00135942": "in the context of people with developmental", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00529-00135942-00136256": "or intellectual disabilities of any kind,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00530-00136359-00136523": "how much do they understand?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00531-00136523-00136813": "Can they accurately communicate their illness,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00532-00136813-00137086": "their symptoms what's going on with them?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00533-00137086-00137584": "And it would be important for a caregiver,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00534-00137684-00137827": "might be a parent,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00535-00137827-00137981": "might be a guardian.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00536-00137981-00138391": "It might be the people who work in the group home,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00537-00138391-00138698": "but to go in with them, number one,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00538-00138698-00139062": "so they're not afraid, two to be able to communicate", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00539-00139062-00139299": "what's happening to them,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00540-00139299-00139569": "and help communicate symptoms", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00541-00139569-00139853": "and other things that the facility would know,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00542-00139853-00140009": "but that the hospital would not know", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00543-00140009-00140143": "unless someone told them.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00544-00140256-00140570": "- Well, that just seems like so much sense,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00545-00140570-00140947": "but it hasn't taken place yet though.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00546-00140947-00141251": "- [Roberta] Some facilities have allowed it others have not.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00547-00141251-00141374": "- Okay.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00548-00141374-00141524": "- Some have allowed family members in", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00549-00141524-00141951": "more to visit at the very end of life and others haven't.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00550-00142038-00142198": "So, you really don't know", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00551-00142352-00142565": "when you go to your local hospital,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00552-00142565-00142862": "what their conditions will be.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00553-00142862-00143176": "But generally, no, you don't have someone", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00554-00143176-00143293": "at the emergency room or at the hospital,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00555-00143293-00143426": "you leave them at the door", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00556-00143426-00143656": "and you don't see them until--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00557-00143656-00143756": "- I know", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00558-00143756-00143880": "- They come back home.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00559-00143880-00144000": "- Is just a horribly scary situation.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00560-00144000-00144200": "Well, what type of complaints,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00561-00144200-00144557": "have you or concerns that have you received in your office", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00562-00144557-00144998": "regarding the pandemic in COVID-19, in particular?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00563-00144998-00145375": "- The most serious of all complaints is that", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00564-00145375-00145665": "if people go out to their jobs,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00565-00145665-00146125": "or go to the pharmacy to pick up a prescription,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00566-00146125-00146553": "the facility is saying, \"You can't come back in.\"", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00567-00146639-00146779": "- [Joan] Wow.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00568-00146779-00147020": "- And they may be discharged from the home.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00569-00147020-00147240": "Even though the governor has said,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00570-00147240-00147550": "people shouldn't be evicted from their homes", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00571-00147550-00147674": "during the pandemic.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00572-00147674-00147891": "Now, the dilemma here is they say,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00573-00147891-00148077": "but we're a group home provider.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00574-00148077-00148351": "We're not a landlord lease.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00575-00148351-00148555": "Although the federal government has indicated", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00576-00148555-00148952": "that the contract between the person,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00577-00148952-00149352": "and the facility, or the county and the facility,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00578-00149352-00149552": "should be treated like landlord tenant law.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00579-00149552-00149966": "So, the department of human services when they did waivers,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00580-00149966-00150460": "did not waive any significant rights of the clients.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00581-00150547-00150763": "So, that means the rule says,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00582-00150763-00150887": "if you're going to discharge someone", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00583-00150887-00151147": "you have to give them 60 days notice.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00584-00151147-00151558": "Well, the COVID disease will be over in 60 days.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00585-00151558-00151708": "- Correct, right.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00586-00151708-00152031": "- We did have one that was in a treatment program,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00587-00152031-00152348": "went out for a walk with a group,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00588-00152348-00152642": "some people were arguing in the group.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00589-00152642-00152819": "So, she walked home a different way", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00590-00152819-00153006": "than the rest of the group.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00591-00153006-00153373": "And she was immediately discharged from the facility,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00592-00153373-00153576": "to basically be homeless.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00593-00153576-00153860": "Now, this is someone with a disability,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00594-00153860-00154090": "being told they can't come back in the house--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00595-00154090-00154237": "- That's horrible.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00596-00154237-00154400": "- And she wasn't even able to pick up her stuff", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00597-00154400-00154644": "for at least another day or two.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00598-00154644-00154871": "So in that case,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00599-00154871-00155114": "the county had to work very quickly to find--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00600-00155114-00155198": "- Sure.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00601-00155198-00155335": "- Some sort of housing,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00602-00155445-00155662": "given the vulnerability of the individual.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00603-00155662-00155798": "- Great.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00604-00155798-00156092": "Well, what type of resources would you suggest", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00605-00156092-00156409": "people use or contact right now,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00606-00156409-00156759": "if they're in a residential setting and they have concerns?", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00607-00156940-00157323": "- They should contact whoever they use for advocacy,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00608-00157323-00157634": "of course, the ombudsman's office is always", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00609-00157634-00157961": "open and ready to discuss these items with them.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00610-00157961-00158241": "But there are other groups", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00611-00158241-00158428": "like ARC or NAMI,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00612-00158428-00158718": "or others that may be able to help too.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00613-00158718-00159002": "But the primary recommendation", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00614-00159002-00159339": "for some of the questions is the health department.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00615-00159339-00159482": "They're the ones who can tell you", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00616-00159482-00159629": "what the risk factors are,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00617-00159629-00159836": "what the dangers are and how you should handle them.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00618-00159836-00159956": "- Sure.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00619-00159956-00160230": "- What we believe is required in a group home", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00620-00160230-00160573": "is that if somebody gets symptoms,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00621-00160573-00160753": "don't know if they are COVID or not,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00622-00160753-00160874": "you should isolate them", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00623-00160874-00161214": "the way I might isolate in a different room", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00624-00161214-00161451": "in my family home.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00625-00161451-00161791": "And then of course, get them tested and see", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00626-00161791-00161965": "whether they needed to be hospitalized", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00627-00161965-00162155": "or whether they can go through this--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00628-00162155-00162238": "- Okay.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00629-00162238-00162392": "- In their own home.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00630-00162392-00162802": "- Well, that's good news that we've got some good resources.