[{"audio_id": "4p4swfPlN1Y", "text": {"4p4swfPlN1Y-00000-00000321-00000766": "Aaron Powell: Welcome to Free Thoughts.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00001-00000766-00000866": "I'm Aaron Powell.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00002-00000866-00000966": "Trevor Burrus: I'm Trevor Burrus.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00003-00000966-00001319": "Aaron Powell: Joining us today is Christopher Freiman, he's Associate Professor of Philosophy", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00004-00001319-00001538": "at the College of William and Mary.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00005-00001538-00001651": "Welcome to Free Thoughts Chris.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00006-00001651-00001751": "Christopher Freiman: Thank you.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00007-00001751-00001851": "Thanks for having me.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00008-00001851-00002327": "Aaron Powell: You wrote the chapter in Arguments for Liberty, a book published by Libertarianism.org", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00009-00002327-00002427": "on Utilitarianism.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00010-00002427-00002748": "That's what we're going to talk about today.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00011-00002748-00002885": "What is your utilitarianism?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00012-00002885-00003148": "Christopher Freiman: That's [00:00:30] a good question.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00013-00003148-00003618": "It's a moral theory, which says that the right thing to do is basically the thing that produces", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00014-00003618-00003806": "the best results.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00015-00003806-00004057": "When you put it like that, it sounds pretty common sensical.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00016-00004057-00004157": "Pretty uncontroversial.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00017-00004157-00004598": "Why wouldn't you want to do the thing that produces the best results, but once you start", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00018-00004598-00004910": "getting into the details it's a little more controversial.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00019-00004910-00005492": "The way a utilitarian would think about what counts as the best results would be the thing", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00020-00005492-00005964": "that produces the most happiness for everyone affected by your action.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00021-00005964-00006353": "[00:01:00] In essence if you're trying to decide what the right thing to do is, you", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00022-00006353-00006481": "look at all your alternatives.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00023-00006481-00006725": "What can I do in this situation?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00024-00006725-00007118": "How much happiness is this going to produce for everyone that's affected by my action?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00025-00007118-00007561": "How much suffering is going to be produced for everyone affected by my actions, and then", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00026-00007561-00007964": "subtract suffering from happiness, get net happiness and then you just pick the thing", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00027-00007964-00008285": "that produces the most happiness on that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00028-00008285-00008475": "Aaron Powell: What's happiness?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00029-00008475-00008682": "Trevor Burrus: Pure raw, unadulterated joy.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00030-00008682-00008882": "Christopher Freiman: It depends on who you ask.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00031-00008882-00008982": "Trevor Burrus: Pleasure?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00032-00008982-00009504": "Christopher Freiman: [00:01:30] I mean a lot of utilitarians think it's pleasure.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00033-00009504-00009775": "I can see the attraction of that view.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00034-00009775-00010117": "That view has some pretty famous objections lodged against it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00035-00010117-00010702": "I think the view that I prefer is happiness as desire satisfaction.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00036-00010702-00011157": "It doesn't have to be pleasure in the way that we traditionally think of it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00037-00011157-00011529": "It's just, happiness is getting what you want.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00038-00011529-00011710": "It's satisfying your preferences.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00039-00011710-00012070": "You could imagine people having the preference for a life that involves very [00:02:00] little", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00040-00012070-00012243": "pleasure.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00041-00012243-00012611": "Maybe they're a religious ascetic or something like that, but we could still say that they", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00042-00012611-00012965": "lived a happy life if their preferences were satisfied.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00043-00012965-00013372": "Trevor Burrus: We're not going to challenge preferences as a general rule, I mean say", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00044-00013372-00014031": "heroin addicts and the contemplative life of Aaron and his fountain pens are equally", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00045-00014031-00014131": "valid.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00046-00014131-00014469": "Aaron likes fountain pens by the way, so we can continually get on him for this problem.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00047-00014469-00014569": "Aaron Powell: That's an objectively bad.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00048-00014569-00014956": "Trevor Burrus: Exactly so he's bad on the utilitarian, I mean are the fountain pens", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00049-00014956-00015151": "of Aaron [00:02:30] and the heroin addict the same thing?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00050-00015151-00015604": "Christopher Freiman: It depends on which utilitarians you ask.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00051-00015604-00015909": "Jeremy Bentham famously said it's all the same.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00052-00015909-00016210": "Fountain pens, I don't know.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00053-00016210-00016497": "That's still probably a lower pleasure I think, fountain pens.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00054-00016497-00016715": "Aaron Powell: He probably used them.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00055-00016715-00016864": "Christopher Freiman: Yeah that's true.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00056-00016864-00017102": "Trevor Burrus: Because he didn't have a choice.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00057-00017102-00017640": "Christopher Freiman: On his view, all pleasures, all preferences are equal.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00058-00017640-00017762": "Mill famously disagreed.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00059-00017762-00018162": "He said there are these higher pleasures and lower pleasures. [00:03:00] Higher pleasures", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00060-00018162-00018669": "tend to be ones that require cultivation, the use of our higher faculties.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00061-00018669-00019209": "Reading Shakespeare is a higher pleasure, even if it's the same in intensity and duration", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00062-00019209-00019684": "as the enjoyment you get from, what was your exam, heroin.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00063-00019684-00019793": "Trevor Burrus: Yes.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00064-00019793-00020324": "Christopher Freiman: We would have reason to prefer reading Shakespeare to using heroin,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00065-00020324-00020693": "even if quantitatively they were the same.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00066-00020693-00020793": "I don't know.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00067-00020793-00021404": "I have a soft spot for Bentham, [00:03:30] for the Bentham view that all pleasures, all", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00068-00021404-00021957": "preferences are worth satisfying equally intrinsically.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00069-00021957-00022251": "We might have instrumental reason, not, so if you have a preference for hurting other", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00070-00022251-00022681": "people, we would have a reason not to satisfy that because that's bad for the person that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00071-00022681-00022781": "you're hurting.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00072-00022781-00023122": "That's going to frustrate their preferences, but in and of themselves, yeah I say push,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00073-00023122-00023540": "pain and poetry, to use Bentham's example totally fine.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00074-00023540-00024056": "Aaron Powell: Is this sort of pleasure, these sort of desires, fungible [00:04:00] or just", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00075-00024056-00024657": "is it simply an add them up, so if you said the person who gets their desire is to hurt", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00076-00024657-00025084": "people, well we don't want to have them do that because it's going to cause suffering,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00077-00025084-00025396": "but does it really matter.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00078-00025396-00025754": "If they get a lot of it or there's a whole bunch of people who have gotten together and", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00079-00025754-00026338": "all of them would get a lot of pleasure out of torturing Trevor, can we say?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00080-00026338-00026552": "Trevor Burrus: That's an odd zero.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00081-00026552-00027027": "Aaron Powell: An alternative, an alternative the same thing would be is do [00:04:30] we", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00082-00027027-00027507": "have to treat everyone's preferences the same so if I'm making a decision, and I'm weighing", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00083-00027507-00028093": "it up, and this is going to, I can take an action that's going to bring 10 units of desire", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00084-00028093-00029078": "satisfaction to a stranger or eight units to my child, can I prefer my child over the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00085-00029078-00029178": "stranger?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00086-00029178-00029278": "Christopher Freiman: Right.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00087-00029278-00029745": "I would say, morally speaking, no you can't prefer your child to the stranger.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00088-00029745-00030127": "You might have legitimate self interested reasons [00:05:00] for preferring the child", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00089-00030127-00030765": "to the stranger, so I think you can say a morally righteous person, or a morally perfect", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00090-00030765-00031366": "person on a utilitarian view wouldn't give preference to their child simply because it", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00091-00031366-00031550": "was their child.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00092-00031550-00031968": "You might have reason to depart from the morally perfect thing to do, just all things considered.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00093-00031968-00032352": "There might be more to life than being morally perfect.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00094-00032352-00032811": "That's a semi evasive answer, so let me soften you up a little bit.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00095-00032811-00033588": "If it turned out that [00:05:30] you could benefit your child in some way, say, I don't", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00096-00033588-00033750": "know how old's your oldest child?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00097-00033750-00033850": "Aaron Powell: Eight.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00098-00033850-00033950": "Christopher Freiman: Eight.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00099-00033950-00034221": "This is, we're talking elementary school I guess.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00100-00034221-00034350": "Yeah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00101-00034350-00035194": "Suppose you could get your eight year old into an elite elementary school, but it required", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00102-00035194-00035738": "falsifying the admissions test of your child's rival for the final spot or something like", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00103-00035738-00035962": "that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00104-00035962-00036261": "Even though you [00:06:00] might think you have some sort of special parental duties", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00105-00036261-00036644": "to benefit your child, it seems like there has to be limits.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00106-00036644-00037168": "It seems like you can't cheat other kids, strangers kids out of benefits to secure benefits", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00107-00037168-00037275": "for your own kid.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00108-00037275-00037934": "At the very minimum, it does seem like we have duties to strangers that can trump our", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00109-00037934-00038110": "duties to our own children.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00110-00038110-00038319": "Trevor Burrus: Does this deal with rights at all?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00111-00038319-00038586": "Does it come into the play at all?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00112-00038586-00039066": "Can we say this is not allowed because of a rights claim or does [00:06:30] utilitarianism", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00113-00039066-00039237": "just avoid that language?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00114-00039237-00039836": "Christopher Freiman: I like rights talk, but I think the reason why we care about rights,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00115-00039836-00040406": "the reason why rights are valuable is because they have good consequences.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00116-00040406-00041044": "A helpful analogy for understanding a utilitarianism perspective on rights I think are traffic", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00117-00041044-00041265": "lights.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00118-00041265-00041636": "You have the green light that gives you a right of way, you have the red light that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00119-00041636-00041997": "imposes a duty to stop so that other people can go through.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00120-00041997-00042699": "[00:07:00] The rights generated or tracked, I guess, by traffic lights aren't natural", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00121-00042699-00042955": "lights in a way that a lot of libertarians think of natural rights.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00122-00042955-00043532": "They're conventions to be sure, but they're good conventions and you can make a solid", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00123-00043532-00044000": "case that it's not just a matter of opinion that having traffic lights is a good thing", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00124-00044000-00044134": "from a utilitarian perspective.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00125-00044134-00044825": "They actually generate good consequences by coordinating our behavior and so forth.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00126-00044825-00045246": "There's not, it's not [00:07:30] like written in the fabric of the universe that a green", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00127-00045246-00045691": "light gives you a right of way, but just given the kind of beings we are, the way intersections", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00128-00045691-00046063": "work, this is just a useful convention and its useful to talk about rights.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00129-00046063-00046350": "I think that point generalizes to all rights talk.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00130-00046350-00046743": "Rights to property, to bodily integrity, et cetera, et cetera, free speech.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00131-00046743-00047433": "That's meaningful within a utilitarian framework, but we would just say the rights aren't intrinsically", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00132-00047433-00047594": "important, they're instrumentally important.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00133-00047594-00048143": "Aaron Powell: Is this to some extent the difference between, because [00:08:00] one problem with", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00134-00048143-00048887": "that is, yes you can say in general having rights increases happiness or desire satisfaction,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00135-00048887-00049538": "which looks like a rule the utilitarian notion, but there may be lots and lots of individual", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00136-00049538-00050090": "instances where the violation of a particular persons right will be utility maximizing,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00137-00050090-00050659": "which then those exceptions and that act utilitarian sense kind of eat the rule.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00138-00050659-00051137": "Christopher Freiman: This is something, that as a, [00:08:30] I don't know if I would say", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00139-00051137-00051574": "I'm a full fledged utilitarian, but I definitely lean very heavily that way.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00140-00051574-00051853": "This keeps me up at night.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00141-00051853-00052341": "I think I'm committed, this is a long standing debate within utilitarian theory.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00142-00052341-00052897": "You say you have this rule, you have these rights, in typical cases they lead to good", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00143-00052897-00053385": "consequences, they maximize utility, but what happens in a particular case where it doesn't", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00144-00053385-00053545": "and you're led to this dilemma.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00145-00053545-00054042": "You either follow the rule, or you break the rule for the sake of utility.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00146-00054042-00054566": "[00:09:00] This creates, not quite a paradox, but at least a problem, because if everybody's", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00147-00054566-00055063": "constantly calculating whether or not they should follow the rules, if I'm constantly", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00148-00055063-00055559": "calculating whether I should keep my promise to you, you're not going to trust my promises.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00149-00055559-00055857": "The institutional promising starts to break down.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00150-00055857-00056227": "Happiness is frustrated et cetera, et cetera.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00151-00056227-00057095": "My view is close to Sidgwick's view, Henry Sidgwick, that there might be [00:09:30] sort", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00152-00057095-00057896": "of an esoteric utilitarian morality where the truth is act utilitarianism, which is", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00153-00057896-00058407": "basically the idea that with each act you take you aught to maximize utility.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00154-00058407-00059048": "If breaking the rule maximizes utility, if stealing a loaf of bread maximizes utility,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00155-00059048-00059148": "you should do it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00156-00059148-00059632": "That's the right thing to do, but we might not want to teach everybody to do that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00157-00059632-00059944": "We might want to teach them the rules and tell them to stick to the rules, and not to", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00158-00059944-00060428": "constantly [00:10:00] calculate the utility of following them.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00159-00060428-00060799": "This is maybe a noble lie or something like that that we would tell people.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00160-00060799-00061371": "One thing I would say, again, maybe to make it a bit more palatable is, I think, any plausible", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00161-00061371-00061892": "moral view has to allow us to break rules.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00162-00061892-00062365": "Even Nozick, whose kind of the arch rights guy, says you can violate rights to avoid", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00163-00062365-00062583": "what he calls catastrophic moral horror.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00164-00062583-00062903": "He doesn't really specify what that is or what the structure of that theory would look", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00165-00062903-00063451": "like, but [00:10:30] I think on any plausible view if you can steal a loaf of bread from", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00166-00063451-00063911": "the back of a truck to feed your starving family, you got to be allowed to do that,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00167-00063911-00064015": "morally speaking.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00168-00064015-00064559": "I think one virtue of utilitarianism is that it provides a very clear, compelling explanation", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00169-00064559-00064762": "for why you're allowed to break that rule.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00170-00064762-00064990": "Why you're allowed to break the rule against stealing.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00171-00064990-00065457": "Because in this case stealing actually produces significantly more good than harm, so you", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00172-00065457-00065563": "ought to do it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00173-00065563-00065987": "I think pure rights based theories actually have trouble explaining why I might be able", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00174-00065987-00066416": "[00:11:00] to steal bread from the back of a truck.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00175-00066416-00066783": "Why we might be able to do certain sorts of things that under normal circumstances we", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00176-00066783-00067479": "would be very opposed to, but in emergency conditions would be okay to avert catastrophe.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00177-00067479-00068240": "Trevor Burrus: It seems like an empirical question about how many rules broken, rights", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00178-00068240-00068686": "let's call them for the purpose of this, how many of those when you break them undermine", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00179-00068686-00069278": "the rule because, as we know, sociopaths [00:11:30] there's a sort of stable amount, a number", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00180-00069278-00069574": "of sociopaths in a human society.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00181-00069574-00070097": "About 10% can be there who constantly are breaking rules and stealing from people because", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00182-00070097-00070388": "they can take advantage of everyone else's trust.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00183-00070388-00070735": "If there were too many, then they would kill the very system of trust that they were predating", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00184-00070735-00070851": "on.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00185-00070851-00071328": "This would make the utilitarian calculus very difficult in the sense of saying, \"Okay is", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00186-00071328-00071816": "this time when I break the rule, is it not undercutting the existence of the rule,\" and", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00187-00071816-00072164": "no one would know the answer to that question, [00:12:00] which gets to a really difficult", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00188-00072164-00072699": "problem with utilitarianism is that you don't know enough of about what helps people out", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00189-00072699-00073076": "or what's hurting them, or whether or not you're contributing to rule breaking too much.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00190-00073076-00073497": "From the moment where you make the decision, you'd be paralyzed by the amount of data that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00191-00073497-00073597": "you would need.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00192-00073597-00073697": "Christopher Freiman: That's right.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00193-00073697-00074120": "This is why I would advise people not to constantly calculate the utility of rule breaking and", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00194-00074120-00074432": "just say something like, \"Here are the basic rules.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00195-00074432-00074839": "Don't lie, cheat, steal, et cetera, et cetera.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00196-00074839-00075420": "In emergency circumstances [00:12:30] you can break the rules, and don't bother doing", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00197-00075420-00075605": "any more calculation than that.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00198-00075605-00075817": "I don't think that's too problematic.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00199-00075817-00076218": "In fact, I think that's probably pretty close to common sense morality.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00200-00076218-00077112": "You stop at the stop sign, but if there's no traffic, and your child is severely injured", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00201-00077112-00077528": "in the back seat and has to get to the emergency room at 2 am, then I think most people would", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00202-00077528-00077937": "say well okay well maybe you can run through the stop sign and that look both ways, but", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00203-00077937-00078150": "you can break the rule [00:13:00] in that case.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00204-00078150-00078560": "That doesn't mean that every single time you stop at a stop sign on your drive to work", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00205-00078560-00078894": "you're constantly thinking, \"Well can I maximize utility by running through it this time?\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00206-00078894-00079160": "You just say, \"No just follow the rules in normal circumstances.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00207-00079160-00079625": "In extraordinary circumstances, in emergency cases, then you can break the rule.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00208-00079625-00079957": "I don't think that's going to threaten the stability of the rules in the way that constant", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00209-00079957-00080057": "calculation might.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00210-00080057-00080501": "Aaron Powell: How do we articulate these rules?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00211-00080501-00080684": "We teach people these rules.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00212-00080684-00081126": "We teach them not to break [00:13:30] them.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00213-00081126-00081917": "Where do these rules come from and can we assess the rules from within this system itself.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00214-00081917-00082029": "Into the noble lie.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00215-00082029-00082129": "Who's in on the noble lie?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00216-00082129-00082310": "Trevor Burrus: I guess we are.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00217-00082310-00082523": "Christopher Freiman: Maybe don't air this podcast.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00218-00082523-00082776": "Trevor Burrus: Too many people should not listen to this podcast.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00219-00082776-00082880": "Don't send it to all your friends.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00220-00082880-00083244": "Christopher Freiman: Well if my presence was on here, if that was broadcast it would dissuade", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00221-00083244-00083628": "people from listening in the first place.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00222-00083628-00083767": "That's a really good question.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00223-00083767-00084411": "I am sympathetic to a kind of [00:14:00] Hayekian view where it's hard to totally step outside", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00224-00084411-00084864": "and isolate particular rules and assess them for their value.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00225-00084864-00085331": "I think it is tough to say that we can have this Archimedean standpoint and say this social", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00226-00085331-00085674": "institute's good, this one's bad and let's just pick it the way someone like Bentham", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00227-00085674-00085843": "might think.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00228-00085843-00086423": "That being said, I'm not quite as skeptical as someone like Hayek is about our ability", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00229-00086423-00086664": "to rationally assess rules.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00230-00086664-00087166": "I mean one really kind of interesting bit of utilitarian [00:14:30] literature is this", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00231-00087166-00087739": "paper that Bentham wrote that was published posthumously where he talks about the irrationality", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00232-00087739-00087979": "of anti sodomy laws.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00233-00087979-00088397": "You just said, \"Look from a utilitarian perspective this doesn't make any sense at all.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00234-00088397-00088679": "Mutually beneficial, what's the problem?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00235-00088679-00088892": "Is happiness maximizing?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00236-00088892-00089488": "That obviously was very counter conventional when he was writing it, but I think he made", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00237-00089488-00089837": "a really compelling argument at the time, even though in some sense he was standing", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00238-00089837-00090050": "outside his traditions, outside of his conventions.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00239-00090050-00090526": "[00:15:00] I think that we still have a bit of critical leverage, today even, to assess.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00240-00090526-00090903": "We can just look at certain institutions, we have empirical evidence that some work", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00241-00090903-00091122": "well and some don't.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00242-00091122-00091519": "We're not totally unable to assess them critically.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00243-00091519-00092024": "Aaron Powell: Utilitarianism has this problem, that I mean, answers have been articulated", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00244-00092024-00092388": "for a lot of these things, but there's a lot instances where it clashes with our intuitions", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00245-00092388-00092941": "about moral principles, rightness and wrongness, and one of the ones that has always been most", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00246-00092941-00093643": "troubling to [00:15:30] me is if we're so focused on action, and it's assessing the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00247-00093643-00093823": "consequences of action.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00248-00093823-00094832": "It's all kind of, all the assessment happens post act, not pre act, does it care about", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00249-00094832-00095081": "motivation?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00250-00095081-00095664": "Because we can think of lots of instances where the same act with the same consequences", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00251-00095664-00096145": "we think is morally laudable, if done for one [00:16:00] motivation but if done for", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00252-00096145-00096488": "another motivation is morally repugnant.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00253-00096488-00096615": "Christopher Freiman: Right.