[{"audio_id": "bk7mEby-Fwy", "text": {"bk7mEby-Fwy-00000-00000072-00000600": "i did so well in my last game. uh, i was very unlucky though in the beginning. but", "bk7mEby-Fwy-00001-00000600-00001160": "then i managed to get very big in the next game with over 13 000 hats at the peak,", "bk7mEby-Fwy-00002-00001304-00001736": "but i decided to split a little bit too much, so this is why i don't split too", "bk7mEby-Fwy-00003-00001736-00002112": "much. i believe most of my mass, with just one split around very big players,", "bk7mEby-Fwy-00004-00002224-00003000": "which is the big problem. so anyways i got pretty lucky on one player, and then i decided to eat", "bk7mEby-Fwy-00005-00003000-00003472": "all of its cells, and look how big i became. i also decided to split. tweet one more", "bk7mEby-Fwy-00006-00003472-00003960": "first i was at eight thousand and then splitting t one more player is nine thousand. wow. what's…"}}, {"audio_id": "bkirjTx1mfU", "text": {"bkirjTx1mfU-00000-00000934-00001356": "Now that you know what a literature review is, you can start searching for articles.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00001-00001356-00001675": "The first step is to identify your research topic.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00002-00001675-00001879": "What is your working thesis statement?", "bkirjTx1mfU-00003-00001879-00002344": "While you may be focused on a very specific topic, like the benefits of shared storytelling", "bkirjTx1mfU-00004-00002344-00002875": "experiences between early onset dementia patients and toddlers, you will have to think a little", "bkirjTx1mfU-00005-00002875-00003154": "more broadly for your literature review.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00006-00003154-00003722": "For instance, for your literature review you might look for articles that address the following:", "bkirjTx1mfU-00007-00003722-00004218": "Using storytelling as a way to develop language and communication skills in toddlers", "bkirjTx1mfU-00008-00004218-00004705": "Using storytelling as a way to maintain communication skills in dementia patients", "bkirjTx1mfU-00009-00004705-00004986": "Interactions between the elderly and toddlers", "bkirjTx1mfU-00010-00004986-00005474": "Articles that discuss these topics should inform your own original research.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00011-00005474-00005664": "Now you can begin searching.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00012-00005664-00006123": "For more information on the search process, check out the Library's videos for planning", "bkirjTx1mfU-00013-00006123-00006650": "a search strategy, forward & backward searching, and author searching.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00014-00006650-00007045": "When you find an article relevant to your research topic, take the time to read the", "bkirjTx1mfU-00015-00007045-00007240": "article and summarize it.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00016-00007240-00007673": "Make note of any key concepts and use those keywords to improve your searches.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00017-00007673-00008094": "Look for authors or papers that are frequently cited in works that you are reading, as this", "bkirjTx1mfU-00018-00008094-00008406": "indicates the research is highly valued in the field.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00019-00008406-00008761": "While researching, you might find articles that say something like “A review of the", "bkirjTx1mfU-00020-00008761-00008924": "literature” in the title.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00021-00008924-00009421": "Don’t use these articles in your own literature review, as they do not provide any original", "bkirjTx1mfU-00022-00009421-00009521": "research.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00023-00009521-00009926": "Instead, use them to find articles related to your research topic.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00024-00009926-00010345": "From the beginning of the research process, make sure to keep track of citations you might", "bkirjTx1mfU-00025-00010345-00010578": "want to use in your literature review.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00026-00010578-00011067": "Watch the Library's Zotero or Endnote videos for ideas on how to capture and organize your", "bkirjTx1mfU-00027-00011067-00011189": "citations.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00028-00011189-00011550": "After you have gathered your articles, you can begin to organize them.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00029-00011550-00011909": "There are a variety of ways to organize a literature review.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00030-00011909-00012192": "One such way is using the chronological method.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00031-00012192-00012553": "If you choose to organize your literature review chronologically, you will discuss the", "bkirjTx1mfU-00032-00012553-00012838": "literature based on when it was published.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00033-00012838-00013306": "The best way to employ this method is to look for trends within specific eras.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00034-00013306-00013763": "Instead of discussing a book that was published in 1920, then an article that was published", "bkirjTx1mfU-00035-00013763-00014350": "in 1945, and another article that was published in 1962 (which will resemble an annotated", "bkirjTx1mfU-00036-00014350-00014772": "bibliography instead of a literature review), you might want to focus on works that were", "bkirjTx1mfU-00037-00014772-00015579": "published pre-1900, 1900-1940, 1940-1980, 1980 to the present.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00038-00015579-00015851": "You can also organize your literature review thematically.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00039-00015851-00016287": "A thematic literature review will focus on different topics that appear throughout the", "bkirjTx1mfU-00040-00016287-00016387": "literature.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00041-00016387-00016757": "Rather than writing about the progression of thought on a subject, as is the case with", "bkirjTx1mfU-00042-00016757-00017204": "the chronological review, you would group articles by topic, regardless of when they", "bkirjTx1mfU-00043-00017204-00017386": "were published.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00044-00017386-00017680": "You can also organize your literature review methodologically.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00045-00017680-00018234": "A methodological literature review organizes articles based on the methodologies used by", "bkirjTx1mfU-00046-00018234-00018373": "the researchers.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00047-00018373-00018770": "The methodology is how a researcher approaches the research question.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00048-00018770-00019195": "For example, some researchers might use a case study method, others might use field", "bkirjTx1mfU-00049-00019195-00019623": "experiments, and still others may rely on interviews.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00050-00019623-00019998": "These are just a few examples of ways to organize your literature review.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00051-00019998-00020449": "Talk with your faculty mentor to see if they prefer a different organizational method.", "bkirjTx1mfU-00052-00020449-00020845": "If you would like assistance with the literature review process, please feel free to contact", "bkirjTx1mfU-00053-00020845-00021833": "the Library to set up an appointment with your liaison librarian."}}, {"audio_id": "bkmwlJT1md8", "text": {"bkmwlJT1md8-00000-00000000-00226501": "Good movie is good... Bad movie is bad."}}, {"audio_id": "bkVx4YfI6KU", "text": {"bkVx4YfI6KU-00000-00000010-00000203": "DENNIS WEIMANN.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00001-00000203-00000210": "DENNIS WEIMANN.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00002-00000210-00000346": "DENNIS WEIMANN. >> DENNIS: IT HAS BEEN SLOW AND", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00003-00000346-00000353": "DENNIS WEIMANN. >> DENNIS: IT HAS BEEN SLOW AND", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00004-00000353-00000503": "DENNIS WEIMANN. >> DENNIS: IT HAS BEEN SLOW AND GO FOR TRAFFIC OVER THE PAST", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00005-00000503-00000510": ">> DENNIS: IT HAS BEEN SLOW AND GO FOR TRAFFIC OVER THE PAST", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00006-00000510-00000640": ">> DENNIS: IT HAS BEEN SLOW AND GO FOR TRAFFIC OVER THE PAST THREE MONTHS AS ROAD", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00007-00000640-00000647": "GO FOR TRAFFIC OVER THE PAST THREE MONTHS AS ROAD", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00008-00000647-00000810": "GO FOR TRAFFIC OVER THE PAST THREE MONTHS AS ROAD CONSTRUCTION ALONG HIGHWAY 197", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00009-00000810-00000817": "THREE MONTHS AS ROAD CONSTRUCTION ALONG HIGHWAY 197", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00010-00000817-00001017": "THREE MONTHS AS ROAD CONSTRUCTION ALONG HIGHWAY 197 IN BEMIDJI CONTINUES.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00011-00001017-00001024": "CONSTRUCTION ALONG HIGHWAY 197 IN BEMIDJI CONTINUES.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00012-00001024-00001154": "CONSTRUCTION ALONG HIGHWAY 197 IN BEMIDJI CONTINUES. OVER THE SUMMER THE FOCUS OF THE", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00013-00001154-00001161": "IN BEMIDJI CONTINUES. OVER THE SUMMER THE FOCUS OF THE", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00014-00001161-00001588": "IN BEMIDJI CONTINUES. OVER THE SUMMER THE FOCUS OF THE PROJECT WAS ON SIDEWALKS, CURBS", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00015-00001588-00001594": "OVER THE SUMMER THE FOCUS OF THE PROJECT WAS ON SIDEWALKS, CURBS", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00016-00001594-00001718": "OVER THE SUMMER THE FOCUS OF THE PROJECT WAS ON SIDEWALKS, CURBS AND UTILITY WORK.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00017-00001718-00001725": "PROJECT WAS ON SIDEWALKS, CURBS AND UTILITY WORK.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00018-00001725-00001835": "PROJECT WAS ON SIDEWALKS, CURBS AND UTILITY WORK. THE FINAL STRETCH OF", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00019-00001835-00001841": "AND UTILITY WORK. THE FINAL STRETCH OF", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00020-00001841-00001945": "AND UTILITY WORK. THE FINAL STRETCH OF CONSTRUCTION IS CURRENTLY", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00021-00001945-00001951": "THE FINAL STRETCH OF CONSTRUCTION IS CURRENTLY", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00022-00001951-00002115": "THE FINAL STRETCH OF CONSTRUCTION IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY WITH NEW PAVEMENT BEING", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00023-00002115-00002122": "CONSTRUCTION IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY WITH NEW PAVEMENT BEING", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00024-00002122-00002212": "CONSTRUCTION IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY WITH NEW PAVEMENT BEING LAID, WHICH IS REDUCING TRAFFIC", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00025-00002212-00002218": "UNDERWAY WITH NEW PAVEMENT BEING LAID, WHICH IS REDUCING TRAFFIC", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00026-00002218-00002379": "UNDERWAY WITH NEW PAVEMENT BEING LAID, WHICH IS REDUCING TRAFFIC DOWN TO ONE LANE CAUSING SEVERE", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00027-00002379-00002385": "LAID, WHICH IS REDUCING TRAFFIC DOWN TO ONE LANE CAUSING SEVERE", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00028-00002385-00002522": "LAID, WHICH IS REDUCING TRAFFIC DOWN TO ONE LANE CAUSING SEVERE BACKUPS THROUGHOUT DOWNTOWN", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00029-00002522-00002529": "DOWN TO ONE LANE CAUSING SEVERE BACKUPS THROUGHOUT DOWNTOWN", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00030-00002529-00002575": "DOWN TO ONE LANE CAUSING SEVERE BACKUPS THROUGHOUT DOWNTOWN BEMIDJI.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00031-00002575-00002582": "BACKUPS THROUGHOUT DOWNTOWN BEMIDJI.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00032-00002582-00002699": "BACKUPS THROUGHOUT DOWNTOWN BEMIDJI. WHILE THE BULK OF THE ROAD WORK", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00033-00002699-00002706": "BEMIDJI. WHILE THE BULK OF THE ROAD WORK", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00034-00002706-00002842": "BEMIDJI. WHILE THE BULK OF THE ROAD WORK HAS BEEN COMPLETED, THE END OF", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00035-00002842-00002849": "WHILE THE BULK OF THE ROAD WORK HAS BEEN COMPLETED, THE END OF", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00036-00002849-00003203": "WHILE THE BULK OF THE ROAD WORK HAS BEEN COMPLETED, THE END OF THE PROJECT IS NOW IN SIGHT.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00037-00003203-00003209": "HAS BEEN COMPLETED, THE END OF THE PROJECT IS NOW IN SIGHT.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00038-00003209-00003323": "HAS BEEN COMPLETED, THE END OF THE PROJECT IS NOW IN SIGHT. >> YOU'RE LOOKING AT ABOUT", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00039-00003323-00003329": "THE PROJECT IS NOW IN SIGHT. >> YOU'RE LOOKING AT ABOUT", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00040-00003329-00003460": "THE PROJECT IS NOW IN SIGHT. >> YOU'RE LOOKING AT ABOUT ANOTHER WEEK OR TWO LEFT IN", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00041-00003460-00003466": ">> YOU'RE LOOKING AT ABOUT ANOTHER WEEK OR TWO LEFT IN", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00042-00003466-00003626": ">> YOU'RE LOOKING AT ABOUT ANOTHER WEEK OR TWO LEFT IN THAT, DURING THE PAVING PORTION,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00043-00003626-00003633": "ANOTHER WEEK OR TWO LEFT IN THAT, DURING THE PAVING PORTION,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00044-00003633-00003743": "ANOTHER WEEK OR TWO LEFT IN THAT, DURING THE PAVING PORTION, AND INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, WHEN", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00045-00003743-00003750": "THAT, DURING THE PAVING PORTION, AND INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, WHEN", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00046-00003750-00003903": "THAT, DURING THE PAVING PORTION, AND INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, WHEN YOU DO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00047-00003903-00003910": "AND INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, WHEN YOU DO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00048-00003910-00004057": "AND INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, WHEN YOU DO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, ACTUALLY THE PAVING IS THE", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00049-00004057-00004064": "YOU DO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, ACTUALLY THE PAVING IS THE", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00050-00004064-00004180": "YOU DO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, ACTUALLY THE PAVING IS THE FASTEST TO GO THROUGH.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00051-00004180-00004187": "ACTUALLY THE PAVING IS THE FASTEST TO GO THROUGH.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00052-00004187-00004317": "ACTUALLY THE PAVING IS THE FASTEST TO GO THROUGH. REALLY WHAT TAKES SO LONG IS", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00053-00004317-00004324": "FASTEST TO GO THROUGH. REALLY WHAT TAKES SO LONG IS", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00054-00004324-00004474": "FASTEST TO GO THROUGH. REALLY WHAT TAKES SO LONG IS WHEN THEY'RE DOING UTILITY WORK,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00055-00004474-00004481": "REALLY WHAT TAKES SO LONG IS WHEN THEY'RE DOING UTILITY WORK,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00056-00004481-00004611": "REALLY WHAT TAKES SO LONG IS WHEN THEY'RE DOING UTILITY WORK, SIDEWALK WORK, YOU KNOW, AND", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00057-00004611-00004617": "WHEN THEY'RE DOING UTILITY WORK, SIDEWALK WORK, YOU KNOW, AND", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00058-00004617-00004834": "WHEN THEY'RE DOING UTILITY WORK, SIDEWALK WORK, YOU KNOW, AND WHEN YOU'RE DOING IT UNDER", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00059-00004834-00004841": "SIDEWALK WORK, YOU KNOW, AND WHEN YOU'RE DOING IT UNDER", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00060-00004841-00004991": "SIDEWALK WORK, YOU KNOW, AND WHEN YOU'RE DOING IT UNDER CONSTRUCTION, IT JUST REALLY", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00061-00004991-00004998": "WHEN YOU'RE DOING IT UNDER CONSTRUCTION, IT JUST REALLY", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00062-00004998-00005201": "WHEN YOU'RE DOING IT UNDER CONSTRUCTION, IT JUST REALLY DELAYS THOSE PROJECTS AND PUSHES", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00063-00005201-00005208": "CONSTRUCTION, IT JUST REALLY DELAYS THOSE PROJECTS AND PUSHES", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00064-00005208-00005335": "CONSTRUCTION, IT JUST REALLY DELAYS THOSE PROJECTS AND PUSHES THEM BACK.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00065-00005335-00005341": "DELAYS THOSE PROJECTS AND PUSHES THEM BACK.", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00066-00005341-00005482": "DELAYS THOSE PROJECTS AND PUSHES THEM BACK. >> DENNIS: FOR MOTORISTS", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00067-00005482-00005488": "THEM BACK. >> DENNIS: FOR MOTORISTS", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00068-00005488-00005662": "THEM BACK. >> DENNIS: FOR MOTORISTS TRAVELING ALONG HIGHWAY 197,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00069-00005662-00005668": ">> DENNIS: FOR MOTORISTS TRAVELING ALONG HIGHWAY 197,", "bkVx4YfI6KU-00070-00005668-00005745": ">> DENNIS: FOR MOTORISTS TRAVELING ALONG HIGHWAY 197, IT'S RECOMMENDED TO PLAN FOR"}}, {"audio_id": "bkYyP7F8R0c", "text": {"bkYyP7F8R0c-00000-00000070-00000505": "Speaker 1: So, we are halfway through the talk sessions.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00001-00000505-00001311": "And so, in this next session, we're going to be looking and unpacking the word augment,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00002-00001311-00002034": "or how can we use biology and synthetic biology to improve or enhance the things that already", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00003-00002034-00002134": "exist?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00004-00002134-00002508": "So, maybe before, it was a little bit about making completely new things.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00005-00002508-00002881": "Now, it's about looking at the things that we have and improving them and augmenting", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00006-00002881-00003408": "them with these really great tools and technologies that we have in biological engineering.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00007-00003408-00003794": "And so, to do that, we're going to have four speakers in this section.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00008-00003794-00004260": "The first is Pat, who's going to be talking about wearable organs.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00009-00004260-00004756": "And then, we're going to hear from Yihyun Lim, the director of the MIT design lab, who'll", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00010-00004756-00005219": "be talking about wearables and a really cool collaboration with Puma.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00011-00005219-00005889": "And then, Ritu Raman, from the Langer Lab, will come up and speak about bio hybrid materials.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00012-00005889-00006628": "And then finally, we'll conclude with Deepak Mishra, who will be talking about some of", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00013-00006628-00006909": "the really cool work that he's doing in biological circuits.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00014-00006909-00007706": "He's actually my TA for a course on that subject, so that'll be cool to hear from him.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00015-00007706-00007897": "All right, great.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00016-00007897-00008403": "Pat: Okay, as an organizer, I also feel I need to kind of contain myself so we kind", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00017-00008403-00008639": "of finish and have lunch on time.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00018-00008639-00009164": "I'm Pat from the Fluid Interfaces group, and I'm going to talk about the programmable bio", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00019-00009164-00009371": "digital organ.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00020-00009371-00009821": "And usually, I begin with dinosaurs, but now, I'm going to begin with space exploration.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00021-00009821-00010235": "So, we say that space is the final frontier of humanity, we try to augment ourselves so", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00022-00010235-00010752": "we can go to space, and many technologies that we saw in sci fi, about space, have actually", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00023-00010752-00011239": "inspired many technologies, from smartphone to Google Glass, wearable, and so on.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00024-00011239-00011697": "And one of the most profound technologies, for me, is the idea of cyborg, which stands", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00025-00011697-00012165": "for cybernetic organism, something that we saw a lot in science fiction.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00026-00012165-00012650": "But it's actually a technical concept that was proposed by Professor Manfred Klein and", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00027-00012650-00013094": "Nathan Klein, nine years before Apollo 11 in 1970.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00028-00013094-00013960": "And the idea of cyborg is augmenting biological organ with digital and artificial part that", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00029-00013960-00014129": "we put on our human body.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00030-00014129-00014570": "And this is actually the concept that inspired the very, very first space suit that allowed", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00031-00014570-00014791": "humans to go and explore space.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00032-00014791-00015154": "Pat: However, one thing about cyborg that I think is really interesting is that cyborgs", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00033-00015154-00015475": "are supposed to allow us to be free so we can explore more.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00034-00015475-00015921": "So, instead of having these clunky machines, we should make things kind of seamless and", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00035-00015921-00016062": "fluidly integrate with ourselves.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00036-00016062-00016443": "So, that's the philosophy of our group, the Fluid Interface, where we create technology", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00037-00016443-00016881": "that seamlessly senses the context, and not just senses, but also intervenes at the right", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00038-00016881-00016981": "moment.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00039-00016981-00017514": "Create the condition for the body to thrive and enhance us in multiple ways.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00040-00017514-00018011": "Most of the current wearables look at electrophysiological signal, EEG, heart rate, and so on.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00041-00018011-00018386": "This is kind of easier to sense because it's purely electrical.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00042-00018386-00019042": "The world that we are presenting and exploring here are looking at the biochemical signal,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00043-00019042-00019603": "the DNA, the RNA biomarkers, and so on, which are really interesting and more difficult.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00044-00019603-00020042": "However, as you see in many of the presentations, this is an emerging area that we are super", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00045-00020042-00020142": "excited about.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00046-00020142-00020553": "Pat: So, the idea of programmable organ that I'm going to present today is centered around", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00047-00020553-00020734": "these biochemical signals.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00048-00020734-00021139": "How do we sense better and also intervene in the right moment?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00049-00021139-00021434": "Right now, the two projects that I'm going to present is kind of not working together", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00050-00021434-00021668": "yet, but this is our vision for the future.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00051-00021668-00021836": "So, start from sensing.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00052-00021836-00022106": "There's no hospital in space.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00053-00022106-00022521": "If you're sick, there is a medical officer onboard that will come and put these different", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00054-00022521-00022733": "kinds of device on you to check your body.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00055-00022733-00023259": "This is the process usually done in the laboratory, whether you take the saliva, urine, blood", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00056-00023259-00023457": "sample, and so on.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00057-00023457-00023915": "But instead of having this giant lab that do multiple things, what if we can put the", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00058-00023915-00024487": "lab on the human body, and then allow the human body to have access to all kinds of", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00059-00024487-00024781": "information that we are actually already streaming out?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00060-00024781-00025206": "And what I mean by this is that in the human body, when we sweat, when we have saliva coming", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00061-00025206-00025791": "out, when we pee, go to the bathroom, we release chemicals from our body all the time.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00062-00025791-00026049": "And these chemicals can reveal about the state of the human body.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00063-00026049-00026568": "Pat: We are interested in saliva, particularly, because as we know, in Boston, we don't sweat", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00064-00026568-00026668": "all the time.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00065-00026668-00027385": "We are kind of cold and in our sweater, so saliva is something that is produced constantly,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00066-00027385-00027616": "and also contain chemicals that we also take in.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00067-00027616-00028048": "So, not just measuring the body information, but also the thing that you input into your", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00068-00028048-00028148": "body.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00069-00028148-00028647": "And saliva have been used to measure depression, fatigue, health failure, all kinds of biomarkers.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00070-00028647-00029145": "As you see, the bio fluid from the blood also [inaudible] saliva.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00071-00029145-00029556": "And on the prototype that we are working on, we call it Wearable Lab on The Body is a on-body", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00072-00029556-00029991": "fluid handling device, taking saliva and put it on all kinds of biosensors.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00073-00029991-00030329": "Right now, the device is kind of huge, but we are working on miniaturizing it.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00074-00030329-00030645": "Essentially, it has a tube that goes inside your mouth, constantly taking your saliva", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00075-00030645-00030966": "out and place it on biomarkers.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00076-00030966-00031314": "As you already seen in many presentations, people are developing all kinds of biomarkers", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00077-00031314-00031524": "to send different types of information.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00078-00031524-00032014": "Pat: And what we create is a platform that you can integrate different kinds of biomarkers", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00079-00032014-00032472": "into strips, and the device will keep rolling them so we have new sensors every time you", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00080-00032472-00032768": "want to do a new measurement, and also be able to switch between different kinds of", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00081-00032768-00032868": "sensors.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00082-00032868-00033091": "If you want to send a hundred things, you just add it into the strip.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00083-00033091-00033487": "So, we kind of think of it as iPhone for biosensor.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00084-00033487-00033934": "Instead of having different devices for different things, why not having one device that you", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00085-00033934-00034393": "can integrate multiple sensors and have that be able to scale?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00086-00034393-00034976": "And in the device, we have colorimetric sensor that can word the reaction that happened on", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00087-00034976-00035407": "the strip into digital concentration of our different biomarkers.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00088-00035407-00035770": "And we can also contextualize it with the accelerometer information that's coming from", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00089-00035770-00035870": "the device.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00090-00035870-00036234": "So, we know if the person is speaking, drinking, chewing, and then use that to contextualize.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00091-00036234-00036598": "If you see a high spike in glucose, and you know that the person is eating something,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00092-00036598-00036966": "then you know that it's probably from the food, not from the body.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00093-00036966-00037418": "And in the future, when there is a pandemic like this, where we have Coronavirus everywhere,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00094-00037418-00037805": "having a lab on the body can help you kind of check whether you are being contaminated", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00095-00037805-00037905": "or not.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00096-00037905-00038403": "And if our vision is successful, we should have something much smaller and more fluidly", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00097-00038403-00038525": "integrated with the human body.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00098-00038525-00038692": "This is the vision we are working toward.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00099-00038692-00038962": "Pat: So now, augmentation, right?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00100-00038962-00039240": "Not just a sensing, how do we intervene in the right moment?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00101-00039240-00039719": "When we think about biochemical intervention, sounds scary, something you might think of", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00102-00039719-00040163": "coming out Gattaca or to sci fi, but it's actually something that all of you might already", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00103-00040163-00040401": "had earlier, just in the break.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00104-00040401-00040925": "When you take caffeine, drink coffee, take serotonin before going to sleep, or even taking", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00105-00040925-00041403": "medicine, these are compounds that our body cannot biologically produce.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00106-00041403-00041935": "We kind of have these biochemical inputs to the body to intervene and make our body kind", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00107-00041935-00042173": "of heal better or be more active.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00108-00042173-00042806": "So, what if we can have an organ that can be programmed to produce these kinds of molecule", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00109-00042806-00043247": "to help us have a healthier lifestyle or augment our ability?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00110-00043247-00043612": "So now, we are kind of focusing more on the bio-synthesis reactor.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00111-00043612-00044214": "This is building on top of many exciting research on bioproduction, where we are using living", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00112-00044214-00044747": "cells to produce all kinds of bioactive compounds, from therapeutic molecule and so on.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00113-00044747-00045239": "And many more molecules are being researched and have been engineered for the bacteria", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00114-00045239-00045339": "to produce.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00115-00045339-00045824": "For example, one of the most exciting things is to produce our cannabinoid compounds, so", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00116-00045824-00045934": "we can get high...", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00117-00045934-00046186": "No, so we can get more healthier.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00118-00046186-00047079": "Pat: Actually, Gingko and [inaudible] have been looking into bioproduction of cannabinoid", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00119-00047079-00047238": "and molecules from this family.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00120-00047238-00047830": "So, what we are proposing is a wearable bio-synthesis reactor, an on body fluid device for programmable", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00121-00047830-00048029": "cellular manufacturing.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00122-00048029-00048248": "But how do we control the cell to produce what we want?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00123-00048248-00048504": "We need to communicate with the cell.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00124-00048504-00048910": "One thing that we have been looking into, in collaboration with [inaudible] group, is", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00125-00048910-00049493": "to use light as the medium because light can be something that digital can produce, also,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00126-00049493-00049593": "the cell can receive.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00127-00049593-00050021": "So, this genetic circuit allows the cell to be able to sense different wavelengths and", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00128-00050021-00050492": "activate different genetic pathways, allowing us to have a switchable program.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00129-00050492-00050933": "So, not as programming bacteria to make one thing, you can now switch them using digital", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00130-00050933-00051341": "output, which is the light, and you can kind of switch out the output to produce, kind", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00131-00051341-00051742": "of, three different compounds, different molecules, and so on.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00132-00051742-00052283": "And to demonstrate these, we are using a circuit engineered to produce three different proteins", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00133-00052283-00052438": "as the output.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00134-00052438-00052888": "And when we kind of [inaudible] circuit inside, kind of, light activated reactor, we can see", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00135-00052888-00053280": "that we have a corresponding protein when we shine a different light on them, allowing", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00136-00053280-00053548": "us to digitally control gene expression.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00137-00053548-00053899": "We still have some leakage problem because when we turn off the light, there's still", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00138-00053899-00054413": "some leakage of production, but that's something that we are working on, to solve it.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00139-00054413-00054849": "Pat: But essentially, the vision is not just to have synthetic biology, but have bio-digital", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00140-00054849-00055355": "interface that allows the cell to be in communication with digital system.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00141-00055355-00055869": "And we also, thanks to the support from Farm Lab, be able to collaborate and characterize", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00142-00055869-00056336": "different ways that we can integrate this digital controlled cell inside microfluidic", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00143-00056336-00056519": "channel, that we can wear on the body.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00144-00056519-00056915": "The ultimate vision is to have a device that you can wear like an Apple Watch that, in", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00145-00056915-00057319": "the future, can produce molecules to help you stay healthier, and so on.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00146-00057319-00057969": "We are most focusing on for astronaut because this is more of an extreme environment, and", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00147-00057969-00058374": "in the longterm vision, we want to be able to have this closed loop system where we can", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00148-00058374-00058680": "sense the state of the body and then actuate at the same time.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00149-00058680-00059194": "Pat: Also, how do we enable this beyond astronauts in the future, far, far away?", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00150-00059194-00059741": "We hope that instead of drinking the caffeine, you can produce the molecule on the body,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00151-00059741-00060295": "so then you reduce the risk of overdosing, and then having the personalized, kind of,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00152-00060295-00060497": "chemical intervention for each person.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00153-00060497-00061273": "If you want to be more creative, maybe a little bit of you know what.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00154-00061273-00061708": "We really believe that human augmentation is something that we need to think serious", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00155-00061708-00062051": "about, so our group also cares deeply about ethics of our work.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00156-00062051-00062419": "Who has the right to control your metabolic system, and how do we prevent people from", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00157-00062419-00062804": "thinking that, \"Oh, a cell is a computer, so human is a group of cells, so we can treat", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00158-00062804-00062904": "human like computer?\"", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00159-00062904-00063461": "We want to get away from that and think that this is an enhancement of human expression,", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00160-00063461-00063688": "rather than exploitation.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00161-00063688-00063987": "And there's a lot of things that we need to think about.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00162-00063987-00064470": "However, biotech is still in fantasy mode, so we have a little bit more time to think", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00163-00064470-00064570": "about.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00164-00064570-00065137": "But I encourage everyone to look at different ethical arguments and discussion around this.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00165-00065137-00065587": "NSF has a nice report on nano tech and human enhancement that outlines all the important", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00166-00065587-00065799": "questions we should think about when we think about augmentation.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00167-00065799-00066266": "Pat: And with that, I would like to thank our amazing team and support, Professor Pattie", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00168-00066266-00066774": "Maes, and all my collaborators, David Kong, George Church, for being on my thesis committee.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00169-00066774-00067233": "When we do biotech, we also have a huge team because it's good to fail together, and also", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00170-00067233-00067382": "to succeed together as well.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00171-00067382-00067681": "So, with that, I end with a dinosaur.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00172-00067681-00067781": "Thank you so much.", "bkYyP7F8R0c-00173-00067781-00067781": "Yeah."}}, {"audio_id": "bl_zmlTl3DI", "text": {"bl_zmlTl3DI-00000-00000822-00001792": "Hi, I'm Hannah Merkin.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00001-00001792-00002091": "I'm a personal trainer and stretching coach here in the gold coast.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00002-00002091-00017778": "Today we're in Surfers Paradise, and I'm going to show you 5 of my favorite core workouts.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00003-00017778-00017883": "Thank you so much for watching.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00004-00017883-00018061": "I really hope you enjoyed that.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00005-00018061-00018401": "Make sure to check me out on Instagram, and you can find all of my information below.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00006-00018401-00018640": "I do have an online stretching program.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00007-00018640-00018740": "So thank you so much for watching.", "bl_zmlTl3DI-00008-00018740-00021226": "Don't forget to like, subscribe, comment and share with any friends."}}, {"audio_id": "bleBrFVDl2u", "text": {"bleBrFVDl2u-00000-00000016-00000120": "Hi. Chris Potts here.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00001-00000120-00000440": "This is the fourth in our series of screencasts on semantic composition.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00002-00000496-00000952": "The first three screencasts covered technical preliminaries and built up our semantic lexicon.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00003-00001024-00001256": "This screencast is going to put all those pieces together", "bleBrFVDl2u-00004-00001256-00001623": "in a single compositional grammar for a small fragment of English.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00005-00001623-00002056": "So, clearly, I'll be presupposing the first three screencasts throughout this screencast.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00006-00002152-00002496": "We're going to jump directly to section 5 of our handout, \"Semantic grammar\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00007-00002568-00002984": "And it's nice to step back and see that the whole grammar fits here on this single page.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00008-00003136-00003392": "You can think of the lexicon as the raw ingredients,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00009-00003392-00003815": "and the rules presented here combine those ingredients into complex meanings.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00010-00003815-00004264": "And the rules tell you what to do with every subtree that you'll encounter in the fragment", "bleBrFVDl2u-00011-00004264-00004648": "of English that we can interpret, and the instruction is always unambiguous.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00012-00004824-00005136": "Our most basic rule is Lex, for \"Lexical\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00013-00005136-00005584": "It just says that, if you're at the leaf nodes in the trees – the ones with no children – then you", "bleBrFVDl2u-00014-00005584-00005952": "get the meaning of the node by retrieving it directly from the semantic lexicon.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00015-00006152-00006344": "The Rule NB is pretty basic too.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00016-00006344-00006536": "It's called \"NB\" for \"non-branching\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00017-00006608-00006952": "And it says that, if you see a non-branching node in the syntax,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00018-00006952-00007256": "you should just pass up the meaning of the child to its parent.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00019-00007256-00007440": "This is kind of a book-keeping rule.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00020-00007440-00007672": "You're just passing up the meaning unmodified.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00021-00007768-00008200": "In principle, semantically, this rule could be dispensed with, since it has no impact on the", "bleBrFVDl2u-00022-00008200-00008704": "overall meaning, but we keep it here because syntacticians have lots of these non-branching", "bleBrFVDl2u-00023-00008704-00009064": "structures in their trees, and we want to be able to honor what they give us.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00024-00009168-00009272": "Hence, Rule NB.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00025-00009456-00009624": "Our Rule S is more interesting.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00026-00009624-00010000": "It's called \"S\" because it represents the most basic way of obtaining a sentence", "bleBrFVDl2u-00027-00010000-00010464": "meaning from a proper name (a PN) combining with a verb phrase (a VP).", "bleBrFVDl2u-00028-00010520-00010752": "The semantic part of the rule says that,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00029-00010752-00011200": "just assess whether the meaning of the PN is a member of the meaning of the VP.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00030-00011200-00011592": "If it is, then the S node's meaning is True, otherwise it's False.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00031-00011864-00012088": "Our next rule is \"A\" for \"Adjective\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00032-00012088-00012432": "It explains how to handle adjectival modifiers of NPs.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00033-00012432-00012808": "And this rule is just doing function application in the only way it can be done", "bleBrFVDl2u-00034-00012863-00013080": "given the child nodes involved.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00035-00013080-00013440": "We know from the lexicon that adjectives are functions from sets to sets,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00036-00013504-00013808": "and this NP is definitely going to denote a set.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00037-00013863-00014224": "So we apply the AP meaning to the NP meaning.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00038-00014224-00014576": "In the rule, we have these annotations i and j on the NPs to distinguish them.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00039-00014576-00015136": "The lower NP, subscript i, is the argument, and we produce NP-sub-j.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00040-00015247-00015760": "This is key to recursive adjectival modification in the syntax,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00041-00015760-00016191": "and you can see that our semantics is prepared for such stacking of modifiers as well.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00042-00016408-00016544": "Rule N, for \"Negation\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00043-00016544-00016656": "This is a bit of a hack.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00044-00016656-00017016": "We just assume that the negation is kind of tacked on to the VP.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00045-00017016-00017288": "And it acts as a functor on that VP.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00046-00017288-00017544": "I think the syntacticians wouldn't like these structures.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00047-00017544-00017840": "They would favor a full theory of adverbs,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00048-00017840-00018384": "but this simple treatment works and it's fine in terms of compositionally, so let's call it good.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00049-00018480-00018784": "We have to have subscripts to distinguish the two VPs.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00050-00018944-00019216": "And this too actually creates the possibility of stacking up", "bleBrFVDl2u-00051-00019216-00019480": "the \"never\"s, if indeed the syntax will allow it.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00052-00019640-00019816": "Next up is Rule TV.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00053-00019816-00019968": "It too derives VP meanings.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00054-00019968-00020224": "Here, \"TV\" stands for \"transitive verb\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00055-00020224-00020624": "And the rule says that transitive verb meanings apply to the PN objects semantically.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00056-00020624-00021200": "And the result is a set of entities, just like both of the VP nodes that we see in Rule N", "bleBrFVDl2u-00057-00021256-00021424": "and the VP node in Rule S.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00058-00021616-00021792": "Finally, we have two rules for handling", "bleBrFVDl2u-00059-00021792-00022040": "quantificational determiners, since they have two arguments.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00060-00022096-00022744": "Rule Q1 says that a determiner D takes its restriction as an argument semantically.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00061-00022744-00023000": "And Rule Q2 says that the output of Q1", "bleBrFVDl2u-00062-00023056-00023400": "applies to the VP to create the overall meaning of the sentence.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00063-00023488-00023880": "So we now have in our grammar two ways of making an S meaning.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00064-00023880-00024048": "Notice that they differ semantically.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00065-00024048-00024256": "For Rule S, we assert membership.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00066-00024312-00024632": "And for Rule Q2, we apply a function to an argument.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00067-00024776-00025144": "We also have two ways of creating VPs, and they're potentially inter-connected.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00068-00025144-00025712": "For instance, I can use Rule TV to create a VP node, and then Rule N can negate it.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00069-00025712-00026160": "And of course Rule N is also happy to take simple intransitive VPs like \"studies\"", "bleBrFVDl2u-00070-00026160-00026368": "as its lower VP, that is, VP-sub-i.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00071-00026504-00026944": "In other words, as I noted before, a transitive verb with its object argument", "bleBrFVDl2u-00072-00026944-00027239": "is just like an intransitive verb semantically.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00073-00027432-00027839": "Let's now walk through a few derivations aimed at showing how the grammar rules work together.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00074-00027839-00028080": "We'l start with the simple sentence 'Bart skateboards'.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00075-00028192-00028520": "We'll use the grammar to interpret it compositionally – every node will have", "bleBrFVDl2u-00076-00028520-00028888": "an independent meaning, and that meaning will either come from the lexicon, in the", "bleBrFVDl2u-00077-00028888-00029392": "case of the leaf nodes, or else be derived from it by its children according to a grammar rule.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00078-00029456-00029639": "So we start with the meaning of the word \"skateboards\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00079-00029695-00030239": "Rule Lex says to look it up, and Rule NB tells us how to handle this non-branching structure here.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00080-00030360-00030672": "The non-branching structure matches the rule's syntactic template,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00081-00030672-00030983": "and this tells us what to do meaning-wise.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00082-00031048-00031320": "In the syntax, we have one more non-branching structure here,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00083-00031320-00031656": "so we again use Rule NB and Rule Lex.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00084-00031736-00032136": "Here, to reveal more of what it's happening, I unpack the meaning of \"skateboard\" into a set.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00085-00032200-00032552": "So we're operating under the assumption that the skateboarders are just Bart and Homer.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00086-00032656-00032792": "Now we process the subject.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00087-00032792-00032904": "We begin with Bart.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00088-00032904-00033360": "Rule NB tells us to pass him up unmodified, because we again match NB's template.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00089-00033464-00033688": "Finally, we get to use a new rule: Rule S.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00090-00033776-00034136": "The matching is triggered by the S node branching to PN and VP.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00091-00034208-00034672": "And notice that we cannot use rule Q2, which requires a QP as its left argument.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00092-00034672-00034816": "So only Rule S applies.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00093-00034912-00035624": "On the meaning side, the rule says, \"assess whether PN meaning is a member of VP meaning\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00094-00035624-00035752": "So we do that.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00095-00035752-00036064": "And we can further reduce this by evaluating the set-theory statement,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00096-00036064-00036592": "and that takes us all the way to the final value – which happens to be True.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00097-00036592-00036760": "Let's do \"scholarly student\" now.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00098-00036760-00037136": "We use Rule Lex and NB to build all the way up to the smaller tree", "bleBrFVDl2u-00099-00037136-00037464": "with NP at its root and children AP and NP.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00100-00037560-00037720": "This triggers a use of Rule A.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00101-00037776-00038120": "And that involves applying the meaning of the AP do the meaning of the NP.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00102-00038184-00038616": "And then we can do the lambda conversion and some other simplifications, as I've done, continuing", "bleBrFVDl2u-00103-00038616-00039120": "to work upwards, and we get the set containing just Lisa as the meaning for \"scholarly child\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00104-00039312-00039464": "Let's do a transitive verb case.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00105-00039464-00039712": "And this too will involve function application.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00106-00039712-00040208": "We use Lex and NB to get to the top, with the tree rooted at VP and children V and PN.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00107-00040304-00040584": "Then the V meaning applies to the PN meaning.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00108-00040640-00040872": "We sort of look that one up in the meaning of \"teases\",", "bleBrFVDl2u-00109-00040872-00041224": "and we ultimately derive the set containing Homer and Lisa.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00110-00041224-00041424": "The set of entities that tease Bart.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00111-00041568-00041696": "Let's move to (40).", "bleBrFVDl2u-00112-00041696-00042112": "This continues building up from (39) to form the sentence \"Maggie teases Bart\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00113-00042168-00042536": "This is compositional semantics, and we already derived \"teases Bart\",", "bleBrFVDl2u-00114-00042536-00042656": "and we know that won't change.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00115-00042656-00042816": "So we can just proceed from there.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00116-00042872-00043464": "In this case, the subtree with root S and children PN and VP triggers an application of Rule S.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00117-00043536-00043776": "And so we just do an evaluation of set membership.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00118-00043776-00044200": "And the result of all that is F, since Maggie doesn't tease Bart or anyone else.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00119-00044408-00044520": "Final example.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00120-00044520-00044864": "We start with \"every child skateboards\" in the syntax.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00121-00044864-00045344": "We have to apply Rules Lex and NB a bunch of times to proceed with the non-branching nodes.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00122-00045400-00045536": "Here I've done all those steps.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00123-00045592-00045928": "And the only noteworthy thing is that I also unpacked the meaning of \"every\",", "bleBrFVDl2u-00124-00045928-00046384": "since we want to see how it functions as the primary piece of the composition.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00125-00046472-00046816": "We first put together the determiner \"every\" with its restriction \"child\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00126-00046816-00046992": "That's an application of Q1.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00127-00047080-00047536": "Intuitively, what happens is that the meaning of \"child\" knocks out the \"lambda X\" in \"every\",", "bleBrFVDl2u-00128-00047536-00047776": "and goes in for X in the body of that expression,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00129-00047776-00048120": "which delivers the entire meaning of the subject \"every child\".", "bleBrFVDl2u-00130-00048256-00048528": "Finally, we use Rule Q2 to get the sentence meaning,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00131-00048528-00048744": "because we match its template syntactically.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00132-00048800-00049008": "The subject meaning is the functor.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00133-00049008-00049408": "It applies to the VP meaning for \"skateboards\", which knocks out the \"lambda Y\",", "bleBrFVDl2u-00134-00049464-00049792": "and skateboard goes in for the variable Y in the body of the expression,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00135-00049848-00050080": "which delivers this final expression here.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00136-00050168-00050344": "And notice that this is just saying we have a", "bleBrFVDl2u-00137-00050344-00050704": "value of True if the children are a subset of the set of skateboarders.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00138-00050776-00051176": "So we have derived the final meaning, which corresponds to a claim about the world,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00139-00051176-00051560": "as we would expect given our intuitions about the sentence we're analyzing", "bleBrFVDl2u-00140-00051560-00051752": "and the little possible world we created.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00141-00051928-00052384": "The rest of the handout offers some more example syntactic structures that you can interpret.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00142-00052384-00052808": "Working on them is a great way to get a better feel for this kind of analysis", "bleBrFVDl2u-00143-00052808-00052984": "and prepare for the assignment work.", "bleBrFVDl2u-00144-00053048-00053344": "Another good strategy is to work with the Python code,", "bleBrFVDl2u-00145-00053344-00053832": "to check your answers and explore the concepts in a more automated way."}}, {"audio_id": "bm16iHOla84", "text": {"bm16iHOla84-00000-00000080-00000640": "breakfast is widely touted as not only the most important meal of the day in general but", "bm16iHOla84-00001-00000640-00001280": "specifically in relation to weight loss this is not just a pop culture prescription from checkout", "bm16iHOla84-00002-00001280-00001760": "aisle magazines but an idea put forward by prestigious institutions such as Johns", "bm16iHOla84-00003-00001760-00002480": "Hopkins NYU mayo clinic even the united states surgeon general want to trim your waist read a", "bm16iHOla84-00004-00002480-00003104": "headline American dietetic association try eating breakfast referring to breakfast as perhaps the", "bm16iHOla84-00005-00003104-00003760": "best kept weight trimming secret but is it true the duke school of medicine's health newsletter", "bm16iHOla84-00006-00003824-00004480": "was skeptical it's always been billed as the most important meal of the day until now", "bm16iHOla84-00007-00004584-00005016": "while it's widely presumed that eating breakfast protects against obesity", "bm16iHOla84-00008-00005016-00005624": "the belief is held up as a poster child of biased distortion of the scientific record", "bm16iHOla84-00009-00005696-00006216": "no one can argue that there isn't an association between body weight and breakfast studies have", "bm16iHOla84-00010-00006216-00006695": "shown that obesity and breakfast skipping tend to go together beyond a shadow of the doubt", "bm16iHOla84-00011-00006695-00007344": "in fact gratuitously so by 1998 we already had what might be considered", "bm16iHOla84-00012-00007400-00007920": "strong evidence of an association between breakfast skipping and obesity but researchers", "bm16iHOla84-00013-00007920-00008568": "continued to repeat such studies to the point of ridiculousness this meta-analysis found that", "bm16iHOla84-00014-00008568-00009416": "by 2011 the combined p-value had reached 10 to the negative 42. okay what does that mean why", "bm16iHOla84-00015-00009416-00010040": "is that ridiculous in science p-value refers to the chance of getting a result that extreme", "bm16iHOla84-00016-00010040-00010696": "if in fact there really was no such effect how small a chance is 10 to the negative 42", "bm16iHOla84-00017-00010792-00011208": "this is how small that number is in other words the probability that the association between", "bm16iHOla84-00018-00011208-00011792": "obesity and breakfast skipping was just a fluke is less than the chances of winning the lottery not", "bm16iHOla84-00019-00011792-00012328": "once but five times in a row and then subsequently getting struck and killed by lightning", "bm16iHOla84-00020-00012440-00013160": "okay so the association between breakfast skipping and obesity is indeed beyond question we know the", "bm16iHOla84-00021-00013160-00013752": "association is true people who skip breakfast are more likely to be overweight that's beyond a", "bm16iHOla84-00022-00013752-00014296": "shadow of a doubt the question though is whether that iron-clad relationship between breakfast", "bm16iHOla84-00023-00014296-00014952": "skipping and obesity is actually cause and effect to illustrate the difference between correlation", "bm16iHOla84-00024-00014952-00015680": "and causation let me share an example of the manipulation of science by the candy industry the", "bm16iHOla84-00025-00015680-00016296": "national confectioners association had the gall to warn parents that restricting candy may make", "bm16iHOla84-00026-00016296-00017112": "their children fat they justify this outlandish claim with this study that they funded of course", "bm16iHOla84-00027-00017112-00017640": "that showed that candy-consuming children and adolescents were significantly less likely to", "bm16iHOla84-00028-00017640-00018192": "be overweight and obese the industry-funded researchers go on to imply that this exonerates", "bm16iHOla84-00029-00018192-00018952": "candy but what's more likely that cutting down on candy led to obesity or rather that obesity led", "bm16iHOla84-00030-00018952-00019424": "to the cutting down on candy right in other words the lower candy consumption may reflect the", "bm16iHOla84-00031-00019424-00020072": "consequences of obesity not the cause right as parents of obese children try to restrict treats", "bm16iHOla84-00032-00020136-00020680": "similarly the finding that those who skip breakfast tend to be heavier is equivalent", "bm16iHOla84-00033-00020680-00021136": "to saying that those who are heavier tend to skip breakfast right it doesn't seem to be more", "bm16iHOla84-00034-00021136-00021624": "likely that overweight individuals might just be skipping breakfast in an effort to eat less", "bm16iHOla84-00035-00021712-00022328": "rather than eating fewer meals somehow leading to weight gain now it's possible that you know", "bm16iHOla84-00036-00022328-00022952": "skipping breakfast could slow your metabolism or cause you to overeat so much later in the", "bm16iHOla84-00037-00022952-00023584": "day that you'd gain weight but you can't know for sure until you put it to the test", "bm16iHOla84-00038-00023672-00024216": "sometimes randomized controlled trials are infeasible impossible or unethical i mean to", "bm16iHOla84-00039-00024216-00024784": "test to see if parachutes save lives you can't exactly boot half the people off a plane without", "bm16iHOla84-00040-00024784-00025416": "them but you could easily randomize people to eat breakfast or not and just see what happens and it", "bm16iHOla84-00041-00025416-00025904": "turns out eating breakfast does not seem to affect your metabolism rate or sufficiently suppress", "bm16iHOla84-00042-00025904-00026568": "your appetite most studies 95 found that eating breakfast tends to lead to the same or greater", "bm16iHOla84-00043-00026568-00027032": "caloric intake over the day even when people ate more at lunch after skipping", "bm16iHOla84-00044-00027032-00027544": "breakfast i mean they didn't tend to eat an entire breakfast worth of calories more", "bm16iHOla84-00045-00027544-00028039": "and so ended up eating fewer calories overall for example you know feed people about a 500", "bm16iHOla84-00046-00028039-00028583": "calorie breakfast and at lunch they meet about 150 calories less than those randomized to skip", "bm16iHOla84-00047-00028583-00029208": "breakfast but they would still end up with about a 350 calorie surplus over the breakfast skippers", "bm16iHOla84-00048-00029208-00029888": "does this then translate into weight gain over time researchers at Brigham Young University", "bm16iHOla84-00049-00029888-00030512": "randomized 49 women who habitually skip breakfast to either start eating breakfast or continue", "bm16iHOla84-00050-00030512-00031192": "skipping if breakfast somehow magically leads to weight loss then the newly eating breakfast group", "bm16iHOla84-00051-00031192-00031720": "should benefit but no compared to those who continue to skip breakfast adding the extra", "bm16iHOla84-00052-00031720-00032288": "meal led to hundreds more daily calories consumed and nearly a half a pound of weight gain a week", "bm16iHOla84-00053-00032368-00033784": "if you already breakfast and start skipping it will you lose weight we'll find out next"}}, {"audio_id": "bm2OY_Kyc_g", "text": {"bm2OY_Kyc_g-00000-00000136-00001272": "When we have a current going through a wire, like so.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00001-00001272-00001846": "And we look at the magnetic field in the vicinity of this wire,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00002-00001846-00002088": "then we know from experiment--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00003-00002088-00002982": "that if you put pieces of magnetite around the wire that they line up in a circle.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00004-00002982-00003174": "Put around like this.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00005-00003174-00003747": "If that circle has a radius R, then the magnetic fields,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00006-00003747-00004236": "that's an experimental fact, is proportional with the current I", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00007-00004236-00004770": "and is inversely proportional with the radius of that circle.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00008-00004770-00005630": "By convention, the direction of the magnetic field is given by the right-hand corkscrew.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00009-00005630-00006166": "Rotate this way, the current goes up.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00010-00006166-00006540": "You've seen before, with electric charges,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00011-00006540-00006994": "when you have a-- a wire which is uniformly distributed", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00012-00006994-00007466": "say with positive charge, you've also seen that electric fields", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00013-00007466-00007931": "in the vicinity of that straight wire falls off as one over R,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00014-00007931-00008206": "whereas the direction is different than the magnetic field", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00015-00008206-00008460": "but it also falls off as one over R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00016-00008460-00009064": "And the reason is that electric monopoles, individual charges,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00017-00009064-00009406": "the electric field falls off as one over R squared.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00018-00009406-00009702": "And so when you integrate that out over a straight wire", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00019-00009702-00009956": "you get the one over R field.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00020-00009956-00010554": "So by analogy, it would be very plausible", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00021-00010554-00010818": "that if you took magnetic monopoles", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00022-00010818-00011224": "that the magnetic field would also fall off as one over R squared,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00023-00011224-00011638": "but magnetic monopoles as far as we know don't exist.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00024-00011638-00011922": "In principle they could exist, but we've never seen one", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00025-00011922-00012436": "and if any one of you ever find one, that would certainly be a Nobel Prize.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00026-00012436-00012732": "It's by no means impossible.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00027-00012732-00013674": "And so the simple fact that the magnetic field around a current wire falls off as one over R,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00028-00013674-00014462": "sort of suggests that if you carve this wire up in little elements dl,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00029-00014462-00015186": "that each one of those elements contributes to the magnetic fields in inverse R-squared law", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00030-00015186-00015756": "and by integrating out over the whole wire you'd then get the one over R fields.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00031-00015756-00016460": "And this behind the idea of the formalism by Biot and Savart,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00032-00016460-00017232": "who introduced the idea that if you have a little current element dl,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00033-00017232-00017528": "and the current is in this direction,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00034-00017528-00017986": "and you want to know what the magnetic field is,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00035-00017986-00018504": "it's a small contribution dB to that little current element", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00036-00018504-00019138": "and the distance is r and the unit vector from the element dl", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00037-00019138-00019742": "to the point where you want to know the magnetic field is r roof.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00038-00019742-00020402": "Then the idea is that dB, it's a little bit of curr- little bit of magnetic fields.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00039-00020402-00020970": "In this case it would be in the blackboard because of the right-hand corkscrew rule.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00040-00020970-00021322": "The current is in this direction, so this little element would contribute", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00041-00021322-00021686": "to magnetic fields in this direction perpendicular to the blackboard.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00042-00021686-00022316": "It's some constant, proportional to the current no doubt", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00043-00022316-00022788": "and then it's proportional to the length of that little element dl,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00044-00022788-00023148": "if it's longer than the magnetic field is larger", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00045-00023148-00023558": "and in order to get the direction right perpendicular to the blackboard", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00046-00023558-00023926": "you take the cross product with the unit vector r.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00047-00023926-00024674": "The unit vector r has length one so you only do that in order to get the direction right.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00048-00024674-00025298": "And this-- and that inversely proportional to r squared, that's of course key.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00049-00025298-00025958": "And this is the formalism by Biot-Savart--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00050-00025958-00026333": "and you can do experiments and measure the magnetic field", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00051-00026333-00026874": "in the vicinity of wires and this formalism works,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00052-00026874-00027368": "so you then calculate the individual contributions of all these little elements dl", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00053-00027368-00027872": "and then you do an integration and this formalism works.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00054-00027872-00028520": "You can then also measure what C is, in SI units.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00055-00028520-00028852": "C is ten to the minus seven.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00056-00028852-00029226": "But we write for C something quite peculiar.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00057-00029226-00029698": "We write for C, mu zero divided by four pi", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00058-00029698-00030145": "and we call this mu zero the permeability of free space.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00059-00030145-00030760": "You've seen earlier with Coulomb's law that this constant nine times ten to the ninth,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00060-00030760-00031002": "we call that one over four pi epsilon zero.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00061-00031002-00031158": "What is in the name?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00062-00031158-00031989": "And so here we call this mu zero divided by four pi.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00063-00031989-00032990": "So now you can apply Biot-Savart's Law and you can go to a straight wire--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00064-00032990-00033224": "and you have a current I--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00065-00033224-00033732": "and suppose you want to know what the magnetic field at that location p is", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00066-00033732-00034248": "at a distant capital R and so what you now have to do,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00067-00034248-00035054": "if you carve this up, in an infinite number of small elements dl", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00068-00035054-00035926": "and this distance is R and the unit vector is then like so,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00069-00035926-00036436": "and you calculate the small amount of magnetic field due to this little element", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00070-00036436-00036646": "and you integrate this over the whole wire.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00071-00036646-00036764": "It's mathematics.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00072-00036764-00036864": "You've done it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00073-00036864-00037526": "You've done it before, where we had uniformly electric charge on the wire.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00074-00037526-00037756": "So I'm not going to do this again for you.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00075-00037756-00038048": "It's a very straightforward piece of mathematics.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00076-00038048-00038502": "The magnetic field by the way, in this case, would come out of the blackboard.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00077-00038502-00038756": "Thus it's the right-hand corkscrew rule.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00078-00038756-00039630": "And what you find when you do this, we will find that B equals mu zero times I,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00079-00039630-00040768": "divided by two pi R, this being R and so you indeed see that the inverse one over R comes out.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00080-00040768-00041646": "And so if you, for instance, take a radius of oh point one meters, ten centimeters", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00081-00041646-00042132": "and you have a current through the wire of about a hundred amperes,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00082-00042132-00042472": "then you would end up with a B field.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00083-00042472-00043194": "You use this equation two times ten to the minus four Tesla.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00084-00043194-00043470": "That is about two Gauss.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00085-00043470-00043612": "Hundred amperes.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00086-00043612-00043894": "Ten centimeter distance is only two Gauss.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00087-00043894-00043966": "Think about it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00088-00043966-00044252": "The Earth's magnetic field is half a Gauss.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00089-00044252-00044688": "So if you go one meter away from the wire,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00090-00044688-00045020": "so we have a magnetic field which is ten times lower,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00091-00045020-00045206": "look it goes with one over R,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00092-00045206-00045690": "than the magnetic field of the Earth already dominates substantially.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00093-00045690-00046248": "So you need very high current, actually, when you do these experiments.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00094-00046248-00046938": "It's nice to see that out of Biot-Savart's formalism the one over R pops out,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00095-00046938-00047658": "but of course you must realize that Biot-Savart knew that the magnetic field falls off as one over R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00096-00047658-00047932": "That was an experimental fact.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00097-00047932-00048616": "So the fact that it falls out is logical, because it was cooked into that formalism.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00098-00048616-00049026": "If you think about it, it all goes back to Newton.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00099-00049026-00049562": "Newton was the one who first suggested that the gravitational field", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00100-00049562-00049852": "falls off as one over R squared.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00101-00049852-00050178": "And then later a logical extension was that the electric fields", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00102-00050178-00050544": "would fall off as one over R squared and out of that came the idea", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00103-00050544-00050886": "that the fields of magnetic monopole, if they only existed,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00104-00050886-00051336": "would fall off as one over R squared and that's all behind this", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00105-00051336-00052202": "and so the person who really deserves most of the credit for all this in my book is Newton.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00106-00052202-00053026": "Using Biot-Savart, we can calculate now quite easily the magnetic field", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00107-00053026-00053510": "at the center of a current loop.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00108-00053510-00054316": "Let this be a wire circle and let the current go in this direction,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00109-00054316-00054896": "and I would ask you what is the magnetic field right at the center.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00110-00054896-00055352": "Well, the magnetic field right at the center of course is pointing upwards.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00111-00055352-00055908": "Each little element along the line here, dl, each little element", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00112-00055908-00056644": "will contribute a little bit magnetic field at that point right in this direction.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00113-00056644-00057317": "And if this radius is R, with Biot-Savart now, we can calculate quite easily--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00114-00057317-00057672": "the total field that you would get at this location,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00115-00057672-00058329": "because that total field is then the integral of dB factorially", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00116-00058329-00059236": "over the entire wire so the entire loop.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00117-00059236-00060050": "So if you go there, so you would get your mu zero, divided by four pi,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00118-00060050-00060570": "you get your current and you get your one over R squared", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00119-00060570-00061048": "and now we have to do an integral over that dl cross R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00120-00061048-00061816": "Well, R is of course always perpendicular to dl.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00121-00061816-00062474": "Any element dl that you choose, the unit vector R", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00122-00062474-00063112": "is exactly perpendicular to the element dl, that's characteristic of a circle.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00123-00063112-00063641": "And so the sine of the angle between dl and R is one", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00124-00063641-00064241": "and so all we have to do is do an integral over dl, which is the integral of the circle,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00125-00064241-00064804": "which is the circumference of the circle and that is two pi R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00126-00064804-00065441": "And so now you find-- lose a pi, you lose an R,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00127-00065441-00066114": "so we find mu zero times I divided by two R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00128-00066114-00066664": "Just to show you an example, how in this case, how easy it is to use Biot-Savart", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00129-00066664-00066956": "and calculate the magnetic field right at the center.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00130-00066956-00067444": "If you were asked what the magnetic field was here or there,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00131-00067444-00067618": "that would be also relatively easy.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00132-00067618-00067739": "You've done that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00133-00067739-00068361": "I've given you a problem earlier where we had point charges", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00134-00068362-00068812": "uniformly distributed on a wire and I asked you what the electric field was here.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00135-00068812-00069074": "So that can also be done now with magnetic fields.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00136-00069074-00069390": "If I ever asked you what the magnetic fields would be here,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00137-00069390-00069806": "that of course is an impossibility to do that with Biot-Savart.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00138-00069806-00069954": "Practically an impossibility.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00139-00069954-00070298": "I wouldn't know how to do that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00140-00070298-00070766": "But in principle it could be done and certainly with a computer you can do it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00141-00070766-00071532": "So we can go to our same situation, we can take a hundred amperes for I", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00142-00071532-00072028": "and you can take R oh point one meters and then the B field,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00143-00072028-00072414": "the strength of the B field right at the center of this loop", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00144-00072414-00072906": "that I found is then six times ten to the minus four Tesla.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00145-00072906-00073614": "And that would be six Gauss.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00146-00073614-00074268": "It's clear that if you want to put in some field lines, magnetic field lines,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00147-00074268-00074782": "as a result of this current going around in a circle, that the-", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00148-00074782-00075110": "through the center there would be a field line like so.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00149-00075110-00075458": "If you're very close to the wire here, which goes into the blackboard,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00150-00075458-00075718": "I want you to see this three-dimensionally,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00151-00075718-00076072": "then the magnetic fields would go like this, clockwise.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00152-00076072-00076604": "Here the current comes to you, so would be counterclockwise.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00153-00076604-00077054": "If the magnetic field line is here like so, and here it is curled up,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00154-00077054-00077888": "then clearly I expect them to be here, sort of like so, and like so, and like so.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00155-00077888-00078454": "This is the kind of magnetic field line configuration that I would expect, then,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00156-00078454-00079120": "in the vicinity of such a current loop.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00157-00079406-00079850": "And I want to show this to you in a little bit more detail.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00158-00080222-00081064": "I have here a transparency and you see there on the right side,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00159-00081064-00081440": "current goes into the paper and here it comes out of the paper.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00160-00081441-00081615": "There is a circular loop.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00161-00081615-00081892": "And you see here the field line configuration.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00162-00081892-00082144": "It's not too different from what I have on the blackboard there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00163-00082144-00082590": "Very close to the wires, of course, you get circles", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00164-00082590-00082878": "because the one over R dominates there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00165-00082879-00083395": "It's so close to the wire that the one over R relationship makes it come out like circles", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00166-00083395-00084337": "and here too, but then if you're farther away you get configurations like I have there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00167-00084337-00085185": "When you're very far away from a current loop, the magnetic field configuration", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00168-00085185-00085623": "is very similar to that of an electric dipole.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00169-00085623-00086033": "I can show you that in the following way.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00170-00086033-00086418": "Let's first look at the electric dipole that you see up there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00171-00086418-00086710": "This is a positive charge, this is a negative charge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00172-00086710-00086998": "Don't look anywhere near the charges.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00173-00086998-00087172": "Don't look in between the charges.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00174-00087172-00087340": "Look far away.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00175-00087340-00087834": "Here you see electric field lines and you see them here.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00176-00087834-00088036": "Now look at your current loop here.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00177-00088036-00088396": "The current is going into the paper here, coming out of the paper.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00178-00088396-00088602": "There is a loop.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00179-00088602-00089144": "And look, you see the same configuration, field lines, field lines.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00180-00089144-00089304": "This goes like so.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00181-00089304-00089500": "This one goes like so.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00182-00089500-00089956": "Here, the electric field lines coming in, magnetic field lines are coming in.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00183-00089956-00090152": "Electric field lines are going out.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00184-00090152-00090376": "Magnetic field lines are going out.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00185-00090376-00090816": "They look very similar.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00186-00090816-00091332": "Gauss's Law tells me that the closed surface integral of the electric flux", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00187-00091332-00091650": "is the charge inside the box divided by epsilon zero", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00188-00091650-00091968": "and so if you have a closed surface here,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00189-00091968-00092252": "it looks like a line but I meant it to be a surface,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00190-00092252-00092478": "then that closed surface integral of the electric flux", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00191-00092478-00092882": "is not zero because there's a charge inside the box.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00192-00092882-00093450": "No matter where in the magnetic field you make a closed surface", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00193-00093450-00094008": "there is never any magnetic flux going through that surface.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00194-00094008-00094630": "Never, unless you come into 26-100 and show me a magnetic monopole.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00195-00094630-00095112": "Only then will there be magnetic flux coming out of a closed surface,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00196-00095112-00095474": "if we put the magnetic monopole inside.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00197-00095474-00096228": "And this, now, brings us to the second of four Maxwell's equations,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00198-00096228-00097082": "the first one being Gauss's Law, the second one is that the closed surface--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00199-00097082-00098084": "closed surface integral of B dot dA is always zero,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00200-00098084-00098660": "unless you come with a magnetic monopole.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00201-00099498-00099964": "So we now have two of Maxwell's four equations in place.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00202-00099964-00100492": "Historic day.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00203-00100492-00101240": "I want to show you the magnetic field in the vicinity of a wire like this.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00204-00101240-00101592": "I have to use a few hundred amperes through that wire.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00205-00101592-00102098": "I told you why, because magnetic field falls off quite rapidly", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00206-00102098-00102609": "and I do that with iron file which I will sprinkle around the wire", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00207-00102609-00103209": "and these magnetites will orient themselves in that magnetic field", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00208-00103209-00103642": "and then I will try to also make you see this field configuration", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00209-00103642-00104335": "by having one wire going into the paper and one coming out of the paper.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00210-00104335-00104978": "So let's first look at the single current wire.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00211-00104978-00105272": "It's coming towards you and it goes into of course.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00212-00105272-00105604": "It is a wire that goes like this and the reason why you see it here", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00213-00105604-00105888": "is of course we have to get the current in somehow.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00214-00105888-00106385": "But it really is a wire like this and this platform I'm going to show you.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00215-00106385-00106861": "I'm going to put some iron file around this.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00216-00106861-00107390": "These are magnetites and when they see a magnetic field,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00217-00107390-00107768": "they will try to orient themselves in the direction of the magnetic fields,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00218-00107768-00108118": "so you're going to see these circles.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00219-00108118-00108480": "But appreciate the fact that you need huge currents for this.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00220-00108480-00108650": "Hundreds of amperes we do.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00221-00108650-00108796": "That's why we have car battery here,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00222-00108796-00109154": "remember, that was capable of delivering many hundreds of amperes.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00223-00109154-00109400": "So I close the current now.