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00631-00162942-00163229": "And I think we just have to continue down this unknown path,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00632-00163229-00163546": "and do what we can to stay safe and healthy.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00633-00163546-00163740": "Again, thanks Roberta for coming in.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00634-00163740-00163890": "- Thank you for having me.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00635-00163890-00164127": "- And chatting with us about this very serious pandemic", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00636-00164127-00164337": "and we shall get through this,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00637-00164337-00164624": "but we've got to be safe and work together.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00638-00164624-00164781": "- Absolutely, thank you.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00639-00164781-00164864": "- Yup.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00640-00164864-00164991": "Great.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00641-00164991-00165308": "(bright upbeat music)", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00642-00165815-00166095": "- Well, we wanna thank Sue Abnerholden", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00643-00166095-00166312": "from the National Alliance on Mental Illness", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00644-00166312-00166526": "for being on our show today.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00645-00166526-00166739": "And I want to thank Joan Willshire", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00646-00166739-00166980": "for all her hard work and being here today.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00647-00166980-00167283": "I think that we're gonna be back on the air now for a while.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00648-00167283-00167480": "So, we got a lot of good things coming up.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00649-00167480-00167670": "Next, I think we're going to see a little something", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00650-00167670-00167881": "on the Americans with Disabilities Act,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00651-00167881-00168071": "coming up next time.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00652-00168071-00168378": "And so we hope you'll watch us and stay tuned.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00653-00168378-00168761": "And thanks Joan for being here today, your guests was great.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00654-00168761-00168972": "- Yup, Roberta is always great to have onboard,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00655-00168972-00169289": "and I think we got some really good answers", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00656-00169289-00169479": "and some ideas of what we should be doing", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00657-00169479-00169719": "during this pandemic for people with disabilities.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00658-00169719-00169839": "- Sounds great.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00659-00169839-00170049": "Well, and also I think before we go,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00660-00170049-00170336": "we're gonna have a segments on COVID coming up.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00661-00170336-00170597": "That'll be in place of the \"Legislative Update\"", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00662-00170597-00170750": "is what I'm planning on.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00663-00170750-00170977": "We'll try to make that work, but it's an important issue.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00664-00170977-00171114": "And I think until we get it--", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00665-00171114-00171237": "- Absolutely.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00666-00171237-00171357": "- A back seat and things settled down,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00667-00171357-00171481": "we're gonna have to take a good look at it.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00668-00171481-00171788": "So, again on behalf of Joan Willshire, Jo Erbes", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00669-00171788-00171951": "and the entire team,", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00670-00171951-00172212": "thanks for watching Disability Viewpoints.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00671-00172212-00172338": "I'm Mark Hughes.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00672-00172338-00172549": "We'll see you real soon, bye for now.", "hGjBb3F7QVI-00673-00172549-00172866": "(bright upbeat music)"}}, {"audio_id": "hGsaWHoMwFY", "text": {"hGsaWHoMwFY-00000-00000010-00000036": "DULUTH CRUISES.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00001-00000036-00000043": "DULUTH CRUISES.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00002-00000043-00000190": "DULUTH CRUISES. THEY WIN 60 TO 40.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00003-00000190-00000196": "DULUTH CRUISES. THEY WIN 60 TO 40.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00004-00000196-00000290": "DULUTH CRUISES. THEY WIN 60 TO 40. >> THE LUMBERJACKS GIRLS", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00005-00000290-00000296": "THEY WIN 60 TO 40. >> THE LUMBERJACKS GIRLS", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00006-00000296-00000457": "THEY WIN 60 TO 40. >> THE LUMBERJACKS GIRLS BASKETBALL TEAM TOOK THE FLOOR", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00007-00000457-00000463": ">> THE LUMBERJACKS GIRLS BASKETBALL TEAM TOOK THE FLOOR", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00008-00000463-00000620": ">> THE LUMBERJACKS GIRLS BASKETBALL TEAM TOOK THE FLOOR FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 2019.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00009-00000620-00000627": "BASKETBALL TEAM TOOK THE FLOOR FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 2019.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00010-00000627-00000780": "BASKETBALL TEAM TOOK THE FLOOR FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 2019. THEIR FIVE-GAME WINNING STREAK", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00011-00000780-00000787": "FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 2019. THEIR FIVE-GAME WINNING STREAK", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00012-00000787-00000947": "FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 2019. THEIR FIVE-GAME WINNING STREAK WAS SNAPPED IN THEIR LAST", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00013-00000947-00000954": "THEIR FIVE-GAME WINNING STREAK WAS SNAPPED IN THEIR LAST", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00014-00000954-00001054": "THEIR FIVE-GAME WINNING STREAK WAS SNAPPED IN THEIR LAST GAME, A LOSS TO CAMBRIDGE ISANTI", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00015-00001054-00001061": "WAS SNAPPED IN THEIR LAST GAME, A LOSS TO CAMBRIDGE ISANTI", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00016-00001061-00001217": "WAS SNAPPED IN THEIR LAST GAME, A LOSS TO CAMBRIDGE ISANTI AND WERE LOOKING TO START A", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00017-00001217-00001224": "GAME, A LOSS TO CAMBRIDGE ISANTI AND WERE LOOKING TO START A", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00018-00001224-00001384": "GAME, A LOSS TO CAMBRIDGE ISANTI AND WERE LOOKING TO START A NEW ONE TONIGHT AGAINST SAUK", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00019-00001384-00001391": "AND WERE LOOKING TO START A NEW ONE TONIGHT AGAINST SAUK", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00020-00001391-00001541": "AND WERE LOOKING TO START A NEW ONE TONIGHT AGAINST SAUK RAPIDS RICE WHO THEY'VE BEATEN", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00021-00001541-00001548": "NEW ONE TONIGHT AGAINST SAUK RAPIDS RICE WHO THEY'VE BEATEN", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00022-00001548-00001791": "NEW ONE TONIGHT AGAINST SAUK RAPIDS RICE WHO THEY'VE BEATEN THE PAST TWO YEARS.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00023-00001791-00001798": "RAPIDS RICE WHO THEY'VE BEATEN THE PAST TWO YEARS.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00024-00001798-00002072": "RAPIDS RICE WHO THEY'VE BEATEN THE PAST TWO YEARS. THE STORM PLAYED YESTERDAY AND", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00025-00002072-00002078": "THE PAST TWO YEARS. THE STORM PLAYED YESTERDAY AND", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00026-00002078-00002165": "THE PAST TWO YEARS. THE STORM PLAYED YESTERDAY AND BEMIDJI TOOK ADVANTAGE, JUMPING", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00027-00002165-00002172": "THE STORM PLAYED YESTERDAY AND BEMIDJI TOOK ADVANTAGE, JUMPING", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00028-00002172-00002285": "THE STORM PLAYED YESTERDAY AND BEMIDJI TOOK ADVANTAGE, JUMPING OUT A 19-NOTHING LEAD.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00029-00002285-00002292": "BEMIDJI TOOK ADVANTAGE, JUMPING OUT A 19-NOTHING LEAD.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00030-00002292-00002512": "BEMIDJI TOOK ADVANTAGE, JUMPING OUT A 19-NOTHING LEAD. YES, THAT'S RIGHT 19-NOTHING.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00031-00002512-00002519": "OUT A 19-NOTHING LEAD. YES, THAT'S RIGHT 19-NOTHING.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00032-00002519-00002685": "OUT A 19-NOTHING LEAD. YES, THAT'S RIGHT 19-NOTHING. LATER OFF THE IN BOUND, THEY", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00033-00002685-00002692": "YES, THAT'S RIGHT 19-NOTHING. LATER OFF THE IN BOUND, THEY", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00034-00002692-00002766": "YES, THAT'S RIGHT 19-NOTHING. LATER OFF THE IN BOUND, THEY DRAW ONE UP.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00035-00002766-00002772": "LATER OFF THE IN BOUND, THEY DRAW ONE UP.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00036-00002772-00002916": "LATER OFF THE IN BOUND, THEY DRAW ONE UP. THE LAY-UP IS MADE.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00037-00002916-00002922": "DRAW ONE UP. THE LAY-UP IS MADE.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00038-00002922-00003166": "DRAW ONE UP. THE LAY-UP IS MADE. A FEW POSSESSIONS LATER, SOME", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00039-00003166-00003173": "THE LAY-UP IS MADE. A FEW POSSESSIONS LATER, SOME", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00040-00003173-00003296": "THE LAY-UP IS MADE. A FEW POSSESSIONS LATER, SOME GOOD PASSING DOWN LOW.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00041-00003296-00003303": "A FEW POSSESSIONS LATER, SOME GOOD PASSING DOWN LOW.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00042-00003303-00003440": "A FEW POSSESSIONS LATER, SOME GOOD PASSING DOWN LOW. THE REVERSE IS GOOD.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00043-00003440-00003446": "GOOD PASSING DOWN LOW. THE REVERSE IS GOOD.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00044-00003446-00003596": "GOOD PASSING DOWN LOW. THE REVERSE IS GOOD. THEY ARE UP 28-9.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00045-00003596-00003603": "THE REVERSE IS GOOD. THEY ARE UP 28-9.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00046-00003603-00003770": "THE REVERSE IS GOOD. THEY ARE UP 28-9. AND THE JACKS GETTING IT DONE ON", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00047-00003770-00003777": "THEY ARE UP 28-9. AND THE JACKS GETTING IT DONE ON", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00048-00003777-00004037": "THEY ARE UP 28-9. AND THE JACKS GETTING IT DONE ON THE DEFENSIVE SIDE AS WELL.