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00254-00096615-00097155": "I think we can separate our evaluation of actions and motivations.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00255-00097155-00097724": "We can say this was, in some sense, a bad action because it failed to maximize, it had", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00256-00097724-00098230": "really disastrous consequences, but I'm not going to blame you for taking that action.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00257-00098230-00098677": "I might even praise you for taking that action because based on the information that you", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00258-00098677-00099042": "had at the time, you had all the reason to think that this would [00:16:30] produce good", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00259-00099042-00099312": "results and it just didn't work out that way.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00260-00099312-00099917": "I think there's actually utility in praising good motivation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00261-00099917-00100433": "The idea being we want to encourage people to act with empathy, to look towards the consequences", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00262-00100433-00100621": "of their actions, so on and so forth.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00263-00100621-00101317": "I don't think there's any contradiction in saying something like this is not the action", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00264-00101317-00101696": "you should've performed given what happened.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00265-00101696-00101942": "You can make an analogy to like an investment choice.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00266-00101942-00102400": "[00:17:00] I could say right now it looks like investing in Google, I don't know, is", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00267-00102400-00102568": "a good idea or something like that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00268-00102568-00103177": "But suppose some scandal comes out tomorrow, and Google stock plummets, and you lose a", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00269-00103177-00103277": "ton of money.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00270-00103277-00103717": "There's a really meaningful sense, which that was the wrong investment to make, but I'm", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00271-00103717-00104137": "not going to blame you for making that investment because it was the right call at the time.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00272-00104137-00104524": "We want to praise people for making sensible investments, as opposed to say playing the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00273-00104524-00104624": "lottery.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00274-00104624-00104778": "Same thing with moral theory.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00275-00104778-00105197": "If you give money to a charity, that all evidence indicates [00:17:30] is really helpful, and", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00276-00105197-00105677": "it turns out there was some secret scandal and it ended up hurting people, I would say", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00277-00105677-00106105": "that was the wrong thing to do in an objective sense.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00278-00106105-00106446": "You couldn't have known it at the time, and because you couldn't have known it you did", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00279-00106446-00106575": "the best you can and I'll praise you.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00280-00106575-00107161": "Aaron Powell: What about the flip side of that because you could have, an action where", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00281-00107161-00107909": "the outcome was good but the motivation behind doing it was so awful that we have a strong", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00282-00107909-00108375": "intuition that it [00:18:00] was the wrong thing to do in the first place.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00283-00108375-00108908": "Lying to someone, flattering someone, in order to get something out of them.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00284-00108908-00109730": "Trevor Burrus: Let's say you believe that giving to charity, will help through some", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00285-00109730-00110008": "weird mechanism, kill a million kids.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00286-00110008-00110487": "So you give to charity, but you honestly believe a million kids will die if you give to charity.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00287-00110487-00110757": "Aaron Powell: I don't think you need to get to absurd things like that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00288-00110757-00111017": "Christopher Freiman: Utilitarian will love talking about the absurd things as that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00289-00111017-00111561": "Aaron Powell: [00:18:30] Just instances where someone is, you're being manipulative, intentionally", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00290-00111561-00111936": "misleading, self serving.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00291-00111936-00112404": "We would say you shouldn't have, even with the consequence of [inaudible 00:18:44] it", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00292-00112404-00112682": "was wrong for you to have taken that action.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00293-00112682-00113158": "Christopher Freiman: Yeah maybe this is splitting philosophical hairs, although that's what", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00294-00113158-00113258": "I do.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00295-00113258-00113499": "Trevor Burrus: That's what you do for a living, that's right.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00296-00113499-00113908": "Christopher Freiman: Depending on the particulars of the case, I would be inclined to say you", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00297-00113908-00114172": "did the right thing, [00:19:00] but for the wrong reason.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00298-00114172-00114488": "Just in this cartoon case where you give to the charity thinking it's going to kill a", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00299-00114488-00114991": "million people but it saves a million people, I would say, \"Yeah you did something great,\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00300-00114991-00115260": "if we focus on the giving to the really good charity.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00301-00115260-00115677": "In that sense you did something great, but you did it for the wrong reason.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00302-00115677-00116011": "I can condemn you for your motivation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00303-00116011-00116346": "There's good utilitarian reason to condemn you for your motivation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00304-00116346-00116883": "Because just as a general rule, people who are motivated to spend money in ways that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00305-00116883-00117503": "they think will [00:19:30] maximize human death are not going to be utility maximizing.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00306-00117503-00117999": "There's utility in discouraging people from having these kinds of malevolent motivations.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00307-00117999-00118275": "Trevor Burrus: How do we get to libertarianism?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00308-00118275-00118866": "Having good understanding of utilitarianism and what is the utilitarian argument for libertarianism?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00309-00118866-00119438": "Christopher Freiman: Yeah so the argument that I give in the chapter is just if we look", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00310-00119438-00119820": "at our menu of institutional alternatives.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00311-00119820-00120372": "Free market capitalism, welfare state capitalism, [00:20:00] socialism, et cetera, et cetera,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00312-00120372-00120767": "looking at all these alternatives, realizing that none of them are perfect.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00313-00120767-00121160": "They all have their flaws in terms of maximizing social happiness.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00314-00121160-00121589": "Free market capitalism does better than the alternatives.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00315-00121589-00122133": "I think that the great virtue of the market from a utilitarian perspective is one the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00316-00122133-00122761": "Hayekian point about it gives us information via the prize system about how to efficiently", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00317-00122761-00122913": "allocate our resources.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00318-00122913-00123049": "It solves this knowledge [00:20:30] problem.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00319-00123049-00123900": "If you ask me right now, how should I arrange my consumption choices to use my resources", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00320-00123900-00124054": "most efficiently.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00321-00124054-00124188": "I don't know.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00322-00124188-00124829": "I do know that if the price of, to use Hayek's example, tin rises, that sends a signal that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00323-00124829-00125005": "tin is scarce, and it should be conserved.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00324-00125005-00125540": "That's gonna raise the price of stuff made from tin, so I'm going to buy less of it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00325-00125540-00125950": "Which is going to be good for the economy as a whole et cetera, et cetera.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00326-00125950-00126339": "The price [00:21:00] is giving information about how to efficiently use goods, so that's", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00327-00126339-00126514": "one virtue of the market.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00328-00126514-00127141": "The other virtue is the one that people since Smith have been harping one, which is it gives", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00329-00127141-00127796": "us an incentive to serve other people, even if that's not our ultimate motivation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00330-00127796-00128464": "We engage in trade to benefit ourselves, but in doing so we give other people what they", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00331-00128464-00128564": "want.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00332-00128564-00129239": "Most people aren't hyper altruistic who [00:21:30] are willing to devote their lives to the maximization", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00333-00129239-00129339": "of social welfare.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00334-00129339-00129471": "They're just not motivated to do that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00335-00129471-00129921": "They care primarily about their own happiness, the happiness of their friends and family.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00336-00129921-00130021": "Maybe they give to charity.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00337-00130021-00130591": "I think the average donation is something like 4% of income to charity, which is not", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00338-00130591-00130834": "nothing.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00339-00130834-00131216": "Capitalism gives us an incentive to supply other people with what they want, even if", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00340-00131216-00131459": "we don't ultimately care all that much about their well being.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00341-00131459-00132053": "Aaron Powell: That's an argument for allowing there to be free markets because they [00:22:00]", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00342-00132053-00132163": "wealth maximize.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00343-00132163-00132763": "That's not necessarily the same thing as libertarianism, because libertarianism has a much more radical", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00344-00132763-00132938": "view of the role of the state than that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00345-00132938-00133329": "Because what you just describe could be the Nordic model.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00346-00133329-00133732": "We have markets, but we also redistribute an enormous amount of money.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00347-00133732-00134462": "It could also be the Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders style, let people start companies,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00348-00134462-00134891": "but we're going to regulate the hell out of them to protect the workers, and we're going", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00349-00134891-00135324": "to impose all [00:22:30] sorts of restrictions on what you can buy and sell.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00350-00135324-00135667": "We're going to, the soda ban of New York.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00351-00135667-00136345": "We are going to stop these, all of that would seem to be still okay even with accepting", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00352-00136345-00136750": "the wealth maximization of allowing people to exchange goods, and services in markets.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00353-00136750-00137083": "Trevor Burrus: Except for maybe the big soda thing, because that makes people happy.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00354-00137083-00137336": "Pure prohibition on people buying things that make them happy ...", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00355-00137336-00137759": "Aaron Powell: It only makes them happy in the moment, but we, the enlightened, know", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00356-00137759-00137938": "that in the long run.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00357-00137938-00138402": "[00:23:00] Because presumably they have and have desires later on, at some point in their", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00358-00138402-00138790": "life they're going to be like, \"Well I have a strong desire that if I could go back I", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00359-00138790-00139246": "wouldn't have drank those sodas because now I have diabetes or all sorts of other health", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00360-00139246-00139346": "issues.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00361-00139346-00139950": "Christopher Freiman: Just on that, there's a, I think it might've actually been James", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00362-00139950-00140459": "Mill, who said something like, \"Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00363-00140459-00140922": "I think it is, it's by no means impossible, but I think it's improbable to think that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00364-00140922-00141472": "as a general [00:23:30] rule third parties have a clear picture of my preferences than", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00365-00141472-00141661": "I do and how to satisfy them.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00366-00141661-00142184": "Mill, John Stuart Mill, I think actually makes a pretty nice utilitarian argument against", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00367-00142184-00142735": "the paternalism and on liberty where he says A) you have more knowledge about your interests", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00368-00142735-00142979": "than third parties, and B)", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00369-00142979-00143296": "you generally have a stronger incentive to pursue them than third parties.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00370-00143296-00143857": "Again, you can imagine exceptions to these rules, but in general, that strikes me as", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00371-00143857-00144054": "pretty plausible.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00372-00144054-00144815": "[00:24:00] I think the other big consideration to think about when we're thinking about the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00373-00144815-00145386": "Nordic model, redistribution regulation and so forth, is all of the public choice worries", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00374-00145386-00145720": "that a lot of libertarians are familiar with.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00375-00145720-00145901": "I mean, I discuss this a little bit in the chapter.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00376-00145901-00146428": "I don't have a problem, in principle with some sort of redistribution from rich to poor.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00377-00146428-00146897": "I think a lot of utilitarian philosophers who weren't libertarians, which as far I can", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00378-00146897-00147240": "tell is most of them, [00:24:30] is that's one of their stumbling blocks.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00379-00147240-00147896": "They say $1 bring so little satisfaction to Bill Gates, and it would bring so much more", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00380-00147896-00148299": "satisfaction to somebody who's living on $5,000 a year.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00381-00148299-00148687": "The happiness maximizing thing to do is take the dollar from Bill Gates and give it to", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00382-00148687-00148929": "the person who's significantly poor.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00383-00148929-00149413": "I think that's right, as far as it goes, and I think you could say if we had this kind", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00384-00149413-00149846": "of frictionless system of redistribution where it was just you take the dollar from the rich", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00385-00149846-00150198": "person, you give it to the poor person [00:25:00] and that was that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00386-00150198-00150298": "That's fine.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00387-00150298-00150457": "I'd totally be on board with it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00388-00150457-00150917": "I think there are compelling reasons, even in practice to support something like a universal", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00389-00150917-00151523": "basic income and we could argue about how exactly that would be implemented, but I think", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00390-00151523-00152229": "we've learned enough from public choice economists to know that there's the ideal model of how", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00391-00152229-00152612": "we'd want the state to work, and then there's how it actually works in practice.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00392-00152612-00153077": "When you look at regulations, when you look at redistribution, they're just massive [00:25:30]", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00393-00153077-00153177": "inefficiencies.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00394-00153177-00153513": "It becomes an open question whether or not it's going to do more harm than good.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00395-00153513-00154173": "Aaron Powell: What does this say about, I guess, secretive programs.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00396-00154173-00154342": "Take the surveillance state.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00397-00154342-00154811": "I read a couple years back, Glenn Greenwald's book on the Snowden revelations.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00398-00154811-00155550": "One of the really interesting things about it was he's published this book laying out", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00399-00155550-00156436": "what the NSA was up to and he's [00:26:00] saying this was really harmful, but all of", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00400-00156436-00157384": "the harms that he lists are harms to us from knowing about the program.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00401-00157384-00157807": "We're now going to change our behavior because we know we're being watched.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00402-00157807-00158530": "We're going to feel like our privacy's invaded, which this was not his intent, but would be", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00403-00158530-00159041": "basically mean that all of the harms are come from him publishing it and not from the program.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00404-00159041-00159601": "[00:26:30] Does utilitarianism say that the government can do all sorts of things like", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00405-00159601-00160085": "privacy invasion or restrictions as long as we don't know about it, therefore we don't", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00406-00160085-00160537": "know that our preferences aren't being satisfied or being curtailed it's okay?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00407-00160537-00160659": "Christopher Freiman: Right.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00408-00160659-00161280": "One thing that I find that I end up repeating myself ad nauseam is this distinction between", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00409-00161280-00161634": "what a utilitarian would want to endorse in principle versus what they would want to endorse", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00410-00161634-00161734": "in practice.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00411-00161734-00162147": "I mean the principal, I think this is the problem [00:27:00] that many, many people", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00412-00162147-00162825": "have with utilitarianism, in principle you could justify anything.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00413-00162825-00163286": "A surveillance state, that's the least of your problems in principle.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00414-00163286-00163517": "You're harvesting the organs of innocent people, blah, blah, blah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00415-00163517-00164001": "All this stuff is on the table, no pun intended, if you're a utilitarian.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00416-00164001-00164973": "I would say, in that sense, in terms of in principle, if we could get a secret surveillance", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00417-00164973-00165498": "state [00:27:30] that genuinely promoted the public good, then as a utilitarian you'd have", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00418-00165498-00165690": "to be okay with that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00419-00165690-00166440": "That being said, I would say in practice given what we know about human psychology and the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00420-00166440-00166825": "incentives that we face, it's probably a bad idea.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00421-00166825-00167474": "It gives people a lot of power where the cost of abuse is pretty low given that it's not", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00422-00167474-00167622": "done with a lot of public oversight.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00423-00167622-00168138": "I would say just given those sorts of considerations, [00:28:00] putting a lot of power in the hands", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00424-00168138-00168687": "of people who have fewer incentives not to abuse it than they otherwise would, that's", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00425-00168687-00168961": "a reason to be extremely cautious about it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00426-00168961-00169551": "Trevor Burrus: Is it clear that on the surveillance tapes side, the civil liberties side of this", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00427-00169551-00170121": "equation, because you discussed in your chapter how the market helps people be better utilitarians", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00428-00170121-00170688": "in the marketplace, but as Aaron asked before there are other concerns of libertarianism.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00429-00170688-00171021": "Including civil liberties concerns that are not market forces and trying to figure [00:28:30]", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00430-00171021-00171173": "out what maximizes utility there.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00431-00171173-00171625": "We're all sitting around here talking about we don't like surveillance tape very much,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00432-00171625-00171987": "but a lot of people don't mind it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00433-00171987-00172141": "Their preference function is ...", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00434-00172141-00172290": "Aaron Powell: Or find it comforting.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00435-00172290-00172644": "Trevor Burrus: That's what I'm saying, not only don't mind it, but they feel better at", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00436-00172644-00173129": "night because the patriot act is out there and some guy is watching them with a drone", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00437-00173129-00173315": "or through their tele, whatever.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00438-00173315-00173735": "They feel better about it because we've always been at war with Eurasia kind of situation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00439-00173735-00174123": "Does that mean that on a pure utilitarian calculus, if that [00:29:00] is the case that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00440-00174123-00174525": "people actually prefer, we're different than they are.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00441-00174525-00174941": "There's no market transaction or they prefer security over liberty, then that's the way", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00442-00174941-00175041": "it should be.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00443-00175041-00175164": "Aaron Powell: I'll take this a step further.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00444-00175164-00175917": "The recent violence in Charlottesville, was a group of people who have a very different", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00445-00175917-00176354": "set of preferences than those of us in this room.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00446-00176354-00176776": "You saw it to an extent with Trump's election.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00447-00176776-00177552": "Nationalism is utility maximizing for [00:29:30] a lot of people that they're his voters.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00448-00177552-00178178": "You can say restriction trade is going to be make you less wealthy and they will say", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00449-00178178-00178317": "I don't care.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00450-00178317-00178673": "What matters is preserving our tradition.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00451-00178673-00179294": "Keeping the factories open, is man being employed in the kind of work that men are supposed", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00452-00179294-00179873": "to do or is keeping my culture in a certain way so keeping out brown people from across", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00453-00179873-00180028": "various borders.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00454-00180028-00180225": "[00:30:00] These aren't hypotheticals.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00455-00180225-00180487": "These are a significant part of the population.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00456-00180487-00180757": "How do we address those kinds of preferences.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00457-00180757-00180924": "Christopher Freiman: Yeah that's a great question.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00458-00180924-00181674": "I think one thing you could say is you have utilitarian reason to try to reform certain", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00459-00181674-00181774": "sorts of preferences.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00460-00181774-00182153": "I think the immigration cases is super clear cut in that respect.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00461-00182153-00182811": "People, I think that's right, they do have these nativist preferences and they say I", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00462-00182811-00183333": "want to preserve American culture, American identity, [00:30:30] whatever that means.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00463-00183333-00183883": "Let's restrict immigration, but we know that the economic benefits of immigration are just", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00464-00183883-00183996": "super high.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00465-00183996-00184461": "Also, counterbalancing the nativist preferences or the preferences of cosmopolitans like me", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00466-00184461-00185012": "who think, I have a super strong preference to have really open borders so that's a counterbalance.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00467-00185012-00185503": "I think we were going to say, in terms of the long run happiness and prosperity of not", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00468-00185503-00186003": "just the country, but the world, it's better for people to not have these preferences.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00469-00186003-00186319": "[00:31:00] We can criticize them from that perspective.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00470-00186319-00186817": "Preferences that facilitate positive sum cooperation are good preferences from the utilitarian", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00471-00186817-00186917": "point of view.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00472-00186917-00187460": "Aaron Powell: Can we then, we're forced to some extent when we're policy making, especially", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00473-00187460-00187929": "even in our own individual actions to trade off current against future preferences.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00474-00187929-00188252": "Do we discount one versus the other?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00475-00188252-00188804": "Do we say to people, how do we measure yes it's going to, we're going to not satisfy", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00476-00188804-00189400": "your nativist preferences [00:31:30] now in order to maximize the preferences of non existing", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00477-00189400-00189552": "people.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00478-00189552-00189769": "Currently non existing people who will exist sometime in the future.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00479-00189769-00190254": "Christopher Freiman: Yeah well, that opens up a huge philosophical can of worms.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00480-00190254-00190739": "What do we say about the preference of future people?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00481-00190739-00191317": "I haven't thought too much about that, surprisingly, although utilitarians generally have thought", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00482-00191317-00191417": "a lot about it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00483-00191417-00191976": "I'm inclined to think that the preferences of future people have to matter.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00484-00191976-00192459": "[00:32:00] Just because it would be very difficult to make sense of a lot of our policy decisions", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00485-00192459-00192682": "if we didn't think that they mattered.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00486-00192682-00192916": "Just take something like climate change.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00487-00192916-00193165": "That's really going to hurt people who don't yet exist.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00488-00193165-00193603": "If we said you don't care about the preferences of non existent people, then it's not clear", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00489-00193603-00193947": "why we should be so concerned about mitigating global warming.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00490-00193947-00194507": "It is going to negatively impact people who are currently alive, but it seems like some", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00491-00194507-00194873": "of the greatest harms are going to be to non existent people.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00492-00194873-00195184": "Even though I don't have a [00:32:30] great technical argument for it, I think that's", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00493-00195184-00195730": "a first pass as to why we should care about the future preferences that aren't yet materialized.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00494-00195730-00196422": "Trevor Burrus: On that point, it reminds me of one of my, one thing that always upsets", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00495-00196422-00196989": "me in the sense of thinking about market transactions and highest and best uses, the global warming", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00496-00196989-00197282": "question of future generations is a good one.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00497-00197282-00197500": "Let's try something different.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00498-00197500-00197855": "The preservation of historical things.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00499-00197855-00198173": "Aaron Powell: [00:33:00] Confederate statues.