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00224-00109400-00110196": "I tap and you can see these circular configurations.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00225-00110196-00110364": "I hope you can see that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00226-00110364-00110652": "Looks like circles.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00227-00110652-00110830": "I want to do the same now.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00228-00110830-00111556": "This is a little bit more exciting, perhaps, with one wire going into the plane", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00229-00111556-00111800": "and the other one coming out.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00230-00111800-00112342": "Even though it's not a circle, the idea is that you get a field configuration", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00231-00112342-00112911": "very much like you see there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00232-00112911-00113066": "Boy, it's already hot.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00233-00113066-00113209": "These cables are already hot.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00234-00113209-00113590": "They don't like the few hundred amperes.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00235-00113590-00113914": "OK, let's do it this way.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00236-00113914-00114340": "So you're going to see a field configuration similar to what I have on the blackboard,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00237-00114340-00114482": "similar to what you have here.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00238-00114482-00114696": "Oh, not, not this one.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00239-00114696-00114918": "Similar to this.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00240-00114918-00115228": "Yeah, actually, it was also the one that I have, but this is nicer way to look at it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00241-00115228-00116018": "So we have one wire going in and one wire coming out of the plane.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00242-00116018-00116568": "All right, so--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00243-00116568-00116970": "let's first put some iron file on.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00244-00117511-00118094": "All right and now a few hundred amperes through it", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00245-00118094-00118335": "Tap it--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00246-00118335-00118720": "and you can see close to the wire that goes in", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00247-00118720-00119032": "here and here, you see circles.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00248-00119032-00119185": "Those of the one over R relationship.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00249-00119185-00119566": "They dominate the magnetic field, but look in between here.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00250-00119566-00120088": "With a little bit of imagination you can see these field lines going like this,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00251-00120088-00120478": "just like I have today on the blackboard.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00252-00120478-00120682": "All right.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00253-00121002-00121602": "We don't need this anymore and we don't need that anymore.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00254-00121602-00122185": "So this gives you a little bit of insight into the magnetic field configurations", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00255-00122185-00122920": "that we have about these wires when we run a current through.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00256-00122920-00123359": "I will return to magnetic fields next lecture and we will expand on it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00257-00123359-00123768": "We will learn techniques to calculate magnetic fields", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00258-00123768-00124372": "in a way which is highly superior to Biot-Savart's law.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00259-00124372-00124926": "In fact, that wil get us to the third Maxwell equation, almost.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00260-00124926-00125106": "But I now want you to relax a little bit", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00261-00125106-00125383": "because this may already have been a little rough on you", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00262-00125383-00125894": "and so now I want to discuss something entirely different, something very practical", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00263-00125894-00126538": "and it has to do with the transport of electric energy.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00264-00126538-00126998": "So we have a power station somewhere at location A", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00265-00126998-00127732": "and they deliver electric power, electric energy to Boston.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00266-00127732-00128122": "Here is Boston, location B.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00267-00128122-00128364": "And A is the location of the power station.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00268-00128364-00128678": "This could be a thousand miles, the distance.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00269-00128678-00129170": "There's a cable going from the power station to us", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00270-00129170-00129785": "and the potential here in this line, is V of B.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00271-00129785-00130261": "And here's a cable for the return current, so the current goes like this", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00272-00130261-00130850": "and the return current is in this direction, and-- and here you use this energy.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00273-00130850-00131490": "You hook up your computer, you hook up your hairdryer,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00274-00131490-00131800": "your heaters, electric toothbrush and what have you", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00275-00131800-00132046": "your TV station, everything.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00276-00132046-00132460": "And so you are the consumer here.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00277-00132460-00133018": "You take the energy that is provided by this power station.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00278-00133018-00133678": "I will call the potential of this line zero", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00279-00133678-00134290": "and so this is V of A higher than this line here.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00280-00134290-00135512": "Well, according to Ohm's Law, VA minus VB is the current times capital R", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00281-00135512-00135992": "which is now not radius, but that is resistance in the wire.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00282-00135992-00136678": "This wire, this cable, however thick it may be, has a finite resistance.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00283-00136678-00137930": "And so VB, that is the potential that we receive in Boston, equals VA minus IR.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00284-00137930-00138232": "So if there's no current going through the wire,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00285-00138232-00138958": "no one is using any electric energy, then VB is the same as VA.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00286-00138958-00139830": "Now I want to know if we consume energy, so we're dealing now with power,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00287-00139830-00140324": "so the power that we take off at Boston is I times V of B.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00288-00140324-00140762": "That's the number of joules per second that we are consuming.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00289-00140762-00141534": "So that then equals VA times I minus I square R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00290-00141534-00141930": "That's fine.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00291-00141930-00142222": "What is this?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00292-00142222-00142776": "This is the energy per second that we are consuming.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00293-00142776-00142962": "What is this?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00294-00142962-00143550": "This is the energy per second that the power station is delivering to us.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00295-00143550-00143786": "What is this?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00296-00143786-00144112": "That's lost energy.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00297-00144112-00144670": "It's the I square R that is the heat produced in this cable that goes into the universe.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00298-00144670-00145088": "It's gone.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00299-00145088-00145848": "So the economy demands that we try to make this as small as possible.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00300-00145848-00146284": "Uh, this is the power that is available but you get a loss of power in terms of heat,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00301-00146284-00146908": "the minus sign here, so you get less in Boston.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00302-00146908-00147264": "And so how can you make this I square R low?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00303-00147264-00147644": "Well, what is the resistance of a wire?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00304-00147644-00148140": "That is rho, which is the resistivity, times the length of the wire--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00305-00148140-00148538": "divided by the cross-section of the wire.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00306-00148538-00148780": "So we have several options.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00307-00148780-00149348": "You could make A very large, a very thick copper wire and that's expensive.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00308-00149348-00149938": "You could also make the wires out of gold, which has a lower resistivity than copper.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00309-00149938-00150118": "That's also expensive.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00310-00150118-00150722": "People are thinking of making these transmission wires of superconducting material.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00311-00150723-00151081": "They have to cool them at very low temperatures.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00312-00151081-00151935": "That's outrageously expensive but that's a way you could get the resistance down.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00313-00151935-00152428": "Let's now look at the current.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00314-00152428-00152884": "What can we do with the current?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00315-00152885-00153334": "Suppose we consume a hundred megawatts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00316-00153334-00154036": "Not an unreasonable number, so we are consuming a hundred megawatts,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00317-00154036-00154734": "and just for the sake of the argument, suppose at VB the potential is hundred volts,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00318-00154734-00155322": "so V of B is a hundred volts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00319-00155322-00155526": "What now is the current?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00320-00155526-00156030": "Well, current times potential gives me power", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00321-00156030-00156590": "and so my current is now a million amperes.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00322-00156590-00157656": "Alternatively, suppose that the potential at B in the wire is a hundred thousand volts,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00323-00157656-00157822": "a thousand times higher.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00324-00157822-00158526": "Now the current is only a thousand amperes, gives me the same power.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00325-00158526-00159098": "In both cases, am I consuming at a rate of a hundred million joules per second.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00326-00159098-00159758": "But-- I square R, the heat loss on the way from the power station to me,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00327-00159758-00160082": "is a million times lower in this case than in that case,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00328-00160082-00160628": "because I is a thousand times lower and the heat loss goes with I squared", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00329-00160628-00160950": "and so now you understand why electrity,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00330-00160950-00161264": "when it is transported from one place to another", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00331-00161264-00161904": "why this is done at the highest voltage possible.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00332-00161904-00162504": "When you get to Boston, you've obviously got to do something about this enormous potential,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00333-00162504-00162948": "because if you were to deliver a hundred thousand potential difference there,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00334-00162948-00163394": "then half the population in Boston would electrocute itself,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00335-00163394-00163716": "so now you've got to come down in voltage, which you do with transformers.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00336-00163716-00163930": "We will talk about that later in the course.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00337-00163930-00164192": "And so you bring it down to a comfortable voltage,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00338-00164192-00164656": "which is in the United States about hundred and ten volts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00339-00164656-00165008": "In Europe it's two twenty.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00340-00165008-00165426": "So now comes the question, how high can you make V of A.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00341-00165426-00165982": "The higher you could make it, the less loss there would be along the way.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00342-00165982-00166408": "Well, you've got to stay away from the breakdown electric field,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00343-00166408-00166640": "which is the three million volts per meter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00344-00166640-00167054": "If at the surface of these cables you get three million volts per meter,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00345-00167054-00167190": "you get corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00346-00167190-00167552": "That's a big loss and you want to stay away from that", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00347-00167552-00168024": "and so typical cables have about a radius R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00348-00168025-00168619": "This is now-- R is the radius of the cable of about two centimeters", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00349-00168619-00168851": "that gives him a cross-sectional area--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00350-00168851-00169571": "I think of about ten to the minus three meters squared, that's correct.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00351-00169571-00170479": "And the potential V at A is roughly three hundred kilovolts", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00352-00170479-00171168": "and with that configuration you stay comfortably below the electric field", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00353-00171168-00171360": "of three million volts per meter,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00354-00171360-00171752": "but you don't get the corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00355-00171752-00172468": "If the length of that cable, l, if that were something like thousand kilometers,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00356-00172468-00172910": "not an unreasonable number, thousand kilometer distance from--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00357-00172910-00173484": "if we get our electricity from Niagara Falls to Boston, not an unreasonable number,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00358-00173484-00174318": "you can calculate now what the resistance of that cable would be,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00359-00174318-00174940": "because that resistance R equals rho times l divided by A.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00360-00174940-00175846": "If you take copper, that has a resistivity of two times ten to the minus eight SI units.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00361-00175846-00176164": "We have a length of ten to the sixth meters of the cable", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00362-00176164-00176892": "and we have a cross-sectional area of ten to the minus three square meters", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00363-00176892-00177850": "so that thousand kilometer cable would only have a resistance of twenty ohms.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00364-00177850-00178178": "And to make the numbers a little easy,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00365-00178178-00179012": "if we have a current say of three hundred amperes,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00366-00179012-00179464": "then the power that the power station produces,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00367-00179464-00179762": "if we take the three hundred kilovolts for now,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00368-00179762-00180436": "that power would be the three hundred kilovolts", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00369-00180436-00180890": "times the three hundred amperes", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00370-00180890-00181182": "and that is about ninety megawatts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00371-00181182-00181574": "That's close to my hundred that I had in mind earlier.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00372-00181574-00181900": "So you can calculate now what the loss is.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00373-00181900-00182334": "The loss is I squared R.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00374-00182334-00182846": "You know R is twenty ohms, you know I, three hundred amperes,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00375-00182846-00183234": "and so you'll find now that you have about two megawatt loss.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00376-00183234-00183420": "That's not bad.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00377-00183420-00183684": "Two out of ninety.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00378-00183684-00184168": "So we have about two percent energy loss in transportation.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00379-00184168-00184502": "You can also calculate now what the difference is in potential", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00380-00184502-00185052": "between the power station and Boston, VA minus VB is IR.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00381-00185052-00185530": "You know that I is three hundred amperes and you know that R is twenty ohms,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00382-00185530-00186266": "so VA  minus VB is about six kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00383-00186266-00186784": "In other words, if the power station puts it on the line at three hundred kilovolts,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00384-00186784-00187268": "then you would get it here with only four six kilovolts less.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00385-00187268-00187790": "So it's not a very unreasonable situation.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00386-00188118-00188684": "I told you that these power lines have to stay away from the three million volts per meter", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00387-00188684-00189244": "electric field because then you get corona discharge--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00388-00189244-00189808": "and when there is thunderstorms in the area it can actually push up", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00389-00189808-00190174": "the electric field on the wire and you can get corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00390-00190174-00190516": "I have seen that several times, not only seen it at night,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00391-00190516-00190860": "with my naked eyes that you see the power lines glow,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00392-00190860-00191182": "but I've also heard it, because you can hear this cracking noise", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00393-00191182-00191332": "of corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00394-00191332-00191572": "It's very fascinating, actually.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00395-00191572-00192092": "I have a slide here which shows that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00396-00192092-00192544": "So here you see a high voltage power line, transmission line", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00397-00192544-00193076": "and you clearly see the glowing of the corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00398-00193076-00193482": "They compare that with what's called a Romas' kite string.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00399-00193482-00193942": "Kite strings at night when you fly them near thunderstorms", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00400-00193942-00194294": "can also produce corona discharge and light.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00401-00194294-00194770": "That's why they're called Romas' kite string candles.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00402-00194770-00195418": "Benjamin Franklin did quite a bit of experiments at night with, uh, kites near thunderstorms.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00403-00195418-00195734": "Dangerous business by the way.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00404-00195734-00196398": "So you see that these high-voltage power lines can go into a corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00405-00196826-00197436": "I now want to revisit our Leyden jar.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00406-00197436-00198130": "We had a truly absurd situation whereby we did an experiment with a--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00407-00198130-00198610": "a jar which you still see here and I will redo the demonstration,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00408-00198610-00199050": "but it's crying for an explanation because it looked like--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00409-00199050-00199556": "there was something wrong with physics and I want to refresh your memory", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00410-00199557-00200235": "of what we have seen before and what this Leyden jar is all about.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00411-00200235-00200859": "The Leyden jar is nothing but a capacitor, with a dielectric between two conductors", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00412-00200859-00201463": "in the form-- in the shape-- of a-- of a bottle, the jar.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00413-00201463-00202517": "And so the inner portion, which is glass, say has this shape.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00414-00202517-00202931": "You see it there, you're going to see it shortly there", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00415-00202931-00203872": "and then we have conductors, a conducting beaker around it here", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00416-00203873-00204463": "and we have a conducting beaker on the inside.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00417-00204463-00204677": "And we charge these up with the Wimshurst.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00418-00204677-00204896": "This is the Wimshurst machine.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00419-00204896-00205487": "And when we do that, we get free charge on the conductor,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00420-00205487-00206373": "and so you get sigma free right here and you get it here,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00421-00206373-00207164": "opposite signs of course and you get sigma induced on the dielectric.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00422-00207164-00207262": "Why do you get it?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00423-00207262-00207758": "Because the dielectric sees an external field due to this sigma free,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00424-00207759-00208271": "so it begins to polarize and so you get here induced charge", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00425-00208271-00208594": "and you get there induced charge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00426-00208594-00209460": "If this side is positive, then the induced charge here will be negative, and vice-versa.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00427-00209460-00210460": "We have here a metal hook, so that we can lift out the inner portion.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00428-00210460-00210886": "And so what we did, we charged it up with the Wimshurst", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00429-00210886-00211160": "and then there is a certain amount of energy.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00430-00211160-00211810": "The electrostatic potential energy of this configuration is one-half Q free", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00431-00211810-00212600": "times the potential difference and the Q free is the charge which is on the outer conductor.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00432-00212600-00213167": "And what I then did, I disassembled it very carefully after we had charged it up,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00433-00213167-00213646": "took the inner portion out, took the glass out, the outer portion", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00434-00213646-00213912": "and I took all the free charge off.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00435-00213912-00214592": "I touched the conductors and discharged them, so there is no Q free left.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00436-00214592-00214704": "It's gone.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00437-00214705-00215355": "The moment that that is gone, the induced charge must also go away", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00438-00215355-00215766": "because the induced charge is only there because of the free charge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00439-00215766-00216908": "Remember the induced charge density is one minus one over kappa times sigma free.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00440-00216908-00217546": "So if glass has a kappa of five, then the induced surface charge density", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00441-00217546-00217992": "is about oh point eight times the free surface charge density.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00442-00217992-00218367": "The moment that the free one goes, the induced one goes.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00443-00218367-00218830": "And then I assembled it again and much to our surprise", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00444-00218830-00219164": "when I short out the inner portion with the outer portion,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00445-00219164-00219323": "we saw a huge spark.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00446-00219323-00219654": "That means there was energy left and that is very puzzling.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00447-00219654-00220128": "There can not be any energy left unless there is something wrong with physics.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00448-00220128-00220654": "So I first want to show that again, to remind you of what you have seen before", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00449-00220654-00221396": "and then I will make a proposal for a-- for an explanation.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00450-00221396-00221780": "Let me check my-- my light configuration.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00451-00221780-00222086": "Ah, we're going to make it all dark.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00452-00222086-00222562": "I can charge it up while you're seeing it, actually.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00453-00222562-00223508": "Yeah.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00454-00223508-00224128": "Make it dark now.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00455-00224128-00224721": "And now I will disassemble it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00456-00224721-00225204": "I take the inner portion out.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00457-00225204-00225971": "The glass is a good insulator, so I don't mind touching that with my hand.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00458-00226534-00227548": "OK, and so now I take the inner conductor, touch it, lick it, kiss it, take all the charge off.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00459-00227548-00227644": "There it is.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00460-00227644-00227960": "Do the same with the outer conductor, have it in my hand.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00461-00227960-00228594": "For sure, there is no Q free left on anymore, on that anymore.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00462-00228594-00229566": "I put the glass back in again, and then I put the inner [inaudible] again,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00463-00229566-00229864": "and now I'll make it a little darker for you because I want you to see", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00464-00229864-00230166": "that when I short this out that you're going to see a spark,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00465-00230166-00230662": "so I'm going to turn the light down, so look very closely.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00466-00230662-00230854": "I'll tell you when I'm going to do it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00467-00230854-00231273": "Three, two, one, I'm approaching it now, zero.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00468-00231273-00231492": "And there's a huge spark.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00469-00231492-00231773": "That means energy and that's crazy.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00470-00231773-00231966": "There shouldn't be any.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00471-00231966-00232458": "And so some of you must have had sleepless nights not being able to explain this.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00472-00232458-00232740": "Some of uh- some of you actually wrote me e-mail.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00473-00232740-00233086": "Uh, you didn't have sleepless nights, I can tell that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00474-00233086-00233290": "So what's going on?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00475-00233290-00234200": "There's only one possibility and that is there must be free charge on the glass.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00476-00234200-00234358": "How did it get there?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00477-00234358-00234598": "Well, corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00478-00234598-00234854": "That's the only way it can get there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00479-00234854-00235690": "Keep in mind that the electric field in air, E in air,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00480-00235690-00236164": "can be no larger than three times ten to the six volts per meter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00481-00236164-00236476": "If it gets larger, you get corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00482-00236476-00236978": "In glass, by the way, it's a bit higher.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00483-00236978-00237308": "It's ten to the seventh volts per meter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00484-00237760-00238371": "I will now make some calculations based on certain assumptions.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00485-00238371-00238604": "And those assumptions may not be exactly accurate", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00486-00238604-00239136": "because I don't know the exact dimensions of this system,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00487-00239136-00239352": "but the exact dimensions don't matter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00488-00239352-00239958": "What matters is the idea behind it, why it does such crazy things.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00489-00239958-00240752": "So first of all, I will assume that this capacitor is just two parallel plain plates.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00490-00240752-00241258": "That's a simplifying situation because it has the shape of a bottle.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00491-00241258-00241746": "I will assume that the Wimshurst produces about thirty kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00492-00241746-00242092": "I know that it's approximately right, but it may be twenty-five.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00493-00242092-00242354": "It may be thirty-five.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00494-00242354-00242958": "I will assume that the air gap between the outer conductor and the glass", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00495-00242958-00243288": "is one millimeter, that both are one millimeter", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00496-00243288-00243816": "and I would assume that the glass thickness is three millimeters,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00497-00243816-00244242": "and I take kappa equal five for the glass.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00498-00244521-00245110": "So that is the basis of my calculations.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00499-00245110-00245819": "So now I have here the conductor on the outside.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00500-00245819-00246234": "This is the glass and this is the conductor on the inside,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00501-00246234-00246482": "so this is one millimeter thick.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00502-00246482-00246952": "This is three millimeters thick and this is one millimeter thick", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00503-00246952-00247660": "and the potential difference over the whole thing is going to be thirty kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00504-00247660-00248314": "But I know that the potential difference is always E times d.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00505-00248314-00248726": "That holds for this gap, the local E times this d,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00506-00248726-00249217": "the local E times this d, and the local E times that d.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00507-00249402-00250112": "I also know that E glass is the same as E in the air", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00508-00250112-00250444": "divided by that kappa, which is five.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00509-00250688-00251062": "And I know that the total potential difference between here and here", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00510-00251062-00251288": "must be thirty thousand volts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00511-00251288-00251760": "And so this allows me now to calculate in a very straightforward way", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00512-00251760-00252200": "the electric field here in the air, the electric field here in the air", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00513-00252200-00252417": "and the electric field in the glass", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00514-00252417-00253096": "because I get simple equation with one unknown and that's the following.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00515-00253096-00253904": "I first go over this gap and so I get E in the air times the distance d,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00516-00253904-00254194": "which is one millimeter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00517-00254194-00254966": "But of course later on I have to go through this gap again so I'll multiply it by two now.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00518-00254966-00255388": "And now I have to add the electric field in the glass,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00519-00255388-00255952": "which is the same as air divided by five--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00520-00255952-00256430": "times its distance which is three millimeters", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00521-00256430-00256714": "and that must now be thirty thousand,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00522-00256714-00257032": "because that's the potential difference between here and there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00523-00257032-00257248": "That's one equation with one unknown.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00524-00257248-00257690": "And I can calculate the electric field in the air gap.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00525-00257690-00258084": "And the electric field in the air gap turns out to be--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00526-00258084-00258792": "eleven point five times ten to the six volts per meter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00527-00258792-00259202": "It's here the same, of course, eleven point five times ten to the sixth", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00528-00259202-00259473": "and here it is five times smaller,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00529-00259473-00260058": "so I find here two point three times ten to the sixth.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00530-00260058-00260346": "To show you that I did my homework correctly,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00531-00260346-00261030": "the potential difference here is now eleven point five kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00532-00261030-00261252": "I put it here in kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00533-00261252-00261830": "The potential difference here is now about seven kilovolts", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00534-00261830-00262254": "and the potential difference here is the same, is eleven point five kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00535-00262254-00262912": "And if you add them up, you get thirty.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00536-00262912-00263272": "If you look at this, this can not be,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00537-00263272-00263594": "because a field of eleven point five times ten to the sixth", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00538-00263594-00263886": "is way above the breakdown electric field.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00539-00263886-00264098": "And so what are you going to-- what's going to happen,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00540-00264098-00264600": "you're going to get corona discharge from the conductor to the glass", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00541-00264600-00265140": "and so what you're doing is you're spraying charge on the glass", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00542-00265140-00265694": "and that's the key to the solution of this bizarre behavior.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00543-00265694-00266342": "And so when you later disassemble it and you take the free charge of the conductors.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00544-00266342-00266652": "There is still this free charge which you have sprayed on the glass.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00545-00266652-00266842": "I never remove that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00546-00266842-00267178": "It's very hard to remove because the glass is an insulator.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00547-00267178-00267424": "It's very difficult to take charge off an insulator.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00548-00267424-00267884": "It's easy to take it off a conductor but I've never even attempted that", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00549-00267884-00268250": "because I made you believe, as I believed myself for years,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00550-00268250-00268688": "that once you take the Q free of the conductor", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00551-00268688-00268908": "that there can be no charge on the glass.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00552-00268908-00269420": "That is wrong, because there's corona discharge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00553-00269420-00269958": "So now comes the question, before we disassemble,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00554-00269958-00270744": "what now is the configuration of the electric fields and the potentials.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00555-00270744-00272036": "I'll make a drawing here and so now I draw  again the conductor, the glass and the conductor.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00556-00272036-00272784": "I resume now that after the corona discharge this field here is three times ten to the sixth.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00557-00272784-00273108": "Maybe a little lower, but that's the maximum it can be", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00558-00273108-00273842": "and so the field here in the air will be also three times ten to the sixth volts per meter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00559-00273842-00274442": "But since I know that the potential difference between here and here must be thirty kilovolts,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00560-00274442-00274972": "I can now immediately conclude that the electric field here", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00561-00274972-00275344": "is now eight times ten to the sixth volts per meter.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00562-00275344-00275686": "That is the only way that it adds up to thirty kilovolts,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00563-00275686-00276238": "because the three million volts per meter gives me here three kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00564-00276238-00276561": "This here gives me three kilovolts.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00565-00276561-00276975": "So now I need a potential difference here of twenty-four kilovolts", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00566-00276976-00277412": "and that over three millimeters requires this field.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00567-00277412-00277950": "Look, this field is stronger than that field, whereas earlier we made the assumption", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00568-00277950-00278276": "that this field was five times lower than that field.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00569-00278276-00278496": "Yah, why is it now higher?", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00570-00278496-00278832": "Because we have sprayed right here on this surface,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00571-00278832-00279040": "we have sprayed free charge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00572-00279040-00279610": "It's no longer the field that is dictated by the external field", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00573-00279610-00279778": "and then the induced charges.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00574-00279778-00279918": "That's no longer the case.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00575-00279918-00280456": "It carries now itself free charge.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00576-00280456-00280920": "You now have all the tools, maybe not the courage,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00577-00280920-00281454": "to calculate how much free charge there is right here on the glass to get these fields.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00578-00281454-00281734": "It's a very straightforward calculation.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00579-00281734-00282244": "And you will find that there is twelve times more free charge here on the glass", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00580-00282244-00282580": "than there is here on the conductor, twelve times more,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00581-00282580-00283056": "and so if I disassemble and remove the free charge on the conductors,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00582-00283056-00283408": "I have almost done nothing because most of the free charge", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00583-00283408-00283916": "is on the glass and I have not touched that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00584-00283916-00284734": "So now, if I reassemble, I have almost all energy left.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00585-00284734-00284910": "I have not lost much.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00586-00284910-00285184": "Lost some, but not much.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00587-00285184-00285428": "And so what I should really have done,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00588-00285428-00285798": "I should also have discharged the inner glass.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00589-00285798-00286050": "That's not easy, but I will try that today.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00590-00286050-00286536": "It's not easy because it's very hard to take that charge off, but I will try that.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00591-00286536-00287224": "And then there shouldn't be much energy left if we reassemble it again", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00592-00287224-00287520": "and try to get a spark out of it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00593-00287520-00288566": "So I go through the same routine and I'm going to charge it up now.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00594-00288566-00289266": "OK, take this cable off, take that cable off.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00595-00289266-00290134": "I take it apart, do everything that I did before the same way,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00596-00290134-00290478": "gone, whole charge gone, whatever there was.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00597-00290478-00290680": "Whole charge gone.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00598-00290680-00290884": "Now, this is more difficult.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00599-00290884-00291080": "This is not enough if I do this.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00600-00291080-00291184": "I have to get in there.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00601-00291184-00291348": "Ooh, I could actually feel it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00602-00291348-00291552": "It's really, it's a great feeling.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00603-00291552-00292212": "I can feel a sort of corona discharge with my-- I have to really get all-- everything out", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00604-00292212-00292418": "and that's not easy.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00605-00292418-00292902": "It's not. In fact, when I rub in with my shirt, I may even make it worse.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00606-00292902-00293212": "I may be charging it up through friction.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00607-00293212-00293590": "But I'll do the best I can.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00608-00293590-00293726": "It's very indecent, what I'm doing.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00609-00293726-00293878": "OK.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00610-00293878-00294482": "So I try to get a charge now, something that we ignored completely before.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00611-00294482-00295018": "This is really where the energy was, and I'm trying to kill that now", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00612-00295018-00295506": "and so now I'm going to reassemble it and I'll go through the same routine", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00613-00295506-00295672": "[sound of glass falling] whoa!", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00614-00295672-00295962": "Good thing I didn't break it.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00615-00295962-00296138": "Put it back in again.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00616-00296138-00296566": "I'll make it dark, so that you can see where the--", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00617-00296566-00296964": "perhaps there may be a little bit of spark,", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00618-00296964-00297470": "if I didn't succeed to remove all the charges from the glass.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00619-00297470-00298038": "So I'm going to short it out again, three, two, one, zero", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00620-00298038-00298382": "and I saw a teeny-weeny little spark.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00621-00298382-00298888": "You may not even have seen it, so we have to conclude now", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00622-00298888-00299424": "that the physics behind this lies in the glass", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00623-00299424-00299982": "and physics works even when it sometimes surprises us.", "bm2OY_Kyc_g-00624-00299982-00300214": "See you Wednesday."}}, {"audio_id": "bmTSPNceLry", "text": {"bmTSPNceLry-00000-00000000-00001692": "Wow so many pods !!! A small coconut that ripens in", "bmTSPNceLry-00001-00004392-00004400": "clusters"}}, {"audio_id": "bmVc1y3msa0", "text": {"bmVc1y3msa0-00000-00000181-00000584": "LITTLE People, Big World star Matt Roloff has fans convinced that he didn't plan on", "bmVc1y3msa0-00001-00000584-00000873": "letting his children purchase the family farm.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00002-00000873-00001313": "The reality star passed up offers from his twin sons, Jeremy and Zach, 32, before putting", "bmVc1y3msa0-00003-00001313-00001599": "the property on the market last month.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00004-00001599-00001948": "While Matt, 60, appeared to be interested in his children taking over the farm following", "bmVc1y3msa0-00005-00001948-00002341": "his retirement, Reddit users aren't sure that was ever the case.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00006-00002341-00002735": "One person started the thread, writing: \"I really feel like Matt didn’t want either", "bmVc1y3msa0-00007-00002735-00002925": "one of his sons to buy that property.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00008-00002925-00003186": "He did the negotiations just for show.\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00009-00003186-00003557": "The fan also questioned Matt's girlfriend Caryn Chandler's role in the decision-making", "bmVc1y3msa0-00010-00003557-00003657": "process.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00011-00003657-00003939": "\"I don’t think Caryn should have been in the meeting.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00012-00003939-00004187": "Also did they just have one meeting and it was done?", "bmVc1y3msa0-00013-00004187-00004476": "Matt and Amy [Roloff] took months to negotiate!\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00014-00004476-00004901": "Matt previously owned the farm with his ex-wife Amy, 57, before dividing up the property in", "bmVc1y3msa0-00015-00004901-00005057": "their divorce settlement.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00016-00005057-00005492": "Others agreed that the Roloff patriarch may have never intended to sell the farm to his", "bmVc1y3msa0-00017-00005492-00005592": "boys.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00018-00005592-00005954": "One person remarked: \"I Think Matt really needs the money to build Caryn's dream home.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00019-00005954-00006307": "I don't think they cared who bought it as long as they paid what he wants for it.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00020-00006307-00006702": "\"He needs to pay Amy still and any debts he has and build a dream home.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00021-00006702-00007017": "The boys obviously offered much less than he needed.\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00022-00007017-00007259": "Another agreed while bashing Matt's \"controlling\" behavior.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00023-00007259-00007673": "\"I don’t believe Matt ever truthfully wanted/wants to sell the farm.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00024-00007673-00007917": "The farm literally is Matt… it’s his identity.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00025-00007917-00008313": "I think he always made it sound like he wanted to have his sons take over one day because", "bmVc1y3msa0-00026-00008313-00008736": "it sounded like the dad thing to say, but he was far too invested and controlling to", "bmVc1y3msa0-00027-00008736-00008836": "let it go.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00028-00008836-00009228": "\"It’s still listed after a month on the market at the 4 million price tag.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00029-00009228-00009634": "Maybe an unpopular opinion here, but I honestly wonder if he wouldn’t be able to handle", "bmVc1y3msa0-00030-00009634-00010067": "watching one of his sons run that piece of the farm and heaven forbid they were successful", "bmVc1y3msa0-00031-00010067-00010239": "or more successful than him.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00032-00010239-00010417": "I think that would’ve hurt his pride.\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00033-00010417-00010993": "Meanwhile, another fan defended Matt's choice to turn down his son's offers: \"It’s Matt’s", "bmVc1y3msa0-00034-00010993-00011302": "property and he doesn’t owe anyone anything, including his kids.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00035-00011302-00011546": "He should get as much as he can for his property.\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00036-00011546-00012075": "They added: \"People acting like Matt is selfish or greedy or doesn’t try are just plain", "bmVc1y3msa0-00037-00012075-00012175": "wrong.\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00038-00012175-00012418": "FAMILY DRAMA The family's feud has played out on the latest", "bmVc1y3msa0-00039-00012418-00012921": "season of LPBW as tensions ran high between Matt and his son Zach after the young dad's", "bmVc1y3msa0-00040-00012921-00013140": "plans to buy the farm fell through.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00041-00013140-00013426": "Jeremy also made an offer which Matt refused.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00042-00013426-00013897": "Matt instead decided to put a 16-acre plot of the family's land up for sale.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00043-00013897-00014346": "According to the Wall Street Journal, the father of four is asking for about $4million", "bmVc1y3msa0-00044-00014346-00014741": "with the sale of the \"original family home and bright red barn.\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00045-00014741-00015161": "Jeremy seems to have found a silver lining, however, as he and his wife Audrey, 30, announced", "bmVc1y3msa0-00046-00015161-00015294": "that they purchased a farm in Oregon.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00047-00015294-00015728": "OREGON FARM The 1979-built two-story farmhouse in Hillsboro,", "bmVc1y3msa0-00048-00015728-00016109": "Oregon, was bought for an estimated $1.5 million last month.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00049-00016109-00016619": "It's just a seven-minute drive from Roloff Farms, boasting four bedrooms and four bathrooms.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00050-00016619-00017065": "Inside, the house is a little dated, which should pose no problems to Jeremy, a big fan", "bmVc1y3msa0-00051-00017065-00017255": "of home renovations.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00052-00017255-00017637": "It boasts a vast living room with exposed brick and wood paneling.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00053-00017637-00018023": "The TV stars can enjoy breathtaking views of the surrounding forest and mountains as", "bmVc1y3msa0-00054-00018023-00018221": "they unwind in the evenings.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00055-00018221-00018638": "Above the huge kitchen is a mezzanine area which could be used as an office.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00056-00018638-00019064": "As well as four bedrooms and another reception room, there is also a games room which is", "bmVc1y3msa0-00057-00019064-00019335": "large enough to accommodate a snooker table.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00058-00019335-00019859": "Outside, an expansive patio offers an incredible view of the trestle bridge, where Jeremy and", "bmVc1y3msa0-00059-00019859-00020094": "Audrey engaged back in 2015.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00060-00020094-00020620": "The house sits on four acres of land and also features a workshop, a garage, and the potential", "bmVc1y3msa0-00061-00020620-00020975": "for an accessory dwelling unit for their family's guests.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00062-00020975-00021393": "In an email newsletter, Jeremy and his wife told their followers about their significant", "bmVc1y3msa0-00063-00021393-00021524": "real-estate move.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00064-00021524-00022020": "\"After a two-year search spanning all over the state of Oregon, we bought a farm!\"", "bmVc1y3msa0-00065-00022020-00022147": "they announced.", "bmVc1y3msa0-00066-00022147-00022571": "The property is the perfect size for the couple's growing family as they are parents to three", "bmVc1y3msa0-00067-00022571-00023401": "children: Ember, four; Bode, two; and newborn baby Radley."}}, {"audio_id": "bmZhSjFAMdI", "text": {"bmZhSjFAMdI-00000-00000505-00001053": "Hello I am David Martin and in this series of short videos I'm going to be providing", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00001-00001053-00001434": "an overview of some of the methods that we can use for automated zone design.", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00002-00001434-00002166": "In this first video I'm going to review what exactly we mean by zones and the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00003-00002166-00002691": "ways in which that the design can be important in research, and in fact in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00004-00002691-00003394": "daily life. So what do I mean when I'm talking about zones? In this context", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00005-00003394-00003890": "zones are divisions of geographical space. Geographers would usually define them", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00006-00003890-00004296": "and think of them as polygons but to many social scientists they may just be", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00007-00004296-00004775": "shaded areas on the map and usually we would consider that one zone is", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00008-00004775-00005321": "represented by a single polygon although if there's an area with islands we might", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00009-00005321-00005817": "find that one zone is represented by more than one polygon.  Lots and lots of", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00010-00005817-00006178": "examples that different people will be familiar with we're used to seeing", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00011-00006178-00006815": "regions, counties, local authorities, wards, electoral districts and in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00012-00006815-00007234": "particular countries we might think of the states of the United States, communes", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00013-00007234-00007748": "in France and mesh blocks used for official statistics in Australia and in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00014-00007748-00008339": "the UK particularly things like postcode sectors and census output areas.  So to", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00015-00008339-00008734": "take one of those in a little more detail and try to understand how they've", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00016-00008734-00009327": "been constructed, we will think for a moment about the 2011 census output areas in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00017-00009327-00009734": "England and Wales and it's worth reviewing the basic characteristics", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00018-00009734-00010146": "because they tell us something about the way in which those zones have been created.", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00019-00010146-00010714": "The mean population size is three hundred and twenty-five people but", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00020-00010714-00011151": "importantly they must always have more than a hundred people and more than 40", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00021-00011151-00011677": "households to preserve confidentiality and many of them are in fact based on", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00022-00011677-00012191": "the output areas from the previous census in 2001. There are lots of", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00023-00012191-00012549": "different constraints and considerations which are brought to bear on how those", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00024-00012549-00013006": "zones are placed on the ground and that would have included attempting to match", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00025-00013006-00013475": "as closely as possible to the unit postcodes which are the smallest units in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00026-00013475-00013631": "the postal geography,", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00027-00013631-00014054": "attempting to control for the shape of those zones so that they are not too irregular on", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00028-00014054-00014506": "the map and trying to observe social homogeneity so that we're dealing with", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00029-00014506-00014857": "zones which try to keep neighborhoods with similar social characteristics", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00030-00014857-00015397": "together and it's important to realize the purpose of the zonation.", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00031-00015397-00015846": "In this case, these are zones which we used for the publication of small area census", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00032-00015846-00016351": "statistics and so the placement of zone boundaries in this instance is a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00033-00016351-00016940": "result of a set of a very explicit design procedures.  If we take a look at", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00034-00016940-00017537": "a map such as this map of zones in East London these are the census output", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00035-00017537-00018068": "areas from 2011 and in this particular map I'm mapping some census data.", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00036-00018068-00018678": "We're using a census variable around dependent children in households and", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00037-00018678-00019048": "essentially it can be thought of as a map where the red areas are the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00038-00019048-00019537": "family areas over in the east, and the city centre where there are very few", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00039-00019537-00020143": "children living are the green areas over on the left in the west of this map and", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00040-00020143-00020659": "if we just reflect on the structure of that map its apparent that the zones are of very", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00041-00020659-00021204": "varying sizes. That's because those populations have been kept very similar", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00042-00021204-00021544": "round about three hundred and twenty-five people but the underlying", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00043-00021544-00022056": "population distribution is very uneven and therefore the geographical sizes", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00044-00022056-00022750": "vary widely and that's a very important basic principle of zone design in most", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00045-00022750-00023203": "social science applications. If the geographical sizes were kept similar, the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00046-00023203-00023722": "populations themselves would vary very very widely and there may be very good reasons why we", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00047-00023722-00024421": "want to control that tradeoff between size and population. With this map - which", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00048-00024421-00024826": "is from the datashine website - we can understand a little more", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00049-00024826-00025366": "by seeing the shading just on the built-up areas but we've added some", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00050-00025366-00025957": "extra features to the map for example the main roads railways and the River", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00051-00025957-00026494": "Thames through the centre of London which is now apparent. The pattern of the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00052-00026494-00026967": "mapped zone reflects the underlying landscape features", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00053-00026967-00027395": "so we can see the river and the principal roads have influenced the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00054-00027395-00028031": "design of the zones and I'm highlighting here two particular features: there's a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00055-00028031-00028641": "very characteristic U-shaped bend in the river thames by London's Docklands and", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00056-00028641-00029061": "also down in south east of this map there's a straight line which is", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00057-00029061-00029504": "actually the route of the Roman Watling Street from Dover to London and so", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00058-00029504-00030095": "intriguingly in this very modern design from the 2011 census we see that", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00059-00030095-00030497": "physical geography features and historical cultural features have", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00060-00030497-00030922": "actually worked their way through into the algorithm which has placed those", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00061-00030922-00031688": "zones on the map.   So we're talking about zone design as a process what exactly", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00062-00031688-00032416": "do I mean? In this case the placement of those boundaries is the result of a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00063-00032416-00032943": "carefully worked-out design procedure and if the zones are going to be used", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00064-00032943-00033286": "for a purposes such as enclosing statistical units they might be", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00065-00033286-00033747": "addresses, members of the population - which is what we're doing in the census situation", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00066-00033747-00034376": "then effectively the placement of those zones determine which groups of units are", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00067-00034376-00034876": "going to be aggregated together. It's got particularly significant implications", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00068-00034876-00035331": "for statistical disclosure control because individuals with distinctive", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00069-00035331-00035689": "characteristics may be quite identifiable in small populations.", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00070-00035861-00036279": "So the zoning system which we have at the end may result for different purposes", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00071-00036279-00036922": "from a combination of historical, administrative or explicit statistical", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00072-00036922-00037475": "design criteria and it might be the result of a very careful consideration", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00073-00037475-00038011": "or in some cases we may find that we're dealing with zones the placement of which", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00074-00038011-00038530": "is the result of a quite arbitrary process. Why does it matter?", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00075-00038595-00039200": "Well, depending on the purpose to which the zonation is going to be put, size and", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00076-00039200-00039662": "position of boundaries matters in many different ways and geographers know of this", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00077-00039724-00040325": "as the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. That's a phrase originally coined by a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00078-00040325-00040980": "geographer called Stan Openshaw  in 1994 and it's conventionally divided into scale", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00079-00040980-00041649": "and aggregation problems.  Now although that term may be familiar primarily only to", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00080-00041649-00042219": "geographers the same  phenomenon is quite widely recognized in the manipulation of", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00081-00042219-00042693": "electoral boundaries which we call gerrymandering, so let's take a look at", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00082-00042693-00043566": "that example.  In my Toy town example, a vote is to be held in 35 neighbourhoods in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00083-00043566-00043659": "this case they're", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00084-00043659-00044180": "square neighborhoods of equal sizes and the result of the vote was that 15", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00085-00044180-00044887": "neighbourhoods vote green and 20 vote blue. If we were to organize those neighbourhoods", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00086-00044887-00045615": "into constituencies perhaps to return candidates to a senate or parliament,  in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00087-00045615-00046222": "this particular configuration of five constituencies blue wins all 5 because blue", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00088-00046222-00046813": "is in the majority in all five of those constituencies but if we were to redraw", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00089-00046813-00047288": "the boundaries of five constituencies in this configuration we've almost reversed", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00090-00047288-00047946": "the result because green wins 4  and blue only wins 1 and that's the result of", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00091-00047946-00048527": "having concentrated blue's core area into a single zone such that in the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00092-00048527-00048827": "other four zones on the left in this illustration", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00093-00048902-00049594": "green is in the majority.  We can also change the number of zones in this case", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00094-00049594-00050236": "3 - where Green wins 2 and blue wins 1, or we could even come up with a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00095-00050236-00050769": "configuration - in this case with seven constituencies - which exactly reflects", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00096-00050769-00051106": "the proportion of the vote at the neighborhood level here", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00097-00051106-00051895": "green wins 3 , blue wins 4. So the decision as to whether there should be three, five,", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00098-00051895-00052345": "seven or any other number of constituencies is known as the scale", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00099-00052345-00052819": "problem and that refers to the size of the zones and how many of them we're", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00100-00052819-00052876": "going to have.", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00101-00052876-00053458": "But at a given scale there are multiple possible configurations and", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00102-00053458-00053891": "this is known as the aggregation problem. It is the configuration of the boundaries", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00103-00053891-00054553": "at a particular scale. So the familiar gerrymandering scenario is where those", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00104-00054553-00055101": "boundaries are manipulated in order to produce a particular statistical result in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00105-00055101-00055773": "this case a bias in favor of one party or another and certainly in UK context", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00106-00055773-00056416": "in the press the concept of a \"postcode lottery\" is frequently cited", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00107-00056416-00056912": "which refers to people having entitlement to use of local services", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00108-00056912-00057469": "just because the way in which a set of arbitrary boundaries, by reference their", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00109-00057469-00057741": "postcodes, have been placed on the map.", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00110-00057741-00058087": "People living in one side of the street might be able to access services from", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00111-00058087-00058565": "one authority which is denied to those somewhere else, so we see that the zonation", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00112-00058565-00059137": "can have very important real-world consequences. Whether the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00113-00059137-00059860": "design of zones is actually a problem depends on the intended purpose.  So one", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00114-00059860-00060330": "final area that I'd like to highlight is that the zonation can also have an", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00115-00060330-00060816": "impact on the statistical relationships which we see in data and this is", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00116-00060816-00061314": "perhaps the biggest implication for social science research.  The way in which", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00117-00061314-00061927": "counts are grouped into zones will affect any kind of ecological", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00118-00061927-00062386": "associations and any kind of ecological analysis which we want to perform on", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00119-00062386-00062782": "those data, because different relationships are likely to hold", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00120-00062782-00063326": "different geographical scales and we may also describe them differently when", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00121-00063326-00064008": "we re-aggregate at the same scale. So in this illustration, which is from some", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00122-00064008-00064405": "work that I did myself with my colleague Samantha Cockings nearly a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00123-00064405-00065088": "decade ago now, we see the relationship between four census variables and a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00124-00065088-00065844": "deprivation index and long-term limiting illness. as measured by the census. On the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00125-00065844-00065941": "x-axis", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00126-00065941-00066581": "we've got population size and we  re-aggregated the same census data - it was for the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00127-00066581-00067062": "then County of Avon - into many different zonations with different", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00128-00067062-00067613": "average zone sizes.  On the y axis we've got the correlation with long-term", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00129-00067613-00068100": "limiting illness so if we are to look for example at the very lower left", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00130-00068100-00068575": "corner of this diagram where the overcrowding line comes down to the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00131-00068575-00069123": "lowest point represented by the line with the square boxes we see that when", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00132-00069123-00069576": "the zone size on average is only about 400 people the correlation with", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00133-00069576-00070333": "long-term limiting illness is less than 0.5 but as we redraw the boundaries to", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00134-00070333-00070891": "create zones with successively larger populations that correlation increases and", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00135-00070891-00071326": "by the time zone size is perhaps around about two and a half thousand in the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00136-00071326-00071775": "middle of the diagram, if you trace the line, then the correlation's risen to about", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00137-00071775-00072225": "0.8 and then it plateaus - it doesn't increase greatly with increasing", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00138-00072225-00072736": "zone size. Very similar patterns can be seen for the other individual", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00139-00072736-00073379": "variables, in this case unemployment, no car ownership, not living in", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00140-00073379-00073938": "owner-occupied accommodation and overcrowding and also for the overall", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00141-00073938-00074388": "deprivation score which is a Townsend score - it's a multivariate index built", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00142-00074388-00074836": "from those variables. So the conclusion we can draw from that would be the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00143-00074836-00075316": "researcher who only came along and looked at one particular aggregation scale,", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00144-00075316-00075964": "one set of zones, would actually understand the relationship only at one", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00145-00075964-00076444": "point on that curve and the importance is to recognize that there is a dependence", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00146-00076444-00076836": "between what we see in aggregate data and the way in which the zones are being", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00147-00076836-00077514": "constructed. This second diagram from the same study shows one further point of", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00148-00077514-00078272": "interest: so here we've run multiple aggregations at the same scale so around", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00149-00078272-00078698": "about 750 people we've redrawn that population", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00150-00078698-00079125": "re-aggregated them into ten different zonations", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00151-00079183-00079739": "and even at the same scale here we see that there is a spread in those", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00152-00079739-00080291": "correlations - not a very large one but there's a distinct range of values - and", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00153-00080291-00080758": "so when we go to any particular aggregation scale the value that we get", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00154-00080758-00081421": "is not a central value necessarily for that scale but is one drawn from a", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00155-00081421-00082012": "distribution and as we can see here with successively increasing population", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00156-00082012-00082761": "sizes that distribution spread out a little way.  So in summary, the zones which we", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00157-00082761-00083251": "encounter in social science are all around us for many different purposes they", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00158-00083251-00083785": "may be used for statistical analysis, they may have policy implications and the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00159-00083785-00084287": "specific design and placement of those boundaries could have very big impacts", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00160-00084287-00084728": "both on research findings and interpretation and on everyday life", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00161-00084728-00085336": "so really all researchers who want to use zone-based data need to understand the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00162-00085336-00085708": "methods by which the zones have been created and, where appropriate,", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00163-00085797-00086286": "researchers should consider perhaps designing their own zones which are", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00164-00086286-00086822": "designed and optimized for the purpose of the research and we should also note", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00165-00086822-00087264": "that we've seen that the zone design has particular significance in ensuring the", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00166-00087264-00087862": "confidentiality of data that are being aggregated over geographical areas and so", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00167-00087862-00088398": "in the next video we will take a look at some of the principles we can apply to", "bmZhSjFAMdI-00168-00088398-00088535": "the zone design process."}}, {"audio_id": "bnrD5uYiSfo", "text": {"bnrD5uYiSfo-00000-00000000-00003273": "music"}}, {"audio_id": "bnEhQ24QHyQ", "text": {"bnEhQ24QHyQ-00000-00000276-00000362": "Hey!", "bnEhQ24QHyQ-00001-00000390-00000522": "Welcome to Merguez Studio!", "bnEhQ24QHyQ-00002-00000556-00000730": "The most delicious channel on the web!", "bnEhQ24QHyQ-00003-00000730-00000882": "We guarantee epic videos!", "bnEhQ24QHyQ-00004-00000892-00000992": "PLUS PURE PLEASURE!", "bnEhQ24QHyQ-00005-00000996-00001096": "pluspurepleasure?", "bnEhQ24QHyQ-00006-00001096-00001196": "PLUPUHPLEASURRR!", "bnEhQ24QHyQ-00007-00001214-00001286": "ROLL THE CLIP!"}}, {"audio_id": "bnIGUAFjydy", "text": {"bnIGUAFjydy-00000-00000000-00000228": "+91-9784226341"}}, {"audio_id": "bnKQp45skSE", "text": {"bnKQp45skSE-00000-00002784-00003082": "Scary today??.....I prepared spicy silbi kimchi.", "bnKQp45skSE-00001-00003510-00003710": "Wow~ It looks really scary.", "bnKQp45skSE-00002-00003973-00004275": "I was going to prepare Buldak, but it's spicy.. plus it's spicy, so I'll prepare it with", "bnKQp45skSE-00003-00004283-00004582": "... delicious jjajjaroni.", "bnKQp45skSE-00004-00005090-00005591": "It is delicious if you make this with not spicy kimchi instead of spicy silbi kimchi.", "bnKQp45skSE-00005-00006670-00006870": "First, spread the kimchi and", "bnKQp45skSE-00006-00007019-00007219": "roll it up with the", "bnKQp45skSE-00007-00007466-00007666": "noodles on top .", "bnKQp45skSE-00008-00008208-00008603": "I'm really scared of the Sylvie Kimchi seasoning~ Do you understand my heart??", "bnKQp45skSE-00009-00008616-00009217": "If you add a little bit of the seasonings you have collected to other foods, the food becomes spicy and delicious~ You", "bnKQp45skSE-00010-00009264-00009464": "can use it well without throwing away the spicy seasoning~", "bnKQp45skSE-00011-00010002-00010202": "I ’m making it and it ’s already spicy~~", "bnKQp45skSE-00012-00011560-00011760": "Ice cream that stops tears!!", "bnKQp45skSE-00013-00012174-00012374": "Hello. This is Prettyman.", "bnKQp45skSE-00014-00012407-00013003": "Today's menu is prepared by rolling Jjajjaroni inside Silbi Kimchi.", "bnKQp45skSE-00015-00013087-00013487": "In case it gets too spicy, I also prepared magnum ice cream.", "bnKQp45skSE-00016-00013540-00013740": "Then, let's eat deliciously today.", "bnKQp45skSE-00017-00014306-00014506": "I will eat thank you.", "bnKQp45skSE-00018-00015272-00015672": "Subscriptions and likes are a big help to me... Please give me strength~~ If the", "bnKQp45skSE-00019-00015729-00016226": "food is too spicy, it tastes a little bitter, but I think this silbi kimchi is like that~~", "bnKQp45skSE-00020-00017599-00017799": "It's so spicy from the beginning ㅜㅜ", "bnKQp45skSE-00021-00017979-00018578": "This is not \"Silbi kimchi\" but \"tear kimchi\" \"Yes. I think I will cry again~", "bnKQp45skSE-00022-00023925-00024125": "Ah!! It's really spicy~~ It's", "bnKQp45skSE-00023-00024164-00024364": "so spicy that my hands are shaking~", "bnKQp45skSE-00024-00024589-00024889": "Ah~~~ What should I do!!!", "bnKQp45skSE-00025-00030060-00030560": "I have a cold a few days ago, I came a little cold sswak the actual eating kimchi gone -", "bnKQp45skSE-00026-00030564-00030814": "instead ship a couple of days on sick children", "bnKQp45skSE-00027-00031054-00031254": "- I think I should not eat -", "bnKQp45skSE-00028-00031392-00031592": "eat little adults say", "bnKQp45skSE-00029-00032708-00032908": "~~ annaohneyo-aid !!", "bnKQp45skSE-00031-00044510-00044808": "I'm thinking~~~ Should I eat more?? Should I stop??", "bnKQp45skSE-00032-00045322-00045522": "Ah~~ It's scary~~~~", "bnKQp45skSE-00033-00045854-00046253": "I ate ice cream..... It's even hotter~~", "bnKQp45skSE-00034-00046300-00046500": "Still~~ It's a challenge!!", "bnKQp45skSE-00035-00049756-00050056": "Tears are coming out~~~~~~~ More and more~~ Tears are coming out", "bnKQp45skSE-00036-00050091-00050291": "~~", "bnKQp45skSE-00037-00050801-00051001": "First aid!!!!", "bnKQp45skSE-00038-00054729-00055026": "Too scared ~ ㅋㅋ ㅋㅋㅋ ate the leftovers", "bnKQp45skSE-00039-00055050-00055750": "(I am afraid more horror movies ...) delicious family was sick for two days at a time ~ ~ eat a little spicy", "bnKQp45skSE-00040-00055813-00056013": "foods, as is appreciated", "bnKQp45skSE-00041-00056669-00056869": "~~ I ate. I ate well today.", "bnKQp45skSE-00042-00057138-00057438": "\"Silbi Kimchi\" is \"Tear Kimchi\"!!", "bnKQp45skSE-00043-00057521-00057819": "Always be happy~ See you next time~~ (Thank you ^^)"}}, {"audio_id": "bnMbghv6uoM", "text": {"bnMbghv6uoM-00000-00000068-00000505": "Let's have a quick review over the main ideas of section 3.1 in active calculus", "bnMbghv6uoM-00001-00000505-00000948": "on using derivatives to identify extreme values of a function.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00002-00000948-00001313": "First of all, by extreme values of a function, we mean the highest and", "bnMbghv6uoM-00003-00001313-00001564": "lowest points that the function attains.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00004-00001564-00002063": "There are two ways to think about these extreme values, locally and globally.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00005-00002063-00002605": "Given a function f and a point c in the domain of f, we say that f of c is a local", "bnMbghv6uoM-00006-00002605-00003309": "or relative maximum, if f of c is greater than or equal to f of x for all x near c.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00007-00003309-00003638": "And likewise, f of c is a local or relative minimum,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00008-00003638-00004079": "if f of c is less than or equal to f of x for all x near c.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00009-00004079-00004491": "So f of c is a local or relative extreme value if it is the highest or", "bnMbghv6uoM-00010-00004491-00004828": "lowest point in area restricted to be enclosed to c.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00011-00004828-00005068": "There might be some point where f is higher or", "bnMbghv6uoM-00012-00005068-00005437": "lower as we get far away from that point c, but near c.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00013-00005437-00005722": "This is the highest point if of of c is a local maximum or", "bnMbghv6uoM-00014-00005722-00006054": "a lowest point if f of c is a local minimum.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00015-00006054-00006375": "On the other hand, if f of c is bigger than or equal to f of x for", "bnMbghv6uoM-00016-00006375-00006856": "all x, that is if f of c is the highest point on the graph at any point,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00017-00006856-00007350": "not just near c, and we say that f of c is a global maximum.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00018-00007350-00007851": "Likewise, if f of c is less than or equal to f of x for all x, that is f of c", "bnMbghv6uoM-00019-00007851-00008375": "is the lowest point on the graph anywhere, then f of c is a global minimum.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00020-00008375-00008656": "A key task that essential to most of the applications for", "bnMbghv6uoM-00021-00008656-00008927": "this chapter is the ability to locate local and", "bnMbghv6uoM-00022-00008927-00009313": "global extreme values of a function with the high degree of precision.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00023-00009313-00009730": "To do this, we notice that whenever a function has a local extreme value,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00024-00009730-00010143": "the derivative of the function is either 0 or undefined there.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00025-00010143-00010855": "So we'll call any point where f prime of c is 0 or undefined, a critical value of f.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00026-00010855-00011381": "And the importance of critical values lies in the first derivative test which says", "bnMbghv6uoM-00027-00011381-00011884": "that, if p is a critical value of a continuous function that is differentiable", "bnMbghv6uoM-00028-00011884-00012364": "near p, but not necessarily right at p, then f has a relative maximum at p,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00029-00012364-00012878": "if and only if, f prime changes sign from positive to negative at p.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00030-00012878-00013080": "And f has a relative minimum at p,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00031-00013080-00013602": "if and only if f prime changes sign from negative to positive at p.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00032-00013602-00014051": "This is a test in the sense that we can use it to classify a critical number as", "bnMbghv6uoM-00033-00014051-00014528": "a local extreme value, or decide that it is not a local extreme value.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00034-00014528-00014871": "Importantly, we'll note that not all critical numbers do", "bnMbghv6uoM-00035-00014871-00015137": "lead to local extreme values.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00036-00015137-00015236": "Another test for", "bnMbghv6uoM-00037-00015236-00015738": "classifying local to extreme values is the second derivative test which says that,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00038-00015738-00016207": "if p is a critical value of a continuous function f, such that f prime of p is 0.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00039-00016207-00016804": "And if double prime of p is not equal to 0 then f has a relative maximum that p,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00040-00016804-00017182": "if and only if f double prime of p is less than 0.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00041-00017182-00017408": "And f has a relative minimum at p if and", "bnMbghv6uoM-00042-00017408-00017758": "only if f double prime of p is greater than 0.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00043-00017758-00018120": "In other words, if p is a critical number for f but not a critical number", "bnMbghv6uoM-00044-00018120-00018552": "that makes the derivative undefined, just that makes the derivative equal to 0.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00045-00018552-00019078": "And if the second derivative of f at p is not 0, then f of p is a local", "bnMbghv6uoM-00046-00019078-00019810": "maximum if f is concave down at p, and a local minimum, if f is concave up at p.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00047-00019810-00020054": "If the second derivative of f at p is equal to 0,", "bnMbghv6uoM-00048-00020054-00020360": "then this test yields no information.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00049-00020360-00020534": "So the work flow for finding and", "bnMbghv6uoM-00050-00020534-00020940": "identifying local extreme values of a function f, goes like this.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00051-00020940-00021376": "First, we need to find the critical values of f by taking the derivative of f and", "bnMbghv6uoM-00052-00021376-00021806": "finding where that derivative is 0, and finally where it's undefined.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00053-00021806-00022176": "Then, we test each critical value by using either the first or", "bnMbghv6uoM-00054-00022176-00022336": "second derivative tests.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00055-00022336-00022765": "Both test accomplish the same task, but if the second derivative of f is easier to", "bnMbghv6uoM-00056-00022765-00023050": "compute then often, this is the simpler test to use.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00057-00023050-00023390": "On the other hand, if f double prime is hard to compute then the first derivative", "bnMbghv6uoM-00058-00023390-00023580": "test is usually better.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00059-00023580-00023985": "In actual practice, step two is accomplish by using a construction that we'll call", "bnMbghv6uoM-00060-00023985-00024220": "a sign chart for either f prime or f double prime.", "bnMbghv6uoM-00061-00024220-00025093": "And we're about to see some examples of this in the upcoming videos."