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00049-00004037-00004044": "AND THE JACKS GETTING IT DONE ON THE DEFENSIVE SIDE AS WELL.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00050-00004044-00004137": "AND THE JACKS GETTING IT DONE ON THE DEFENSIVE SIDE AS WELL. A STEAL IS FORCED.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00051-00004137-00004144": "THE DEFENSIVE SIDE AS WELL. A STEAL IS FORCED.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00052-00004144-00004330": "THE DEFENSIVE SIDE AS WELL. A STEAL IS FORCED. COAST TO COAST, FOR 2 POINTS.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00053-00004330-00004337": "A STEAL IS FORCED. COAST TO COAST, FOR 2 POINTS.", "hGsaWHoMwFY-00054-00004337-00004394": "A STEAL IS FORCED. COAST TO COAST, FOR 2 POINTS. WIRE TO WIRE WIN FOR BEMIDJI."}}, {"audio_id": "hHhkh-SrNWg", "text": {"hHhkh-SrNWg-00000-00000047-00000328": "You're wondering what dogs hate?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00001-00000328-00000756": "There are some things we do (such as hugs) that people tend to perceive as love, care,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00002-00000756-00000856": "and affection.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00003-00000856-00001289": "As you're about to see in the video, they may have a completely different meaning for", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00004-00001289-00001389": "dogs.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00005-00001389-00001842": "There are various situations in which even experienced dog owners act in a completely", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00006-00001842-00001965": "wrong way.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00007-00001965-00002126": "Which ones?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00008-00002126-00002558": "Take a look at the top 10 things people do to dogs that dogs hate:", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00009-00002558-00002716": "10.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00010-00002716-00003025": "Certain places, people, and other dogs.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00011-00003025-00003434": "Dog owners often visit places with plenty of other people or dogs.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00012-00003434-00003890": "We rarely ever wonder, do our pets like going to these places?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00013-00003890-00004383": "When you're planning a visit to your friends, acquaintances, or extended family members,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00014-00004383-00004646": "keep in mind that your dog may not enjoy being there.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00015-00004646-00005021": "There could be something making them nervous and aggressive.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00016-00005021-00005527": "Try to pay attention to how your dog behaves when you visit certain places.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00017-00005527-00005678": "9.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00018-00005678-00005976": "Using words instead of body language.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00019-00005976-00006523": "Our pets can remember some words we use often, but in general, they do not understand every", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00020-00006523-00006644": "word you say.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00021-00006644-00007081": "Your dog will understand you much better based on your body language.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00022-00007081-00007606": "One thing dogs dislike is when you use verbal phrases that don't add up with your body language,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00023-00007606-00007847": "that is, with your non-verbal signs.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00024-00007847-00007947": "For example:", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00025-00007947-00008442": "You are crossing your arms and calling the dog to come to you.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00026-00008442-00008614": "8.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00027-00008614-00008780": "Petting the dog's head or face.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00028-00008780-00009230": "When somebody touches us, it often comes as a surprise.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00029-00009230-00009700": "A stranger's touch, especially on your head or face, often comes across as an unwelcome", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00030-00009700-00009964": "intrusion into our private space.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00031-00009964-00010289": "Same as people, dogs dislike this too.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00032-00010289-00010720": "Although we may think they're doing great, your pet's facial expression and body language", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00033-00010720-00011067": "could betray their unwillingness and discomfort.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00034-00011067-00011414": "If you want to stay safe, pet your dog's back!", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00035-00011414-00011858": "Still, this doesn't go for all dogs, and many of them enjoy cuddling.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00036-00011858-00011958": "7.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00037-00011958-00012376": "When there are no structured rules.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00038-00012376-00012790": "Dogs like having a strong pack leader, somebody who imposes firm rules.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00039-00012790-00013306": "Your dog will feel less stressed and confused in certain situations if you can lay down", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00040-00013306-00013641": "some ground rules for them to follow.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00041-00013641-00014043": "It's also essential to adhere to those rules, without exception.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00042-00014043-00014145": "6.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00043-00014145-00014551": "When a stranger approaches and stares into their eyes.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00044-00014551-00015044": "When somebody approaches us while continually staring us right in the eyes, we perceive", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00045-00015044-00015428": "it as strange, and it often makes us feel uncomfortable.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00046-00015428-00015761": "What does staring into their eyes mean to dogs?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00047-00015761-00016197": "In the dog world, staring them in the eyes while approaching is impolite, and it leads", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00048-00016197-00016456": "to a challenging situation.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00049-00016456-00016813": "To an unfamiliar dog, we are somebody encroaching on their territory.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00050-00016813-00017437": "Dogs will then look at our facial expressions and try to ascertain what our intentions are.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00051-00017437-00017805": "Their reactions are: • turning their head and looking away,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00052-00017805-00017964": "• retreating and barking.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00053-00017964-00018579": "Same as with humans, staring is considered rude in the dog world.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00054-00018579-00018679": "5.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00055-00018679-00018779": "When you're disinterested.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00056-00018779-00019266": "If you're working long hours, and you're away all day, and then you come home tired and", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00057-00019266-00019709": "disinterested, your dog will feel bored and may start being destructive.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00058-00019709-00019886": "What to do to break up the monotony?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00059-00019886-00019986": "1.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00060-00019986-00020254": "Keep your dog busy with activities.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00061-00020254-00020368": "2.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00062-00020368-00020543": "Teach them new tricks.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00063-00020543-00020651": "3.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00064-00020651-00020751": "Play with them.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00065-00020751-00021235": "Any activity that brightens your dog's mood is a desirable one.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00066-00021235-00021673": "If you can break up the monotony and manage to be entertaining, your pets will adore you", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00067-00021673-00022025": "and will barely be able to wait for you to return home.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00068-00022025-00022125": "4.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00069-00022125-00022518": "When you keep your dog on a short and tense leash.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00070-00022518-00022887": "Keeping a dog on a short leash prevents them from moving around how they'd like, making", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00071-00022887-00023084": "them feel trapped.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00072-00023084-00023433": "A short leash causes feelings of: • tension,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00073-00023433-00023533": "• anxiety.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00074-00023533-00023965": "Try using a looser leash so your dog can have a bit more freedom, which should make him", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00075-00023965-00024080": "calmer.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00076-00024080-00024558": "Now it's time for the top 3 things people do to dogs that dogs hate.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00077-00024558-00024704": "3.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00078-00024704-00024851": "Hugs.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00079-00024851-00025314": "People express their love and affection through hugs, but our pets don't always feel the same,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00080-00025314-00025662": "and hugs sometimes have an entirely different meaning for them.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00081-00025662-00025838": "So what is it?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00082-00025838-00026148": "In the dog world, a hug can mean: • domination,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00083-00026148-00026285": "• threat, • superiority.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00084-00026285-00026787": "Now you must be thinking, \"I've seen some dogs that love giving hugs!\"", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00085-00026787-00027149": "The secret is in their body language.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00086-00027149-00027575": "Some dogs will be calm, wagging their tail, and expressing their happiness.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00087-00027575-00027983": "Meanwhile, others will act tense and show signs of discomfort.