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00500-00198173-00198689": "Trevor Burrus: More like what was happening, so when ISIS and Taliban were destroying things", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00501-00198689-00199322": "like Palmyra and Syria, for me, I have very high value on those and I can't actualize", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00502-00199322-00199434": "my preference.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00503-00199434-00199535": "I can't go buy it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00504-00199535-00199635": "I would.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00505-00199635-00199970": "I would go buy it to preserve it, but I can't.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00506-00199970-00200874": "Not even using ISIS as an example, if someone wants to bulldoze I don't know, the armory", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00507-00200874-00201432": "where [00:33:30] John Brown, in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, like held up, even though that's", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00508-00201432-00201532": "not the original one.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00509-00201532-00202023": "Nevertheless, the state was wanting to bulldoze that and turn it into a Subway sandwich shop.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00510-00202023-00202505": "I would be very upset about that, and my preferences would be super high.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00511-00202505-00202946": "I just would actually have the money to fix that problem.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00512-00202946-00203454": "It seems like the only think I could appeal to would be preferences of future generations.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00513-00203454-00203559": "They'll want to see this too.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00514-00203559-00203735": "They'll want to have this preserved.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00515-00203735-00204014": "Christopher Freiman: I think that's a fair point.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00516-00204014-00204550": "[00:34:00] I would say I think that's a totally legitimate way of thinking about those sorts", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00517-00204550-00205244": "of cases, although I would want to make sure that we had, I don't know, empirical evidence", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00518-00205244-00205471": "that future generations will value those things.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00519-00205471-00206094": "Because I think one thing that I am committed to saying is monuments are so on and so forth,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00520-00206094-00206644": "these things only have value in so far as people value them as they satisfy people's", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00521-00206644-00206744": "preferences.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00522-00206744-00207144": "That actually strikes me as, any moral theory [00:34:30] has its pros and cons.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00523-00207144-00207391": "That to me has actually always seemed like a pro about utilitarianism.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00524-00207391-00207613": "Trevor Burrus: It's a pretty mundane observation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00525-00207613-00208048": "Christopher Freiman: If there was this monument, or like a piece of art or something that nobody", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00526-00208048-00208233": "liked, I don't know.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00527-00208233-00208358": "It seems like it doesn't have value.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00528-00208358-00208833": "Trevor Burrus: Or if it's like Mad Max world zombie apocalypse and all you have if a Picasso", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00529-00208833-00209376": "canvas to start a fire, the Picasso painting doesn't really matter that much anymore.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00530-00209376-00209506": "Christopher Freiman: Right.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00531-00209506-00209606": "Exactly.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00532-00209606-00209706": "I would say yes.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00533-00209706-00210184": "The lost utility that we might be depriving [00:35:00] future generations of, that's certainly", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00534-00210184-00210806": "a relevant consideration, but I would resist the claim, not that you're making this claim,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00535-00210806-00211325": "but I would resist the claim that great art, historical artifacts et cetera, et cetera", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00536-00211325-00212217": "somehow have intrinsic value that exists apart from the way humans, rational creatures in", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00537-00212217-00212338": "general, interact with them.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00538-00212338-00212692": "Trevor Burrus: What about market failures, especially public goods?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00539-00212692-00213234": "If we're going to use the market as a utility maximizing [00:35:30] entity, and therefore", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00540-00213234-00213704": "promote it as a general rule, what about things that the market either can't provide or doesn't", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00541-00213704-00213828": "provide at an efficient level.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00542-00213828-00214341": "Christopher Freiman: I like to use this analogy in various forms.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00543-00214341-00214965": "Here's, let me give you my theory of Steph Curry failure.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00544-00214965-00215356": "So Steph Curry, I don't know what he shot the last season.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00545-00215356-00215546": "Trevor Burrus: Probably like 52% or something like that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00546-00215546-00215771": "Aaron Powell: Maybe like 47, was it that low.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00547-00215771-00215952": "Christopher Freiman: I think it might've been that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00548-00215952-00216406": "So he [00:36:00] misses I think like 53% of his three point shots.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00549-00216406-00216604": "Trevor Burrus: Just the three points?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00550-00216604-00216760": "Christopher Freiman: Just his three pointers.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00551-00216760-00217211": "We could spend the rest of the podcast on basketball statistics.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00552-00217211-00217434": "Probably know more about that than philosophy.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00553-00217434-00218091": "So just in terms of three point percentage, he probably misses about 53%.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00554-00218091-00218736": "If you're judging Steph Curry from the standpoint of perfection, from 100%, you'd say that's", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00555-00218736-00218836": "pretty good.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00556-00218836-00218936": "Like Babe Ruth.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00557-00218936-00219213": "Babe Ruth batted, [00:36:30] I don't know, like 345.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00558-00219213-00219394": "Trevor Burrus: 340 is likely.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00559-00219394-00219573": "Christopher Freiman: Something like that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00560-00219573-00219903": "In absolute, he didn't get a hit like two thirds of the time.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00561-00219903-00220003": "That's really bad.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00562-00220003-00220144": "Trevor Burrus: Maybe 342.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00563-00220144-00220457": "I'm ashamed that I can't remember that exactly.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00564-00220457-00220557": "But continue.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00565-00220557-00220657": "Christopher Freiman: Anything in the 340's.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00566-00220657-00220757": "Yeah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00567-00220757-00221263": "Judging from if your standard of success, at perfect, perfect success, perfection, these", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00568-00221263-00221396": "players look pretty bad.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00569-00221396-00221671": "You'd say, \"Well Steph Curry has failed.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00570-00221671-00222231": "Well okay, I'll grant you the world, [00:37:00] I'll say okay he failed, but then the question", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00571-00222231-00222585": "is practically, what are the implications.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00572-00222585-00223052": "Should we tell Steve Kerr, the coach of the Warriors, that he should cut Steph Curry?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00573-00223052-00223421": "Well no, that's absurd, because the standard by which you would judge Steph Curry is not", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00574-00223421-00223826": "perfection, it's what's the next best alternative.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00575-00223826-00224203": "If you cut Steph Curry, someone else is going to take his place and that person's going", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00576-00224203-00224591": "to miss even more than 55% of his three point shooting.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00577-00224591-00224844": "It turns out that Steph Curry's the best that there is.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00578-00224844-00225159": "45% or whatever it is is [00:37:30] about as good as it gets.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00579-00225159-00225398": "That's kind of my attitude about market failure.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00580-00225398-00225946": "Which is, I think markets fail many times in the sense that they leave welfare games", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00581-00225946-00226046": "on the table.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00582-00226046-00226426": "We can imagine systems that do a better job, of say, providing public goods that's the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00583-00226426-00226585": "standard case.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00584-00226585-00226963": "Just because we can imagine an alternative that's better doesn't mean that that alternative", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00585-00226963-00227184": "is actually feasible.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00586-00227184-00227673": "Once we start considering all the public choice worries about the actual incentives and information", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00587-00227673-00228141": "that politicians have, that bureaucrats have, that lobbyists [00:38:00] have, et cetera,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00588-00228141-00228546": "et cetera, then I think we become a lot more optimistic about the alternatives to free", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00589-00228546-00228659": "market capitalism.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00590-00228659-00229050": "It's not perfect, just as Steph Curry is not perfect, but I think we have good reason to", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00591-00229050-00229390": "believe that it's better than the available alternatives.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00592-00229390-00230203": "Aaron Powell: Does utilitarianism commit us to ultimately volunteerism.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00593-00230203-00230813": "The question of if we're not anarchists, and so we're going to have a state, the question", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00594-00230813-00231258": "of obligations to the state and obligations [00:38:30] to obey the law.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00595-00231258-00231773": "On the one hand you could say the law is that set of rules that we teach people to follow.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00596-00231773-00232583": "That yes there may be instances where it leads to injustice, or in this case loss of preference", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00597-00232583-00233213": "satisfaction, but by and large a society will respect the laws.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00598-00233213-00233811": "That would seem to, that by and large doesn't seem to apply in a lot of instances.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00599-00233811-00234464": "Almost every law that's on the books [00:39:00] right now, if you were to go through all of", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00600-00234464-00234776": "them, is utility minimizing.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00601-00234776-00235616": "Does utilitarianism effectively commit us to disobeying, most of the time, if not outright", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00602-00235616-00235864": "rebelling all of the time?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00603-00235864-00236464": "Christopher Freiman: You would have to calculate the expected social value of inactive rebellion.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00604-00236464-00237000": "Certainly, I think a true blue utilitarian will deny that there's any kind [00:39:30]", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00605-00237000-00237271": "of independent duty to obey the law.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00606-00237271-00237794": "I think all of these duties are going to look like your duty to stop at the stop sign.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00607-00237794-00238183": "Generally speaking, there's instrumental value when stopping at a stop sign.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00608-00238183-00238594": "You don't want to undermine other drivers expectations that they can go through the", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00609-00238594-00238831": "right of way without you smacking the hat social utility.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00610-00238831-00239392": "All that, you know that same song and dance, but you're in the middle of the desert.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00611-00239392-00239888": "You're rushing somewhere important, and you can see in all directions for a mile that", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00612-00239888-00240023": "there's no car.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00613-00240023-00240602": "[00:40:00] There is no moral wrong in just burning through that stop sign, in my view.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00614-00240602-00241336": "I think all, sort of legal obligations that you might have are the same.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00615-00241336-00241819": "There might be value in acting in predictable sorts of way so on and so forth.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00616-00241819-00242673": "Maybe there are some sorts of government programs that do good, but if you say smoking marijuana", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00617-00242673-00242773": "or something like that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00618-00242773-00243044": "You say, \"Oh that's utility maximizing act.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00619-00243044-00243389": "[00:40:30] I'm considering all the negative externalities on third parties, blah, blah,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00620-00243389-00243489": "blah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00621-00243489-00243667": "Just for the sake of argument it's utility maximizing act.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00622-00243667-00243941": "It happens to be against the law, so what should I do.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00623-00243941-00244509": "I would say, \"Well if you're genuinely correct in thinking that it's utility maximizing,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00624-00244509-00244609": "yeah do it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00625-00244609-00244752": "Disregard the law.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00626-00244752-00245023": "I think that generalizes to all legal obligation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00627-00245023-00245617": "Trevor Burrus: You said, you write in the book that, obviously the utilitarian view", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00628-00245617-00246017": "would be willing to endorse redistribution.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00629-00246017-00246553": "It's [00:41:00] not off the table, nothing is off the table if it raises utility, but", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00630-00246553-00247123": "you also write about how we may not want to go that far if we're thinking about the effects", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00631-00247123-00247223": "of economic growth.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00632-00247223-00247323": "Christopher Freiman: Right.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00633-00247323-00247734": "Trevor Burrus: In particular, you sign a really interesting argument by David Schmitz about", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00634-00247734-00248052": "the production factor, if you could discuss that.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00635-00248052-00248152": "Christopher Freiman: Yeah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00636-00248152-00248252": "Yeah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00637-00248252-00248352": "I really like that argument.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00638-00248352-00248892": "Dave was my dissertation director actually at the University of Arizona.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00639-00248892-00249306": "He has this really nice piece, [00:41:30] which originated as a standalone article,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00640-00249306-00249726": "and then became a chapter in his book Elements of Justice.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00641-00249726-00250094": "He addresses the argument we discussed a little bit earlier.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00642-00250094-00250534": "The diminishing marginal utility argument free distribution, so that's the argument.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00643-00250534-00250957": "$1 means very little to Bill Gates because he already has everything under the sun.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00644-00250957-00251139": "What more could he possibly want?", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00645-00251139-00251294": "What could he spend that $1.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00646-00251294-00251711": "If you give that dollar to somebody who's earning $5,000 a year, there's a lot of really", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00647-00251711-00251892": "valuable stuff they can spend it on.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00648-00251892-00252080": "It looks very [00:42:00] straightforward.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00649-00252080-00252473": "A utilitarian should take from Bill Gates and give to the person in poverty.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00650-00252473-00253085": "One of the arguments that Dave makes against that is, well that is true if you're only", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00651-00253085-00253773": "considering consumption, but if you're also considering production it's not so obvious.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00652-00253773-00254098": "He gives an analogy to units of corn.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00653-00254098-00254523": "Suppose you have somebody who's very corn rich, so they have a lot of corn, they have", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00654-00254523-00254691": "eaten their share of corn.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00655-00254691-00255038": "They don't want to eat any more corn, and then you have somebody who's hungry, not [00:42:30]", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00656-00255038-00255319": "starving to death, but just doesn't have very good food to eat.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00657-00255319-00255521": "They have something that's worse than corn to eat.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00658-00255521-00255879": "He says if you're just considering consumption, it would make sense to take one unit of corn", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00659-00255879-00256185": "to the corn rich person and give it to the corn poor person.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00660-00256185-00256741": "That's utility maximizing, but things change when you consider the future and you consider", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00661-00256741-00256850": "production.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00662-00256850-00257448": "He says precisely because the corn rich person has no reason to consume that unit, production", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00663-00257448-00257714": "becomes a higher valued use of that corn.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00664-00257714-00257814": "They might plant it.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00665-00257814-00258221": "The real world analogy might be savings and investment [00:43:00] and so forth.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00666-00258221-00258842": "When you consider that very small changes in the growth rate can have huge impacts over", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00667-00258842-00259415": "time, impacts that tend to be very good for the poor then it's not so obvious that when", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00668-00259415-00260059": "we're looking not at a snap shot, but looking at a 10, 15, 20 year picture, that the utilitarian", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00669-00260059-00260316": "thing to do is redistribute that corn.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00670-00260316-00260950": "I think just a broader point is that economic growth is a very underrated instrument of", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00671-00260950-00261092": "poverty [00:43:30] alleviation.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00672-00261092-00261425": "It's not, you hear people talk about trickle down economics, it's not about trickle down", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00673-00261425-00262078": "economics, it's just I have a lot of money and I can invest in the manufacturing process", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00674-00262078-00262391": "that makes bread two cents cheaper.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00675-00262391-00262491": "Okay.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00676-00262491-00262953": "I have an incentive to do that, and now bread is two cents cheaper for everybody.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00677-00262953-00263293": "People have that much more money to spend on other stuff.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00678-00263293-00263708": "I think, really, if you look throughout history, that's how we alleviate poverty.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00679-00263708-00264079": "Is by making better stuff at lower prices, not [00:44:00] redistribution.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00680-00264079-00264733": "Trevor Burrus: When people argue about for libertarianism ideas, broadly speaking, a", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00681-00264733-00265013": "lot of different arguments are used.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00682-00265013-00265113": "A lot of people ...", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00683-00265113-00265216": "Aaron Powell: Nine in arguments for liberty.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00684-00265216-00265316": "Trevor Burrus: Nine in particular.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00685-00265316-00265451": "Christopher Freiman: Only one correct one though.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00686-00265451-00265646": "Only one out of nine is correct.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00687-00265646-00266128": "Trevor Burrus: On that point, a lot of people associate libertarianism with a very strong", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00688-00266128-00266674": "rights theory, taxation as theft, a don't tread on me kind of thing.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00689-00266674-00267227": "What do you think, not just why is it correct, but [00:44:30] is there a virtue that utilitarianism", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00690-00267227-00267804": "has rhetorically over these other ones that are often more assigned to libertarians.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00691-00267804-00267904": "Christopher Freiman: Yeah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00692-00267904-00268004": "Yeah.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00693-00268004-00268332": "In addition to being true, I do think there's rhetorical value.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00694-00268332-00268989": "Just because, yeah, libertarians, the kind of self ownership libertarian that we've come", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00695-00268989-00269539": "to associate with libertarianism is a kind of esoteric doctrine, and not a whole lot", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00696-00269539-00269819": "of people accept it for better or for worse.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00697-00269819-00270661": "When people [00:45:00] say taxation to provide health care for other people is a rights violation,", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00698-00270661-00271023": "that gets traction with some people but for others it doesn't.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00699-00271023-00271624": "I think saying, \"Look this program is going to have very good consequences, or this program", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00700-00271624-00271831": "won't have very good consequences.\"", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00701-00271831-00272025": "That's a consideration that everybody cares about.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00702-00272025-00272402": "That's, i hesitate to use the word theory neutral, but it's something like that theory", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00703-00272402-00272505": "neutral consideration.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00704-00272505-00272795": "Everybody wants other people to be happy.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00705-00272795-00272952": "We want the country to be richer.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00706-00272952-00273375": "We want people [00:45:30] to be more satisfied.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00707-00273375-00273954": "I think it has a wider appeal than maybe some of the more doctrinaire rights views.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00708-00273954-00274156": "That's just an additional reason why.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00709-00274156-00274641": "I don't know, libertarian philosophers are not big fans of utilitarianism, but I think", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00710-00274641-00275060": "we should have more just come over to my side.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00711-00275060-00275160": "Aaron Powell: Thanks for listening.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00712-00275160-00275435": "This episode of free thoughts was produced by Tess Terrible and Evan Banks.", "4p4swfPlN1Y-00713-00275435-00275877": "To learn more visit us at www.libertarianism.org."}}, {"audio_id": "4p8zLNBTZrE", "text": {"4p8zLNBTZrE-00000-00000357-00000570": ">>> SWITCHING TO THE BOYS", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00001-00000570-00000577": ">>> SWITCHING TO THE BOYS", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00002-00000577-00000717": ">>> SWITCHING TO THE BOYS BASKETBALL, PARK RAPIDS HOSTING", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00003-00000717-00000724": ">>> SWITCHING TO THE BOYS BASKETBALL, PARK RAPIDS HOSTING", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00004-00000724-00000837": ">>> SWITCHING TO THE BOYS BASKETBALL, PARK RAPIDS HOSTING SEBEKA TONIGHT.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00005-00000837-00000844": "BASKETBALL, PARK RAPIDS HOSTING SEBEKA TONIGHT.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00006-00000844-00001037": "BASKETBALL, PARK RAPIDS HOSTING SEBEKA TONIGHT. TROJANS APPLYING THE PRESSURE,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00007-00001037-00001044": "SEBEKA TONIGHT. TROJANS APPLYING THE PRESSURE,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00008-00001044-00001314": "SEBEKA TONIGHT. TROJANS APPLYING THE PRESSURE, AND COLE HANSON GETS THE STEAL", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00009-00001314-00001321": "TROJANS APPLYING THE PRESSURE, AND COLE HANSON GETS THE STEAL", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00010-00001321-00001498": "TROJANS APPLYING THE PRESSURE, AND COLE HANSON GETS THE STEAL AND FINDS THE BREAK ON THE AND", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00011-00001498-00001504": "AND COLE HANSON GETS THE STEAL AND FINDS THE BREAK ON THE AND", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00012-00001504-00001741": "AND COLE HANSON GETS THE STEAL AND FINDS THE BREAK ON THE AND ONE, AND TROJANS DOWN ONE.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00013-00001741-00001748": "AND FINDS THE BREAK ON THE AND ONE, AND TROJANS DOWN ONE.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00014-00001748-00001995": "AND FINDS THE BREAK ON THE AND ONE, AND TROJANS DOWN ONE. PARK RAPIDS, AND TRYING TO", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00015-00001995-00002001": "ONE, AND TROJANS DOWN ONE. PARK RAPIDS, AND TRYING TO", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00016-00002001-00002195": "ONE, AND TROJANS DOWN ONE. PARK RAPIDS, AND TRYING TO ANSWER, BUT HE GETS NOTHING LIKE", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00017-00002195-00002202": "PARK RAPIDS, AND TRYING TO ANSWER, BUT HE GETS NOTHING LIKE", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00018-00002202-00002225": "PARK RAPIDS, AND TRYING TO ANSWER, BUT HE GETS NOTHING LIKE IT.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00019-00002225-00002232": "ANSWER, BUT HE GETS NOTHING LIKE IT.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00020-00002232-00002432": "ANSWER, BUT HE GETS NOTHING LIKE IT. LATER TROJANS BACK ON OFFENSE,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00021-00002432-00002439": "IT. LATER TROJANS BACK ON OFFENSE,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00022-00002439-00002732": "IT. LATER TROJANS BACK ON OFFENSE, AND JAMES CLARK DROPS A", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00023-00002732-00002739": "LATER TROJANS BACK ON OFFENSE, AND JAMES CLARK DROPS A", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00024-00002739-00002889": "LATER TROJANS BACK ON OFFENSE, AND JAMES CLARK DROPS A BEAUTIFUL TIE FOR THE BUCKET.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00025-00002889-00002896": "AND JAMES CLARK DROPS A BEAUTIFUL TIE FOR THE BUCKET.", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00026-00002896-00003063": "AND JAMES CLARK DROPS A BEAUTIFUL TIE FOR THE BUCKET. BUT THE PANTHERS WOULDN'T GO", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00027-00003063-00003069": "BEAUTIFUL TIE FOR THE BUCKET. BUT THE PANTHERS WOULDN'T GO", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00028-00003069-00003323": "BEAUTIFUL TIE FOR THE BUCKET. BUT THE PANTHERS WOULDN'T GO AWAY EASY, AND FINDING TRISTAN,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00029-00003323-00003329": "BUT THE PANTHERS WOULDN'T GO AWAY EASY, AND FINDING TRISTAN,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00030-00003329-00003553": "BUT THE PANTHERS WOULDN'T GO AWAY EASY, AND FINDING TRISTAN, AND THE LEFTY WITH THE SMOOTH", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00031-00003553-00003560": "AWAY EASY, AND FINDING TRISTAN, AND THE LEFTY WITH THE SMOOTH", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00032-00003560-00003770": "AWAY EASY, AND FINDING TRISTAN, AND THE LEFTY WITH THE SMOOTH STROKE PUTS PARK RAPIDS UP TWO,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00033-00003770-00003777": "AND THE LEFTY WITH THE SMOOTH STROKE PUTS PARK RAPIDS UP TWO,", "4p8zLNBTZrE-00034-00003777-00003823": "AND THE LEFTY WITH THE SMOOTH STROKE PUTS PARK RAPIDS UP TWO, AND SEBEKA GETS THE VICTORY"}}, {"audio_id": "4ph7tY7p570", "text": {"4ph7tY7p570-00000-00022700-03600000": "Thanks for watching. Please Like and Subscribe."