}}, {"audio_id": "bnRamyaqgU8", "text": {"bnRamyaqgU8-00000-00000000-00000592": "I like to program, I like to play with Raspberry PI  or arduinos, I'm very into that", "bnRamyaqgU8-00001-00001744-00002080": "Being a researcher  is a very interesting job", "bnRamyaqgU8-00002-00002134-00002456": "Because you are discovering something new everyday", "bnRamyaqgU8-00003-00002456-00002722": "or you are rediscovering something new everyday", "bnRamyaqgU8-00004-00002914-00003458": "My PhD thesis was about  \"Planning in temporally uncertain domains\"", "bnRamyaqgU8-00005-00003458-00003694": "We wanted to consider temporal uncertainty", "bnRamyaqgU8-00006-00003694-00004090": "so the fact that you can't control directly the duration of the actions", "bnRamyaqgU8-00007-00004090-00004492": "so for instance you want to schedule yourself to go and catch a bus", "bnRamyaqgU8-00008-00004492-00004870": "you cannot be sure exactly when the bus will arrive", "bnRamyaqgU8-00009-00004870-00005088": "because it's not up to you. It's up to the traffic", "bnRamyaqgU8-00010-00005088-00005534": "And so what we did, was that we wanted to model this kind of uncertainty directly", "bnRamyaqgU8-00011-00005534-00005892": "into the planning problem and come up with plans that are robust", "bnRamyaqgU8-00012-00005892-00006330": "So an engineer or a domain expert can tell me: \"well, I don't know exactly", "bnRamyaqgU8-00013-00006330-00006616": "how long it's gonna take for the robot for going from point A to point B", "bnRamyaqgU8-00014-00006616-00006962": "but I can tell you that it will be between  10 minutes and 12 minutes\"", "bnRamyaqgU8-00015-00006962-00007388": "Instead, if you precompute the plan, the strategy you want to follow", "bnRamyaqgU8-00016-00007388-00007722": "then a human is able to analyze, of course it could be an effort", "bnRamyaqgU8-00017-00007722-00008318": "but if your system is Curiosity on Mars and costs billions of dollars to deploy the system there", "bnRamyaqgU8-00018-00008318-00008632": "it's worth the time spent in analyzing  and certifying the plan", "bnRamyaqgU8-00019-00008632-00009226": "that's why part of my work was in collaboration with NASA and I did my internship in Mountain View", "bnRamyaqgU8-00020-00009226-00009452": "in a research center by NASA", "bnRamyaqgU8-00021-00010360-00010708": "In my free time I'm a movie fan, and I also like Netflix", "bnRamyaqgU8-00022-00010708-00011062": "I like biking for instance, and I'm also a bit of a nerdy person", "bnRamyaqgU8-00023-00011062-00011606": "so I used the raspberry PI to develop a smart mirror, that was a make up mirror for my girlfriend", "bnRamyaqgU8-00024-00011606-00012040": "so it has basically all the lights sorrounding the mirror that you can control", "bnRamyaqgU8-00025-00012040-00012498": "and also behind the mirror you can see time, you have the fortune of the day", "bnRamyaqgU8-00026-00012498-00012858": "so my girlfriend while making up she can actually", "bnRamyaqgU8-00027-00012858-00013013": "look at these fancy things", "bnRamyaqgU8-00028-00013013-00013016": "look at these fancy things Of course it's nerdy", "bnRamyaqgU8-00029-00013016-00013186": "Of course it's nerdy", "bnRamyaqgU8-00030-00013186-00013394": "I'm not excusing myself", "bnRamyaqgU8-00031-00013394-00013724": "But my girlfriend really liked it, because it was handmade by me", "bnRamyaqgU8-00032-00014422-00014713": "I was more confident when I became a postdoc", "bnRamyaqgU8-00033-00014713-00015058": "probably because you don't have the thesis that is waiting for you", "bnRamyaqgU8-00034-00015058-00015406": "you are not any longer the student that is judged by the others", "bnRamyaqgU8-00035-00015406-00015878": "but you are part of a community that tries to push the boundaries of knowledge", "bnRamyaqgU8-00036-00016566-00017018": "So the kind of technology that we developed  here in the ES unit for planning", "bnRamyaqgU8-00037-00017018-00017326": "are being used now in different projects", "bnRamyaqgU8-00038-00017326-00017790": "One of them is about controlling a factory here in Trentino", "bnRamyaqgU8-00039-00017790-00017976": "in order to optimize the production", "bnRamyaqgU8-00040-00017976-00018560": "It's very important because in Europe, since the job market is more expensive than in other countries", "bnRamyaqgU8-00041-00018560-00018876": "then we need to optimize our production in order to be competitive", "bnRamyaqgU8-00042-00018876-00019056": "otherwise the factories will simply close", "bnRamyaqgU8-00043-00019056-00019402": "On the other hand the explainability of what we are doing", "bnRamyaqgU8-00044-00019402-00019708": "and the impact on the job market", "bnRamyaqgU8-00045-00019708-00019896": "are things that we need to consider", "bnRamyaqgU8-00046-00020318-00020590": "Looking back at my first  artificial intelligence conference", "bnRamyaqgU8-00047-00020590-00020750": "that was in 2012", "bnRamyaqgU8-00048-00020750-00021084": "We were not even close  to what we can do just now", "bnRamyaqgU8-00049-00021084-00021440": "Associated to such an advancement, there is always a risk though", "bnRamyaqgU8-00050-00021440-00021988": "So the fact that you can use a machine to take decisions instead of a human", "bnRamyaqgU8-00051-00021988-00022266": "is per se a kind of a risk", "bnRamyaqgU8-00052-00022266-00022636": "we shall not leave the development to kill us", "bnRamyaqgU8-00053-00022636-00022882": "we need to anticipate it  and we need to prapare", "bnRamyaqgU8-00054-00022882-00023538": "for the changes that are in front of us"}}, {"audio_id": "bnXrTiNNx9y", "text": {"bnXrTiNNx9y-00000-00000063-00000501": "So, I was flying around in a hurry this morning and I had a bit of a, uh,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00001-00000644-00001270": "incident. Don't worry, see, I can put myself back together in a snap! Argh, stings!", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00002-00001342-00002162": "But it just made me think you guys are kind of squishy, like an old piece of fruit in your lunch bag, on a really hot day.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00003-00002188-00002858": "Eww! So if you got into trouble on the road, you might find it a bit harder to put yourself back together again.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00004-00002926-00003469": "But hey, my internet medical “degree” got revoked. So here's a real doctor to give you the facts.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00005-00003684-00003950": "My name is Paul Scott. I'm a doctor at the Royal Brisbane", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00006-00003951-00004553": "and Women's Hospital. Young people are at risk of pedestrian injuries for a variety of reasons. One of which is that their", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00007-00004554-00005192": "brains are still developing and so they have trouble perceiving speed.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00008-00005196-00005663": "When they see a car coming, they may not understand how fast that car is actually moving.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00009-00005667-00006153": "But often they're due to things like the pedestrians being distracted", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00010-00006217-00006644": "when they cross a road. For example, they might be listening to music", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00011-00006645-00007454": "and not be thinking about what's happening on the road. They might be on their phone or reading a text message.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00012-00007467-00008536": "But we are not designed to be hit by really fast moving, heavy objects like a car. As a result, if you do get hit by a car,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00013-00008554-00009385": "you will get severe injuries. Broken arms, broken legs... You can have internal injuries that require operations.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00014-00009490-00010171": "There might be injuries to the brain, facial injuries. One of the scariest injuries from a doctor's point of view is", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00015-00010172-00010920": "when the spine is damaged. The spine has bones around it but has also got very delicate nerve material inside it.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00016-00010924-00011379": "When that's injured, that can mean that you lose the ability", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00017-00011489-00011619": "to use your legs", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00018-00011634-00012422": "or your arms. One case I was involved in was a ten year-old boy who chased a cricket ball out onto the road. Because he", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00019-00012426-00013138": "was focused on the ball, he didn't notice a car coming and he got hit by a car. He received quite a few injuries,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00020-00013140-00013391": "including a broken arm,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00021-00013396-00014006": "but the worst part about it was he got an injury to his brain. He had to have an operation to relieve some of the", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00022-00014007-00014812": "bleeding around the brain. He was unable to, or had trouble, talking afterwards and that requires many, many months", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00023-00014813-00015638": "or even years of rehabilitation to teach him to talk properly again, which is a devastating thing to", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00024-00015641-00016169": "happen to you when you're so young. The doctors and nurses find it difficult", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00025-00016169-00016597": "to look after these patients because we know that what it means for them", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00026-00016598-00017028": "and their rest of their life. It's really scary, they might be in a lot of pain,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00027-00017135-00017418": "and it has big impacts on their family", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00028-00017419-00018096": "and friends as well. The things that young people can do to stay safe around the road is really about really appreciating", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00029-00018097-00018375": "how dangerous it is to be near the road", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00030-00018376-00019140": "and to be near moving cars. I think things like making sure you cross at a crossing that's marked as a pedestrian crossing.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00031-00019180-00019901": "If there are lights, wait for the lights to turn, so that you can cross safely.  Don't rush across before, it's not worth", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00032-00019902-00020705": "it to save a couple of seconds and risk being hit by a car. Stop, look, listen", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00033-00020723-00021028": "and really think about what you're doing before you cross the road.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00034-00021136-00021775": "Did you know your brains are a bit like a plate of jelly? They're pink and wobbly and taste like strawberry. Oh wait,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00035-00021776-00022388": "scratch that last one. But they're definitely soft and if you don't protect them, well…", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00036-00022491-00022899": "See what I mean? That's why you need to protect your head when you're travelling", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00037-00022900-00023491": "on anything with wheels. Here's a brain expert to talk about why helmets are so important.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00038-00023791-00023902": "My name's Dr Lindy", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00039-00023903-00024475": "and I'm a neurosurgeon at the Royal Brisbane Hospital. I decided to do neurosurgery because your brain's so incredibly", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00040-00024476-00025074": "complicated and precious, but it's also very fragile. Your brain is the computer that makes your body work,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00041-00025098-00025645": "but instead of being made of electronics and wires, it's made out of nerve cells and supporting cells", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00042-00025667-00026320": "and it's actually very soft. So in a living brain, it's about the consistency of jelly. You can imagine if I had a", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00043-00026322-00026939": "bowl of jelly and I dropped it on the ground, even though it's in a container, it'll get hurt. And the same thing happens", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00044-00026941-00027561": "when you give a hard knock to your brain. Unfortunately, your skull doesn't protect your brain terribly well. The first", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00045-00027562-00027950": "problem is that there's all these ridges and knobs inside it. And", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00046-00027954-00028485": "when you bump your head, your brain slides across all those ridges and that causes damage to the underside.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00047-00028505-00028864": "And then it slams into your skull and that causes bruising", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00048-00028866-00029358": "and can cause bleeding. If you hit the ground hard enough, your brain then bounces off", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00049-00029358-00029907": "and bangs into the skull on the other side and that causes another bruise. And during all of that sliding", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00050-00029908-00030493": "and stretching, you can tear the delicate nerve cells inside. The first thing that might happen if you hit your head hard", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00051-00030494-00030931": "enough is you get knocked out. But the most common symptoms are actually headache", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00052-00030945-00031386": "and nausea - so feeling sick all the time. You might have memory problems,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00053-00031389-00031972": "or you might have a seizure, which is like your brain hitting automatic reset. If you have a really bad head injury,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00054-00032002-00032614": "there might be really obvious problems. For example, one side might not move, or you might not be able to talk properly.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00055-00032657-00033265": "And these can last for months or years. The other common problems are difficulty with concentrating,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00056-00033299-00033939": "and difficulty in thinking about complex subjects. And so that includes schoolwork, things like maths or learning Spanish,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00057-00033974-00034540": "but it also includes things like social interaction. So you might have difficulty keeping up with the games your friends", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00058-00034541-00034864": "are playing, or you might not be able to tell if someone's angry with you.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00059-00034908-00035453": "And that can be a real problem later in life. So it's obviously really important that you look after your brain", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00060-00035454-00035743": "and protect it. One important way of protecting your brain is", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00061-00035756-00036326": "to wear a helmet. Even a fall just from standing height is enough to give yourself a bad head injury. But", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00062-00036327-00036481": "when you're on a skateboard", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00063-00036482-00037014": "or a push bike, you're much more likely to be going fast. It's really important whenever you're on wheels,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00064-00037015-00037814": "or up high, or going fast, that you're wearing a helmet. If I drop an egg onto sponge foam, the foam squashes down", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00065-00037815-00038087": "and that absorbs the energy and protects the egg.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00066-00038131-00038705": "And the same thing happens if you hit the ground wearing a bike helmet. The foam in the helmet squashes", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00067-00038713-00038840": "and that absorbs the energy", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00068-00038841-00039440": "and protects your brain. Unlike the sponge foam, the foam in your bike helmet doesn't bounce back after it's been", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00069-00039441-00039508": "squashed.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00070-00039542-00040144": "And that's why it's so important - you must never wear a helmet again after it's had a hard knock. Even if it looks okay on", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00071-00040145-00040504": "the outside, it might be broken inside and not protect you anymore.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00072-00040609-00041234": "Hm, where's the zombie emoji gone? Ah, there it is! Sorry, just sending a text to Grandma. See,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00073-00041235-00041632": "it's pretty easy to get distracted when you're on your-  Aww, cute!", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00074-00041844-00041910": "Distracted", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00075-00041911-00042542": "when you're on your phone, which makes it harder to stay safe. Let's hear more from our brain expert about why it's so", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00076-00042543-00042760": "hard to focus on two things at once.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00077-00043104-00043681": "Surprisingly, you've only got one attention - in the same way as you've got one nose and one mouth, you can only pay", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00078-00043682-00043858": "attention to one thing at a time", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00079-00043859-00044518": "and nothing you can do can change that. Your attention works a bit like a camera lens. It can either be wide view", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00080-00044522-00045005": "and looking at a lot of things at once but not focus properly on any of them, or it can be zoomed in", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00081-00045006-00045508": "and paying close attention to one thing. When you're trying to do two things at once, or", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00082-00045516-00046051": "when you're distracted, that means the lens is switching back and forth between more than one thing", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00083-00046058-00046656": "and obviously not concentrating properly on either of them. In Australia, 20 times more pedestrians are hurt in", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00084-00046657-00046721": "accidents", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00085-00046725-00047438": "than people hurt in plane crashes. One of the reasons flying is so safe, is that pilots always do a pre-flight check", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00086-00047439-00047554": "before they take off.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00087-00047570-00048158": "And you should do the same before you cross the road. So, stop mucking around with your friends, finish your phone call,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00088-00048181-00048797": "take out your earbuds. Listen, look, think \"is it safe to cross?\", and then", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00089-00048798-00049048": "when you're safely over, you can put your music back on", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00090-00049049-00049618": "and start playing with your friends again. Be careful crossing the road, because I don't want you back in here as a patient.", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00091-00049660-00050255": "So there you have it! The real stories from the real experts. Just remember,", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00092-00050269-00050901": "when you're out and about, take a few extra moments to make sure you're travelling safe. We don't want to hurt your brain jelly -", "bnXrTiNNx9y-00093-00050902-00051229": "you only have so much. Later!"}}, {"audio_id": "conz1sKH3wu", "text": {"conz1sKH3wu-00000-00000017-00000375": "Hi everyone I'm doctor Ian Smith and welcome to episode two of this series.", "conz1sKH3wu-00001-00000375-00000710": "In the following two episodes i'll be listing all the productivity and", "conz1sKH3wu-00002-00000710-00001066": "economic benefits that trees and vegetation on farms can provide.", "conz1sKH3wu-00003-00001066-00001417": "So wind reduction is the classic use of farm shelterbelts.", "conz1sKH3wu-00004-00001417-00001802": "and for good reason. Using trees in this manner is a cost effective way of", "conz1sKH3wu-00005-00001802-00001992": "reducing wind speed within a property", "conz1sKH3wu-00006-00001992-00002435": "by what amount trees can reduce wind speed, and over what distance, can get a", "conz1sKH3wu-00007-00002435-00002511": "little technical", "conz1sKH3wu-00008-00002511-00002903": "so i'll do a full episode on that later on. But a rule of thumb.", "conz1sKH3wu-00009-00002903-00003264": "is a shelterbelt will reduce wind speed for twenty times the height at the trees", "conz1sKH3wu-00010-00003264-00003336": "downwind.", "conz1sKH3wu-00011-00003336-00003762": "so a 10 meter tall tree will shelter a paddock 200 meters downwind.", "conz1sKH3wu-00012-00003762-00004214": "reducing wind speed is important for both crops and livestock.", "conz1sKH3wu-00013-00004214-00004564": "for crops; lower wind speeds reduce damage to plant,", "conz1sKH3wu-00014-00004564-00005016": "fruit and blossoms. Lower wind speeds also make it easier for pollinators", "conz1sKH3wu-00015-00005016-00005442": "another beneficial insects to fly between plants. In fact", "conz1sKH3wu-00016-00005442-00005798": "one study showed a 20-35% higher yield in sheltered orchards", "conz1sKH3wu-00017-00005798-00006150": "due to increased pollination rates. Sheltered paddocks", "conz1sKH3wu-00018-00006150-00006542": "are also important to livestock. Trees provide shade in summer", "conz1sKH3wu-00019-00006542-00006947": "and reduce wind chill winter. This isn't just beneficial for animal welfare", "conz1sKH3wu-00020-00006947-00007361": "as sheltered livestock are also more productive. In cold conditions", "conz1sKH3wu-00021-00007361-00007725": "sheltered castle and sheep have a higher growth rate, ovulation rate,", "conz1sKH3wu-00022-00007725-00008228": "wool growth rate and lower abortion and lamb mortality. Conversely", "conz1sKH3wu-00023-00008228-00008603": "in hot condition sheltered livestock have higher milk and milk fat yield,", "conz1sKH3wu-00024-00008603-00008928": "increase growth rate, lower rates of mastitus", "conz1sKH3wu-00025-00008928-00009414": "and improve conception rates. A paddock with lower wind speeds", "conz1sKH3wu-00026-00009414-00009840": "is also more efficient in agro-chemical application, as lower wind speeds result in", "conz1sKH3wu-00027-00009840-00009940": "less chemical drift,", "conz1sKH3wu-00028-00009940-00010505": "meaning more on your target plants and less in the local watercourse.", "conz1sKH3wu-00029-00010505-00010874": "Farms that are sheltered by trees suffer less erosion than expose sites", "conz1sKH3wu-00030-00010874-00011298": "This is important as topsoil contains the vast majority of nutrients within a soil profile", "conz1sKH3wu-00032-00011372-00011757": "a paddock sheltered by trees will be subjected to less wind-driven", "conz1sKH3wu-00033-00011757-00012163": "soil erosion, due to lower wind speeds. Trees and vegetation", "conz1sKH3wu-00034-00012163-00012556": "also reduce water (or alluvial) erosion through two methods;", "conz1sKH3wu-00035-00012556-00012911": "by intercepting water flowing downhill and slowing the water speed", "conz1sKH3wu-00036-00012911-00013405": "and trapping soil that has been picked up. Trees and ground cover plants", "conz1sKH3wu-00037-00013405-00013720": "also protect soil from the impact of raindrops which can increase the rate of", "conz1sKH3wu-00038-00013720-00013783": "erosion.", "conz1sKH3wu-00039-00013783-00014149": "Trees also provide erosion protection by what they drop.", "conz1sKH3wu-00040-00014149-00014572": "leaf litter, and other fine litter dropped by trees, protect the soil from events such", "conz1sKH3wu-00041-00014572-00014672": "heavy rain drops", "conz1sKH3wu-00042-00014672-00015188": "and reduce the likelihood a gully erosion by slowing down water speeds", "conz1sKH3wu-00043-00015188-00015469": "Farmland by design typically contains large areas", "conz1sKH3wu-00044-00015469-00015780": "of monocultures, such as rows of crops or pasture grasses", "conz1sKH3wu-00045-00015780-00016182": "although this makes management easier, it greatly reduces biodiversity.", "conz1sKH3wu-00046-00016182-00016588": "This is a problem because areas of low biodiversity favor herbivorous", "conz1sKH3wu-00047-00016588-00017058": "insects which damage crops. By introducing farm trees and other non-crop vegetation,", "conz1sKH3wu-00048-00017058-00017470": "you provide a source of food and habitat for beneficial insects that will eat and control", "conz1sKH3wu-00049-00017470-00017598": "these herbivorous insects.", "conz1sKH3wu-00050-00017598-00017978": "these resources also act as habitat for native pollinators, which can increase", "conz1sKH3wu-00051-00017978-00018066": "productivity.", "conz1sKH3wu-00052-00018066-00018401": "non-crop vegetation can also be used to break up paddocks and crops.", "conz1sKH3wu-00053-00018401-00018804": "this essentially makes crops a smaller target to passing pest species by making", "conz1sKH3wu-00054-00018804-00018980": "them harder for insects to detect.", "conz1sKH3wu-00055-00018980-00019347": "Non-crop vegetation throughout a farm also has the benefit of allowing", "conz1sKH3wu-00056-00019347-00019614": "beneficial insects to disperse throughout a crop faster,", "conz1sKH3wu-00057-00019614-00019935": "allowing faster recolonisation after pesticide use.", "conz1sKH3wu-00058-00019935-00020442": "Dense vegetation can, in some instances, even prevent the arrival pest species.", "conz1sKH3wu-00059-00020442-00020868": "with many species preferring to go around a row of trees rather than over it. This could", "conz1sKH3wu-00060-00020868-00021102": "be handy between application to insecticide", "conz1sKH3wu-00061-00021102-00021453": "as it will slow down recolonisation from outside or neighboring crops.", "conz1sKH3wu-00062-00021453-00021840": "Farm trees are not limited to enhancing beneficial insects however,", "conz1sKH3wu-00063-00021840-00022251": "with more visible species, such as insect eating birds and microbats,", "conz1sKH3wu-00064-00022251-00022629": "also benefiting. Insectivorous species such as these", "conz1sKH3wu-00065-00022629-00023087": "are able to disperse large distances throughout a property, eating large amounts of pest insects", "conz1sKH3wu-00066-00023087-00023494": "including caterpillars, moths and even  mosquitoes. The species utilise the", "conz1sKH3wu-00067-00023494-00023656": "resources provided by trees,", "conz1sKH3wu-00068-00023656-00024073": "such as hollows, nectar, nesting sites and also used as a stopover point when", "conz1sKH3wu-00069-00024073-00024210": "traveling across landscapes", "conz1sKH3wu-00070-00024210-00024656": "even a few scattered farm trees can increase the ability of insect", "conz1sKH3wu-00071-00024656-00025255": "eating birds to cross a cleared landscape. Thank you for listening", "conz1sKH3wu-00072-00025255-00025670": "next episode I'll discuss part 2 of benefits of farm trees. If you wish to", "conz1sKH3wu-00073-00025670-00025941": "support this series make sure you like this video and subscribe.", "conz1sKH3wu-00074-00025941-00026275": "As always if you have any questions leave  them in the comment section below or", "conz1sKH3wu-00075-00026275-00026595": "shoot me an email at profitable.habitat@gmail.com", "conz1sKH3wu-00076-00026595-00026927": "where I'm also available for consults. Until next episode,", "conz1sKH3wu-00077-00026927-00026975": "keep planting!"}}, {"audio_id": "cooQ1dSSO_Y", "text": {"cooQ1dSSO_Y-00000-00000376-00000632": "and this is more than the one like. it already has…", "cooQ1dSSO_Y-00001-00000632-00001040": "okay that it now has more dislikes than likes, even though the design counts are", "cooQ1dSSO_Y-00002-00001040-00001504": "already thriving, it still didn't work very much. so why the video has this one? it's…"}}, {"audio_id": "coEGJixQo_u", "text": {"coEGJixQo_u-00000-00000647-00000759": "Hi, everyone!", "coEGJixQo_u-00001-00000759-00000830": "It's Bre.", "coEGJixQo_u-00002-00000830-00001723": "I've come to Lee Joon's Saltwater Fish Research Laboratory today.", "coEGJixQo_u-00003-00001723-00001945": "Ta-da!", "coEGJixQo_u-00004-00001945-00002234": "Let's take a look at what it says.", "coEGJixQo_u-00005-00002234-00002346": "It's simple.", "coEGJixQo_u-00006-00002346-00003071": "He sells 'Mysterious Water' at a low price.", "coEGJixQo_u-00007-00003071-00003596": "My jellyfish is dead lately. And I wanna raise something in the jellyfish tank.", "coEGJixQo_u-00008-00003596-00004059": "So I wanna buy this 'Mysterious Water'. That's why I came here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00009-00004059-00004551": "Using that water, we can raise what we want to raise immediately without acclimating process.", "coEGJixQo_u-00010-00004551-00004877": "So I came here to buy 'Mysterious Water' and some creatures.", "coEGJixQo_u-00011-00004877-00005357": "I wonder how the interior will have changed and what kind of creatures there will be.", "coEGJixQo_u-00012-00005357-00005600": "It's a place of remembrance.", "coEGJixQo_u-00013-00005866-00006088": "It's been a long time.", "coEGJixQo_u-00014-00006088-00006283": "Ta-da.", "coEGJixQo_u-00015-00007280-00007605": "I've come here after a long time.", "coEGJixQo_u-00016-00008296-00008693": "He is having a meal, so I didn't say hello.", "coEGJixQo_u-00017-00008693-00009124": "I've seen him sell this water before.", "coEGJixQo_u-00018-00009124-00009730": "This water is suitable for sea life. So I can use this water for my new fish immediately.", "coEGJixQo_u-00019-00009730-00009960": "I'll take this water.", "coEGJixQo_u-00020-00010235-00010368": "Brine shrimps.", "coEGJixQo_u-00021-00010564-00010838": "Haven't changed at all.", "coEGJixQo_u-00022-00010838-00010974": "Oh.", "coEGJixQo_u-00023-00010974-00011081": "Guppies?", "coEGJixQo_u-00024-00011081-00011210": "Hi.", "coEGJixQo_u-00025-00011210-00011369": "They are cute.", "coEGJixQo_u-00026-00011369-00011478": "Hi.", "coEGJixQo_u-00027-00011910-00011982": "Hello.", "coEGJixQo_u-00028-00011982-00012496": "Their color is so pretty.", "coEGJixQo_u-00029-00012793-00013008": "Wow.", "coEGJixQo_u-00030-00013155-00013325": "What was that?", "coEGJixQo_u-00031-00013591-00013691": "It's beautiful.", "coEGJixQo_u-00032-00013691-00013791": "I like this guy.", "coEGJixQo_u-00033-00013951-00014188": "It's like a painting.", "coEGJixQo_u-00034-00014188-00014531": "It looks like a filefish. I don't know what it's called.", "coEGJixQo_u-00035-00014627-00014752": "Beautiful.", "coEGJixQo_u-00036-00014752-00015027": "Actually, they are too big to raise in the tank.", "coEGJixQo_u-00037-00015027-00015432": "It is a bit small tank where I kept my jellyfish.", "coEGJixQo_u-00038-00015432-00015853": "They died, sadly, so the tank is empty now.", "coEGJixQo_u-00039-00015853-00016015": "So I'm gonna buy the 'Mysterious Water' and", "coEGJixQo_u-00040-00016015-00016378": "I wanna take", "coEGJixQo_u-00041-00016378-00016493": "ta-da", "coEGJixQo_u-00042-00016493-00016643": "this shrimp.", "coEGJixQo_u-00043-00016643-00016799": "I don't know its name.", "coEGJixQo_u-00044-00016799-00016968": "But it's been somthing special I've had in mind.", "coEGJixQo_u-00045-00016968-00017251": "So I'm gonna adopt it today.", "coEGJixQo_u-00046-00017251-00017747": "I should ask Lee how to care for it and what's the name of it.", "coEGJixQo_u-00047-00017747-00018613": "When you raise saltwater fish, a sump should be installed to help a circulation of water.", "coEGJixQo_u-00048-00018613-00019074": "And you should install a protein skimmer for aquarium.", "coEGJixQo_u-00049-00019074-00019686": "However, small shrimps don't need those equipments.", "coEGJixQo_u-00050-00019686-00020077": "You need to renew water more often instead.", "coEGJixQo_u-00051-00020077-00020097": "Look.", "coEGJixQo_u-00052-00020097-00020374": "There's no sump in here, right?", "coEGJixQo_u-00053-00020374-00020465": "So pretty.", "coEGJixQo_u-00054-00020465-00020995": "It will be great to keep them in your home.", "coEGJixQo_u-00055-00020995-00021124": "Nice to meet you.", "coEGJixQo_u-00056-00021124-00021455": "This is Nemo.", "coEGJixQo_u-00057-00021455-00021629": "They like sea anemone.", "coEGJixQo_u-00058-00021660-00022041": "There are more puffer fish than before.", "coEGJixQo_u-00059-00022041-00022282": "Look at this guy.", "coEGJixQo_u-00060-00022282-00022466": "Look at this puffer.", "coEGJixQo_u-00061-00022466-00022762": "I'm gonna ask Lee what kind of puffer it is later.", "coEGJixQo_u-00062-00022762-00022887": "What a curious puffer.", "coEGJixQo_u-00063-00022887-00023102": "It keeps coming in front of the camera.", "coEGJixQo_u-00064-00023102-00023325": "It's cute.", "coEGJixQo_u-00065-00023325-00023568": "It's not that big.", "coEGJixQo_u-00066-00023568-00023750": "This much.", "coEGJixQo_u-00067-00023750-00023971": "Oh, it's really close to me.", "coEGJixQo_u-00068-00023971-00024303": "There are about 15 puffer fish in here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00069-00024303-00024661": "This aquarium.", "coEGJixQo_u-00070-00024661-00025196": "If I had a museum, I would've bought this aquarium.", "coEGJixQo_u-00071-00025196-00025475": "Hello, Dr. Lee.", "coEGJixQo_u-00072-00025475-00025569": "It's been a while.", "coEGJixQo_u-00073-00025569-00025670": "Long time no see.", "coEGJixQo_u-00074-00025670-00025976": "Yes.", "coEGJixQo_u-00075-00025976-00026170": "Our superstar Dr. Lee.", "coEGJixQo_u-00076-00026310-00026494": "This guy.", "coEGJixQo_u-00077-00026494-00026645": "This moray.", "coEGJixQo_u-00078-00026645-00026942": "He's the mascot of this store.", "coEGJixQo_u-00079-00026942-00027285": "He looks scary,", "coEGJixQo_u-00080-00027285-00027485": "but he's like a guardian of here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00081-00027602-00027981": "Dr. Lee, How much is this shrimp?", "coEGJixQo_u-00082-00027981-00028131": "How can I call it?", "coEGJixQo_u-00083-00028131-00028250": "This one?", "coEGJixQo_u-00084-00028250-00028366": "Yes.", "coEGJixQo_u-00085-00028467-00028638": "What's the name of it?", "coEGJixQo_u-00086-00028638-00028797": "This is called Cleaner shrimp.", "coEGJixQo_u-00087-00029174-00029345": "They are cleaning shrimp?", "coEGJixQo_u-00088-00029345-00029627": "How much is it?", "coEGJixQo_u-00089-00029627-00029892": "This is 20,000 won.", "coEGJixQo_u-00090-00029892-00029983": "10,000 won for small one.", "coEGJixQo_u-00091-00029983-00030239": "Can they eat fish feed?", "coEGJixQo_u-00092-00030239-00030381": "There's nothing they can't eat.", "coEGJixQo_u-00093-00030381-00030514": "Really?", "coEGJixQo_u-00094-00030514-00031177": "They even eat the mucus and parasites around the wounds of injured fish.", "coEGJixQo_u-00095-00031177-00031325": "Wow, that's interesting.", "coEGJixQo_u-00096-00031325-00031570": "So smart.", "coEGJixQo_u-00097-00031570-00032186": "Then I want to take two small cleaner shrimps.", "coEGJixQo_u-00098-00032186-00032527": "And is there somthing like... what was it?", "coEGJixQo_u-00099-00032527-00032672": "Live rock?", "coEGJixQo_u-00100-00032672-00033149": "Yes. I need live rock.", "coEGJixQo_u-00101-00033227-00033470": "And the 'Mysterious Water'.", "coEGJixQo_u-00102-00033470-00034038": "Actually, the shrimps are secondary.", "coEGJixQo_u-00103-00034191-00034566": "I'd like to buy 10 liters of mysterious water.", "coEGJixQo_u-00104-00034566-00034989": "I'm so excited.", "coEGJixQo_u-00105-00034989-00035592": "So many brine shrimps are here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00106-00035592-00035716": "This is quite big!", "coEGJixQo_u-00107-00035716-00035906": "It wasn't such big one here before.", "coEGJixQo_u-00108-00035906-00036123": "These are big ones,", "coEGJixQo_u-00109-00036123-00036325": "and these are small ones.", "coEGJixQo_u-00110-00036325-00036378": "Wow.", "coEGJixQo_u-00111-00036378-00036551": "They are big.", "coEGJixQo_u-00112-00036551-00036687": "It's epic.", "coEGJixQo_u-00113-00036687-00037222": "You know I had them, too.", "coEGJixQo_u-00114-00037581-00037664": "Wow.", "coEGJixQo_u-00115-00037787-00037952": "Look at this.", "coEGJixQo_u-00116-00037952-00038155": "There are so many brine shrimps.", "coEGJixQo_u-00117-00038155-00038602": "He raises and breeds them constantly.", "coEGJixQo_u-00118-00038602-00038737": "I can even see their eyes.", "coEGJixQo_u-00119-00038737-00039117": "It's cool.", "coEGJixQo_u-00120-00039117-00039334": "That fish is still pregnant.", "coEGJixQo_u-00121-00039334-00039455": "I'll take these friends, too.", "coEGJixQo_u-00122-00039455-00039894": "I have fairy shrimps which live in fresh water.", "coEGJixQo_u-00123-00039894-00040451": "I want to compare the size of the two species when they all become adults.", "coEGJixQo_u-00124-00040451-00040842": "So, I'll take these small brine shrimps.", "coEGJixQo_u-00125-00040842-00040912": "Alright.", "coEGJixQo_u-00126-00040912-00041142": "Wow, do you see that?", "coEGJixQo_u-00127-00041142-00041343": "There's a lot!", "coEGJixQo_u-00128-00041380-00041576": "They are young shrimps. So small, right?", "coEGJixQo_u-00129-00041576-00041822": "The fairy shrimps I have are also small like this now.", "coEGJixQo_u-00130-00041822-00042166": "Then I think it's better to take these smaller ones.", "coEGJixQo_u-00131-00042166-00042845": "I'll make video that show you the difference between brine shrimps and fairy shrimps after I grow them.", "coEGJixQo_u-00132-00042998-00043254": "This?", "coEGJixQo_u-00133-00043254-00043693": "The 'Mysterious Water' tank?", "coEGJixQo_u-00134-00043693-00043999": "You've grown all these water plants?", "coEGJixQo_u-00135-00043999-00044221": "Wow.", "coEGJixQo_u-00136-00044221-00044390": "It's like the ocean.", "coEGJixQo_u-00137-00044390-00044660": "And this tank, this picture.", "coEGJixQo_u-00138-00044660-00044995": "Oh, that tank?", "coEGJixQo_u-00139-00044995-00045235": "Oh my goodness.", "coEGJixQo_u-00140-00045491-00045706": "The water plants are so cool.", "coEGJixQo_u-00141-00045706-00046010": "And this is the aquarium behind you.", "coEGJixQo_u-00142-00046045-00046154": "This one?", "coEGJixQo_u-00143-00046154-00046358": "Aha.", "coEGJixQo_u-00144-00046358-00046531": "Wow.", "coEGJixQo_u-00145-00046531-00047256": "He said there were live rocks and some sea anemones in the aquarium like this.", "coEGJixQo_u-00146-00047916-00048201": "There were many water plants in the aquarium.", "coEGJixQo_u-00147-00048201-00048774": "But now, I think the light is a little weak and that has made plants wilt.", "coEGJixQo_u-00148-00048774-00048960": "Anyway, at first, it was like this.", "coEGJixQo_u-00149-00048960-00049133": "Awesome.", "coEGJixQo_u-00150-00050027-00050245": "Many people know your shop.", "coEGJixQo_u-00151-00050245-00050586": "I also came here as I was introduced to this shop by an acquaintance.", "coEGJixQo_u-00152-00050586-00050970": "And your shop is really special.", "coEGJixQo_u-00153-00050970-00051210": "It's been 35 years since I opened my shop here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00154-00051210-00051286": "35 years?", "coEGJixQo_u-00155-00051286-00051395": "Only here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00156-00051395-00051541": "This place is older than me!", "coEGJixQo_u-00157-00051625-00052058": "35 years, guys.", "coEGJixQo_u-00158-00052198-00052316": "Alright.", "coEGJixQo_u-00159-00052316-00052741": "I wish you could come and visit here a lot.", "coEGJixQo_u-00160-00052741-00052899": "Say cheese!", "coEGJixQo_u-00161-00054169-00054735": "I feel good when I adopt something.", "coEGJixQo_u-00162-00054735-00055091": "I'm sure you'll understand.", "coEGJixQo_u-00163-00055180-00055584": "Even though they are crickets or mealworms.", "coEGJixQo_u-00164-00055738-00056228": "When I came here before, I totally fell in love with this shirmp.", "coEGJixQo_u-00165-00056228-00056525": "Now I can take it because the tank is empty.", "coEGJixQo_u-00166-00056525-00056688": "Let's do it.", "coEGJixQo_u-00167-00056759-00056976": "There are bigger ones here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00168-00057826-00057978": "Alright. I'm sorry.", "coEGJixQo_u-00169-00057978-00058092": "They are big ones.", "coEGJixQo_u-00170-00058416-00059029": "Five or six years ago, there were several more stores.", "coEGJixQo_u-00171-00059029-00059101": "Really?", "coEGJixQo_u-00172-00059101-00059494": "Two in Yongdu-dong, one here...", "coEGJixQo_u-00173-00060659-00060726": "What is that?", "coEGJixQo_u-00174-00061078-00061290": "This was the exhibition hall.", "coEGJixQo_u-00175-00061290-00061386": "Aha.", "coEGJixQo_u-00176-00061901-00062246": "That's when you were a little younger!", "coEGJixQo_u-00177-00062378-00062554": "It was about 10 years ago.", "coEGJixQo_u-00178-00062554-00063579": "There were big turtles, sharks, and alligators.", "coEGJixQo_u-00179-00063579-00063798": "Can I take this pamphlet?", "coEGJixQo_u-00180-00063798-00063846": "Of course.", "coEGJixQo_u-00181-00063923-00064026": "As much as you want.", "coEGJixQo_u-00182-00064026-00064812": "If you want this, come to here. Or you can come to me.", "coEGJixQo_u-00183-00064812-00065020": "He gave me more pamphlets.", "coEGJixQo_u-00184-00065020-00065316": "Money can't buy this, guys.", "coEGJixQo_u-00185-00065316-00065494": "You must visit here.", "coEGJixQo_u-00186-00065494-00065699": "Okay?", "coEGJixQo_u-00187-00065750-00065837": "They're coming.", "coEGJixQo_u-00188-00065981-00066246": "They are biting me.", "coEGJixQo_u-00189-00066442-00066528": "Good bye, Dr. Lee.", "coEGJixQo_u-00190-00066528-00066643": "See you later!", "coEGJixQo_u-00191-00066643-00066890": "Thank you!", "coEGJixQo_u-00192-00067310-00067696": "I spent a lot of time talking with him, actually.", "coEGJixQo_u-00193-00067696-00067811": "I should go home quickly.", "coEGJixQo_u-00194-00067811-00067981": "I'll come again later!"}}, {"audio_id": "coEHnsWon78", "text": {"coEHnsWon78-00000-00000010-00000323": "- All right creators, we're almost through with 2020", "coEHnsWon78-00001-00000323-00000524": "but not before we share some more", "coEHnsWon78-00002-00000524-00000695": "incredible updates with you.", "coEHnsWon78-00003-00000695-00000893": "So let's get into it.", "coEHnsWon78-00004-00000893-00001216": "First update we have is posts in Studio.", "coEHnsWon78-00005-00001216-00001472": "We talked about this a couple of months ago,", "coEHnsWon78-00006-00001472-00001700": "but today we're announcing that we're rolling this out", "coEHnsWon78-00007-00001700-00001922": "to 100% of creators.", "coEHnsWon78-00008-00001922-00002229": "Now, within studio you might ask, what's changing?", "coEHnsWon78-00009-00002229-00002451": "Well we're renaming the videos", "coEHnsWon78-00010-00002451-00002799": "left navigation item to content.", "coEHnsWon78-00011-00002799-00003100": "And posts eligible creators will see a new tab", "coEHnsWon78-00012-00003100-00003425": "beside uploads, live and stories.", "coEHnsWon78-00013-00003425-00003640": "Let us know if you have any feedback in the comments below", "coEHnsWon78-00014-00003640-00003802": "or through the send feedback link.", "coEHnsWon78-00015-00003802-00004113": "Next up, we have improvements to Studio Mobile.", "coEHnsWon78-00016-00004113-00004259": "sorting and filtering.", "coEHnsWon78-00017-00004259-00004513": "So what we're doing is adding two new filters.", "coEHnsWon78-00018-00004513-00004649": "That's right, two.", "coEHnsWon78-00019-00004649-00004892": "The first one is going to be the number of views", "coEHnsWon78-00020-00004892-00005029": "and the second one is gonna be", "coEHnsWon78-00021-00005029-00005273": "sorting by monetization status.", "coEHnsWon78-00022-00005273-00005600": "Now, that second one is obviously only gonna be applicable", "coEHnsWon78-00023-00005600-00005823": "to monetizing creators.", "coEHnsWon78-00024-00005823-00005957": "Let us know what you think.", "coEHnsWon78-00025-00005957-00006235": "Third update is probably our most exciting,", "coEHnsWon78-00026-00006235-00006431": "which is always really good news", "coEHnsWon78-00027-00006431-00006677": "both for the platform, the people who work for it", "coEHnsWon78-00028-00006677-00006819": "and for the users.", "coEHnsWon78-00029-00006819-00006987": "What we're doing is rolling out", "coEHnsWon78-00030-00006987-00007323": "the YouTube Partnership program in Bangladesh,", "coEHnsWon78-00031-00007323-00007514": "Sri Lanka and Nepal.", "coEHnsWon78-00032-00007514-00007906": "So, you can apply for the program in YouTube Studio", "coEHnsWon78-00033-00007906-00008070": "in the monetization tab.", "coEHnsWon78-00034-00008070-00008249": "If you're in any of those countries,", "coEHnsWon78-00035-00008249-00008403": "please get those applications in.", "coEHnsWon78-00036-00008403-00008579": "We really want monetizing creators", "coEHnsWon78-00037-00008579-00008780": "in each of those countries.", "coEHnsWon78-00038-00008780-00008941": "Next up we have shorts.", "coEHnsWon78-00039-00008941-00009437": "Now we've explained how we view the short shelf as a really", "coEHnsWon78-00040-00009437-00009936": "important place for people to find and interact with shorts.", "coEHnsWon78-00041-00009936-00010208": "But what we want to do this week is walk you through", "coEHnsWon78-00042-00010208-00010550": "a couple of experiments that we're running to further expand", "coEHnsWon78-00043-00010550-00010831": "on the ways in which viewers can find", "coEHnsWon78-00044-00010831-00011005": "and interact with shorts.", "coEHnsWon78-00045-00011005-00011439": "First up, we have shorts in the subscriptions feed.", "coEHnsWon78-00046-00011439-00011704": "Now what we're talking about is shorts appearing", "coEHnsWon78-00047-00011704-00012066": "in the subscriptions feed on the mobile app.", "coEHnsWon78-00048-00012066-00012320": "This has two different components to it.", "coEHnsWon78-00049-00012320-00012620": "The first is that where we see a video,", "coEHnsWon78-00050-00012620-00012986": "which is eligible to be considered as a short,", "coEHnsWon78-00051-00012986-00013287": "that is videos that are vertical in orientation", "coEHnsWon78-00052-00013287-00013566": "and under 60 seconds in duration,", "coEHnsWon78-00053-00013566-00013922": "we'll be putting a label icon in the bottom right-hand", "coEHnsWon78-00054-00013922-00014161": "corner of their previews.", "coEHnsWon78-00055-00014161-00014594": "The second part of this experiment is around browsing.", "coEHnsWon78-00056-00014594-00014844": "What we're gonna be doing is providing users", "coEHnsWon78-00057-00014844-00014941": "with the option.", "coEHnsWon78-00058-00014941-00015285": "Once they selected a short to swipe up or down", "coEHnsWon78-00059-00015285-00015571": "and browse other shorts that have been uploaded", "coEHnsWon78-00060-00015571-00015841": "from channels that they subscribe to.", "coEHnsWon78-00061-00015841-00016229": "We'll be rolling this out to a small group of users globally", "coEHnsWon78-00062-00016229-00016517": "on iOS and Android in the coming weeks.", "coEHnsWon78-00063-00016517-00016988": "Next up we have new ways to find shorts via the mobile app", "coEHnsWon78-00064-00016988-00017380": "on the top and bottom rows of the app itself.", "coEHnsWon78-00065-00017380-00017803": "Now what we're doing is we're swapping out different options", "coEHnsWon78-00066-00017803-00018127": "on the top and bottom rows for this experiment", "coEHnsWon78-00067-00018127-00018285": "for a small group of users.", "coEHnsWon78-00068-00018285-00018570": "I'm replacing one or other of the icons", "coEHnsWon78-00069-00018570-00018809": "with the shorts icon.", "coEHnsWon78-00070-00018809-00019309": "Now, how this gonna work is if you are in the experiment,", "coEHnsWon78-00071-00019314-00019541": "you will see either a shorts icon", "coEHnsWon78-00072-00019541-00019692": "in place of the explore tab", "coEHnsWon78-00073-00019776-00020091": "with the explore icon moved to the top row.", "coEHnsWon78-00074-00020091-00020425": "Or you will see a shorts icon in place with the cast icon", "coEHnsWon78-00075-00020425-00020753": "in the top row and casting can still be done", "coEHnsWon78-00076-00020753-00020953": "in the player while watching a video.", "coEHnsWon78-00077-00020953-00021202": "Now, this experiment is gonna be rolling out,", "coEHnsWon78-00078-00021202-00021550": "similar to the first one to a small group of users in India.", "coEHnsWon78-00079-00021550-00021963": "Only on iOS and Android wile we gather feedback.", "coEHnsWon78-00080-00021963-00022349": "Lastly, we have shorts on explore.", "coEHnsWon78-00081-00022349-00022487": "So what we're talking about here", "coEHnsWon78-00082-00022487-00022910": "is a featured short being added to the explore top.", "coEHnsWon78-00083-00022910-00023252": "This obviously allows viewers to watch the featured short", "coEHnsWon78-00084-00023252-00023534": "and of course browse and watch more shorts.", "coEHnsWon78-00085-00023534-00023803": "What's important to note here is that creators", "coEHnsWon78-00086-00023803-00024038": "and artists on the rise are still available", "coEHnsWon78-00087-00024038-00024323": "and viewers can still easily access trending", "coEHnsWon78-00088-00024323-00024601": "and other destinations such as fashion,", "coEHnsWon78-00089-00024601-00024979": "gaming and news by tapping on the destinations button", "coEHnsWon78-00090-00024979-00025109": "at the top.", "coEHnsWon78-00091-00025109-00025335": "This experiment is only available", "coEHnsWon78-00092-00025335-00025578": "to a small group of users in India.", "coEHnsWon78-00093-00025578-00025805": "So once again India, we're relying on you", "coEHnsWon78-00094-00025805-00026093": "for as much of the feedback as you're willing to provide.", "coEHnsWon78-00095-00026093-00026464": "All right, next up, we have some exciting questions", "coEHnsWon78-00096-00026464-00026623": "from Mike Winger.", "coEHnsWon78-00097-00026623-00026897": "Now what we're doing is continuing our focus on shorts.", "coEHnsWon78-00098-00026897-00027152": "We know this is a big change for the platform.", "coEHnsWon78-00099-00027152-00027335": "We believe it's a positive one.", "coEHnsWon78-00100-00027335-00027636": "That said, anybody who has questions is welcome to post them", "coEHnsWon78-00101-00027636-00027813": "in the comment section", "coEHnsWon78-00102-00027813-00027992": "and we'll continue to answer them.", "coEHnsWon78-00103-00027992-00028383": "So Mike's first question is around the appeal of shorts", "coEHnsWon78-00104-00028383-00028641": "for his subscribers.", "coEHnsWon78-00105-00028641-00028942": "Now he says, will my current subs be turned off", "coEHnsWon78-00106-00028942-00029320": "by shorts resulting in a loss of subscribers?", "coEHnsWon78-00107-00029320-00029569": "Now the answer here is basically,", "coEHnsWon78-00108-00029569-00029760": "you know your audience best.", "coEHnsWon78-00109-00029760-00029991": "We're not gonna tell you what works for you", "coEHnsWon78-00110-00029991-00030179": "and your relationship with your subscribers,", "coEHnsWon78-00111-00030179-00030377": "because you're the expert on that.", "coEHnsWon78-00112-00030377-00030581": "What we would say is that we built", "coEHnsWon78-00113-00030581-00030924": "a product that we believe is positive and engaging,", "coEHnsWon78-00114-00030924-00031148": "and we're seeing great traction", "coEHnsWon78-00115-00031148-00031351": "across the platform to shorts.", "coEHnsWon78-00116-00031351-00031650": "Now, it's gonna take a little while for viewers", "coEHnsWon78-00117-00031650-00031861": "to get used to this new feature.", "coEHnsWon78-00118-00031861-00032095": "So what we'd advise is, try it out.", "coEHnsWon78-00119-00032095-00032250": "Let us know what you think.", "coEHnsWon78-00120-00032250-00032508": "And if you can find any ways we could improve it,", "coEHnsWon78-00121-00032508-00032680": "make sure you leave some feedback", "coEHnsWon78-00122-00032680-00032874": "through the send feedback link", "coEHnsWon78-00123-00032874-00033029": "or in the comments below.", "coEHnsWon78-00124-00033029-00033195": "Next question from Mike,", "coEHnsWon78-00125-00033195-00033426": "what are Youtube's goals with shorts?", "coEHnsWon78-00126-00033426-00033629": "I always try to partner with YouTube", "coEHnsWon78-00127-00033629-00033962": "by achieving your goals while trying to achieve mine.", "coEHnsWon78-00128-00033962-00034386": "Knowing your agenda here helps us better partner with you.", "coEHnsWon78-00129-00034386-00034538": "How can this be a win-win?", "coEHnsWon78-00130-00034538-00034955": "So our answer is that our goal with shorts", "coEHnsWon78-00131-00034955-00035168": "is to empower mobile creators", "coEHnsWon78-00132-00035168-00035527": "and artists on the platform, so they can find an audience", "coEHnsWon78-00133-00035527-00035956": "with our global community of two billion users.", "coEHnsWon78-00134-00035956-00036064": "Simple as that.", "coEHnsWon78-00135-00036064-00036241": "Mike's on a roll.", "coEHnsWon78-00136-00036241-00036393": "He's third question is the following,", "coEHnsWon78-00137-00036393-00036672": "how do the algorithms handle shorts?", "coEHnsWon78-00138-00036672-00036955": "Should I be concerned about keywords and titles", "coEHnsWon78-00139-00036955-00037182": "and in the speech of the video?", "coEHnsWon78-00140-00037182-00037517": "Or just focus on audience experience?", "coEHnsWon78-00141-00037517-00037820": "Well, our answer is that we recommend adding hashtag shorts", "coEHnsWon78-00142-00037820-00038138": "to either the title or description of your video.", "coEHnsWon78-00143-00038138-00038447": "This'll give our system additional insights that will help", "coEHnsWon78-00144-00038447-00038795": "us to determine if your video is a short or not.", "coEHnsWon78-00145-00038795-00039016": "You don't need to add anything else", "coEHnsWon78-00146-00039016-00039255": "to help us serve your video.", "coEHnsWon78-00147-00039255-00039439": "Last question from Mike is,", "coEHnsWon78-00148-00039439-00039645": "are there any other best practices", "coEHnsWon78-00149-00039645-00040025": "specifically related to shorts that you can offer?", "coEHnsWon78-00150-00040025-00040207": "And the answer is of course, Mike,", "coEHnsWon78-00151-00040207-00040404": "we would never let you down.", "coEHnsWon78-00152-00040404-00040713": "The first one is goNNA be start strong.", "coEHnsWon78-00153-00040713-00040868": "And what we mean by that is,", "coEHnsWon78-00154-00040868-00041173": "think about the context of a short on your audience.", "coEHnsWon78-00155-00041173-00041406": "The first couple of seconds are gonna be crucial", "coEHnsWon78-00156-00041406-00041678": "in terms of appealing to the viewer.", "coEHnsWon78-00157-00041678-00041970": "So what you're gonna want to do is take advantage of that", "coEHnsWon78-00158-00041970-00042226": "and make sure that the first couple of seconds", "coEHnsWon78-00159-00042226-00042453": "are as engaging as possible.", "coEHnsWon78-00160-00042453-00042780": "Making sure you're using strong visuals, movement", "coEHnsWon78-00161-00042780-00042971": "and appropriately timed audio,", "coEHnsWon78-00162-00042971-00043169": "all of those can work to your advantage.", "coEHnsWon78-00163-00043169-00043513": "Next up we have structure and surprise.", "coEHnsWon78-00164-00043513-00043781": "What you're gonna want to do is take advantage of that", "coEHnsWon78-00165-00043781-00043974": "familiar story structure.", "coEHnsWon78-00166-00043974-00044305": "A beginning, middle, and end in order to grind", "coEHnsWon78-00167-00044305-00044669": "the viewers attention as they watch your short.", "coEHnsWon78-00168-00044669-00044877": "Also for extra bonus points,", "coEHnsWon78-00169-00044877-00045081": "try and throw in a surprise.", "coEHnsWon78-00170-00045081-00045417": "Throw in a twist or something that can subvert the viewers", "coEHnsWon78-00171-00045417-00045629": "expectations of your content", "coEHnsWon78-00172-00045629-00045830": "and provide them with a nice surprise.", "coEHnsWon78-00173-00045830-00046094": "Next up, showcase your skills.", "coEHnsWon78-00174-00046094-00046449": "Whether it's great comedic timing, fire dance moves,", "coEHnsWon78-00175-00046449-00046869": "or apparently a very popular trend, which is ear wiggling.", "coEHnsWon78-00176-00046869-00047113": "Make sure that you're bringing a little bit of yourself", "coEHnsWon78-00177-00047113-00047523": "into the content, showcasing your skills and strengths.", "coEHnsWon78-00178-00047523-00047653": "But do bear in mind,", "coEHnsWon78-00179-00047653-00048050": "the more you tie yourself to that beginning, middle, end,", "coEHnsWon78-00180-00048050-00048243": "throwing in a surprise structure,", "coEHnsWon78-00181-00048243-00048497": "the more you're setting yourself up for success.", "coEHnsWon78-00182-00048497-00048715": "And the last piece of advice", "coEHnsWon78-00183-00048715-00049009": "we'll give you is, stay accessible.", "coEHnsWon78-00184-00049009-00049436": "So because of YouTube's two billion user community,", "coEHnsWon78-00185-00049436-00049835": "this feature has a huge amount of accessibility.", "coEHnsWon78-00186-00049835-00050140": "Both for subscribers and non-subscribers.", "coEHnsWon78-00187-00050140-00050385": "But what you're gonna want to keep in mind", "coEHnsWon78-00188-00050385-00050784": "is make sure that you keep accessibility front and center.", "coEHnsWon78-00189-00050784-00051008": "So think about viewers who may not", "coEHnsWon78-00190-00051008-00051277": "have the signed on, may not be familiar", "coEHnsWon78-00191-00051277-00051659": "with your content or those who speak a different language.", "coEHnsWon78-00192-00051659-00051904": "You might want to be catering to as well.", "coEHnsWon78-00193-00051904-00052152": "And that friends is all for this week,", "coEHnsWon78-00194-00052152-00052524": "from the creators of YouTube to YouTube creators.", "coEHnsWon78-00195-00052524-00052736": "I've been Connor, tune in next week", "coEHnsWon78-00196-00052736-00053023": "for our next edition of \"Newsflash\"."}}, {"audio_id": "c0d1slr3MU0", "text": {"c0d1slr3MU0-00000-00000000-00000923": "Hi, in this video I’m going to show you how to search through all of the library’s resources using our new search tool.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00001-00000923-00001689": "Through this one search box you can connect to all the library’s books, articles, ebooks, and even our archives.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00002-00001689-00002526": "Let’s say I’m interested in finding information about the Titanic—the real thing, not the movie.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00003-00002526-00003399": "So I’m going to type in my keyword or words in this case, “Titanic.” Start with one or two words. You can always add more later.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00004-00003400-00003840": "Hit enter on the keyboard or Find It!.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00005-00003840-00004913": "This tool finds LOADS of information. 186,394 different articles, books and things.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00006-00004913-00005783": "The tool sorts them by relevance, but looking quickly through this list I can tell the computer can’t really read my mind.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00007-00005783-00006449": "Computers just search for letters in a row. We need to tell it exactly what we are looking for.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00008-00006450-00007220": "Luckily this tool has lots of checkboxes on the left-hand side which can help find what I’m really looking for.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00009-00007220-00008106": "You can refine your search, you can choose a type of content, search for particular subject terms, limit by publication date,", "c0d1slr3MU0-00010-00008106-00009033": "search in a particular part of the library—Level 2 is where we keep most of our newer books, you can even limit by language.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00011-00009033-00009713": "For my particular search I’m going to start limiting by subject.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00012-00009713-00010406": "All of our books, articles etc. have been read by a librarian and “tagged” with what they are really about.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00013-00010406-00010849": "So I can tell the tool that I want to find things on “history.”", "c0d1slr3MU0-00014-00010850-00011846": "You’ll also notice the word “more” clicking on this word will give you even “more” ways to limit your search.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00015-00011846-00012993": "I can now include subject terms like history and shipwrecks and exclude things that I'm not interested in like “motion pictures.”", "c0d1slr3MU0-00016-00012993-00014246": "Click Continue. Now my list is smaller. I can continue to limit further—I can just look at journal articles.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00017-00014246-00014709": "To actually see these articles just click on the title.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00018-00014710-00015526": "You’ll get a screen which shows which databases link to the article and you should see the word “Article” that you can click on.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00019-00015526-00016596": "Each database that opens will look slightly different. Here’s the article in Academic Search Elite.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00020-00016596-00017253": "I can print, email, save, or even cite the article.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00021-00017253-00018109": "Here’s the same article in the Proquest Research", "c0d1slr3MU0-00022-00018110-00018813": "Library. I can print, email, cite it, or save it to a flashdrive.", "c0d1slr3MU0-00023-00018813-00019393": "We hope that our new tool will help you to get to items in the library more easily."}}, {"audio_id": "c0pEioMWxs0", "text": {"c0pEioMWxs0-00000-00002000-00002260": "Arca Ludum is an escape room board game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00001-00002280-00002624": "It offers an opportunity of visiting hidden worlds of talented", "c0pEioMWxs0-00002-00002644-00002935": "and imaginative designers to the enthusiasts of the escape games", "c0pEioMWxs0-00003-00002955-00003142": "which are very popular around the world.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00004-00003218-00003509": "It is playable between 90 to 120 minutes", "c0pEioMWxs0-00005-00003529-00003653": "with 2 to 6 people.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00006-00003690-00004030": "It is an escape game that can be played anywhere you open the box.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00007-00004087-00004511": "It is necessary to use technological devices to solve some mysteries.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00008-00004550-00004750": "Thanks to its easy-to-lock system,", "c0pEioMWxs0-00009-00004770-00005062": "cabinets and drawers can be used as game objects.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00010-00005138-00005405": "Now, let's talk about the stories of the games.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00011-00005455-00005720": "Antidote is a science and thriller themed game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00012-00005720-00005850": "According the story,", "c0pEioMWxs0-00013-00005916-00006329": "A sociopathic doctor, Morgan Handerson who creates a world-threatening virus", "c0pEioMWxs0-00014-00006331-00006531": "is the victim of his own creation.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00015-00006564-00006994": "Fortunately, his assistant Liz, who was working alongside him", "c0pEioMWxs0-00016-00006996-00007326": "was able to report to the police station that the formula of the antidote", "c0pEioMWxs0-00017-00007328-00007528": "was in the lab before the virus had spread.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00018-00007571-00007791": "You will 90 minutes to accomplish,", "c0pEioMWxs0-00019-00007793-00008213": "otherwise, you will be exterminated just in case you get caught the virus.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00020-00008400-00008720": "Jack the Ripper is a crime and mystery themed game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00021-00008892-00009142": "London wakes up on a bloody morning.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00022-00009144-00009394": "The panic in the city is increasing day by day", "c0pEioMWxs0-00023-00009397-00009637": "and the pressure on the security forces deepens.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00024-00009679-00010009": "In the last seven months, the casualty reached five,", "c0pEioMWxs0-00025-00010022-00010272": "after the brutal murder committed last night.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00026-00010274-00010624": "These murders are very similar to the methods of a world-famous killer:", "c0pEioMWxs0-00027-00010626-00010826": "Jack the Ripper.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00028-00010829-00011129": "You have managed to identify the address of the potential suspect.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00029-00011131-00011351": "You and your team are on your way.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00030-00011394-00011714": "You have only 90 minutes to decrypt the killer’s identity", "c0pEioMWxs0-00031-00011716-00011916": "and find where the hostage is.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00032-00011918-00012318": "Hey Sharon! Let's tell the people how can they have this game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00033-00012321-00012421": "All right!", "c0pEioMWxs0-00034-00012423-00012573": "Order the game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00035-00012576-00012806": "Let the box delivered your doorstep.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00036-00012828-00012978": "Open the box.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00037-00012980-00013250": "Hide the puzzles where you desire in your place.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00038-00013283-00013443": "Call your friends.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00039-00013445-00013645": "Enjoy the game!", "c0pEioMWxs0-00040-00013768-00013918": "Thank you Sharon!", "c0pEioMWxs0-00041-00013920-00014200": "Both of the games have similar game mechanics.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00042-00014202-00014582": "In each game, there are five different types of material in the box.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00043-00014585-00014935": "The Game Guide tells all players the general rules of the game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00044-00014937-00015287": "Only the game master should look at the game master guide.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00045-00015290-00015560": "It leads through the installation of the game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00046-00015562-00015872": "The Answer Key contains the full solution of the game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00047-00015894-00016314": "Incident Report is a report that clearly describes the purpose of the players", "c0pEioMWxs0-00048-00016317-00016617": "in the game and includes the introduction text of the story.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00049-00016649-00017039": "Puzzle Materials consists of papers of different sizes and features", "c0pEioMWxs0-00050-00017042-00017422": "which contain clues and puzzles that players must follow in the game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00051-00017424-00017854": "Game Materials are objects that meet the decoration requirements of the game.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00052-00017916-00018266": "The game master can easily lock furniture such as cupboard and drawer", "c0pEioMWxs0-00053-00018269-00018469": "with the help of the easy-to-lock system.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00054-00018471-00018821": "Also in every game, there are Stickers as a gift.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00055-00018824-00019024": "Would you like to tell about why the people", "c0pEioMWxs0-00056-00019036-00019256": "support Arca Ludum project Sharon?", "c0pEioMWxs0-00057-00019358-00019498": "All right Tim!", "c0pEioMWxs0-00058-00019501-00019701": "You can play it where you want.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00059-00019713-00019933": "It is suitable for playing with your family.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00060-00019956-00020296": "It is quite affordable compared to real life escape games.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00061-00020348-00020798": "For collectors, it features unique content in boxes with unique designs.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00062-00020870-00021130": "You can invite your friends to a party at your home", "c0pEioMWxs0-00063-00021133-00021413": "and put the escape game at the center of your party.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00064-00021505-00021685": "Thank you again Sharon.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00065-00021698-00021958": "Exciting adventures are not limited to this.", "c0pEioMWxs0-00066-00022000-00022170": "Mr. Wiser’s Plan...", "c0pEioMWxs0-00067-00022172-00022342": "Poe's Dream...", "c0pEioMWxs0-00068-00022345-00022515": "Dragon's Treasure...", "c0pEioMWxs0-00069-00022517-00022717": "Coming in next summer!"}}, {"audio_id": "c0x-jAuzdLk", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "c0BukmsdXT8", "text": {"c0BukmsdXT8-00000-00000000-00000426": "What drives people and how do they", "c0BukmsdXT8-00001-00000426-00000687": "nourish their creative process. There were very", "c0BukmsdXT8-00002-00000687-00000951": "interesting metaphors used by scriptwriters.", "c0BukmsdXT8-00003-00000951-00001232": "So being like a hunter in the forest,", "c0BukmsdXT8-00004-00001232-00001443": "always being on the alert, always", "c0BukmsdXT8-00005-00001443-00001679": "being on the lookout for something new,", "c0BukmsdXT8-00006-00001679-00001931": "for a new perspective, a new idea, a new", "c0BukmsdXT8-00007-00001931-00002187": "angle of looking at things. And also,", "c0BukmsdXT8-00008-00002201-00002473": "this is really... I love this expression,", "c0BukmsdXT8-00009-00002473-00002818": "that we are permanently nourished by the", "c0BukmsdXT8-00010-00002818-00003054": "spectacle of the others. And what is this", "c0BukmsdXT8-00011-00003054-00003346": "spectacle about again ? is this marvelling", "c0BukmsdXT8-00012-00003346-00003611": "at the fact that other people", "c0BukmsdXT8-00013-00003611-00003740": "have different views and different", "c0BukmsdXT8-00014-00003740-00003910": "perspectives from our own.", "c0BukmsdXT8-00015-00003916-00004136": "To a great extent our fascination with", "c0BukmsdXT8-00016-00004136-00004352": "others comes from the fact that they can", "c0BukmsdXT8-00017-00004358-00004566": "always surprise us and they can make us", "c0BukmsdXT8-00018-00004572-00004824": "rethink what we thought we knew."}}, {"audio_id": "c1uiYjI5k28", "text": {"c1uiYjI5k28-00000-00000006-00003030": "are not cold and uh I will find you and I will burn your house beautiful moment beautiful uh", "c1uiYjI5k28-00001-00003126-00003492": "oh my God yeah", "c1uiYjI5k28-00002-00004130-00004230": "[Laughter]", "c1uiYjI5k28-00003-00004230-00004542": "sorry okay", "c1uiYjI5k28-00004-00005052-00005844": "just one just one one okay don't uh my Instagram check my Instagram because tomorrow"}}, {"audio_id": "c1xZndQ28ic", "text": {"c1xZndQ28ic-00000-00000600-00002648": "The former Big Brother presenter recently split from her husband of 17 years. But Davina McCall, 50, is seemingly upholding a positive attitude in this difficult new chapter, and has focused her energy into working out.", "c1xZndQ28ic-00001-00002798-00004392": "After sharing a jaw-dropping photo of her rock hard abs last week, Davina has opened up about her body confidence, admitting she 'doesn't care if she appeals to men'.", "c1xZndQ28ic-00002-00004542-00005839": "Comparing middle-aged women's body confidence to that of men, Davina said the opposite sex don't have any 'role models'", "c1xZndQ28ic-00003-00005989-00008044": "She said on the Is It Just Me? podcast with ex Glamour editor Jo Elvin: 'Women think, 'I don't care if I appeal to men anymore, I want to feel amazing in myself, and I want to be the best version of myself I can be'.'", "c1xZndQ28ic-00004-00008194-00009733": "Davina added: 'Whereas guys think, 'Am I losing my allure? Where am I going, what's my job?' That's a mid life crisis for a guy.'", "c1xZndQ28ic-00005-00009883-00010964": "The TV star's candid chat come after she admitted to being 'a bit lonely' on Christmas Day.", "c1xZndQ28ic-00006-00011114-00012857": "Davina, who has just split from her husband of 17 years, Matthew Robertson, took to social media to share a heartwarming message with anyone who may be feeling low or missing their loved ones.", "c1xZndQ28ic-00007-00013007-00014479": "She said: 'Hey everybody - I just wanted to say a very happy Christmas and I wanted to also say happy Christmas to anybody who's feeling a bit lonely.", "c1xZndQ28ic-00008-00014629-00016871": "'I think it's one of those days, isn't it? Where, sometimes even if you're in a huge group of people it's quite possible to feel lonely or if you've lost someone you really care about, and this is your first Christmas without them, or if you couldn't get home to your family.", "c1xZndQ28ic-00009-00017021-00018769": "'Anyway, I'm sending everybody a great big Christmassy hug.' Davina went on to remind people that they should try and enjoy the holidays as best they can, despite what they may be feeling."}}, {"audio_id": "c1N1ZqUkzHA", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "c2yDUEhNnZQ", "text": {"c2yDUEhNnZQ-00000-00000298-00000689": "- Welcome everybody to our bioengineering seminar series.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00001-00000689-00001055": "It's my great pleasure to introduce my good friend,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00002-00001055-00001394": "Dr. Sandeep Gopalakrishnan.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00003-00001394-00001659": "Sandeep is an assistant professor", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00004-00001659-00002113": "and directs the Bio Behavior Research Lab", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00005-00002113-00002417": "in the College of Nursing at UWM.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00006-00002417-00002590": "And he's an active member", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00007-00002590-00002910": "of McPherson Eye Research Institute", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00008-00002910-00003195": "at University of Wisconsin-Madison.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00009-00003195-00003415": "Prior to joining UWM,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00010-00003597-00003810": "Sandeep was a post-doc fellow", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00011-00003810-00004134": "in the lab of Dr. David Harder", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00012-00004134-00004331": "at the Cardiovascular Center,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00013-00004331-00004536": "Medical College of Wisconsin", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00014-00004536-00004892": "where his research focused on identifying", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00015-00004892-00005271": "the role of autoregulation in cerebral blood flow.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00016-00005361-00005767": "For the doctoral studies at UWM,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00017-00005767-00006099": "he investigated the use of near infrared photons", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00018-00006099-00006325": "in the treatment of retinal injury,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00019-00006325-00006695": "retinal degenerative diseases, neurodegenerative diseases", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00020-00006695-00007056": "under the guidance of Prof. Janice Ellis.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00021-00007056-00007338": "And his current research involves developing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00022-00007338-00007731": "and translating novel therapeutic strategies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00023-00007731-00007926": "to improve wound healing.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00024-00007926-00008205": "Sandeep is going to give a talk on", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00025-00008205-00008563": "light-based technologies in wound care.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00026-00008563-00008661": "Sandeep, please?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00027-00008661-00008861": "- Thank you very much, Dr. Andy.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00028-00008861-00009070": "So many of you heard the introduction", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00029-00009070-00009227": "you can see that the career trajectory", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00030-00009227-00009518": "has more from one area of research to other to other,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00031-00009518-00009745": "but the interesting as well as fascinating thing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00032-00009745-00010086": "is that there are a lot of overlapping,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00033-00010086-00010479": "overlapping research themes to that basic", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00034-00010479-00010680": "switch from one area to the other.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00035-00010680-00011021": "So today what I want to discuss is basically", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00036-00011021-00011265": "the significance of chronic, non-healing wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00037-00011265-00011606": "and some of the interventions that are currently in place,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00038-00011606-00011839": "some of the disadvantages in the context", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00039-00011839-00012104": "of a clinical process.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00040-00012104-00012404": "As a bioengineering student,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00041-00012404-00012571": "what are some of the inputs that you can", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00042-00012571-00012951": "bring in to the page in developing novel interventions", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00043-00012951-00013226": "in and around chronic non-healing wounds?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00044-00013226-00013384": "So the title as we can see is", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00045-00013384-00013766": "Light-based Technologies in Wound Care.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00046-00013766-00014008": "And we will slowly go in there before", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00047-00014008-00014174": "even we start there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00048-00014174-00014393": "As you know the skin is a very intact area,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00049-00014393-00014668": "and those who have taken classes in immunology", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00050-00014668-00014900": "knows that it's a very integral part of your", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00051-00014900-00015272": "innate immune system providing you the barrier function.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00052-00015272-00015494": "And you can see the stratification pattern", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00053-00015494-00015682": "and the reason why I'm mentioning these slides", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00054-00015682-00015871": "is because of the significance of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00055-00016002-00016260": "different layers involved in wound formation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00056-00016260-00016467": "as well as wound pathogenesis.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00057-00016467-00016742": "So as we can see it's a highly stratified layer,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00058-00016742-00016914": "and I don't want to go into the depth", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00059-00016914-00017338": "of the anatomical characterization of this organ.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00060-00017338-00017515": "And again this is one of the largest", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00061-00017515-00017729": "organ systems in your body.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00062-00017729-00018127": "So very fascinating way structures or cells are", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00063-00018127-00018332": "aligned in a unique fashion.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00064-00018332-00018614": "And there's a lot of key players", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00065-00018614-00018938": "in this particular cellular pool.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00066-00018938-00019284": "As you can see the keratinocytes play a significant role.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00067-00019284-00019529": "The Langerhans cells which are, again,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00068-00019529-00019782": "part of the immune cells play a significant role.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00069-00019782-00020066": "So you can read through all the unique cell types", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00070-00020066-00020188": "that play a significant role.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00071-00020188-00020390": "And again blood vessels.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00072-00020390-00020727": "So as you go deeper to the skin layers", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00073-00020727-00020963": "you have the blood vessels playing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00074-00020963-00021130": "a significant role as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00075-00021130-00021458": "And again it's really interesting to know", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00076-00021458-00021610": "the immunological perspective", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00077-00021610-00022017": "of this particular structure as well because with time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00078-00022017-00022314": "the immune system has been classified", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00079-00022314-00022609": "as a skin associated lymphoid tissue as well", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00080-00022609-00022864": "because there are a lot of autoimmune disorders", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00081-00022864-00023219": "that you can see on the skin surfaces similar to psoriasis,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00082-00023219-00023715": "various other hypersensitivity reactions so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00083-00023715-00023955": "So the skin, being the largest organ in the body,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00084-00023955-00024235": "obviously, possesses an array of functions", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00085-00024235-00024448": "acting as a barrier for protection.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00086-00024448-00024740": "So it basically gives you a membrane", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00087-00024740-00024960": "that separates your internal environment", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00088-00024960-00025184": "from that of the external environment.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00089-00025184-00025331": "And the interesting factor is that", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00090-00025331-00025576": "your skin is in constant crosstalk", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00091-00025576-00025841": "with whatever changes that is happening in the environment.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00092-00025841-00026111": "For example the temperature in the room is changing.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00093-00026111-00026331": "For example when you are holding your pizza,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00094-00026331-00026613": "for example when you are touching", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00095-00026613-00026904": "the surface of the table that you are sitting,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00096-00026904-00027192": "always the skin interacts with the physical,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00097-00027192-00027604": "chemical, as well as the microbiome phenotype", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00098-00027604-00027826": "of those surfaces, so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00099-00027826-00028047": "It's a really, really fascinating structure.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00100-00028224-00028504": "And from a physiological standpoint,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00101-00028504-00028748": "it prevents dehydration and it acts as", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00102-00028748-00029098": "sensory, thermoregulatory organ as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00103-00029098-00029402": "And when you live in geographical locations", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00104-00029402-00029677": "similar to this, significance of Vitamin D", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00105-00029677-00029964": "and its corresponding role in your immune system", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00106-00029964-00030129": "as well as in generating various", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00107-00030129-00030586": "autoimmune disorders are of huge, huge significance as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00108-00030586-00030748": "So if you closely observe what are", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00109-00030748-00031066": "some of the cellular events that can", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00110-00031066-00031281": "happen on the surface of the skin,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00111-00031281-00031525": "for example you have the keratinocytes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00112-00031525-00031858": "on basically on the top of the layer,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00113-00031858-00032076": "so you can have UV radiations,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00114-00032076-00032301": "when you wash your hand with soap,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00115-00032301-00032664": "or when you expose various molecules to your skin surface,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00116-00032664-00032866": "it can be toxins, it can be irritants,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00117-00032866-00033169": "it can be any molecules that you encounter", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00118-00033169-00033337": "in your day-to-day life.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00119-00033337-00033564": "So whatever thing that is happening over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00120-00033564-00033921": "you can see if it is a noxious stimuli,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00121-00033921-00034141": "or if it's a stimuli that can generate", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00122-00034141-00034389": "any sort of dangerous response,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00123-00034389-00034731": "you can see tons of downstream signaling pathways", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00124-00034731-00034969": "that are kicked in, and as a result of which", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00125-00034969-00035199": "you end up producing mechanisms", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00126-00035199-00035552": "that can alter various type of cellular phenotype as well", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00127-00035552-00035775": "or cellular properties with time as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00128-00035775-00036067": "And again I don't want to go to into the complexities", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00129-00036067-00036263": "of those downstream pathways,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00130-00036263-00036677": "the overall theme here that I want to identify is that", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00131-00036677-00036874": "when you are exposed to a noxious", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00132-00036874-00037057": "or a dangerous stimuli,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00133-00037057-00037476": "you end up producing a cascade of signaling pathways", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00134-00037476-00037913": "thereby variety of cellular events are altered with time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00135-00038090-00038305": "And the problem of wound healing is presumably", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00136-00038305-00038493": "as old as mankind itself, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00137-00038598-00038811": "During the evolutionary perspective,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00138-00038811-00039073": "you have wounds happening all the time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00139-00039073-00039364": "during that evolutionary phases of your life.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00140-00039364-00039589": "And as you can see the need for surgical care", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00141-00039589-00039901": "of survivors of accidents or animal attacks", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00142-00039901-00040118": "during the early part of the evolution", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00143-00040118-00040381": "is one of the story of civilization, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00144-00040381-00040705": "As it is the story of medical care of those wounded in that", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00145-00040705-00041141": "other peculiarly human endeavors similar to that of warfare.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00146-00041141-00041340": "So fighting each other, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00147-00041340-00041612": "Having various type of physical interactions", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00148-00041612-00041863": "have always created sort of situations", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00149-00041863-00041987": "similar to that of wounds,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00150-00041987-00042146": "and obviously those wounds would have healed,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00151-00042146-00042325": "or those wouldn't have healed, we don't know", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00152-00042325-00042503": "at this point in time, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00153-00042503-00042793": "So one interesting factor is that the issues", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00154-00042793-00043165": "revolving around wounds are there from", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00155-00043165-00043373": "the beginning of mankind itself.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00156-00043373-00043637": "So the treatment of our wounds is an ancient art.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00157-00043637-00043889": "So there are lot of things that came into", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00158-00043889-00044067": "treating variety of wounds,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00159-00044067-00044333": "constantly refined to reflect obviously improvements", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00160-00044333-00044575": "in the weapon technology for example,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00161-00044785-00045050": "if 500, 600 years ago", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00162-00045050-00045314": "the wounds that at that point time was a concern", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00163-00045314-00045515": "was maybe a spear wound, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00164-00045515-00045648": "A wound with a sharp object.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00165-00045648-00045901": "But now it probably will be a blunt wood", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00166-00045901-00046157": "versus various other forms sophistication", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00167-00046157-00046585": "that has emerged due to technology.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00168-00046585-00046916": "And war transportation that the subject practices,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00169-00046916-00047070": "and various surgical techniques", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00170-00047070-00047283": "would have really, really revolutionized the way", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00171-00047283-00047524": "the individuals have dealt with", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00172-00047524-00047817": "variety of wound during those processes.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00173-00047817-00047998": "And the reason why I mentioned that was", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00174-00047998-00048341": "because immense technologies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00175-00048341-00048716": "that has used in the field of military science", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00176-00048716-00048901": "or whatever it is that you can call", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00177-00048901-00049177": "has been translated to various civilian", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00178-00049177-00049377": "emergency situations as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00179-00049377-00049578": "So developments in military trauma care", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00180-00049578-00049756": "for musculoskeletal injuries", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00181-00049756-00050108": "have greatly influenced civilian emergency medicine.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00182-00050108-00050314": "And again that is true with various other", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00183-00050314-00050482": "scientific disciplines as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00184-00050482-00050709": "So the emerging technologies that have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00185-00050709-00050932": "immediate application in the field of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00186-00051040-00051261": "military science down the road", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00187-00051261-00051730": "gets slowly translated to civilian environments.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00188-00051838-00051992": "So traumatic injury as you can see", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00189-00051992-00052149": "is the leading cause of mortality", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00190-00052149-00052422": "in almost all geographic locations.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00191-00052422-00052625": "And in addition to trauma at this point of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00192-00052625-00052858": "we are discussing in the context of trauma,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00193-00052858-00053049": "you have millions of surgical wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00194-00053049-00053202": "that are created annually in the course", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00195-00053202-00053408": "of routine medical processes, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00196-00053408-00053751": "So tons of surgeries happens in the clinics all the time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00197-00053751-00054053": "and as a result of those surgical interventions", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00198-00054053-00054204": "you are basically creating wound, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00199-00054204-00054492": "You are basically creating a fine incision wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00200-00054492-00054684": "in achieving a particular goal", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00201-00054684-00054892": "through that surgical process.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00202-00054892-00055119": "Facilitating healing of these unintended", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00203-00055119-00055269": "and deliberate injuries", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00204-00055365-00055484": "and minimizing then,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00205-00055484-00055733": "these are some of the factors that I wanted to mention", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00206-00055733-00055980": "that can translate into the clinical practice", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00207-00055980-00056169": "at this point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00208-00056169-00056466": "And there can be variety of injuries as you can see.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00209-00056466-00056716": "You can have arterial ulcers,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00210-00056716-00056936": "you can have sickle cell ulcers.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00211-00056936-00057220": "These are much more specific forms of injuries", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00212-00057220-00057411": "that you can see in the clinical practice.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00213-00057411-00057691": "Post-operative wounds is a huge area.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00214-00057691-00057984": "Post-operative wounds, burns, acute wounds.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00215-00057984-00058290": "Acute, for example, when you stumble upon a sharp object,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00216-00058290-00058514": "the acute wounds that you are getting over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00217-00058514-00058745": "Pressure ulcers, a huge issue in nursing homes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00218-00058745-00058951": "especially in geriatric set ups.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00219-00058951-00059212": "You have pressure ulcers as a result of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00220-00059212-00059516": "pressure forces directly interacting with your soft tissue", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00221-00059516-00059676": "on an extended period of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00222-00059676-00059845": "And because of the immobilization", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00223-00059845-00060017": "that goes hand in hand with that,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00224-00060017-00060345": "pressure ulcer is a huge clinical burden", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00225-00060345-00060488": "at this point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00226-00060488-00060966": "Chronic leg ulcers that can be from a diabetes background,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00227-00060966-00061336": "that can be from any vascular abnormality background", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00228-00061336-00061498": "all contribute to that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00229-00061498-00061662": "Venous insufficiency disorders,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00230-00061662-00062017": "vascular abnormalities that is accumulating with time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00231-00062017-00062517": "So whatever type of wound that we are discussing over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00232-00062570-00062860": "it has huge economic burden that goes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00233-00062860-00063360": "hand in hand with the public health scenario as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00234-00063567-00064008": "And studies around wound as well as wound healing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00235-00064008-00064367": "is being there using various animal models.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00236-00064367-00064741": "So you can see few examples of animal models over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00237-00064741-00065102": "The drosophilia model verses the chick model", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00238-00065102-00065329": "versus the mouse, versus the zebrafish model.