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00088-00027983-00028118": "2.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00089-00028118-00028391": "A walk without opportunity for exploration.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00090-00028391-00028927": "One of the most important senses of our dogs is their sense of smell.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00091-00028927-00029363": "They love walking around and smelling everything they come across.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00092-00029363-00029902": "Taking a walk in a new area without the freedom to smell things isn't much fun.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00093-00029902-00030305": "When you're thinking of going for a walk in a new place, remember to give your dogs the", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00094-00030305-00030570": "freedom they crave - it should make them much happier.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00095-00030570-00030670": "1.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00096-00030670-00030770": "Teasing.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00097-00030770-00031552": "Not only do dogs hate teasing, but it makes them frustrated, anxious, and angry.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00098-00031552-00031852": "What kinds of teasing do dogs dislike?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00099-00031852-00032069": "Dogs hate teases such as: • pulling their tail,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00100-00032069-00032361": "• tugging on their ears, • faking ball throws,", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00101-00032361-00032808": "• blowing in their ears, • stepping on their tail, etc.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00102-00032808-00033288": "Teasing can have many negative consequences on a dog's behavior.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00103-00033288-00033419": "For example:", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00104-00033419-00033858": "Faking a ball throw while playing with the dog will result in decreased trust in you.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00105-00033858-00034225": "While teasing may be fun for you, it isn't fun for them.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00106-00034225-00034696": "Still, our pets are often incredibly tolerant toward us.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00107-00034696-00035175": "Even experienced dog owners sometimes repeat procedures very irritating to dogs, and dogs", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00108-00035175-00035423": "tolerate them anyway.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00109-00035423-00035800": "If you're going to avoid treating your dog poorly, you first have to know all the things", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00110-00035800-00036023": "they dislike, right?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00111-00036023-00036438": "If you find that your dog gets irritated by something not mentioned on this list, I invite", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00112-00036438-00036741": "you to share it with us in the comments section below!", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00113-00036741-00037000": "Would you like to see more?", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00114-00037000-00037469": "Take a look at the other videos about dogs I prepared for you in the video description.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00115-00037469-00037838": "If you enjoyed this video and found it useful, please click the like button and subscribe", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00116-00037838-00038151": "to not miss any new ones in the future!", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00117-00038151-00038415": "Let's keep our pets healthy and happy.", "hHhkh-SrNWg-00118-00038415-00038485": "Bye!"}}, {"audio_id": "hHtiDdJUfvy", "text": {"hHtiDdJUfvy-00000-00000000-00000258": "- All right, 1 Timothy for Beginners.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00001-00000258-00000603": "Lesson number 11, Disciplining Leaders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00002-00000603-00000927": "1 Timothy, chapter five, beginning in verse 17.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00003-00000927-00001308": "So we're in a section of Paul's letter to Timothy", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00004-00001308-00001653": "where the apostle is talking about various issues", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00005-00001653-00001876": "of concern to the church,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00006-00001876-00002173": "not necessarily connected to each other.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00007-00002173-00002498": "In last week's lesson, we discussed the instructions", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00008-00002498-00002854": "Paul gave for the care of widows in the church,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00009-00002854-00003117": "which seemed to be a significant issue", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00010-00003117-00003345": "for them at that time.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00011-00003345-00003665": "The church wasn't sure which ones should be helped,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00012-00003665-00003951": "and Paul outlines some basic guidelines", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00013-00003951-00004188": "for the care of those Christian women", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00014-00004188-00004400": "who were truly in need.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00015-00004400-00004634": "So in the next section, Paul is going to instruct Timothy", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00016-00004634-00004805": "concerning the way one should deal", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00017-00004805-00005095": "with leaders who cause trouble.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00018-00005095-00005386": "He's talked about individual teachers", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00019-00005386-00005565": "or individuals in the congregation", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00020-00005565-00005694": "that are causing problems.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00021-00005694-00005934": "But now what happens when it's the leaders", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00022-00005934-00006139": "that are causing the trouble?", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00023-00006139-00006316": "So as I said, there was trouble in the church", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00024-00006316-00006522": "where Timothy preached, and apparently,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00025-00006522-00006756": "some of it was caused by those who were", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00026-00006756-00007014": "or wanted to be in leadership.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00027-00007014-00007284": "And we know that the potential for damage", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00028-00007284-00007531": "to the church is great when the division or the trouble", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00029-00007531-00007834": "is caused by those who are in leadership roles.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00030-00007834-00008235": "So Paul cautions Timothy about how to deal", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00031-00008235-00008705": "with this very difficult and delicate, at times, situation.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00032-00008705-00009205": "So verses 17 to 25 deals with three subjects, actually,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00033-00009337-00009663": "the first of which is the honoring of elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00034-00009663-00010007": "Let's begin with the elders who are doing a good job.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00035-00010007-00010189": "Verse 17, 18, let's read that.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00036-00010189-00010376": "It says, the elders who rule well", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00037-00010376-00010608": "are to be considered worthy of double honor,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00038-00010608-00010918": "especially those who work hard at preaching and teaching.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00039-00010918-00011169": "For the Scripture says you shall not muzzle the ox", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00040-00011169-00011313": "while he is threshing,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00041-00011313-00011668": "and the laborer is worthy of his wages.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00042-00011668-00012168": "So Paul describes three areas of biblical elders' work.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00043-00012219-00012521": "One, ruling, or leadership.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00044-00012521-00012827": "Two, preaching, that is the proclamation of the Word,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00045-00012827-00013216": "and three, teaching, instruction and application", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00046-00013216-00013536": "of the Word in Christian life.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00047-00013536-00013769": "So leaders in the church are to be busy", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00048-00013769-00014019": "and absorbed in these duties.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00049-00014019-00014216": "This is fairly straightforward.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00050-00014216-00014563": "The problem lies in understanding the next verse.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00051-00014563-00014803": "Paul says that those who do these things well", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00052-00014803-00015299": "and make a great effort at them are worthy of double honor.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00053-00015299-00015454": "So there're a lot of opinions", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00054-00015454-00015844": "as to what this term, double honor, refers to.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00055-00015844-00015961": "Show you a couple.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00056-00015961-00016147": "One is double pay,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00057-00016238-00016474": "or honor plus pay,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00058-00016474-00016880": "or twice the amount that the 60-year-old widows", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00059-00016880-00017217": "would receive, or two kinds of honor.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00060-00017217-00017506": "One for age, we honor them for their experience,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00061-00017506-00017996": "and we honor them for the work that they do as elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00062-00017996-00018154": "So there's nothing wrong with an elder", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00063-00018154-00018436": "who devotes his entire effort to the church", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00064-00018436-00018776": "in teaching and ministry receiving a salary from the church.