}}, {"audio_id": "4pMH_e--b_E", "text": {"4pMH_e--b_E-00000-00000003-00000683": "hi this is Christian and this is cactus competence the apartment makeover project", "4pMH_e--b_E-00001-00000683-00001437": "well as you can see we have had some changes we decided to take away the", "4pMH_e--b_E-00002-00001437-00002499": "bathroom basically so things are moving on and my", "4pMH_e--b_E-00003-00002499-00003114": "project management tip for today is if you have major scope changes then you", "4pMH_e--b_E-00004-00003114-00003590": "need to talk with your team what do I mean by this what a scope change is it", "4pMH_e--b_E-00005-00003590-00003939": "has been agreed something in the beginning of the project what we will do", "4pMH_e--b_E-00006-00003939-00004412": "and what you will not do and if you have seen my first videos I told you that the", "4pMH_e--b_E-00007-00004412-00004944": "bathroom was out of scope so we would keep the bathroom and just renovate the", "4pMH_e--b_E-00008-00004944-00005519": "rest of the house now after talking with the plumber he said well I could do the", "4pMH_e--b_E-00009-00005519-00006012": "slight modifications that you want but I do not guarantee that all the tubes will", "4pMH_e--b_E-00010-00006012-00006704": "be still okay so how do you handle this well basically I met with my team it's a", "4pMH_e--b_E-00011-00006704-00007320": "small team it's Ines and myself and we discussed what would this mean if we", "4pMH_e--b_E-00012-00007320-00007850": "would do redo all the plumbing and the second thing is we discovered was that", "4pMH_e--b_E-00013-00007850-00008382": "the walls were not really solid so after taking everything off the walls what we", "4pMH_e--b_E-00014-00008382-00008928": "did not want to have anymore we found that there were more more holes than", "4pMH_e--b_E-00015-00008928-00009588": "Swiss cheese so I have decided I have looked at my project planning and try to", "4pMH_e--b_E-00016-00009588-00010047": "find out what does this mean for the project is we would renovate in the", "4pMH_e--b_E-00017-00010047-00010647": "bathroom and at the end of the day when looking at the overall picture it would", "4pMH_e--b_E-00018-00010647-00011297": "mean a week so Ines and myself the team sat together and discussed if this scope", "4pMH_e--b_E-00019-00011297-00011804": "change really necessary is it valid and will this give the best better result", "4pMH_e--b_E-00020-00011804-00012515": "than what was initially planned and we decided that yeah we will make the scope", "4pMH_e--b_E-00021-00012515-00013034": "change and that is what I suggest you that you do with your team talk with", "4pMH_e--b_E-00022-00013034-00013456": "your team get their feedback and then agree together if you do the", "4pMH_e--b_E-00023-00013456-00013995": "scope change on that was my take on project management and I would like you", "4pMH_e--b_E-00024-00013995-00014590": "to turn away because I have to do what you normally do here and I see you in", "4pMH_e--b_E-00025-00014590-00015156": "the next video have fun with your project bye just close the door if you", "4pMH_e--b_E-00026-00015156-00015868": "want some privacy you think that helps yeah okay I forgot one thing", "4pMH_e--b_E-00027-00015868-00016815": "subscribe to our YouTube channel and now that's it bye you want privacy okay"}}, {"audio_id": "4O2BoNDd6bk", "text": {"4O2BoNDd6bk-00000-00000072-00000592": "hello my name is stacy i'm a gis analyst with the natural capital project", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00001-00000648-00000976": "and i'm glad that you've joined me to learn some techniques", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00002-00000976-00001592": "for working with the geospatial data that is used by the invest ecosystem service modeling toolset", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00003-00001655-00002432": "a reminder that this series is not an introduction to gis in general nor is it an introduction to gis", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00004-00002432-00003000": "software but it does cover specific topics that are useful for working with invest", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00005-00003000-00003736": "models this episode provides an overview of rasters raster properties and symbology", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00006-00003960-00004544": "to get the most out of this tutorial i highly recommend following along in your own gis session", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00007-00004640-00005280": "in this video we will demonstrate techniques using arcgis and we'll be working with some sample data", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00008-00005384-00005920": "the webpage for this video provides a link where you can download the sample data that", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00009-00005920-00006512": "we'll be using so if you haven't already now is a good time to pause this video", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00010-00006600-00007208": "download the sample data unzip it and bring up an arcgis session before continuing", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00011-00007456-00008095": "okay let's get started at this point you should have an arcgis session running as well as an", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00012-00008095-00008584": "operating system window open to the folder containing the sample data for this tutorial", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00013-00008672-00009408": "you can see both of these windows on my screen the folder should be called raster symbology data", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00014-00009488-00010344": "arcgis in this tutorial what we'll do is bring some spatial modeling data into a gis session", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00015-00010344-00010792": "that is in its raw form it's not yet processed to work at invest", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00016-00010864-00011584": "we will view the raster attribute table symbolize it look for a few of its other properties and", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00017-00011584-00012272": "use the information tool to look at pixel values since a lot of invest data is raster-based we", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00018-00012272-00012840": "will focus on raster data but many of the same concepts apply to vector data as well", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00019-00013056-00013976": "so in the sample data folder look at the file called lulc esa nepal.tiff this is land use and", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00020-00013976-00014719": "land cover data from the european space agency and it's a very commonly used global data set land use", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00021-00014719-00015263": "and land cover data is required by many different invest models so it's important to get used to", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00022-00015263-00016072": "working with it the original data set is over two gigabytes in size and it is in net cdf format", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00023-00016184-00016840": "so to make it easier to use for this tutorial i've clipped out a smaller subset around our study area", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00024-00016840-00017496": "in nepal and i've saved it in tiff format and you can see the tiff format in the file name", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00025-00017568-00018160": "dot tif and you can also see it under the type column here that it's a tiff file", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00026-00018344-00019032": "now other raster formats are also supported by invest but i highly recommend using tiff", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00027-00019032-00019544": "because it is a very standard format that's commonly used easy to work with", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00028-00019608-00020320": "it doesn't have any major file naming limitations and tiffs are just well supported in gis software", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00029-00020512-00021184": "the easiest way to bring this layer into arcgis is to drag and drop the tiff file so let's do that", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00030-00021408-00021744": "by default the layer will be shown in shades of gray", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00031-00021800-00022328": "based on the numeric land use codes we can see these numeric codes in the legend", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00032-00022472-00022856": "but this isn't particularly useful since we don't know what the codes mean", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00033-00022928-00023528": "which code is forest which code is agriculture what does the number 10 mean we don't know", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00034-00023640-00024368": "so we need more information to really be able to interpret this map now one way to look at the", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00035-00024368-00025064": "unique land use codes is to view the raster's attribute table but if we right click on this", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00036-00025064-00025695": "layer we see that the open attribute table option is actually grayed out so it appears that the", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00037-00025695-00026408": "attribute table has not yet been created and this is very common for data sets to not have a raster", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00038-00026408-00027088": "attribute table but it's very useful so there are several ways to generate a raster attribute table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00039-00027200-00027712": "one of these is to use a tool in arcgis called build raster attribute table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00040-00027904-00028839": "so let's look in arc toolbox here we'll go to the data management tools toolbox and open that up", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00041-00028960-00029800": "then we'll go to the raster toolbox and open that up then we'll go to raster properties", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00042-00029968-00030639": "and under raster properties we see the tool called build raster attribute table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00043-00030752-00030983": "right so double click on that tool", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00044-00031239-00032039": "and the only input to this tool is the raster that you want to create an attribute table for", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00045-00032280-00032944": "so we can drag and drop the lulc map into the window and one thing of note", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00046-00032944-00033600": "is that this tool will not build an attribute table for floating point data but it will", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00047-00033600-00034096": "build an attribute table for many other types including integers which is what we have here", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00048-00034296-00035184": "so now we can click ok and the tool should run pretty quickly", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00049-00035720-00036736": "so now let's look back at the folder where our sample data is located now we can see", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00050-00036736-00037552": "that there's not just one file related to the land cover map all right we have this lulc nepal", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00051-00037552-00038232": "dot tiff which is our original layer but now we have several other files that have been created", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00052-00038232-00038928": "and this is as a result of building the attribute table um the important file for our purposes", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00053-00038984-00039904": "is this dot tif.vat dot dbf file that is the file that contains the attribute table data", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00054-00040096-00040680": "and now that we have all of these files and they all have similar file names it's really important", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00055-00040680-00041368": "to pay attention to the file types which means noting the extension at the end of each file name", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00056-00041504-00042192": "because when we enter a raster into an invest model we must use the file that ends in tif", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00057-00042312-00042792": "none of the other files will work okay so none of these other files", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00058-00042792-00043584": "cpg or dbf none of these other files will work the only one that will work in invest is tif", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00059-00043704-00044240": "so we need to be careful and only use that original.tif file in invest", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00060-00044368-00045328": "you can usually see these file types in the name itself unless your operating system is set to hide", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00061-00045328-00046248": "file extensions so right now if you are looking at your folder and you do not see the cpg and dbf", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00062-00046248-00047080": "file extensions then your operating system is set to hide those extensions and if this is the case", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00063-00047080-00047776": "i highly recommend changing this setting so that the file extensions are always shown now the", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00064-00047776-00048368": "other place that you can see the file type is under the type column if you are using windows", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00065-00048472-00049184": "and the raster file that we want to use in invest is shown as type tiff file", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00066-00049368-00049928": "so now let's go back to our gis and actually look at the raster attribute table that we've created", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00067-00050032-00050584": "right click on the layer and select open attribute table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00068-00050744-00051616": "in this table we will see a value field and a count field the value field contains a unique", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00069-00051616-00052424": "integer code for each land use type and the count field shows how many pixels have each", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00070-00052424-00053240": "integer value however by default there is no text that describes what the different values mean", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00071-00053240-00053904": "so we still cannot easily interpret the map we still don't know which one is agriculture or", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00072-00053904-00054640": "which one is for us so when i'm working in arcgis i always add a column to this table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00073-00054640-00055312": "with a brief description of each land cover type that can be used in the legend now your data", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00074-00055312-00056000": "source will provide some sort of mapping between codes and descriptions maybe that will be written", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00075-00056000-00056591": "in a web page or some other user documentation or maybe they will provide you with a table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00076-00056791-00057767": "now in the case of our lend cover data the esa has provided a an actual table in cs csv", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00077-00057767-00058160": "format that contains mappings between the land cover codes", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00078-00058160-00058984": "and descriptions this table is included in our sample data so let's open it in arcgis", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00079-00059120-00059720": "now for some reason arcgis does not let you drag and drop csv files in so we will need", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00080-00059720-00060712": "to go to the add data button and navigate to our folder raster symbology data arcgis", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00081-00060920-00061784": "and then select lulc esa legend dot csv", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00082-00062024-00062144": "and then we can click add", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00083-00062488-00063184": "now let's open this legend table right click on the table and select open", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00084-00063336-00064176": "we see a couple of columns in here this first column called nb lab contains the integer land", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00085-00064176-00064679": "cover codes that are also contained in the raster that we've been looking at so we see", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00086-00064679-00065584": "a value for 10 and we see a value for 220 down at the bottom just like we see over here in the layer", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00087-00065888-00066928": "the other column is lcc own label and that contains a description of each land cover type", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00088-00066928-00067752": "like we can see a text description so now we know that a code of 10 corresponds with rain fret rain", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00089-00067752-00068784": "fed cropland a code of 50 corresponds to evergreen broad leaf tree cover etc so this is very helpful", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00090-00069088-00069928": "um because now we can use this nblab column to join to the raster's attribute table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00091-00069928-00070440": "and copy over these text descriptions that way we can understand the raster better", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00092-00070440-00070904": "and see where there is agriculture forest and other land cover types", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00093-00071136-00072112": "so in this table window we can click on the tab for the land cover map right lulc esa nepal.tiff", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00094-00072224-00072632": "so that we can work with its attribute table first we need", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00095-00072632-00073128": "to add a new column which will contain the text descriptions for each land cover type", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00096-00073304-00074384": "to do this we'll click on the icon in the upper left corner of the window and select add field", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00097-00074568-00075400": "now we can only use up to 10 characters so let's name the field descript d-e-s-c-r-i-p", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00098-00075608-00076000": "which is short for description you can name it something else if you'd prefer", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00099-00076152-00077120": "and choose a type of text now like you saw these land cover names are actually pretty long so", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00100-00077176-00077704": "let's give the length a value of 100 just to make sure we get all the characters in there", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00101-00078008-00078584": "right and click ok and it will create this new field", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00102-00078824-00079152": "so now we have a new field to populate with land cover descriptions", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00103-00079264-00079968": "to join our legend table to this raster attribute table we're going to click again in the upper", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00104-00079968-00081384": "left hand corner and go down to joins and relates and then click on the join tool", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00105-00081544-00081952": "now the first thing that it asks is what do you want to join to this layer", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00106-00081952-00082472": "and we are going to be joining attributes from a table so this default is just fine", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00107-00082656-00083304": "the next question is what field in the layer the join will be based on and in this case", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00108-00083304-00083960": "we want to join it using the value the value is our unique integer code for each line cover type", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00109-00084184-00084504": "next we're going to choose the table to join to the layer", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00110-00084568-00084896": "and because it's the only other thing we have in our map right now", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00111-00084968-00085824": "by default we should have lulc esa legend dot csv so make sure that's selected", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00112-00086080-00086544": "and then the third question is to choose the field in the table to base the join on", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00113-00086640-00087584": "what we need to use is n underscore lab because that is the unique integer code in that csv table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00114-00087800-00088128": "and then for the join options by default it says to keep", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00115-00088128-00088584": "all records which is what we want so now we can just say okay", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00116-00089024-00089840": "now back in this attribute table window we can see that there are a lot more columns now some", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00117-00089840-00090864": "of these columns are from the raster's attribute table and the rest of these are from the csv table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00118-00090864-00091744": "that has the descriptions in it want to copy these text descriptions from the table to the raster", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00119-00091928-00092856": "so the way to do that is to find the field called descript that we created", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00120-00093056-00093520": "right click on that field and select field calculator", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00121-00093880-00094584": "in field calculator we will see a list of all of the fields that are in this table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00122-00094784-00095384": "let's double click on the field that's called esa lulce", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00123-00095448-00096192": "dot csv dot lcc own label now if you remember correctly this is the", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00124-00096320-00096976": "column that has all of the text in it that we want to use so if we double click on it it will", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00125-00096976-00097760": "put it down in this lower part of the window and what this is saying is that we want to set", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00126-00097856-00098768": "the descript column in the raster to the text that's contained in the table okay", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00127-00099080-00099584": "so now all we need to do is click ok", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00128-00099656-00100080": "and you should see the field descript being populated", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00129-00100080-00100624": "with these text names now if you've never used field calculator before", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00130-00100624-00101328": "i do highly recommend getting to know it it is very useful tool for working with your tables", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00131-00101776-00102456": "now back in this raster attribute table we can see that the description field has been filled in and", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00132-00102456-00103368": "so we need to remove the joined table in order to do that we go up to the upper left hand corner we", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00133-00103368-00104424": "go down and select joins and relates then remove join and then we will select lulc esa legend.csv", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00134-00104720-00105183": "and now we're left with only the attribute table for the raster", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00135-00105511-00106168": "so now that we're done populating this with the descriptions we can close this table window", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00136-00106576-00107032": "now the next thing we want to do is symbolize the map using these descriptions", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00137-00107216-00107983": "right click on the land cover layer and choose properties", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00138-00108159-00108552": "in the layer properties window we will click on the symbology tab", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00139-00108783-00109544": "by default the values are shown along a continuous or what's called stretched color gradient", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00140-00109600-00109928": "in shades of white to black and we can see that in our map", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00141-00110040-00110880": "but for land use data it's usually more useful to symbolize it by unique values so up in this", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00142-00110880-00111288": "upper left hand box let's click on unique values", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00143-00111664-00112304": "now just to the right we have a drop down list under value field", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00144-00112368-00112800": "and this is where we can choose which field we want to use to symbolize", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00145-00113152-00114120": "let's select the descript field and what that should do is to populate the symbology area", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00146-00114183-00114728": "with all of the different descriptions that we have in our table and it will assign a random", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00147-00114728-00115464": "color to each one now if we were working on a real project right now we would definitely want", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00148-00115464-00116072": "to choose these colors carefully to create a map that's intuitive for us to understand", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00149-00116072-00116935": "and intuitive for others to interpret so we might use blue for water green for forests etc", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00150-00117024-00117808": "but we won't spend time on that now that is a creative endeavor for you to do for homework", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00151-00117808-00118632": "so what we'll do is just leave these random colors and hit apply to change the color scheme", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00152-00118808-00119552": "and now if we look we see that we have different colors in the map and they are maybe", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00153-00119552-00120200": "still not very intuitive but that's your homework but then we can also see in the legend that now", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00154-00120200-00120904": "we know which colors are associated with each land cover type and we have a text description", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00155-00120904-00121448": "for that land cover type so that just makes working with this data so much more easy", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00156-00121856-00122256": "now while we're in the layer properties menu i'd like to look at a couple", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00157-00122256-00122864": "of properties of rasters that are important to be aware of when working with invest", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00158-00123040-00123848": "so let's click on the source tab there's a lot of information in here so i'll just point out", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00159-00123848-00124816": "a few things that are particularly relevant for invest the first thing is the cell size", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00160-00124816-00125576": "we can see in this case that the cell size is a very small value .00277", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00161-00125711-00126183": "it does not list units here but the fact that this number is so small", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00162-00126248-00126832": "indicates that these are probably units of degrees and not units of meters", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00163-00127088-00127728": "most of the inputs to invest must be in a projected coordinate system where the cell size is", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00164-00127728-00128776": "given in meters so it does not allow you to enter inputs that are in a geographic coordinate system", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00165-00128776-00129216": "where the cell size is in degrees now there are exceptions to this", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00166-00129216-00129640": "like some of the inputs to coastal vulnerability so do be sure to read", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00167-00129640-00130135": "the user guide to find out the requirements for whatever model it is that you are using", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00168-00130352-00130992": "but to verify the units that we're working with we can scroll down in this window", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00169-00131128-00132016": "until we see the spatial reference section and what we can see is that there are no units set", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00170-00132016-00132600": "for the linear units but we do have an angular unit set of degrees", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00171-00132792-00133464": "and we can also see that the xy coordinate system is set to wgs 1984", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00172-00133528-00134136": "which is a geographic coordinate system that is very commonly used especially for global data sets", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00173-00134328-00134856": "now in order to prepare this particular land cover raster for use in invest we", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00174-00134856-00135424": "would need to reproject it to a projected coordinate system but we won't do that now", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00175-00135512-00135928": "in a later episode we will talk a lot more about coordinate systems", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00176-00135928-00136528": "and reprojection but for now it's just good to know where to find this information since many", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00177-00136528-00137104": "people run into problems when their data is not in a projected coordinate system when it needs to", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00178-00137352-00138128": "now be back to the top of this window we can see that the pixel type is an unsigned integer", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00179-00138184-00138864": "and this is correct for land use codes we can also see that the node data value is set to zero", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00180-00139032-00139856": "when working with invest it is important that your spatial data have a no data value set", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00181-00139968-00140256": "the specific value is not really important", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00182-00140312-00140936": "but it does need to have a value set in this case the value is zero and that is valid", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00183-00141080-00141992": "now most data sets that you'll be using do have a no data value set but if one is not set it", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00184-00141992-00142528": "can cause errors when running in best and these errors can be a little bit tricky to troubleshoot", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00185-00142616-00143344": "so when you're first looking at your data layers be sure to check that a no data value has been set", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00186-00143512-00144384": "okay enough of that let's click on the ok button and we can exit the properties window", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00187-00144456-00145032": "now that we can interpret the map a little bit easier let's zoom in to look at some more detail", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00188-00145200-00145832": "now one option is to use the scroll wheel on your mouse just to zoom in and out as much as you want", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00189-00145976-00146704": "another option is to click the magnifying glass tool in your toolbar and", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00190-00146800-00147496": "click on the map or draw an area and you will zoom in to be able to see the pixels better", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00191-00147736-00148304": "now once we zoom in maybe we want to know what land cover class a particular pixel is in", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00192-00148360-00149208": "now hopefully we have symbolized our raster so that this is more intuitive but right now we", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00193-00149208-00150192": "it's the colors are not that intuitive so we can use our identify tool so let's click on this blue", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00194-00150192-00151048": "eye button that says identify and then click on some pixel in your map it doesn't matter which one", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00195-00151208-00151448": "this will bring up the identify window", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00196-00151688-00152408": "at the very top it allows you to choose which layers you want to identify from", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00197-00152544-00153056": "i highly recommend setting this to visible layers because then you will", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00198-00153056-00153544": "receive information for all of the layers that are turned on in your table of contents", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00199-00153760-00154424": "so if that's not set already choose visible layers and then we will click on the map again", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00200-00154608-00155336": "now when we click on the map we get information for a particular pixel whatever pixel we clicked", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00201-00155336-00156120": "on we get a location we get um and we also get the information that's in the attribute table", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00202-00156176-00156672": "so we have the description where we find out that that is a bear area there's no", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00203-00156672-00157312": "vegetation there and we find out that the pixel value or the land cover code is 200.", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00204-00157648-00158416": "so all of this will help you understand your your maps better and", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00205-00158416-00159072": "this tool is also useful for getting to know your your getting to understand your modeling results", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00206-00159184-00159704": "for example if you view the land cover map along with an invest output map when", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00207-00159704-00160312": "you click on a pixel you will see both the land cover type and the model output value", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00208-00160368-00160800": "and that will help unders help you understand how land cover affects your results", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00209-00161056-00161304": "okay that is enough for this session", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00210-00161384-00162024": "you might want to save your arcgis session so you can keep using it for later episodes if you", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00211-00162024-00162624": "have any questions or comments about this episode we'd love to hear from you on our community forum", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00212-00162720-00163480": "there's a link to the forum on the webpage for the video and there you can search for previous posts", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00213-00163480-00164272": "or create a new post there is a specific category for training and you can assign your", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00214-00164272-00164944": "new post to that category of training and i and other techies at natcap will see your post", "4O2BoNDd6bk-00215-00164944-00165520": "and we will respond as soon as we can thanks for following along i do hope you found it useful"}}, {"audio_id": "4OY1JlBK_Jo", "text": {"4OY1JlBK_Jo-00000-00000006-00000848": "welcome to first cup my name is Jeremy and this is my first cup of coffee", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00001-00000848-00001782": "We're on a bit of a field trip today if you can't tell this is my bedroom", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00002-00001782-00002325": "Scandalous right? So here's what's up my nephew is visiting for a couple days", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00003-00002325-00003042": "and he is out in the living room and since it's not really a good idea to", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00004-00003042-00004086": "just randomly throw minors on the air without talking to their parents, I mean here we", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00005-00004086-00004776": "get some wonderful light ruining the shot and making me look weird but you", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00006-00004776-00005309": "know what, it is what it is. It's what... yeah so oh yeah", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00007-00005309-00005919": "remember the deer yesterday? They were still around last night got to talk to", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00008-00005919-00006617": "one of them got within let's see 30 feet", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00009-00006697-00007181": "he wasn't really sure what to do I actually found out both of them were", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00010-00007181-00007617": "young males doesn't happen too often I don't know where Mom is. So hopefully she's", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00011-00007617-00007840": "okay", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00012-00007984-00008800": "so I was woken up in not really the best way the cat who vomiting up a hairball", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00013-00008800-00009524": "at the foot of the bed so you know six feet away lovely", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00014-00009636-00009744": "Fricking cat...", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00015-00010162-00010652": "I have to shave I don't know if that's... if you can even tell the exposures there", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00016-00010652-00011810": "we go I don't know... whatever... we're gonna deal with this... if I turn it... that's working", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00017-00011810-00012806": "okay fine I'd be closer... awkwardly close, cool so", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00018-00012806-00013301": "until taking most of the day off of work today to hang out with my nephew and he", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00019-00013301-00013744": "wanted to make some money this summer so arrange some projects around here I'm", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00020-00013744-00014285": "gonna pay him you know good stuff but of course I wasn't gonna skip this cuz this", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00021-00014285-00014963": "is... we're going into the fourth week this is absolutely ridiculous he's crazy but", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00022-00014963-00015238": "you know, it is what it is", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00023-00015890-00016581": "I'm sleepy it's Friday I am NOT the most productive person on Friday or Monday", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00024-00016581-00017707": "like... I get a lot done on Tuesdays I mean to be honest my definition of", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00025-00017707-00018118": "productivity and getting a lot done is probably far different from most people", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00026-00018118-00018722": "I'm not gonna say, you out there but if you look at my calendar and I track", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00027-00018722-00019534": "everything I keep track of what I get down on my calendar I usually have solid", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00028-00019534-00020287": "productivity from... I have cat hair on my beard you can see that it's lovely need", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00029-00020287-00020643": "a makeup person for this job apparently", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00030-00020692-00021562": "from like 6:30, 7 o'clock in the morning till well when I leave for some form of", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00031-00021562-00022001": "exercise whether it's CrossFit or going to the gym or martial arts or going for", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00032-00022001-00022406": "a hike well that doesn't usually happen in the evening that's usually how my", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00033-00022406-00023476": "life goes you know so that could be a solid 9 10 hours in a row I take small", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00034-00023476-00024092": "breaks for meals or to just get up and shake out the cobwebs in my head so", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00035-00024431-00025044": "so happy Friday I hope you have a productive and enjoyable Friday", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00036-00025695-00026016": "the cat wants to come in the bedroom the door's shut", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00037-00026016-00027307": "she's annoying... sorry... I like it... so today we launched Black Belt social media it's", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00038-00027307-00027781": "one of the few work-related things I'm gonna do today is to put out a couple", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00039-00027781-00028357": "posts about that and just let the world know, hey! if you are a martial arts", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00040-00028357-00028933": "business expect... especially... I don't know how to speak... especially a martial arts", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00041-00028933-00029626": "school we can handle your social media starting at $19 a month yes $19 a month", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00042-00029626-00029970": "it's not much at all I feel like messages are popping by", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00043-00029970-00031863": "And I'm missing them... There we go... I don't know... I don't know... I'll see the messages eventually I guess", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00044-00031863-00032572": "I see things flying by... so yeah now this isn't this is one of the few things that", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00045-00032572-00033037": "we can do internationally because we have international attention but the", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00046-00033037-00033355": "majority of our products have been focused on the US market because it's", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00047-00033355-00033931": "where we are you know it's a lot harder to serve our customers globally than it", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00048-00033931-00034774": "is to serve them here it's the nature of shipping. So check out black belt", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00049-00034774-00035362": "social media.com if you follow anything with Whistlekick it's gonna be hard to", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00050-00035362-00036196": "miss it that's the plan that's the point and we might even have some promotions", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00051-00036196-00036508": "coming there's some things we're talking about internally that we'll finalize", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00052-00036508-00037030": "very shortly here and maybe even some deals cuz we want to get the service", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00053-00037030-00037288": "rolling you know either whenever you going to something talked", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00054-00037288-00037759": "about that this this week you don't know what you don't know so to figure it out", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00055-00037759-00038311": "is important and to get people using the service so we can build some momentum is", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00056-00038311-00038730": "important as that's that's worth some money to me", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00057-00038938-00039302": "there's another service one that", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00058-00039482-00040596": "medium-term could be huge for us we're gonna roll that up next week it's free", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00059-00040596-00041028": "for everybody it's free for everything", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00060-00041646-00042961": "why is this doing this? I want to see the messages...", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00061-00042961-00043350": "it just has me focusing... there", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00062-00043763-00044144": "we've got one of you were saying I've been up since 1:00 p.m. yesterday I", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00063-00044144-00044435": "don't know how I'm not passed out I don't know how you're not past out", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00064-00044435-00045404": "either it's a long time well did you say 1:00 a.m. I don't know I missed it", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00065-00045404-00045860": "because I'm not doing my first cup of coffee because that doesn't happen till", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00066-00045860-00046777": "right around the end of first cup which is why the show is about ten minutes so", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00067-00047146-00047404": "do you like the wood paneling in my bedroom?", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00068-00047404-00047888": "AKA pretty much my whole house I didn't choose to put it up but I kind of like", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00069-00047888-00049244": "it you know it's a house I like my house my home it's brown... alright let's see", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00070-00049244-00049844": "what else can I say? There's not a lot to say it's been a good week things are", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00071-00049844-00050882": "going well... a couple people in my life yesterday that I wanted to uh i want to", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00072-00050882-00051595": "yell at them a lot like a lot they were just being jerks and because of the", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00073-00051595-00052441": "dynamic of the relationship I couldn't so I didn't want to I just don't want", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00074-00052441-00052990": "to I might have to... I'm hoping", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00075-00053486-00054608": "well thank you for watching Matthew um so what what am I gonna ask of you today?", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00076-00054740-00055587": "I'm gonna ask hmm... we asked you to do something new do something new something", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00077-00055587-00056121": "small that was scary this came out of conversation with my nephew doesn't have", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00078-00056121-00057276": "to be big but recognize that the big stuff in life... progress, growing as a", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00079-00057276-00057579": "person changing the world none of that comes", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00080-00057579-00058227": "from staying in your comfort zone fortune favors the bold so find", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00081-00058227-00058644": "something that you can do today so long it's even just the tiniest bit out", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00082-00058644-00059480": "of your comfort zone makes you just the most just a little bit scared and do it", "4OY1JlBK_Jo-00083-00059480-00059738": "go away notifications"}}, {"audio_id": "4P2paK1Myig", "text": {"4P2paK1Myig-00000-00000000-00000200": "វេទិកាពិភាក្សា សេចក្តីប្រកាសជាសកល​ ស្តីពីសិទ្ធិមនុស្ស"}}, {"audio_id": "4Przi2tyc0c", "text": {"4Przi2tyc0c-00000-00000008-00000425": "There’s so much more opportunity on the planet now than ever.", "4Przi2tyc0c-00001-00000425-00000925": "So that we can get beyond a survival mode and really", "4Przi2tyc0c-00002-00000925-00001297": "move into a kind of paradisiacal existence.", "4Przi2tyc0c-00003-00001297-00001722": "You know we’re allowed to extend our self in our", "4Przi2tyc0c-00004-00001722-00002677": "creativity and our self discovery and really have some kind of heaven that's", "4Przi2tyc0c-00005-00002677-00002807": "on earth.", "4Przi2tyc0c-00006-00002807-00003239": "It really begins at home.", "4Przi2tyc0c-00007-00003239-00003674": "That age old saying, you know, that it begins at home.", "4Przi2tyc0c-00008-00003674-00004025": "And it begins in a moment in that home.", "4Przi2tyc0c-00009-00004025-00004435": "Like today and everyday.", "4Przi2tyc0c-00010-00004435-00004592": "That’s very important."}}, {"audio_id": "4PtTPzoMPuk", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "4PeuC1zVdyE", "text": {"4PeuC1zVdyE-00000-00001100-00001919": "I'm so excited to see you on screen.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00001-00002535-00003257": "I feel like I should turn off my camera everybody else has turned off their camera.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00002-00003396-00004131": "Good afternoon. Everyone I'm delighted to welcome you to special edition of the author book.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00003-00004131-00004434": "And our guest speaker today is a curator.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00004-00004434-00004992": "In architectural historian, our Dr Mohammed.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00005-00004992-00006203": "After ways from was by chiller Mohammed aren't his masters from MIT program for CAPTCHA from New York universities,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00006-00006203-00007409": "Department of Middle Eastern study applause doctor of power in our history's anesthetic practices based began to deal.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00007-00007448-00008865": "Canyon expense, architecture design and material called the British Museum smarter than Egypt project in 2017 and Egypt. Winning Pavilion. Modern is indignation.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00008-00008865-00009978": "At 2016, 2018, London design DNLA and this exhibit has the analysis matter for the most outstanding overall contribution.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00009-00009978-00010548": "He also curated the 1st time in Cairo for them at the center for architecture.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00010-00010676-00011576": "In 2019, Apollo magazine name Mohammed among the top 40, and the 40 influential thinkers, and artists in the Middle East.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00011-00011576-00012206": "Stimulate public debate around the architecture characteristics and urban is in the region.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00012-00012206-00012726": "In 2011, he found it and unwind high observer dot com.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00013-00012726-00013362": "We sprinkle issues the magazine by the same name, distributed in fiber and Dubai.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00014-00013362-00013937": "Doctor and check in Scott is focused on modernism in Egypt and Arabic world.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00015-00013937-00014661": "Is dissertation and other work discussed the development of architecture with emphasis on the built environment in Tyler.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00016-00014661-00015753": "The history has been traditionally focused on both and United States, industrial and 2nd sport and especially his most recent.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00017-00015753-00016778": "High risk since 1900 architectural published by American Express entire press in January 2020 feels the existing.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00018-00016778-00018137": "It also places the margin is counted. The number of English patient about hierarchy is limited, and they mostly focus on the world monument and charities.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00019-00018137-00018555": "Virus since 19 is the 1st survey.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00020-00018555-00019899": "Of the gypsum capitals, modern architecture arranged by geographical area that includes entries for more than 220 buildings and sites and concise explanatory.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00021-00019899-00020568": "Describing the building that their signature covers everything from apartment buildings.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00022-00020568-00020963": "Mass churches, synagogues, museum, private, and so on.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00023-00020963-00021321": "It also, I believe that this is critical.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00024-00021321-00021855": "Includes no longer existing the Polish buildings, which raises the questions.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00025-00021855-00022233": "Of the conservation and preservation of the historical therapy.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00026-00022233-00022775": "It is ritual Illustrated, including more than 340 plus drawings and that.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00027-00022775-00024194": "And family's only year, this can be now found in the slavery worldwide, including the United States, Egypt, Spain, Germany, France, kingdoms within Lebanon and United.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00028-00024194-00024528": "And now I'm happy to welcome. Dr.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00029-00024731-00026138": "Thank you very much. I'd like to start by thinking Maya for her patients and organize events. It's been long coming and I also have to say special things to my teachers. Gabrielle. That's pretty.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00030-00026177-00027629": "Who really opened my eyes to the world of architectural history. And as well, as Dr chelet and easy for us, I have to think my editor that I'm not sure if she was able to join us today.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00031-00027806-00029180": "And what else to do today is sort of put the book in context. This is my 1st book since then accomplished also the Arabic translation of my doctoral dissertations at N. Y. U.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00032-00029180-00029660": "which was titled the revolutionary modernism architecture in the politics of change in Egypt.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00033-00029765-00031031": "It was talking about the sort of the revolutionary moment that was pro opted in the fifties, but it was also written in 2011 in the midst of another, let's say, or another revolutionary moment.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00034-00031031-00031331": "So there's a ton of contemporary relevance.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00035-00031577-00031658": "To the books,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00036-00031658-00032078": "I'm very pleased that it was published in Arabic and prior by the national central translation,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00037-00032108-00032306": "what I will try to do today is,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00038-00032327-00032390": "like I said,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00039-00032396-00033035": "give some context to the book and then I like to show a lot of images I won't speak too much about specific buildings,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00040-00033035-00033842": "but what I'll try to do is to give you a taste of the variety of the architecture that's represented in this guidebook,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00041-00034004-00034388": "beginning point to to the website terraces,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00042-00034388-00034463": "1900 dot com.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00043-00034463-00035501": "I have sort of a plan to add a blog element to it and invite others to reflect and write short pieces about,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00044-00035561-00036305": "about modern architecture in Egypt just 1 more sort of thing.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00045-00036305-00037460": "My publisher has been very generous to also create sort of a discount code. If you're ordering the port from North America, we can order directly from the publisher.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00046-00037460-00038639": "If you want to bypass Amazon and the giants, and you don't find it in your local workshops. So you can use this website and a discount code throughout the month of March.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00047-00038675-00038741": "So,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00048-00038792-00038960": "with the formalities out of the way,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00049-00038960-00039086": "this is a,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00050-00039086-00040322": "I comments across the Egyptian cities today and often these sort of holes in the urban landscape were once occupied by architecture that we can sort of.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00051-00040358-00041585": "So other terms, call, modern or modern is that was developed throughout the beginning of the twentieth century. Some well, some of these buildings are not necessarily iconic.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00052-00041588-00041975": "Others are really quite important that sort of global history of modernism,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00053-00042005-00042029": "such,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00054-00042029-00042215": "as an example in Alexandria,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00055-00042239-00042518": "another city that was quite rich with modern architecture,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00056-00042518-00043733": "which has lost almost the entire heritage of modernism in the face of real estate development that's looking to capitalize on the very limited land,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00057-00043733-00043805": "so Bill us,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00058-00043805-00043859": "for example,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00059-00043859-00044171": "which were quite common as a technology in a city,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00060-00044171-00045098": "like Alexandra Aero would be demolished and replaced by quite large apartment blocks that live in New York character.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00061-00045098-00045833": "You can see almost in the background, but some of that architecture looks like. So there's been a kind of quite active of this heritage.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00062-00045833-00046769": "And, like I said, while many of these buildings were not really built to be iconic sense that we're so used to when we're looking at our sexual history.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00063-00046790-00046892": "Some of them are,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00064-00046937-00047525": "this is really 1 of the early examples by artistic behavior,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00065-00047525-00047963": "went on to sort of have a thriving career and in France,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00066-00047963-00048689": "and especially the reconstruction for France and some of these ideas are really manifested in a villa.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00067-00048689-00050009": "I know exactly. What's no longer exists and so part of the urgency of doing this book was to was to actually engage with a very serious reality where architecture is sort of.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00068-00050174-00050378": "Not seen as as,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00069-00050381-00050417": "as,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00070-00050417-00050633": "as a carrier of meeting and history,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00071-00050633-00050978": "it's more seen in a very pragmatic sense typically,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00072-00050978-00052469": "in Egypt in the sense that how much space can we fit on a particular plot how many people can live there and so with the demographic transformation the economic transformation with the lack of any preservation policies what we end up seeing", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00073-00052469-00052610": "is the ratio of actually,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00074-00052610-00052784": "a really significant part of injection,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00075-00052883-00052970": "modern history,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00076-00052970-00053759": "and just to show briefly what what the law actually says in terms of heritage and preservation.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00077-00053831-00054686": "It's really quite loose. There is no real definitions that protect this heritage. Unfortunately.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00078-00054830-00056114": "And the process of actually listing is quite complicated, you need to get a signature from very high echelons of government just to get a local building house listed and basically we need to go to the prime minister.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00079-00056114-00057299": "So, you can imagine in a country of 100M probably administer probably busy with other things, rather than the state buildings, the local level. And this is part of the sort of the lack of a democratic system of urban governance.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00080-00057299-00057332": "So,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00081-00057332-00057905": "I wrote about this issue last year on platform space,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00082-00057905-00058220": "and I would like to just point this out platform spaces,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00083-00058268-00058472": "an online platform for architecture,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00084-00058535-00059111": "and this came out in September and without going into much more detail.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00085-00059111-00059978": "But the issue demolition, I think I kind of laid it out in this particular piece. So feel free to take a look at that.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00086-00060353-00060860": "And put in also the issue, the general wider context. So, for example.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00087-00060860-00061835": "You can think of why aren't that you can be interested in not just for its qualities, not tectonic qualities. But because perhaps the patrons were significant ingestion history.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00088-00061835-00062573": "So, a very obvious example is villa, which was designed for a very important singer really? For the world.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00089-00062573-00063959": "And I would say the world in general was had a very long thriving career and amazing journey from hasn't girl recycling the and villages with her father to sort of international stars.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00090-00064022-00065450": "And she permission this in the 19 thirties. And it was designed by the person who later becomes the very 1st, Dean of architecture, and the school of architecture at University, which was dominated by British professors at the time.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00091-00065477-00065936": "And so actually, there's something really interesting looking at the journey of this person.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00092-00065936-00066998": "Why choose this kind of architecture to represent her her sort of well, her wealth and status at that point, she didn't try to replicate that kind of aristocratic architecture.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00093-00066998-00068318": "Modernism actually fulfill the needs to represent 1 cell for someone like this without being associated with sort of existing designs that might have to do with Debra aristocratic class,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00094-00068318-00068897": "which is not part of and so the house has been demolished as the architect.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00095-00068897-00068915": "So,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00096-00068915-00068933": "here,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00097-00068933-00069107": "we have actually had double significance,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00098-00069128-00069191": "the patron,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00099-00069191-00070679": "and the architect given that he was the 1st Egyptian to be the dean of architecture and so part of the challenges of actually constructed a history of architecture in", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00100-00070679-00071018": "Egypt in the absence of the existence of the fields.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00101-00071090-00072188": "Is to try to identify who was practicing and what they were doing these are just some of the names as, as, as, in many other places around the world.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00102-00072188-00073076": "It's a very male dominated profession and women are sort of present more as patrons.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00103-00073112-00073241": "Let's say that was very happy,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00104-00073241-00073283": "for example,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00105-00073283-00074261": "to find this image in the research in carapace French language magazine that was basically kind of well,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00106-00074267-00074705": "it was a cultural magazine and I found this image started printed quite small and I said,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00107-00074741-00075434": "Here's Here's how people students and it's that kind of difficulty identify who was doing what,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00108-00075524-00075794": "but also to to engage with the question of gender,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00109-00075794-00075917": "in terms of the profession,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00110-00076031-00076337": "I'll just go quickly through a couple of names just to put them out there.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00111-00076337-00077267": "So people are familiar with some names and so Antoine city has 1, this is a picture, the steps of the faculty fine arts.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00112-00077333-00077876": "So there's also kind of an interesting question of how to write the history of architecture from an institutional perspective.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00113-00077879-00079022": "There is sort of the technical institutions, which were much more engineering, based higher University, which then established for section, 19 twenties.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00114-00079022-00080300": "And then there was an art score, which goes back earlier in the twentieth century, combined art and architecture. And then you have professional associations. That start to pop up around 191516, right? After World War 1.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00115-00080300-00080813": "so there's really kind of a multitude of avenues to approach the history of the profession.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00116-00080813-00081947": "There's another 1 who did both urban planning, and architecture was quite active with state projects. At some point.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00117-00094103-00094220": "Have a.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00118-00094220-00095333": "Access to the names that were locations of those. So this kind of he has afforded both of those worlds. I saved Kenny so it's quite important for other reasons mainly because he.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00119-00095387-00096866": "Created and published the 1st airplane, which design magazine, which went down from 195939259 with 67 issues in total. There were some disruptions in there about the time span. It wasn't necessarily consistent but I would say it's really 1 of the most.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00120-00097226-00098042": "A significant records of the architecture of that period. However, it's also a very selected a record.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00121-00098042-00098348": "It's not comprehensive in any way.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00122-00098369-00099683": "At all 1 of the projects that I did in tandem, which may have been mentioned, which was writing the book was do this exhibition or display actually, for the London designed by any on 2018.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00123-00099683-00100925": "and what I wanted to do there is really engage with what it means to have kind of traces of such a rich and important part of history of a place.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00124-00100925-00102080": "But yet not be able to constructed fully because of, let's say, political events or real life events. That that really kind of erased all that much of the history.