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00239-00065329-00065633": "And again most of the information that we know", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00240-00065633-00065875": "at this point of time with respect to", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00241-00065875-00066050": "various signaling pathways involved", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00242-00066050-00066256": "in human wound healing is derived from", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00243-00066256-00066515": "studies on rodent models to be honest.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00244-00066515-00066872": "And there are much more focus", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00245-00066872-00067121": "as well as emphasis at this point of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00246-00067121-00067347": "dealing with drosophilia as well as", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00247-00067347-00067546": "the zebrafish model because obviously", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00248-00067546-00067675": "you know that you can manipulate", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00249-00067675-00068175": "the genotype of those organisms very fast enough.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00250-00068275-00068426": "They multiply faster", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00251-00068426-00068645": "so you can have much more generational study", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00252-00068645-00068887": "with those type of organisms as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00253-00068887-00069033": "So one of the mysteries in the field", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00254-00069033-00069239": "of tissue regeneration as well as repair", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00255-00069239-00069555": "is the heterogenecity among the worst organisms, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00256-00069555-00070017": "So again there is no \"model\" at this point of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00257-00070017-00070225": "that exactly reflects what is happening", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00258-00070225-00070450": "in the human beings unless you basically", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00259-00070450-00070770": "do the experimentation in the human population.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00260-00070770-00070965": "So the closest model at this point of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00261-00070965-00071255": "is the swine model or the pig model.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00262-00071255-00071570": "The reason is because of the nature of the tissue", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00263-00071570-00071764": "as well as the stratification it has", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00264-00071764-00072074": "that closely matches with that of the human skin.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00265-00072356-00072541": "As you can see the heterogenecity", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00266-00072541-00072768": "is a huge issue at this point of time,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00267-00072768-00072988": "and some organisms perfectly regenerate", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00268-00072988-00073180": "injured tissues and organs.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00269-00073180-00073433": "There are a lot of organisms that perfectly regenerate.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00270-00073433-00073870": "Many of the reptile organisms, basically,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00271-00073870-00074136": "regenerate at a faster rate as well,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00272-00074136-00074435": "whereas others replace the damage tissue by pathological.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00273-00074435-00074721": "In the process of repairing you can have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00274-00074721-00074967": "this function that goes hand in hand with that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00275-00074967-00075197": "You can have a perfect replacement of the tissue", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00276-00075197-00075427": "that is damaged or you will be replacing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00277-00075427-00075758": "the tissue that is damaged with a scar tissue as well,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00278-00075758-00075966": "or an abnormal tissue that is formed", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00279-00075966-00076340": "as a result of that regenerative process.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00280-00076340-00076545": "So in humans perfect tissue regeneration", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00281-00076545-00076778": "has only been described in the fetal skin.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00282-00076778-00077022": "So of all the post-natal skin injuries", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00283-00077022-00077351": "will end up producing some sort of scar tissue", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00284-00077351-00077647": "unless it is a damage in the brain.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00285-00077647-00077730": "Correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00286-00077730-00077815": "If it's a injury in the brain", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00287-00077815-00077974": "you generally don't produce scar tissue,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00288-00077974-00078228": "but apart from that all post-natal wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00289-00078228-00078355": "at this point of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00290-00078355-00078855": "will create some sort of remnant tissue phenotype", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00291-00078936-00079169": "that goes hand in hand with that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00292-00079169-00079364": "Few examples are mentioned over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00293-00079364-00079602": "So for example the linear hypertrophy scar", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00294-00079602-00079795": "after a midline sternotomy for example", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00295-00079795-00079997": "if you are doing cardiothoracic surgeries,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00296-00079997-00080285": "and if you are basically cutting", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00297-00080285-00080625": "your rib cage out which is technically the sternotomy,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00298-00080625-00080937": "you end up producing scars similar to this.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00299-00080937-00081263": "B, it's nothing but a scar from a burn injury.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00300-00081263-00081433": "And on the right panel you are seeing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00301-00081433-00081783": "a hypertrophied scar formation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00302-00081783-00082056": "which is something known as a keloid formation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00303-00082056-00082355": "as a result of presternal folliculitis.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00304-00082355-00082537": "So these are some of the outcomes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00305-00082537-00082732": "that you can expect as a result of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00306-00082732-00082918": "wound healing process as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00307-00082918-00083133": "And even if you notice the wounds in your hands", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00308-00083133-00083393": "or in your legs or in your body at some point of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00309-00083393-00083543": "that has happened before,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00310-00083543-00084043": "you can see a remnant of that in your body landmarks, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00311-00084061-00084250": "So that is very, very interesting", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00312-00084250-00084587": "with respect to human wound regeneration", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00313-00084587-00084765": "as well as healing.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00314-00084765-00084910": "So demographically as we can see", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00315-00084910-00085039": "the number of patients suffering", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00316-00085039-00085328": "from chronic wounds and impaired healing conditions", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00317-00085328-00085648": "is reaching epidemic proportions or numbers,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00318-00085648-00085878": "and the reason is because of the underlying", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00319-00085878-00086162": "physiological reasons contributed by", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00320-00086162-00086333": "diabetes to begin with and again", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00321-00086333-00086724": "the epidemic nature of diabetes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00322-00086724-00086969": "and various other vascular abnormalities", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00323-00086969-00087220": "are obviously contributing to that huge numbers", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00324-00087220-00087406": "that you are seeing over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00325-00087406-00087849": "So few clinically common presentations", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00326-00087849-00087947": "are mentioned over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00327-00087947-00088160": "You have venous leg ulcers.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00328-00088160-00088443": "You have the diabetic foot ulcers or DFUs", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00329-00088443-00088851": "obviously seen in chronic diabetes situations", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00330-00088851-00089006": "where you have uncontrolled diabetes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00331-00089006-00089180": "for an extended period of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00332-00089180-00089480": "that progresses to various type of neuropathies.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00333-00089480-00089623": "And when you step on hard objects", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00334-00089623-00089901": "or sharp objects or warm objects or cold objects,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00335-00089901-00090105": "you generally don't feel that sensation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00336-00090105-00090289": "because of that neuropathy.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00337-00090289-00090416": "So when you have diabetes today", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00338-00090416-00090622": "you don't get chronic wounds tomorrow.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00339-00090622-00091001": "It happens over an extended period of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00340-00091001-00091243": "as a result of uncontrolled hyperglycemia", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00341-00091243-00091428": "that goes hand in hand", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00342-00091428-00091763": "that leads to a final neuropathic situation, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00343-00091852-00092030": "Infections that goes hand in hand", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00344-00092030-00092153": "with diabetic foot ulcers", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00345-00092153-00092557": "very commonly seen clinical phenotype over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00346-00092557-00092770": "As a result of it you can even have foot deformation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00347-00092770-00092967": "I don't want to put very complex", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00348-00092967-00093171": "as well as scary images over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00349-00093171-00093331": "You can have various type of deformities", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00350-00093331-00093662": "that is happening to these extremities as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00351-00093662-00093844": "Hypertrophic scars as you can see", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00352-00093844-00094096": "in the lower panel over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00353-00094096-00094409": "arterial ulcers as a result of vascular abnormalities", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00354-00094409-00094612": "as well as either it can be", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00355-00094612-00094907": "an end result of a necrotic or an ischemic", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00356-00094907-00095391": "event hat is going in that vessel related anatomy.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00357-00095391-00095740": "Pressure sores, another very fascinating pathology.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00358-00095740-00095928": "You can see when you are immobilized", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00359-00095928-00096122": "for an extended period of time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00360-00096122-00096470": "and the soft tissue pressure interactions basically drive,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00361-00096470-00096851": "and again all these wounds are graded in various scales.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00362-00096851-00097134": "You can have a grade one, grade two, grade three, grade four", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00363-00097134-00097427": "which basically tells you the type of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00364-00097427-00097701": "clinical trajectory of that particular", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00365-00097701-00097870": "clinical picture as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00366-00097870-00098108": "Then we have keloid which again is", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00367-00098108-00098323": "a reflection what you are seeing over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00368-00098495-00098741": "And it can be from a constant growth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00369-00098741-00099060": "As we can see, because as a result of regeneration", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00370-00099060-00099337": "the tissue is exaggerating the response, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00371-00099337-00099530": "As a result of if you have extra tissue", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00372-00099530-00099845": "that is formed over here which is the keloid.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00373-00099845-00100058": "You have an exaggerated response to,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00374-00100058-00100412": "and again it depends upon your other immune factors,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00375-00100412-00100698": "the type of wound, the layers of skin involved", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00376-00100698-00100910": "in that process, your genotype,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00377-00100910-00101156": "your environment interaction, so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00378-00101258-00101457": "So the wound care awareness", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00379-00101457-00101635": "is a really, really important thing.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00380-00101635-00101843": "So as we can see some of the frequencies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00381-00101843-00101997": "and stats over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00382-00101997-00102243": "it's a huge public health burden though", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00383-00102243-00102405": "especially in the geriatric world.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00384-00102405-00102588": "It's a huge public health issue.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00385-00102588-00102888": "So in the US alone more than six million people", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00386-00102888-00103123": "are afflicted with chronic wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00387-00103123-00103611": "which is placing a major burden on the health care systems.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00388-00103611-00103892": "So you can see the dollar numbers over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00389-00103892-00104230": "50 billion more than many common cancers together.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00390-00104230-00104558": "So in a public health perspective", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00391-00104558-00104803": "even though it is less seen,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00392-00104803-00105008": "when you hear cancer versus a wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00393-00105008-00105206": "you generally don't feel that", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00394-00105206-00105551": "significance of those numbers", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00395-00105551-00105663": "with respect to a wound,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00396-00105663-00105932": "but it is a huge, huge public health issue.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00397-00105932-00106208": "So 15% of all diabetic patients", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00398-00106208-00106483": "are supposed to end up having", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00399-00106483-00106634": "a diabetic foot ulcer at some point", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00400-00106634-00106753": "of time in their life.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00401-00106753-00107077": "So millions are newly diagnosed every year with diabetes.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00402-00107077-00107263": "So obviously you can expect", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00403-00107263-00107518": "the number of chronic non-healing wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00404-00107518-00107946": "with diabetic foot ulcers with time as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00405-00107946-00108288": "And especially as a result of the DFUs you end up having,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00406-00108288-00108515": "amputations that goes with disability,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00407-00108515-00108715": "that goes with your work times,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00408-00108715-00109054": "away from your productive years so on and so forth,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00409-00109054-00109309": "that again contributes as well as", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00410-00109309-00109492": "accelerates the economic burden", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00411-00109492-00109616": "associated with that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00412-00109711-00109923": "So from there let's see what are some", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00413-00109923-00110119": "of the fascinating features associated", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00414-00110119-00110202": "with wound healing.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00415-00110202-00110423": "So wound healing after skin injury involves", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00416-00110423-00110596": "obviously extensive communication", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00417-00110596-00110861": "between different cellular constituents", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00418-00110861-00111118": "that we have discussed in our earlier slides.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00419-00111118-00111267": "So you have stratification.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00420-00111267-00111558": "You have variety of unique cells in various layers,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00421-00111558-00111891": "and unique properties associated with that layer as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00422-00111891-00112119": "So obviously when you are having an injury,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00423-00112119-00112255": "whatever maybe the injury,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00424-00112255-00112403": "when you are having an injury there should be", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00425-00112403-00112656": "immediate crosstalk between various players", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00426-00112656-00112986": "in that particular anatomy that should", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00427-00112986-00113236": "communicate with the rest of your immune system", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00428-00113236-00113392": "in a physiological manner there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00429-00113392-00113788": "But many players come into that particular side", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00430-00113788-00114053": "to basically quench that response.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00431-00114053-00114221": "So different cellular constituents", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00432-00114221-00114393": "of the diverse compartments of the skin,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00433-00114393-00114609": "and obviously the extracellular matrix, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00434-00114609-00114777": "The matrix that basically holds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00435-00114777-00114951": "all these structures together.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00436-00114951-00115105": "It can be collagen, it can be various", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00437-00115105-00115348": "other extracellular matrix components.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00438-00115432-00115584": "So in a normal physiological condition", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00439-00115584-00115761": "restoration of function,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00440-00115761-00116018": "functional epithelial barrier is highly efficient.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00441-00116018-00116353": "So if you are having a normal physiology", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00442-00116353-00116469": "and if you are having a wound,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00443-00116469-00116702": "you are expected to have a complete wound closure", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00444-00116702-00116845": "or a complete wound healing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00445-00116845-00117069": "happening with X amount of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00446-00117069-00117192": "It depends upon the wound depth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00447-00117192-00117358": "It depends upon the wound area.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00448-00117358-00117601": "It depends upon the other characteristics of the wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00449-00117601-00117879": "But you are expecting to have a healing event", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00450-00117879-00118240": "at some point of time after that particular insult.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00451-00118240-00118396": "But when you are having various type", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00452-00118396-00118767": "of underlying pathologies similar to that of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00453-00118767-00118954": "vascular abnormalities.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00454-00118954-00119260": "And again I'm reemphasizing the significance", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00455-00119260-00119549": "of diabetes or hyperglycemia over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00456-00119549-00119801": "you start screwing up everything.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00457-00119801-00119954": "And the discussion revolves around", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00458-00119954-00120144": "other things as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00459-00120144-00120510": "So the normal wound related", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00460-00120510-00120761": "or wound healing mechanisms are mentioned over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00461-00120761-00121056": "You have early stages where you have hemostasis,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00462-00121056-00121227": "you have inflammation that goes along", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00463-00121227-00121364": "with proliferation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00464-00121364-00121569": "I think I have one more slide for it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00465-00121569-00121711": "And finally you basically have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00466-00121711-00121878": "the remodeling events happening.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00467-00121999-00122199": "Remodeling that basically will replace", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00468-00122199-00122380": "whatever tissue that has been damaged", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00469-00122380-00122567": "with the complete functionality.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00470-00122567-00122892": "Then only you can say that you basically remodel that,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00471-00122892-00123052": "When you're remodeling your kitchen,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00472-00123052-00123201": "when you are tearing down things", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00473-00123201-00123332": "and putting new things in,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00474-00123332-00123467": "that should replace the function", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00475-00123467-00123758": "that was initially attributed to that particular structure", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00476-00123758-00123927": "that was remodeled, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00477-00123927-00124213": "So similar to that you can see early events,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00478-00124213-00124490": "intermediate events, as well as late events.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00479-00124490-00124678": "And finally as a result of the late event", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00480-00124678-00124876": "you basically end up producing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00481-00124876-00125066": "the remodeling of that tissue.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00482-00125066-00125439": "And again these discussion are really", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00483-00125439-00125630": "highly variable depending upon the depth", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00484-00125630-00125830": "of the layers that are involved,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00485-00125830-00126008": "the area that is involved,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00486-00126008-00126351": "and again the superseding infection that is involved,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00487-00126351-00126439": "so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00488-00126439-00126590": "I'm thinking about normal physiology,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00489-00126590-00126839": "not even in the context of any pathology", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00490-00126839-00127004": "that goes hand in hand with that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00491-00127144-00127346": "So with the normal physiological background", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00492-00127346-00127586": "you can even expect these events", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00493-00127586-00127811": "to have variability depending upon", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00494-00127811-00128045": "the various factors that we have discussed.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00495-00128045-00128143": "So some of the importance.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00496-00128143-00128445": "Hemostasis is nothing but whenever you have a wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00497-00128445-00128582": "the capillaries are involved,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00498-00128582-00128804": "or the bigger blood vessels are involved.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00499-00128804-00129034": "So the initial response is to shut down", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00500-00129034-00129188": "those blood vessels, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00501-00129188-00129402": "So you have hemostasis which goes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00502-00129402-00129653": "hand in hand with your coagulation cascade,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00503-00129653-00130031": "platelets, various other coagulation cascade molecules,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00504-00130031-00130133": "so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00505-00130133-00130386": "So think about platelet abnormalities,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00506-00130386-00130591": "coagulation abnormalities", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00507-00130591-00130848": "that can contribute to an altered hemostasis.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00508-00130848-00131231": "So that is a different physiological background.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00509-00131365-00131559": "So you basically shut down the blood supply", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00510-00131559-00131703": "in that particular location.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00511-00131703-00131958": "The reason is because if you don't shut down", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00512-00131958-00132239": "the environmental interaction", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00513-00132239-00132498": "that expose that wound to bacteria", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00514-00132498-00132860": "or other material can have easy access to your bloodstream", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00515-00132860-00133135": "which becomes very complex with time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00516-00133135-00133349": "You end up having septicemia, so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00517-00133349-00133542": "You don't want that to happen.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00518-00133542-00133712": "So obviously the mother nature", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00519-00133712-00133947": "has given a fascinating mechanism", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00520-00133947-00134095": "by which we immediately shut down", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00521-00134095-00134324": "the events that is creating the leak", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00522-00134324-00134526": "of fluid from that site.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00523-00134526-00134830": "Then obviously the inflammatory components kicks in", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00524-00134830-00135104": "as a result of, and obviously in this particular context", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00525-00135104-00135259": "inflammation is a useful thing.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00526-00135360-00135777": "The inflammation driven proliferation and remodeling.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00527-00135777-00136034": "Versus in some context if you can discuss inflammation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00528-00136034-00136189": "that drives pathology.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00529-00136189-00136418": "But in this particular case, inflammation is,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00530-00136418-00136625": "even though driving the wound pathology,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00531-00136625-00136992": "it is in a good side versus in a bad side.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00532-00136992-00137187": "You can drive inflammation over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00533-00137187-00137432": "And there are tons of inflammatory players.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00534-00137432-00137710": "Cells are there, inflammatory mediators are there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00535-00137710-00137887": "They can be molecules.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00536-00137887-00138180": "It can be various other significant events", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00537-00138180-00138339": "that is happening over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00538-00138339-00138587": "And as a result of these events happening,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00539-00138587-00138870": "the cells proliferate, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00540-00138870-00139141": "The cells tart multiplying aggressively, why?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00541-00139141-00139487": "The cells multiply to replace the damaged tissue.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00542-00139487-00139664": "So you basically proliferate.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00543-00139664-00139967": "Cells start multiplying vigorously to proliferate,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00544-00139967-00140168": "and finally you basically remodel.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00545-00140294-00140587": "So in the context of diabetic foot ulcer,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00546-00140587-00140769": "or various pressure ulcers,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00547-00140769-00140960": "you can see all these events", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00548-00140960-00141150": "are one way or other compromised.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00549-00141150-00141432": "Some events may be you compromise in a higher fashion", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00550-00141432-00141545": "when compared to the other,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00551-00141545-00141947": "but these steps are all screwed up one way or other.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00552-00141947-00142198": "So hemostasis versus inflammation,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00553-00142198-00142335": "proliferation and remodeling", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00554-00142335-00142541": "are really, really fascinating steps", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00555-00142541-00142772": "that drive these processes.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00556-00142772-00143105": "So this is isn't the context of a normal physiology.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00557-00143105-00143409": "This is what happens when you're having chronic wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00558-00143513-00143714": "So when I say chronic wound these are wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00559-00143714-00143929": "that never heals, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00560-00143929-00144054": "That is why they are chronic.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00561-00144054-00144380": "They stay in your anatomical landmarks", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00562-00144380-00144534": "for extended period of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00563-00144534-00144730": "It's really, really hard to heal.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00564-00144730-00144924": "And the reason why they are really, really hard to heal", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00565-00144924-00145050": "is because of the interruption", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00566-00145050-00145232": "in the normal wound healing process", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00567-00145232-00145392": "that we have seen, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00568-00145501-00145889": "Can obviously develop into chronic wounds as we have seen.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00569-00145889-00146146": "It can be DFU, it can be venous ulcers.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00570-00146146-00146400": "It can be pressure ulcers,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00571-00146400-00146640": "whatever we have discussed in that particular diagram", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00572-00146640-00146789": "a few slides back.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00573-00146949-00147389": "And the factors can be any shivet hemostasis.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00574-00147519-00147774": "Factors can be any shivet inflammatory", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00575-00147774-00147935": "mediators playing there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00576-00147935-00148201": "Factors can be any shivet proliferation as well as", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00577-00148201-00148335": "the final remodeling.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00578-00148335-00148618": "So any of these events can be screwed up or compromised.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00579-00148756-00148975": "That is the fascinating thing that happens", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00580-00148975-00149171": "with the chronic wounds.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00581-00149171-00149321": "And obviously you can see,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00582-00149321-00149513": "as we have mentioned in our earlier slide,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00583-00149513-00149710": "the initial events are the crosstalk", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00584-00149710-00150010": "between the cell populations that dictates", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00585-00150010-00150347": "or that basically informs your physiological system", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00586-00150347-00150494": "to function in a unique way.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00587-00150494-00150964": "For example when platelets are increasingly recruited", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00588-00150964-00151049": "to a particular site,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00589-00151049-00151239": "your body should know that, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00590-00151239-00151489": "When the platelets are recruited to a particular site,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00591-00151489-00151704": "for example if you are having a large burn,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00592-00151795-00151967": "if you are having a large burn", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00593-00151967-00152183": "when compared to the diabetic foot ulcers,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00594-00152183-00152399": "you need to have much more elaborate", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00595-00152399-00152668": "recruitment of immune cells and various.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00596-00152668-00152885": "And again that depends upon in wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00597-00152885-00153227": "with an area A versus A square versus A cube,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00598-00153227-00153345": "whatever maybe the dimension", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00599-00153345-00153573": "that we are discussing over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00600-00153573-00153899": "So based upon the extensive nature of the wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00601-00153899-00154144": "you will have different players as well as", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00602-00154144-00154623": "different issues with respect to that crosstalk as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00603-00154623-00154837": "So crosstalk is altered over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00604-00154837-00155256": "You start producing lack of migration or proliferation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00605-00155256-00155445": "So when the cells proliferate,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00606-00155445-00155576": "when they start multiplying,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00607-00155576-00155808": "they migrate as well, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00608-00155808-00155949": "They migrate as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00609-00155949-00156122": "And again that can be discussed", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00610-00156122-00156430": "in the context of migration of inflammatory cells as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00611-00156430-00156624": "From the blood vessels, they extravasate", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00612-00156624-00156740": "to that particular site.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00613-00156740-00156940": "When I say extravasation they basically leave", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00614-00156940-00157207": "the blood vessels and reaches that particular site", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00615-00157207-00157501": "to deal with the injury in cells, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00616-00157501-00157836": "So those type of events can happen over there as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00617-00157957-00158337": "And again you can have obviously superseded events", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00618-00158337-00158567": "similar to that of bacterial colonization.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00619-00158730-00159052": "Bacterial colonization leading to biofilm formation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00620-00159052-00159296": "And biofilm are again a huge issue", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00621-00159296-00159581": "with respect to chronic wounds because", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00622-00159581-00159826": "it is really, really hard to treat", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00623-00159826-00160084": "infections that has biofilm phenotype", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00624-00160084-00160253": "associated with that as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00625-00160253-00160463": "So our goal is to say that we discuss", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00626-00160463-00160625": "the normal wound healing process", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00627-00160625-00160913": "and now we are discussing chronic non-healing wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00628-00160913-00161302": "and some of the cellular players over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00629-00161302-00161731": "And as we can see the diabetes foot ulcers are, again,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00630-00161731-00161924": "really fascinating because", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00631-00161924-00162226": "as a result of uncontrolled hyperglycemia", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00632-00162226-00162413": "for an extended period of time,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00633-00162413-00162688": "you end up producing neuropathy.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00634-00162688-00162958": "It can be motor neuropathy or sensory neuropathy", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00635-00162958-00163248": "or it can be even autonomic neuropathy, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00636-00163341-00163492": "You end up creating neuropathy", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00637-00163492-00163757": "in your peripheral sides and starts,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00638-00163757-00163959": "for example, if you are at this point of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00639-00164048-00164316": "anatomical contact with the physical environment", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00640-00164316-00164495": "you start producing callous.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00641-00164495-00164726": "The callous will be much more resistant", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00642-00164726-00165006": "to any sort of physical interaction.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00643-00165006-00165373": "So when you have subcutaneous hemorrhage over there", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00644-00165373-00165637": "you gently don't notice that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00645-00165637-00165971": "Even when you step on a warm object or a cold object", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00646-00165971-00166083": "or a sharp object,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00647-00166083-00166275": "you will not be able to identify that,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00648-00166275-00166511": "and as a result of which you propagate", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00649-00166511-00166738": "that foot ulcer situation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00650-00166860-00167108": "And on the right panel what I'm trying to", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00651-00167108-00167396": "do here is to compare and contrast", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00652-00167396-00167606": "in a genotypic fashion what are some", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00653-00167606-00167896": "of the characteristic changes that happens", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00654-00167896-00168143": "in a non-healing wound phenotype versus", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00655-00168143-00168294": "a healing wound phenotype.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00656-00168294-00168532": "So you can see, and again this is a micro array", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00657-00168739-00168948": "representation of some of the up regulated", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00658-00168948-00169313": "as well down regulated genes that happens", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00659-00169313-00169521": "with the non-healing phenotype", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00660-00169521-00169651": "verus a healing phenotype.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00661-00169745-00169829": "That clear?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00662-00169829-00170257": "So characteristic cellular genetic events are happening", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00663-00170257-00170671": "in a non-healing wound which is really, really", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00664-00170671-00170990": "a clinical burden at this point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00665-00170990-00171225": "So what are some of the basic tenants of wound care?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00666-00171225-00171461": "You basically have patient assessments.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00667-00171461-00171663": "You do the wound assessment.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00668-00171663-00171841": "You have to diagnose what type of wound it is", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00669-00171841-00172166": "whether it's a DFU or a venous ulcer,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00670-00172166-00172472": "or any sort of pressure ulcer,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00671-00172472-00172741": "post-surgical wound so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00672-00172741-00172921": "You understand the etiology behind that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00673-00172921-00173162": "Is there a neurological component involved?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00674-00173162-00173383": "Is there a vascular component involved?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00675-00173383-00173633": "Is there an infection that goes hand in hand with that,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00676-00173633-00173781": "so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00677-00173781-00173951": "Whether there are structural deformities", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00678-00173951-00174186": "that is happening as a result of that wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00679-00174186-00174686": "So the basic wound care techniques", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00680-00174712-00174985": "at this point involves something known as debridement.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00681-00174985-00175126": "So the wound is not healing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00682-00175126-00175332": "or the wound is not closing because", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00683-00175332-00175632": "the cells on the margin of that wound,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00684-00175632-00175878": "which is supposed to heal are all dead.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00685-00175962-00176269": "As a result of which you don't have a chance to merge", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00686-00176269-00176437": "because all those cells are dead.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00687-00176437-00176697": "So debridement is nothing but removing or", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00688-00176697-00176944": "basically scraping off those,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00689-00176944-00177141": "and depends upon the nature of the wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00690-00177141-00177356": "Basically scraping off those dead cells", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00691-00177356-00177547": "so that the underlying cells,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00692-00177547-00177698": "which are viable or active,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00693-00177698-00177937": "you can replace the one that is damaged.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00694-00177937-00178221": "So that is the whole mechanism behind debridement.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00695-00178221-00178389": "So you go to the clinic, wound clinic,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00696-00178389-00178770": "they basically clear it or debride it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00697-00178770-00178928": "So debridement is one way,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00698-00178928-00179220": "so you can prepare the wound bed with", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00699-00179220-00179462": "various type of antiseptics, antibiotics,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00700-00179462-00179817": "various type of solution, so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00701-00179817-00179927": "Offloading or compression,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00702-00179927-00180307": "you reduce the pressure related to that particular side", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00703-00180307-00180417": "by offloading.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00704-00180417-00180634": "Various type of therapeutic agents can be used.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00705-00180634-00180839": "And again if it is really, really complex", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00706-00180839-00181231": "you end up creating surgical interventions as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00707-00181231-00181455": "So time principles of wound bed preparations", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00708-00181455-00181538": "are over here", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00709-00181538-00181872": "which is basically dependent upon what type of tissue,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00710-00181872-00182195": "the type of infection as well as inflammatory response,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00711-00182195-00182365": "whether how moist the wound is,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00712-00182365-00182636": "the moisture balance in nature,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00713-00182636-00182890": "as well as the edge characteristics of the wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00714-00182890-00183057": "So if you have seen a chronic wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00715-00183057-00183294": "you will be able to identify what are the", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00716-00183483-00183629": "things that I am trying to explain here", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00717-00183629-00183772": "in that particular context.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00718-00183894-00184059": "So what are some of the current strategies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00719-00184059-00184379": "that is in place in the context of therapy?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00720-00184379-00184544": "So with respect to a wound as here", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00721-00184544-00184748": "you have the effective stem cells,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00722-00184748-00185008": "high level of reactive oxygen species,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00723-00185008-00185388": "inflammatory cytokines are really, really up regulated.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00724-00185388-00185545": "It can be of low grade infection.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00725-00185545-00185797": "It can be with low grade infections.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00726-00185797-00186109": "Proteases, again, proteases because of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00727-00186109-00186367": "the cells that are replacing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00728-00186367-00186641": "the normal cellular phenotype over there,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00729-00186641-00186824": "altered growth factors in that side,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00730-00186824-00187033": "that's why growth factors,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00731-00187033-00187281": "similar to that of epidermal growth factors", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00732-00187281-00187766": "are used for chronic non-healing wound interventions.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00733-00187766-00187970": "So growth factors as well as extracellular", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00734-00187970-00188182": "matrix degradation products,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00735-00188182-00188428": "lack of growth factor, and again ECM.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00736-00188529-00188869": "Senescent cells, the cells that are remaining silent.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00737-00188869-00189105": "They are not proliferating out.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00738-00189105-00189213": "Impaired cell functions.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00739-00189213-00189349": "Even the cells are proliferating", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00740-00189349-00189704": "they can't function the role that the cell was doing before.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00741-00189704-00189875": "Lack of vasculator as a result of,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00742-00189875-00190224": "you can drive hypoxic events at that site.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00743-00190224-00190724": "So all these are the net result or in other words,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00744-00190797-00190986": "these are the events", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00745-00190986-00191322": "that basically drives the chronic non-healing wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00746-00191322-00191543": "So you can target any of these events.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00747-00191543-00191702": "So you can use antioxidants,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00748-00191702-00191913": "you can use anti-inflammatory agents,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00749-00191913-00192212": "anti-bacterial, proteases inhibitors,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00750-00192212-00192579": "inhibitors against various type of proteases", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00751-00192579-00192793": "to protect growth factors.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00752-00192793-00192955": "You don't want to have the growth factors", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00753-00192955-00193130": "degraded by proteases,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00754-00193130-00193382": "so all those type of interventions.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00755-00193382-00193621": "Obviously growth factor by itself can be used", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00756-00193621-00193996": "to recruit active cells in the place of senescent cells.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00757-00194083-00194393": "Inhibition of inflammation thereby", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00758-00194393-00194786": "you start decreasing or quenching the", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00759-00194786-00195060": "reactive oxygen species of that particular side,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00760-00195060-00195245": "and the androgenic factor, so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00761-00195245-00195597": "So there are a lot of avenues for intervention.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00762-00195597-00195793": "There are a lot of avenues for intervention,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00763-00195793-00196045": "understanding what are some of the cellular events", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00764-00196045-00196475": "that is happening underlying to this particular pathology.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00765-00196475-00196750": "So all those greens are always targets for,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00766-00196750-00196968": "so you can have a novel antioxidant molecule", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00767-00196968-00197093": "that can be used,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00768-00197093-00197342": "one that is commonly seen in the literature", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00769-00197342-00197664": "at this point of time are various nanoparticles", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00770-00197664-00197884": "or various type of nanoparticles", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00771-00197884-00198115": "conjugated to various other modulators", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00772-00198115-00198405": "that can be used for this particular purpose as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00773-00198525-00198641": "So wound care technologies,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00774-00198641-00198809": "and again this is really significant", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00775-00198809-00199026": "in the context of a bioengineering perspective", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00776-00199026-00199280": "because there are a lot of bilayered skin equivalent", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00777-00199280-00199484": "that is in practice at this point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00778-00199484-00199785": "An example of that is something known as an Apligraf", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00779-00199785-00199941": "and there are multiple other", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00780-00199941-00200134": "commercially available products.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00781-00200134-00200351": "So you can see you are basically", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00782-00200351-00200533": "trying to graft a skin tissue", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00783-00200533-00200806": "which is exactly similar to that of a human skin.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00784-00200806-00201004": "So these are all live layers, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00785-00201004-00201438": "You basically have bioengineering, scaffolding", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00786-00201438-00201576": "events happening over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00787-00201576-00201850": "over which you basically implant cells", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00788-00201850-00202004": "and basically grow that cells,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00789-00202004-00202278": "thereby they technically look like that of a human skin.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00790-00202278-00202482": "So these are the histological sections from that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00791-00202482-00202717": "Technically, it looks pretty much the same.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00792-00202717-00202842": "Only thing is that when you place them", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00793-00202842-00203074": "on the individual who is having chronic wounds,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00794-00203074-00203301": "it should integrate with that, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00795-00203301-00203384": "It should integrate.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00796-00203384-00203524": "So integration is still an issue,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00797-00203524-00203722": "but this type of tools are available,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00798-00203722-00204123": "and these type of tools emerge because of bioengineering", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00799-00204123-00204326": "faculties like you.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00800-00204326-00204512": "So it is a really, really fascinating area", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00801-00204512-00204737": "and you can load various drugs to it,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00802-00204737-00204961": "you can load various other molecules to it,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00803-00204961-00205081": "so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00804-00205190-00205515": "So my discussion today is a little bit different", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00805-00205515-00205769": "from what we have discussed so far.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00806-00205769-00205914": "Our goal is to discuss something known", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00807-00205914-00206248": "as the light therapy or the low level laser", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00808-00206248-00206657": "or low level light therapy for chronic non-healing wounds.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00809-00206657-00206946": "And again you know the light therapy situation is there", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00810-00206946-00207244": "or the use of light as a therapeutic modality", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00811-00207244-00207490": "is being there for time immemorial.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00812-00207490-00207802": "So you can see individuals using light", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00813-00207802-00208236": "as a source of healing for various purposes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00814-00208236-00208421": "and various civilizations.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00815-00208421-00208646": "And you are pretty much familiar about this", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00816-00208646-00208807": "electromagnetic spectrum.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00817-00208807-00208978": "With respect to the therapeutic approach,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00818-00208978-00209163": "there are two windows over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00819-00209163-00209662": "one is at the far right or the near infrared range", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00820-00209662-00209882": "versus that of the blue wavelengths", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00821-00209882-00210110": "that are mainly used for decreasing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00822-00210110-00210388": "the biofilm burden as well as the", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00823-00210388-00210527": "infectious burden of the wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00824-00210527-00210798": "So different wavelengths are being used by", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00825-00210798-00211008": "or played by different investigators", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00826-00211008-00211153": "depending upon what type of purpose", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00827-00211153-00211342": "you are expecting over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00828-00211342-00211662": "So even when you use low level light therapies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00829-00211662-00212016": "you can use the laser source versus an LED source.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00830-00212016-00212230": "And probably you know this,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00831-00212230-00212453": "the difference between these better than me", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00832-00212453-00212685": "so monochromaticity, coherence,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00833-00212685-00212900": "colimatation, so on and so forth,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00834-00212900-00213071": "are some of the characteristic features", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00835-00213071-00213542": "that differentiates a laser beam versus that of an LED.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00836-00213542-00213661": "So, light source.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00837-00213942-00214142": "In the context of light therapy,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00838-00214142-00214473": "both LED as well as lasers as equally used", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00839-00214473-00214646": "for various purposes.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00840-00214772-00214977": "What I'm trying to discuss here is something", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00841-00214977-00215260": "known as a near-infrared photobiomodulation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00842-00215260-00215517": "So you can see that vocabulary, photobiomodulation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00843-00215517-00215835": "You are modulating cellular effects using photons.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00844-00215835-00216023": "When I say modulating you are either increasing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00845-00216023-00216169": "a particular function of a cell", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00846-00216169-00216389": "or decreasing a particular function of a cell.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00847-00216389-00216692": "So you are modulating the cellular functions using", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00848-00216692-00216864": "light energy.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00849-00216864-00217073": "So in this particular case we are using", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00850-00217073-00217265": "near-infrared photons.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00851-00217265-00217496": "So it is a low energy photon irradiation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00852-00217496-00217808": "by monochromatic light in the particular range over there,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00853-00217808-00218146": "and it can be achieved by using laser sources", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00854-00218146-00218480": "versus that of LED light sources.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00855-00218480-00218761": "And as a result of this radiation you can have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00856-00218761-00218875": "tissue repair happening,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00857-00218875-00219129": "you can quench the inflammatory response,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00858-00219129-00219411": "you can have an altered profile for pain.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00859-00219411-00219569": "You can alter edema.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00860-00219569-00219954": "You can have various type of pain-related profile", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00861-00219954-00220065": "treated for this,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00862-00220157-00220358": "treated using this modality.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00863-00220358-00220501": "- [Audience] Is that directly affecting", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00864-00220501-00220708": "the transcription factor? - Yeah that's the whole point.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00865-00220708-00221023": "So we'll see that in one of the slides", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00866-00221313-00221446": "coming after this.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00867-00221446-00221654": "So as a result of low level light therapy,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00868-00221654-00222044": "you end up altering the cellular apoptosis,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00869-00222044-00222270": "proliferation, migrate driven,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00870-00222270-00222652": "as well as the ability of the cell to attach one to another.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00871-00222652-00222855": "So these are some of the factors that are either", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00872-00222855-00222991": "up regulated or down regulated.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00873-00222991-00223235": "It can happen both ways to either up regulated", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00874-00223235-00223457": "or down regulated as a result of it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00875-00223457-00223733": "So the reason why, and this is not a new science.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00876-00223733-00223905": "This has been there for many decades", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00877-00223905-00224027": "at this point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00878-00224158-00224340": "The reason why you are able to use", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00879-00224340-00224580": "light as a source to modulate the cellular function", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00880-00224580-00224771": "is because you have photo acceptors", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00881-00224771-00224936": "in various cellular compartments.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00882-00224936-00225198": "And one widely accepted photo acceptor site", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00883-00225198-00225509": "cytochrome oxidase of your electron transport chain.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00884-00225509-00225748": "So cytochrome oxidase is an established", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00885-00225748-00226096": "photo acceptor in that particular near-infrared range.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00886-00226096-00226291": "And these are being pruned by", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00887-00226291-00226537": "various emission absorption, emission spectral studies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00888-00226537-00226929": "using isolated cytochrome oxidase and irradiating", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00889-00226929-00227167": "that with light and getting the peaks, so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00890-00227167-00227405": "So you generally get peaks based up on,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00891-00227405-00227541": "as you can see over here,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00892-00227541-00227835": "you can get peaks in that particular range", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00893-00227835-00228017": "as well as you can have altered activities,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00894-00228017-00228129": "so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00895-00228129-00228525": "So the goal here is that cytochrome oxidase is a very,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00896-00228525-00228667": "at this point of time, again,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00897-00228667-00228932": "very well established photo acceptor molecule", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00898-00228932-00229129": "for this particular wavelength that we are", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00899-00229129-00229258": "discussing over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00900-00229258-00229481": "And again I'm not going into the details", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00901-00229481-00229794": "of the cellular mechanisms over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00902-00229794-00229933": "There are a copper A, copper B centers", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00903-00229933-00230075": "that generate electrons", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00904-00230075-00230575": "which indirectly affects the electron transport chain", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00905-00230627-00230871": "thereby ATV generation is up regulated.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00906-00230871-00231164": "ATV by itself is a signaling molecule.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00907-00231164-00231328": "You start producing more free radicals.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00908-00231328-00231590": "Free radicals itself is a signaling molecule", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00909-00231590-00231852": "that can go down downstream to affect", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00910-00231852-00232106": "various other signaling pathways as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00911-00232209-00232386": "That is again described over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00912-00232386-00232513": "The question over there was whether", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00913-00232513-00232751": "it affects the gene transcription, obviously yes.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00914-00232751-00232916": "There are a lot of literature evidence", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00915-00232916-00233259": "that basically explains the up regulation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00916-00233259-00233452": "of various transcript comms,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00917-00233452-00233598": "depending upon what you are basically", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00918-00233598-00233748": "investigating over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00919-00233748-00233966": "So the gene transcription events happen", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00920-00233966-00234255": "as a result of the photons interacting", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00921-00234255-00234455": "with the cytochrome oxidase.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00922-00234455-00234607": "And on the right panel what you are seeing again,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00923-00234607-00234950": "gene expression, various transcription factors", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00924-00234950-00235344": "similar to that of FN kappa B, AP1, so on and so forth,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00925-00235344-00235596": "basically dictating these processes.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00926-00235596-00235838": "And again as I have discussed before,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00927-00235838-00236192": "ATV by itself can be a signaling molecule within the cell.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00928-00236192-00236457": "Free radicals can be a signaling molecule within the cell.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00929-00236457-00236706": "These are all outcomes of an exposed", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00930-00236706-00237086": "event to this particular wavelength that is happening.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00931-00237086-00237223": "And I again interestingly you basically", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00932-00237223-00237481": "have an optical window with a much more", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00933-00237481-00237669": "broader interaction with that", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00934-00237669-00237862": "of the physiological molecules.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00935-00237862-00238046": "You can see a window over there where", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00936-00238046-00238257": "there is much more absorbance that is happening", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00937-00238257-00238446": "for that particular wavelength.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00938-00238446-00238529": "So this is a range.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00939-00238529-00238757": "This is an exact wavelength that you can pick,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00940-00238757-00238909": "and there are individuals who pick", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00941-00238909-00239201": "exact wavelength to work with their hypothesis.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00942-00239201-00239460": "But my personal thought is that it's a range", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00943-00239460-00239714": "that basically functions to achieve this goal.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00944-00239806-00240080": "And again tissue penetration is, again, a huge issue.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00945-00240080-00240312": "So these days, low level light therapy", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00946-00240312-00240642": "is being extensively used for transcranial applications.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00947-00240642-00241028": "Transcranial applications for dementia,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00948-00241028-00241298": "various of type traumatic injuries so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00949-00241298-00241473": "And there are a lot of very well-established", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00950-00241473-00241730": "publications out there that basically,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00951-00241826-00242158": "that basically explains the clinical outcomes", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00952-00242158-00242414": "in a positive way because of radiation transcranially.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00953-00242532-00242881": "So it has to penetrate the skull and basically reach", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00954-00242881-00243098": "certain compartments of the brain", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00955-00243098-00243254": "to basically achieve that particular goal.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00956-00243254-00243409": "And there are fMRI studies that have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00957-00243409-00243675": "various other fascinating imaging studies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00958-00243675-00243915": "that goes hand in hand with that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00959-00243915-00244092": "So you can see there the depth of penetration,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00960-00244092-00244344": "as well as some of the events that is happening", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00961-00244344-00244585": "as a result of this exposure as we have discussed", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00962-00244585-00244827": "in the context of wound healing exclusively.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00963-00244827-00245053": "You have extracellular matrix production happening", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00964-00245053-00245282": "or the collagen synthesis happening.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00965-00245282-00245585": "Matrix metalloprotease plays a significant role.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00966-00245585-00245998": "You alter the vascular perfusion, you decrease apoptosis,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00967-00245998-00246427": "you cause the proliferation of fibroblast,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00968-00246427-00246651": "as well as keratinocyte so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00969-00246651-00246946": "So all the things that we have discussed earlier", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00970-00246946-00247446": "that leads to a step by step mechanism of wound healing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00971-00247534-00247719": "will be affected in one way or another.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00972-00247719-00247914": "I'm not absolutely saying that when you flash light", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00973-00247914-00248061": "everything is going to happen.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00974-00248061-00248198": "That's not the case here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00975-00248198-00248373": "Certain events are up regulated,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00976-00248373-00248515": "certain events are down regulated", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00977-00248515-00248744": "and again everything depends upon", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00978-00248744-00248929": "the dosage of the light itself.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00979-00248929-00249092": "So it's similar to pharmaceutics,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00980-00249092-00249284": "it's like a photoceutical approach,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00981-00249284-00249633": "so it's similar to the pharmaceutical molecules", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00982-00249633-00249832": "we have a biphasic correspondence curve,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00983-00249832-00250192": "the (mumbles) that probably you are familiar as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00984-00250192-00250401": "So similar to that this has a biphasic curve", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00985-00250401-00250642": "to that particular event as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00986-00250642-00250871": "So similar to pharmaceuticals, photoceuticals", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00987-00250871-00251232": "are highly, highly of clinical significance", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00988-00251232-00251371": "at this point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00989-00251371-00251646": "So the one, the device that we mostly use", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00990-00251646-00251841": "are something known as a WARP device.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00991-00251841-00252305": "And again this is a NASA spinoff probably a few decades back", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00992-00252305-00252490": "and this is manufactured by a company", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00993-00252490-00252671": "in Barneveld, Wisconsin.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00994-00252671-00252953": "So you can see the wavelength specification,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00995-00252953-00253278": "as well as the characteristics of the spectral power", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00996-00253278-00253515": "and output from this particular diagram.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00997-00253515-00253763": "And the reason why we initially started using", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00998-00253763-00253942": "is because we had access to it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-00999-00253942-00254307": "And through my mentor I had access through it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01000-00254307-00254484": "So it's hereditary.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01001-00254484-00254871": "Anyone that got passed from one mentor to the other.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01002-00254983-00255244": "So I will wrap up the discussion here", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01003-00255244-00255431": "by showing some of the clinically", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01004-00255431-00255678": "relevant publications out that basically,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01005-00255678-00255848": "so don't get scared, these are much more", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01006-00255848-00255956": "simpler forms of wounds.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01007-00255956-00256177": "So wounds gets really bad.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01008-00256177-00256390": "Wound gets really, really bad.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01009-00256390-00256682": "So these are very simple forms of wounds.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01010-00256682-00256938": "Very simple, nature or phenotypes of wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01011-00256938-00257021": "that you can see.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01012-00257021-00257109": "But in a clinical (mumbles)", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01013-00257109-00257367": "you see much more worse situation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01014-00257367-00257671": "So in the left panel what you are seeing is a wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01015-00257671-00257938": "that has been treated by, the wavelength used here", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01016-00257938-00258209": "is 632, you can see that there's a difference", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01017-00258209-00258436": "from the wavelength that we have discussed before.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01018-00258436-00258578": "And obviously I believe in the range", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01019-00258578-00258798": "rather than picking a particular wavelength.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01020-00258912-00259136": "You can see the wound getting healed with time", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01021-00259136-00259528": "and the corresponding wound ulcer radial plot over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01022-00259528-00259663": "And on the right panel what you are seeing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01023-00259663-00259752": "is the control.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01024-00259929-00260117": "This is just from an example", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01025-00260117-00260553": "from a particular study that got published in 2015.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01026-00260553-00260905": "So we did a pilot study based upon a CDIS grant,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01027-00260905-00261189": "actually my mentor was the lead order", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01028-00261189-00261314": "in that particular study.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01029-00261406-00261600": "The issue here was that when you are having", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01030-00261600-00261944": "spinal cord injuries the innervation to your extremities", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01031-00261944-00262048": "are compromised, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01032-00262048-00262257": "So when your innervations are compromised,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01033-00262257-00262605": "you end up having a profile similar to that of neuropathy", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01034-00262605-00262784": "because you don't have sensation.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01035-00262784-00262960": "You are in the wheelchair to begin with,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01036-00262960-00263271": "but again you don't have sensation in your extremities.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01037-00263271-00263475": "As a result of which when you are having a wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01038-00263475-00263762": "it will never heal, because sensation is required", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01039-00263762-00263937": "for wound healing purpose as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01040-00263937-00264194": "If you don't have sensation, the wound is not going to heal", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01041-00264194-00264346": "at any given point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01042-00264346-00264613": "So these individuals or these highly,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01043-00264840-00265307": "highly served veterans who are coming back", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01044-00265307-00265580": "from various warzones will end up having", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01045-00265580-00265948": "diabetic, sorry, foot ulcers in their extremities.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01046-00265948-00266290": "And we treat them with light as you can see over there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01047-00266290-00266638": "And with the light treatment what we are able to demonstrate", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01048-00266638-00266942": "was that there is a significant decrease in the wound area.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01049-00266942-00267150": "And this will be out in publication pretty soon.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01050-00267150-00267505": "We are finalizing some of the wound fluid analysis as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01051-00267505-00267807": "And the reason why I mentioned this particular study", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01052-00267807-00268165": "is to emphasize the fact that this is entirely different", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01053-00268165-00268302": "from diabetic foot ulcers.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01054-00268302-00268630": "So this is a chronic non-healing wound", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01055-00268630-00268886": "that happens in spinal cord injured veterans", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01056-00268886-00269167": "and we did this study at the (mumbles) over here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01057-00269167-00269541": "So from our study over here we are demonstrating the fact", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01058-00269541-00270010": "that the healing is very much accelerated", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01059-00270010-00270261": "in these clinical situations as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01060-00270365-00270703": "And again there are multiple other studies out there,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01061-00270703-00271017": "which basically explains the signaling pathways involved.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01062-00271017-00271289": "And again depending upon your area of interest", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01063-00271289-00271536": "you start looking at a particular signaling pathway,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01064-00271536-00271777": "but there are thousands of pathways", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01065-00271777-00272087": "that can be investigated in that particular context.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01066-00272087-00272317": "So this is basically explaining this publication", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01067-00272317-00272444": "that came out this year.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01068-00272444-00272625": "And again this just got published.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01069-00272625-00272917": "Basically I was looking at the JAK/STAT pathway,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01070-00272917-00273149": "probably you are familiar with that pathway.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01071-00273149-00273362": "And we can see up regulations are activated", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01072-00273362-00273729": "STAT propagates extracellular signals for gene transcription", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01073-00273729-00274002": "leading to cell proliferation as well as migration.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01074-00274002-00274369": "So this wavelength that they used was like (mumbles) again.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01075-00274369-00274598": "And again it's a huge debate with respect", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01076-00274598-00274758": "to the photobiomodulation field as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01077-00274758-00275078": "What exactly the, so the individual who use 670, 660", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01078-00275078-00275294": "will claim that that is the one that worked.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01079-00275294-00275501": "The individual who used 660 one will claim", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01080-00275501-00275706": "that that is the one that basically worked.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01081-00275706-00275981": "So there is huge debate that revolves around it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01082-00275981-00276281": "And obviously the dosage associated with it,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01083-00276281-00276573": "the duration that goes hand in hand with the dosage", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01084-00276573-00276786": "all needs to be much more characterized", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01085-00276786-00277088": "in a particular clinical setting.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01086-00277088-00277540": "So you can see JAK as well as STAT pathways", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01087-00277540-00277695": "altered in this particular case", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01088-00277955-00278234": "creating a loop of epidermal growth factor", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01089-00278234-00278630": "as well as epidermal growth factor receptor mechanism", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01090-00278630-00278844": "thereby the healing is made faster.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01091-00278844-00279094": "Because it basically reflects the epidermal,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01092-00279094-00279266": "for example, if you are introducing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01093-00279266-00279766": "or if you are basically introducing", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01094-00279793-00279940": "epidermal growth factor in the wound,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01095-00279940-00280184": "the wound technically should suppose to heal faster", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01096-00280184-00280347": "because there's a growth hormone.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01097-00280347-00280548": "Sorry, not a growth hormone, growth factor.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01098-00280694-00280777": "Is it clear?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01099-00280777-00280924": "So there are many other growth factors", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01100-00280924-00281170": "that can be used in that practice as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01101-00281170-00281429": "So before I conclude, there are some future directions", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01102-00281429-00281742": "that we plan to move ahead as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01103-00281742-00282182": "So using various, and again zebrafish model", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01104-00282182-00282424": "for wound healing is pretty new.