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00065-00018776-00018974": "We know that, we have someone", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00066-00018974-00019266": "in our own congregation in that role.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00067-00019266-00019641": "I don't believe, however, that double honor means that he", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00068-00019641-00020072": "should receive double the salary of someone else.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00069-00020072-00020291": "Don't believe that's what he's talking about.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00070-00020291-00020504": "Paul says double honor in relationship", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00071-00020504-00020663": "to the service they give,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00072-00020663-00021039": "and then provides two examples to illustrate his point.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00073-00021124-00021387": "The ox, for example, receives something back", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00074-00021387-00021592": "from the grain it is threshing,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00075-00021592-00022063": "and that is some food from the grain as he's working.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00076-00022174-00022559": "The worker, he says, receives something back from his work,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00077-00022559-00022879": "the pay agreed upon for his effort.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00078-00022879-00023058": "And the elder receives something back", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00079-00023058-00023280": "from those he leads and teaches,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00080-00023280-00023632": "honor for his role as elder in the church.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00081-00023632-00023977": "Perhaps extra honor for his extra effort and ability", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00082-00023977-00024477": "in preaching and teaching, even including remuneration.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00083-00024493-00024760": "So this extra honor is seen in the next section", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00084-00024760-00025061": "where Paul will show Timothy the care taken", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00085-00025061-00025561": "in dealing with elders accused of sin of some kind.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00086-00025633-00026133": "So this is the part where we talk about the correction,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00087-00026157-00026455": "disciplining of elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00088-00026455-00026700": "Verse 19 and 20.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00089-00026700-00026995": "He says, \"Do not receive an accusation against an elder", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00090-00026995-00027362": "\"except on the basis of two or three witnesses.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00091-00027362-00027687": "\"Those who continue in sin, rebuke in the presence of all", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00092-00027687-00028103": "\"so that the rest also will be fearful of sinning.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00093-00028103-00028389": "\"I solemnly charge you in the presence of God", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00094-00028389-00028719": "\"and of Christ Jesus and of his chosen angels,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00095-00028719-00029013": "\"to maintain these principles without bias,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00096-00029013-00029425": "\"doing nothing in the spirit of partiality.\"", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00097-00029425-00029787": "So accusations against elders needed to be brought up", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00098-00029787-00030219": "by a minimum of two or three witnesses.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00099-00030219-00030541": "Three witnesses will make a strong case.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00100-00030541-00030751": "Realize what he's saying here.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00101-00030751-00031087": "The idea is that no charge can be brought forward", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00102-00031087-00031344": "unless there are at least two,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00103-00031344-00031623": "perhaps three witnesses that do so.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00104-00031623-00031863": "You can't even bring an accusation.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00105-00031863-00032105": "This is part of the special honor", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00106-00032105-00032451": "that we give to our elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00107-00032451-00032674": "If there are not at least two or three witnesses", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00108-00032674-00032900": "at hand to prove the accusation,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00109-00032900-00033130": "you cannot even make the accusation.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00110-00033262-00033748": "I mean, we see all kinds of ruined reputations of people", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00111-00033748-00034215": "simply accused of something, especially in our day and age.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00112-00034215-00034418": "There was a time where if you were accused,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00113-00034418-00034715": "well, people would hold judgment until there was a trial", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00114-00034715-00034998": "or there was an investigation of some kind.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00115-00034998-00035272": "Nowadays, just the accusation", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00116-00035272-00035465": "completely ruins your reputation,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00117-00035465-00035797": "whether you're innocent or guilty.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00118-00035797-00036112": "And so the idea of having at least two witnesses", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00119-00036112-00036612": "before you bring an accusation protects the church leaders", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00120-00036655-00037155": "from this type of mob rule, if you wish.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00121-00037285-00037662": "On the other hand, if the witnesses have a case,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00122-00037662-00037916": "then this protection cannot be given to the leader.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00123-00037916-00037999": "Of course.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00124-00037999-00038399": "If two can bring an accusation, three, even better,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00125-00038399-00038700": "can bring an accusation, well, then we have to go forward", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00126-00038700-00038992": "and take a look at what's going on.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00127-00039102-00039590": "Those elders guilty of continuing sin need to be rebuked", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00128-00039590-00039825": "by the evangelist or the other elders", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00129-00039825-00040029": "if there're other elders", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00130-00040029-00040372": "so that they will be warned not to behave badly.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00131-00040478-00040978": "Elders guilty of serious sin, fornication or heresy,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00132-00041066-00041387": "need to be removed because their sin", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00133-00041387-00041664": "will eventually affect the congregation", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00134-00041664-00041839": "in one way or another.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00135-00041839-00042038": "Of course, these are difficult instructions,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00136-00042038-00042356": "and Timothy needs to make sure that in every situation,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00137-00042356-00042618": "he acts in a fair way.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00138-00042618-00042716": "Very important.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00139-00042960-00043137": "I mean, it's easy to confront a person", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00140-00043137-00043372": "that you may have issues with or struggled with", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00141-00043372-00043544": "over control or power.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00142-00043630-00043764": "But Timothy must be committed", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00143-00043764-00044047": "to following these instructions with everyone", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00144-00044047-00044339": "and not show any type of favoritism.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00145-00044339-00044687": "You can't let your favorite elder, give him a pass,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00146-00044687-00044913": "but someone else guilty of the same thing,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00147-00044913-00045153": "him you investigate.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00148-00045258-00045594": "In the church, it's easy to let things slide", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00149-00045594-00045811": "for your friends and those you like.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00150-00045811-00046059": "But when it comes to discipline, Timothy,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00151-00046059-00046198": "Paul is telling Timothy,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00152-00046198-00046683": "he needs to judge and act with impartiality, fairness.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00153-00046683-00047003": "Then he talks about selecting elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00154-00047003-00047342": "Verse 22, he says, \"Do not lay hands upon anyone too hastily", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00155-00047342-00047700": "\"and thereby share responsibility for the sins of others.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00156-00047700-00048021": "\"Keep yourself free from sin.\"", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00157-00048021-00048505": "So the laying on of hands was a gesture used at that time", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00158-00048505-00049005": "and today to signify a variety of things in the church.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00159-00049166-00049366": "It was a sign of blessing.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00160-00049455-00049730": "In Matthew 19:13, Matthew writes,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00161-00049730-00050043": "then some children were brought to him, brought to Jesus,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00162-00050043-00050397": "so that he might lay his hands on them and pray,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00163-00050397-00050594": "and the disciples rebuked them.