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00125-00102080-00103040": "So they sufficient focused on safety himself and the Madison he established I should mention 1 of the examples of why this history is very difficult to construct.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00126-00103040-00104270": "Is that in 1952 during anti British protests just months before that sort of ended the monarchy and supposedly also the British imperialism? Not exactly true.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00127-00104273-00104951": "But that was the narrative anyway, there were fires that were set in downtown office.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00128-00104951-00106346": "If say Carrie was actually affected therapy buttons, fibers and the entire archive of the magazine, which has been established now for over a decade, was completely lost. This is 1 of the printing blocks for 1 of the images in the magazine.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00129-00106346-00107333": "That it was able to recover. And what you see here, it's latest of all is the very 1st volume the 1st, year of the magazine.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00130-00107585-00107960": "So there was a kind of a necessity here to highlight this as there's some,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00131-00107960-00108305": "behind the scenes images during the display,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00132-00108320-00108791": "but there was a time and necessity to instead of trying hard to pretend,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00133-00108791-00108803": "like,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00134-00108803-00109364": "we have a complete narrative to actually highlight the difficulties infrastructure this narrative,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00135-00109475-00109562": "for example,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00136-00109565-00109829": "in 19656465 security was put under house arrest.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00137-00109829-00110243": "He lived on for 14 more years. And so what does that mean?", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00138-00110363-00111596": "And trying to reconstruct the history of modernism where 1 of his main fingers, not only lost his archive headache, offices, confiscated, but it's also put under house arrest for 40 years.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00139-00111596-00112448": "This is not the typical storyline sort of, the aerobic storyline that we're always sort of introduce you in the history of modern architecture and it's been architects.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00140-00112448-00113891": "We tend to get the stories later on about how traveled Frank, Lloyd Wright was, or so on. But in the main narrative, he started a hero and so there aren't many heroes from religion in the context.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00141-00113891-00115016": "And so, in part of the display that I didn't London was this video that I permission, which tried to sort of the theme of them by anyone was really tackling issues emotions.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00142-00115016-00115685": "And so what I wanted to do was.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00143-00116099-00116450": "To not only present this finger his role,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00144-00116450-00116825": "but his relation also to the political environment but also to capture this idea of,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00145-00116825-00117113": "how is it to be trapped in your own house,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00146-00117113-00117635": "which he designed for himself in 1949 and he was forgotten for about a decade actually in the house,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00147-00117635-00118361": "so the field is both the documentation of the house with snippets from a text that he published in 1939 titled.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00148-00118361-00119027": "What is architect what is architecture? And it was rent the film by he was 1 of the.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00149-00119297-00120680": "I would say most significant contemporary are Egypt at the moment, but her career was also troubled by the politics of the country and with architecture for quite some time, right around the revolution of 2011.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00150-00120680-00121862": "so, it was very interesting for me to bring that contemporary voice affected by politics to, to read the text that was written by security was also been affected by the politics of the country at that time.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00151-00121862-00122231": "So, I'll just show maybe a minute of the video.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00152-00125075-00126485": "Hello.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00153-00126485-00127418": "And.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00154-00128042-00129056": "And so Here's, Here's what the overall display was that was done on a shoestring budget. Just mentioned that. So, in the display, I just thought it was important context. For other words.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00155-00129890-00130412": "To be there.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00156-00131804-00132380": "Yeah, so just a bit of a public end into the idea of being suspended in space in your own design.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00157-00132383-00133559": "Essentially, he was, he was named in the press in the 19 fifties, the flying architect, because he was invited really all around the region to consultants from Jordan to Saudi Arabia to wait and so on.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00158-00133559-00134381": "So, there's kind of the irony that the flying architect is trapped in his own house for over a decade and he never really practice even after the house arrest.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00159-00134648-00136127": "So context for the but I think the standard gives you an idea of where this all comes from. 1 of the main points, I would say that the book is trying to present is essentially a twentieth century city.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00160-00136166-00137357": "This is a map from 12, and you can see the pinch area is really the entire developed area, the smaller pink area within the ancient city.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00161-00137444-00138131": "And this is the city at the beginning of the twentieth century. Today. That whole area is what you see here in the center.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00162-00138131-00139433": "So everything else was built after 1912 and so that gives you a sense of the scope of well, 1 way to look at the city is actually the twentieth century city.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00163-00139433-00140630": "A lot of development happens in the beginning of the century, there is a revolution that takes place in 1919 awakens international search for a very progressive look at the future.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00164-00140630-00141386": "There's a lot of publications around the idea of the house general reading not not by architects.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00165-00141386-00142673": "Only, not for architects, only which I find to be applied and interested in development and another point that tries to make that architectural culture, and the city has always been for us partly because of its location.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00166-00142673-00143522": "You have to realize that it's at the intersection of both Africa, Asia and Europe and so it's important historically to place.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00167-00143666-00144947": "Sort of context that we're talking about and I think 1 of the interesting thing that I should mention here is, I chose to not do a national sort of history of architecture because I think that that model has actually failed us in many ways.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00168-00144977-00145838": "And instead the city as a sort of a site that is a procrastinator of architectural styles that are built 1 next to the other.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00169-00145841-00146549": "Perhaps that, for me is a more interesting lens to look at the history of architecture.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00170-00146651-00147812": "And again, another point is that it was a sort of enrich ecosystem for sophisticated potential culture to develop conferences. This is a conference in 1945 there are key moments in history.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00171-00147815-00149231": "And I think 1 of the things that I'm sort of hungry for, when we're looking at architectural history is the political context because I find it really significant as a lens to understand what is happening.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00172-00149231-00149249": "So,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00173-00149249-00149318": "for example,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00174-00149318-00149333": "1919,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00175-00149333-00149510": "with a revolution,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00176-00149510-00149594": "that takes place,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00177-00149594-00149873": "it really affects architectural culture in a particular way,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00178-00149873-00150098": "while we're to affects architectural culture,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00179-00150098-00150233": "World War 2,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00180-00150248-00150311": "and 1 actually,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00181-00150311-00150386": "for example,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00182-00150386-00150767": "maximize passion with Austrian,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00183-00150800-00150896": "Jewish architecture,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00184-00150905-00151706": "architect and preservation as he was in charge of the preservation of Islamic art,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00185-00151706-00152096": "shared their qualification documentation 1 or 2 happens.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00186-00152096-00153434": "He's seen as an enemy by the British, and he felt Egypt was really the only country he needed when he became depressed and died shortly after that actually has a direct impact on the architectural culture of the places that happens.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00187-00153434-00153851": "And what we're too much of the construction business was run by telling immigrants.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00188-00154070-00155435": "And Italy enters World War 2, the British, basically across the state assets, Italian immigrants, and shut down their companies, and that it directly impacts architectural culture. Right? After World War 2 ended.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00189-00155459-00156362": "There was a time and excitement that the promise was 36, the British will be formally the occupation with formerly end.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00190-00156362-00157151": "It was a treaty but however, they truly was postponed because as an excuse that world war 2 started.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00191-00157151-00158513": "So, when the war ended with a kind of an excitement that now we can take charge and conferences were held that this is an image from the era of engineering conference that was held. This particular image is from 90, 47 but the 1st, 1 was in Alexandria.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00192-00158513-00159674": "The 2nd, ones and Tyrone, so 4546 and Cairo, 47 in Damascus and then 98, there's a bit of an interruption, another war. So these political contacts are really important.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00193-00159698-00160496": "There was an aspiration for engineering and architectural professionals to come together to sort of build this new future.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00194-00160496-00161822": "After the war ended and already exhibitions that looked at the materials concrete, and architects were quite prolific in writing for the general public, which I think is really interesting as well.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00195-00161822-00162800": "So, you see a lot of sort of this particular article about people's problems, the housing, the housing prices, and cities, and again, not published for architects only.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00196-00162995-00163874": "However, there was also rich press by architects for architects, such as this magazine different than an Amato.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00197-00163874-00165056": "But 1 of the CRO editors in that magazine really fascinating figure and I think I just mentioned that me doing research in that context that realizing the significance of magazines,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00198-00165056-00165668": "and the absence of any sort of press architectural press in the moment while I'm still a student really.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00199-00166016-00166436": "This desire to not only blog about architecture online,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00200-00166436-00167381": "but also to do sort of a physical manifestation of it and invite multiple voices to reflect on issues that have to do with architecture,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00201-00167381-00167438": "heritage,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00202-00167438-00167555": "modernism and so on.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00203-00167669-00168050": "So this is actually where observer comes in as sort of a.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00204-00168080-00169367": "A response to realizing the significance of magazines, during the period that I'm studying. So, let me just check the time. I think I've gone on for 27 minutes. So I prefer another 1015 minutes if that's okay.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00205-00169367-00169385": "So,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00206-00169385-00170330": "what I'll do now is just show you a bit of variety some of the challenges here is our only focus on monumental sites,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00207-00170330-00170996": "such as the interesting museum the 1 of the 1st purpose built museums outside Europe.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00208-00170996-00172454": "I believe 92 is completed, was a major international architectural competition, and in the late, 80 nineties, and there's kind of at the very same moment.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00209-00172454-00173519": "You get this building around the same time. These 2 buildings 1 on the left is as a beer actually, and it's sort of an attachment style.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00210-00173519-00174761": "But what's interesting about it is 1 of the earliest uses of reinforced from the city is today a building that is owned by carrier University and it's falling apart and sort of left and abandoned.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00211-00174761-00175841": "And the other hand, you see this kind of eclectic, Neo, Islamic palace built by 1 of the places he actually designed is on building, based on his travels around.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00212-00176204-00177629": "North Africa, and at least at the same time, only 1 year after the Egyptian is here, we have this new sort of infection that's done as the museum of Islamic art airport at the time.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00213-00177629-00178607": "But now it's Islamic art. It was called era art, because it included both Coptic and spanic objects, but that there was a separation that happened later on.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00214-00178607-00179633": "So now it's the Islamic art and also it's it houses the National library this 2 entrances, fascinated building. So, it's a multi functional building 93 in a new Islamic style.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00215-00179843-00180530": "And then also, roughly around the same time, we get the Senate on, which is the major city regarding downtown.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00216-00180578-00181883": "Completely different boutiques, completely different inspiration, but you also see kind of a search for a particular sort of set of signifier. So, Paul, Paul open Paul motif that you see in the center.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00217-00181883-00182663": "God here repeats and other synagogues around the city throughout the early twentieth century.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00218-00182798-00183104": "And at the same time, not not that short not that long.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00219-00183107-00184391": "After is this new window palace done by businessman Belgium settled in Egypt and made players in the real estate market.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00220-00184391-00184595": "But so what I'm trying to show you here is,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00221-00184601-00184715": "within the same decade,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00222-00184715-00184820": "you get new Islamic,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00223-00184820-00185240": "you get new sort of Jewish architectural language,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00224-00185459-00185855": "sort of ancient Egyptian mixed with the art in the museum,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00225-00185885-00186131": "the museum and Hindu sort of,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00226-00186164-00186329": "and this is all happening in 1 city,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00227-00186329-00186449": "I think traditionally,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00228-00186488-00186719": "when we looked at sort of old fashioned,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00229-00186719-00187295": "let's say architectural history 1 would say that this is all too messy.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00230-00187295-00187772": "There's too many things going on. You don't fit into clear categories. There's this too.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00231-00187943-00188987": "These are the easily let's call them categorizing buildings using the format that emerges from artistry and other places. Let's just put it that way.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00232-00189023-00190475": "And I think for a very long time, that difficulty, and sort of squeezing them into existing narratives and existing technologies and stylistic names, made these buildings sort of forgotten, they didn't really fit.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00233-00190580-00192059": "At the same time, and shortly after the revolution to get official buildings or quarter grand scale, such as courthouse, the carrier University building a really impressive complex that's building. What used to be agricultural land.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00234-00192086-00193226": "This is when we 1st, began to see large scale development, taking place on the West Side denial, which was kind of the agricultural hinterlands that really fed a state directly.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00235-00193256-00194204": "There was a beautiful ecosystem growing on both the relationship between the C as an architectural landscape, and the agricultural hinterlands around it.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00236-00194279-00194969": "And this relationship was also governed by a very interesting kind of slimy ecosystem that tie property together.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00237-00194969-00196367": "So, 1 can actually have the rents from a certain property in the city feed into the economy of agricultural and the other side, the profits from the agriculture actually feeds into the maintenance of the buildings.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00238-00196394-00197519": "And this was 1 of the systems that the British wanted to dismantle, because it was a parallel system economy that they can manage. Ironically, the system is actually dismantled under the.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00239-00197519-00198935": "So, called National listed a government that came after the development team to. So I just say this again, because the political context is really important to understanding this kind of historical narrative of our special development in the city.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00240-00198935-00200078": "It's not really enough to talk about these buildings in terms of their appearance per style with design them. So, the 1st Egyptian on bank again, kind of eclectic.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00241-00200216-00201488": "1, we can call it if we have to sort of an near renaissance Islamic thing. But again, this kind of difficult you've tried to describe them built into this, using those categories. Really?", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00242-00201488-00202973": "We have to either abandoned them. I would say, not really invent new categories. And I think what would be really interesting is to actually look at the buildings at this private for what they are, without as sort of an allegiance to a stylistic without commitment to establish the clients.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00243-00202994-00203459": "Some architects did very actively tried to engage with the question of style,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00244-00203459-00204251": "such as most of you that architect of the palace and so in the post 90 90 moment,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00245-00204251-00204497": "he was looking to create a national architecture.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00246-00204509-00205022": "So this is kind of an Egyptian approach to new classes and let's say, but this is the exception.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00247-00205025-00206453": "This is not the norm, and yet again, the rise of a new classes professionals who are building their own houses in that newly developing territory on the West side of the now.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00248-00206648-00207113": "So, it starts with really, it always starts. We fill us with time.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00249-00207113-00208247": "Developers are demolished 3, 4, 5, Storey buildings and everytime those micro and then target and as time progresses, unfortunately, about additional quality degrees.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00250-00208304-00208997": "A huge part of it has to do with political control of the architecture profession in Egypt. It's not a free profession like.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00251-00208997-00210392": "Not much else is free. Actually, at the moment, it has been 4, 4, 4. well, since the fifties, I think any society has struggled to survive the kind of frustrated that's been politically put on the country.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00252-00210392-00211013": "Anyway, so here are some more various examples just so we show you the kind of heterogeneity.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00253-00211100-00212435": "Of the constructions that are taking place I tried to put them years the active needs for the buildings that we know sometimes in a photo like this, which is published in a modern magazine that I mentioned those establish things like getting a zoom in here.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00254-00212435-00213695": "It is that Lord's that it's that says what the building is, who the architect is, because this is shortly after construction is clearly a photo taken when the building has just been completed. So, in some cases, it's really quite easy to identify.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00255-00213770-00215150": "The architects and to date the buildings in other cases. It's really difficult. Just dimension because this is sort of the famous Egyptian architect has entered the scene not for the right reasons.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00256-00215150-00215273": "I would say he has,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00257-00215273-00215306": "in fact,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00258-00215306-00215330": "he,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00259-00215396-00215672": "he does have 1 building in the book,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00260-00215741-00216731": "which is mostly that he bought for a relative built for a relative of his in a sort of identity style to fit with the architecture of the surrounding Acropolis.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00261-00216782-00217325": "And here's another mostly I'm done for this time on other national hero. You already saw 1 national hero?", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00262-00217409-00217847": "National here is mostly that sort of ancient, Egyptian, new, classical.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00263-00217907-00219398": "Design that I showed just moments ago and here's another sort of national hero. So there is also kind of an architecture that goes along with the notion of creating a national pantheon of heroes and that project itself kind of collapses after some point.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00264-00219398-00220301": "And so we stop getting these types of buildings stuff, a family who had done that ancient Egyptian inspired building also dabbled in the idea of doing a kind of a.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00265-00220340-00221729": "Not really sure what to sort of frame this in terms of style, but it certainly is a new slabbered style. Some sort as a national architectural language. She was permission to do quite a lot of national.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00266-00221894-00222986": "Yeah, let's stage, run buildings or institutions on the other side also, in terms of scale and scope and branch or you get these experimentations and housing.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00267-00223019-00223784": "This was a city for workers and this is these are present day photos. Obviously kind of with an architect.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00268-00223787-00224993": "I point out what the original was, the start of 2 story stone, clad buildings for workers and then this is the current status when people have families and expanded and they've also built. So.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00269-00225302-00226625": "Tumor growth that sort of attached to the buildings, but it is actually an important part of the building's life story. And I think this is why my idea here wouldn't be to restore the building to what it was.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00270-00226703-00228170": "But I think it's important to recognize why these transformations have taken place. This is, say games on house finished. Like I said, 4849, he's the 1 that's most aware of, sort of an international notion of how to present architecture.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00271-00228170-00229445": "So, I'm sure that placement of the car there is very intentional. This is his wife and sister looking down the stairs, which had this 3 story, long neon pendants hanging from center.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00272-00229520-00230675": "You can see that kind of he was appreciating with that sort of distorted painting. He's, he's really an important figure in this moment and this is some of his other work.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00273-00230840-00232053": "I think I'm running on too long. We've already seen discharged. What I'm going to do now is kind of flip through so, even a bit of a taste I want to get to a couple of buildings that I want to say something about.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00274-00232053-00233195": "So, for now, I'll just flip through. Oh, this is an interesting case actually. So this is denial Hilton, which is really quite famous internationally for it's place sort of in the cold war politics again.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00275-00233282-00233942": "And what I find fascinating here is that in my research, I found several things. 1 was.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00276-00234059-00234272": "An advertisement shortly after the 1952 revolution,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00277-00234272-00234926": "or put it up to build this new modern hotel to represent the Egypt,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00278-00234926-00235565": "and it was to be built on the site of the marriage that had been occupied by the British army for something like 8 years.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00279-00235568-00236993": "And what was interesting is that that particular ad was to look for people to sort of buy into or subscribe, or sort of donate towards the construction of the project. And the design was dramatically published in that advertising.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00280-00236993-00237869": "And it was very clear that it was done by when the Hilton company walks into the project Walton back, it comes with it.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00281-00237872-00238655": "And so here we have tentative situation, identification of who's designed is this really becomes a murky brown, murky wires.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00282-00238817-00240116": "So typically, the hotel is credited to welcome packet, but in fact, the design Pre existed before you walked into the project. And I think most effective contributions were the interiors, which were again, kind of done in collaboration with local designers.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00283-00240182-00241316": "So, it gets a bit of interested in the question of identification. But again, this is a building that we cannot read purely in established of terms. It really needs to be read in political concepts and its place in the cohort.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00284-00241350-00242196": "A few more examples say Jenny living sort of his was the fantasy here.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00285-00242216-00243539": "This is 1 of his housing projects, which I'm currently reading a chapter specifically on this housing models. Quite interesting. But I won't get into it now full time interest in church architecture. It was if I think is there more interesting.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00286-00243635-00243752": "New vernacular is,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00287-00243755-00244052": "there hasn't been because,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00288-00244178-00245309": "and then your vernacular was sort of identified by your base historians as I said about revival the slamma tradition I think they must have felt kind of difficult to squeeze interrupted designer by in fact,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00289-00245309-00245729": "this is not really it was never really knew slamming revival.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00290-00245990-00246650": "He's the 1 that really deserves the attention that has a factory God's identity politics. Really?", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00291-00246650-00247973": "By the way, I would say large scale development state developments, late TV and radio administration very central to any dictatorship and all the equipment was American. Thankfully.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00292-00248033-00248051": "So,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00293-00248051-00248168": "it worked really well,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00294-00248213-00248270": "again,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00295-00248270-00248390": "the entire tower,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00296-00248390-00248642": "very tied to politics,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00297-00248642-00249746": "but also structural engineering you have to show just a few slides for residential tolerance that will be posted in front of the same architectural slash,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00298-00249746-00249848": "structural engineer.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00299-00249914-00250040": "Really fascinating domain.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00300-00250080-00251130": "It's about to be really ruined because there is a big investment project to do a London type of project tire. I just know. This is really.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00301-00251130-00252488": "How creative predatory investment can be, and the Tyra will be placed very close to the Cairo tower, which is actually going to ruin the whole point of our unfortunately. So the book also includes existing buildings.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00302-00252488-00252857": "Proposed the link, which I think is interesting to think of a city.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00303-00252857-00253251": "I sort of a layered place with both imaginaries that I did not.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00304-00253251-00254748": "You know, not manifest, but also to see them in relation to what was actually built. Oh, yeah, I just wanted to show this example. So this is the city's main procedural quite an important sites.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00305-00254748-00255518": "Um, you can see, it's sort of done in this strip down. Let's call it new vernacular by concrete.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00306-00255680-00256682": "The vaults are kind of familiar from our older churches and monasteries so on but this building just had in 2018. it's fiftieth anniversary.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00307-00256859-00257673": "And this happened to it to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary. So clearly, you know.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00308-00257699-00258143": "There's a question here, our conventions in terms of preservation, for example.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00309-00258143-00259400": "So this is how the caretakers of the building think it should look today to represent their identity and the moment that we live in but from a preservation point of view, this is completely religious.