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01105-00282424-00282832": "The drosophila model for wound healing is pretty new.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01106-00282832-00283189": "So depending upon the available resources we have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01107-00283189-00283407": "we plan to do more investigations,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01108-00283407-00283623": "understanding the cellular mechanisms", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01109-00283623-00283781": "using newer animals models.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01110-00283781-00284055": "Dosage characterization very important in the field.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01111-00284055-00284239": "There are lot things that need to be characterized", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01112-00284239-00284322": "with the dose.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01113-00284322-00284493": "And again that is true with the source as well,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01114-00284493-00284706": "whether you are using a laser source", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01115-00284706-00285012": "versus that of a LED light source.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01116-00285012-00285181": "Immunology of wound healing is again", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01117-00285181-00285393": "a really, really complex area to look.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01118-00285393-00285718": "And again novel light related interactions or technologies,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01119-00285718-00286050": "when I am preparing for this particular talk", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01120-00286050-00286527": "I could see that there are novel films", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01121-00286527-00286888": "as well as products similar to that of creams", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01122-00286888-00287201": "that you can use which can be excited photodynamically", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01123-00287201-00287444": "with particular wavelength of light.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01124-00287444-00287658": "And we obviously need larger clinical trials", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01125-00287658-00287912": "and I have immense interest in using", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01126-00287912-00288256": "various scaffolding materials similar to that of", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01127-00288256-00288469": "nanofiber scaffolds, nanomaterials", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01128-00288469-00288664": "especially tagging nanomaterials", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01129-00288664-00288997": "to various growth factors and immune modulators", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01130-00288997-00289394": "that can alter the profile of healing in those wounds.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01131-00289532-00289963": "Nanomaterial is a huge area that I am really interested in.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01132-00289963-00290252": "You can basically tag nanomaterials with growth factors", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01133-00290252-00290467": "so that goes hand in hand.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01134-00290467-00290647": "And obviously when you want to deliver a material", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01135-00290647-00290898": "you need a scaffold to an extent.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01136-00290898-00291191": "So in that various type of scaffolds can be used", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01137-00291191-00291440": "for achieving that particular goal as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01138-00291440-00291657": "So there are a lot of plans that we are,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01139-00291657-00291994": "and we do a lot of experiments together as well", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01140-00291994-00292418": "so most of experiments are performed", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01141-00292418-00292599": "at the level of rodent animal models", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01142-00292599-00292890": "even though we look at clinical trials in humans as well,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01143-00292890-00293147": "but we want to elaborate the sample size,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01144-00293147-00293537": "we want to increase the type of animal models", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01145-00293537-00293801": "that we are using for our studies as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01146-00293801-00294047": "So with that I will conclude my discussion", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01147-00294047-00294243": "and if you have any questions", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01148-00294243-00294454": "I will take questions from here.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01149-00294454-00294543": "- Thank you, sir. - Sure.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01150-00294543-00294810": "- This was a fascinating-- - Oh thanks.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01151-00294810-00295094": "- If there are questions I can pass the microphone.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01152-00295188-00295366": "- Yeah, sure. - Okay.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01153-00295366-00295509": "- I'm just curious.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01154-00295509-00295707": "What type of wounds can be healed", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01155-00295707-00296027": "with this light therapy techniques?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01156-00296027-00296153": "- What type of wounds?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01157-00296153-00296420": "So when you say what type of wounds,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01158-00296420-00296630": "so those publications that are out", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01159-00296630-00296868": "are all chronic non-healing wounds, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01160-00296868-00297040": "When I say chronic non-healing wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01161-00297040-00297349": "those are wounds that is not going to heal", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01162-00297349-00297464": "in a normal fashion.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01163-00297584-00297688": "They stay there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01164-00297688-00297861": "And because of the co-morbid issues", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01165-00297861-00298025": "that goes hand in hand with that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01166-00298025-00298304": "If you are not taking care of it, it will never heal.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01167-00298304-00298478": "So that wound will stay there", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01168-00298478-00298671": "and it becomes larger and larger and larger,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01169-00298671-00298826": "finally you have to cut your leg.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01170-00298826-00299114": "- [Audience] I mean in terms of intensity of the wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01171-00299114-00299476": "- So it can be of, oh, you are asking how--", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01172-00299476-00299625": "- How serious. - How serious.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01173-00299625-00299855": "It can be used for like the minor wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01174-00299855-00300141": "versus any sort of complex wound topology", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01175-00300141-00300339": "that you can expect as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01176-00300339-00300762": "If there's a really large wound in your anterior", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01177-00300762-00301004": "or posterior or very large surface area you can,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01178-00301004-00301332": "and again it depends upon the surface area", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01179-00301332-00301549": "that you are available, that you have available", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01180-00301549-00301775": "with respect to the light source as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01181-00301775-00301908": "But that again is a challenging thing,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01182-00301908-00302204": "designing a larger light source", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01183-00302204-00302414": "for achieving this particular goal.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01184-00302414-00302549": "- [Audience] And just one more question", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01185-00302549-00302811": "that I am curious about.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01186-00302811-00303209": "So for the pressure ulcer, diabetic pressure ulcer", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01187-00303209-00303699": "which steps of the wound process is more affected--", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01188-00303699-00303782": "- Is compromised?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01189-00303782-00304233": "So with the diabetic foot, so diabetic foot ulcers", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01190-00304233-00304526": "and pressure ulcers are two different things, right?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01191-00304526-00304670": "And it can go hand in hand as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01192-00304670-00304936": "You can have diabetes and can get pressure ulcers,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01193-00304936-00305149": "that's a different story, versus you can have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01194-00305149-00305498": "diabetes foot ulcers by itself or pressure ulcers by itself.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01195-00305498-00305770": "So to have pressure ulcers first of all", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01196-00305770-00305941": "most of the time you are immobilized,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01197-00305941-00306168": "you are in bed for an extended period of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01198-00306168-00306563": "So what steps are involved in the hemostasis", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01199-00306563-00306785": "versus inflammation versus proliferation?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01200-00306785-00306953": "With the diabetes foot ulcers", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01201-00306953-00307207": "almost all events are compromised.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01202-00307207-00307521": "Pressure ulcers also almost all events are compromised.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01203-00307521-00307809": "You start compromising all those events", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01204-00307809-00308065": "that we have discussed in a step by step fashion", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01205-00308065-00308215": "that leads to a chronic wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01206-00308215-00308454": "So you can't say that this is because of,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01207-00308454-00308587": "and again there are disorders", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01208-00308587-00308921": "just because of hemostasis irregularity", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01209-00308921-00309188": "or just because of inflammation irregularity.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01210-00309188-00309407": "But the point here is that if one is done,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01211-00309407-00309625": "the other things also follow.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01212-00309788-00309912": "Correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01213-00309912-00310086": "- [Audience] Just a second.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01214-00310086-00310224": "- [Audience] Yeah, I probably don't need it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01215-00310224-00310315": "- It's for recording.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01216-00310315-00310608": "- Sure, sure, yeah. - Thank you.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01217-00310608-00310698": "- Got you, thanks.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01218-00310914-00311206": "Do you have data on how this kind of affects", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01219-00311206-00311326": "like subcutaneous wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01220-00311326-00311646": "for like post-surgery or like", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01221-00311646-00311831": "deep cuts, gashes and things,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01222-00311831-00312025": "like how like the scar tissue formation--", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01223-00312025-00312336": "- Yeah, we haven't done that by ourselves,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01224-00312336-00312483": "but if you read the literature", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01225-00312483-00312590": "there are tons of evidence for it.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01226-00312590-00312728": "- [Audience] Okay.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01227-00312728-00312891": "So there is like a substantial, like difference", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01228-00312891-00312983": "in like the amount of scarring--", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01229-00312983-00313160": "- Yeah. - Okay, got you.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01230-00313160-00313264": "Thanks.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01231-00313264-00313347": "- It's really interesting.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01232-00313347-00313502": "So if you heal with less scarring", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01233-00313502-00313681": "that's a big thing, correct?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01234-00313681-00313945": "If you are healing a wound with a relatively lower", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01235-00313945-00314261": "scarring rate that's a big thing as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01236-00314261-00314487": "And again I'm not discussing, and there are a lot", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01237-00314487-00314684": "of other ideas that are of huge significance", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01238-00314684-00315073": "in your particular context as well novel biomaterials,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01239-00315073-00315483": "novel biomaterials loaded with various biological molecules.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01240-00315483-00315678": "Nanomaterials, again a huge area", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01241-00315678-00316036": "that is of huge significance at this point of time.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01242-00316036-00316261": "- So kinda that makes-- - Correct, correct.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01243-00316351-00316579": "And on top of all that, another area", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01244-00316579-00316923": "that I'm really curious about is to have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01245-00316923-00317147": "exact measurements of wound topology.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01246-00317147-00317306": "So the one that you are seeing here", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01247-00317306-00317619": "is an example of very low grade wounds.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01248-00317619-00317955": "So if I show you the massive nature of the wounds", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01249-00317955-00318233": "it's really hard to quantify the topology of the wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01250-00318233-00318564": "And when we discussed about wound healing process", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01251-00318564-00318832": "it has to come out in a three-dimensional fashion, right,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01252-00318832-00319013": "that come out from inside out.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01253-00319013-00319331": "So most of the time even if you look", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01254-00319331-00319565": "at nearby wound clinics over here", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01255-00319565-00319774": "you don't have a very liable tool", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01256-00319774-00319954": "through which you basically get,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01257-00319954-00320261": "or you can gauge the characteristics of the wound.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01258-00320261-00320493": "There are commercial products out there,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01259-00320493-00320765": "but really expensive to buy and use as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01260-00320969-00321114": "- [Audience] Other questions?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01261-00321200-00321371": "So I have-- - Oh, thank you very much.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01262-00321371-00321454": "Yeah, sure. - I have a question for you.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01263-00321454-00321671": "So these wounds are very complex,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01264-00321775-00322030": "the characteristics of each is different.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01265-00322030-00322334": "But like on average, the photobiomodulation", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01266-00322334-00322556": "would heal like in what percentage", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01267-00322556-00322898": "of these basically wounds?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01268-00322898-00323099": "- What all different types?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01269-00323099-00323225": "- Yeah, on average.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01270-00323225-00323485": "And does it depend on like the dosage and the duration.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01271-00323485-00323595": "You know, you mentioned that", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01272-00323595-00323864": "there's always this basically discussion,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01273-00323864-00324105": "what type of laser and what's the dosage", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01274-00324105-00324386": "and what's the duration to use,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01275-00324386-00324837": "but is there like an average number out there", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01276-00324837-00325075": "that photobiomodulation is effective", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01277-00325075-00325575": "like 75% or 85% in terms of wound healing?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01278-00325608-00325691": "Can you give us a number?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01279-00325691-00325954": "- So those type of numbers are probably out there", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01280-00325954-00326216": "but I'm not familiar about those numbers.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01281-00326216-00326505": "So the question here is whether if you have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01282-00326505-00326873": "10 different wounds, whether 50% of them", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01283-00326873-00327142": "can be healed versus 75% of them.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01284-00327142-00327387": "I'm exactly not sure about the number out there.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01285-00327387-00327627": "Probably there should be some numbers out there", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01286-00327627-00327739": "with respect to that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01287-00327739-00327944": "And the debate always revolves around,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01288-00327944-00328249": "for example, if I'm an investigator who is using 670", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01289-00328249-00328540": "versus another investigator who will use 660", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01290-00328540-00328712": "he or she will try to establish the fact", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01291-00328712-00328980": "that 660 works better than 670.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01292-00328980-00329271": "But I'm always of the thought that it's a range", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01293-00329271-00329560": "rather than a particular wavelength.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01294-00329560-00329817": "That does the magic over here, so.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01295-00329817-00329952": "And when you are exposed to UV light", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01296-00329952-00330212": "it's not the particular wavelength of UV", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01297-00330212-00330443": "that you are exposed to, it's a range of wavelength", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01298-00330443-00330634": "that you are exposed to that consecrates", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01299-00330634-00330905": "the physiological consequence of UV.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01300-00330905-00331162": "- Is there, are there any publications talking about", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01301-00331162-00331305": "like that range and effectiveness?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01302-00331305-00331748": "Like do you see a change in regulation from,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01303-00331847-00332203": "is it 10 nanometers, is 20, 50, where is the--", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01304-00332203-00332430": "- There are a lot of comparative wavelength studies", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01305-00332430-00332569": "that has been done as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01306-00332569-00332824": "So the one that I, I thought of putting that as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01307-00332824-00333324": "So one study that was recently published was comparing,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01308-00333371-00333695": "for example, a 630 versus 670 versus 810", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01309-00333695-00333899": "versus 870 so on and so forth.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01310-00333899-00334168": "So doing that particular, I should have put that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01311-00334168-00334456": "So doing their particular studies they were able to have", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01312-00334456-00334836": "a relative betterment with a particular wavelength", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01313-00334836-00334963": "when compared to that of other,", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01314-00334963-00335236": "probably because of that particular wavelength", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01315-00335236-00335525": "is much more redundant in interacting", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01316-00335525-00335836": "with the cytochrome oxidase or something like that", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01317-00335836-00336046": "would have been the basic reason for that.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01318-00336146-00336511": "Those are the types of studies that are out there as well.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01319-00336511-00336643": "- [Audience] Gotcha.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01320-00336643-00336792": "- [Audience] Any other question?", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01321-00336792-00336959": "Okay, let's thank our speaker.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01322-00336959-00337088": "- Oh, thank you very much, yeah.", "c2yDUEhNnZQ-01323-00337088-00337405": "(audience applauding)"}}, {"audio_id": "c2-it71Zdn4", "text": {"c2-it71Zdn4-00000-00000055-00000155": "Male Speaker: All right.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00001-00000155-00000584": "Good morning everyone and welcome to the fifth week of our current topics in genome analysis", "c2-it71Zdn4-00002-00000584-00000733": "course [spelled phonetically].", "c2-it71Zdn4-00003-00000733-00001104": "We're going to try to pull some of the concepts together that you've heard about over the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00004-00001104-00001608": "last several weeks, so if we hark back to week one, you'll recall Dr. Green [spelled", "c2-it71Zdn4-00005-00001608-00001991": "phonetically] devoted part of his lecture to discussing the approaches that one could", "c2-it71Zdn4-00006-00001991-00002576": "use to look for sequence similarity across very large genomic regions and across evolutionary", "c2-it71Zdn4-00007-00002576-00002676": "time.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00008-00002676-00003056": "And the whole point of that was to compare different organisms' genomes to one another", "c2-it71Zdn4-00009-00003056-00003359": "to identify evolutionarily conserved regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00010-00003359-00003655": "You think back to the last three weeks -- last week's lecture by Teera [spelled phonetically],", "c2-it71Zdn4-00011-00003655-00003942": "the previous two weeks of the lectures by myself.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00012-00003942-00004468": "We spoke quite a bit about how sequence similarity is determined, how you can visualize those", "c2-it71Zdn4-00013-00004468-00004987": "regions, and the kinds of insights you can gain by looking for conserved sequences both", "c2-it71Zdn4-00014-00004987-00005461": "at the level of genome protein families, but also on a genome-wide scale.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00015-00005461-00005867": "So we're going to continue to build upon those themes and this week's lecture is going to", "c2-it71Zdn4-00016-00005867-00006293": "focus on the regulatory and epigenetic landscapes of mammalian genomes and the approaches that", "c2-it71Zdn4-00017-00006293-00006762": "one can use to elucidate them both computationally and in the laboratory.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00018-00006762-00007181": "So today, it's my pleasure to introduce to you my colleague and today's speaker, Dr.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00019-00007181-00007345": "Laura Elnitski.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00020-00007345-00007852": "She is a senior investigator in -- at NHGRI and she did much of her post-doctoral work", "c2-it71Zdn4-00021-00007852-00008409": "at Penn State in the laboratories of both Ross Hardison and Webb Miller focusing on", "c2-it71Zdn4-00022-00008409-00008907": "using genomic alignment techniques to detect and analyze regulatory regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00023-00008907-00009379": "Her studies here at Genome focus on bioinformatic and experimental approaches that are used", "c2-it71Zdn4-00024-00009379-00009872": "to identify non-coding functional elements in the vertebrae genome using cross-species", "c2-it71Zdn4-00025-00009872-00010382": "comparisons to zero in on sequences that have remained relatively unchanged throughout evolution,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00026-00010382-00010778": "the ones that obviously would be most likely to be functionally important.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00027-00010778-00011151": "The ultimate goal of Laura's studies is to really better understand the crucial role", "c2-it71Zdn4-00028-00011151-00011646": "that these non-coding functional elements play in establishing normal cell function.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00029-00011646-00012237": "She's also been extensively involved in NHGRI's ENCODE Project, which as you'll remember from", "c2-it71Zdn4-00030-00012237-00012638": "Dr. Green's lecture, is the consortium-based effort that's aimed at producing a comprehensive", "c2-it71Zdn4-00031-00012638-00012984": "catalogue of functional elements in the human genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00032-00012984-00013247": "So with that, please join me in welcoming today's speaker, Dr. Laura Elnitski.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00033-00013247-00013347": "[applause]", "c2-it71Zdn4-00034-00013347-00013491": "Laura Elnitski: Good morning.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00035-00013491-00013788": "Can you hear me?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00036-00013788-00014012": "Female Speaker: Yes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00037-00014012-00014236": "Laura Elnitski: Okay.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00038-00014236-00014336": "Now you can hear me.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00039-00014336-00014436": "[laughter]", "c2-it71Zdn4-00040-00014436-00014536": "Laura Elnitski: Okay.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00041-00014536-00014636": "We're good.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00042-00014636-00014736": "Thank you.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00043-00014736-00014947": "Well, thank you for making it out on this somewhat icy morning.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00044-00014947-00015512": "First to comply with government rules and regulations, I want to tell you that I have", "c2-it71Zdn4-00045-00015512-00015911": "no relevant financial relationship with commercial interests.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00046-00015911-00016424": "And I'll ask you to just please hold your questions until the end so that we can get", "c2-it71Zdn4-00047-00016424-00016601": "through the material.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00048-00016601-00017203": "Now, we are all here today because knowledge about the genome is advancing fast.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00049-00017203-00017876": "It's moving from a nucleotide-level blueprint to the functional implementation of genomic", "c2-it71Zdn4-00050-00017876-00017976": "processes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00051-00017976-00018629": "And today, what I'm going to put into context for you is some of what we know and why there's", "c2-it71Zdn4-00052-00018629-00019281": "so much excitement moving forward, and keep in mind, with any good mystery, lots of questions", "c2-it71Zdn4-00053-00019281-00019381": "remain.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00054-00019381-00020410": "So today, we are going to discuss genome composition, enhancer studies, and epigenetics.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00055-00020410-00020793": "Now let me put it into perspective for you.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00056-00020793-00021395": "About a week ago, the New York Times ran a page one story about a gene-inhibiting protein", "c2-it71Zdn4-00057-00021395-00021878": "called REST [spelled phonetically], and until recently, scientists thought that REST acted", "c2-it71Zdn4-00058-00021878-00022228": "mostly in the brains of developing fetuses.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00059-00022228-00022809": "But researchers at Harvard found that REST is sharply depleted in key brain regions of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00060-00022809-00023245": "people with Alzheimer's and other dementia.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00061-00023245-00023783": "This is an eye-opening discovery and it was offering hope for intervention strategies", "c2-it71Zdn4-00062-00023783-00024367": "for this widespread disease that has been virtually impossible to treat.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00063-00024367-00024984": "This finding is a direct result of the continuing study of the human genome and it's only one", "c2-it71Zdn4-00064-00024984-00025423": "example of what makes our field so exciting.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00065-00025423-00026577": "So in order to understand these breakthroughs, let's take a look at what got us to this point.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00066-00026577-00027225": "Since the late 1950s, the central dogma of molecular biology has guided studies of the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00067-00027225-00027456": "human genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00068-00027456-00028164": "It basically says that DNA in the nucleus gets transcribed into RNA which gets processed", "c2-it71Zdn4-00069-00028164-00028486": "into proteins.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00070-00028486-00029005": "This dogma implicates the protein component as the vehicle that carries out the cell's", "c2-it71Zdn4-00071-00029005-00029637": "important molecular function and under this framework, much progress has been made towards", "c2-it71Zdn4-00072-00029637-00030374": "Mendelian diseases like cystic fibrosis and that's because most Mendelian diseases harbor", "c2-it71Zdn4-00073-00030374-00030819": "protein-coding mutation.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00074-00030819-00031391": "But while all this progress was being made, something interesting was happening to shake", "c2-it71Zdn4-00075-00031391-00032152": "our relative comfort in the central dogma.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00076-00032152-00032787": "So back in 2000, President Clinton, standing next to this distinguished scientist known", "c2-it71Zdn4-00077-00032787-00033347": "as Francis Collins, announced the completion of the draft human genome and he called it", "c2-it71Zdn4-00078-00033347-00034022": "the most important and the most wondrous map ever produced by humankind and he was right.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00079-00034022-00034346": "And that announcement marked the beginning of a new era.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00080-00034346-00034981": "We're now 14 years later and we're on the horizon of having personalized medicine, and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00081-00034981-00036027": "that is the ability to diagnose and treat diseases based on the genetic makeup of an", "c2-it71Zdn4-00082-00036027-00036437": "individual.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00083-00036437-00036758": "Now of course, reaching that goal is anything but simple.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00084-00036758-00037452": "This is because the genome is holding on to its secrets very tightly.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00085-00037452-00037902": "So the image on the left represents our sequence genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00086-00037902-00038469": "It's completely linear, it follows one base after another, and it's a simple track going", "c2-it71Zdn4-00087-00038469-00039075": "from point A to point B. And this track is very straightforward, but if you think about", "c2-it71Zdn4-00088-00039075-00039599": "it, it carries very important cargo or information.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00089-00039599-00040430": "Likewise, the genome -- the track on which the genome travels represents much more complicated", "c2-it71Zdn4-00090-00040430-00040959": "information than just the simple linear sequence.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00091-00040959-00041543": "So if you've ever ridden one of these amusement park rides called the Scorpion or the Freefall,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00092-00041543-00042036": "you're braver than I am, but you know that even though you're strapped in with a seatbelt", "c2-it71Zdn4-00093-00042036-00042530": "and a shoulder harness, you're still screaming for dear life.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00094-00042530-00043490": "And just like the dynamics of that ride, the genome itself comes alive in 3D.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00095-00043490-00043914": "So let's look at how the current data help us understand some of the things that the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00096-00043914-00044700": "central dogma didn't explain.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00097-00044700-00045246": "The basic facts about the human genome are its size, roughly 3 billion base pairs, and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00098-00045246-00045705": "its number of protein-coding genes, currently standing at about 23,000.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00099-00045705-00046387": "Those 23,000 protein-coding genes account for only 1 to 2 percent of the whole genome", "c2-it71Zdn4-00100-00046387-00046725": "sequence shown by that tiny sliver.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00101-00046725-00047162": "The rest is divided into non-coding sequence of two main flavors.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00102-00047162-00047918": "These are the repetitive elements which contain transposable elements, remnants of transposable", "c2-it71Zdn4-00103-00047918-00048197": "elements, and simple repeats.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00104-00048197-00048937": "The other portion is non-coding non-repetitive sequences.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00105-00048937-00049503": "Now as far as we know, much of this 98 percent of the genome has no obvious function, yet", "c2-it71Zdn4-00106-00049503-00050208": "we recognize that regulatory elements are embedded there next to non-coding sequences.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00107-00050208-00051027": "And these two are seamlessly intertwined, at least from our base level viewpoint.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00108-00051027-00051582": "So it's interesting that in the early years of genome study guided by the central dogma,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00109-00051582-00052012": "the focus was on protein coding regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00110-00052012-00052429": "And it's hard to imagine this now, but at first scientists were estimating that there", "c2-it71Zdn4-00111-00052429-00053017": "were as many as 100,000 protein-coding genes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00112-00053017-00053644": "Now that we know that there are only 23,000, the question is what does the remaining 98", "c2-it71Zdn4-00113-00053644-00054205": "percent of the genome do?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00114-00054205-00054770": "So despite having the sequence of a genome, there's still a raging debate.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00115-00054770-00055100": "How much of it is functional?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00116-00055100-00055423": "How much of it is superfluous?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00117-00055423-00057037": "And how well can we distinguish between the two?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00118-00057037-00057593": "Now at one point in the 1970s, when protein-coding genes were the primary focus of study, the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00119-00057593-00057816": "non-coding regions were called junk.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00120-00057816-00058476": "In the '80s, some people proposed that that title be limited only to regions containing", "c2-it71Zdn4-00121-00058476-00058722": "transposable elements.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00122-00058722-00059495": "Now in the sense term -- in a sense, the term \"junk\" leaves room for interpretation since", "c2-it71Zdn4-00123-00059495-00060163": "while garbage is stuff you know -- garbage is stuff that you throw out, junk is stuff", "c2-it71Zdn4-00124-00060163-00060719": "that you keep around because you're not sure whether it has value.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00125-00060719-00060969": "So think about the junk drawer most of us have in our kitchen.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00126-00060969-00061156": "I know I do.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00127-00061156-00061608": "We're afraid to throw that stuff out either because we're attached to it or because we", "c2-it71Zdn4-00128-00061608-00062207": "think that someday it might be useful in some context.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00129-00062207-00062938": "Now as evidence grew for the undeniable presence of regulatory regions, a better term than", "c2-it71Zdn4-00130-00062938-00063066": "junk emerged.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00131-00063066-00063612": "This is the term \"dark matter\" and it was named after the dark matter in the cosmos.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00132-00063612-00064130": "Today, we've come to appreciate that a small number of repetitive elements have joined", "c2-it71Zdn4-00133-00064130-00064439": "the ranks of regulatory elements.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00134-00064439-00065137": "This is a process known as exaptation and the point I want to make is that regardless", "c2-it71Zdn4-00135-00065137-00065792": "of whether transposable elements are functional or not, they contribute to the etiology of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00136-00065792-00065950": "the disease.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00137-00065950-00066312": "This necessitates that we know more about them.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00138-00066312-00067294": "They cannot be ignored.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00139-00067294-00068112": "So one of the fascinating things we've discovered in the process of sequencing the human genome", "c2-it71Zdn4-00140-00068112-00068623": "is that among the planet's living creatures, our position on top of the heap in terms of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00141-00068623-00068981": "complexity fell into question.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00142-00068981-00069495": "We know now that the haploid human genome of 3.3 billion base pairs fell somewhere between", "c2-it71Zdn4-00143-00069495-00069800": "a lungfish and a turkey.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00144-00069800-00070419": "This is known as the C-value paradox -- the fact that organismal complexity does not increase", "c2-it71Zdn4-00145-00070419-00070712": "with the number of base pairs.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00146-00070712-00071345": "And to make this really humbling, some single-cell protists and even salamanders have genomes", "c2-it71Zdn4-00147-00071345-00071686": "much larger than we do.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00148-00071686-00072364": "Now, the number of genes in an organism doesn't reflect its complexity either, where humans", "c2-it71Zdn4-00149-00072364-00072813": "finish somewhere between a chicken and a grape.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00150-00072813-00074277": "This striking observation suggests that the origin of complexity lies elsewhere.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00151-00074277-00074568": "So how might it be generated?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00152-00074568-00074927": "Of course there's cell type diversity.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00153-00074927-00075475": "We also know that through RNA splicing, a single gene can produce more than one protein.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00154-00075475-00076201": "Humans, for instance, produce around 100,000 different proteins from the 23,000 defined", "c2-it71Zdn4-00155-00076201-00076852": "genes just by differential splicing.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00156-00076852-00077475": "Additional complexity is contributed by the non-coding portion of the genome, although", "c2-it71Zdn4-00157-00077475-00077907": "this is a source of much heated debate.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00158-00077907-00078469": "In fact, ENCODE has shown that the majority of the genome is transcribed at some point", "c2-it71Zdn4-00159-00078469-00078774": "in some cell type.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00160-00078774-00079448": "Furthermore, researchers at Penn State have also shown that RNA polymerase II initiates", "c2-it71Zdn4-00161-00079448-00079849": "transcription at over 100,000 locations in a cell.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00162-00079849-00080537": "Now, roughly 10,000 of these correspond to protein coding genes in any particular cell", "c2-it71Zdn4-00163-00080537-00080650": "type.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00164-00080650-00081319": "This implies that the majority of these events are regulated initiation events producing", "c2-it71Zdn4-00165-00081319-00081756": "an extensive amount of non-coding RNA.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00166-00081756-00082562": "Now granted, we can't predict the full range of function that non-coding genes may serve,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00167-00082562-00083141": "and I'll discuss non-coding RNA later in this talk and I'll give you a beautiful example", "c2-it71Zdn4-00168-00083141-00083689": "of its function.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00169-00083689-00084670": "Now, in addition to non-coding RNA, the non-coding genome also contains all the regulatory features", "c2-it71Zdn4-00170-00084670-00085213": "that we are familiar with like promoters, enhancers, UTRs.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00171-00085213-00085683": "But keep in mind, there are alternative five prime [spelled phonetically] UTRs, alternative", "c2-it71Zdn4-00172-00085683-00085952": "promoters that don't get talked about much.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00173-00085952-00086593": "There are alternative three prime UTRs that give diversity to a cell, there are myriad", "c2-it71Zdn4-00174-00086593-00087160": "enhancers that haven't been characterized, there are intronic regulatory elements that", "c2-it71Zdn4-00175-00087160-00087856": "need to be discovered, and think about it -- mammalian replication origins still remain", "c2-it71Zdn4-00176-00087856-00089155": "out of our ability to predict even though we know they are there.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00177-00089155-00089560": "Later in this talk, I'll go more into epigenetic modifications.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00178-00089560-00090099": "That's certainly one way that diversity is being provided to the human genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00179-00090099-00090662": "Now, underscoring all of this is the fact that most elements in the human genome have", "c2-it71Zdn4-00180-00090662-00091005": "not been subjected to functional analysis.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00181-00091005-00092610": "That in itself is fraught with ascertainment difficulties.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00182-00092610-00093133": "We're now using genomic sequence to successfully uncover the story of human evolution because", "c2-it71Zdn4-00183-00093133-00093829": "it refines the historical amounts -- accounts of the early migration of humans out of Africa", "c2-it71Zdn4-00184-00093829-00094023": "and into the Middle East and beyond.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00185-00094023-00094587": "And you've probably read that having the sequence of the human genome available was crucial", "c2-it71Zdn4-00186-00094587-00095255": "to the discovery of unmistakable traces of Neanderthal DNA in some modern, non-African", "c2-it71Zdn4-00187-00095255-00095386": "human populations.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00188-00095386-00095976": "So yes, I am a Neanderthal.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00189-00095976-00096458": "The genetic record gleaned from the fossil evidence shows interbreeding between Neanderthals", "c2-it71Zdn4-00190-00096458-00097076": "and early modern humans which led to both the beneficial and disadvantageous genetic", "c2-it71Zdn4-00191-00097076-00097518": "material being introduced into modern humans.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00192-00097518-00098149": "For example, genes useful for coping with climates that were colder than Africa were", "c2-it71Zdn4-00193-00098149-00098773": "acquired but probably at the cost of significant fertility problems.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00194-00098773-00099301": "There are also regions where Neanderthal-derived DNA is noticeably absent.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00195-00099301-00099833": "One large chunk of the modern human genome that there's no Neanderthal contributions", "c2-it71Zdn4-00196-00099833-00100369": "encompasses the gene FOXP2, which is involved in human speech.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00197-00100369-00100947": "That's not to say the Neanderthals didn't have speech, but probably that it derived", "c2-it71Zdn4-00198-00100947-00101275": "in a different way.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00199-00101275-00102177": "Now, there's also been some fun involved in studying genomes as well.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00200-00102177-00102865": "For example, the scientific community generally regards the yeti or the Bigfoot as only a", "c2-it71Zdn4-00201-00102865-00103202": "legend, but this is one of the most famous legends in cryptozoology.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00202-00103202-00104110": "That's the study of animals that don't -- we don't have evidence that they really exist.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00203-00104110-00104660": "Analysis of samples claimed to be a yeti found a sequence of mitochondrial DNA that matched", "c2-it71Zdn4-00204-00104660-00105401": "an ancient polar bear from bones that were found in Norway dating back 40,000 to 120,000", "c2-it71Zdn4-00205-00105401-00105517": "years ago.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00206-00105517-00106206": "So it looks like at least one mystery has been solved.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00207-00106206-00107115": "Now, studies of the human genome are driven by suspense and competition.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00208-00107115-00107690": "While before the year 2000 the race was to sequence the human genome, today the race", "c2-it71Zdn4-00209-00107690-00108321": "is to identify and understand all of the functional elements in the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00210-00108321-00109109": "New competitions include the $1,000 Genome, identifying disease-causing variants, and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00211-00109109-00109738": "even the Undiagnosed Disease Program of the NHGRI, and each is upping the ante for the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00212-00109738-00110558": "use of technology towards the interpretation of the non-coding human genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00213-00110558-00110966": "In the meanwhile, we continue to read about people who have made health decisions based", "c2-it71Zdn4-00214-00110966-00111604": "on the analysis of their DNA, such as Angelina Jolie's decision to have a preventive double", "c2-it71Zdn4-00215-00111604-00112165": "mastectomy when she found she carried a gene that can cause breast cancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00216-00112165-00112877": "So this information is empowering, but in fact, only 5 to 10 percent of breast cancer", "c2-it71Zdn4-00217-00112877-00113603": "cases can be attributed to the major heritable mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00218-00113603-00114542": "Many of these undiagnosed cases occur in women -- 85 percent of undiagnosed cases occur in", "c2-it71Zdn4-00219-00114542-00115297": "women who have no family history of breast cancer, many of them as a result of aging.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00220-00115297-00115993": "Now, because these elusive causal mutations will be distributed between coding and non-coding", "c2-it71Zdn4-00221-00115993-00116745": "regions, it is precisely these scenarios that fuel the quest for finding functional elements", "c2-it71Zdn4-00222-00116745-00117354": "in the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00223-00117354-00117833": "So in the early days of genome sequencing, it was a needle in a haystack problem.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00224-00117833-00118318": "The quest to find signatures of functional elements in the human genome was performed", "c2-it71Zdn4-00225-00118318-00119303": "by comparing whole genome sequences of the human to whole genome sequences of the mouse.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00226-00119303-00119644": "Researchers predicted that some proportion of the human genome was more conserved than", "c2-it71Zdn4-00227-00119644-00120318": "expected when compared to the level of conservation found in neutral sequences.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00228-00120318-00120958": "So neutral sequences, such as ancestral repetitive elements, were modeled for the rate of change", "c2-it71Zdn4-00229-00120958-00121139": "over evolutionary time.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00230-00121139-00121461": "That's shown by the red curve.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00231-00121461-00122110": "They were compared to all genomic alignments shown in the blue curve.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00232-00122110-00122660": "These data curves were then de-convoluted using statistics to identify the small region", "c2-it71Zdn4-00233-00122660-00123350": "of the gray curve indicating that 5 percent of the human and mouse genomes showed evidence", "c2-it71Zdn4-00234-00123350-00123677": "of functional conservation.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00235-00123677-00124334": "This represented 1.5 percent of the genome that contained coding regions and 3.5 percent", "c2-it71Zdn4-00236-00124334-00125008": "that contained candidate regulatory regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00237-00125008-00125471": "Now I say that these are candidate regulatory regions because alignment is not proof of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00238-00125471-00126110": "function, and the statistics certainly don't tell us what the functions are.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00239-00126110-00126485": "Since then the amount of the genome under functional constraint has been recalculated", "c2-it71Zdn4-00240-00126485-00126625": "many times.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00241-00126625-00127300": "Today, estimates range between 5 and 15 percent under the most critical analyses, but that's", "c2-it71Zdn4-00242-00127300-00128421": "still a very long way from 98 percent.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00243-00128421-00129168": "Today, in order to narrow the search for meaningful pieces of non-coding genome, we align genomic", "c2-it71Zdn4-00244-00129168-00129486": "sequences from species that are very different from us.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00245-00129486-00130020": "This is to give a large evolutionary window, and the reason for that is that coding regions", "c2-it71Zdn4-00246-00130020-00130697": "and regulatory elements are protected from random drift across evolutionary time by purifying", "c2-it71Zdn4-00247-00130697-00131133": "selection.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00248-00131133-00131603": "This is the pressure to remove deleterious changes from a sequence and it provides a", "c2-it71Zdn4-00249-00131603-00132224": "very strong signal of regions like transcription factor binding sites whose sequence has been", "c2-it71Zdn4-00250-00132224-00132689": "maintained because it is critical for a biological function.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00251-00132689-00133233": "So here are some transcription factor binding sites from the locus control region of the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00252-00133233-00134105": "beta-globin gene hypersensitive site 2 that come actually from a long time ago from my", "c2-it71Zdn4-00253-00134105-00134523": "graduate studies.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00254-00134523-00135311": "Now, sometimes we want to study specific functional elements in the human genome by comparing", "c2-it71Zdn4-00255-00135311-00135680": "them with other primates.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00256-00135680-00136118": "This happens in the case with -- where these elements don't appear in more evolutionary", "c2-it71Zdn4-00257-00136118-00136430": "distant species such as mice.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00258-00136430-00137147": "We might be studying neurobiology or anatomy or immunology in these cases.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00259-00137147-00137705": "But because comparisons of human and chimp genomes are too close, we use a technique", "c2-it71Zdn4-00260-00137705-00137978": "called phylogenetic shadowing.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00261-00137978-00138538": "This is similar to the concept of phylogenetic footprinting, but shadowing aligns multiple", "c2-it71Zdn4-00262-00138538-00139201": "primate sequences to find strongly conserved sequences and eliminate less well-conserved", "c2-it71Zdn4-00263-00139201-00139354": "regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00264-00139354-00140173": "In this way, we can focus in on only those regions that don't change over time.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00265-00140173-00141180": "Now, some very extreme examples of negative selection exist in the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00266-00141180-00141629": "By far the coolest may be the ultraconserved elements.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00267-00141629-00142265": "These regions are longer than 200 base pairs and they have 100 percent identity with no", "c2-it71Zdn4-00268-00142265-00142810": "insertion or deletion between the human, rat, and mouse genomes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00269-00142810-00143060": "It's pretty amazing.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00270-00143060-00143585": "Now, when ultraconserved elements were first identified, the thought was that they represented", "c2-it71Zdn4-00271-00143585-00144391": "traces of contamination in the human DNA -- of human DNA in the mouse and rate samples, and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00272-00144391-00144804": "it was only later shown that they actually belong in these genomes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00273-00144804-00145563": "Although this extreme level of conservation predicts functional importance, many functions", "c2-it71Zdn4-00274-00145563-00146144": "of ultraconserved elements have not been characterized.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00275-00146144-00146895": "Now, as you might predict, many of them represent developmental enhancers.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00276-00146895-00147545": "Still others of them act in a dual role where they are both exons for the gene in which", "c2-it71Zdn4-00277-00147545-00148252": "they are embedded and they are enhancers at the same time for neighboring genes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00278-00148252-00148830": "And there is compelling intrigue surrounding some ultras which act in completely unpredictable", "c2-it71Zdn4-00279-00148830-00149057": "ways.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00280-00149057-00149763": "For example, some are used as alternative exons and they're called poison cassette exons.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00281-00149763-00150459": "In other words, they have an in-frame stop codon embedded within them and they're used", "c2-it71Zdn4-00282-00150459-00150967": "to invoke nonsense-mediated decay of a messenger RNA transcript.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00283-00150967-00151700": "It's completely effective at removing those mRNAs from production, but at the same time", "c2-it71Zdn4-00284-00151700-00152139": "it seems counterintuitive.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00285-00152139-00152820": "Now, not all functional elements are conserved.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00286-00152820-00153302": "On the opposite side of conservation, some genes are under selection to increase the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00287-00153302-00153695": "number of nucleotide changes in a particular species.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00288-00153695-00154267": "This is known as positive natural selection, the force that drives the increase and advantageous", "c2-it71Zdn4-00289-00154267-00154492": "substitution.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00290-00154492-00155020": "A well-known example, although you might not think this is advantageous, is the sickle", "c2-it71Zdn4-00291-00155020-00155333": "cell mutation in the beta-globin gene.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00292-00155333-00156275": "In the heterozygous form, it actually protects against malaria and this connection explains", "c2-it71Zdn4-00293-00156275-00156813": "why the mutation has been retained and why the incidence of sickle cell corresponds to", "c2-it71Zdn4-00294-00156813-00157747": "regions endemic with malaria.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00295-00157747-00158344": "Another example is a mutation that allows lactose tolerance to persist into adulthood.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00296-00158344-00159113": "This mutation is in a regulatory region near the gene for lactase.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00297-00159113-00159692": "This particular variant was apparently selected in parts of Europe as the domestication of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00298-00159692-00160302": "cattle was taking place and it's fascinating to see this parallel between the geographical", "c2-it71Zdn4-00299-00160302-00160810": "and the genetic data.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00300-00160810-00161510": "So in 2006, an entire collection of regions with accelerated divergence was identified.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00301-00161510-00161976": "These are known as human accelerated regions, or HARS for short.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00302-00161976-00162560": "They were conserved across species as you can see in this image, but they had accelerated", "c2-it71Zdn4-00303-00162560-00163001": "changes in the human sequence even relative to chimps.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00304-00163001-00163870": "Now, one of these sites contains a gene enhancer function that targets expression to the opposable", "c2-it71Zdn4-00305-00163870-00164566": "thumb and it may also be responsible for modifications in the ankle or foot corresponding to walking", "c2-it71Zdn4-00306-00164566-00164692": "upright.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00307-00164692-00165571": "So as you can see from the image, using the chimp sequence in a transgenic mouse, there", "c2-it71Zdn4-00308-00165571-00166062": "is no expression in the limb buds, but when the human substitutions are added to that", "c2-it71Zdn4-00309-00166062-00166810": "sequence, suddenly you see expression in the limb buds of the transgenic mouse.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00310-00166810-00167499": "And likewise, starting with the human sequence, if you remove those human-specific substitutions", "c2-it71Zdn4-00311-00167499-00168227": "back to the chimp sequence, expression is lost.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00312-00168227-00168812": "So I just want to make the point that while accelerate regions are recognized as an evolutionary", "c2-it71Zdn4-00313-00168812-00168938": "adaptation.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00314-00168938-00169460": "There are other processes in the genome that can produce an increase in the number of base", "c2-it71Zdn4-00315-00169460-00169863": "changes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00316-00169863-00170395": "And the point is that our ability to decipher mechanisms in the genome by computational", "c2-it71Zdn4-00317-00170395-00171133": "means is constantly advancing and with those refinements come better interpretations of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00318-00171133-00171233": "the biology.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00319-00171233-00172586": "So, like I tell my students, it's never enough to just look at something once.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00320-00172586-00173125": "Much of what we know about the genome is only the tip of the iceberg and most of the secrets", "c2-it71Zdn4-00321-00173125-00173411": "are still hiding beneath the surface.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00322-00173411-00174136": "Only when we understand more about the regulatory and the non-coding DNA -- non-coding RNA that's", "c2-it71Zdn4-00323-00174136-00174801": "captivating our attention will we understand the role of the dark matter in the genome", "c2-it71Zdn4-00324-00174801-00175918": "and until then, we don't know how much we don't know.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00325-00175918-00176498": "We do know that the impact of sequence variants is diseases ranges from single gene disorders", "c2-it71Zdn4-00326-00176498-00177214": "to complex multigenic diseases and strikingly, these categories have very different underlying", "c2-it71Zdn4-00327-00177214-00177567": "genetic architectures.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00328-00177567-00178190": "Mutations causing single gene Mendelian diseases are rare and they largely occur in protein", "c2-it71Zdn4-00329-00178190-00178383": "coding regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00330-00178383-00178998": "In contrast, genetic variants that are present in complex diseases such as Alzheimer's and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00331-00178998-00179757": "type 2 diabetes have high minor allele frequencies indicating that their presence is common in", "c2-it71Zdn4-00332-00179757-00179940": "the population.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00333-00179940-00180374": "These diseases are giving us insight are giving us insight into enhancer activities.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00334-00180374-00181100": "But this actually came as a surprising result.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00335-00181100-00181619": "The approach to studying complex diseases was extremely challenging because our genomes", "c2-it71Zdn4-00336-00181619-00182189": "are so large and whole genome sequencing has been so prohibitively expensive.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00337-00182189-00182719": "So, scientists wanting to study these diseases needed a short cut.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00338-00182719-00183265": "The work of the HapMap Consortium provided that short cut as a collection of genetic", "c2-it71Zdn4-00339-00183265-00183614": "variants represented on an array chip.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00340-00183614-00184288": "First, the single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in DNA samples from multiple", "c2-it71Zdn4-00341-00184288-00185245": "individuals, next, the adjacent SNPs that are inherited together were compiled into", "c2-it71Zdn4-00342-00185245-00185756": "haplotypes, and finally, these haplotypes were further reduced to a small number of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00343-00185756-00186463": "variants called tag SNPs that served as a proxy for the full haplotype of an individual.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00344-00186463-00187247": "So, here, we're seeing positions of three tag SNPs that identify four haplotypes carried", "c2-it71Zdn4-00345-00187247-00187558": "in individuals.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00346-00187558-00188288": "Now, the genotyping arrays carrying the tag SNPs were then used for genome-wide association", "c2-it71Zdn4-00347-00188288-00188516": "studies, or GWAS.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00348-00188516-00189051": "This is where DNA from one large group of affected individuals is compared to a similar-sized", "c2-it71Zdn4-00349-00189051-00189282": "group of unaffected individuals.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00350-00189282-00189935": "The SNPs that are statistically associated with the disease will be overrepresented in", "c2-it71Zdn4-00351-00189935-00190181": "the affected sample.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00352-00190181-00191125": "So, today, more than 1,400 elusive disease-associated variants have been identified in the genome", "c2-it71Zdn4-00353-00191125-00191677": "using GWAS and by now, that number is probably out of date.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00354-00191677-00192322": "They're coming fast and furious and the vast majority of them lie in non-coding regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00355-00192322-00193091": "This was actually a big surprise and it provided enormous opportunities to further study the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00356-00193091-00193708": "contributions of the noncoding sequences.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00357-00193708-00194666": "So, the premise is that these variants are hitting enhancers that are located either", "c2-it71Zdn4-00358-00194666-00195349": "in introns or intergenic regions and that these variants disrupt transcription factor", "c2-it71Zdn4-00359-00195349-00196222": "binding sites within these active enhancers.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00360-00196222-00196575": "This premise is born out by studies of GWAS variants.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00361-00196575-00197184": "In these cases, variants fall into enhancers that are affective -- that are -- I'm sorry", "c2-it71Zdn4-00362-00197184-00197613": "-- that are active in the affected cell type.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00363-00197613-00198421": "In other words, here, we're looking at DNase hypersensitivity activity in each of -- different", "c2-it71Zdn4-00364-00198421-00198570": "cell types.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00365-00198570-00199117": "DNase hypersensitivity is a marker for an active regulatory element.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00366-00199117-00200145": "So, what we see in the first panel is that variants identify active immune cell enhancers", "c2-it71Zdn4-00367-00200145-00201097": "that are found in Crohn's disease, likewise in multiple sclerosis, in the next panel,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00368-00201097-00201812": "variants identify active cardiac cell enhancers in cardiovascular disease, in the next panel,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00369-00201812-00202719": "variants identify active prostate cell enhancers for prostate cancer, and in the last panel,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00370-00202719-00203372": "variants identify active brain cell enhancers for neurological diseases.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00371-00203372-00204569": "Now, what we are looking for is a strong phenotype that occurs when a GWAS SNP prevents binding", "c2-it71Zdn4-00372-00204569-00205201": "of a transcription factor and disrupts the entire function of the enhancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00373-00205201-00205944": "Actually, single base changes in enhancers often have very small effects due to the modular", "c2-it71Zdn4-00374-00205944-00206263": "construction of enhancers.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00375-00206263-00206409": "And this makes sense.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00376-00206409-00207058": "It explains why we're seeing modest levels of disease risk found from GWAS studies.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00377-00207058-00207667": "It also explains why these diseases are perpetuating in the population.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00378-00207667-00208439": "These are very small changes but in fact they are leading to enormous health burdens.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00379-00208439-00209065": "Now, one note of caution about GWAS SNPs.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00380-00209065-00209680": "If you find one, you need to be aware that they are often not the SNPs that cause the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00381-00209680-00209919": "disease.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00382-00209919-00210371": "This is because SNPs are tightly linked in a region of a haplotype and the statistics", "c2-it71Zdn4-00383-00210371-00211108": "might misleadingly point to one SNP whereas the function might be provided at a nearby", "c2-it71Zdn4-00384-00211108-00211438": "position.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00385-00211438-00212198": "So, to assign causality, it is necessary to validate function.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00386-00212198-00212525": "This is often done in a multistep fashion.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00387-00212525-00213077": "For example, conservation can be assessed in the UCSC Genome Browser.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00388-00213077-00213596": "Keep in mind that regulatory elements can be located intragenic regions, as I'm showing", "c2-it71Zdn4-00389-00213596-00214241": "here, or far from the genes they regulate in intergenic regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00390-00214241-00215004": "Now, there are another -- a number of other data types that can facilitate the interpretation", "c2-it71Zdn4-00391-00215004-00215811": "of an active regulatory region including transcription factor occupancy, DNase hypersensitivity,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00392-00215811-00216523": "FAIRE data, which is another proxy for open chromatin, and chromatin modifications, which", "c2-it71Zdn4-00393-00216523-00216859": "we'll talk about later in this talk.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00394-00216859-00217533": "Data for each of these characteristics are available in the UCSC Genome Browser.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00395-00217533-00218313": "Now, taking validation one step further, as we've seen, transgenic mice can be created", "c2-it71Zdn4-00396-00218313-00218746": "that test the expression patterns conferred by enhancer sequences.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00397-00218746-00219326": "Here, I'm showing a screenshot of the VISTA Enhancer Browser and Lawrence Berkeley National", "c2-it71Zdn4-00398-00219326-00219451": "Lab.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00399-00219451-00220052": "Here, they display enhancer regions that have been tested in transgenic mice.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00400-00220052-00220638": "You can go to this site and you can select a tissue-specific type of enhancer activity", "c2-it71Zdn4-00401-00220638-00221158": "that you're interested in -- here, I've selected heart -- and you can see the expression patterns", "c2-it71Zdn4-00402-00221158-00221771": "in developing mouse embryos as shown in the panel on the right.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00403-00221771-00222376": "You can select sequences from human or mouse genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00404-00222376-00223096": "You can see both positive and negative outcomes for any sequences that they have tested.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00405-00223096-00223638": "You can even download the sequences representing these enhancers for further studies of your", "c2-it71Zdn4-00406-00223638-00223914": "own.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00407-00223914-00224598": "Now, one problem with an enhancer assay is that they take a long time and they're not", "c2-it71Zdn4-00408-00224598-00224869": "easily performed on a large scale.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00409-00224869-00225521": "However, new approaches such as StarSeek are emerging for the assessment of enhancer elements", "c2-it71Zdn4-00410-00225521-00225796": "in an unbiased way.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00411-00225796-00226563": "In this assay, fragmented genomic DNA is cloned into reporter vectors.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00412-00226563-00227107": "It is then transfected into culture cells, and the RNA is sequenced.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00413-00227107-00227731": "The amount of RNA expressed in any of these cells relates to directly to the level of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00414-00227731-00228504": "the enhancer strength and because the enhancer fragment is incorporated into the transcribed", "c2-it71Zdn4-00415-00228504-00228936": "RNA sequence, it can be mapped directly to the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00416-00228936-00229601": "So, in this way, enhancers can be discovered, they can be mapped, and they can be measured", "c2-it71Zdn4-00417-00229601-00229825": "all within the same assay.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00418-00229825-00230508": "Now, it's a big task but once the strategic mapping of all enhancers in the genome is", "c2-it71Zdn4-00419-00230508-00231285": "completed, as I would like to see, the interpretation of disease-associated variants could happen", "c2-it71Zdn4-00420-00231285-00232146": "much more quickly.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00421-00232146-00232561": "Comprehensive studies of enhancers are revealing information that we never knew.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00422-00232561-00233352": "For example, two new studies recently reported very long stretches of active enhancers near", "c2-it71Zdn4-00423-00233352-00233678": "genes that are essential for a given cell type.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00424-00233678-00234377": "These are termed \"super\" and \"stretch\" enhancers and the idea is that a long runway of enhancer", "c2-it71Zdn4-00425-00234377-00234708": "sequence appears upstream of genes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00426-00234708-00235237": "This is like a regulatory red carpet.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00427-00235237-00235842": "These extended regions are thought to be so long to ensure that the genes get expressed", "c2-it71Zdn4-00428-00235842-00236109": "in critical cell types.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00429-00236109-00236738": "Moreover, the authors of these studies are showing that GWAS variants are enriched in", "c2-it71Zdn4-00430-00236738-00237030": "these super enhancer regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00431-00237030-00237615": "This supports the idea that complex diseases are arising in tissue-specific regulatory", "c2-it71Zdn4-00432-00237615-00237969": "elements.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00433-00237969-00238813": "Now, I want you to be aware of the fact that 50 percent of predicted enhancer regions do", "c2-it71Zdn4-00434-00238813-00239314": "not show a function in enhancer assays.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00435-00239314-00239785": "Sometimes this can really dismay somebody doing these types of experiments.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00436-00239785-00240102": "But this may be explained by many reasons.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00437-00240102-00240973": "For example, the cell type might be wrong for the expression type that is necessary.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00438-00240973-00241563": "The DNA being tested might be missing some important component of the enhancer element.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00439-00241563-00242201": "The promoter used in the reporter vector might not want to talk to that particular enhancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00440-00242201-00242860": "So, despite all the things we know about enhancers, sometimes it's still very difficult to tease", "c2-it71Zdn4-00441-00242860-00243246": "out their activities experimentally.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00442-00243246-00243891": "And the one point that I haven't mentioned is perhaps these elements that we're predicting", "c2-it71Zdn4-00443-00243891-00244823": "as enhancers have a completely different function and so, of course they don't work as enhancers.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00444-00244823-00245658": "So, these failures highlight the fact that the complexity of recreating specific regulatory", "c2-it71Zdn4-00445-00245658-00246396": "schemes in a laboratory falls far short of the endogenous complexity.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00446-00246396-00247146": "It also warns us that a negative result is not always the final word.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00447-00247146-00247944": "Now, for example, most of us probably have a backup of our computer files to prevent", "c2-it71Zdn4-00448-00247944-00248177": "accidental loss.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00449-00248177-00248951": "The genome has a backup system as well, carrying spare enhancers known as shadow enhancers.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00450-00248951-00249519": "These enhancers map far from a target gene and they preserve the activities of the primary", "c2-it71Zdn4-00451-00249519-00249704": "enhancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00452-00249704-00250750": "In this way, the loss of a primary enhancer might not be so devastating.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00453-00250750-00251291": "And shadow enhancers return us to the conversation of ultra-conserved elements.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00454-00251291-00252000": "When four of these elements with known enhancer functions were deleted in the mouse genome,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00455-00252000-00252289": "no functional consequences occurred.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00456-00252289-00252890": "Let me tell you, this was shocking to the field at the time.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00457-00252890-00253184": "But it delighted the mice, I'm sure.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00458-00253184-00254385": "So, one explanation is that the shadow enhancers compensated for the missing regulatory activity.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00459-00254385-00254794": "So while we have a lot to learn about enhancers, gene loss [spelled phonetically] studies clearly", "c2-it71Zdn4-00460-00254794-00255328": "demonstrate a framework for unraveling the genetic bases of complex traits, in which", "c2-it71Zdn4-00461-00255328-00256044": "the majority of common complex trait-associated variance fall into non-coding regions and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00462-00256044-00256415": "they have modest effects.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00463-00256415-00256878": "But keep in mind that much work needs to be done to further unravel the undiscovered causes", "c2-it71Zdn4-00464-00256878-00257164": "of genetic diseases.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00465-00257164-00257705": "And because of that I want to highlight an example that emphasizes that most diseases", "c2-it71Zdn4-00466-00257705-00258478": "will have varying proportions of coding and non-coding contributions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00467-00258478-00259140": "So in this case, after gene loss studies were completed, additional rare variance for inflammatory", "c2-it71Zdn4-00468-00259140-00259673": "bowel disease has been found in the coding regions upon deep re-sequencing.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00469-00259673-00260396": "Now the genotyping arrays cannot assess the presence of these very rare variance because", "c2-it71Zdn4-00470-00260396-00260710": "they are not part of the arrays.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00471-00260710-00261467": "These are personal variance.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00472-00261467-00261848": "So we know that rare variance can effect coding regions, right?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00473-00261848-00262417": "But where it gets really interesting is that rare variance in coding regions of genes can", "c2-it71Zdn4-00474-00262417-00262901": "also effect the regulated expression of the gene.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00475-00262901-00263487": "For example, variance effects splicing of messenger RNA when they're located directly", "c2-it71Zdn4-00476-00263487-00264104": "adjacent to the splice junctions, we all know that.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00477-00264104-00264713": "But even more camouflage positions are embedded directly within the coding sequences.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00478-00264713-00265147": "These positions carry binding sites for splicing proteins.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00479-00265147-00265978": "This explains why even synonymous substitutions can have deleterious consequences including", "c2-it71Zdn4-00480-00265978-00266697": "devastating effects from exon skipping and nonsense mediated decay.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00481-00266697-00267153": "These are known as exon splicing enhancers and exon splicing silencers.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00482-00267153-00267872": "Now a complementary set of these binding sites fall in introns of genes known as intronic", "c2-it71Zdn4-00483-00267872-00268498": "splicing enhancers and intronic splicing silencers.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00484-00268498-00268975": "These elements are adding to the mysteries of the dark matter because we know they are", "c2-it71Zdn4-00485-00268975-00269821": "there but they've been very difficult to identify.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00486-00269821-00270352": "Now the holy grail of non-coding studies is illustrated by single mutations and enhancers", "c2-it71Zdn4-00487-00270352-00270573": "that cause disease.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00488-00270573-00270959": "Although very few are known, here is an example.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00489-00270959-00271498": "In the case of the sonic hedgehog gene, a gene involved in the formation of digits and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00490-00271498-00272321": "fins, point mutations in an enhancer region create extra digits signaling a loss of repressive", "c2-it71Zdn4-00491-00272321-00273035": "sites or a gain in additional enhancer activities.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00492-00273035-00273809": "We've all seen cats with six toes, providing a real world example of this process.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00493-00273809-00274419": "The enhancer for this gene lies one megabase away from the sonic hedgehog gene in the intron", "c2-it71Zdn4-00494-00274419-00274627": "of another gene.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00495-00274627-00275188": "And what's really interesting is that this entire regulatory element is lost in certain", "c2-it71Zdn4-00496-00275188-00275292": "species.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00497-00275292-00275996": "These include snakes and a limbless newt, and this loss could possibly explain their", "c2-it71Zdn4-00498-00275996-00277275": "limbless morphology.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00499-00277275-00277741": "So what's missing from the central dogma of molecular biology?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00500-00277741-00278411": "It's the role of epigenetic processes, factors that control genetics other than the DNA sequence.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00501-00278411-00279003": "These epigenetic processes in effect are an additional language of the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00502-00279003-00279611": "So in the second half of the talk, we're going to talk about four areas of epigenetics, including", "c2-it71Zdn4-00503-00279611-00281295": "chromatin, non-coding RNA, nuclear architecture, and DNA methylation.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00504-00281295-00281678": "So for example the histone code begins with the packaging of DNA.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00505-00281678-00282268": "This process has practical applications because two meters of linear genome has to be fit", "c2-it71Zdn4-00506-00282268-00282510": "into a single cell.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00507-00282510-00283034": "It's this packaging that represents the second language of the cell.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00508-00283034-00283481": "Chromatin modifications occur on the histone tails of the nucleosome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00509-00283481-00284250": "These modifications include methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation among others.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00510-00284250-00285016": "This packaging creates euchromatin, the open and accessible form of transcribed DNA and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00511-00285016-00285770": "heterochromatin, the closed and transcriptionally silent form.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00512-00285770-00286453": "Over 150 different epigenetic marks are catalogued and they indicate the activities of the underlying", "c2-it71Zdn4-00513-00286453-00286625": "DNA.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00514-00286625-00287266": "So think of this as a Rosetta Stone, if we know the language of the histone modifications", "c2-it71Zdn4-00515-00287266-00288097": "than understanding the genome falls into place.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00516-00288097-00288344": "Now books are being written on this topic.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00517-00288344-00289284": "At the most basic level, histone acetylation is placed in active regions by a histone acetyltransferase", "c2-it71Zdn4-00518-00289284-00290009": "or a HAT [spelled phonetically] and it is removed in inactive regions by a histone deacetyltransferase", "c2-it71Zdn4-00519-00290009-00290793": "or an HDAC.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00520-00290793-00291258": "Histone methylation on the other hand can participate in both active and repressed chromatin", "c2-it71Zdn4-00521-00291258-00291389": "structures.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00522-00291389-00292372": "And here I'm showing histone-3, lysine-4 monomethylation or H3K4ME1 [spelled phonetically], which acts", "c2-it71Zdn4-00523-00292372-00292842": "an enhancer mark when enhancers are active.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00524-00292842-00293678": "I'm also showing H3K27 trimethylation, which acts as a repressive mark by interacting with", "c2-it71Zdn4-00525-00293678-00294285": "the polycomb protein.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00526-00294285-00294943": "So the chromatin code contains writers replacing these marks, erasers for removing these marks,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00527-00294943-00296241": "and translators for reading the marks and also for recruiting larger protein complexes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00528-00296241-00296599": "Now when these systems go awry it's fascinating.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00529-00296599-00296998": "It's devastating, but it's fascinating.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00530-00296998-00297316": "The internal machinery gets confused.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00531-00297316-00297899": "So for example, cancers of the blood result when genes cannot be turned off during normal", "c2-it71Zdn4-00532-00297899-00298196": "differentiation.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00533-00298196-00298791": "The MLL protein normally coordinates this repressive response in blood cells, but in", "c2-it71Zdn4-00534-00298791-00299848": "leukemia MLL acquires new functions by fusing to partners through chromosomal translocation.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00535-00299848-00300681": "Many of these partners have acetylation activities, so MLL carries them throughout the genome", "c2-it71Zdn4-00536-00300681-00301085": "to all the places that it would normally place a repressive mark.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00537-00301085-00301428": "They in turn place activating marks.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00538-00301428-00302276": "This transforms the entire landscape of the cell into a different message.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00539-00302276-00302928": "Now in fact mutations in epigenetic modifiers are well documented as causes of cancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00540-00302928-00303515": "I'm only showing you a few here, there are many, many more known.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00541-00303515-00304014": "So if you think about it, perhaps in these cases a treatment for cancer may come from", "c2-it71Zdn4-00542-00304014-00304998": "our ability to modify the epigenome or to interfere with these processes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00543-00304998-00305238": "So now I want to turn to non-coding RNA.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00544-00305238-00305627": "They are truly the hidden treasures of the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00545-00305627-00306183": "They also have been described under the domain of epigenetics because they effect the regulation", "c2-it71Zdn4-00546-00306183-00306636": "of genes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00547-00306636-00307283": "Link RNA represent a large class of long non-coding RNA that are often poorly conserved and they", "c2-it71Zdn4-00548-00307283-00307951": "regulate gene expression by diverse mechanisms that are not yet fully understood.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00549-00307951-00308377": "Link RNA are poorly conserved.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00550-00308377-00308882": "Now that may be because they only function in one or a few species and don't have millions", "c2-it71Zdn4-00551-00308882-00309627": "of years of selective pressure to maintain their sequences or it may be that their primary", "c2-it71Zdn4-00552-00309627-00310339": "sequence is not as important as maintaining their secondary structure.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00553-00310339-00310863": "So in other words, they represent a novel class of functional elements where sequence", "c2-it71Zdn4-00554-00310863-00311335": "conservation is absent despite the presence of function.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00555-00311335-00311839": "That's probably the most important thing I'm going to say from this whole talk.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00556-00311839-00312320": "It's a very important point.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00557-00312320-00312699": "Now recently four roles of link RNA were proposed.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00558-00312699-00313374": "They can serve as guides to recruit the chromatin modifying enzymes to their target genes, the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00559-00313374-00313752": "methyltransferases, the acetyltransferases.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00560-00313752-00314303": "They conserve as signals to indicate that gene regulation is happening at some particular", "c2-it71Zdn4-00561-00314303-00316054": "area so that we can use [inaudible].", "c2-it71Zdn4-00562-00316054-00317304": "Okay, so we can use them as a display for finding functional elements in the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00563-00317304-00318147": "They can also act as decoys to titrate transcription factors away from a target region.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00564-00318147-00318433": "Link RNA are also known to serve as scaffold.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00565-00318433-00318979": "They bring large protein complexes together.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00566-00318979-00319450": "Given these important roles in the cell it's not surprising that the misregulation of link", "c2-it71Zdn4-00567-00319450-00320117": "RNA is associated with oncogenic outcomes ,and perhaps, if you think about it, maybe", "c2-it71Zdn4-00568-00320117-00321270": "even gene loss variants are falling into these functional regions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00569-00321270-00321466": "So here's the example I promised you.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00570-00321466-00322004": "The best known example of long non-coding RNA is the Xist gene [spelled phonetically].", "c2-it71Zdn4-00571-00322004-00322406": "It plays the role in mammalian inactivation.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00572-00322406-00322900": "In females, one of two X chromosomes must be inactivated and that occurs through the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00573-00322900-00323383": "function of the Xist gene.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00574-00323383-00323898": "This transcript binds to the entire length of the chromosome from which it is transcribed.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00575-00323898-00324482": "It's only transcribed from one and it binds to that chromosome and it inactivates that", "c2-it71Zdn4-00576-00324482-00324683": "chromosome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00577-00324683-00325227": "Recently it was very elegantly shown that exist spreads across the chromosome by using", "c2-it71Zdn4-00578-00325227-00325991": "contact points established by the 3D architecture of the chromosome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00579-00325991-00327040": "It then interacts with the poly cone complex to repress gene expression.