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00164-00050594-00050718": "So it was a sign of blessing,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00165-00050718-00050936": "a way of blessing someone else.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00166-00050936-00051216": "It was also a sign of healing.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00167-00051216-00051716": "Mark 8:25, then again, he laid his hands on his eyes.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00168-00051759-00051957": "And he looked intently and was restored,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00169-00051957-00052194": "and began to see everything clearly.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00170-00052291-00052533": "So it's always the laying on of hands,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00171-00052533-00052994": "but the context decides what the laying on of hands", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00172-00052994-00053256": "is symbolizing at that moment.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00173-00053394-00053757": "Laying on of hands also a sign of empowerment.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00174-00053757-00053928": "Acts, chapter eight.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00175-00053928-00054213": "Now when Simon saw that the Spirit was bestowed", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00176-00054213-00054491": "through the laying on of the apostles' hands,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00177-00054491-00054755": "he offered them money, so on and so forth.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00178-00054755-00055166": "And so the apostles, if the apostles laid hands", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00179-00055166-00055520": "on an individual, they could transfer the ability", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00180-00055520-00055803": "to do miraculous signs to someone else.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00181-00055924-00056269": "But that ability was reserved only to the apostles.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00182-00056269-00056423": "Only the apostles.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00183-00056423-00056666": "The apostles could lay hands on an individual", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00184-00056666-00056890": "and that individual might be able to speak in tongues", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00185-00056890-00057211": "or prophecy and so on and so forth,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00186-00057211-00057552": "but that individual couldn't go to someone else", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00187-00057552-00057729": "and lay hands on that person", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00188-00057729-00057989": "in order to transfer spiritual gifts.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00189-00057989-00058319": "It was always the laying on of the hands of the apostles", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00190-00058404-00058725": "that gave the spiritual gifts.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00191-00058725-00058913": "One of the reasons why we don't believe", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00192-00058913-00059297": "that people have those miraculous gifts today,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00193-00059297-00059617": "'cause we have God's Word to do the work", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00194-00059617-00059875": "and to confirm the witness,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00195-00059875-00060137": "but also because the apostles, once they passed away,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00196-00060137-00060507": "there was no one left with that authority.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00197-00060507-00060905": "Anyways, so laying on of hands, sign of empowerment,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00198-00060905-00061176": "and also a sign of commendation.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00199-00061176-00061304": "In Acts 6:6, it says,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00200-00061304-00061495": "and these they brought before the apostles,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00201-00061495-00061733": "and after praying, they laid hands on them.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00202-00061733-00062116": "These were the deacons, those who were to serve as deacons.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00203-00062116-00062436": "And so the laying on of the hands of the elders", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00204-00062436-00062640": "meant different things.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00205-00062746-00063069": "And the context helps us to discern", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00206-00063069-00063320": "what exactly is taking place.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00207-00063320-00063559": "Well, we still use the laying on of hands", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00208-00063559-00063689": "as a sign of blessing", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00209-00063689-00064014": "and as a sign of commendation,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00210-00064014-00064336": "but not one of healing or empowerment.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00211-00064336-00064776": "I mean, God still heals and hears our prayers for healing,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00212-00064776-00065097": "but no longer grants humans the miraculous powers", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00213-00065097-00065471": "given to the apostles and transferred to others", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00214-00065471-00065725": "by the laying on of their hands.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00215-00065725-00065962": "So what Timothy is talking about here,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00216-00065962-00066223": "or what Luke is talking about to Timothy here,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00217-00066223-00066516": "is the laying on of hands to commend,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00218-00066516-00066890": "or to ordain someone into the office of elder,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00219-00066890-00067180": "or deacon, or evangelist, okay.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00220-00067180-00067482": "So Paul warns Timothy not to ordain", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00221-00067482-00067829": "or to put men into leadership too quickly,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00222-00067829-00068162": "meaning without making sure that they qualify", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00223-00068162-00068409": "and that they're tested first.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00224-00068409-00068625": "If he does and because of this,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00225-00068625-00068994": "they stumble because of inexperience or immaturity,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00226-00068994-00069261": "then Timothy will share a responsibility", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00227-00069261-00069653": "and a portion of the guilt for their sins or their failures", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00228-00069653-00070021": "because he shouldn't have put them in too quickly.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00229-00070021-00070236": "So Timothy is ultimately responsible", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00230-00070236-00070505": "for not getting involved in other sins", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00231-00070505-00070951": "by ordaining men into ministry or leadership roles", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00232-00070951-00071377": "too quickly or without enough verification.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00233-00071643-00071976": "So we continue, chapter five, verses 23 to 25.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00234-00071976-00072363": "In the last section, Paul continues to talk about elders,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00235-00072363-00072610": "but he does so in an indirect way.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00236-00072610-00072928": "So let's read verse 23, go back to Timothy.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00237-00072928-00073189": "He says, \"No longer drink water exclusively,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00238-00073189-00073473": "\"but use a little wine for the sake of your stomach", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00239-00073473-00073907": "\"and your frequent ailments.\"", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00240-00073907-00074231": "Now it seems Timothy only drank water,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00241-00074231-00074538": "which was contrary to the custom of the day.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00242-00074623-00074839": "Perhaps he did this to make sure that no one", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00243-00074839-00075233": "would dare accuse him of any kind of alcohol abuse.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00244-00075233-00075596": "But Timothy's habit made him vulnerable to illness", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00245-00075596-00075902": "because the water in that day was not clean,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00246-00075902-00076139": "especially in the cities.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00247-00076139-00076260": "So if he falls ill,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00248-00076260-00076456": "he's not going to be able to carry out his work,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00249-00076456-00076819": "so Paul encourages him to drink wine in moderation,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00250-00076819-00077319": "a little wine, in order to maintain his good health.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00251-00077347-00077485": "If he, as a leader,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00252-00077485-00077812": "is sick from dysentery or other ailments,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00253-00077812-00078234": "he's not going to be able to, he won't be effective.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00254-00078234-00078438": "This is not, of course, a general command", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00255-00078438-00078634": "for all Christians to drink wine.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00256-00078788-00078995": "Because our water is treated, there's no reason", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00257-00078995-00079318": "we have to drink wine because our water's no good.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00258-00079318-00079723": "Water is treated here, we can drink it, it's safe.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00259-00079819-00080044": "But on the other hand, it is a passage", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00260-00080044-00080293": "that makes it difficult to defend the idea", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00261-00080293-00080447": "that drinking wine is a sin.