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00310-00259517-00260519": "So, I think chiral does raise some interesting questions regarding these issues that I think we're too profitable with embassies are included. Really? Just.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00311-00260684-00261698": "I'm not really sure what to call those styles. But the interesting story here is that this is not the architect's designed. Listen, let me just put it this way.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00312-00261722-00263144": "The proposal that was put forth for the Supreme Court building was really quite stripped down and more brutalized. Even in its approach, however, the head of the Supreme Court did not like that design because he wanted something that represents Egypt.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00313-00263171-00263300": "And this is what he pushed for.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00314-00263315-00264701": "So you get this done of conflict, identity power and what architects actually do it in a dictatorship when the Supreme Court judges telling you want to build that should look like, and so, anyway, so we end up with this.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00315-00264701-00265139": "There are some interesting recent constructions in the book again.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00316-00265244-00266109": "For the lack of a better word approach and a new approach to your new vernacular is this is a private house by an architect for himself.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00317-00266109-00266984": "Again, propose projects that were never builds. Maybe thankfully, this is a proposal for an Expo city.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00318-00267059-00268070": "And just a tiny bit of sort of a hint for as what the city is sort of, allowing in terms of thinking, about environmentally conscious design.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00319-00268070-00269288": "This is the 1st, platinum lead certified building in North Africa not sure if it's actually the whole continent, but I know for sure. The 1st platinum lead certified building.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00320-00269321-00270440": "North Africa, some other sort of interesting experimentation in terms of inside outside space, given the climate such as Detroit institutes, new building.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00321-00270491-00270575": "And finally,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00322-00270716-00271589": "we talked about the role of of predatory investments or real estate investment in shaping the future architecture and placement this project,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00323-00271667-00272072": "which is meant to be kilometers Square,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00324-00272132-00272570": "the largest building in terms of footprint in the world,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00325-00272678-00273059": "where most of the multi function,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00326-00273059-00273473": "where you do your shopping for the gym most of your therapist do everything in the same building,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00327-00273491-00273701": "and you never have to actually engaging the city outside.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00328-00273701-00273812": "Everything looks inwards.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00329-00273812-00275279": "It's almost like holes Jesus design, but it's really an interesting project just to think about where can architecture go in this particular context today.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00330-00275279-00276032": "So, in terms of giving you a taste of the book and what's in it I hope I've raised some interesting questions.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00331-00276119-00277280": "And just to quickly say that last March and there was set to open this efficient that Maya mentioned her introduction at the center of architecture in New York kind of a classic addition.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00332-00277280-00278735": "I would say, of course, because of Chrome it was postponed, but it will hopefully open sometime in the near future when we're all vaccinated. So thank you very much. And I'm happy to engage with any questions. Thank you so much. Perfect.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00333-00278747-00279755": "Wonderful presentation and the book and it's presented so anybody has any questions either ask them or you can put them.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00334-00280053-00280463": "Do we have any questions.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00335-00280634-00281232": "Okay.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00336-00281232-00282246": "Yes, hi, Mohammed. Hello. I have to say I'm a big fan of all your work and thank you for the great presentation.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00337-00282246-00282600": "Thank you so much then you so I should develop.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00338-00282600-00283403": "More about your methods, how did you go about collecting all these images and data and, um, did you get any.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00339-00283403-00283800": "Because I know how challenging it is to get all these kind of.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00340-00283800-00284246": "Resources and info and information about all these buildings.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00341-00284246-00284678": "Yeah, thank you for the great question. Um.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00342-00284705-00285962": "Well, working on, this was quite challenging, and this is a project that took about 5 years. I wasn't focused on the entire 5 years. I was doing other work. Well, it's important to know that.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00343-00285962-00287114": "Also, we live in a world in which you cannot really live on doing, but so we have to be doing something else like this to about 5 years with a team of volunteers.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00344-00287117-00287990": "That was about 20 people. And I should really mentioned here that I'm very grateful to someone.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00345-00288002-00289154": "Her name is a brilliant architect, externally based in Berlin, struggling with all kinds of issues that are present in the workplace and a place that Berlin for women of color.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00346-00289196-00289775": "But I really salute her because she really held this project together and she managed the team.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00347-00289841-00291284": "And so what the team was doing was a couple of things, there were some people survey in the city. So I just wanted to start from scratch and away. So not only rely on the published material that was important together. But we wanted to also survey to see.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00348-00291290-00291413": "So that means walking.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00349-00291480-00292745": "Neighborhoods and identifying buildings that, you know, from the perspective of the they are in a way, this was the participatory port I would say, which is a lot of these young students were walking around.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00350-00292748-00294053": "They were bringing into my attention buildings that ended up in the work that I would have never known about, because it's impossible for 1 person to walk around the city decided to hire a and again, this is the 1st book of its kind.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00351-00294059-00294869": "And so there's a lot of weight here, a lot of pressure. How do you represent the city in this format? And I should say the format.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00352-00294905-00294963": "Um,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00353-00294965-00295118": "before completed answering your question,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00354-00295118-00295796": "the format are essential guys are really important if we really think about what happened in the preservation of England,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00355-00295796-00295859": "for example,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00356-00295880-00296450": "it was really the work of historians within publish books for other historians.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00357-00296477-00296732": "It was also the work we did to publish.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00358-00296765-00298250": "Official guidebook that reach a wider audience, and I think it's such an urgent situation when the relations are having a really fast space. You know, a book that takes 5 years during the making of the so many problems that were on our initial list were demolished.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00359-00298397-00298796": "So that's just a bunch of stuff. So, yeah, so there was surveying.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00360-00298802-00300029": "There was identifying all of the published material, whether they're old magazines somebody there are some interesting person Arabic that have been published in the fifties sixties even in the late eighties. There was an attempt by.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00361-00300236-00301286": "To do as sort of an architecture survey modernism in Egypt and so those were very useful to identify to get images and then there was,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00362-00301286-00301337": "of course,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00363-00301337-00301751": "new photography was completely challenging because neither the buildings are in poor shape.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00364-00301805-00301934": "Overgrowth trees.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00365-00301973-00303170": "Or most likely has happened in many cases, you want to chase down the street in a security state where there's a paranoia around the presence of cameras and so, uh, you know, our our team was chased down the street.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00366-00303248-00304412": "I was once with a group with a group, and we actually got pulled into a police station and we have to start our way out of it before all these cases.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00367-00304532-00305339": "Maybe kitchen table that I'm sitting on, you know, it's really challenging research in Egypt is not something that's welcome.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00368-00305354-00306017": "And I think it's really important to say this out loud because I feel like,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00369-00306017-00306338": "if we cover up not everybody has access to archives,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00370-00306341-00306833": "not all contacts have institutions that hold the memory of the profession,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00371-00306851-00307502": "not all professionals and every national setting are able to actually speak freely and to have an opinion.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00372-00307604-00308579": "And so those reality is actually shaped trying to do a book like this. And this is why I tried to actually point them out. So that we don't end up with sort of a beautiful looking, final product.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00373-00308579-00309314": "That pretends that just as sort of easy forward on terrorism, so yeah.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00374-00309380-00309711": "I answer your question. Yes, thank you.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00375-00309711-00310332": "Yeah, well, I think if we have another question in the chat.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00376-00310455-00311898": "In the capital in the round, there is surgeons of these 2 complexes of living support where people don't have to live where this was clear in skyline for investment in inputs is.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00377-00311898-00312248": "An official deserving Egyptian culture.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00378-00312411-00312794": "Hello.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00379-00312794-00313707": "I think I think what's important is to highlight or to be aware of.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00380-00313707-00315041": "Not only the political realities, but the role of capital in a place like Egypt, because I think a lot of the disappointment that comes with questions, like, why aren't people invested in preserving these buildings and reuse them?", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00381-00315131-00316619": "It doesn't really fit with the general sort of function of capital in a placement Egypt today where questions of ownership inheritance legal structures that are sort of accumulated over the last several decades", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00382-00316619-00317774": "that have not been sort of updated that sort of make the investment and existing architecture really not profitable and so the laws that govern both real estate,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00383-00317777-00317984": "but also the economy that governance,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00384-00318044-00318545": "I would say the country in general are not really geared towards that approach.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00385-00318545-00319757": "And so you end up with these kinds of developments. I would say the influence of capital has been around this and then just summarize it and say that. So I'm not seeing interesting architectural developments in today's economy.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00386-00319772-00320066": "There's a lot of money being poured into construction.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00387-00320126-00321569": "Egypt is probably 1 of the most active places in terms of concern. I mean, China is with the size of China I think the amount of destruction there with the size competes with China, in terms of cement use and construction that's related.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00388-00321758-00322859": "And so there's time for ongoing kind of developmental this approach it's not really looking to solve problems or problems,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00389-00322859-00323048": "or provide shelter,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00390-00323048-00323786": "housing quality but it's more the only channel for people to invest their money in such a controlled economy.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00391-00323810-00324872": "So, instead of keeping your money in the bank, you keep buying real estate and you hope that it's valuable to go up. So, the design is not really central here is not really about architecture.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00392-00325007-00325361": "Yeah.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00393-00325361-00325892": "Any other questions.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00394-00326081-00326561": "Hi, I'm George. I used to live in Kara for a very little time.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00395-00326591-00327884": "I've been born there and I had a I love architecture since I was very young and I just have to thank you for this book and how amazing it is to find a guide. I'm from mighty by the way in.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00396-00327915-00328619": "There is a lot of stuff I've never known until I just read that book and I just have to thank you because I think it's, it's an important.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00397-00328649-00329522": "Thing to have, like, I've never seen a guidebook like this before I'm talking about a lot of stuff in Egypt and Cairo specifically.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00398-00329522-00330920": "And and I found it very interesting and it's a very, it's a, it's a point of hope that maybe the next generations with continue on with that book. And I know how hard it is to have a research in Egypt, especially in Egypt.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00399-00330974-00331109": "So, I just have to.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00400-00331277-00332588": "To accommodate you about that Thank you so much for having that book. And you just don't know that that's going to be so useful. So, social useful. Very grateful for this. Thank you so much.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00401-00332615-00333998": "I mean, this is why this is I just want to say that it's really important to also point out. I'm an independent researcher or whatever the half that I need to put on a certain depends on the content.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00402-00333998-00335063": "What the project is and maintaining. dependants does come with a lot of cost ones career in life, but I do think that.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00403-00335288-00336599": "I'm grateful that I was able to do something like this, because it's really kind of a product of love. Let's just say this I'm not doing it. I didn't do this again position to get that kind of recognition.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00404-00336599-00337229": "So, I'm really your response is exactly why I wake up in the morning to do the standard Pacific you so much.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00405-00337295-00337328": "No,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00406-00337328-00337349": "no,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00407-00337349-00337448": "not at all because,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00408-00337484-00337547": "to be honest,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00409-00337547-00337652": "in my opinion,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00410-00337652-00337757": "like Cairo,", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00411-00337814-00338975": "Egypt specifically has a lot of architectural influence throughout the history and maybe they are from because it got invaded from a from very different culture throughout the time.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00412-00339017-00339410": "And there's a lot of stuff there that the world doesn't know about, because.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00413-00339438-00340265": "Basically, no, 1 talks about it. So I found that book is very is doing that job. It's starting to do that job.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00414-00340265-00341384": "Thank you so much Thank you. But actually, you just reminded me of my little note that I would like to mention just because it's something I learned about very recently. So there is.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00415-00341414-00342818": "Cities are branded cities create images for themselves. Sometimes they actually create a brand the N. Y. C. loved sort of T shirt that everybody wears every month. This is an active effort to brand the city. In a certain way.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00416-00342866-00344153": "I'm in Mexico City. There is a very clear branding project, which sort of brand tire doesn't really have this, but to understand this 1 really needs to look at public relations.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00417-00344198-00345137": "The invention of public relations, and Cairo is not at the moment looking to to capitalize on the kind of history that we're talking about.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00418-00345296-00346544": "It fills another space in sort of political and economic structure. So the brand in a place doesn't just, it's not just about why subsidy branded in a way, in a certain way.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00419-00346544-00347933": "And others are not these are very particular projects that come from public relations idea that someone, by the name of Edward Barneys invented. Really? Not that long ago, that has been really governing our understanding of places.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00420-00347954-00349034": "So what's really interesting is the idea of sort of surprise responses to the box as if I am single handedly Brandon, trying to brand Tyrone Wistar observer and the buy side.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00421-00349034-00349556": "But in a particular way, and this is not what this is about, but it's important to actually understand.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00422-00349601-00350369": "Where this fits in that kind of again, that kind of question of brand in a city certain way. It's really interesting.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00423-00350475-00351525": "I think our time is up. I want his thanks, Mohammed, thank you very much for coming today. And I hope that he will come back.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00424-00351525-00352059": "Was your new I'm looking forward to the 2nd, the 2nd book.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00425-00352059-00352632": "Thank you and thank you so much. Everyone for joining us today.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00426-00352937-00353570": "Thank you so much. Everyone, it's really been a great pleasure to be part of this conversation.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00427-00353570-00354947": "And then, like I said, if you haven't gotten your hands on the book, it's at the library and charity and you can also order it from a website or whatever else. Wherever other sites you used to do, but so thank you so much. Thank you.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00428-00354984-00355346": "Thank you Mohammad. Thanks. Great. Thank you.", "4PeuC1zVdyE-00429-00355346-00355844": "Have a good day. Everyone you too. Thank you. Bye."}}, {"audio_id": "4PSaRo_3_4k", "text": {"4PSaRo_3_4k-00000-00000012-00000263": "Hello dear friends, and again I am glad to welcome", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00001-00000263-00000581": "you on your BestMoney channel.", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00002-00000581-00000886": "And today we are returning with you to the project, which", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00003-00000886-00001294": "called Unifinity Bounty Programs. I", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00004-00001294-00001802": "I want to tell you about how to create a wallet here", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00005-00001802-00002782": "for UNY tokens and how to work with this wallet.", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00006-00002782-00003114": "You will definitely need to go to Bitcoin Talk and here", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00007-00003114-00003471": "to register. Every time I show that", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00008-00003471-00003976": "I am registered, because without registration with us", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00009-00003976-00004532": "nothing will work out with you. my nickname is nikoai53, and each", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00010-00004532-00005109": "of you will be mine. Registration here is not complicated. First", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00011-00005109-00006783": "what you need to do in the bounty program is to create", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00012-00006783-00008126": "wallet and get the address for the UNY token.", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00013-00008126-00008719": "Follow the link and get to the page. Push", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00014-00008719-00009495": "on Wallet and go to a new page. It opens to us", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00015-00009495-00010093": "such a page where it says that create a wallet. we", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00016-00010093-00011058": "select the UNY token, click on it and click - continue", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00017-00011058-00011840": ". A 12-word phrase will appear on your screen, you need them", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00018-00011840-00012275": "save. This phrase is needed to restore the wallet.", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00019-00012275-00013479": "if you lost your password. Then", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00020-00013479-00015670": "You get to a new page and here you need to choose an address", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00021-00015670-00016271": "wallet for UNY tokens. Wallet address we need", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00022-00016271-00017873": "to insert it into reports", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00023-00017873-00019049": "and on", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00024-00019049-00020401": "earned tokens will come to him. address will appear", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00025-00020401-00021499": "You", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00026-00021499-00022376": "copy it and save it and paste it on the bitcoin", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00027-00022376-00024412": "in their reports. so who already look reports", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00028-00024412-00026031": "then handed over. All", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00029-00026031-00026645": ", the wallet has been created and we are waiting for the arrival of tokens. Total", "4PSaRo_3_4k-00030-00026645-00027555": "good and good profit to all."}}, {"audio_id": "4QByEhA2bTy", "text": {"4QByEhA2bTy-00000-00000819-00001185": "Rejoice in the sun and the world, my friend.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00001-00001185-00001555": "Enjoy life and people around you.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00002-00001555-00001909": "Rejoice at the distance that beckons.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00003-00001909-00002580": "And to the person who loves you.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00004-00002580-00002921": "Rejoice at the sunset, the sunrise of the dawn,", "4QByEhA2bTy-00005-00002921-00003347": "And give your smile to the world.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00006-00003347-00003699": "Rejoice in the past, coming years.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00007-00003699-00004376": "Daily bread with difficulty in half.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00008-00004376-00004752": "Rejoice in the brotherhood of the peoples of the earth,", "4QByEhA2bTy-00009-00004752-00005081": "And preserve faithfulness to that friendship forever.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00010-00005081-00005501": "Rejoice at meetings, blooming spring,", "4QByEhA2bTy-00011-00005501-00006150": "Hot summer, and fierce winter.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00012-00006150-00006524": "Rejoice to your friend that you are faithful,", "4QByEhA2bTy-00013-00006524-00006869": "In a difficult moment, you are always near.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00014-00006869-00007253": "Rejoice, my friend, and in that joy,", "4QByEhA2bTy-00015-00007253-00007936": "Neither the soul will become scarce with kindness.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00016-00007936-00008303": "Joy, a smile gives, only the one who", "4QByEhA2bTy-00017-00008303-00008683": "lives with kindness in his heart.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00018-00008683-00009065": "Angry and cruel, it is not given to know.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00019-00009065-00009509": "In what it is manifested, this is good.", "4QByEhA2bTy-00020-00009509-00010646": "Music and performance by VVEYU / Vladimir Chetvertyakov"}}, {"audio_id": "4QNSM0WDkM8", "text": {"4QNSM0WDkM8-00000-00000000-00000248": "asalam alykum wr wb hello halal family", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00001-00000248-00000592": "welcome to the channel i hope you guys are having yourself a wonderful day in today's", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00002-00000592-00001128": "video we'll be reacting to mtq that took place in turkey this video was suggested by", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00003-00001128-00001568": "java cube thank you very much for taking the time to send me your recommendation and suggestion", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00004-00001568-00001752": "stay tuned guys we'll be right back with the video", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00005-00002464-00002768": "welcome back guys we're gonna get started with the video inshAllah momentarily and", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00006-00002768-00003152": "at the end of the video i'll be sharing with you my observation and reaction so please make", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00007-00003152-00003432": "sure you stay until the end with that said we're going to get started with our video", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00008-00087914-00088800": "mashAllah guys that was really really nice in the past and he has a really good voice and really nice recitation and it's beautiful that", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00009-00088800-00089240": "there was in turkey if you guys have heard me in one some of my other reaction to turkey", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00010-00089240-00089584": "that i've said you know i love turkey and there's a lot of other things that i love", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00011-00089584-00090224": "about turkey i like the fact that you know they have throughout i think istanbul they have like", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00012-00090224-00090984": "little uh houses for for cats and dogs and people put food out so the animals are fed and also like", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00013-00090984-00091648": "in masjid for example some masjids at the back of it they have play area and toys and stuff for kids", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00014-00091648-00092136": "so they can play and keep themselves busy while the parents are praying you know those are the", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00015-00092136-00092664": "things that attract me towards the turkey those are the things that makes me love", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00016-00092664-00093128": "turkey as well as the people of turkey so this was really really nice guys brother firduas is", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00017-00093128-00093768": "really really talented i'm glad mashAllah that he took first place in 2019 because he definitely", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00018-00093768-00094256": "deserves it so i enjoyed it it was actually really calming to listen to him and you just keep wanting", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00019-00094256-00094792": "to basically listen to it longer and longer so thank you very much guys for suggesting it i hope", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00020-00094792-00095152": "you guys enjoyed it too if you did please don't forget to like comment share and subscribe and if", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00021-00095152-00095576": "you like me to react to another video please put in the comment section below as always guys thank", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00022-00095576-00095968": "you very much for all your love and support i hope you guys have yourself a wonderful day take care", "4QNSM0WDkM8-00023-00095968-00096784": "yourself and your family and inshAllah i'll see you guys in the next video take care and wassalam"}}, {"audio_id": "4RgduuXsZTu", "text": {"4RgduuXsZTu-00000-00000082-00000312": "Well, my friends, welcome back.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00001-00000312-00000431": "This is Dr. Dawg.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00002-00000431-00000771": "And we will continue our examination of", "4RgduuXsZTu-00003-00000771-00000972": "correlational analysis.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00004-00000972-00001231": "And in this little lecture we're going to examine the", "4RgduuXsZTu-00005-00001231-00001572": "Pearson product-moment coefficient, which we", "4RgduuXsZTu-00006-00001572-00001814": "represented as the Pearson r.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00007-00001814-00002032": "Now, there are some things that you need--", "4RgduuXsZTu-00008-00002032-00002146": "terms you need to know.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00009-00002146-00002358": "And some of these you will remember.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00010-00002358-00002758": "A bivariate correlation coefficient is a value that", "4RgduuXsZTu-00011-00002758-00002920": "expresses the strength of the", "4RgduuXsZTu-00012-00002920-00003177": "correlation between two variables.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00013-00003177-00003550": "Now remember that bivariate means two variables.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00014-00003550-00003760": "Correlation is relationship.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00015-00003760-00004146": "Coefficient then is a value that would express the", "4RgduuXsZTu-00016-00004146-00004407": "correlation between two variables.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00017-00004407-00004699": "And also, we're going to, in this lecture, examine the", "4RgduuXsZTu-00018-00004699-00005066": "Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, which", "4RgduuXsZTu-00019-00005066-00005401": "is represented by the lower-case r, which is simply", "4RgduuXsZTu-00020-00005401-00005814": "one way of expressing the strength of the correlation", "4RgduuXsZTu-00021-00005814-00006002": "between two variables.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00022-00006002-00006159": "Now there are some points to remember.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00023-00006159-00006562": "The Pearson r is founded upon the assumption that the two", "4RgduuXsZTu-00024-00006562-00006826": "variables are normally distributed.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00025-00006826-00007127": "In other words, if you're comparing two things, you're", "4RgduuXsZTu-00026-00007127-00007203": "assuming that the", "4RgduuXsZTu-00027-00007203-00007509": "distributions of each are normal.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00028-00007509-00007778": "And that's a very important point to note.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00029-00007778-00007887": "Most people overlook that.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00030-00007887-00008153": "And we'll deal with that later in this course.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00031-00008153-00008542": "If the variables are not normally distributed, other", "4RgduuXsZTu-00032-00008542-00008754": "measures are required.