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00580-00327040-00327793": "Now imagine if Xist were transplanted to another chromosome, what might happen?", "c2-it71Zdn4-00581-00327793-00328285": "Researchers are exploring this concept with Down's syndrome where a third anomalous copy", "c2-it71Zdn4-00582-00328285-00328581": "of chromosome 21 exist.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00583-00328581-00329369": "They've been able to show, at least in cultured cells that by inserting the exist gene into", "c2-it71Zdn4-00584-00329369-00329960": "that third chromosomal copy that they can successfully silence expression from that", "c2-it71Zdn4-00585-00329960-00330218": "chromosome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00586-00330218-00330783": "This speaks to the power of using genomic processes for therapeutic applications.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00587-00330783-00331867": "It's really fascinating and it strongly emphasizes how we have to understand the processes of", "c2-it71Zdn4-00588-00331867-00332906": "the genome before we can use them to the most advantageous purposes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00589-00332906-00333516": "Now like link RNA, microRNA are another class of non-coding RNA, but they have much smaller", "c2-it71Zdn4-00590-00333516-00333671": "sizes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00591-00333671-00334298": "These RNA transcripts are processed to create a 22 base pair message that targets messenger", "c2-it71Zdn4-00592-00334298-00335007": "RNA and causes degradation of the primary transcript in the nucleus or interferes with", "c2-it71Zdn4-00593-00335007-00335205": "translation in the cytoplasm.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00594-00335205-00335986": "There are more than 1,000 microRNA identified and their specific expression patterns are", "c2-it71Zdn4-00595-00335986-00336623": "being investigated in disease samples.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00596-00336623-00337323": "It appears that their primary role is to create balance among transcripts within a cell and", "c2-it71Zdn4-00597-00337323-00339018": "in fact microRNA are known to target the enzymes that are the epigenetic modifiers of the cell.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00598-00339018-00339588": "So the final class of non-coding RNA I'll mention today is called eRNA.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00599-00339588-00340059": "These are short transcripts that are produced at the site of enhancers and they are necessary", "c2-it71Zdn4-00600-00340059-00340680": "for transcriptional activation of those genes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00601-00340680-00341347": "When levels of these non-coding RNA are reduced transcription levels of nearby genes are also", "c2-it71Zdn4-00602-00341347-00341686": "reduced.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00603-00341686-00342436": "To me eRNAs are fascinating because they offer a powerful new way to predict where enhancers", "c2-it71Zdn4-00604-00342436-00343365": "are throughout the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00605-00343365-00344256": "So as we've seen non-coding RNA find their targets through proximity and nuclear organization.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00606-00344256-00344768": "And that is critical for these processes to occur and for those reasons you are going", "c2-it71Zdn4-00607-00344768-00345655": "to hear me call genomic architecture an epigenetic process.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00608-00345655-00346743": "Now this same chromosomal structure is necessary for regulatory elements to find their targets.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00609-00346743-00347319": "For example enhancer elements can be very distant from the genes they target and in", "c2-it71Zdn4-00610-00347319-00347908": "order to talk to those genes these enhancers come into physical contact with the promoter", "c2-it71Zdn4-00611-00347908-00348189": "by utilizing a looping strategy.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00612-00348189-00348798": "And there are several experimental techniques out there, such as chia pet, to try and discern", "c2-it71Zdn4-00613-00348798-00349366": "these long distance interactions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00614-00349366-00349905": "One important protein that is central to most regulatory processes is CTCF.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00615-00349905-00350489": "It functions at tens of thousands of sites in the genome as an insulator and a boundary", "c2-it71Zdn4-00616-00350489-00350607": "element.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00617-00350607-00351364": "CTCF is heavily involved in CFTR regulation, which is the gene for cystic fibrosiss, by", "c2-it71Zdn4-00618-00351364-00352068": "forming loops and by interacting with additional proteins such as cohesin and condensin whose", "c2-it71Zdn4-00619-00352068-00352670": "names sound like their functions; bringing sequences together.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00620-00352670-00353396": "In this way CTCF partitions the genome into distinct regions of open and close chromatin", "c2-it71Zdn4-00621-00353396-00353787": "regulatory domains.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00622-00353787-00354383": "Now what remains missing, and what we desperately need in descriptions of gene regulation, is", "c2-it71Zdn4-00623-00354383-00354989": "to integrate information about how nuclear organization contributes to the regulatory", "c2-it71Zdn4-00624-00354989-00355334": "interactions that occur between chromosomes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00625-00355334-00355941": "And one of the most important discoveries in the field of genome biology has been the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00626-00355941-00356696": "demonstration that genomes are non-randomly organized in the nucleus.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00627-00356696-00357242": "Chromosomes are organized into territories where transcriptionally silent heterochromatin", "c2-it71Zdn4-00628-00357242-00358128": "and gene-poor chromosomes are localized to the nuclear periphery, whereas gene-rich chromosomes", "c2-it71Zdn4-00629-00358128-00358880": "and highly transcribed euchromatic DNA is situated in the center of the nucleus.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00630-00358880-00359534": "Now these localization patterns of specific genes will change depending on their expression", "c2-it71Zdn4-00631-00359534-00359702": "patterns.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00632-00359702-00360073": "We need assays to quickly visualize these differences.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00633-00360073-00360821": "Right now it's quite challenging to do this.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00634-00360821-00361309": "Now if we look at the silenced region at the nuclear periphery there are important proteins", "c2-it71Zdn4-00635-00361309-00361576": "known as lamin proteins.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00636-00361576-00362229": "They form a scaffold known as the nuclear lamina around the edges of the nucleus.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00637-00362229-00362509": "Lamina means layer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00638-00362509-00362986": "This layer supports the nuclear architecture and helps to organize nuclear processes such", "c2-it71Zdn4-00639-00362986-00363377": "as DNA and RNA synthesis.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00640-00363377-00364304": "So in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome this is a disease caused by mutations of the", "c2-it71Zdn4-00641-00364304-00364572": "protein lamin A.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00642-00364572-00364954": "The outcome is a premature aging syndrome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00643-00364954-00365639": "Children with this disease stop growing early, they're bald by the age of 2, they have progressive", "c2-it71Zdn4-00644-00365639-00366423": "degeneration of the skin, muscle and bone, and they often suffer fatal atherosclerosis", "c2-it71Zdn4-00645-00366423-00366644": "in childhood.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00646-00366644-00367557": "All this occurs because without lamin A function nuclear organization becomes unstable.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00647-00367557-00368530": "This throws the regulatory patterns of the cells into disarray.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00648-00368530-00369220": "So we've talked about epigenetics as chromatin non-coding RNA and nuclear organization.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00649-00369220-00369803": "The final component of epigenetics we will discuss involves DNA methylation, and it is", "c2-it71Zdn4-00650-00369803-00370521": "so integral to gene expression that methylated cytosine is often referred to as the 5th base.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00651-00370521-00371607": "So there's A, C, G, T and methylated C. Now DNA methylation is the process that stably", "c2-it71Zdn4-00652-00371607-00371966": "represses genes as cells divide and differentiate.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00653-00371966-00372463": "So as they move from embryonic stem cells into specific tissues.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00654-00372463-00373223": "And this is illustrated in this classic example of a ball following a path to roll downhill.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00655-00373223-00373905": "Each stage of the descent adds further restrictions and these can be seen as differential methylation", "c2-it71Zdn4-00656-00373905-00375071": "to refine the identity of the developing cell.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00657-00375071-00375698": "Methylated DNA also binds proteins known as methyl-CpG binding domain proteins.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00658-00375698-00376334": "These proteins interact with the histone deacetylases forming heterochromatin and it's this link", "c2-it71Zdn4-00659-00376334-00377254": "between DNA methylation and chromatin structure that is very important.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00660-00377254-00377855": "So an illustration of a disease caused by methyl binding protein mutation is Rex syndrome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00661-00377855-00378497": "This is a devastating neurological disease affecting 1 in 15,000 children, nearly all", "c2-it71Zdn4-00662-00378497-00378741": "of them female.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00663-00378741-00379338": "These children seem to develop normally for six to 18 months then affected girls lose", "c2-it71Zdn4-00664-00379338-00380146": "interest in play, they become withdrawn and anxious, they develop autistic-like behaviors,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00665-00380146-00380880": "and they acquire symptoms like repetitive teeth-grinding and hand-wringing.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00666-00380880-00381399": "It turns out that the mutation affects the chromatin structure among at least two genes", "c2-it71Zdn4-00667-00381399-00381766": "that are misregulated in this disease.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00668-00381766-00382504": "The normal looping on the left to form silent methylated chromatin fails and instead turns", "c2-it71Zdn4-00669-00382504-00383259": "into acetylated inactive DNA which changes the expression pattern of those genes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00670-00383259-00383821": "So in this case it's not the binding to methylated DNA that's the problem but it's the message", "c2-it71Zdn4-00671-00383821-00384465": "that gets translated out into the rest of the cell.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00672-00384465-00385528": "DNA methylation is also fascinating because it mediates gene-environment interactions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00673-00385528-00386085": "So studies in mice show these effects with markers for coat coloration.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00674-00386085-00386702": "Mothers who are supplemented with food containing methyl donors give birth to progeny whose", "c2-it71Zdn4-00675-00386702-00387375": "children have mostly normal methylation patterns as shown by the brown fur.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00676-00387375-00388224": "In contrast, mothers lacking the supplement give birth to progeny whose pups have more", "c2-it71Zdn4-00677-00388224-00388806": "abnormal methylation patterns as indicated by their yellow fur.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00678-00388806-00389479": "The conclusion is that a poor diet during pregnancy can affect the epigenetic processes", "c2-it71Zdn4-00679-00389479-00390253": "of a woman's grandchildren, but the implication is that we all need to be careful about what", "c2-it71Zdn4-00680-00390253-00390737": "we eat.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00681-00390737-00391363": "Now epigenetic changes can also be caused by the environment to affect behaviors.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00682-00391363-00392008": "So mouse pups whose mothers lick them within the first week of life showed reduced anxiety", "c2-it71Zdn4-00683-00392008-00392381": "and lower stress responses in adulthood.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00684-00392381-00392978": "These findings show that long-lasting epigenetic changes occur in the brain and they underlie", "c2-it71Zdn4-00685-00392978-00394016": "lifelong differences in behavior, but keep in mind epigenetic events are dynamic.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00686-00394016-00394601": "And the notion is emerging we can reverse negative health influences by targeting everyday", "c2-it71Zdn4-00687-00394601-00395494": "choices such as eating high nutrient density food, avoiding junk food, allergens, toxicants,", "c2-it71Zdn4-00688-00395494-00396256": "and infection, getting plenty of exercise and sleep, minimizing stress, and nurturing", "c2-it71Zdn4-00689-00396256-00396371": "each other better.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00690-00396371-00396921": "This is exactly what our mothers told us to do.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00691-00396921-00397759": "DNA methylation also plays a role in numerous genomic changes seen in cancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00692-00397759-00398596": "In tumors DNA methylation appears in regulatory regions like CpG islands, where it is normally", "c2-it71Zdn4-00693-00398596-00398763": "absent.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00694-00398763-00399472": "Oftentimes, this repressive expression of important tumor suppressor genes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00695-00399472-00400331": "Now conversely, normal methylation is lost throughout the genome in cancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00696-00400331-00400979": "This facilitates genomic rearrangements that occur between transposable elements.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00697-00400979-00401470": "This is another hallmark of cancer.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00698-00401470-00402069": "So these observations taken together suggest to us that DNA methylation plays a direct", "c2-it71Zdn4-00699-00402069-00402802": "role in maintaining genomic integrity.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00700-00402802-00403583": "Now despite dramatic progress in epigenetics during the past decade DNA demethylation remains", "c2-it71Zdn4-00701-00403583-00404151": "one of the last big frontiers in genomics with very little known about it.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00702-00404151-00404444": "Methylation can be removed by many processes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00703-00404444-00405345": "For example, GAD 45, direct DNA repair processes to replace methylated bases.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00704-00405345-00406234": "Tech proteins [spelled phonetically] on the other hand convert 5-methylcytosines to 5-hydroxymethalcytocenes", "c2-it71Zdn4-00705-00406234-00406791": "in a progressive progress.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00706-00406791-00407182": "You'll hear a lot about 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the future.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00707-00407182-00407974": "It's very new and it's opening up the field.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00708-00407974-00408632": "So let me end with an update to the classic scenario posited by Waddington updated to", "c2-it71Zdn4-00709-00408632-00409038": "fit the modern genomic landscape.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00710-00409038-00409673": "In it the conformational architectures within the nucleus alter the steepness of the valleys", "c2-it71Zdn4-00711-00409673-00410033": "to influence the destination of the rolling ball.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00712-00410033-00410853": "So chromatin modifications shown in red, DNA methylation shown in blue, lamin proteins", "c2-it71Zdn4-00713-00410853-00411649": "shown in green, and the chromosome looping proteins shown below in red work in concert", "c2-it71Zdn4-00714-00411649-00412154": "to position these valleys and determine the cellular phenotype.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00715-00412154-00413311": "The vast majority of these events are implemented in the dark matter of the genome.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00716-00413311-00414211": "So to conclude, I began this talk by saying that the central dogma was important in guiding", "c2-it71Zdn4-00717-00414211-00414529": "decades of research in molecular biology.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00718-00414529-00415199": "Over the past 14 years the sequencing of the human genome has advanced our understanding", "c2-it71Zdn4-00719-00415199-00415486": "of evolutionary diversity among species.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00720-00415486-00416228": "It has highlighted the importance of non-coding sequences and accelerated detection of disease", "c2-it71Zdn4-00721-00416228-00416382": "processes.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00722-00416382-00417089": "It now provides a platform for understanding how epigenetic processes emerge from the dark", "c2-it71Zdn4-00723-00417089-00417752": "matter of the genome to shape the biology of our cells and our own integration with", "c2-it71Zdn4-00724-00417752-00418281": "our environment.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00725-00418281-00418948": "With this knowledge in hand, the stage is being set for personalized medicine to provide", "c2-it71Zdn4-00726-00418948-00419676": "the appropriate treatment at the appropriate dose for the appropriate patient at the appropriate", "c2-it71Zdn4-00727-00419676-00420342": "time for the appropriate outcome, and it would be hard to imagine a better result.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00728-00420342-00421132": "So with that I thank you, and please feel free to come down to the front to ask questions.", "c2-it71Zdn4-00729-00421132-00421455": "[applause]"}}, {"audio_id": "c2FzBujOPk0", "text": {"c2FzBujOPk0-00000-00001095-00001227": "- [Narrator] Choose a turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00001-00001227-00001463": "that is large enough for everyone in your group.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00002-00001463-00001789": "You can purchase a whole turkey either fresh or frozen.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00003-00001789-00001913": "When you purchase a turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00004-00001913-00002092": "be sure it's the last thing that you buy", "c2FzBujOPk0-00005-00002092-00002205": "at the grocery store.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00006-00002314-00002549": "Turkeys are either kept in the refrigerator case", "c2FzBujOPk0-00007-00002549-00002684": "or in the freezer.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00008-00002684-00002894": "You will want to get your turkey purchased,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00009-00002894-00003146": "transported home and back into cold storage", "c2FzBujOPk0-00010-00003146-00003286": "as quickly as possible.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00011-00003429-00003564": "It is not a good idea", "c2FzBujOPk0-00012-00003564-00003861": "to leave your cold or frozen turkey in the car.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00013-00003861-00003984": "Get your other shopping done", "c2FzBujOPk0-00014-00003984-00004125": "before you go to the grocery store", "c2FzBujOPk0-00015-00004125-00004280": "so your turkey does not sit around", "c2FzBujOPk0-00016-00004280-00004426": "stewing in its own juices,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00017-00004426-00004606": "possibly warming up to a temperature", "c2FzBujOPk0-00018-00004606-00004852": "that would cause foodborne bacteria to grow.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00019-00004963-00005257": "If you must transport your turkey for a period of time", "c2FzBujOPk0-00020-00005257-00005486": "before it can be put into cold storage,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00021-00005486-00005714": "then bring a cooler large enough to hold your turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00022-00005714-00005973": "and keep a few ice packs with it to keep it cool.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00023-00006157-00006352": "Exposing your turkey to temperature abuse", "c2FzBujOPk0-00024-00006352-00006540": "is one of the three most common mistakes", "c2FzBujOPk0-00025-00006540-00006730": "that people make when cooking at home.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00026-00006909-00007133": "When it is time to defrost your frozen turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00027-00007133-00007267": "to get it ready for cooking,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00028-00007267-00007488": "don't make a very common mistake.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00029-00007488-00007727": "Do not defrost your turkey on the kitchen counter", "c2FzBujOPk0-00030-00007727-00007891": "at room temperature,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00031-00007891-00008204": "if you do so then you are temperature abusing the turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00032-00008204-00008486": "and it can lead to an outbreak of foodborne illness", "c2FzBujOPk0-00033-00008486-00008668": "among your family or guests.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00034-00008791-00009169": "Instead defrost your turkey slowly in the refrigerator.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00035-00009169-00009413": "You will need to give the turkey one day to thaw", "c2FzBujOPk0-00036-00009413-00009693": "for every four pounds of turkey that you have purchased.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00037-00009786-00009973": "Keep the turkey in the original packaging", "c2FzBujOPk0-00038-00009973-00010272": "and thaw while it sits in a tray or a large pot", "c2FzBujOPk0-00039-00010272-00010569": "in order to catch any drips that could occur.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00040-00010569-00010876": "Once thawed, your turkey should be cooked within four days.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00041-00010996-00011165": "This method takes a bit of planning", "c2FzBujOPk0-00042-00011165-00011329": "but is less labor-intensive.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00043-00011471-00011720": "The cold water method of thawing frozen turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00044-00011720-00011961": "is done with the breast side down.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00045-00011961-00012098": "Place the turkey in a container", "c2FzBujOPk0-00046-00012098-00012276": "large enough to cover the whole bird", "c2FzBujOPk0-00047-00012276-00012540": "but do not take it out of its original packaging.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00048-00012625-00012789": "Cover the turkey with cold water", "c2FzBujOPk0-00049-00012789-00013028": "and change the water every 30 minutes", "c2FzBujOPk0-00050-00013028-00013309": "you may need to set a timer to help you remember.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00051-00013309-00013557": "It will take about 30 minutes of cold water thawing", "c2FzBujOPk0-00052-00013557-00013807": "for every pound of turkey that you have purchased.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00053-00013891-00014100": "Turkey meat is delicious and nutritious", "c2FzBujOPk0-00054-00014100-00014404": "but what part of the turkey do you like best?", "c2FzBujOPk0-00055-00014404-00014576": "There are several to choose from.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00056-00014576-00014866": "In general, the parts of a turkey are", "c2FzBujOPk0-00057-00014866-00015366": "the breasts, the wing and the leg.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00058-00015752-00016126": "We can go into even more detail so let's dive right in.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00059-00016126-00016340": "Poultry meat including turkey meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00060-00016340-00016614": "is broken down into two broad categories,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00061-00016614-00016936": "light meat and dark meat.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00062-00016936-00017204": "The difference between light and dark meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00063-00017204-00017361": "is the red muscle fibers", "c2FzBujOPk0-00064-00017361-00017593": "and how often they are used by the turkey.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00065-00017711-00018211": "Dark meat contains red fibers or slow-twitch muscle fibers.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00066-00018306-00018598": "These muscles are used for lots of physical activity", "c2FzBujOPk0-00067-00018598-00019002": "like standing or walking and need lots of energy.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00068-00019002-00019200": "Muscle cells use oxygen", "c2FzBujOPk0-00069-00019200-00019485": "to get the energy they need for activity.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00070-00019485-00019821": "The protein myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells", "c2FzBujOPk0-00071-00019821-00019990": "so it is ready to be used.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00072-00020132-00020402": "Myoglobin has a reddish color", "c2FzBujOPk0-00073-00020402-00020633": "the more myoglobin there is in the cells,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00074-00020633-00020775": "the darker the meat will be.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00075-00020913-00021248": "Light meat has fast-twitch muscle fibers.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00076-00021248-00021531": "These muscle fibers are used for quick burst of energy", "c2FzBujOPk0-00077-00021531-00021671": "like you get with flapping.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00078-00021841-00022133": "When turkeys fly they flap for a little while", "c2FzBujOPk0-00079-00022133-00022300": "and then glide back to the ground", "c2FzBujOPk0-00080-00022300-00022500": "and resume walking or running.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00081-00022607-00022794": "Turkeys are not strong fliers", "c2FzBujOPk0-00082-00022794-00023058": "and do not circle the skies for hours on end,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00083-00023165-00023472": "rather they spend their days mostly walking around.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00084-00023675-00023821": "The light meat on a turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00085-00023821-00024014": "is found mainly in the breast muscle,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00086-00024014-00024262": "as well as the breast tenderloin and the wing.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00087-00024390-00024728": "You will only find about 10% of red muscle fibers", "c2FzBujOPk0-00088-00024728-00024829": "in the light meat.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00089-00024914-00025259": "Light meat also has less fat, more protein", "c2FzBujOPk0-00090-00025259-00025551": "and slightly fewer calories than dark meat.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00091-00025668-00025831": "The trouble with light meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00092-00025831-00026172": "is that it can easily dry out if it is over cooked.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00093-00026302-00026583": "The official name for the turkey breast muscle", "c2FzBujOPk0-00094-00026583-00026845": "is the pectoralis major.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00095-00026972-00027362": "The breast tenderloin is called the pectoralis minor.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00096-00027523-00027805": "Both muscles help the turkey flap its wings.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00097-00027941-00028204": "Let's look inside a whole bird cut in half", "c2FzBujOPk0-00098-00028204-00028440": "so you can see more of what is going on.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00099-00028680-00028933": "Can you see how large the pectoralis major", "c2FzBujOPk0-00100-00028933-00029177": "or breast muscle is?", "c2FzBujOPk0-00101-00029177-00029462": "It takes up a large portion of the turkey carcass.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00102-00029647-00029825": "Can you see where the breast tenderloin", "c2FzBujOPk0-00103-00029825-00030049": "or pectoralis minor is hidden?", "c2FzBujOPk0-00104-00030049-00030438": "See it is hidden under the large breast muscle.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00105-00030770-00031075": "If you take the skin off any turkey part,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00106-00031075-00031327": "then it is called skinless.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00107-00031327-00031514": "The turkey breast can be cut in half", "c2FzBujOPk0-00108-00031514-00031808": "to give you what is called a turkey breast half.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00109-00031808-00032027": "If you leave the bone in the turkey breast,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00110-00032027-00032370": "then it is called bone-in turkey breast.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00111-00032370-00032705": "If you take the bone out, then it is called boneless.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00112-00032810-00033252": "So this part is a boneless skinless turkey breast half.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00113-00033354-00033540": "This cut of meat can be marinated", "c2FzBujOPk0-00114-00033540-00033759": "and is a delicious cut of meat.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00115-00033869-00034095": "Here's what the breast tenderloin looks like", "c2FzBujOPk0-00116-00034095-00034372": "once it's separated from the larger breast muscle.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00117-00034483-00034816": "It is the most tender cut of meat on a turkey.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00118-00034816-00034981": "It also costs more in the store", "c2FzBujOPk0-00119-00034981-00035207": "because it is so well hidden on the turkey.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00120-00035359-00035600": "It takes time and equipment", "c2FzBujOPk0-00121-00035600-00035787": "to get to that particular cut of meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00122-00035787-00035982": "and that means it will cost more money.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00123-00036127-00036517": "The wing can be broken up into three separate parts:", "c2FzBujOPk0-00124-00036517-00037017": "the drummette, the flat and the wing portion.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00125-00037312-00037677": "As you can see the bones and the drummette and the flat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00126-00037677-00037911": "match the bones in our arms.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00127-00038015-00038252": "There was one bone in the drummette", "c2FzBujOPk0-00128-00038252-00038399": "and that is called the humerus,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00129-00038399-00038799": "which is also the same name for the bone in our upper arm.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00130-00038917-00039123": "There are two bones in the flat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00131-00039123-00039546": "which have the same names as the two bones in our lower arm.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00132-00039546-00039951": "They are the radius and the ulna.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00133-00040123-00040568": "Dark meat includes the leg, back and neck of the turkey.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00134-00040568-00040873": "Dark meat has about 50% red fibers,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00135-00040873-00041271": "more fat and less protein compared to light meat.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00136-00041271-00041417": "In contrast with light meat,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00137-00041417-00041766": "you will find that dark meat is more flavorful, is juicy", "c2FzBujOPk0-00138-00041766-00042062": "and is less prone to drying out if cooked for longer.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00139-00042261-00042431": "Dark meat also has higher levels of", "c2FzBujOPk0-00140-00042431-00042623": "zinc, iron and vitamin C.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00141-00042795-00043154": "In contrast, white meat has more B vitamins.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00142-00043154-00043613": "The leg consists of two parts, the thigh and the drumstick.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00143-00043613-00043907": "You may be familiar with seeing smoked turkey drumsticks", "c2FzBujOPk0-00144-00043907-00044086": "sold at fairs or festivals,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00145-00044086-00044353": "or you may be lucky enough to have a grocery store", "c2FzBujOPk0-00146-00044353-00044442": "that sells them.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00147-00044543-00044703": "Turkey thighs are not something", "c2FzBujOPk0-00148-00044703-00044890": "that you see very often in the store", "c2FzBujOPk0-00149-00044890-00045200": "but the thigh meat is sometimes mixed with breast meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00150-00045200-00045440": "and ground up to change the percentage of fat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00151-00045440-00045708": "that you find in ground turkey meat.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00152-00045708-00045935": "Turkey back meat is again something", "c2FzBujOPk0-00153-00045935-00046137": "that you do not find very often,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00154-00046137-00046397": "but if you are cutting up your own turkey meat,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00155-00046397-00046746": "then this is a piece that is terrific to use in stock", "c2FzBujOPk0-00156-00046746-00047097": "when making your own turkey broth for soups or stews.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00157-00047576-00047710": "Once your turkey is thawed,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00158-00047710-00047861": "you may choose to marinate the meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00159-00047861-00048108": "to add a unique flavor to the meal.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00160-00048108-00048238": "Marinating your turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00161-00048238-00048576": "will help make it the ultimate and juiciness and taste.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00162-00048576-00048750": "Most folks will take a whole turkey", "c2FzBujOPk0-00163-00048750-00049011": "and soak it in a brine containing salt, sugar", "c2FzBujOPk0-00164-00049011-00049142": "or a combination of both.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00165-00049245-00049392": "That only allows the marinade", "c2FzBujOPk0-00166-00049392-00049553": "to cook the outer portions of the meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00167-00049553-00049887": "and does not send the marinade throughout the turkey.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00168-00049887-00050013": "This year you may wanna try", "c2FzBujOPk0-00169-00050013-00050227": "injecting the marinade into your Turkey.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00170-00050320-00050476": "Doing an injection marinade", "c2FzBujOPk0-00171-00050476-00050686": "sends the key ingredients of the marinade", "c2FzBujOPk0-00172-00050686-00050879": "deep within the muscle fiber", "c2FzBujOPk0-00173-00050879-00051205": "and ensures that almost every bite stays juicy and tender.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00174-00051400-00051771": "Marinades actually do something to the muscle fiber.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00175-00051771-00052045": "Over time, marinades changed the muscle fiber", "c2FzBujOPk0-00176-00052045-00052189": "by opening up the proteins", "c2FzBujOPk0-00177-00052189-00052410": "and binding to the water in the muscle fibers", "c2FzBujOPk0-00178-00052410-00052632": "to prevent drying out.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00179-00052632-00052928": "That is why marinating your turkey can make it juicier.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00180-00053033-00053209": "Here's an example of a turkey breast", "c2FzBujOPk0-00181-00053209-00053442": "that has been cooked without any marination.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00182-00053541-00053701": "When you slice into this turkey breast,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00183-00053701-00053866": "you'll see that it is fairly dry.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00184-00054182-00054346": "Here's an example of turkey breasts", "c2FzBujOPk0-00185-00054346-00054488": "that has been soaked in marinade", "c2FzBujOPk0-00186-00054488-00054656": "marked with green food coloring.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00187-00054901-00055075": "Only the muscle fibers on the surface", "c2FzBujOPk0-00188-00055075-00055218": "have accepted the marinade.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00189-00055498-00055704": "The rest of the muscle did not benefit", "c2FzBujOPk0-00190-00055704-00055888": "from the addition of the marinade.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00191-00056213-00056386": "Here's an example of a turkey breast", "c2FzBujOPk0-00192-00056386-00056583": "that was given injection marinade", "c2FzBujOPk0-00193-00056583-00056800": "again, marked with green food coloring.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00194-00057191-00057392": "You can see that the marinade penetrated", "c2FzBujOPk0-00195-00057392-00057620": "into the interior portions of the fibers", "c2FzBujOPk0-00196-00057620-00057823": "and the meat stayed juicy after cooking.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00197-00058117-00058316": "Poultry meat including turkey meat", "c2FzBujOPk0-00198-00058316-00058513": "should be cooked to an internal temperature", "c2FzBujOPk0-00199-00058513-00058809": "of 165 degrees Fahrenheit.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00200-00058895-00059032": "Use a meat thermometer", "c2FzBujOPk0-00201-00059032-00059278": "and place it in the center of the thickest muscle", "c2FzBujOPk0-00202-00059278-00059571": "which in the case of the turkey is the breast muscle.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00203-00059725-00059886": "Do not touch the meat thermometer", "c2FzBujOPk0-00204-00059886-00060115": "to any bones while checking the temperature,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00205-00060115-00060353": "rather place it in the meat only.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00206-00060461-00060652": "Some people like to play stuffing", "c2FzBujOPk0-00207-00060652-00060887": "inside the turkey while it cooks.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00208-00060887-00061132": "This is potentially a problem.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00209-00061132-00061273": "As the turkey cooks", "c2FzBujOPk0-00210-00061273-00061553": "juices from the meat can soak into the stuffing.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00211-00061637-00061888": "If the temperature in the center of the stuffing", "c2FzBujOPk0-00212-00061888-00062388": "inside the turkey fails to reach 165 degrees Fahrenheit,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00213-00062423-00062610": "then the stuffing has the potential", "c2FzBujOPk0-00214-00062610-00062838": "to harbor foodborne pathogens.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00215-00062838-00063114": "It is safer to cook the stuffing separately", "c2FzBujOPk0-00216-00063114-00063251": "in its own container.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00217-00063440-00063709": "Do not let your leftovers come to room temperature", "c2FzBujOPk0-00218-00063709-00063883": "before putting them into containers", "c2FzBujOPk0-00219-00063883-00064067": "and placing them in the refrigerator.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00220-00064161-00064497": "Leftovers should be stored within two hours of cooking.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00221-00064620-00064911": "Split up your leftovers into smaller portions", "c2FzBujOPk0-00222-00064911-00065335": "and either place them in the refrigerator or freeze them.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00223-00065335-00065614": "Why split up your leftovers?", "c2FzBujOPk0-00224-00065614-00065980": "Small portions cool faster which moves your leftovers", "c2FzBujOPk0-00225-00065980-00066196": "out of the food safety danger zone.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00226-00066294-00066447": "The temperature danger zone", "c2FzBujOPk0-00227-00066447-00066848": "is between 40 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00228-00067006-00067332": "Many kinds of bacteria use that temperature range", "c2FzBujOPk0-00229-00067332-00067656": "in order to grow, which can lead to foodborne illness.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00230-00067801-00068030": "By cooling your leftovers rapidly", "c2FzBujOPk0-00231-00068030-00068238": "using these smaller containers,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00232-00068238-00068545": "you can help prevent bacteria from ruining your holiday.", "c2FzBujOPk0-00233-00068684-00068887": "Now that you have a good idea", "c2FzBujOPk0-00234-00068887-00069187": "of how to have a delicious and safe turkey dinner,", "c2FzBujOPk0-00235-00069187-00069552": "hopefully you'll enjoy cooking turkey more often."}}, {"audio_id": "c2PIGFwoy7I", "text": {"c2PIGFwoy7I-00000-00000179-00001009": "The risks of raw milk consumption, even if you just think about the anatomical location", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00001-00001009-00001707": "of where the milk comes out and where the feces of the cow come out - it’s always", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00002-00001707-00002641": "going to be a risky product which is why pasteurization of milk became the standard back in the 1920’s", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00003-00002641-00003494": "and 1930’s. At that time it because of our fear of Tuberculosis Brucellosis and a variety", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00004-00003494-00004204": "of other diseases that can be transmitted from the cow to the humans via the milk and", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00005-00004204-00005012": "the utter. Pasteurization wasn’t thought of to combat E. coli O157, Campylobacter or", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00006-00005012-00005723": "Salmonella that are in many respects are those pathogens that we’ve really learned about", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00007-00005723-00006563": "much, much more in the last 25 or 30 years. We now know that they are quite common in", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00008-00006563-00007453": "the feces of cows and that especially Campylobacter is found quite frequently in raw milk. So,", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00009-00007453-00008489": "it is a product, in my view like sprouts, like unpasteurized juice, like leafy greens,", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00010-00008489-00009453": "that because there’s no kill step (it’s not heated) it always has a high risk of illness.", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00011-00009453-00010269": "Raw milk proponents: a lot of my issue with them is many of the false medical claims that", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00012-00010269-00011090": "have no clear scientific basis in reality - everything from curing autism to curing", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00013-00011090-00011790": "asthma, curing eczema, and or lactose intolerance. There’s lot of that material that has gotten", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00014-00011790-00012511": "up on the internet that when loving parents have a kid who is asthmatic, or a kid who", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00015-00012511-00013188": "has autism, or a kid who has eczema, and they’re frustrated at trying to find an answer and", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00016-00013188-00013918": "a cure and they stumble on a website and says, “Oh, drink farm fresh raw milk, support", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00017-00013918-00014632": "your local farmer, and cure your kid of autism” it may sound like a pretty good idea until", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00018-00014632-00015321": "that child develops E. coli O157 and is in a ventilator in the hospital. I got to work", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00019-00015321-00015995": "with some scientists at University of California – Davis and I donated some money to help", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00020-00015995-00016974": "them build a website which is called RealRawMilkFacts.com. What we tried to on that website is to create", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00021-00016974-00017770": "fair and balanced approach of raw milk facts as it relates to health benefits, pros and", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00022-00017770-00018718": "cons, the clear risks of raw milk consumption, and some examples of people who became ill", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00023-00018718-00019251": "and what is their story about. Why did they start to drink raw milk? What did they think?", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00024-00019251-00019793": "How do they think about that now they’ve developed a severe illness or their child", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00025-00019793-00020458": "developed a severe illness? I think you have to be a really good consumer of all kinds", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00026-00020458-00021330": "of food products, but the ones where there are medical claims to them, or religious overtones", "c2PIGFwoy7I-00027-00021330-00021565": "to them – I think you have to pretty skeptical about those."}}, {"audio_id": "c3mfr12Q9Vc", "text": {"c3mfr12Q9Vc-00000-00006672-00008000": "WOW I PUT THE WRONG TITLE"}}, {"audio_id": "c3Cqawcva_8", "text": {"c3Cqawcva_8-00000-00000000-00000288": "hello my chou chou family i'm your fun loving happy vlogger", "c3Cqawcva_8-00001-00000472-00001264": "this time we're doing milk tea from tiger sugar this one is located in los angeles well rowland", "c3Cqawcva_8-00002-00001264-00001792": "height so it takes a longer time for you to drive out here but let's see what they have for us", "c3Cqawcva_8-00003-00002720-00003096": "all right i got their signature and um", "c3Cqawcva_8-00004-00003408-00004384": "you gotta shake it you gotta shake it before you do the thing this is like an arm workout okay oops", "c3Cqawcva_8-00005-00004640-00005192": "oh my gosh this pudding reminds me of like taiwanese pudding when i", "c3Cqawcva_8-00006-00005192-00005784": "used to eat when i was younger"}}, {"audio_id": "c3Ls6GX4d1k", "text": {"c3Ls6GX4d1k-00000-00000000-00005500": "🌟 🇺🇸 Fixiki Masya's suit for children — Shop GrandStart.ru 🌟"}}, {"audio_id": "c3YqSvTZ3j4", "text": {"c3YqSvTZ3j4-00000-00000000-00001592": "foreign", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00001-00001680-00002368": "all right good afternoon traders and uh let's uh jump right in here we'll go through the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00002-00002368-00003264": "volume settings uh now we've been doing these um afternoon sessions sessions here uh easy to say", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00003-00003264-00003976": "um you know to go over a lot of things that you've requested uh so you know the heat map", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00004-00003976-00004584": "uh how to relate to candlesticks uh et cetera uh and we'll continue to do these as long as they're", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00005-00004584-00005088": "creating some value for you guys and we have a nice recording afterwards so let's jump in and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00006-00005088-00005704": "we'll go through it here the gotta go through the disclosures general disclosure all bookmap", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00007-00005704-00006272": "limited materials information and presentations are for educational purposes only and should not", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00008-00006272-00006776": "be considered specific investment advice nor recommendations the risk disclosure trading", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00009-00006776-00007256": "futures equities and digital currencies involves substantial risk of loss and is not suitable for", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00010-00007256-00008088": "all investors past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results all right so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00011-00008176-00009024": "let's jump in and see what's going on here um looking at the s p and uh boy uh what a day uh uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00012-00009024-00009864": "crazy uh price action uh if you saw the webinar earlier today um and uh all over the place so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00013-00009928-00010472": "a higher time frame though we are below that 42.50 area now what does the volume", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00014-00010472-00010952": "tell us or what are the volume dots uh in the first place well you know there's only three", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00015-00011016-00011712": "we'll close up the indicator panel there's only three elements on this bookmap chart and these", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00016-00011712-00012456": "three elements are volume the dots here showing the aggressors the market buy and sell orders", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00017-00012456-00013168": "the heat map which we covered last time which is the liquidity all derived from the order book", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00018-00013168-00013656": "the current order book and current market but then projected historically on the chart", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00019-00013656-00014080": "so you can see these areas where there's buying interest buyers down here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00020-00014288-00015328": "as you can see around this um uh 11 25 area and uh and bidding up and 11 or i'm sorry at 11 25 but 42", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00021-00015328-00015991": "25 and 42 30. and then we also have best bid and offer on here all right so just three elements on", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00022-00015991-00016720": "this bookmap chart uh and we can take each one off here uh and uh and show you that uh the the best", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00023-00016720-00017464": "bid and offer here and and that's just giving you the insight to the price structure or the price", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00024-00017464-00018040": "action now the second element here are the volume bars and we'll also add the volume dots", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00025-00018208-00019096": "the the volume dots here show the aggressor very very simply this is the market buy and market sell", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00026-00019096-00019784": "orders let's zoom in here and i'll show you what i mean okay this is all based off of our education", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00027-00019872-00020560": "and our educational course so our best bid and offer is here the best offer is the red line the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00028-00020560-00021432": "best bid is the green line and that's the you know the the level one information here now a green dot", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00029-00021528-00022256": "is a market buy order they cross the spread and they're uh transacting and taking liquidity", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00030-00022320-00023016": "off of the best uh the best offer here okay so these are the traders that can move the market", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00031-00023096-00023648": "uh in fact the best offer maybe it comes up here way up here uh you know several ticks", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00032-00023648-00024384": "away or maybe way up here there needs to be an aggressor that takes the other side of that trade", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00033-00024384-00024928": "and they cross the spread the spread could be very wide with the s p e mini here you can see", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00034-00024928-00025432": "it's one tick wide sometimes you'll see it widen out to a few more than than that uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00035-00025432-00026152": "in the current market but uh very rarely uh here you can see the um down at micro second level or", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00036-00026152-00026680": "yeah micro second level here there is a bit of a spread it was two ticks for a very short period", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00037-00026680-00027352": "very very short period that's how quickly it's filling in all right so anyway the point is that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00038-00027504-00028295": "it is the aggressor here crossing that spread that makes the next price point okay so in this case", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00039-00028295-00029032": "the next price point was the same price point here by the aggressors okay these are market buy orders", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00040-00029032-00029704": "uh the best offer went up a tick but the next transaction uh was a market sell order but at", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00041-00029704-00030392": "the same price level okay so price didn't move but the best bid and offer did and this is when", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00042-00030392-00031304": "you'll see like in your time in sales uh floating by uh that the um you'll see a change in the color", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00043-00031304-00031976": "but not the price level all right so uh let's see we have some questions immediately here um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00044-00032200-00032856": "from wall street warlord can we locate uh bookmap user group online", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00045-00033184-00033504": "yeah i mean you can reach out on our forum and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00046-00033712-00034384": "you can also reach out on uh our discord room uh for for anything that that you're looking for", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00047-00034568-00035200": "what is the mathematical equation that creates the bubble size um well these are simply from the the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00048-00035200-00036080": "data data provider here okay but uh the size of the trade uh is what gives the the reference here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00049-00036080-00036704": "uh like a bigger dot here this is a market buy order but it's bigger than this other market", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00050-00036704-00037272": "by order here so we can use this data tip tool to hover over or look in the lower left hand", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00051-00037272-00038024": "corner to get insight here so this was for three transactions of three this is also three but this", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00052-00038024-00038880": "one here is one all right so that's what it's showing okay and the and then we have another", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00053-00038880-00039648": "one here and that's also for a transaction of one that's a market cell right and that's it so the um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00054-00039648-00040064": "let's just zoom out a little bit more uh and start to understand some things", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00055-00040064-00040784": "um all right so you can see this like i said this kind of reference to uh and the color here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00056-00040840-00041360": "we know these are market cells because they're hitting the bid and they're taking price lower", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00057-00041520-00042248": "the size of the dots is what gives the volume reference here to the other dots in here so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00058-00042248-00042800": "this is a lot more selling compared to the buying in here right so we have a reference", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00059-00042968-00043320": "and in fact the buyers take it a little bit higher back up to here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00060-00043384-00044080": "again however the sellers in this little move here basically remain in control", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00061-00044144-00044824": "because the the buyers aren't able to take it back up above okay so this is just understanding", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00062-00044824-00045416": "microstructure in here but all of this kind of stuff matters and we start to zoom out", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00063-00045416-00046048": "on higher time frames it is the same stuff all right so anyway now we know what these dots are", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00064-00046136-00046744": "market market sell orders are the red dots market buy orders are the green dots and again they move", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00065-00046744-00047552": "price okay if they take another enough liquidity off of the best offer for example they will move", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00066-00047552-00048376": "price up now what also helps the movement here is the other side of the trade where are they", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00067-00048376-00049048": "providing liquidity right but is these guys actually move the price all right technically", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00068-00049128-00049952": "okay so let's just um now we know what it is uh and uh we we know what the reference is here too", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00069-00049952-00050888": "okay so when we look at at um uh you know volume that is um relative volume well we can see that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00070-00050888-00051472": "there's more sellers here in this move here or in this view here and they're moving price lower", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00071-00051536-00052160": "okay so pretty pretty simple uh the there's all sorts of settings in here though that we need", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00072-00052160-00052776": "to go through and start to understand it so let's jump into that go up to studies configuration here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00073-00052879-00053288": "and click on volume dots now there's another another way to get to it as well you can just", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00074-00053288-00053696": "right click on the volume dots and go to volume dot settings here okay you'll find you can use", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00075-00053696-00054296": "that with many other items as well okay so now in the volume dots settings well first", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00076-00054296-00054928": "let's go through the volume uh display options here we can look at two two-dimensional dots", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00077-00054928-00055448": "we can look at 3d bubbles we can look at total volume now this is important here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00078-00055448-00056040": "this is what we've had for for many many years total volume and what that is showing", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00079-00056160-00056640": "is you know every single transaction and there's so many transactions in some of", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00080-00056640-00057384": "these markets like the s p e mini uh that we um we zoom in here and you'll see these pi displays", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00081-00057448-00058064": "okay it's a a volume dot and you can see the majority of it here for example is buying", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00082-00058064-00058424": "three about two thirds of it is buying and about a third of it is", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00083-00058424-00059216": "selling okay based on the color of this one dot here now watch when i zoom in okay when i zoom in", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00084-00059279-00059967": "see this is a pi display because it's all aggregated within one bigger dot and that was", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00085-00059967-00060591": "the way we displayed it and i zoom in i'm going to be pulling apart each individual transaction", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00086-00060591-00061016": "okay you can still see a pi display right here on this one if i zoom in a little bit more", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00087-00061176-00062167": "then i see every single transaction okay so that's total volume and now let's go through another", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00088-00062167-00062912": "option here if we go back up here and we look at volume delta okay this is the the default display", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00089-00062912-00063591": "that we're showing and volume delta it just so you know it's not total volume it is by minus cell", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00090-00063704-00064840": "right but it still gives you the um the reference here uh and um the um dot is gonna be one color", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00091-00064840-00065376": "or another and that's it all right so it's either gonna be green or red because it's by minus cell", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00092-00065376-00066000": "so let's say there's 5 000 or let's say there's 500 that trade that are buys and there's um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00093-00066144-00066864": "499 that are cells well then it's going to show a a green dot of of just size 1 right", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00094-00066864-00067456": "because that is the the delta all right so just so you understand the difference between the two", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00095-00067536-00068264": "but the volume reference here is still the same okay there's more selling here compared to buying", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00096-00068336-00068752": "all right so and that's what we're looking for is trying to understand who's in control and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00097-00068752-00069216": "who's moving these markets and the clarity with the volume delta is very nice now you", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00098-00069216-00069616": "can see them just hitting the bid here pretty hard a little bit of a pause or", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00099-00069616-00070216": "pull back and then hitting the bid hard again all right so the total volume might be a little", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00100-00070216-00070768": "harder to read it's up to you whatever you like to look at it doesn't matter", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00101-00070896-00071728": "okay so that's setting on the display the size this is very easy to understand you can make", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00102-00071728-00072296": "the size bigger or smaller based on the slider here you can also display it up here if you like", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00103-00072360-00072712": "okay and you see if i move that slider it also moves this slider down here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00104-00072776-00073408": "right so uh that's the uh the slider on the on the toolbar or in the settings", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00105-00073464-00074136": "uh the clustering let's go over the clustering and what exactly is this all right well so let's uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00106-00074136-00074808": "go through each one we'll go through smart the um last here we'll go with none to begin with okay so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00107-00074864-00075344": "there's no clustering well that's easy so what's clustering all right so let's move", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00108-00075344-00076064": "on to the next one by time and we'll look at one minute is fine if we maybe zoom in a little bit", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00109-00076288-00077216": "yeah let's do that okay so now between each vertical dotted line i have one minute here and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00110-00077216-00077800": "let's make the size bigger so we can see this so on the vertical dotted line since it's one minute", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00111-00077800-00078472": "divided up right now by one minute you can see there's a dot at one minute and and that's it", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00112-00078472-00078888": "it's showing all the volume between this last period here and this period here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00113-00079024-00079752": "and then display it here now why is it off of best bid and offer okay because it's showing the v-wap", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00114-00079752-00080336": "of this last minute of volume so it's not just showing the last transaction and where it took", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00115-00080336-00080936": "place we can see that here what was the what was the overall volume here uh because it's going", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00116-00080936-00081328": "to have to be aggregated within this one minute period and we're going to we're going to display", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00117-00081328-00081896": "it as a v-wap and here it is right here all right so you can hover over again using this tool and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00118-00081896-00082784": "it will tell you the price as well the price level uh and you can see it's here at uh 4232 all right", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00119-00082920-00083784": "all right so that's the um clustering uh by by time okay let's go on to the next one by volume", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00120-00083784-00084528": "okay this one is uh a lot of traders don't care about time it's mark is all about events therefore", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00121-00084528-00085424": "they're looking at volume clustered by the um the amount of volume so if we put in 500 for example", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00122-00085424-00086160": "okay let's zoom out a little bit so every time 500 transact start a new period and when that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00123-00086160-00086760": "transacts end that period and start a new period okay this is a really good way of starting to", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00124-00086760-00087408": "understand where heavy volume is happening uh and let's make the dot size a little bit a little bit", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00125-00087408-00087952": "lower and let's zoom out a little bit more all right so uh yeah here here we have it you know", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00126-00087952-00088792": "all of the dots are going to be the um basically the same size they have to be i'm sorry they", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00127-00088912-00089664": "they don't have to be and here's why they can aggregate together right so here's two that traded", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00128-00089664-00090120": "very very quickly but they can aggregate together if we hover over this now you can see it's for", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00129-00090120-00090720": "a volume of a thousand all right so it it's still going to be a 500 period followed by", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00130-00090720-00091296": "another 500 period but they will aggregate together okay so here this should be 1500 now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00131-00091360-00091944": "and it is if i hover over it you can see it down here all right so the volume dots are all the same", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00132-00091944-00092528": "size but you'll just see some sort of aggregation when you start to zoom in and and can uh contract", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00133-00092528-00093408": "that timeline okay all right uh so and this gives you a good feel here we can lower the size a", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00134-00093408-00094312": "little bit uh of what's going on with the uh these periods here uh of 500 right so a lot of traders", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00135-00094312-00095120": "like this kind of view uh so let's move on to the next one uh is the smart clustering okay so we can", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00136-00095120-00095712": "now cover this one because basically the smart clustering is a combination of time and volume", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00137-00095800-00096440": "okay and there's a slider here i use the smart clustering it is the default uh in fact if we go", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00138-00096440-00096928": "to the default right here you you'll see it the smart clustering is right in the middle", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00139-00096928-00097576": "uh the size is this size it's uh 3d bubbles and volume delta and transparency is about 50", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00140-00097680-00098336": "all right so that's the um but the clustering uh default is right in the middle here for smart okay", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00141-00098336-00098928": "now the smart clustering it it's just that combination it has like a sphere of influence", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00142-00098928-00099520": "around it uh based on time and volume it's kind of like water droplets when a water droplet gets", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00143-00099520-00100240": "rather close to another one it kind of sucks it in and makes it into a bigger water droplet", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00144-00100240-00100832": "all right so the same thing will kind of happen here when we zoom out we start to pull those away", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00145-00100832-00101408": "but we zoom back in you'll see how see how these kind of act like it starts to come around this", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00146-00101408-00102016": "by time and volume it's kind of like gravity of a planet or something and then it starts to", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00147-00102016-00102672": "aggregate them together all right that's what the clustering does okay so that should simplify it to", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00148-00102672-00103296": "cl take away some of those smaller transactions because those can be rather meaningless uh we're", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00149-00103296-00103783": "looking for the overall right where who's really in control and moving this market", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00150-00103848-00104648": "and the clustering can do a nice job there all right so uh now i i actually like to bring", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00151-00104648-00105183": "down the clustering i like it on just a little bit but i like to look at all the transactions", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00152-00105272-00105920": "the reason that that i prefer that kind of setting is because i want to see this steady", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00153-00105976-00106752": "strong movement away from an area is something that i studied or you know i look at that's uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00154-00106752-00107400": "the way that i trade okay a lot of traders they're not they don't worry about that whatsoever", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00155-00107464-00108168": "so they like lots of clustering so if we go up to studies configuration and bring that clustering", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00156-00108224-00108832": "up even higher so they just want to see like those those big transactions and that's it", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00157-00108896-00109472": "right that strong consistent move although it's not bad in here on this one you know", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00158-00109528-00109808": "they're just more worried about the the larger transactions", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00159-00109935-00110559": "okay now look what happens if i go all the way to the right hand side i only get one dot", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00160-00110688-00111224": "and again it is off of best bid and offer and it's on the v web here okay so it's clustered", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00161-00111224-00111928": "everything one big sphere of influence into this one big dot here all right so anyway that's the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00162-00111928-00112400": "way the clustering works but let me know if you have any questions on on the clustering here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00163-00112472-00113280": "so i will move on to the next one okay in fact i may if i move this all the way back even on", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00164-00113280-00113920": "smart here all the way back to zero basically it means clustering is off okay that that's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00165-00113920-00114472": "the way that the slider will work here for smart it's the same as none basically okay", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00166-00114544-00115159": "uh inherit bars and apply to bars all right so we can go over that in a minute but i want", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00167-00115159-00115864": "to move on to the next one uh this is minimum displayed volume and what this is showing in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00168-00115920-00116416": "uh is a little bit complex we'll go over the next one and then it will come back to it", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00169-00116504-00117072": "minimum trade size this is very simple to understand all right so this is your block", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00170-00117072-00117688": "trades so let's look at 100 in here for the s p okay and let's see how many we get now we might", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00171-00117688-00118504": "have to zoom out to find some here okay but we're talking about one transaction that's 400 okay a", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00172-00118504-00119183": "hundred lots and you can see there's not so many um and uh and in fact most of them happened here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00173-00119256-00119935": "or all of no even there's some there's some pre-market or london exchange here um the i", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00174-00119935-00120680": "mean these are clearly larger players they have to be uh who who in here trades 100 lots up at a clip", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00175-00120752-00121983": "all right so um now that's great uh it gives us insight to the larger players however in this um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00176-00122048-00122720": "trading environment that is just dominated by algorithms uh for the last 20 or 30 years", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00177-00122720-00123424": "uh it's just you know these markets are dominated by the by the bots so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00178-00123528-00124248": "instead of a cluster or a large i'm sorry a large trade going through a block trade of a hundred", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00179-00124472-00125168": "and it really kind of shows your hand what a lot of traders will do instead now is they'll break", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00180-00125168-00126080": "up that 100 lot trade into a hundred different orders for one lot each okay and it will trade", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00181-00126080-00126944": "rather quickly in succession so that's the way that they can kind of hide a bit more of their", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00182-00126944-00127664": "of their hand so that's why we came up with this setting here minimum displayed", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00183-00127664-00128408": "volume so let's bring this all the way back down to one the trade size and let me show you how this", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00184-00128408-00129168": "works here with minimum displayed volume okay so the minimum displayed volume is able to show", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00185-00129320-00129848": "those transactions that happen very very quickly so that 100 lot that traded", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00186-00130008-00130800": "a hundred times for one lot right now how do we do that okay so we um basically and we zoom", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00187-00130800-00131784": "in here and we'll put in a hundred all right so let me uh we might have to put in more actually", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00188-00132024-00132736": "okay all right so if we we can see a couple transactions in here now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00189-00132984-00133680": "this means that in this dot here there was a hundred at minimum okay could be more", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00190-00133784-00134152": "that traded here very very quickly that's what it means", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00191-00134256-00134936": "right and we've captured it here with this setting if you hover over it you can see that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00192-00135120-00135752": "this is for a hundred this one here is more though okay because there's more actually in this little", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00193-00135752-00136528": "area here it was 179 so the minimum cutoff is a hundred okay so display 100 or greater and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00194-00136528-00137096": "now this is based on your zoom level okay it sounds kind of funny uh but uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00195-00137168-00137720": "here here's what's going on within a very small time frame a hundred traded now what's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00196-00137720-00138456": "the smallest that we can display on the screen it would be one pixel so within this one pixel here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00197-00138536-00139056": "we have a hundred that traded or more now this it doesn't matter what kind of screen you have", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00198-00139056-00139856": "uh we're still basing it off of one pixel size right so if i zoom in though okay now my screen", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00199-00139856-00140544": "is going to expand or my view is going to expand and it won't be one pixel any longer", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00200-00140632-00141416": "once it's not one pixel any longer that will not display okay now if i come back", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00201-00141416-00141968": "in here now watch i'll come back in here uh and let's bring this down a little bit", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00202-00142216-00142904": "okay let's see a certain size maybe it was a block trade who knows but", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00203-00142904-00143328": "it should display in here and there it is okay so we had to go down to like 55.", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00204-00143496-00143952": "okay and uh was there a red dot yeah it was a red dot to begin with uh so we got to go down", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00205-00143952-00144736": "even more to get a feel for exactly what kind of happened in here right as you can see um we're", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00206-00144736-00145472": "getting there so let's go back to 100 just to make the point though all right so right now i zoomed", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00207-00145472-00146088": "in and now it's this that event that took place is over more than one pixel so it doesn't display", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00208-00146168-00146992": "i've got to zoom out and contract the screen in order for that to display now all right so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00209-00147056-00147832": "and once it does display it's going to give me the overall um uh uh you know by minus cell all right", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00210-00147832-00148416": "for the delta here we can go to total volume as well uh and in fact total volume uh you can see", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00211-00148416-00148936": "there's a difference here between total volume and volume delta okay so total volume because there's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00212-00148936-00149488": "a lot more transactions it's not not just by minus cell so it's still working here with the total", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00213-00149488-00150120": "with the the volume delta all right so just keep that in mind as you're going through this that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00214-00150120-00150704": "it's still by minus cell but it's still 100 uh in a very very quick succession here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00215-00150816-00151384": "all right so that's the way this works now a lot of professional traders really like this filter", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00216-00151528-00152000": "and they're looking at higher time frames and they just don't want to be bothered by", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00217-00152000-00152576": "all of this volume so what they'll do is maybe they'll look at a certain kind of zoom level", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00218-00152720-00153432": "and then they'll look at their display here and find something that kind of works for the day", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00219-00153504-00154440": "all right so let's put in 5 000 okay and nothing's being displayed okay so let's try 2500", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00220-00154648-00155232": "okay nothing being displayed all right let's go down to well actually let's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00221-00155232-00155848": "just go down to 500 and see what happens here okay now we have a lot", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00222-00156000-00156712": "okay maybe that's too much in this area in here so let's go down let's go up a bit more we'll go to", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00223-00156872-00157632": "75 or 750 okay that's not bad right i filtered out a lot of the volume", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00224-00157632-00158184": "and now is it is it helping me though is it giving me shape of under an understanding of", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00225-00158184-00158752": "what's going on within this time frame here now we got a lot of a lot of data in here and you", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00226-00158752-00159376": "can see there's not a whole lot of transactions we have our 930 cash open right around here and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00227-00159376-00159848": "you can see that seller heavy selling coming in some buying coming and this was actually during", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00228-00159848-00160432": "the uh during the webinar and uh we were kind of looking to see if we get a deeper pullback here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00229-00160432-00161072": "didn't happen we went lower and then finally it came back up and and we got our deeper not really", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00230-00161072-00161712": "deeper pullback just kind of back to the same area basically and sellers coming in again all right so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00231-00161896-00162520": "for example um you know if you if you're not seeing uh with a setting like this maybe you're", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00232-00162520-00163152": "just sitting back looking at the bigger picture and then waiting for more buyers to start to come", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00233-00163152-00163680": "in at these higher levels if you're going to get that retracement now you got some but you didn't", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00234-00163680-00164264": "get any follow through right so and and you got some here but no follow through again in fact", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00235-00164264-00164848": "look at this kind of exhaustion area in here there's no more buying in this filter", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00236-00164936-00165720": "and we see more sellers here okay so uh yeah uh sellers basically are in control uh in this", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00237-00165720-00166360": "well in this entire day here uh but they're also in control in this period okay we don't see any", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00238-00166360-00166912": "buying coming back up into here so this filter might be something that you like play around", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00239-00166912-00167528": "with it now if you zoom in okay this is going to become less useful you're going to have to reset", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00240-00167528-00168344": "it so you have to come back up here and then put in maybe 250 okay and see what that looks like and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00241-00168408-00168960": "yeah so that helps right not bad for this view here's a little bit of buying in here but sellers", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00242-00168960-00169688": "still remain in control all right so now we'd be looking for that big cell dot down here and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00243-00169688-00170656": "understand what what if the sellers can move this lower okay all right so lots of questions in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00244-00170944-00171296": "that is correct edison um the the volume dots are", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00245-00171352-00171736": "represent the executed market orders that is correct", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00246-00171968-00172128": "all right that's important to understand", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00247-00172352-00173248": "uh no no over-the-counter um uh connection here uh to uh the penny stocks or anything anything", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00248-00173248-00173632": "over the counter over the counter there's really no order book right we're looking", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00249-00173632-00174368": "for an exchange we're looking for an order book and also the volume that is accurate", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00250-00174496-00175184": "yeah there's there's lots of information on api if you go to bookmap.com", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00251-00175256-00175984": "and you'll click on the the more button and you'll find information there about api all right okay", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00252-00176272-00176584": "all right any questions so far on the volume dots", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00253-00176912-00177280": "let me go to special events and discord no looks like we're good", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00254-00177280-00177880": "okay now those are the main filters for the volume so now let's start to apply that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00255-00177984-00178392": "and we're going to we're first going to apply it to the volume bars down below so let's go", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00256-00178392-00178984": "over those settings here you you see them here right now this is for the clustering", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00257-00179056-00179664": "that you're going to be applying it all right so uh inherit from bars all right well uh or apply", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00258-00179664-00180296": "to bar so this smart clustering let let's just uh let's go with time uh our one minute here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00259-00180432-00181480": "let's actually make it 15 minutes okay and now let's apply it to our bars there we go it's been", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00260-00181480-00182512": "applied to our bars down below so now this should align with this here and it does okay so that's a", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00261-00182512-00183288": "quick way to have the same uh clustering here on your bars or you can inherit from bars so let's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00262-00183288-00183984": "let's just go to our bar settings here and let's do uh well we'll do uh two minutes instead right", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00263-00184152-00184928": "okay so by time uh and let's uh let's go back to our volume dots now you can see the inherit from", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00264-00184928-00185808": "dots or apply to dots here so you have the same same two choices but now we're going to inherit um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00265-00185928-00186616": "from the from the bars and now we should look at two minutes of a clustering here right and we do", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00266-00186696-00187544": "okay so let's go back to the smart clustering apply to the bars and that's that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00267-00187624-00188176": "okay now the volume the volume bars we got to go over that these this is really simple and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00268-00188176-00188656": "straightforward it's the same settings in here you can look at total volume i do need to cover this", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00269-00188656-00189432": "on total volume there is some uh confusion with this uh from uh from some traders uh look at the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00270-00189432-00190232": "um the red is always on the bottom here okay it's not that there's always more more buying in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00271-00190232-00190904": "that's not the case at all it's just showing you the it's always red on the bottom and then and in", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00272-00190904-00191592": "addition to that on top is the bind so that's the way we're displaying it here right for the bars", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00273-00191728-00192312": "all right so that's that and let's go back to the bar settings here that's for the total", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00274-00192312-00192968": "volume you can look at it solid here like this or you can look at a gradation okay or you can", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00275-00193080-00193632": "let's go back to solid you can look at your total volume or you can move it to delta now i like to", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00276-00193632-00194400": "personally i like to match it to exactly what i see in the bars and i do apply uh the same setting", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00277-00194400-00195616": "okay from my volume bars to my volume dots or vice versa all right so that's that um okay so let's uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00278-00195832-00196600": "let's start to go through some uh practical uses here uh how do how to read the aggressors in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00279-00196656-00197448": "uh and what this means and we can start to get also into volume profiles etc but the practical", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00280-00197448-00198160": "uses okay so we know that the aggressor is the one that moves the the price so the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00281-00198288-00199136": "um starting to read the volume in here uh in in context and the first level to look at in terms", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00282-00199136-00199792": "of context is the price structure so when you start to look at your candlesticks or you start", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00283-00199792-00200248": "to look at let's just take the volume dots off for a moment here okay when you start to look", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00284-00200248-00200784": "at just this is your price structure okay and this is where you can start to mark up areas", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00285-00200912-00201952": "okay so consolidation breakdown consolidation breakdown consolidation break out back to", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00286-00202016-00202608": "uh the range and a breakdown all right so this market's been kind of all over the place today", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00287-00202664-00203304": "uh with a strong move and in the in the opening uh to the downside and that still remains in effect", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00288-00203440-00204080": "all right now what we want to understand though in context of these areas here by the price structure", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00289-00204136-00204672": "is where the transaction is taking place that's going to give us a lot of insight okay so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00290-00204840-00205528": "whatever whatever it is that you're looking at for your trading maybe you're looking at some sort of", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00291-00205528-00206184": "filter like this maybe you're not all right so let's um just uh let's use the filter here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00292-00206184-00206928": "and and and at this zoom right here and see what we can read so maybe a little much uh still right", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00293-00206928-00207728": "so uh let's just um filter it again i think we had 750 right and that that gave us pretty good view", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00294-00207960-00208823": "yeah there's a little little scant here let's try 500.", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00295-00208823-00209328": "yeah it's not bad maybe a little bit lower let me try 400", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00296-00210048-00210567": "all right it's not bad um all right so let's read this here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00297-00210776-00211160": "uh and let's put this context together with the structures that we just kind of outlined", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00298-00211160-00211584": "well up here this is the open some back and forth and then the sellers come in and move it away", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00299-00211640-00212112": "they move it away on on pretty powerful volume and here this was during the webinar", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00300-00212112-00212784": "it was a mess uh it was just a mess and look at the read here in terms of the volume", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00301-00212784-00213184": "now the funny thing is is like on these kind of higher uh or these highs here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00302-00213384-00214152": "there's nothing trading up there okay so we were looking for that in fact in this little area here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00303-00214152-00214640": "and then up here we were looking for that and then the possible pullback into some of", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00304-00214640-00215240": "these areas just to pull back on these time frames now this view has actually given us", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00305-00215240-00215919": "a