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00262-00080447-00080577": "You see what I'm saying?", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00263-00080577-00080883": "You can't have it both ways here.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00264-00080883-00081144": "Keep in mind, however, that the wine of that day,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00265-00081144-00081450": "the first century, contained no more than three,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00266-00081450-00081943": "perhaps, percent, three, four, maybe, percent alcohol.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00267-00081943-00082277": "Today, wine, just wine that you buy in a store", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00268-00082277-00082617": "has 12, 13% alcohol.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00269-00082617-00082873": "And the custom at that time was to add some water", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00270-00082873-00083373": "to the wine to further dilute the alcohol content.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00271-00083475-00083771": "So Timothy has an important role to play", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00272-00083771-00084095": "in appointing and training leaders in the church,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00273-00084095-00084325": "and he can't do this if he's constantly ill.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00274-00084325-00084768": "So Paul gives him a kind of a remedy, if you wish,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00275-00084768-00085156": "that was available to him at this time.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00276-00085156-00085656": "Verse 24 and five, this is a summary statement here", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00277-00085675-00085971": "regarding the entire issue of choosing or rejecting", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00278-00085971-00086328": "different men for the position of leadership.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00279-00086328-00086550": "So this is what this section is about,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00280-00086550-00086726": "beginning in verse 22,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00281-00086726-00087028": "where Timothy has to be careful not to be too hasty", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00282-00087028-00087257": "in appointing men as elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00283-00087257-00087621": "So Paul is saying, in the matter of choosing the right man", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00284-00087621-00088115": "for eldership, comma, verse 24.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00285-00088115-00088396": "He says, \"The sins of some men are quite evident,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00286-00088396-00088605": "\"going before them to judgment.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00287-00088605-00089067": "\"For others, their sins follow after.\"", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00288-00089067-00089252": "So he's saying to him, basically, look,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00289-00089252-00089577": "don't worry about choosing the wrong person.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00290-00089577-00089816": "When deciding about a man's worthiness,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00291-00089816-00090017": "you'll be able to see fairly easily", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00292-00090017-00090253": "his faults and weaknesses.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00293-00090253-00090366": "What he's saying here.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00294-00090366-00090723": "The sins of some men are quite evident.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00295-00090820-00091143": "A man who has a lousy temper, if you're around him enough,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00296-00091143-00091453": "you'll see that temper flare up.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00297-00091453-00091678": "So he said, some men, their sins are evident.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00298-00091774-00092176": "Their sins seem to parade before them,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00299-00092176-00092394": "already evident to be judged.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00300-00092394-00092721": "As I say, someone, for example, who's arrogant,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00301-00092721-00093221": "or foolish, or hasty, or constantly negative.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00302-00093446-00093737": "You'll discern that rather easily from them.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00303-00093737-00093900": "You're not to worry.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00304-00093900-00094040": "You'll be able to see the ones", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00305-00094040-00094540": "who are evidently not qualified to be elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00306-00094733-00094977": "Then he says for others, their sins follow,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00307-00094977-00095399": "meaning that their sins are not evident, okay.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00308-00095521-00095797": "Their sins are behind them, so to speak.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00309-00095797-00095949": "However, in the same manner,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00310-00095949-00096175": "these sins also will become evident", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00311-00096175-00096390": "when Timothy examines these men", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00312-00096390-00096615": "in light of the qualifications", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00313-00096615-00096904": "that Paul has outlined to him previously.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00314-00096904-00097311": "So some men, their disqualification is pretty evident.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00315-00097311-00097701": "You're going to not choose them and it's pretty evident why.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00316-00097701-00097943": "Other men, not as evident.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00317-00098057-00098351": "Their failings and weaknesses are not as evident,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00318-00098351-00098589": "but if you dig in a little bit,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00319-00098589-00098879": "if you examine them according to the qualifications", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00320-00098879-00099149": "that Paul's already outlined for an elder,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00321-00099149-00099647": "you'll be able to see if that person qualifies or not.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00322-00099647-00099854": "Verse 25, he says, \"Likewise also,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00323-00099854-00100034": "\"deeds that are good are quite evident,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00324-00100034-00100386": "\"and those which are otherwise cannot be concealed.\"", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00325-00100386-00100594": "So Paul states the same idea again,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00326-00100594-00100902": "but this time, uses the word, deeds,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00327-00100902-00101240": "instead of character, okay.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00328-00101240-00101558": "And so here, good deeds, he says, are evident.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00329-00101558-00101789": "A man's good life will be easily discerned", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00330-00101789-00102084": "because his good works will be known.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00331-00102084-00102387": "And conversely, an evil man will not be able", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00332-00102387-00102568": "to hide his evil deeds.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00333-00102568-00102833": "They will be eventually be found out as well.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00334-00102833-00102998": "It's one of the reasons, for example,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00335-00102998-00103151": "in the church when we, let's say,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00336-00103151-00103598": "we want to appoint certain elders", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00337-00103598-00103872": "and perhaps two or three men are selected", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00338-00103872-00104259": "and we give the congregation information", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00339-00104259-00104656": "about the qualification of elders based on the Bible.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00340-00104656-00104992": "And we ask them, these three men here are being considered", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00341-00104992-00105351": "for the role of elder, and we ask the congregation", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00342-00105351-00105640": "if there's any reason, if you know something about these men", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00343-00105640-00106140": "that might disqualify or qualify them, let us know.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00344-00106189-00106617": "So that's another way that the church is able to discern", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00345-00106617-00106865": "the qualifications of an individual.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00346-00106865-00107179": "Perhaps the elders don't know the whole story", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00347-00107179-00107505": "behind a certain individual, but there's usually,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00348-00107505-00107731": "there's bound to be someone in the congregation", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00349-00107731-00108176": "who will know the good or the bad of an individual", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00350-00108176-00108676": "to confirm the decision that the elders are making.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00351-00108829-00109321": "So Paul warns Timothy about not appointing men to leadership", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00352-00109321-00109604": "too quickly lest he share the responsibility", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00353-00109604-00109814": "for their sins and their errors.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00354-00109814-00110032": "But then he comforts him by telling him", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00355-00110032-00110359": "that it'll be evident who the good and the bad men are", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00356-00110359-00110742": "by the fruit of their character and their lives.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00357-00110742-00110825": "All right.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00358-00110909-00111291": "A couple of lessons here that we can draw", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00359-00111291-00111677": "from the material that we've covered briefly this morning.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00360-00111773-00112066": "First of all, let's remember that elders are human.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00361-00112151-00112608": "I mean, we know that, but we need to remember that.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00362-00112608-00112734": "We all know this to be true,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00363-00112734-00113214": "but many times we expect them to be above humanity.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00364-00113298-00113594": "Make no mistakes, no character weaknesses,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00365-00113594-00113821": "no limits on their willingness to serve,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00366-00113821-00113961": "or put up with laziness,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00367-00113961-00114256": "or other bad behavior by the members, you know?", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00368-00114458-00114681": "Most of the time, they also have jobs", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00369-00114681-00114855": "and families to care for,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00370-00114855-00115280": "and have volunteered to care for the church family as well.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00371-00115399-00115711": "Of course, we owe them honor, and obedience, and respect,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00372-00115711-00116058": "as the Bible says, Hebrews 13, verse seven.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00373-00116058-00116179": "But in addition to this,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00374-00116179-00116469": "I say that we also owe them the benefit of the doubt.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00375-00116605-00116774": "Let's not assume, for example,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00376-00116774-00117222": "that an honest mistake is really a purposeful slight.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00377-00117222-00117476": "It's one of the hardest things to bear in ministry,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00378-00117476-00117909": "when people get their feelings hurt by what the minister,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00379-00117909-00118170": "or the elder, or the deacon said or did", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00380-00118317-00118634": "and think that they did it on purpose.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00381-00118840-00119069": "As if somebody goes into ministry", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00382-00119069-00119345": "with the goal of hurting other people.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00383-00119345-00119507": "Well, it's the last thing you want to do,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00384-00119507-00119730": "but sometimes things happen", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00385-00119730-00119916": "where someone's feelings gets hurt.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00386-00120083-00120371": "We need to give the leaders the benefit of the doubt.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00387-00120518-00120760": "Or that a lack of attention, for example,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00388-00120760-00121185": "concerning your need or issue is a planned insult", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00389-00121185-00121450": "or a proof that the elder doesn't care.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00390-00121450-00121777": "Maybe, I tell people, maybe his wife is sick.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00391-00121777-00121943": "Or maybe he's had to work overtime.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00392-00121943-00122178": "Maybe that's why he didn't call", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00393-00122178-00122493": "after your surgery, or whatever.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00394-00122602-00122931": "Not jumping to negative conclusions,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00395-00122931-00123283": "not having a hair trigger in getting our feelings hurt", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00396-00123283-00123520": "will not only help the elder to his work,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00397-00123520-00123988": "but it'll also spare us a lot of unnecessary turmoil", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00398-00123988-00124180": "when it comes to the elders.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00399-00124305-00124447": "So let's remember they're humans.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00400-00124447-00124945": "They're only men trying to do a larger-than-life job", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00401-00125044-00125492": "on behalf of the church in service to the Lord.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00402-00125581-00125739": "Another lesson.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00403-00125831-00126016": "Let's remember that elders need", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00404-00126016-00126345": "both encouragement and correction.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00405-00126443-00126666": "Worst-case scenario for an elder", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00406-00126666-00126965": "is when he will listen and accept encouragement,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00407-00126965-00127236": "but refuse correction.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00408-00127322-00127710": "Like he likes being told, attaboy, that's a good job,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00409-00127710-00127996": "but he won't listen if you're trying to tell him something,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00410-00127996-00128291": "that something is wrong, or something needs to be changed.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00411-00128486-00128911": "Elders need both encouragement and correction, why?", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00412-00128911-00129111": "Well, because they're human, that's why.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00413-00129470-00129851": "They need encouragement in order to validate their work.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00414-00129851-00130120": "Encouragement answers their main question,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00415-00130120-00130399": "is what I'm doing making a difference?", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00416-00130521-00130992": "A positive word, a note of appreciation, a hug.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00417-00130992-00131285": "All of these say to the elder that his efforts", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00418-00131285-00131687": "are recognized, and needed, and appreciated.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00419-00131781-00132088": "It is this type of feedback that neutralizes", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00420-00132088-00132494": "unfair criticism and fuels the elder's desire", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00421-00132494-00132734": "to continue serving because believe me,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00422-00132734-00132980": "elders get to a point where they're saying to themselves,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00423-00132980-00133132": "I don't need this.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00424-00133340-00133482": "I don't need to do this.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00425-00133762-00133949": "This is becoming too difficult.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00426-00134049-00134339": "Especially, let's say someone criticizes not the elder,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00427-00134339-00134788": "but starts criticizing his wife or his child.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00428-00134966-00135079": "The thought goes through his mind,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00429-00135079-00135381": "you know, I am going to heaven, I am saved.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00430-00135381-00135687": "I don't need to do this here.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00431-00135687-00135904": "I don't need to serve in such a way", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00432-00135904-00136390": "to cause my wife sorrow or my child sorrow.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00433-00136536-00136857": "So they need encouragement.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00434-00136857-00137175": "And certain times, they need correction", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00435-00137175-00137363": "in order to protect their leadership", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00436-00137363-00137632": "and the souls for which they're responsible.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00437-00137632-00137895": "So Paul gives careful instructions", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00438-00137895-00138106": "on how to go about doing this", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00439-00138106-00138461": "so that a simple course correction about an elder's attitude", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00440-00138461-00138896": "and behavior or teaching doesn't turn into a witch hunt", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00441-00138896-00139126": "or a public hanging, you know what I'm saying?", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00442-00139285-00139656": "Correcting leaders can yield a tremendous amount of good", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00443-00139656-00140017": "for the elder who, through humility,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00444-00140017-00140377": "will grow spiritually because of the correction", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00445-00140377-00140717": "and it'll be good for the congregation", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00446-00140717-00140967": "that will benefit from the renewed spirit", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00447-00140967-00141156": "of the corrected elder.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00448-00141156-00141521": "It's a win-win proposition when it's done correctly,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00449-00141521-00141720": "when it's done according to the Scripture", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00450-00141720-00142082": "and it's, of course, done with an attitude of love.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00451-00142082-00142264": "We need to remember that elders", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00452-00142264-00142681": "have a heavy load of responsibility given to them by God.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00453-00142681-00142878": "But if they are encouraged often", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00454-00142878-00143099": "and receive correction in humility,", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00455-00143099-00143599": "both the man and the church will benefit from that.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00456-00143696-00144132": "Okay, we're going to stop here for this time", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00457-00144132-00144582": "and continue on our study of 1 Timothy next week.", "hHtiDdJUfvy-00458-00144582-00144740": "Thank you for your attention."}}]