little more insight because now it's easy it's always easy in hindsight of course but", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00306-00215919-00216352": "you know we don't see much trading up here basically in this view and in this session", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00307-00216432-00217056": "setting that's basically exhaustion so here we have transactions down below that looking", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00308-00217056-00217592": "for our sellers should try to drive this away and they do uh and we come back up here we don't see", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00309-00217592-00218264": "sellers here overall we see i'm sorry we don't see buyers up here on the overall delta we see sellers", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00310-00218352-00219016": "okay now this one's kind of crazy to read in here uh why did it pop up like this we see sellers here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00311-00219016-00219552": "a few buyers in here uh we'd have to maybe zoom in a little closer and maybe redo the setting", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00312-00219552-00220208": "to get more insight from that okay but this is not bad right now what we see here right now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00313-00220208-00220744": "sellers move it away from this on heavy cell volume very little bind again heavy", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00314-00220744-00221544": "cell volume i'm looking for another red dot here to give us insight to the breakdown to the lows", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00315-00221544-00222344": "and maybe even lower all right because we're down here price is trading down here uh and now we're", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00316-00222344-00222823": "just looking for some insight from the from the volume right so we might have to play around with", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00317-00222823-00223400": "the setting maybe this isn't really helping us much so let's uh let's go back and let's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00318-00223456-00224184": "start to read the context here okay maybe 400 isn't so good let's try 300.", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00319-00224519-00224767": "still nothing 200", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00320-00224992-00225584": "okay not bad let's try 250 though try to filter out a little bit more", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00321-00225784-00225871": "all right not bad", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00322-00226432-00227023": "yeah we just we need to see the sellers come here right now and then we can get the the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00323-00227023-00227816": "move to the lows here okay and then maybe break the lows so let's see it uh we're down here now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00324-00227816-00228416": "see how this can also help with exhaustion there's our dot it just it just presented", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00325-00228504-00229167": "all right and now it just went away uh that's because of the delta in here uh it now there", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00326-00229167-00230071": "is since it's by minus cell uh now there's some buyers in here okay so it's not displaying okay", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00327-00230071-00230519": "so as we're going lower we found some big sellers but we're finding a few buyers in here now too", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00328-00230984-00231719": "i'm gonna zoom out a little bit more or zoom in now still not really helpful", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00329-00232048-00232432": "okay but beautiful exhaustion here back to this area", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00330-00232552-00233232": "you know that's great now again like if we don't see that those sellers show it show up in here and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00331-00233232-00233880": "we start to come back in and we see a green dot up here or up here that's telling us something", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00332-00233880-00234392": "back to the swing back to the top of the range maybe back to this range top of this range here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00333-00234536-00235071": "okay so that would be like a false breakdown so reading and starting to understand the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00334-00235304-00235808": "exhaustion in here or the lack of dots uh trying to get some understanding from that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00335-00235960-00236536": "so what i'm i'm my goal here was to go through to show you all these different settings and then", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00336-00236536-00237184": "the practical applications of them right now we took the heat map off just so we can understand", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00337-00237184-00237952": "a bit better just the volume and then we have this context in here using these different settings so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00338-00237952-00238664": "like i said it's up to you but the um we have lots of flexibility and we're very feature rich", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00339-00238728-00239023": "in here with bookmap now we've had these settings for a long long time", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00340-00239128-00239832": "so whatever it is you prefer uh play around with it until you find something that you like", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00341-00240119-00240160": "all right", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00342-00240416-00240808": "let's see here right so actually look at that", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00343-00240912-00241496": "buyers okay interesting let's see them get back to the top of this range here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00344-00241696-00242128": "okay let's see if they can do it looks pretty good i mean we're getting buyers here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00345-00242232-00242680": "hey this is this broke down but we're getting buyers here at this area here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00346-00242680-00243128": "great then they should be able to come back into the top of this little range here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00347-00243552-00243816": "okay that would be that's like a three or four point move", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00348-00244152-00244408": "and we'll probably just have to wait forever for this to unfold", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00349-00244464-00244871": "um but uh anyway like different markets uh obviously you're gonna have to have", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00350-00244871-00245240": "different settings you're gonna have to play around with it to find what works for you", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00351-00245544-00245960": "all right let's see if i can think of can i think of anything else", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00352-00245960-00246584": "if you guys have any questions uh happy to go through it here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00353-00246656-00247392": "uh wall street warlord um here let me show you where to go uh you're talking more about the api", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00354-00247392-00248296": "and and all of that so go to bookmap.com okay click on the more button here uh and then you", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00355-00248296-00248919": "could either go to api here or you can go to our knowledge base let's go to api it takes you to the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00356-00248919-00249696": "same place okay you're in there our ape or our um our bookmap knowledge base here and there's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00357-00249696-00250256": "a user guide there's the add-ons and now we're in the java api section there's also javascript", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00358-00250400-00251040": "api so you know we're in this section here you can see the breakdown of the on the right hand side", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00359-00251040-00251528": "uh the api modules okay it just scrolls you down the page basically", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00360-00251528-00252271": "uh so this is the place to go okay all the links that you may uh uh require uh for more", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00361-00252271-00252919": "information will be on this page uh and that'll that'll initiate the thread for you all right", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00362-00253376-00254104": "okay now uh let's take a look here between uh the we're just reading the volume here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00363-00254104-00254552": "we don't have the heat map on uh and we just wanted to go through the different settings uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00364-00254552-00255376": "for for the um for the volume dots but let's add a little bit more in here now let's add the heat map", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00365-00255744-00256480": "okay and let's actually dim that a little bit and start to understand context of volume also within", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00366-00256480-00257096": "within the uh the auction okay the uh the supply and the demand the buyers and sellers in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00367-00257152-00258032": "uh and uh what is going on okay so we're looking for this scenario false breakdown buyers here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00368-00258096-00258400": "and then a move back up to this top of the range here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00369-00258648-00259184": "as a potential scenario", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00370-00259560-00260264": "okay now so we know there's buyers here uh there's liquidity here look at high liquidity in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00371-00260264-00260984": "on the bid starting to come in okay not a whole lot of buyers though now again", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00372-00260984-00261336": "we're going to have to wait for quite quite a bit of buying here to get that insight", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00373-00261880-00262360": "and giving us giving us actually some good information no buyers lack of buyers again", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00374-00262360-00263120": "on a retest so now we're back down here in fact at this point here since it tried twice", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00375-00263384-00263712": "now we can get maybe a red dot down here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00376-00263856-00264688": "and if we do then i'd be looking for the retest down to lows uh here okay around 27 and a half or", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00377-00264688-00265192": "so can you see you see what's happening we're just going back and forth in here right now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00378-00265576-00266208": "okay but confirmation with a bigger dot in here look at the offer now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00379-00266208-00266448": "okay let's see if we get do we get our red dot here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00380-00266688-00267584": "not yet", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00381-00267984-00268984": "okay any more questions in here let's see", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00382-00269088-00269384": "all right no no more questions um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00383-00269776-00270400": "just back and forth in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00384-00270400-00270744": "still just trying to gain some insight in here and nothing to do", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00385-00270744-00271376": "nothing to do until we get that insight okay we get our green dot up here it's looking really", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00386-00271376-00271872": "good for for coming back up to the top of the range here if we come back down here we get", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00387-00271872-00273184": "our red dot looks really good for going back down to low and then also trend continuation", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00388-00273296-00273784": "how do you compare uh re-test versus the same price um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00389-00274216-00274800": "uh re re-test of the area here so like selling down here uh lack of selling", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00390-00274800-00275392": "down here on the retest it now this is maybe a two a little too extreme of a setting here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00391-00275520-00276184": "right because um we're you know heavy selling nothing okay but", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00392-00276184-00276872": "really nothing until we got a buyer by dot here okay so it again it's just um it's understanding", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00393-00276872-00277688": "and by what i meant by retest in here was this little area here we came here and retested here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00394-00277752-00278416": "and we didn't find any buyers so we're open to sellers here if we get enough we should drop", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00395-00278416-00278920": "okay now we're open to buyers here as well if we get enough then we're looking for the move", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00396-00279024-00279664": "uh to the top of the range here and maybe maybe even higher okay our sellers down here bottom", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00397-00279664-00280472": "of the bottom of this swing here bottom of the day down here around 26. okay our low of the day", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00398-00280768-00281160": "yes this will be recorded in up on youtube all right so", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00399-00281392-00282104": "i think that's about it um there's not too much else to go through", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00400-00282184-00282608": "i mean there's all sorts of contextual things to go through i would recommend", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00401-00282672-00283344": "that you definitely play around with these different settings see what works for you and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00402-00283552-00284040": "you know stick with that okay that's going to be the most helpful so i'll take all of these", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00403-00284040-00284760": "off now now i'm back to all the volume and let's make the dot size a little bit lower okay so now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00404-00284760-00285240": "we're looking at quite a bit of volume and we can zoom in and we can look at that same context now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00405-00285328-00286032": "since it's the aggressor that moves price you know there can be some odd situations where you you can", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00406-00286032-00286744": "we can actually go higher on lower uh volume but in general uh it is the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00407-00286744-00287480": "buy volume that is moving price higher uh the how to go higher on on less volume less buy volume", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00408-00287480-00288232": "uh is very simply just liquidity is moved um uh you know pulled and moved higher uh and a little", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00409-00288232-00288904": "bit of buying can uh easily move price higher it's like a low volume pullback all right and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00410-00289064-00289568": "we talked a lot today about trap volume so i'm going to avoid talking about trap volume uh in", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00411-00289568-00290304": "this webinar but this would be kind of an example of it down in here we're not a bad example at all", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00412-00290304-00290984": "in fact because we have you know lower move here sellers here look where the trap is set okay we", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00413-00290984-00291680": "covered this at length today because we had a lot of them uh and now buyers are a backup above it", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00414-00291776-00292384": "okay now we have another one right here okay see the buying coming in okay and now the sellers are", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00415-00292384-00293072": "down below it okay so now are they gonna let these guys out or did they get stopped out okay well", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00416-00293072-00293672": "let's see sellers here then if we get enough here then i'm looking for the move back down to here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00417-00293784-00294376": "or here just by the context of understanding where those sellers might be trapped where these buyers", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00418-00294376-00294960": "might be trapped okay and where they're going to have to puke where they're going to be stopped out", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00419-00295104-00295552": "right and the stop run and we're looking for it so let's see if we get it here and this", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00420-00295552-00296144": "would be with the trend so looking for sellers looking for the move lower into these areas here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00421-00296280-00296704": "all right and now we're going through this exercise in here with", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00422-00296920-00297288": "just volume and price action and that's it", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00423-00297504-00297936": "okay we don't see the other side of the trade we don't know if there's a lot of liquidity down here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00424-00297936-00298648": "absorbing a lot of that selling okay so that's where that third context with the heat map and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00425-00298648-00299160": "that's what we covered in the previous video i was to go through the heat map in uh in detail", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00426-00299248-00299872": "all right now the volume since we know that it's the aggressors that move price", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00427-00299936-00300496": "okay for the most part uh you know that those special circumstances where you know you can", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00428-00300496-00301224": "go higher on less volume we're not going to dive into that instead we're going to dive into what we", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00429-00301224-00301960": "typically see is volume uh and heavy volume moving it away from an area uh quickly okay trapping", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00430-00301960-00302792": "people up in here and moving it away quickly here and getting them uh to uh force them to uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00431-00302792-00303272": "to sell uh because everyone's everyone that bought in here is gonna be forced to sell", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00432-00303376-00304056": "okay and then you know god we see this in the in the crypto markets uh all the time with the", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00433-00304144-00304744": "liquidation indicator you'll see it come down here and then you'll see even a retest in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00434-00304744-00305416": "and there's no more liquidations it goes to the other side and liquidates there okay so here we go", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00435-00305416-00306032": "this is our this was what we just talked about uh in the move down here now we're here and let's see", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00436-00306032-00306784": "if we can now go to lower lows okay so what the question is what are we looking for then down here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00437-00307128-00307488": "okay if we're looking for lower lows and we're in the trend and we want", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00438-00307488-00307696": "to see the trend continuation what are we looking", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00439-00307696-00308872": "for many stops that's true uh but we're basically looking in a flush yeah but we're basically", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00440-00308872-00309392": "looking for something more i mean something simpler we're just looking for sellers red", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00441-00309392-00310016": "red dots okay they could be stops they might not be they will likely be but", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00442-00310152-00310352": "yeah we're just looking for these sellers", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00443-00310464-00311248": "captain price yeah yeah exactly so here they are see okay and let's see them continue okay now", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00444-00311248-00311672": "that's going to be our stop run now we can open up our stops and icebergs here there's our stop run", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00445-00311928-00312448": "okay now and this is where we get into a lot of nuances in the order flow here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00446-00312512-00313000": "because we have a stop run here but you know stop run what does that really mean like", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00447-00313056-00313816": "it typically means these are people exiting a position not not not buying and that's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00448-00313816-00314584": "the case then a rotation back up and again this volume in here and defining this volume in here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00449-00314736-00315424": "right especially this little area in here is it's it's really not real okay this is real bind", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00450-00315488-00315976": "okay so they're gonna they're moving it right back into the range here okay maybe back up to here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00451-00316208-00316584": "okay they've already moved it to the the bottom here already", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00452-00316856-00317320": "all right so you know different many different things to start to understand", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00453-00317320-00318080": "in here also with stops and and also icebergs but understanding like the condition of the um", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00454-00318208-00318768": "of the orders or the traders involved here now we're back down here okay so do we get many", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00455-00318768-00319456": "stops here no so these sellers are still in it okay well we know that a lot of these are stops", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00456-00319520-00319984": "but these are new sellers now coming in all right so sellers should be able to drop it", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00457-00319984-00320784": "lower then there's enough of them okay and we go down to lowe's of the day here", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00458-00320896-00321304": "all right all right guys well we talked a lot about the different settings and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00459-00321304-00321800": "the different ways of looking at volume uh and applying to bars etc", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00460-00321960-00322232": "and then we started to get into practical applications of it", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00461-00322288-00322784": "there are many practical applications of understanding volume it's one of the most", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00462-00322928-00323904": "studied or analyzed elements in the markets okay now it is very very important uh but there also is", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00463-00323904-00324384": "the other side of the trade and that is very important to understand too it's all context", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00464-00324456-00325064": "uh really uh understanding the condition of the participants or their their positions or their", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00465-00325064-00325880": "actions and learning from it from their actions that's where we can get some insight and that's", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00466-00325880-00326456": "what reading order flow is all about so we'll do another one if you like this video let me know hit", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00467-00326456-00327304": "hit the like button there i will get into uh some more of these videos in the afternoon uh and uh", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00468-00327392-00327952": "you know these have been based on your suggestions so if you have uh just keep keep the chat coming", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00469-00328040-00328448": "let us know what what you're interested in the heat map's been really popular", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00470-00328448-00329056": "we can do more on the heat map if you want now we're covering volume dots in here and i've looked", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00471-00329056-00329776": "very little to the heat map just understanding the um the transactions and the participants that are", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00472-00329776-00330432": "committed in here with their market buy and sell orders are within the price structure uh so uh yep", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00473-00330432-00331248": "we'll um uh add in the comments there what what you want uh i we are reading the comments uh and", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00474-00331248-00331904": "this is based off of someone's comment in discord okay thanks for coming everybody and we will", "c3YqSvTZ3j4-00475-00331904-00333384": "have a good weekend and we'll catch up with you uh on monday okay yeah take care bye-bye"}}, {"audio_id": "c3c68jlQlw8", "text": {"c3c68jlQlw8-00000-00000000-00004800": "🌟 🇺🇸 Ninjago Suit Blue-Blue Animatorsky — Shop GrandStart.ru 🌟"}}, {"audio_id": "c4m0IZcblAk", "text": {"c4m0IZcblAk-00000-00000003-00000771": "Ah putting a wash on Jack that's helpful, whatever you do don't mix the colors she'll go mental!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00001-00001279-00001479": "It's where we keep the plates!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00002-00001582-00001782": "We'll lock them all in crates!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00003-00001878-00002078": "We need magnetic locks!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00004-00002134-00002676": "Agreed! That's and matching socks.Pipe dream!His brothers worked it out.", "c4m0IZcblAk-00005-00002800-00003000": "I want to scream and shout!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00006-00003067-00003267": "Cover a pillow on my face", "c4m0IZcblAk-00007-00003364-00003564": "Go to my happy place?", "c4m0IZcblAk-00008-00003667-00004203": "Got help from stick man. No tools required to fix them.", "c4m0IZcblAk-00009-00004270-00004883": "Eating lunch to the sound of the last wedding plate being smashed!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00010-00004971-00005555": "Who is his terror roaming the floor who puts a toothbrush in the cutlery drawer?", "c4m0IZcblAk-00011-00005555-00006065": "I just need to lock lock lock lock them up lock them up!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00012-00006160-00006755": "We'll always have one drawer. That's full of crap. Don't ask the wife if you don't want a scrap.", "c4m0IZcblAk-00013-00006756-00007469": "I just need to lock lock lock lock them up lock them up. What that on your feet?", "c4m0IZcblAk-00014-00007606-00007806": "A hairy boiled sweet!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00015-00007881-00008081": "Eating wood lice is wrong!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00016-00008175-00008375": "British version of biltong?", "c4m0IZcblAk-00017-00008467-00008928": "I'm dancing in the rain. I'm trying not to complain.", "c4m0IZcblAk-00018-00009061-00009261": "But that was my favorite mug!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00019-00009354-00009560": "for my breath altering drug.", "c4m0IZcblAk-00020-00009652-00010185": "I'll get those locks on for Christmas have matching socks on?", "c4m0IZcblAk-00021-00010311-00010865": "Until my wife can't find hers and steals a pair of mine.", "c4m0IZcblAk-00022-00011014-00011402": "Opening that door en suite Pandora's box really need to get", "c4m0IZcblAk-00023-00011467-00012078": "Magnetic locks. I just need to lock lock lock lock them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00024-00012160-00012761": "egg cups in the shape of a hen and who keeps eating all the sodding pens?", "c4m0IZcblAk-00025-00012761-00013262": "I just need to lock lock lock lock them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00026-00013378-00013578": "Lock them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00027-00013678-00013878": "Lock them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00028-00013978-00014178": "Lock them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00029-00014536-00014643": "Hey, hey hey", "c4m0IZcblAk-00030-00014643-00015132": "Just think while you've been worrying about who put a big spoon in the slightly smaller spoon compartment", "c4m0IZcblAk-00031-00015132-00015611": "You could be doing a misjudged/ this could make us late for school /don't tell mommy / flash mob in the kitchen", "c4m0IZcblAk-00032-00015778-00016208": "My little man keeps opening doors and I'm like, oh my gee", "c4m0IZcblAk-00033-00016209-00016620": "I'm just gonna lock! and to the girl over there who needs me to brush her hair!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00034-00016642-00016922": "Bear with me my hair has always been more Marine than Madonna.", "c4m0IZcblAk-00035-00017284-00017838": "Small people opening locks is no major shock get yourself magnetic locks", "c4m0IZcblAk-00036-00017881-00018378": "But you better hurry up before they run out of stock run out of stock", "c4m0IZcblAk-00037-00018511-00018667": "opening that door", "c4m0IZcblAk-00038-00018667-00018903": "Pandora's box really need to get", "c4m0IZcblAk-00039-00018967-00019563": "Magnetic locks. I just need to lock lock lock lock them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00040-00019678-00020178": "Lock them up Lock them up. I I I . I I lock them up Lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00041-00020184-00020651": "I I I lock them up Lock them up. I I I lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00042-00020878-00021375": "Lock them up lock them up. I I I lock them up Lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00043-00021381-00021848": "I I and lock them up lock them up. I I I lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00044-00022078-00022278": "Look them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00045-00022375-00022575": "This is is  going on forever", "c4m0IZcblAk-00046-00022672-00023160": "How many more lock them up? Do I need to lock them up lock them up", "c4m0IZcblAk-00048-00023748-00024289": "It's  fabric softener! No don't it. I don't want the fabric softener. But I do want you stop opening this door!", "c4m0IZcblAk-00049-00024450-00024652": "No jack come here......"}}, {"audio_id": "c4JcPQe_w88", "text": {"c4JcPQe_w88-00000-00000000-00000118": "foreign [Music]", "c4JcPQe_w88-00001-00000882-00001812": "thank you so much for being here I'm Dr Rose the perfume lady if you're new here welcome if you", "c4JcPQe_w88-00002-00001812-00002376": "return subscriber thank you so much for coming back I really appreciate you hey guess what I", "c4JcPQe_w88-00003-00002376-00003198": "have the new phone number nine fragrance New York flowers which was released in April 2023", "c4JcPQe_w88-00004-00003288-00004032": "this video is about a detailed review and first impression of the fragrance in this video today", "c4JcPQe_w88-00005-00004032-00004626": "I will be sharing my detailed review and first impression of this captivating fragrance so", "c4JcPQe_w88-00006-00004626-00005544": "New York flowers is the fragrance name and it was released by Bond number nine so let's just explore", "c4JcPQe_w88-00007-00005544-00006270": "the fragrance right let's talk about the same profile longevity versatility of this floral gym", "c4JcPQe_w88-00008-00006360-00006828": "if you're a friend of floor fragrances or looking", "c4JcPQe_w88-00009-00006828-00007362": "to extend your collection this video is for you I will be back", "c4JcPQe_w88-00010-00007362-00007878": "[Music]", "c4JcPQe_w88-00011-00007878-00008976": "all right are you still here with me thank you so much did you comment like And subscribe to", "c4JcPQe_w88-00012-00008976-00009588": "the video thank you I appreciate you so when I knew the fragrance was going to be released", "c4JcPQe_w88-00013-00009708-00010290": "uh I said I was going to buy it the day it was available so I did purchase it and then", "c4JcPQe_w88-00014-00010290-00011094": "it arrived three days later so I was excited to try the fragrance the battle is super gorgeous", "c4JcPQe_w88-00015-00011172-00011778": "it's beautiful so but before I tell you about the fragrance let me share with you the quote", "c4JcPQe_w88-00016-00011778-00012726": "of the day entertaining Suffering The Nobles of our senses the search for perfume goes no", "c4JcPQe_w88-00017-00012726-00013416": "other way than that of obsession Colette alright so before I get into this fragrance I'm gonna", "c4JcPQe_w88-00018-00013416-00014130": "read to you directly what I copied from the bond number nine website they said New York", "c4JcPQe_w88-00019-00014130-00014796": "flowers owners not just the Democracy of the city's public Botanical but also celebrates the", "c4JcPQe_w88-00020-00014796-00015726": "spirit of Joy renewal and the natural wonders of its spring brings to our town A celebratory", "c4JcPQe_w88-00021-00015726-00016656": "scent that opens with sparkly notes almost like popping the cork of of a bottle of champagne so", "c4JcPQe_w88-00022-00016860-00017652": "are they full of it is this real is this perfume all that they think it is", "c4JcPQe_w88-00023-00017742-00018894": "so let's break it down for you guys okay this is the Box came in a well white and pink box well", "c4JcPQe_w88-00024-00018894-00019458": "of course with you know a plastic thing all over just like all about number nine fragrances I've", "c4JcPQe_w88-00025-00019458-00020112": "already opened it and tried it the first day that I tried it I wasn't too impressed and one of the", "c4JcPQe_w88-00026-00020112-00020814": "subscribers asked me uh uh what I thought about it because I did uh post on fragrantica that I", "c4JcPQe_w88-00027-00020814-00021318": "was going to purchase the fragrance to add to my collection and she messaged me and asked me all", "c4JcPQe_w88-00028-00021318-00021900": "that to let her know if I like it at first I said I don't I didn't think it was all that but I did", "c4JcPQe_w88-00029-00021900-00022770": "not give the fragrance you know it's true uh time test to word and at the same time I was coming off", "c4JcPQe_w88-00030-00022770-00023538": "a really bad call so my senses were perfect for me to even try a new fragrance I was feeling sick I", "c4JcPQe_w88-00031-00023538-00024090": "was in a good mood so I did not do the fragrance Justice when I told her about it that day", "c4JcPQe_w88-00032-00024090-00024840": "but the following day I was feeling much better I showered you know colored my hair and I felt I was", "c4JcPQe_w88-00033-00024840-00025446": "feeling much better and then I tried to fragrance again so my perception has changed since the first", "c4JcPQe_w88-00034-00025446-00026027": "day that I tried the fragrance am I in love with this fragrance you're gonna have to wait to find", "c4JcPQe_w88-00035-00026027-00026795": "out so this is the bottle so my box came actually broken inside okay uh I read under someone else's", "c4JcPQe_w88-00036-00026795-00027216": "review who said that the same thing happened to her box I don't really care about the Box", "c4JcPQe_w88-00037-00027216-00027732": "because I care more about the fragrance I do not keep my boxes anymore because I am running out", "c4JcPQe_w88-00038-00027732-00028482": "of space to put freaking fragrant boxes okay so this is the bottle this is gorgeous I mean the", "c4JcPQe_w88-00039-00028482-00029094": "bottle is like Heavenly look at this button so I paid about 200 and something dollars for it it's", "c4JcPQe_w88-00040-00029094-00029754": "pretty expensive and one number nine fragrances are usually pretty expensive and for the most part", "c4JcPQe_w88-00041-00029754-00030366": "90 of the bottom number nine fragrances are really worth the price that you pay for it they are super", "c4JcPQe_w88-00042-00030366-00031014": "elegant super feminine fragrances but you know the jewelry is still out on this one so you know it", "c4JcPQe_w88-00043-00031014-00031548": "has a pickup and I did not buy the one with the crystal because it's 700 bucks for the one with", "c4JcPQe_w88-00044-00031548-00032033": "the crystals and I do not spend that kind of money just to have a pretty uh prettier Crystal bottle", "c4JcPQe_w88-00045-00032142-00032754": "uh the back of it is you know plain white uh the flowers are not in the back but so", "c4JcPQe_w88-00046-00032754-00033318": "now you know I have the original first release one so this is not a good formation because this", "c4JcPQe_w88-00047-00033318-00034062": "is the first release I cannot wait to buy the body silk uh the body cream when it's released", "c4JcPQe_w88-00048-00034062-00034692": "because I love pairing my fragrances with body creams especially this fragrance I think it will", "c4JcPQe_w88-00049-00034692-00035394": "be much much better with the body cream so let's talk about the notes top notes we are", "c4JcPQe_w88-00050-00035394-00036144": "we have uh curl Royal we have green Angel pears and Clementine middle notes we have", "c4JcPQe_w88-00051-00036144-00036966": "Grassroots and Jasmine and I love Jasmine base not Iris and Ember so this is a flower fragrance", "c4JcPQe_w88-00052-00037140-00037938": "it's nice okay it's a nice fragrance so let me tell you of my impression you know of this", "c4JcPQe_w88-00053-00037938-00038610": "fragrance uh and I'm just gonna say you know to me this is a real it's a realistic and authentic", "c4JcPQe_w88-00054-00038610-00039576": "Rose and Jasmine fragrance okay is it super soury no it's soft it's kind of comforting", "c4JcPQe_w88-00055-00039576-00040236": "it's reminiscent of spring and blooming flowers these are the way that I am I can describe this", "c4JcPQe_w88-00056-00040236-00040920": "fragrance it's pure it's also simple it's a simple fragrance but gorgeous and sophisticated scent", "c4JcPQe_w88-00057-00040974-00041526": "do I have anything in my collection that smells like this uh I don't think so", "c4JcPQe_w88-00058-00041604-00042366": "uh I don't have anything else to compare this fragrance to it's good for a relaxing day at home", "c4JcPQe_w88-00059-00042456-00043152": "if you come home during the Spring and you want to relax I would say you put on your", "c4JcPQe_w88-00060-00043152-00043878": "really nice silk Pages this puff uh perfume will be perfect for that relaxing day at home", "c4JcPQe_w88-00061-00043932-00044976": "it's subtle and also it's refined it's a refined wooden Jasmine fragrance it's not long lasting but", "c4JcPQe_w88-00062-00044976-00045642": "it's a noticeable fragrance up close if you wear this fragrance or clothes for someone special he", "c4JcPQe_w88-00063-00045642-00046134": "or she will know this is fragrance on you could you be walking down the street and someone from", "c4JcPQe_w88-00064-00046248-00046758": "to 300 feet away will smell you absolutely not that person will not would not would not smell", "c4JcPQe_w88-00065-00046758-00047514": "you because this is not that kind of a fragrance but again it's a beautiful floor feminine elegant", "c4JcPQe_w88-00066-00047514-00048342": "fragrance longevity I got three hours on the test script okay I'm not lying to three other schools", "c4JcPQe_w88-00067-00048342-00048930": "like oh hell no not for almost 500 bucks for a battle perfume to get three hours on my skin", "c4JcPQe_w88-00068-00048930-00049626": "and I spread it on my skin I ended up get you know with five and a half hours that is not bad", "c4JcPQe_w88-00069-00049626-00050184": "to me five and a half hours for a bun number nine fragrance for floral fragrance that is not super", "c4JcPQe_w88-00070-00050184-00050976": "strong I think it's okay but now let's compare this fragrance to other bun number nine fragrances", "c4JcPQe_w88-00071-00051030-00051791": "okay this is where you if you're a true band Lover and you think that Bond number nine cannot make", "c4JcPQe_w88-00072-00051791-00052620": "any fragrances that is not bad that is uh you know not like Superstar fragrances you're going to be", "c4JcPQe_w88-00073-00052620-00053279": "upset with me but just remember I'm not paid by Bond number nine I know I am not paid by anyone", "c4JcPQe_w88-00074-00053279-00053879": "to give my opinion I purchased this fragrance with my own money so therefore I'm going to give you", "c4JcPQe_w88-00075-00053879-00054720": "my full honest opinion of this fragrance let's compare it I have like I said I have a lot of", "c4JcPQe_w88-00076-00054720-00055596": "number line fragrances okay let's compare this to some other bun uh gems all right Chinatown Tribeca", "c4JcPQe_w88-00077-00055655-00056441": "Central Park South Chelsea Knight in Dubai Amber these are so my so my most", "c4JcPQe_w88-00078-00056441-00057096": "love favorite fragrances from bun number nine and I have a few other ones that I dearly love", "c4JcPQe_w88-00079-00057198-00057786": "and I will buy those fragrances that I just mentioned over and over again again let me", "c4JcPQe_w88-00080-00057786-00058584": "repeat them uh Chinatown I absolutely love Tribeca I could marry this for because I could", "c4JcPQe_w88-00081-00058584-00059190": "wear this fragrance every day and we'll have no zero complaint Central Park South I could", "c4JcPQe_w88-00082-00059190-00059700": "actually spray my pillow with this fragrance and just go to bed and we'll fall asleep within", "c4JcPQe_w88-00083-00059700-00060234": "five minutes because that's how relaxing this feathers will make makes me feel uh Dubai Amber", "c4JcPQe_w88-00084-00060324-00061067": "interesting nights oh my God if they were if this fragrance is uh if they stop making those", "c4JcPQe_w88-00085-00061067-00061734": "fragrances I probably will be really really sad because I absolutely love those fragrances when", "c4JcPQe_w88-00086-00061734-00062340": "you put this fragrance okay uh New York flowers next to these fragrances that I just mentioned", "c4JcPQe_w88-00087-00062412-00063420": "this one does not hold its chest at all okay but it is still a beautiful soft floral fragrance", "c4JcPQe_w88-00088-00063420-00064050": "and honestly I was expecting a little bit more from bun number nine even though this is a spring", "c4JcPQe_w88-00089-00064050-00064698": "fragrance and which also could could be worn during the summer I was expecting a little bit", "c4JcPQe_w88-00090-00064698-00065532": "more from the house but when I maybe you know pair this with the body silk or the body cream", "c4JcPQe_w88-00091-00065598-00066288": "I may get a little bit more out of it my opinion will change from a like to", "c4JcPQe_w88-00092-00066288-00066936": "a love but right now it's a strong like for me it's not a love yet but I'm gonna wear it", "c4JcPQe_w88-00093-00066936-00067644": "for a couple days and see if I get compliments that might change my opinion of this fragrance", "c4JcPQe_w88-00094-00067794-00068544": "uh let's talk about you know occasion where can you wear this fragrance to I would suggest that", "c4JcPQe_w88-00095-00068544-00069522": "you know maybe a wedding daytime wedding in the spring or the summer are out to lunch work", "c4JcPQe_w88-00096-00069666-00070398": "relaxing at home I walk in the park to meet someone coffee date don't worry this to like", "c4JcPQe_w88-00097-00070398-00070986": "a formal uh place this is not that kind of a fragrance it I don't think it was made for that", "c4JcPQe_w88-00098-00070986-00071664": "I think this is strictly a daytime fragrance my final thought about this fragrance if you are into", "c4JcPQe_w88-00099-00071664-00072474": "floral fragrances and you know your fragrances okay you are a fragrance fashionista you are a", "c4JcPQe_w88-00100-00072474-00073158": "perfume person you must have a fragrance when you see it you love floral fragrances and you", "c4JcPQe_w88-00101-00073158-00073800": "can stand for performances you're a Jasmine lover you're a wuss lover I would say I would suggest", "c4JcPQe_w88-00102-00073800-00074454": "that maybe you might want to get your hands on this right if you are not into those two things", "c4JcPQe_w88-00103-00074454-00075276": "I just mentioned you're just a regular person who just buy a fragrance just to buy it uh or you are", "c4JcPQe_w88-00104-00075366-00076188": "looking for your next best gym something that you will go wow this is not for you okay I would say", "c4JcPQe_w88-00105-00076188-00076890": "try it test it get a tester ask someone to sell your tester or go to the store and try it get a", "c4JcPQe_w88-00106-00076890-00077538": "little one of those little maybe one ml from them and then try it out for for a few days before you", "c4JcPQe_w88-00107-00077538-00078360": "spend the money into this fragrance will I keep it hmm I don't know yet because I purchased it", "c4JcPQe_w88-00108-00078360-00078882": "somewhere where I can actually return it I have 30 days to return it I'm I'm gonna spray it maybe a", "c4JcPQe_w88-00109-00078882-00079638": "couple more times and then if if I'm not in love with it by then I may send it back and I do not", "c4JcPQe_w88-00110-00079638-00080286": "like to return fragrances because I'm a fragrance lover okay almost 300 battles in my collection now", "c4JcPQe_w88-00111-00080376-00081042": "uh if I wasn't giving away my fragrances to people I probably would be up to 700 700 bottles", "c4JcPQe_w88-00112-00081042-00081690": "but I believe in donating frequencies so this is why I have less than 300 bottles and I am", "c4JcPQe_w88-00113-00081690-00082302": "not complaining I probably will keep this one I probably will not keep it the jewelry is still out", "c4JcPQe_w88-00114-00082302-00083160": "but nonetheless it's a beautiful floral fragrance and I love Jasmine I love those fragrances and I", "c4JcPQe_w88-00115-00083160-00083970": "will probably keep it and let's see about the spare yeah great sprayer beautiful fragrance", "c4JcPQe_w88-00116-00083970-00084696": "again I don't think it's for everyone and the longevity on this fragrance is not the greatest", "c4JcPQe_w88-00117-00084858-00085428": "sorry if I did not meet your expectation if you were expecting me to say that I was in love", "c4JcPQe_w88-00118-00085428-00086082": "with it at first sight this is not a Lover's first name for me it's a strong like for now", "c4JcPQe_w88-00119-00086244-00086742": "thank you so much for watching this video I really appreciate you and I hope you will", "c4JcPQe_w88-00120-00086742-00087342": "comment and I hope you will come back and watch other videos when I post them thank you again", "c4JcPQe_w88-00121-00087342-00088294": "have a lovely day and have a super super time shopping for fragrances bye now thanks [Music]", "c4JcPQe_w88-00122-00088704-00089280": "thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "c4Z-EG8nkzg", "text": {"c4Z-EG8nkzg-00000-00000000-00000384": "Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00001-00000384-00000608": "Vila Real, in the province of", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00002-00000608-00000867": "Trás-os-Montes. Being born into a wealthy family", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00003-00000867-00001146": "he spent his early years in a Portuguese", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00004-00001146-00001515": "court. There he learned about explorers,", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00005-00001515-00001886": "such as Christopher Columbus. He was very", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00006-00001886-00002073": "influenced by them and wanted to explore", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00007-00002073-00002460": "the world. When he was 25, his opportunity", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00008-00002460-00002682": "came when Francisco de Almeida offered to", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00009-00002682-00002913": "take him to India to look for a new", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00010-00002913-00003513": "trade route. The year is 1505; Portugal is", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00011-00003513-00003738": "failing economically compared to Spain", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00012-00003738-00004071": "and King Manuel grew angrier and angrier", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00013-00004071-00004280": "until he decided to use his best", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00014-00004280-00004461": "explorer for collecting trade goods.", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00015-00004461-00005200": "\"We are losing money. Fetch me Francisco de Almedia.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00016-00005450-00005600": "\"Here he is\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00017-00005650-00005800": "\"What is it, my king?\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00018-00005800-00006000": "\"We need more GOODS!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00019-00006000-00006350": "\"I suggest we go to India.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00020-00006350-00006559": "\"I think that's a good idea.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00021-00006559-00007164": "\"I love it! Start on Monday.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00022-00007164-00007531": "\"Hey Ferdinand, would you like to be on my ship?\" \"YEAH! YESSSS\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00023-00007864-00008320": "The year is still 1505, and Magellan", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00024-00008320-00008527": "is sailing to India to find a new trade route.", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00025-00008527-00009276": "\"I see land!\" \"LOWER ANCHOR!\" \"Alright!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00026-00009851-00010350": "\"I can't see anything.\" \"Look over there!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00027-00010760-00011000": "\"These are good for trading.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00028-00011000-00011350": "\"I think this will work...\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00029-00011350-00011509": "\"I see spices and furs; enough", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00030-00011509-00011709": "for 30 gold pieces!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00031-00011709-00011900": "\"I think this will be enough.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00032-00011900-00012050": "\"Thank you good sir!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00033-00012050-00012396": "\"In the year 1512, Magellan joined the expedition of Morocco.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00034-00012396-00012710": "\"A conquest? That sounds like FUN!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00035-00012710-00012910": "\"I see land!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00036-00013769-00013950": "\"It's a person!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00037-00013950-00014150": "\"LET'S GET 'EM!\"      \"ATTACK!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00038-00014246-00014388": "\"FIRE!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00039-00014434-00014541": "\"Ow...\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00040-00014704-00014797": "BANG!", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00041-00014797-00015046": "After getting injured in Morocco,", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00042-00015046-00015322": "Magellan sailed with five ships:", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00043-00015322-00015694": "the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Conception,", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00044-00015694-00016087": "the Victoria, and the Santiago had a", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00045-00016087-00016495": "crew of 251. They sailed across the", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00046-00016495-00016990": "Atlantic to South America. In 1520, he", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00047-00016990-00017256": "and his crew anchored for the winter in", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00048-00017256-00017569": "Southern Argentina; in the same year, a", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00049-00017569-00017857": "mutiny breaks out and the Santiago sinks.", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00050-00017857-00018151": "A few months later, they resume sailing", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00051-00018151-00018344": "into now what we know as the", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00052-00018344-00018616": "Strait of Magellan and were the first Europeans", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00053-00018616-00018982": "to sail in the Pacific Ocean. In 1521,", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00054-00018982-00019256": "Magellan had reached the Philippine Islands", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00055-00019314-00019538": "\"I see land, Captain!\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00056-00019538-00019738": "\"Great! We'll restock and stuff.\"", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00057-00020248-00021136": "by doing so hot in both of you love", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00058-00021136-00023601": "Allah jar my heart after Magellan had", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00059-00023601-00023779": "died they abandoned one of their ships", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00060-00023779-00024048": "the conception because they all had only", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00061-00024048-00024397": "110 men left to turn it and return to", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00062-00024397-00024568": "Spain but were imprisoned by the", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00063-00024568-00024853": "Portuguese the Victoria was the last", "c4Z-EG8nkzg-00064-00024853-00025272": "surviving ship with only 18 sailors"}}, {"audio_id": "c5Z0Z1NmNfE", "text": {"c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00000-00000624-00001224": "Hi my name is Stephan and in this video I'm going to attempt a reconstruction of an early pavise.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00001-00001328-00001912": "The materials you need for following these steps are two to three sheets of thin plywood", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00002-00001912-00002608": "4 mm works well wood glue clamps sheets of linen and some leather straps. As usual:", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00003-00002608-00003224": "a detailed material list is in the description. I decided for the plywood version as a basic", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00004-00003224-00003824": "shield core, you can find a more detailed video on how to build one in the description. The typical", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00005-00003824-00004432": "method of starting a shield from this time period was to build it out of split planks which were", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00006-00004432-00005040": "glued side by side to form the basic shape. In addition a layer by layer approaches is found", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00007-00005040-00005680": "to form the shield by gluing multiple thin wooden sheets on top of each other under tension. This", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00008-00005680-00006288": "was very prevalent in the build of roman scrutum, but is also found in some nordic examples for", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00009-00006288-00006823": "instance: to form a kite shield or domed shield. I will link references in the description.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00010-00006952-00007576": "Of course modern plywood is a shortcut here. But it is actually closer to the original method than", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00011-00007576-00008176": "you (may) expect. Similar compromises are made by building a shield out of planks by using", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00012-00008176-00008960": "not split planks but sawed wood. The choice of glue is obviously also a compromise for easy", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00013-00008960-00009440": "accessibility: by using normal wood glue instead of hide or cheese glue.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00014-00009680-00010280": "So, what is a pavis shield? One of the main purposes of this shield is to use", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00015-00010280-00010816": "as a mobile cover against distance attacks, like arrows or bolts from archers or crossbow people.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00016-00010896-00011664": "Mobile walls are of course already long around and they can be found all over history. The typical", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00017-00011664-00012264": "shape of a pavis shield most people are familiar with is from the 15th century. Evolutions of it", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00018-00012264-00013000": "are also found later in the 16th century maybe also the imbracciatura from Achille Marazzo,", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00019-00013000-00013424": "where the renaissance influences are also argue for connection to the famous Scutum.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00020-00013608-00014072": "Since our reenactment group focus on early to mid 14th century i will", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00021-00014072-00014696": "try to reproduce an early version of the pavise. Also with a less elaborated shape.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00022-00014856-00015368": "Various miniatures show a shield that is in appearance very similar to the roman scutum,", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00023-00015368-00016008": "except for the center boss. This defines a basic shape a lazy rectangular. I will", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00024-00016008-00016752": "round off the edges for a more polished look. Many depictions show that is used directly by soldiers", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00025-00016752-00017336": "and not only as a mobile wall, so this may not be super heavy and needs some according straps.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00026-00017496-00018008": "Also features like a spear rest are found sometimes which enable a weapon usage closer", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00027-00018008-00018616": "to the center of gravity of the wielder. On typical 15th century models features are shown", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00028-00018616-00019008": "which were probably used as an extra support for the crossbow", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00029-00019008-00019688": "to allow for a more steady aim.I cover the shield on both sides with wood glue and fabric to improve", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00030-00019688-00020304": "the stability of the edges I will lay additional material from the back side around to the front.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00031-00020488-00021208": "In addition a stripe of rawhide is typical used by many re-enactors. This shield's main purpose", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00032-00021208-00021760": "will be to cover from archers and crossbows, thus i go with the more elegant thin edge.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00033-00022000-00022464": "On the later examples of the pavise knotted T-shape center grips and other leather stripe", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00034-00022520-00023008": "configurations are found. I use this early descript depiction of several", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00035-00023008-00023648": "different straps which can be used depending on the situation. They should also allow for", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00036-00023648-00024120": "holding a stick or wedge to stand the shield up when used as a mobile wall.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00037-00024320-00024800": "First, I lay out leather straps for the positions and mark the positions of the", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00038-00024800-00025632": "holes. I will directly drill through the leather stripe to basically form both holes. And again,", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00039-00025632-00026783": "a combination of copper nails and brass washers will be used to rivet the straps to the shield.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00040-00026839-00027216": "The shield face will be painted with historical accurate egg tempera", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00041-00027216-00027968": "and mineral pigments. After facing everything with fabric I prepare egg temper in a mixture of one", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00042-00027968-00028680": "egg yolk to one part water and one part boiled linseed oil and mix it with mineral pigment.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00043-00029272-00029983": "This is the same recipe I used in my last video. So for more details I will also put a link to this", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00044-00029983-00030639": "in the description. To position the shield on the battlefield sometimes one to two spikes are found", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00045-00030639-00031200": "on the lower edge. I don't have direct access to our black smith workshop at the moment. Here you", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00046-00031200-00032024": "can see me designing the spikes for the button of the shield, I will put the 3D files into the video", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00047-00032024-00032527": "description so you can be free to play around with them and also print them, if you desire so.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00048-00032680-00033376": "Than I 3D printed mock-ups for this part and will give them to our blacksmith for proper", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00049-00033376-00034104": "fit later after. Once everything dried the shield is finished, It has several strap arrangements", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00050-00034104-00034680": "which we will use to experiment with. The 3D mock-ups are already allowing for positioning", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00051-00034680-00035280": "it on open soil with an extra stick so you can freely position it and be safe behind it.", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00052-00035408-00035848": "I hope you enjoyed this video if you want to support us creating such content please leave", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00053-00035848-00036384": "a like and consider subscribing to our channel. If you have any questions or suggestions on", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00054-00036384-00036968": "how to build an early pavice let us know in the comments and of course also let us know", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00055-00036968-00038084": "what you would like to see next! So long, until next time have a wonderful day <3!", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00056-00038440-00039384": "do", "c5Z0Z1NmNfE-00057-00040072-00040080": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "c6SoVl9o--M", "text": {"c6SoVl9o--M-00000-00000000-00000574": "One way that MATLAB uses vectors is to work with polynomials.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00001-00000574-00001109": "And it turns out this is something that makes MATLAB very powerful for manipulating and working", "c6SoVl9o--M-00002-00001109-00001649": "with polynomials and so we're going to talk about that now.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00003-00001698-00002072": "So our objectives for this video is to learn how to use vectors to define", "c6SoVl9o--M-00004-00002073-00002532": "polynomials in MATLAB and then once you've done that use matlab to evaluate", "c6SoVl9o--M-00005-00002532-00002948": "a polynomial and use MATLAB to find the roots of a polynomial.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00006-00003088-00003720": "So first of all recall the polynomials have the general form or we would say A N times X to the N", "c6SoVl9o--M-00007-00003720-00004466": "plus A N minus 1 times X to the N minus 1 etc.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00008-00004466-00004808": "We would say n in this case is the", "c6SoVl9o--M-00009-00004809-00005237": "order of the polynomial.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00010-00005432-00005859": "For example, we might have a fourth order polynomial", "c6SoVl9o--M-00011-00005859-00006583": "X to the fourth minus 2x cubed plus 7x plus 3.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00012-00006583-00006955": "In MATLAB we can define a polynomial", "c6SoVl9o--M-00013-00006956-00007503": "just by defining a vector of the polynomials coefficients so couple", "c6SoVl9o--M-00014-00007503-00008636": "things about this is one, it goes from highest to lowest power of X so this", "c6SoVl9o--M-00015-00008636-00009448": "first one would be the X to the fourth coefficient X cubed, X squared, X to the 1, and X to the zero.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00016-00009448-00009972": "Now note here we have a zero in the x squared place.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00017-00009972-00010576": "We have to have that zero in the x squared place there's no, this is a 0 times x squared", "c6SoVl9o--M-00018-00010578-00011375": "there's no x squared term but we need that zero because MATLAB knows the order", "c6SoVl9o--M-00019-00011375-00011972": "of the polynomial from the length", "c6SoVl9o--M-00020-00012204-00012608": "of the coefficient vector.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00021-00012608-00013044": "So here we have a coefficient vector with five elements.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00022-00013044-00013396": "And since that coefficient vector has five elements MATLAB knows", "c6SoVl9o--M-00023-00013397-00013794": "this is just defining a fourth order polynomial.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00024-00013890-00014068": "So once you've defined a", "c6SoVl9o--M-00025-00014068-00014538": "coefficient vector let's look at how we can use that to evaluate a polynomial.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00026-00014538-00015054": "Here's another example we're going to evaluate this polynomial for a hundred", "c6SoVl9o--M-00027-00015054-00015738": "values between negative four and four. So the polynomial is f of X is equal to X cubed", "c6SoVl9o--M-00028-00015738-00016641": "minus 1.5 x squared minus 5.5 x plus 3. The commands to do that are first we're", "c6SoVl9o--M-00029-00016641-00017079": "going to define the coefficient vector", "c6SoVl9o--M-00030-00017194-00017516": "and then i'll use the linspace function", "c6SoVl9o--M-00031-00017517-00018345": "to create 100 equally spaced values between negative 4 and 4.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00032-00018345-00018884": "Go back to the vector operations video or use the help function in MATLAB if you don't recall", "c6SoVl9o--M-00033-00018885-00019119": "the linspace function.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00034-00019119-00019503": "And then we'll use MATLAB's built-in polyval function", "c6SoVl9o--M-00035-00019503-00019851": "that's another built-in function", "c6SoVl9o--M-00036-00019851-00020265": "to evaluate the polynomial defined by P", "c6SoVl9o--M-00037-00020265-00020672": "at the X values in the vector X.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00038-00020672-00021173": "So in that function P is the the first argument to", "c6SoVl9o--M-00039-00021173-00022241": "the function, or input, is the coefficient vector, and the second is the X values.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00040-00022300-00022702": "And then here's the output. This is partial output that I've shown here", "c6SoVl9o--M-00041-00022702-00023328": "notice we don't really want to show all of the output for a hundred values.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00042-00023328-00023694": "That would take up the whole screen. So there's some of the values.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00043-00023694-00024182": "The way to really look at what this polynomial looks like once its evaluated is to plot it.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00044-00024182-00024544": "So this will be our first introduction to plotting in MATLAB.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00045-00024544-00025256": "We're going to cover this much more thoroughly next week but let's look at a plot and", "c6SoVl9o--M-00046-00025257-00025485": "then we'll talk about finding the roots.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00047-00025485-00026395": "So, it's pretty easy to plot in MATLAB. Use the plot command and the first argument to the", "c6SoVl9o--M-00048-00026397-00027317": "plot command would be a vector of values for the x-axis.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00049-00027454-00027653": "This is the x-axis and", "c6SoVl9o--M-00050-00027653-00028227": "then the second vector is the values, in this case our evaluated polynomial, for", "c6SoVl9o--M-00051-00028227-00028495": "the y-axis.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00052-00028495-00028716": "Here's our y-axis.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00053-00028716-00029309": "OK? So now we can see the shape of that polynomial. The grid command simply adds", "c6SoVl9o--M-00054-00029309-00029649": "this grid that you see on the plot.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00055-00029649-00029995": "Now one thing we commonly want to do with a polynomial is find the roots.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00056-00029995-00030433": "Now the roots are where the polynomial crosses zero.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00057-00030433-00030968": "So here is zero, is this line, so we see that this is a cubic polynomial.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00058-00030968-00031532": "So we would expect it to have three roots. We see one there, one there, one there.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00059-00031616-00032072": "MATLAB has a built-in function to calculate those roots and that built-in", "c6SoVl9o--M-00060-00032072-00032686": "function is called roots and it works by giving it an input p again", "c6SoVl9o--M-00061-00032686-00033236": "and that p is again that coefficient vector that defines the polynomial and we see the", "c6SoVl9o--M-00062-00033237-00033798": "roots are at x equals three x equals negative 2 and x equals .5", "c6SoVl9o--M-00063-00033798-00033968": "And we can see those here.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00064-00033968-00034752": "Here's x equals negative 2, x equals 0.5, and x equals 3.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00065-00034752-00035400": "OK? So now we're starting to use MATLAB to do some math that's not so easy to do by hand.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00066-00035453-00035933": "Most of our calculators these days can do this type of thing though.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00067-00035934-00036176": "And let's take a look at", "c6SoVl9o--M-00068-00036176-00036558": "say once we have those roots can we go the other way?", "c6SoVl9o--M-00069-00036558-00037286": "So those roots again mean that that polynomial can be defined as", "c6SoVl9o--M-00070-00037286-00038200": "the product of X minus 3, times X plus 2, times X minus 0.5.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00071-00038200-00038820": "So those are the roots of the polynomial and we can if we define that vector", "c6SoVl9o--M-00072-00038820-00039316": "here in the vector R we can use the poly function", "c6SoVl9o--M-00073-00039316-00039634": "Now r is a vector", "c6SoVl9o--M-00074-00039692-00040034": "of the roots of the polynomial.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00075-00040034-00040400": "And the poly function returns the coefficients.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00076-00040844-00041432": "So it again this means it the polynomial now f of X is the same we've been working with", "c6SoVl9o--M-00077-00041433-00042720": "its equal to X cubed minus 1.5 x squared minus 5.5 x plus 3 and hopefully you can", "c6SoVl9o--M-00078-00042720-00043113": "see here that MATLAB has some pretty convenient tools for working with", "c6SoVl9o--M-00079-00043113-00043557": "polynomials and we'll come back to this next week when we talk about plotting", "c6SoVl9o--M-00080-00043557-00043907": "We'll also talk a little bit about curve fitting.", "c6SoVl9o--M-00081-00043907-00044273": "And that concludes this introduction to polynomials."}}, {"audio_id": "c6cZtJNCWkU", "text": {"c6cZtJNCWkU-00000-00000004-00000375": "Tori, Jade; Tori and Jade; Jori.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00001-00000383-00000617": "Whatever you want to call them, these frenemies have seen", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00002-00000625-00000800": "their fair share of ups and downs.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00003-00000809-00000988": "Wait! Are we fr... we're not even friends!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00004-00000996-00001388": "Here’s the full story of how Jade and Tori became best frenemies.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00005-00001397-00001664": "And I thought we were just starting to be friends.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00006-00001672-00001989": "Let's kick it back to the beginning, when Jaden Tory first met.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00007-00001997-00002519": "It wasn’t exactly an ideal start to a friendship. And Tory would learn that", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00008-00002527-00002882": "the last thing anyone should do is rub Jade the wrong way.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00009-00002890-00003103": "Why you rubbing my boyfriend?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00010-00003165-00003457": "- I just… I spilled coffee on... - Get away from him.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00011-00003465-00003670": "Jade's jealousy got the best of her.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00012-00003678-00004016": "Which caused some serious tension between Tori and Jade.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00013-00004024-00004504": "But what better way to cool the heat than with a big old cup of ice coffee?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00014-00004888-00005196": "What's the prob... dog?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00015-00005205-00005505": "Woof! That was totally uncalled for.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00016-00005513-00005905": "Tori wouldn't let a little caffeine ruin her new high school experience, though.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00017-00005956-00006218": "Instead she decided to hit Jade where it really hurt.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00018-00006231-00006498": "- Kiss me. - Let's do it.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00019-00006831-00007257": "The lines were drawn and these two would continue down Frenemy Lane.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00020-00007265-00007632": "I can't wait for our fight... scene.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00021-00007641-00007991": "When Jade and Tori were chosen as partners to act in a fight scene,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00022-00008041-00008258": "- things inevitably went south. - Ow!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00023-00008571-00008950": "- Fight or not! Fight or not! - She's bleeding!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00024-00008959-00009163": "- Cut! - Let me see. Let me see.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00025-00009171-00009446": "- Are you okay? - No! Tori hit me in the face for real!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00026-00009455-00009747": "- No, I didn't! - Tell that to my bloody eye!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00027-00009755-00010089": "I don't know. Looked a little suspicious, don't you think?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00028-00010097-00010443": "Probably because Tori never actually hit Jade. Shocker.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00029-00010447-00010714": "Either way, Tori still had to pay for her actions,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00030-00010731-00010935": "even if she didn't really do them.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00031-00010948-00011244": "So, you're just going to let me get away with it?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00032-00011344-00011736": "You took detention and a lower grade and you're scraping, crusty,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00033-00011745-00012049": "pudding off the wall on a Friday night just so I won't get in trouble.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00034-00012116-00012212": "Pretty much.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00035-00012316-00012641": "Well, you can't be nice to me when I've been mean to you.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00036-00012650-00012846": "That's not how it works.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00037-00012858-00013167": "Well, then, try being nice to me sometime. Maybe that'll work.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00038-00013188-00013734": "Now go play. I gotta scrape this onion dip off the wall… or onion pus.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00039-00014068-00014614": "When all hope seemed lost, Jade surprised us all by putting the friend in frenemy.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00040-00015231-00015678": "The back and forth between these two would continue with Tori constantly coming", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00041-00015686-00015790": "to Jade's aide.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00042-00015803-00016178": "We saw it first when Jade and Beck broke up, with Tori coming to the rescue", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00043-00016187-00016399": "and saving the relationship.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00044-00016403-00016712": "- You love me again. - Who said I stopped?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00045-00016720-00016883": "Awe.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00046-00016891-00017233": "Then we saw it again when Jade needed help getting her play produced.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00047-00017242-00017484": "How much do you think it'd really cost to produce your play?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00048-00017492-00017684": "I don't know, two, three grand.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00049-00017692-00018005": "Okay. Well, then it shouldn't be that hard to find someone to put up the money.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00050-00018347-00018601": "You'd really find me someone to put up the money to produce my play?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00051-00018610-00018843": "- I meant th... - Hey!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00052-00018902-00019281": "Did she not say it shouldn't be that hard to find someone to put up the money?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00053-00019457-00019598": "[mumbling]", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00054-00019732-00019919": "So you'll do that, right?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00055-00020036-00020299": "- Sure. - Good.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00056-00020312-00020766": "Jade, who's usually ungrateful when it comes to Tori's kindness, couldn't resist", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00057-00020774-00021062": "feeling the love after getting her dad's approval on her play,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00058-00021066-00021192": "all because of Tori.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00059-00021204-00021663": "- I thought it was excellent. - Thanks.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00060-00021688-00021888": "- Anything else?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00061-00021896-00022188": "Would you please take that jewelry out of your face now by face?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00062-00022197-00022626": "- No. - Bye.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00063-00022635-00022877": "Bye.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00064-00023185-00023456": "Well, get what you wanted?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00065-00023515-00023873": "Mmm hmm. I've never seen him look that happy before.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00066-00024057-00024324": "Come on, give Tori a squeeze.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00067-00024516-00024874": "A truly groundbreaking moment in this duo's dynamic.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00068-00024883-00025437": "It was a hug the entire world embraced, but naturally it didn't last very long.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00069-00025446-00025667": "I'm gonna count to ten and then I'm go...", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00070-00025717-00025834": "[screaming]", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00071-00025934-00026013": "Yeah!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00072-00026021-00026180": "[cheering]", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00073-00026735-00027114": "- You're ever so welcome. - I don't talk like that!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00074-00027123-00027448": "Look, I'm sure it could be argued that Jade was just trying to help", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00075-00027456-00027627": "Tori conquer her fear of falling.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00076-00027677-00027940": "But did that push seem a little too diabolical?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00077-00027957-00028390": "Especially with Jade's jealousy looming in the dark, ready to spark any moment.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00078-00028399-00029279": "- Did you get the lead? - I don't think she got it.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00079-00029421-00029612": "So who's playing Suzy?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00080-00030017-00030217": "Me.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00081-00030226-00030526": "Yikes, this definitely wouldn't go over well with Jade,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00082-00030576-00030847": "especially since she was cast as Tori's understudy.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00083-00030855-00031072": "- What's an understudy? - Oh man!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00084-00031393-00031710": "Um, an understudy is like a backup actor.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00085-00031714-00031986": "So if you get sick or something, your understudy takes over for", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00086-00031994-00032094": "your part in the play.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00087-00032102-00032620": "Yeah, if you get sick or go missing. Or get hit by a bus!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00088-00032628-00032795": "Sure Tori and Jade are frenemies.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00089-00032803-00033208": "But Jade wouldn't go as far as physically harming Tori in anyway. Right?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00090-00033258-00033566": "Or perhaps that earlier pushing premonition was onto something.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00091-00033575-00033854": "- I wonder who would have sent me flowers. - Oh Tori, those are bush daisies!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00092-00033863-00034050": "[screaming]", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00093-00034059-00034242": "I am way allergic to Bush daisies.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00094-00034250-00034530": "Like if I get anywhere near them, my whole face starts swelling up", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00095-00034538-00034864": "- and I start sweating and shaking. - Well. Who were sent to Bush Daisies?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00096-00034880-00034964": "I don't know.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00097-00035185-00035339": "Or maybe I do.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00098-00035543-00035756": "How did you know I was allergic to Bush Daisies?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00099-00035764-00036148": "- I do my research. - You looked at my medical records?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00100-00036157-00036457": "I'll answer that if you stick your face in those bush daisies.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00101-00036574-00036891": "Listen to me. I'm doing this play.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00102-00036903-00037395": "I auditioned, I got the lead and I'm doing it!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00103-00037504-00037771": "I don't care what you do! - Alright!", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00104-00037779-00038029": "Wow, that's some next level enemy stuff.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00105-00038038-00038380": "And for a while it seemed as though that's how Jori would stay.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00106-00038384-00038772": "Jade is a mean, vicious person with deep psychological problems.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00107-00038780-00039084": "The tension between these frenemies had reached a boiling point.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00108-00039097-00039381": "But what's a true friendship without its ups and downs?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00109-00039389-00039660": "When Tori and Jade were cast in a play as husband and wife,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00110-00039668-00039906": "they had no choice but to get along.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00111-00039914-00040665": "I guess some people l might say that from certain angles you're pretty.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00112-00040940-00041479": "- You could say I'm pretty. - You are pretty.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00113-00041487-00041904": "Though forced together, Tori and Jade we're starting to see eye to eye.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00114-00041916-00042062": "Just in time too.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00115-00042071-00042279": "I bet we got us a couple of songbirds here, ahh?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00116-00042288-00042467": "- You guys sing songs? - Sing us a song.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00117-00042475-00042809": "Yeah. We want to hear a little songy song. Action.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00118-00042859-00043088": "They want to hear a little songy song action.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00119-00043247-00043614": "♪ I am not your missing link Let me tell you what I think ♪", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00120-00043618-00044110": "♪ I think you could use a mint Take a hint! Take a hint ♪", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00121-00044160-00044311": "How awesome is it?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00122-00044319-00044644": "Seeing Tori and Jade come together despite their differences.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00123-00044653-00044944": "And it would only get better once Jade finally realized", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00124-00044953-00045153": "just how much Tori had her back.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00125-00045170-00045691": "Uh… oh… you.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00126-00045996-00046308": "- I'm sorry. - No! I'm sorry. I...", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00127-00046317-00046700": "- I didn't... I didn't mean to... - No, No, you didn't. You...", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00128-00046817-00047359": "- Then why can't we kiss? - ' Cause. Because of Jade.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00129-00047460-00047618": "Jade and I broke up.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00130-00047626-00047931": "Yeah, but kissing your friend's ex-boyfriend.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00131-00047935-00048169": "Wait. Wait. Since when are you and Jade friends.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00132-00048252-00048665": "Last week she took your hamburger. She just rubbed it against her bare foot.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00133-00048840-00049153": "What? I ate feet meat?", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00134-00049391-00049762": "And she took your spot on the Platinum music awards.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00135-00049879-00050392": "Look, I mean, I guess Jade and I are really friends, friends,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00136-00050396-00050742": "but we're kind of friends, I think.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00137-00050767-00051580": "And kissing her ex-boyfriend. I can't do that to a friend.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00138-00051710-00052002": "After seeing this act of courage and loyalty,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00139-00052010-00052314": "Jade hung up her jealousy and decided to give Tori a chance,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00140-00052319-00052585": "Allowing these frenemies to become friends.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00141-00052594-00053157": "Everyone else was coming to cheer you on. So, figured I would too.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00142-00053257-00053616": "And you look way better in that than I would have.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00143-00053966-00054112": "This isn't right.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00144-00054120-00054329": "Yeah, it is a little tight around your...", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00145-00054337-00054458": "No.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00146-00054554-00054913": "Not this stupid outfit. This! Me.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00147-00055025-00055359": "- I don't... - This is supposed to be your night.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00148-00055492-00055905": "This was your big chance. So for me to go out there and...", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00149-00056210-00056614": "- And? - I can't do that to a friend.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00150-00056873-00056986": "Or even to you.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00151-00056994-00057382": "From then on out, Jade and Tori continued down the path of friendship", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00152-00057390-00057678": "with a few classic, friendly jabs here and there.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00153-00057686-00057937": "- I wasn't done talking. -I was done listening.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00154-00057945-00058145": "These frenemies have been through the wringer,", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00155-00058195-00058487": "but at the end of the day, their bond is so strong not even", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00156-00058496-00058959": "a pair of scissors container can tear Jori apart, no matter how hard they might try.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00157-00058975-00059275": "- Do you have your new scissors with you? - No.", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00158-00059396-00059555": "[sighing]", "c6cZtJNCWkU-00159-00059985-00060331": "Those are my old scissors."}}, {"audio_id": "c72cZmzMxd0", "text": {"c72cZmzMxd0-00000-00000016-00000656": "five surprising ways the mind influences the body and vice versa it is a mistake to think of our", "c72cZmzMxd0-00001-00000656-00001320": "mind and body as separate entities the reality is that we are holistic machines and that no", "c72cZmzMxd0-00002-00001320-00002064": "aspect of our psychology physiology or biology can exist independently of the rest your mood is tied", "c72cZmzMxd0-00003-00002064-00002728": "to your physiology and your physiology is tied to your mood this is part of what makes the mind so", "c72cZmzMxd0-00004-00002728-00003432": "powerful it controls not only our thoughts but also our body here are some surprising examples", "c72cZmzMxd0-00005-00003528-00004256": "1. your mind can boost your immune system if you are positive jolly and surrounded by people", "c72cZmzMxd0-00006-00004256-00004888": "who love you then you are actually more likely to overcome illnesses it turns out that stress", "c72cZmzMxd0-00007-00004888-00005632": "suppresses the immune system whereas happiness hormones can reinforce it two stress changes", "c72cZmzMxd0-00008-00005632-00006320": "your children stress changes your biology in many ways it can even change the way that certain genes", "c72cZmzMxd0-00009-00006320-00006952": "are expressed and that means you can pass those changes onto your children surprisingly if you", "c72cZmzMxd0-00010-00006952-00007544": "are very stressed when you conceive your children are actually less likely to be stressed in life", "c72cZmzMxd0-00011-00007664-00008488": "three you don't digest food properly stress causes a range of conditions such as psoriasis", "c72cZmzMxd0-00012-00008488-00009088": "but did you know it also prevents you from properly digesting your food this can actually", "c72cZmzMxd0-00013-00009088-00009928": "lead to malnutrition even if you are eating properly four your gut changes your mood so your", "c72cZmzMxd0-00014-00009928-00010496": "mood changes the way your gut behaves but did you know that this relationship is a two-way street", "c72cZmzMxd0-00015-00010552-00011184": "you see your gut contains nearly as many neurons as your brain and the tiny bacteria that live", "c72cZmzMxd0-00016-00011184-00011848": "there actually produce neurotransmitters that can affect your mood this is why the gut is sometimes", "c72cZmzMxd0-00017-00011848-00012752": "referred to as the second brain five embodied cognition embodied cognition is a recent theory", "c72cZmzMxd0-00018-00012752-00013432": "in psychology that better explains the close link between the body and the brain previously it was", "c72cZmzMxd0-00019-00013432-00013936": "thought that the brain had its own internal language this was sometimes referred to as", "c72cZmzMxd0-00020-00013936-00014584": "mental ease the idea was that whenever someone said something to you your brain would translate", "c72cZmzMxd0-00021-00014584-00015200": "that into mental ease so that you could understand it but now it is thought that the way the brain", "c72cZmzMxd0-00022-00015200-00015888": "understands things is by visualizing those things and that happens by lighting up areas in the brain", "c72cZmzMxd0-00023-00015888-00016488": "as though you were doing those things so if i told you about a walk i took through the woods", "c72cZmzMxd0-00024-00016488-00017088": "you might visualize yourself walking through the woods perhaps feel the wind on your neck", "c72cZmzMxd0-00025-00017088-00017784": "and the leaves crunching underfoot the brain doesn't work without the body and vice versa"}}, {"audio_id": "c7uG1Fo3w7Q", "text": {"c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00000-00000000-00000490": "This video will demonstrate how to use the Explode and Focus features in OVID.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00001-00000493-00000893": "Explode is used when you want to capture narrower terms that fall within", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00002-00000893-00001333": "a subject heading's hierarchy. This allows you to take control of your search by determining", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00003-00001333-00001643": "exactly what you want to include and exclude when searching a term.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00004-00001673-00001966": "Let's try an example using the topic of \"Dementia.\"", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00005-00001966-00002446": "Note that when you search a term in OVID, \"Auto Explode\" is the default search option.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00006-00002446-00003033": "Clicking the subject heading will take you to the term's \"tree\" or \"hierarchy\" view.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00007-00003033-00003406": "If the subject heading has any narrower terms that fall under the hierarchy,", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00008-00003406-00003643": "they will be indented below the broader term.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00009-00003700-00004160": "Using our example of Dementia, we can see that the subject heading is listed", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00010-00004160-00004666": "as a subset of \"Brain Diseases\" and includes its own hierarchy of narrower concepts.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00011-00004666-00005129": "A plus symbol indicates that a term has an additional tree or hierarchy of narrower terms,", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00012-00005130-00005386": "which can be viewed by  clicking on the plus sign.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00013-00005386-00005753": "Using the Explode feature is an efficient way to capture all narrower terms", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00014-00005753-00005966": "within a subject heading's tree.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00015-00005966-00006279": "It would be the same as if we were to individually tick off each box", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00016-00006280-00006526": "for narrower terms beneath Dementia.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00017-00006526-00006849": "It's a good idea to always check the hierarchy when conducting your search,", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00018-00006850-00007070": "since not all terms can be exploded.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00019-00007113-00007573": "Subheadings can also be applied to look at a specific aspect or subset of your topic.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00020-00007573-00007889": "To include all subheadings, simply click \"Continue.\"", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00021-00007976-00008473": "Once you've searched a term, it will appear in the search history box. \"EXP\" indicates that", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00022-00008473-00008706": "the subject heading has been exploded.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00023-00008776-00009116": "By checking the \"Complete Reference\" view of a result, you can see the list", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00024-00009116-00009329": "of subject headings indexed for that article.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00025-00009420-00009783": "In this example, we see that \"Alzheimer Disease\" was retrieved since it appears", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00026-00009783-00010026": "as a narrower term under the tree for Dementia.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00027-00010160-00010646": "Next we'll look at the Focus feature. Focus is used to retrieve only articles where a", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00028-00010646-00011006": "subject heading is treated as a main topic. This can be a really handy tool", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00029-00011006-00011279": "if your search is producing too many results.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00030-00011346-00011786": "When we search \"Dementia\" using the Focus feature, the result set drops dramatically.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00031-00011830-00012130": "The asterisk indicates that we've done a focused search.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00032-00012203-00012619": "You can also see this asterisk in the \"Complete Reference\" view of the results.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00033-00012696-00013119": "This shows that \"Dementia\" is indexed as a main topic of the article.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00034-00013169-00013536": "The Explode and Focus features can also be combined when searching in OVID.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00035-00013569-00013960": "Doing so will retrieve results where Dementia or any of the narrower terms in its tree", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00036-00013960-00014186": "are listed as a main topic of the article.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00037-00014360-00014810": "You can see how using Explode and Focus either independently or together has substantial", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00038-00014810-00014980": "effects on the results retrieved.", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00039-00015003-00015403": "Proper application of these tools will allow you to build powerful searches that effectively", "c7uG1Fo3w7Q-00040-00015403-00015636": "and efficiently capture the information you need."}}, {"audio_id": "c7xbhi71mlQ", "text": {"c7xbhi71mlQ-00000-00000078-00000780": "hi Virgo welcome I'm Juanita and today we're going to be looking at what is going on for", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00001-00000780-00001314": "you over the next two weeks so whenever you see this video is when it is applicable for you okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00002-00001410-00002058": "um so the sacrifice Oracle I love what we will be using and clarifying with oshozing", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00003-00002058-00002700": "tarot I was going to look at um using another dip for clarification but honestly I have such", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00004-00002700-00003306": "a connection with the ashos in that I am I want to just keep these met so the messages", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00005-00003306-00004061": "do come through clear and concise for you okay so let me just get this organized here we're", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00006-00004061-00005304": "gonna pull these out okay so first up we have Meandering pathway flow so I feel like Virgo", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00007-00005304-00006000": "this is about you needing to go with the flow um no matter where the current takes you because", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00008-00006204-00006414": "for some of you I feel as though", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00009-00006581-00007416": "okay so see how he's got his light on a stick here right and that's kind of his guide okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00010-00007512-00008640": "um and then he is um seeing this light here so to him it's like well this is the way I need to go", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00011-00008640-00009282": "but if you have a look here this is actually the path that he needs to take because if he", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00012-00009282-00009750": "goes that way he's actually going to get lost in the forest or the bush or whatever right", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00013-00009948-00010470": "so I feel like Leo you may have in your mind a certain path that you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00014-00010470-00011046": "need to take to get yourself to where you need to go but it's important for you to", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00015-00011556-00011778": "to allow yourself to be carried", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00016-00011958-00012726": "in the direction that actually needs to be taken because some of you may be fighting the current", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00017-00012726-00013746": "and it's not actually helping you well there's a little bit of something here hmm um yeah so", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00018-00013950-00013986": "okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00019-00014202-00014556": "that distracted me from my train of thought", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00020-00014784-00014969": "there you go I can just get back here", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00021-00015191-00015366": "got one card flopped up here", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00022-00016019-00016578": "cut that's upside down I haven't seen it yet let's have a look exhaustion", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00023-00016914-00017160": "some of you are feeling incredibly exhausted", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00024-00017298-00017796": "um it's kind of like you keep trying and trying and trying to do something or build something", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00025-00017796-00018630": "and it's just like you're just like oh my gosh I'm so done with this um yeah", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00026-00018954-00019758": "it's like a Fresh Approach needs to be taken or a fresh set of eyes needs to be bought in um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00027-00019950-00020304": "adventure oh I really like this for this card here", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00028-00020442-00021222": "um yeah um it's like you see how like clearly this guy's trying to build a robot bike right and", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00029-00021222-00021756": "um he's got everything he needs but just nothing's in the right place and he's been involved with", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00030-00021756-00022398": "it for so long that he just can't see it clearly anymore so I feel like it's kind of like needing", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00031-00022398-00023148": "to start from the beginning almost I suppose Virgo like going back to basics okay and um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00032-00023148-00023910": "because it's as though you've progressed so far along the way that um you've forgotten the basics", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00033-00023910-00024546": "and I feel like you need to take some steps back in order to get back on the path so to speak okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00034-00024654-00025230": "um because yeah it's kind of like the other thing I want to say with this is taking baby steps okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00035-00025326-00025889": "um some of you are trying to go ahead and Leaps and Bounds but there are your missing steps", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00036-00025889-00026520": "okay which is why things aren't coming together the way you would like them too okay Moonlight", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00037-00026520-00027839": "enchantment magic Okay so um what do I even start gosh sorry just let me slow this down for a minute", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00038-00027983-00028800": "um so like walking along the path here you imagine that there's no light or you know", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00039-00028800-00029352": "it is just Moonlight like even at night time right we're walking along and it", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00040-00029352-00030144": "could be a full moon so the way is quite litten but it's not 100 percent [Music] um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00041-00031260-00031536": "some of you are afraid of the unknown", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00042-00031836-00032148": "and some of you are afraid of your own shadow", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00043-00032454-00033228": "because you don't know um with the own shadow you don't know what's going to come out if you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00044-00033228-00033966": "look at it and it looks a lot bigger and a lot scarier than what actually is okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00045-00034056-00034788": "um and others of you are holding yourself back because you're afraid of the unknowing so this is", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00046-00034854-00035796": "um you you have the tools Virgo you have all the tools that you need in order to proceed", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00047-00036204-00037080": "and those same tools will also allow you to come in and Center yourself", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00048-00037692-00038232": "yeah sorry I've had too many cards turn over there there we go", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00049-00038382-00039174": "yeah I I don't know sometimes I I have a few flip over and then I'm like are they all applicable or", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00050-00039174-00039864": "if I'm in doubt I put them back if I'm sure I'll take them so yeah see it's really maybe", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00051-00039864-00040572": "that's just showing you Virgo it's about trusting trusting your instincts trusting your intuition", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00052-00040740-00041274": "whoops that went flying across the room just a minute I'll just pause you for a tick", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00053-00041472-00041976": "it makes me laugh because it was actually this was the first one to come out but the one that went", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00054-00041976-00042486": "flying across the room and didn't even get the chance to see what it was it went so fast and it's", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00055-00042486-00043446": "slowing down so that's pretty funny um the other one it has come out as Carriage yeah so going", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00056-00043446-00043998": "back to this trusting in yourself and and the seed planting the seed and knowing you have the", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00057-00043998-00044976": "carriage to get to the light okay because it looks like the path that you need to go down it seems", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00058-00044976-00045678": "like that path is very tough okay and it could very well be Virgo that this is a path that you're", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00059-00045678-00046206": "on now and and it's like you want to get onto the straight and narrow so you don't have to go", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00060-00046206-00046818": "through all that rubbish and all that crap and you just want to get there um but it's important for", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00061-00046818-00047532": "you yeah it's important for you to take each step at a time again going back to this not missing", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00062-00047532-00048504": "out on steps because what you don't want to have happen Virgo is for you to have to go through um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00063-00048600-00049152": "you know some of the same experiences again because you missed out on some steps okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00064-00049152-00049830": "that because all these steps have lessons in them to help with your growth okay to help you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00065-00049830-00050646": "get up to this light so if this seed chose not to grow or it chose to do something differently", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00066-00050772-00051504": "um it would have had to have done all of that again all right so yeah I don't", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00067-00051504-00051972": "know if I explained that very well but anyhow I'm sure it will come out clearer if I didn't", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00068-00052182-00052836": "see I just feel like this real like hurry up get it get it you know like this real impatience", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00069-00052967-00053640": "so that's actually what your energy might be for some of you but this card here I love this Dragon", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00070-00053640-00054588": "power see this lady here how she's resting here she's she's refueling she's allowing", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00071-00054588-00055452": "this it's like this sphere this globe here is um you know how you charge your phone right", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00072-00055452-00056376": "it's like she's taking the risk that she needs in order to allow herself to charge up okay um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00073-00056567-00057072": "and I feel like this will allow you to bring through this mystical", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00074-00057270-00058212": "um what's the word these mystical gifts um and traits and abilities that you actually do", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00075-00058212-00058938": "possess okay some of you are having a a power snooze for 10 minutes and expecting this to", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00076-00058938-00059532": "be fully charged and expecting everything to come through and it's not quite enough okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00077-00059694-00060444": "okay receptivity yeah allowing", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00078-00061217-00061290": "okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00079-00061500-00062238": "opening yourself up Virgo to allow to become receptive", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00080-00062478-00063576": "and trust that whatever it is you need to grow will come to you some of you are", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00081-00063576-00064205": "closed off and don't believe it's like you believe you need to do X Y and Z in", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00082-00064205-00064817": "order for the growth to happen but what you don't understand is to take X Y and Z steps", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00083-00065184-00065441": "you like you need to do those", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00084-00065700-00066252": "and that will help you know that that growth will occur during taking those steps is what I want", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00085-00066252-00067008": "to say no sense I hope that answers because I can see it in my mind like I'm being shown in my mind", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00086-00067176-00067722": "like these are the messages coming through and I'm getting them but I'm just trying to translate them", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00087-00067722-00068352": "and there's sometimes really hard and I think oh yeah this is so clear this is so clear and", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00088-00068352-00069006": "um yeah being receptive being receptive to the Consciousness I feel like um also Virgo this", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00089-00069006-00069600": "is about you being receptive to yourself and accepting yourself and accepting the fact that", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00090-00069600-00070224": "you do have power you have this internal power you have this inner dragon inside of you in a", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00091-00070224-00070914": "good way right um although if the dragon is youth that you may think that the dragons The Shadow", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00092-00071382-00072102": "what you may think is bad about you is actually can be turned into something incredibly powerful", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00093-00072102-00073008": "and um and that may become your light you know because this Consciousness here is this", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00094-00073008-00073962": "um truth accepting the truth accepting your existence being receptive to to this growth", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00095-00073962-00074514": "being receptive to this growth you know we've got two flowers here growing to the light", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00096-00074748-00075624": "um and okay okay Virgo you want the light to shine so bright that there's no mistake that you're", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00097-00075624-00076500": "hitting towards it but the whole point of the journey is to have the path um and not all of it", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00098-00076674-00077340": "um ignited with light because you need to learn to walk in the shadow", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00099-00077430-00077850": "you need to learn to embrace your Shadow oh my gosh we got there", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00100-00077970-00078570": "you need to learn to embrace the shadow whether that's your inner Shadow or these unknown things", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00101-00078570-00079164": "that scare you this is what that's that fear that you need to learn to embrace okay water", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00102-00079164-00079830": "spirit manifesting dreams going with the flow okay allowing the current to take", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00103-00079830-00080676": "you where you need to go okay this is going to help you to manifest your dreams okay um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00104-00081630-00081972": "thank you I thought there was going to be something", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00105-00081972-00082518": "else that came through then but I've been it's like nope next", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00106-00083130-00083766": "um and a voice trusting your inner voice because that's going to be your Guiding Light okay see the", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00107-00083766-00084078": "otter here looks like the Otter's a little bit to me looks like the", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00108-00084078-00084816": "Otter's a bit unsure um and you know this is definitely I don't think the otter really it's", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00109-00084816-00085428": "like he's trying to see what's down the river um and he can't see and so he's not really trusting", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00110-00085530-00086286": "um intensity this is this intensity of moving too fast this is like", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00111-00086772-00087582": "it's kind of like you may very well be trying to keep things as slow as possible because you want", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00112-00087582-00088398": "to gauge every step of the way but it really is like just needing to get in there um yeah", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00113-00088398-00089226": "wolf spirit family okay Soul family I feel like this could be about Soul family for some of you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00114-00089316-00090252": "um it could be that you are being cautious because you have a family to support potentially um but", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00115-00090252-00091062": "I really love the energy of this wolf here like it's just such a nurturing beautiful energy um and", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00116-00091350-00092058": "you know this wolf stands in this power in its own power", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00117-00092316-00093024": "and I feel as though it's like this right this Consciousness it has this Consciousness about it", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00118-00093180-00093966": "um and it just knows it's like Mother's intuition and I want to say even father's", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00119-00093966-00094620": "intuition guys are not exempt from that you know but it's just this knowingness and it's really", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00120-00094620-00095382": "tapping into this inner voice and trusting it okay really trusting it on a major way", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00121-00095436-00096186": "okay um and and that may take practice that may well it will take practice you know", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00122-00096294-00096966": "um yeah but we missed something here I feel like we're missing a card oh no I'm", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00123-00096966-00098052": "not or maybe I am I don't even know anyway carry on nothingness no thingness right um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00124-00098910-00099060": "what do I want to say here", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00125-00099378-00100566": "in a voice Consciousness and nothingness they're all the same they're all from the same place okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00126-00100566-00101370": "it's this energy here this knowingness this wolf doesn't have to sit there and go oh I wonder if", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00127-00101370-00102144": "um you know I wonder if we should uh maybe seek Shelter From the snow tonight should we or not", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00128-00102312-00102732": "um not really sure about that Like the Wolf knows what needs to happen and it knows what", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00129-00102732-00103566": "it needs to do okay it's it's it's letting its inner compass compass guided okay and", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00130-00103685-00104333": "that is helping you know this is not just about helping your own self to grow this is helping all", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00131-00104333-00105174": "those around you to grow to this is you leading by example Virgo okay so this is something that will", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00132-00105174-00105798": "benefit everyone maybe it is the case for some of you that you feel if you take a step wrong", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00133-00105858-00106248": "everything's going to crumble and it will all fall apart and everyone", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00134-00106248-00106632": "will suffer but the fact of the matter is there's no wrong step", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00135-00106961-00107598": "and that's very uncomfortable for some of you very uncomfortable and I'll tell you why there's no", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00136-00107598-00108390": "wrong step is because each stick that you step take is a step that has very valuable lessons", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00137-00108390-00109356": "Okay and there's no wrong step because when you take the step Virgo it has lessons in there that", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00138-00109356-00110004": "need to be learned okay so it may appear to you like that wasn't the right direction to go in", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00139-00110004-00110544": "I shouldn't have done that but instead of doing that and berating yourself about that make sure", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00140-00110544-00111282": "that you're looking at the lessons in taking that step because they are there to be learned", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00141-00111282-00111732": "because if you don't learn the lessons and just beat yourself up and quickly turn the other way", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00142-00111732-00112458": "and move super fast intensely fast then you're gonna need to be showing those lessons again", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00143-00112458-00113040": "and again and again until you get them okay so it's really cool to learn a lesson the", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00144-00113040-00113964": "first time okay and and sometimes the lesson isn't necessarily clear okay so this is where", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00145-00114042-00114654": "um it's important for you to make this connection in okay to become conscious", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00146-00114654-00115518": "of your inner voice okay to step into this no thingness so that this voice can speak okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00147-00115746-00116526": "yeah protection Guardians of the land protection see this this here hiding in the shadows here", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00148-00116526-00117258": "this is you hiding your shadow or hiding in the shadows not wanting to be seen um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00149-00117492-00118128": "yeah there's this the sense of feeling like you're like I'm too scared to step out like you have to", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00150-00118128-00119106": "protect yourself um and that is that vulnerability that needs to be healed and um too many", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00151-00119340-00119628": "did I just pick one up that was already there no", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00152-00119868-00120432": "no um well maybe I did I don't know it comes out again all night", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00153-00120588-00121200": "and maybe I was meant to pick it up hey got one flip out here sorry let me have a look", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00154-00121200-00121800": "schizophrenia feeling uh and you don't know which way to go eat at a Crossroads", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00155-00121908-00122718": "um and not wanting to actually make a choice as to which way to go see this guy here or this person", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00156-00122718-00123294": "here hanging in the balance right hanging in the balance because they feel incredibly vulnerable", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00157-00123294-00124061": "and um and and scared that if they choose this side is going to be the wrong way to go and if", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00158-00124061-00124506": "they choose that side that's going to be the wrong way to go they do not know which way to", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00159-00124506-00125106": "go and they're so busy trying to perfect protect themselves from doing the wrong", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00160-00125106-00125718": "thing that they just hanging in the balance and not actually allowing themselves to fly", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00161-00125850-00126408": "okay you're not giving themselves the freedom to fly", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00162-00127020-00127722": "foreign because you know it's that thing again of not being able to see clearly okay and this is", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00163-00127722-00128328": "even when you can't see clearly this is where you can tap into this inner voice and um and become", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00164-00128328-00128946": "receptive to receiving the messages that you need to receive in order to know which direction to go", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00165-00128946-00129618": "in okay because you will have that knowingness because that wolf um if it's snowing so much", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00166-00129618-00130361": "it can't see which direction to go in but it knows and it trusts that you know it uses all its senses", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00167-00130361-00131016": "and it pulls on everything it has to get here to know man why are so many guards dropping out here", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00168-00131076-00131826": "okay Protection One More card for prediction for Virgo please oh I thought one just flipped up", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00169-00131826-00132402": "then and went back in sometimes they're like magic they just have their own little dance", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00170-00132834-00133368": "fighting you're fighting with yourself Virgo you're fighting the current you're trying to", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00171-00133368-00134070": "protect yourself so much that it's causing this internal battle within you and it's stopping you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00172-00134070-00134970": "it's stopping you from moving it really is like because you're waiting you're waiting for the", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00173-00134970-00135528": "path to be cleared but the path is never going to be cleared you've got to walk it", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00174-00135744-00136080": "you've got to walk it because at the moment you're at a standstill", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00175-00136194-00136530": "trying to decide which way to go and the path is actually clear", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00176-00136632-00137040": "but you're like oh gosh wonder where I should go I don't know which way to go", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00177-00137118-00137922": "right and I mean that in the most loving way Virgo um okay storm chaos you're so afraid of this chaos", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00178-00137922-00138474": "and this storm happening but here's what I want to say even if there is a storm even if you walk into", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00179-00138474-00139398": "a storm the storm clears the air and it washes away everything that is not needed okay and um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00180-00140340-00140676": "you know how after a storm how you um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00181-00140910-00141642": "you know you go outside and the if is so fresh and everything looks very Crisp that's what it's like", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00182-00141798-00142446": "I don't know don't know if some of you are in a storm or you're afraid of the storm", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00183-00142902-00143550": "okay I don't know which one to take these but we've got laziness here um and this is denial", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00184-00143772-00144606": "avoidance Maybe it's just interesting someone's just started some thing outside", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00185-00144606-00145014": "I hope that's not too annoying I don't want to stop the message um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00186-00145338-00145836": "making sure that you're doing all the work that needs to be done here in order to create the", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00187-00145836-00146538": "Breakthrough that you need to continue traveling along your path or to start on the path okay um", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00188-00146874-00147666": "we've also got sauce here okay and this is the beginning of a new New Path which", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00189-00147666-00148194": "you're passionate about okay I did we get that last time I don't even know", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00190-00148440-00149238": "honestly I have no idea anyway not going to spend time on that um but your awareness", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00191-00149238-00149760": "there's I mean there's something more here though what is more here what is more here", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00192-00150030-00150696": "it's really good in Grissom on it um there's something more about this", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00193-00150822-00151458": "this is this in a light that you are not bringing forward because you're too busy pretending you're", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00194-00151458-00152022": "at the beach when you're really in the kitchen um there's definitely a sense of avoidance", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00195-00152190-00153042": "you're avoiding the journey will continue on the journey because you're either afraid", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00196-00153042-00153678": "of a storm or it's causing a bit of a Ruckus Maybe with people around you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00197-00154140-00154620": "and you might be at a standstill because you feel like you need protection right now", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00198-00154824-00155226": "but that stand still is stopping your growth", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00199-00155550-00156360": "hmm rainbow waterfalls oh Miracles what happens after the storm Virgo", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00200-00156444-00157062": "the rainbow appears and miracles happen right", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00201-00157266-00157932": "so what you're actually afraid of is this beautiful outcome", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00202-00157998-00158526": "because you can't see the outcome you don't actually realize it can be beautiful", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00203-00158610-00159564": "if you are receptive to it being beautiful you're so afraid of it being terrible and ugly and you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00204-00159564-00160380": "know it's going to ruin everyone's life so you're not actually allowing it to to to transpire and", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00205-00160434-00160932": "um transform you know you're not allowing this transformation to", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00206-00160932-00161676": "happen because you're so afraid of what you're afraid of is Beauty", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00207-00162090-00162600": "when it did come out but I caught it in my hands so I feel like I need to put it back with", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00208-00162600-00163422": "past lives past lives and we have existence you have been through this before I feel", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00209-00163560-00164172": "this is not new to you maybe this is why you're afraid it might be some kind of this", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00210-00164172-00164778": "might be kind of igniting some kind of past life memory which you don't realize exists", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00211-00165318-00166044": "some of you feel like you're on your own on this journey not realizing that you're um mini beings", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00212-00166044-00166794": "around you that support you along this journey um there needs to be some sort of connection made", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00213-00166986-00167664": "with yeah you see this is about connecting with the universe in order for you to you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00214-00167664-00168048": "know just what I was saying before about allowing this inner voice to come out right", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00215-00168048-00168966": "going into this no thingness and um you know into this Consciousness right um actually you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00216-00168966-00169458": "know do you know what I feel like this is about you participating in your own Journey", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00217-00169656-00170520": "um there's some sort of a bit of a disconnect I feel and this is through this feeling of", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00218-00170520-00171510": "this need for protection and not allowing the flow to happen yeah which is stopping all these", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00219-00171510-00172140": "miracles from coming in or not stopping them from coming in stopping you from seeing them", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00220-00172140-00172896": "coming in because we're awake I've lost it oh no here it is you're sitting in the kitchen with your", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00221-00172896-00173442": "Sonny's on pretending you're at the beach and you're not actually really experiencing things", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00222-00173556-00174336": "um fully or even partially because of this fear it's like kind of crippling", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00223-00174546-00175332": "right last card here Earth Spirit stability stability you see these things are all going", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00224-00175332-00175890": "to lead to stability if you do walk the path if you trust the path if you trust", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00225-00175890-00176646": "yourself first and foremost trust yourself Virgo you've got this you totally get this", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00226-00176724-00177606": "it's like no doubt in my mind there's doubt in yours you know and it's um yeah it's it's a", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00227-00177606-00178212": "burden this could be other people's doubts and you that you're carrying and it's leading you", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00228-00178212-00178818": "in the wrong direction you know this is like oh no go that way um you know you want to actually", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00229-00178818-00179700": "your destination is this way but this this person here and this rooster is telling you go that way", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00230-00179700-00180312": "because that's the way they want to go right it's not the way you want to go and and this", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00231-00180312-00181128": "has become heavy for you and and this is you know exhausting again this is exhaustion is coming in", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00232-00181356-00181674": "control again control", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00233-00181944-00182544": "trying to control the direction of what which you're going rather than and and I am I get", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00234-00182544-00182970": "that though Virgo I get that because that's part of that security and you want to feel", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00235-00182970-00183738": "stable you want to provide the stability um but like I said before there's no wrong step", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00236-00183804-00184512": "okay so I think if you can just hold on to that and take the next step and then after", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00237-00184512-00185160": "that take the next step is one step at a time okay try and take your focus off the", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00238-00185160-00185988": "destination and just focus on the next step okay and that might help you lessen the burden okay", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00239-00185988-00186480": "because this guy's seeing how far there is to go and he's carrying all this stuff on his back", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00240-00186558-00187320": "um but just focus on the next step okay if you go I hope that helps okay please share and do", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00241-00187320-00187902": "all that jazz you know like blah blah blah you know all about it um yeah so thank you so much", "c7xbhi71mlQ-00242-00187902-00188538": "for your go thanks for sharing your energy with me uh I really appreciate it okay see you bye"}}, {"audio_id": "c7A5m2Ghr0Q", "text": {"c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00000-00005943-00006143": "Speak up see yaঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00001-00006752-00006952": "I've not. Okaঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ  y. I'm done", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00002-00007353-00007723": "Fish are gonঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ  na be not appeased Oh", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00003-00008284-00008650": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00004-00008650-00008700": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00005-00008700-00008750": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00006-00008750-00008800": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00007-00008800-00008850": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00008-00008850-00008900": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00009-00008900-00008950": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00010-00008950-00009000": "ঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ", "c7A5m2Ghr0Q-00011-00009000-00009070": "He grabs a great solution for Hobbes over itঝিনাইদহে ৩ দিন ব্যাপি কৃষক প্রশিক্ষনের সমাপনি ও সনদপত্র বিতরণ"}}, {"audio_id": "c7CN_UijCjk", "text": {"c7CN_UijCjk-00000-00037300-00037800": "Edit: There is also Luigi if you look deeper in the room on the right. :)"}}, {"audio_id": "c7GM9QXfWrA", "text": {"c7GM9QXfWrA-00000-00000050-00000614": "- Now let's compare and contrast C and C,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00001-00000616-00001122": "DNA versus RNA.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00002-00001125-00001597": "What's the thing that both DNA and RNA have in common?", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00003-00001599-00001876": "What's the way that we can compare these two?", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00004-00001879-00002685": "They are both nucleic acids.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00005-00002687-00003310": "And so if they're nucleic acids they're made of nucleotides.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00006-00003312-00003564": "This is important,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00007-00003566-00003835": "it's important to understand that they're the same,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00008-00003837-00004072": "they're made of the same thing,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00009-00004075-00004322": "they're structurally very similar.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00010-00004325-00004722": "So what are some things that are different about them?", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00011-00004725-00005356": "Well, first of all, DNA has the base thymine.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00012-00005358-00005597": "RNA does not have thymine,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00013-00005600-00005922": "it has uracil instead.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00014-00005925-00006285": "So if I got crazy in this house", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00015-00006287-00006631": "and I decided to throw out some nucleotides for you,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00016-00006633-00007089": "you could look any nucleotide that you saw that had a thymine", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00017-00007091-00007372": "in it you would know that's a DNA nucleotide,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00018-00007375-00007614": "done, no more questions asked.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00019-00007616-00007947": "Any nucleotide that has a uracil in it,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00020-00007950-00008664": "done, RNA molecule, no questions asked.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00021-00008666-00009047": "There's another difference, and you already know this one.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00022-00009050-00009693": "What's the sugar in DNA?", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00023-00009695-00010293": "Deoxyribose is my pentose sugar that is in DNA.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00024-00010295-00010885": "What is the sugar in RNA? Ribose.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00025-00010887-00011172": "Ribose is the sugar in RNA,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00026-00011175-00011810": "ribonucleic acid as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00027-00011812-00012097": "The other thing that--", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00028-00012099-00012476": "this one's a little bit tricky.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00029-00012479-00012605": "Normally--", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00030-00012608-00013735": "not normally, familiarly DNA comes in a double strand.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00031-00013737-00014447": "DNA-- I was about to say DNA never comes in a single strand,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00032-00014450-00014826": "but you can split it apart from its other strand", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00033-00014829-00015014": "and then do stuff with it.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00034-00015016-00015197": "So I guess you could kind of say", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00035-00015199-00015597": "that it's kind of in its own strand.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00036-00015599-00016297": "But in its normal structure,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00037-00016300-00016797": "in its normal existence it's a double stranded molecule.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00038-00016799-00016997": "There's two strands", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00039-00016999-00017622": "of nucleotides wound around each other.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00040-00017625-00018397": "RNA often is single stranded,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00041-00018399-00018647": "but guess what,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00042-00018650-00019414": "it can fold on itself and form double stranded parts", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00043-00019416-00019585": "to make different shapes.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00044-00019587-00019914": "And we'll see that when we look at protein synthesis", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00045-00019916-00020101": "at of the process of translation.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00046-00020104-00020547": "We'll see that there are molecules of RNA called TRNA.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00047-00020550-00020697": "And they actually bend in on each other", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00048-00020699-00021135": "and form unique shapes.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00049-00021137-00021297": "Yeah, that's good for me.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00050-00021299-00021681": "So you should know the general differences between DNA", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00051-00021683-00021856": "and RNA because we are going to be playing", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00052-00021858-00022218": "with both of them especially when we look at DNA function.", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00053-00022220-00022497": "Okay, we're going to take two separate looks", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00054-00022499-00022781": "at the process of DNA replication,", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00055-00022783-00023076": "and its structure helps you understand", "c7GM9QXfWrA-00056-00023079-00023366": "how replication might occur."}}, {"audio_id": "c7KmiygaZwM", "text": {"c7KmiygaZwM-00000-00000113-00000310": "- He did things with the basketball", "c7KmiygaZwM-00001-00000310-00000507": "that even today you don't see.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00002-00000507-00000653": "- [Jim] If you wanted to beat Kenny Sailors,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00003-00000653-00000807": "you'd better bring a big sack lunch", "c7KmiygaZwM-00004-00000807-00000964": "'cause it's gonna take you a while.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00005-00000964-00001324": "Thinking of contributions to basketball,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00006-00001324-00001731": "the first guy that developed the modern jump shot.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00007-00001835-00002135": "(adventurous music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00008-00003546-00003817": "- Kenny Sailors wasn't born a basketball star.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00009-00003817-00004017": "His beginnings were humble.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00010-00004017-00004327": "The youngest of six children in a fatherless home,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00011-00004327-00004647": "Kenny's hard-nosed mother, Cora, raised the family", "c7KmiygaZwM-00012-00004647-00005091": "on a farmstead in Hillsdale, Wyoming, east of Cheyenne.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00013-00005091-00005495": "- My mother, she was a disciplinarian from the word grow.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00014-00005495-00005939": "And I remember my job,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00015-00005939-00006219": "and my mother right out there with me in the summertime,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00016-00006219-00006419": "hot, boy, it was hot down there.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00017-00006419-00006693": "My brother would cultivate with the horses,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00018-00006693-00006876": "that horse-drawn cultivator,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00019-00006876-00007220": "and get the weeds on the side of the rows of potatoes,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00020-00007220-00007423": "but then the weeds in between", "c7KmiygaZwM-00021-00007423-00007564": "and right up next to the potatoes,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00022-00007564-00007724": "you had to either pull 'em up by hand", "c7KmiygaZwM-00023-00007724-00007887": "or cut 'em out with a hoe.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00024-00008001-00008231": "Well, that was my mother's job and mine.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00025-00008231-00008541": "And I suppose I was nine years old at the time,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00026-00008541-00008762": "maybe 10, but not very old.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00027-00008858-00009005": "And I made a mistake one day.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00028-00009005-00009199": "I was hot, thirsty and hungry.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00029-00009199-00009382": "I was always hungry.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00030-00009382-00009562": "And I said, \"Mom, I'm getting awful tired", "c7KmiygaZwM-00031-00009562-00009773": "of this hoeing potatoes.\"", "c7KmiygaZwM-00032-00009773-00009919": "She didn't answer me for a while,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00033-00009919-00010100": "and I knew something was wrong.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00034-00010240-00010363": "And she finally said,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00035-00010363-00010530": "\"Well, son, if you really feel that way,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00036-00010530-00010787": "just take your hoe and go to the house.\"", "c7KmiygaZwM-00037-00010787-00010950": "Well, I knew the way she said it,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00038-00011104-00011307": "it didn't sound just right.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00039-00011307-00011601": "She says, \"Kenneth,\" that's what she called me,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00040-00011601-00011755": "\"take your hoe and go to the house", "c7KmiygaZwM-00041-00011755-00011995": "and just don't come to the supper table tonight.\"", "c7KmiygaZwM-00042-00012142-00012469": "I could have eaten a dead skunk roadkill right then.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00043-00012469-00012639": "That's how hungry I was, you know,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00044-00012779-00013259": "and I picked up my hoe and started hoeing.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00045-00013259-00013590": "And I never ever mentioned not wanting to hoe again.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00046-00013867-00014070": "- [Narrator] Kenny learned not to mess with his mother,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00047-00014070-00014340": "but his big brother Bud was another matter.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00048-00014340-00014504": "When they weren't tending to the fields,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00049-00014504-00014811": "Bud and Kenny would take to the family basketball hoop,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00050-00014811-00015058": "which happened to be mounted to a windmill.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00051-00015058-00015215": "- And I thought I could beat anybody,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00052-00015215-00015368": "but I found out my big old brother,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00053-00015368-00015735": "he was good enough and big enough to give me trouble.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00054-00015735-00016056": "And I was probably in the sixth grade", "c7KmiygaZwM-00055-00016056-00016236": "when he first started out.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00056-00016236-00016479": "I'd dribble, but I couldn't get around him,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00057-00016479-00016716": "even in those days, with my dribble.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00058-00016716-00017137": "He was good enough, and he'd just block the shots, you know?", "c7KmiygaZwM-00059-00017137-00017327": "And I got tired of it.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00060-00017327-00017620": "I kept thinking about how I could get a shot off over him.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00061-00017620-00017797": "- [Narrator] In those days, basketball wasn't", "c7KmiygaZwM-00062-00017797-00018121": "the high-flying aerial show we see today.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00063-00018121-00018508": "Players instead favored the flat-footed set shot", "c7KmiygaZwM-00064-00018628-00018912": "- But I just dribbled up to him and jumped.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00065-00018912-00018995": "When I got up,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00066-00019142-00019389": "oh, I suppose I was at least two feet off of the ground.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00067-00019389-00019599": "- And he did that because, you know,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00068-00019599-00019783": "he could get his bigger brother moving", "c7KmiygaZwM-00069-00019783-00019916": "and then just quickly, you know,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00070-00019916-00020123": "jump up in the air and shoot the ball.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00071-00020123-00020340": "And he could then compete with an older brother.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00072-00020340-00020553": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00073-00020553-00020750": "- [Narrator] As Sailors entered high school,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00074-00020750-00021004": "Cora Sailors moved the family to Laramie.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00075-00021194-00021474": "Kenny thrived there, starring in football, track,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00076-00021474-00021751": "and basketball as well as in the classroom.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00077-00021751-00021998": "Four years later in 1940,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00078-00021998-00022205": "he enrolled at the University of Wyoming", "c7KmiygaZwM-00079-00022205-00022352": "and went out for basketball", "c7KmiygaZwM-00080-00022352-00022555": "under Coach Everett Shelton.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00081-00022555-00022849": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00082-00022849-00023052": "Sailors relied on his athleticism", "c7KmiygaZwM-00083-00023052-00023286": "to overcome his short stature.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00084-00023286-00023660": "He was a skilled dribbler and passer and a solid defender,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00085-00023660-00024000": "and he kept his jump shot in his back pocket at first.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00086-00024000-00024334": "- I didn't shoot it all that much my first year or two", "c7KmiygaZwM-00087-00024334-00024557": "because I didn't know what the coaches would think.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00088-00024557-00024834": "- And it was a non-jumping, non-leaping game,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00089-00024834-00025248": "and Shelton, who's a hall of fame coach,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00090-00025248-00025418": "had never seen that shot before.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00091-00025418-00025735": "But he was smart enough to know that Kenny could do this.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00092-00025735-00025999": "and he could gain an advantage on his opponents,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00093-00025999-00026176": "and so he let him shoot it.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00094-00026176-00026336": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00095-00026336-00026493": "- [Narrator] Coach Shelton believed his team", "c7KmiygaZwM-00096-00026493-00026689": "was championship material.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00097-00026689-00027003": "They quickly became a powerhouse, besting college teams,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00098-00027003-00027243": "as well as the more experienced teams", "c7KmiygaZwM-00099-00027243-00027547": "of the Amateur Athletic Union, or the AAU.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00100-00027547-00027791": "- Ev Shelton, he had a mantra,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00101-00027791-00028061": "\"We'll play anybody anytime, anywhere,\"", "c7KmiygaZwM-00102-00028061-00028351": "and so usually he would take the team,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00103-00028351-00028681": "three-day trip back to New York City,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00104-00028681-00028872": "and play everybody that would play 'em", "c7KmiygaZwM-00105-00028872-00028972": "back on the East Coast", "c7KmiygaZwM-00106-00028972-00029165": "in December and half of January", "c7KmiygaZwM-00107-00029165-00029439": "before school started second semester.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00108-00029439-00029736": "- And he said, \"Now, for us, a school like Wyoming,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00109-00029736-00030006": "who's never been in the big time before,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00110-00030006-00030246": "as far as college ball is concerned,\"", "c7KmiygaZwM-00111-00030246-00030673": "he said, \"we can't do that playing out here in Wyoming.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00112-00030673-00030787": "We've got to go to where", "c7KmiygaZwM-00113-00030787-00031054": "the center of basketball publicity is,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00114-00031054-00031377": "and that's out at Madison Square Garden in New York City.\"", "c7KmiygaZwM-00115-00031377-00031501": "Oh, you know, I'd never been", "c7KmiygaZwM-00116-00031501-00031674": "out of the state of Wyoming before.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00117-00031674-00032008": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00118-00032278-00032575": "- [Narrator] In 1943, the Cowboys beat Georgetown", "c7KmiygaZwM-00119-00032575-00032882": "to capture the NCAA championship.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00120-00032882-00033239": "Kenny Sailors was awarded the Most Valuable Player.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00121-00033239-00033513": "He was a leader, an incredible ball handler,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00122-00033513-00033850": "and he was now perfecting and utilizing his jump shot", "c7KmiygaZwM-00123-00033850-00034097": "to baffle opponents with regularity.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00124-00034097-00034381": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00125-00034381-00034707": "- He wanted to win, he was the ultimate team man.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00126-00034707-00035044": "His ball handling was way ahead of its time.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00127-00035044-00035238": "- He was a real competitor.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00128-00035238-00035482": "I'd love to have coached him because I'm telling you,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00129-00035482-00035912": "he would force his will on you just right now.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00130-00035912-00036109": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00131-00036109-00036346": "- [Narrator] After their NCAA championship victory,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00132-00036346-00036499": "the Cowboys squared off", "c7KmiygaZwM-00133-00036499-00036906": "against the rival NIT tournament champions, St John's,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00134-00036906-00037087": "and defeated them as well,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00135-00037087-00037574": "making Wyoming 1943's unquestioned national champions.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00136-00037574-00037801": "- [Announcer] The basketball season's grand finale,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00137-00037801-00037954": "given greater significance tonight", "c7KmiygaZwM-00138-00037954-00038191": "as the American Red Cross reaps the $28,000 benefit", "c7KmiygaZwM-00139-00038191-00038394": "of Madison Square Garden's capacity crowd,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00140-00038394-00038558": "and a killer-diller game it is.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00141-00038558-00038701": "Wyoming scores.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00142-00038701-00038935": "Seconds later, St. John's Redmen retaliate,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00143-00038935-00039135": "as Boycoff gave us a field goal.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00144-00039135-00039255": "What hangs on this ball game", "c7KmiygaZwM-00145-00039255-00039462": "amounts to a national basketball crown.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00146-00039462-00039699": "Both teams, the kingpins of their respective moves.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00147-00039699-00039913": "Final count, 52 to 47,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00148-00039913-00040193": "and Wyoming's Cowboys are the undisputed kings of the court.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00149-00040193-00040430": "(triumphant music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00150-00040430-00040787": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00151-00040787-00041147": "- Kenny's '43 team, I think they beat the top military team.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00152-00041147-00041394": "They beat the top AAU champion.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00153-00041394-00041544": "Tremendous record,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00154-00041544-00041758": "if you just really kind of know the history of it.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00155-00041758-00042018": "It was a clean sweep like you could never believe.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00156-00042018-00042332": "And it was done by a bunch of Wyoming kids, basically.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00157-00042332-00042565": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00158-00042565-00042882": "- [Narrator] But 1943 had more in store for Kenny Sailors.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00159-00042882-00043126": "He got married to a fellow university student", "c7KmiygaZwM-00160-00043126-00043316": "named Marilynne Corbin.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00161-00043316-00043610": "Shortly after, Sailors enlisted in the Marine Corps.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00162-00043730-00043950": "Sailors served on a troop transport ship", "c7KmiygaZwM-00163-00043950-00044267": "in the South Pacific where he commanded 40 Marines", "c7KmiygaZwM-00164-00044267-00044444": "in charge of security.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00165-00044444-00044801": "Mustered out in 1946, Kenny came back home to Wyoming", "c7KmiygaZwM-00166-00044801-00045008": "and his wife Marilynne.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00167-00045008-00045195": "He went back to the University of Wyoming,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00168-00045195-00045361": "where he took graduate courses", "c7KmiygaZwM-00169-00045361-00045678": "and had one year left of basketball eligibility,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00170-00045678-00045822": "which he took advantage of", "c7KmiygaZwM-00171-00045822-00046062": "to become an All-American for the second time.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00172-00046062-00046329": "In one particular game, a photographer captured", "c7KmiygaZwM-00173-00046329-00046536": "what would become the iconic introduction", "c7KmiygaZwM-00174-00046536-00046729": "of Sailor's jump shot to the world,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00175-00046729-00046870": "featured in \"LIFE\" magazine.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00176-00046996-00047330": "(upbeat acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00177-00047617-00048041": "In 1946, the year Kenny Sailors finished his college career,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00178-00048041-00048408": "promoters formed the Basketball Association of America,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00179-00048408-00048558": "a professional league,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00180-00048558-00048815": "that would eventually become the NBA.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00181-00048815-00049102": "Sailors and his jump shot quickly proved their worth", "c7KmiygaZwM-00182-00049102-00049259": "in the professional ranks.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00183-00049259-00049499": "But after five years in professional basketball,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00184-00049499-00049706": "Sailors decided to call it a career", "c7KmiygaZwM-00185-00049706-00049896": "and go back home to his family.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00186-00049896-00050069": "(soft acoustic music)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00187-00050069-00050350": "Kenny and Marilynne sought a simpler lifestyle,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00188-00050350-00050630": "and Marilynne's health problems necessitated fresh air", "c7KmiygaZwM-00189-00050630-00050757": "and the outdoors.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00190-00050757-00050927": "- [Kenny] We bought the Heart Six Ranch", "c7KmiygaZwM-00191-00050927-00051114": "from the money my wife had saved", "c7KmiygaZwM-00192-00051114-00051267": "during the time I had played.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00193-00051267-00051564": "We operated that Heart Six Ranch up in Jackson,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00194-00051564-00051845": "oh, for about 19 or 20 years.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00195-00051988-00052158": "- [Narrator] The Sailors decided to try something", "c7KmiygaZwM-00196-00052158-00052282": "even more remote,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00197-00052282-00052539": "so they packed up and moved to Alaska.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00198-00052539-00052755": "- [Kenny] It was a place we'd always wanted to go to,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00199-00052755-00053046": "and we started a guiding and outfitting business up there.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00200-00053233-00053506": "- [Narrator] Their business kept them busy seasonally,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00201-00053506-00053643": "but there was time in the off season", "c7KmiygaZwM-00202-00053643-00053953": "for Sailors to teach and coach basketball.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00203-00053953-00054190": "He convinced the Alaska Public Schools", "c7KmiygaZwM-00204-00054190-00054464": "to start a girls' basketball program,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00205-00054464-00054744": "and he coached the Angoon girls' high school team", "c7KmiygaZwM-00206-00054744-00054958": "to state championships.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00207-00054958-00055221": "- [Kenny] You'd better believe they loved basketball.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00208-00055221-00055335": "That was their whole life.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00209-00055335-00055458": "In that little town of Angoon,", "c7KmiygaZwM-00210-00055458-00055849": "I think they had five gymnasiums. (laughs)", "c7KmiygaZwM-00211-00055849-00055999": "I'll tell you, it was something else.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00212-00055999-00056202": "Everybody played basketball.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00213-00056202-00056379": "These old boys are in their 70s", "c7KmiygaZwM-00214-00056379-00056603": "out there playing basketball.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00215-00056603-00056703": "Yeah, and the women.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00216-00056836-00057033": "- [Narrator] Kenny and Marilynne made their way back", "c7KmiygaZwM-00217-00057033-00057534": "to Wyoming in 1999, where Marilynne passed away in 2002.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00218-00057620-00057861": "And Kenny followed her in 2016.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00219-00057861-00058114": "Still today, the Sailors legacy remains", "c7KmiygaZwM-00220-00058114-00058324": "as strong as ever in the Cowboy State.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00221-00058441-00058641": "- I guess, truthfully, if I want to talk about", "c7KmiygaZwM-00222-00058641-00058928": "what I respect most about Kenny Sailors", "c7KmiygaZwM-00223-00058928-00059165": "is what a hell of a man he is.", "c7KmiygaZwM-00224-00059165-00059482": "(soft acoustic music)"}}, {"audio_id": "c7Vqx3HYoqY", "text": {"c7Vqx3HYoqY-00000-00000008-00001592": "wow", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00001-00002144-00002984": "oh", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00002-00006920-00007184": "be", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00003-00007344-00008584": "been", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00004-00009200-00009984": "hmm", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00005-00011064-00012784": "wow hello", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00006-00020280-00021184": "so", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00007-00023976-00024026": "foreign", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00008-00027104-00028183": "yes", "c7Vqx3HYoqY-00009-00029264-00029314": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "c7Z95EOMWiM", "text": {"c7Z95EOMWiM-00000-00000000-00001484": "[KaiPlaysRBLX \"Auroratron\" Logo]"}}, {"audio_id": "c80jrnok6bM", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "c8Isxt16dPu", "text": {"c8Isxt16dPu-00000-00000000-00000540": "My Favorite Measuring Device.  Hola,  Woodworkers", "c8Isxt16dPu-00001-00000540-00000816": "Paul Carlson here, Small Workshop Guy", "c8Isxt16dPu-00002-00000816-00001355": "I'm a junkie for measuring devices.I have my expensive Incra's -", "c8Isxt16dPu-00003-00001355-00001852": "I have the 6-inch -  I have  the 3--inch version here.  I have a combination", "c8Isxt16dPu-00004-00001852-00002228": "squares and calipers, of course! I use those all the time.", "c8Isxt16dPu-00005-00002228-00002644": "I have larger combination squares.   I have all sorts of things.", "c8Isxt16dPu-00006-00002644-00002886": "My favorite is this really little very thing 3 inch by 4 inch L square.", "c8Isxt16dPu-00007-00002886-00004632": "Tthis one is made by Zona model number 37-434 - Put that into Amazon and", "c8Isxt16dPu-00008-00004632-00005253": "it'll come up.  It is the first thing I load up into my shirt before I start my workday - I", "c8Isxt16dPu-00009-00005253-00005523": "don't have a workday -  this is a fun day for me!", "c8Isxt16dPu-00010-00005523-00006135": "Why my favorite - well, #1 because it is an L-square,  I can hook it over the edge of a", "c8Isxt16dPu-00011-00006135-00006686": "workpiece and have confidence that I've got it lined up.  I'm not trying to feel", "c8Isxt16dPu-00012-00006686-00007338": "and see if I got it on the very edge and then I'm off by a little bit.   It can", "c8Isxt16dPu-00013-00007338-00007890": "lap it over the edge and then it is nice and secure.   The other thing I like about", "c8Isxt16dPu-00014-00007890-00007940": "it is if I have the right shirt on, it is easy to put away.   If you have a", "c8Isxt16dPu-00015-00007940-00008868": "Samurai Carpenter vest like he wears with all those pockets, he has a prize", "c8Isxt16dPu-00016-00008868-00009399": "place for his.   He's the one where I saw it the first time and I worked pretty", "c8Isxt16dPu-00017-00009399-00009945": "hard to find one.   I really did! it took me a long time - maybe I just did my search", "c8Isxt16dPu-00018-00009945-00010350": "terms poorly.  So anyway,  this is my favorite puppy.  I love it!", "c8Isxt16dPu-00019-00010350-00010995": "The others are certainly useful in given situations - obviously the combination", "c8Isxt16dPu-00020-00010995-00011463": "squares are used all the time.    I recommend this small L-square.", "c8Isxt16dPu-00021-00011463-00012071": "I hope you find this helpful.   Small Workshop Guy  - signing off!"}}, {"audio_id": "c8YlzQJu56Y", "text": {"c8YlzQJu56Y-00000-00001440-00001844": "It wasn’t me who started talking, it was them who started talking to me. Right away and very loudly.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00001-00001844-00002490": "There is a sphere sounding, and inside this sphere there is a voice. It is almost like shamanism.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00002-00006828-00007144": "The vocal lines, the instrumental lines,", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00003-00007430-00007845": "each exist in their own tempo, their own metre, their own key.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00004-00008510-00008910": "The first question is: how do we sing it? How do we memorise it? Because…", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00005-00008910-00009060": "New harmonies,", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00006-00009242-00009490": "new principles of phonation all the time. This is a new world.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00007-00010870-00010970": "Stop. Stop.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00008-00011044-00011208": "Well, in the beginning, I think, absolutely everything is difficult.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00009-00011208-00011612": "Turn, with your head to the wall. Go further, inside, up there, guys.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00010-00012024-00012224": "Searching. Deeper.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00011-00012392-00012592": "Don’t be afraid of kicking harder.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00012-00012592-00012912": "Searching.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00013-00012912-00013252": "Go away. Draw your arms in.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00014-00013252-00013369": "Who hasn’t drawn them yet?", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00015-00013482-00013602": "Keep going.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00016-00013776-00013960": "Wait. Stop.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00017-00014094-00014500": "You enter too early here with the suitcases, for the second time.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00018-00014500-00014647": "You should wait till…", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00019-00014754-00014890": "Put down the cushion.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00020-00014891-00014969": "The suitcase.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00021-00014969-00015019": "No!", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00022-00015284-00015466": "Not with your face down.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00023-00015466-00015552": "On your side.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00024-00015780-00015980": "So what? How long are we supposed to be waiting?", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00025-00016202-00016402": "Where are the stage crew?", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00026-00016584-00016777": "How come?!", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00027-00018092-00018446": "When he spits, you should burst out laughing with your whole body.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00028-00018446-00018614": "Everyone, but you. Dreaming.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00029-00018716-00019428": "At the beginning we get into a tramp’s world.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00030-00019770-00020174": "He is amidst something like refuse bins… It is unclear.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00031-00020182-00020638": "People are moving, wearing them. They are some strange creatures.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00032-00020706-00021014": "Britten writes in his introduction notes that from time to time", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00033-00021036-00021626": "one of the soloists takes the lead, each in their own time.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00034-00021648-00022500": "Then these objects, these bins become clothes for the father’s workers.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00035-00024372-00025022": "People don’t know how to deal with the material which doesn’t contain any conventional, familiar pivots.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00036-00025038-00025530": "Then it is a kind of overalls, and the Younger Son,", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00037-00025530-00025845": "the prodigal son, frees from it with the help of the Tempter.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00038-00029166-00029502": "The Tempter, who is telling the story,", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00039-00029502-00029939": "is at the same time the Younger Son, telling this story about himself.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00040-00029964-00030654": "I was well aware that the first reaction of the performers will probably be that of rejection.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00041-00030674-00031212": "Every character has got their own musical scale, their own idea of how the voice should sound.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00042-00031212-00031460": "Either it interweaves with the musical texture…", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00043-00031460-00031756": "Either it floats over this texture, which itself turns into chaos.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00044-00033828-00034438": "Each voice follows its own path, and suddenly they coincide and start moving together.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00045-00037314-00037718": "Britten is very organic in his language.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00046-00037718-00038142": "And what is organic will always be both ancient and contemporary.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00047-00038746-00039618": "The audience shall retain the parable, because unforgiveness is a major issue.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00048-00042540-00042800": "A cruel feature of our times.", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00049-00042826-00043080": "Cruelty, personified by the Elder Son,", "c8YlzQJu56Y-00050-00043116-00043918": "opposes the human kindness, characteristic of the Father."}}, {"audio_id": "c8bEtykCDXy", "text": {"c8bEtykCDXy-00000-00000010-00000060": "Hello.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00001-00000062-00000170": "I am Amanda B. Johnson.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00002-00000170-00000450": "Thanks for joining me on DASH: Detailed.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00003-00000756-00001198": "Recently Charles Hoskinson gave a presentation at Coinscrum.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00004-00001222-00001764": "Now Charles Hoskinson is well-known as the co-founder of both Ethereum and BitShares", "c8bEtykCDXy-00005-00001773-00002084": "as well as founding the company Input Output", "c8bEtykCDXy-00006-00002084-00002458": "which offers research and development for the creation of new blockchains.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00007-00002470-00003080": "Now in his presentation, Charles outlines a brief history of cryptocurrency.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00008-00003080-00003166": "Have a listen.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00009-00003166-00003690": "The first generation of cryptocurrencies was all about transactions and immutable ledgers.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00010-00003718-00003768": "These types of things.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00011-00003768-00003876": "Digital scarcity.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00012-00003876-00004140": "So the question was: “Could you build a decentralized currency?”", "c8bEtykCDXy-00013-00004150-00004200": "So.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00014-00004248-00004840": "Crypto 1.0: transactions of scarce digital units on an immutable ledger.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00015-00004840-00005066": "Or, decentralized currency for short.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00016-00005092-00005202": "And then all of a sudden people said:", "c8bEtykCDXy-00017-00005202-00005554": "“Well wait a minute. These transactions between Alice and Bob – they're really dumb.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00018-00005584-00005700": "“They just move value.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00019-00005700-00006022": "“Wouldn't it be so cool if we could attach instructions to them?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00020-00006038-00006216": "“You know, terms and conditions.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00021-00006216-00006645": "“Say if Alice mows my lawn then I'm going to ship the money to her. But then and only then.”", "c8bEtykCDXy-00022-00006656-00006814": "Ok well that's a smart contact.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00023-00006814-00006973": "And that's kind of the second generation.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00024-00006973-00007268": "These are things that Sergio Lerner and others started with", "c8bEtykCDXy-00025-00007268-00007578": "and eventually Vitalik Buterin kind of got right with Ethereum.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00026-00007590-00008031": "Second generation: transactions with instructions attached to them.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00027-00008031-00008240": "Or, smart contracts for short.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00028-00008240-00008810": "All of a sudden you start talking a little bit more seriously about the meta, i.e. the governance of the system.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00029-00008816-00009332": "The third generation of blockchains is all about:  C an we make this process explicit?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00030-00009332-00009652": "Instead of having it be implicit and be meta to the protocol", "c8bEtykCDXy-00031-00009664-00009862": "and be whoever has the loudest microphone", "c8bEtykCDXy-00032-00009862-00010062": "or whoever has control of the code", "c8bEtykCDXy-00033-00010062-00010352": "can we create a system within the cryptocurrency", "c8bEtykCDXy-00034-00010352-00010852": "kind of like the constitution of the united states has a system to amend the constitution.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00035-00010864-00011190": "Here Charles has just described Dash's governance system", "c8bEtykCDXy-00036-00011190-00011516": "as it's been functioning since August of 2015", "c8bEtykCDXy-00037-00011526-00011838": "with what's been dubbed its “decision-making engine.”", "c8bEtykCDXy-00038-00011838-00012328": "Click the link on your screen now if you would like to learn more about how the decision-making engine works.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00039-00012362-00013006": "And Charles then then goes on to even further describe Dash's self-funding mechanism.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00040-00013006-00013104": "Pretty uncannily.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00041-00013104-00013176": "Listen up.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00042-00013176-00013316": "That's kind of the third generation.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00043-00013316-00013434": "The governance system.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00044-00013444-00013788": "Now closely related to this is this idea of a DAO.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00045-00013788-00013918": "So what the heck does that have to do?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00046-00013918-00014054": "Why do we care about DAOs?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00047-00014054-00014218": "What's interesting about DAOs?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00048-00014230-00014672": "It'd be really nice to build some sort of decentralized, inclusion process", "c8bEtykCDXy-00049-00014672-00014936": "that also takes economics and incentives in play", "c8bEtykCDXy-00050-00014936-00015134": "and is deliberate and deterministic.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00051-00015158-00015310": "That would be really nice to have.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00052-00015322-00015544": "Ok. Also allocation of capital.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00053-00015544-00015830": "Wouldn't it be cool if cryptocurrencies had their own treasuries?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00054-00015830-00016047": "Like Bitcoin had its own development fund", "c8bEtykCDXy-00055-00016047-00016420": "and it would be able to just open up its wallet and there was some balloting process", "c8bEtykCDXy-00056-00016420-00016732": "and Blockstream could say, “I want to be a core developer for Bitcoin”", "c8bEtykCDXy-00057-00016732-00016994": "and Bitcoin actually just sends Bitcoins to Blockstream", "c8bEtykCDXy-00058-00016994-00017160": "to write new BIPs", "c8bEtykCDXy-00059-00017160-00017266": "or implement BIPs", "c8bEtykCDXy-00060-00017266-00017356": "or things like that.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00061-00017360-00017470": "It's a pretty cool idea.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00062-00017484-00017760": "I like the term Charles uses: treasury", "c8bEtykCDXy-00063-00017776-00018086": "way better than self-funding or budget system.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00064-00018086-00018176": "Treasury!", "c8bEtykCDXy-00065-00018176-00018468": "That gets the point across very well.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00066-00018468-00018870": "And, in his hypothetical example of how say,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00067-00018870-00019360": "Blockstream employees might be paid from a hypothetical Bitcoin treasury", "c8bEtykCDXy-00068-00019360-00019688": "Charles is describing precisely the way people like", "c8bEtykCDXy-00069-00019688-00019792": "Evan Duffield,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00070-00019806-00019916": "Andy Freer,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00071-00019916-00020072": "and a team of other developers,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00072-00020072-00020232": "have actually been paid", "c8bEtykCDXy-00073-00020232-00020366": "in actual Dash", "c8bEtykCDXy-00074-00020366-00020570": "since August of 2015.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00075-00020638-00021132": "So as Charles mentions Bitcoin as the prime example of a first generation crypto", "c8bEtykCDXy-00076-00021154-00021662": "and he mentions Ethereum as a more-or-less prime example of a second generation,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00077-00021702-00022548": "why is it that he doesn't give a reference, or a footnote, not even so much as a hat tip to Dash", "c8bEtykCDXy-00078-00022548-00022958": "as even an aspiring 3.0 crypto?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00079-00023026-00023290": "Perhaps the answer lies in this segment.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00080-00023290-00023704": "The third generation of blockchains is actually making this process more explicit.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00081-00023714-00023896": "It's all about aggregation of information.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00082-00023896-00024086": "It's all about identifying the stakeholders.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00083-00024086-00024258": "Identifying conflicts of interest.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00084-00024258-00024774": "And creating a systematic process for us to actually make decisions about what to implement.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00085-00024774-00024902": "What BIP to choose.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00086-00024902-00025054": "What BIP not to choose.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00087-00025054-00025274": "And this has to be deliberate and slow.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00088-00025294-00025482": "Deliberate and slow.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00089-00025506-00025704": "Slow and deliberate.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00090-00025704-00026360": "Perhaps Internet friends, that is why Charles was able to go through an entire presentation", "c8bEtykCDXy-00091-00026360-00026745": "at points sounding like he was reading from the Dash white paper", "c8bEtykCDXy-00092-00026745-00027016": "without once mentioning Dash.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00093-00027042-00027426": "Because deliberate and slow things rarely get a lot of attention.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00094-00027426-00027589": "They are not flashy.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00095-00027589-00027716": "They are not catchy.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00096-00027716-00028124": "And they certainly don't get written about in The New York Times,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00097-00028124-00028260": "or Huffington Post,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00098-00028260-00028376": "or Bloomberg.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00099-00028377-00028744": "If the history of cryptocurency is as Charles has said:", "c8bEtykCDXy-00100-00028748-00028860": "First currency,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00101-00028883-00029036": "then smart contracts,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00102-00029036-00029289": "and then governance and treasuries,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00103-00029310-00029676": "well then Dash is just doing things entirely bassackwards aren't they?", "c8bEtykCDXy-00104-00029766-00030174": "While the decision-making engine and Dash's budget system", "c8bEtykCDXy-00105-00030174-00030298": "– I mean treasury –", "c8bEtykCDXy-00106-00030326-00030582": "is becoming a well-oiled machine,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00107-00030595-00031132": "only now are they preparing for the push of a digital currency that your mother can use", "c8bEtykCDXy-00108-00031132-00031448": "with the release of Evolution in late 2017.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00109-00031448-00032150": "So if you would like to come try things out on the slow, deliberate, and backward side of things,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00110-00032168-00032376": "join us, I invite you.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00111-00032376-00032814": "The dash_chat is the popular Slack channel", "c8bEtykCDXy-00112-00032814-00033162": "– the invitation to that group is in the description section below.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00113-00033178-00033428": "And then the subreddit is r/dashpay.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00114-00033428-00033780": "And finally, it's Dash-accepting merchants time!", "c8bEtykCDXy-00115-00033780-00033982": "And there are so many more than you thought.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00116-00033982-00034118": "So many more than I thought.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00117-00034136-00034716": "First, Aceon Data Recovery Services, which is hey, like it sounds – a data recovery service", "c8bEtykCDXy-00118-00034716-00034964": "and it's based in both Seattle and Vancouver.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00119-00034964-00035320": "Next is MacDaddy's MACs based in North Carolina,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00120-00035320-00035628": "which is a shop that sells pre-owned Apple computers.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00121-00035628-00035942": "Next is Promoteus, which is an advertising firm", "c8bEtykCDXy-00122-00035942-00036260": "that specializes in logos, graphics and branding.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00123-00036260-00036898": "Next is Tuapoma, which is a multi-lingual, international classifieds site.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00124-00036898-00037556": "Also the Big Dreams Island guest house in Khlong Chiao / Ko Kut / Thailand.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00125-00037556-00037936": "And fine original watercolors by Lee Gordon Seebach.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00126-00037936-00038236": "And finally, a correction from two episodes ago:", "c8bEtykCDXy-00127-00038260-00038726": "Campbell's Asphalt Sealing is based in Deleware, not Virginia.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00128-00038736-00038900": "All these places take Dash", "c8bEtykCDXy-00129-00038900-00039056": "and if you take Dash", "c8bEtykCDXy-00130-00039056-00039466": "and your business has not yet had a free shout-out on this show and you want one", "c8bEtykCDXy-00131-00039466-00039848": "just sent Amanda@Dash.org an email and you'll get one.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00132-00039862-00040094": "And also, if you would like to subscribe to this show", "c8bEtykCDXy-00133-00040094-00040578": "which is, if you would like me to send you an email with this video in it each Wednesday", "c8bEtykCDXy-00134-00040590-00040806": "again, an email to Amanda@Dash.org", "c8bEtykCDXy-00135-00040806-00041020": "with the word “subscribe” in the subject line.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00136-00041020-00041204": "And I'll see you next Wednesday.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00137-00041518-00041922": "If you haven't had curious people ask you about your interests yet,", "c8bEtykCDXy-00138-00041922-00042460": "you likely will as cryptocurrency becomes more and more discussed on a global scale.", "c8bEtykCDXy-00139-00042488-00042846": "With that said, here are four mistakes to avoid."}}]