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00033-00008754-00009125": "You will beginning to hear a term in this course called a", "4RgduuXsZTu-00034-00009125-00009290": "non-parametric.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00035-00009290-00009777": "A non-parametric methodology is a methodology which handles", "4RgduuXsZTu-00036-00009777-00010028": "non-normally distributed curves.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00037-00010028-00010300": "So the Pearson r is founded upon the assumption that the", "4RgduuXsZTu-00038-00010300-00010557": "two variables are normally distributed.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00039-00010557-00010792": "Now, I've drawn you a little chart here that I", "4RgduuXsZTu-00040-00010792-00010997": "want you to look at.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00041-00010997-00011379": "It talks about this value, the Pearson correlation", "4RgduuXsZTu-00042-00011379-00011913": "coefficient, and that it will rest between 1 and negative 1.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00043-00011913-00012141": "Now, you will remember, when we started talking about", "4RgduuXsZTu-00044-00012141-00012417": "correlations earlier, we said that they can", "4RgduuXsZTu-00045-00012417-00012592": "be positive or negative.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00046-00012592-00012893": "We also said that they can be strong or weak.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00047-00012893-00013191": "Now in the Pearson product-moment correlation", "4RgduuXsZTu-00048-00013191-00013372": "coefficient, what we--", "4RgduuXsZTu-00049-00013372-00013893": "what Pearson did is he established 1 as the very best", "4RgduuXsZTu-00050-00013893-00014285": "positive correlation and negative 1 as the very best", "4RgduuXsZTu-00051-00014285-00014452": "negative correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00052-00014452-00015163": "You will recall that 1 is the decimal 1.00, which is 100%.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00053-00015163-00015608": "So that 1 represents 100% percent positive correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00054-00015608-00016180": "Negative 1 is the decimal negative 1.00, or 100%", "4RgduuXsZTu-00055-00016180-00016349": "negative correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00056-00016349-00016719": "So a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient will", "4RgduuXsZTu-00057-00016719-00017003": "rest between negative 1 and 1.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00058-00017003-00017427": "And it is generally expressed as two decimals.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00059-00017427-00017606": "That's very interesting.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00060-00017606-00018136": "Now the Pearson product-moment correlation rests between 1", "4RgduuXsZTu-00061-00018136-00018612": "and negative 1, with 1 being 100% positive; negative 1", "4RgduuXsZTu-00062-00018612-00018985": "being 100% negative; 100% positive meaning they're in", "4RgduuXsZTu-00063-00018985-00019334": "absolute agreement together; negative 1 meaning they're", "4RgduuXsZTu-00064-00019334-00019570": "absolute disagreement.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00065-00019570-00019953": "But we denote a strong correlation to rest between", "4RgduuXsZTu-00066-00019953-00020431": "negative 1 and negative 0.5 and 0.5 and 1.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00067-00020431-00020633": "Now that would be represented here.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00068-00020633-00020922": "Negative 1 is less than equal to r, is less than equal to", "4RgduuXsZTu-00069-00020922-00021095": "negative 0.5.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00070-00021095-00021392": "Our 0.5 is less than r, less than 1.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00071-00021392-00021739": "Now that would be called a strong correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00072-00021739-00022176": "So if a value has a Pearson product-moment correlation", "4RgduuXsZTu-00073-00022176-00022611": "coefficient falling between minus 1 and 0.5 or between 5", "4RgduuXsZTu-00074-00022611-00023109": "and 1, then that's considered a strong correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00075-00023109-00023529": "Now, some will put a 0.7 or a negative 0.7 and call it a", "4RgduuXsZTu-00076-00023529-00023760": "very strong correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00077-00023760-00023951": "Now here's one way of saying that.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00078-00023951-00024119": "You see how cumbersome that is?", "4RgduuXsZTu-00079-00024119-00024407": "It falls here, or it falls there.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00080-00024407-00024765": "Generally, what we do is that we just simply square these", "4RgduuXsZTu-00081-00024765-00025164": "values and say, r squared is greater than negative 2.5", "4RgduuXsZTu-00082-00025164-00025367": "squared or 0.25.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00083-00025367-00025750": "And if you do that on the positive 0.5 over there, you", "4RgduuXsZTu-00084-00025750-00025960": "have a positive 0.25.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00085-00025960-00026302": "So the way of handling that is saying r squared is", "4RgduuXsZTu-00086-00026302-00026573": "greater than 0.25.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00087-00026573-00026902": "So instead of having to write two statements, you can just", "4RgduuXsZTu-00088-00026902-00027393": "talk about r squared and say it as one value there.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00089-00027393-00027743": "Now, we also have a strong correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00090-00027743-00027947": "We have a moderate correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00091-00027947-00028335": "Moderate correlation would fall between negative 0.5 and", "4RgduuXsZTu-00092-00028335-00028670": "negative 0.3, or 0.3 and 0.5.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00093-00028670-00029005": "And of course, another way of saying that is that the r", "4RgduuXsZTu-00094-00029005-00029407": "squared is less than 0.25 and greater than 0.09.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00095-00029407-00029664": "We just square these values.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00096-00029664-00029993": "And then, of course, you can have weak to no correlation", "4RgduuXsZTu-00097-00029993-00030348": "that falls between negative 0.3 and 0.3.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00098-00030348-00030713": "So folks put a 0.1 in here, a negative 0.1", "4RgduuXsZTu-00099-00030713-00030876": "and a positive 0.1.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00100-00030876-00031325": "And they say from negative 0.3 to negative 0.1 is weak and", "4RgduuXsZTu-00101-00031325-00031564": "from 0.1 to 0.3 is week.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00102-00031564-00031742": "We're just going for our purposes.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00103-00031742-00032195": "Say that if it falls in this value, that it is either weak", "4RgduuXsZTu-00104-00032195-00032507": "or has no correlation whatsoever.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00105-00032507-00032919": "Now, here's you a table to examine your values.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00106-00032919-00033234": "If r squared is greater than equal to 0.25, we", "4RgduuXsZTu-00107-00033234-00033394": "will call it strong.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00108-00033394-00033716": "If it follows from point 0.25 to 0.9, we'll say it's a", "4RgduuXsZTu-00109-00033716-00033899": "moderate correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00110-00033899-00034242": "And if it's less than 0.09, we'll say that it has weak to", "4RgduuXsZTu-00111-00034242-00034427": "no correlation.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00112-00034427-00034699": "Now there are some important parts to remember as you deal", "4RgduuXsZTu-00113-00034699-00034991": "with correlational research.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00114-00034991-00035292": "And one of these is that some correlations are just", "4RgduuXsZTu-00115-00035292-00035553": "absolutely meaningless.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00116-00035553-00035816": "For instance, what if we drew a correlation between", "4RgduuXsZTu-00117-00035816-00036219": "hat size and age.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00118-00036219-00036585": "Well, we might find a correlation there, but it", "4RgduuXsZTu-00119-00036585-00036696": "would be meaningless.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00120-00036696-00036939": "And there are many correlations that are", "4RgduuXsZTu-00121-00036939-00037242": "established that just simply are meaningless.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00122-00037242-00037486": "But that's the way it goes.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00123-00037486-00037725": "R is a measure of a linear relationship.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00124-00037725-00038117": "And as we move forward, we will examine a linear", "4RgduuXsZTu-00125-00038117-00038542": "correlation, or linear relationships.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00126-00038542-00038939": "So with linear regression, we'll do multiple linear", "4RgduuXsZTu-00127-00038939-00039140": "regression, those type of things.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00128-00039140-00039480": "But linear means that the points can be trapped in a", "4RgduuXsZTu-00129-00039480-00039543": "[INAUDIBLE]", "4RgduuXsZTu-00130-00039543-00039610": "line.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00131-00039610-00040002": "If you have some sort of curved relationship in the", "4RgduuXsZTu-00132-00040002-00040301": "points, then it's going to show that you don't have a", "4RgduuXsZTu-00133-00040301-00040638": "relationship, when in fact you do.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00134-00040638-00041041": "r does not say anything about cause and effect.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00135-00041041-00041331": "Simply because there's a relationship doesn't mean that", "4RgduuXsZTu-00136-00041331-00041625": "either of the variables causes the other.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00137-00041625-00041877": "So when you're doing correlational analysis with", "4RgduuXsZTu-00138-00041877-00042466": "the Pearson product r, you need to remember that just", "4RgduuXsZTu-00139-00042466-00042681": "because there's a correlation doesn't mean that", "4RgduuXsZTu-00140-00042681-00042850": "one caused the other.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00141-00042850-00043129": "Well, I want to thank you very much for your support.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00142-00043129-00043414": "We're going to move forward with this in just a moment.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00143-00043414-00043839": "But I remind you that your patronage keeps my family fed.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00144-00043839-00044130": "And it's important to me, besides that, that I have", "4RgduuXsZTu-00145-00044130-00044432": "extra funds to deer hunt and do the things", "4RgduuXsZTu-00146-00044432-00044617": "that I enjoy doing.", "4RgduuXsZTu-00147-00044617-00044996": "\"Live long and prosper,\" in the words of the old Trekkies."}}, {"audio_id": "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk", "text": {"4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00000-00000000-00000525": "Hello my name is Tricia Hardway and I'm an Academic Success Professional in the", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00001-00000525-00000933": "Center for Academic Success. Here I am sitting with the student in the Center", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00002-00000933-00001446": "for Academic Success. And I would like to take this opportunity to tell you about", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00003-00001446-00001902": "some of the resources we have available to you as students at Lincoln Land", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00004-00001902-00002325": "Community College, but first let me tell you a little bit about our mission and", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00005-00002325-00002936": "goals, so it can provide you with some of our background philosophy on helping", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00006-00002936-00003523": "students. Our mission is to provide programs services and resources that", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00007-00003523-00004185": "promote your academic success. Our goals include helping you to develop as", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00008-00004185-00004761": "independent learners, enhancing your academic performance, and sometimes we", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00009-00004761-00005373": "need to collaborate with other people at the institution in order to do that. So", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00010-00005373-00005943": "say, you know you might need a counselor. We're going to help connect you with", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00011-00005943-00006604": "those services and those people who can help you. Let me tell you about our", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00012-00006604-00007353": "resources using our website. So I'm just going to go to our main website and then", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00013-00007353-00007854": "on the right hand side and upper right hand corner there's a my LLCC button and", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00014-00007854-00008402": "that's where I find most of the resources that I need at this college.", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00015-00008402-00009000": "Here we are under student resources the Center for Academic Success. I'm going to", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00016-00009000-00009500": "click on that and that takes us to the Center for Academic Successes webpage.", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00017-00009500-00010061": "Here is our contact information. This main number: (217) 786-2396,", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00018-00010061-00010904": "and the main email CAS @llcc.edu will get you to a", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00019-00010904-00011595": "general person who will connect you with someone specific. Alternatively, we have a", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00020-00011595-00012457": "staff directory right here, and you can see we're all listed here. Here I am and", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00021-00012457-00012956": "you can contact me directly if you want to. There are other people who have", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00022-00012956-00013375": "different backgrounds than I do. My background is mostly Biology,", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00023-00013375-00013852": "Chemistry, and Math.  So, if you're a student who needs help with one of those subjects, you", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00024-00013852-00014494": "might be connected with me. Let's go back up. I'd like to also point out that we", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00025-00014494-00014988": "have a math Center. So if you're taking a math class this semester, and you might", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00026-00014988-00015813": "need help with that. They also meet with students via Zoom and that website with", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00027-00015813-00016390": "that information is available to you. How to get into contact with them. Let me", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00028-00016390-00017032": "take you to another resource we have here on the left-hand side. I like this", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00029-00017032-00017581": "one. It is called helpful handouts. So, if you click on that it will take you to", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00030-00017581-00018123": "the helpful handouts page. yYou can see there a lot of helpful handouts. So", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00031-00018123-00018934": "many! Sometimes though, this gets a little bit overwhelming. So, let me direct you to", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00032-00018934-00019498": "one in particular than I like and I think it's a good starting point. It's", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00033-00019498-00019960": "called the study habits checklist. So I'm going to click on that link and then it", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00034-00019960-00020386": "sends you to a webpage that talks about the study habits checklist in general.", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00035-00020386-00020785": "But we're going to go ahead and just click on the PDF and go right into it", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00036-00020785-00021198": "and I'll tell you a little bit about. Now, I encourage you to take this assessment.", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00037-00021198-00021811": "It's a good general place to start when self evaluating where your study skills", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00038-00021811-00022573": "are right now. It's broken up by topic. So, you can see that for time", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00039-00022573-00022987": "management,  if you answer on this scale", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00040-00022987-00023467": "mostly fours and fives, then probably your time management is just fine.", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00041-00023467-00024193": "Let's go down to previewing and reading. Say you answer for question 4, 5, 6, and", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00042-00024193-00025087": "7  - mostly ones and twos. You can see yourself,  \"okay I need help with this area\" [of study skills].", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00043-00025087-00026137": "So, these questions are also written in a way to give you tips for improvement.", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00044-00026137-00026589": "Let's take question number 6 for example: \"Before reading each assignment,", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00045-00026589-00026937": "do you take 10 to 15 minutes to preview the chapter? Do you look at the", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00046-00026937-00027297": "charts?  Do you look at the illustrations, the keywords, and the summaries? If", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00047-00027297-00027808": "you answer to one or two on that -  like you almost never do that, then that would", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00048-00027808-00028456": "be something you can add to your study skills repertoire. You could do that. You", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00049-00028456-00028797": "could take a few minutes and thumb through the chapter and look at all the", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00050-00028797-00029112": "pictures and the graphs and the drawings. They're very helpful, and there's lots of", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00051-00029112-00029722": "information there. So, I like this checklist because they're not just", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00052-00029722-00030294": "questions that are evaluating you. If you turn those questions into statements", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00053-00030294-00030931": "or affirmations, then you can  change the way you approach studying and", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00054-00030931-00031411": "help yourself a little bit. I encourage you, if you've taken", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00055-00031411-00031756": "this assessment and  you still don't know where to start,", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00056-00031756-00032305": "feel free to contact us. We're here to help you. We want you to do well. It's our", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00057-00032305-00032884": "goal and our mission as people who work at the Center for Academic Success, we", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00058-00032884-00033456": "want you to succeed! I would say getting help", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00059-00033456-00033990": "is easy! That's the easy part -  you email you call. Someone finds", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00060-00033990-00034515": "somebody who's best suited to help you. It's the stopping and the evaluating,", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00061-00034515-00035071": "[the realization that] \"yes, I do need help.\" It's that reaching inside and figuring", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00062-00035071-00035419": "out, \"okay I really either can't do this on my own", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00063-00035419-00035775": "or I am struggling too much to do this on my own.\"", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00064-00035775-00036334": "Then ask for help okay? We're here to help you and we want you to do well. So,", "4Rv8qYVQ0Gk-00065-00036334-00036861": "let us know and be well and good luck! [We can Zoom!]"}}, {"audio_id": "4RLQFi2dho4", "text": {"4RLQFi2dho4-00000-00000010-00000063": "BOUGHT AT THE EVENT OR ADVANCE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00001-00000063-00000070": "BOUGHT AT THE EVENT OR ADVANCE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00002-00000070-00000173": "BOUGHT AT THE EVENT OR ADVANCE AT THE VISITOR'S CENTER AT THE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00003-00000173-00000180": "BOUGHT AT THE EVENT OR ADVANCE AT THE VISITOR'S CENTER AT THE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00004-00000180-00000236": "BOUGHT AT THE EVENT OR ADVANCE AT THE VISITOR'S CENTER AT THE ARBORETUM.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00005-00000236-00000243": "AT THE VISITOR'S CENTER AT THE ARBORETUM.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00006-00000243-00000377": "AT THE VISITOR'S CENTER AT THE ARBORETUM. >>> IT'S TIME TO START PLANNING", "4RLQFi2dho4-00007-00000377-00000383": "ARBORETUM. >>> IT'S TIME TO START PLANNING", "4RLQFi2dho4-00008-00000383-00000500": "ARBORETUM. >>> IT'S TIME TO START PLANNING YOUR COSTUMES FOR BOTH YOU AND", "4RLQFi2dho4-00009-00000500-00000507": ">>> IT'S TIME TO START PLANNING YOUR COSTUMES FOR BOTH YOU AND", "4RLQFi2dho4-00010-00000507-00000633": ">>> IT'S TIME TO START PLANNING YOUR COSTUMES FOR BOTH YOU AND YOUR POOCH.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00011-00000633-00000640": "YOUR COSTUMES FOR BOTH YOU AND YOUR POOCH.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00012-00000640-00000844": "YOUR COSTUMES FOR BOTH YOU AND YOUR POOCH. THE CITY OF BEMIDJI PARKS AND", "4RLQFi2dho4-00013-00000844-00000850": "YOUR POOCH. THE CITY OF BEMIDJI PARKS AND", "4RLQFi2dho4-00014-00000850-00001004": "YOUR POOCH. THE CITY OF BEMIDJI PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT ARE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00015-00001004-00001011": "THE CITY OF BEMIDJI PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT ARE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00016-00001011-00001171": "THE CITY OF BEMIDJI PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT ARE PREPARING FOR THE LARGEST EVER", "4RLQFi2dho4-00017-00001171-00001177": "RECREATION DEPARTMENT ARE PREPARING FOR THE LARGEST EVER", "4RLQFi2dho4-00018-00001177-00001301": "RECREATION DEPARTMENT ARE PREPARING FOR THE LARGEST EVER BARK-N-BOO.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00019-00001301-00001307": "PREPARING FOR THE LARGEST EVER BARK-N-BOO.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00020-00001307-00001451": "PREPARING FOR THE LARGEST EVER BARK-N-BOO. THE EVENT WILL HAPPEN AT THE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00021-00001451-00001458": "BARK-N-BOO. THE EVENT WILL HAPPEN AT THE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00022-00001458-00001634": "BARK-N-BOO. THE EVENT WILL HAPPEN AT THE NYMORE DOG PARK ON THURSDAY,", "4RLQFi2dho4-00023-00001634-00001641": "THE EVENT WILL HAPPEN AT THE NYMORE DOG PARK ON THURSDAY,", "4RLQFi2dho4-00024-00001641-00001781": "THE EVENT WILL HAPPEN AT THE NYMORE DOG PARK ON THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25th FROM 5:00 UNTIL", "4RLQFi2dho4-00025-00001781-00001788": "NYMORE DOG PARK ON THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25th FROM 5:00 UNTIL", "4RLQFi2dho4-00026-00001788-00001931": "NYMORE DOG PARK ON THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25th FROM 5:00 UNTIL 6:00 P.M.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00027-00001931-00001938": "OCTOBER 25th FROM 5:00 UNTIL 6:00 P.M.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00028-00001938-00002105": "OCTOBER 25th FROM 5:00 UNTIL 6:00 P.M. BY REQUEST OF ITS PARTICIPANTS,", "4RLQFi2dho4-00029-00002105-00002112": "6:00 P.M. BY REQUEST OF ITS PARTICIPANTS,", "4RLQFi2dho4-00030-00002112-00002298": "6:00 P.M. BY REQUEST OF ITS PARTICIPANTS, THE EVENT HAS EXPANDED ITS", "4RLQFi2dho4-00031-00002298-00002305": "BY REQUEST OF ITS PARTICIPANTS, THE EVENT HAS EXPANDED ITS", "4RLQFi2dho4-00032-00002305-00002475": "BY REQUEST OF ITS PARTICIPANTS, THE EVENT HAS EXPANDED ITS ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL INCLUDE A", "4RLQFi2dho4-00033-00002475-00002482": "THE EVENT HAS EXPANDED ITS ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL INCLUDE A", "4RLQFi2dho4-00034-00002482-00002709": "THE EVENT HAS EXPANDED ITS ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL INCLUDE A COSTUME CONTEST, PHOTO BOOTH,", "4RLQFi2dho4-00035-00002709-00002716": "ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL INCLUDE A COSTUME CONTEST, PHOTO BOOTH,", "4RLQFi2dho4-00036-00002716-00002896": "ACTIVITIES WHICH WILL INCLUDE A COSTUME CONTEST, PHOTO BOOTH, GAMES AND A PAW-RADE.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00037-00002896-00002902": "COSTUME CONTEST, PHOTO BOOTH, GAMES AND A PAW-RADE.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00038-00002902-00003039": "COSTUME CONTEST, PHOTO BOOTH, GAMES AND A PAW-RADE. THE PARKS DEPARTMENT SAYS THAT", "4RLQFi2dho4-00039-00003039-00003046": "GAMES AND A PAW-RADE. THE PARKS DEPARTMENT SAYS THAT", "4RLQFi2dho4-00040-00003046-00003169": "GAMES AND A PAW-RADE. THE PARKS DEPARTMENT SAYS THAT THIS EVENT HAS SEEN AN INCREASE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00041-00003169-00003176": "THE PARKS DEPARTMENT SAYS THAT THIS EVENT HAS SEEN AN INCREASE", "4RLQFi2dho4-00042-00003176-00003286": "THE PARKS DEPARTMENT SAYS THAT THIS EVENT HAS SEEN AN INCREASE IN POPULARITY OVER THE PAST FEW", "4RLQFi2dho4-00043-00003286-00003293": "THIS EVENT HAS SEEN AN INCREASE IN POPULARITY OVER THE PAST FEW", "4RLQFi2dho4-00044-00003293-00003500": "THIS EVENT HAS SEEN AN INCREASE IN POPULARITY OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00045-00003500-00003506": "IN POPULARITY OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00046-00003506-00003660": "IN POPULARITY OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS. >> WE PROBABLY STARTED IT ABOUT", "4RLQFi2dho4-00047-00003660-00003666": "YEARS. >> WE PROBABLY STARTED IT ABOUT", "4RLQFi2dho4-00048-00003666-00003803": "YEARS. >> WE PROBABLY STARTED IT ABOUT THREE YEARS AGO AND WE HAD", "4RLQFi2dho4-00049-00003803-00003810": ">> WE PROBABLY STARTED IT ABOUT THREE YEARS AGO AND WE HAD", "4RLQFi2dho4-00050-00003810-00003977": ">> WE PROBABLY STARTED IT ABOUT THREE YEARS AGO AND WE HAD PROBABLY MAYBE TEN OWNERS AND", "4RLQFi2dho4-00051-00003977-00003983": "THREE YEARS AGO AND WE HAD PROBABLY MAYBE TEN OWNERS AND", "4RLQFi2dho4-00052-00003983-00004174": "THREE YEARS AGO AND WE HAD PROBABLY MAYBE TEN OWNERS AND THEIR PETS AT THE DOG PARK.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00053-00004174-00004180": "PROBABLY MAYBE TEN OWNERS AND THEIR PETS AT THE DOG PARK.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00054-00004180-00004340": "PROBABLY MAYBE TEN OWNERS AND THEIR PETS AT THE DOG PARK. IT'S NOW GROWN TO 30 TO 40", "4RLQFi2dho4-00055-00004340-00004347": "THEIR PETS AT THE DOG PARK. IT'S NOW GROWN TO 30 TO 40", "4RLQFi2dho4-00056-00004347-00004537": "THEIR PETS AT THE DOG PARK. IT'S NOW GROWN TO 30 TO 40 PEOPLE BRINGING THEIR PETS ALL", "4RLQFi2dho4-00057-00004537-00004544": "IT'S NOW GROWN TO 30 TO 40 PEOPLE BRINGING THEIR PETS ALL", "4RLQFi2dho4-00058-00004544-00004607": "IT'S NOW GROWN TO 30 TO 40 PEOPLE BRINGING THEIR PETS ALL DRESSED UP.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00059-00004607-00004614": "PEOPLE BRINGING THEIR PETS ALL DRESSED UP.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00060-00004614-00004764": "PEOPLE BRINGING THEIR PETS ALL DRESSED UP. WE HAVE DOGS DRESSED UP.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00061-00004764-00004771": "DRESSED UP. WE HAVE DOGS DRESSED UP.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00062-00004771-00004914": "DRESSED UP. WE HAVE DOGS DRESSED UP. WE HAVE OWNER AND DOG COST", "4RLQFi2dho4-00063-00004914-00004921": "WE HAVE DOGS DRESSED UP. WE HAVE OWNER AND DOG COST", "4RLQFi2dho4-00064-00004921-00004968": "WE HAVE DOGS DRESSED UP. WE HAVE OWNER AND DOG COST TUMORS.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00065-00004968-00004974": "WE HAVE OWNER AND DOG COST TUMORS.", "4RLQFi2dho4-00066-00004974-00005105": "WE HAVE OWNER AND DOG COST TUMORS. IT'S A REALLY FUN EVENT AT THE"}}, {"audio_id": "4S4ZDTUNxlY", "text": {"4S4ZDTUNxlY-00000-00000664-00001104": "BOOM!", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00001-00001104-00001592": "Donald Trump Just DESTROYED Lyin Bill Clinton With Just 4 Words�", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00002-00001592-00001769": "By Danny Gold.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00003-00001769-00002205": "Bill Clinton thought he could pick a fight with Donald Trump, but BOY was he opening", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00004-00002205-00002559": "up Pandora�s Box to a WORLD of hurt.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00005-00002559-00003126": "Just a few days ago, the King of Lies (Bill Clinton) told a bunch of reporters at a bookstore", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00006-00003126-00003411": "that Trump called him after the election before saying:", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00007-00003411-00003935": "�HE DOESN�T KNOW MUCH ONE THING HE DOES KNOW IS HOW TO GET ANGRY, WHITE MEN TO VOTE", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00008-00003935-00004051": "FOR HIM.�", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00009-00004051-00004478": "Well, Trump is not gonna sit back and take any of the BS.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00010-00004478-00004993": "He shot back at the former President who RUINED our country with 2 EPIC Tweets that are 100%", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00011-00004993-00005093": "true.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00012-00005093-00005437": "�BILL CLINTON STATED THAT I CALLED HIM AFTER THE ELECTION.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00013-00005437-00005866": "WRONG, HE CALLED ME (WITH A VERY NICE CONGRATULATIONS).", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00014-00005866-00006350": "HE �DOESN�T KNOW MUCH�, ESPECIALLY HOW TO GET PEOPLE, EVEN WITH AN UNLIMITED BUDGET,", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00015-00006350-00006706": "OUT TO VOTE IN THE VITAL SWING STATES ( AND MORE).", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00016-00006706-00006956": "THEY FOCUSED ON WRONG STATES.�", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00017-00006956-00007270": "Take that, you lying Piece of Human Garbage!", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00018-00007270-00007770": "The Clintons are just monsters who made themselves rich by selling our country off to the highest", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00019-00007770-00007881": "bidders.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00020-00007881-00008417": "Now that they are just a family of LOSERS that no big donors will touch, they are desperate", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00021-00008417-00008537": "and lashing out.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00022-00008537-00008929": "I say we should put them in jail for all their crimes.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00023-00008929-00009109": "That will shut them the hell up.", "4S4ZDTUNxlY-00024-00009109-00010479": "Let�s make this go viral and destroy the Clinton family!"}}, {"audio_id": "4S_yCD0UMnQ", "text": {"4S_yCD0UMnQ-00000-00000012-00000342": "Say hello to Tammy, head of Sales and Marketing at her company.", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00001-00000372-00000794": "Tammy once was a programmer, but now her job is finding new opportunities to grow,", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00002-00000794-00001208": "sales and profitability. That's why she never misses", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00003-00001208-00001601": "the Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference. After registering,", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00004-00001601-00002116": "Tammy joined WPC Connect and reach interest network just for the Microsoft Partner community.", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00005-00002116-00002440": "She check out the posts and started a dialogue with the company, asking for", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00006-00002440-00002651": "help with its new internal modul.", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00007-00002651-00002926": "As luck would have it, Tammy's company just finished building an enterprise", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00008-00002926-00003047": "mobility solution,", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00009-00003047-00003429": "that she thought would work perfectly. That's how Tammy met Sven.", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00010-00003488-00003747": "At WPC, Tammy and Sven met for a lunch.", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00011-00003796-00004104": "Sven liked what he was hearing, and asked for a formal presentation.", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00012-00004105-00004453": "Just like that, Tammy was on her way to a next deal.", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00013-00004532-00004857": "If you want to keep up with the latest tech, make the connections that help", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00014-00004857-00004912": "your company", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00015-00004912-00005426": "grow, register for the commercial sales event of the year. The 2014 Microsoft Worldwide", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00016-00005426-00005557": "Partner Conference", "4S_yCD0UMnQ-00017-00005557-00005948": "Partnership leads to profitability at WPC."}}, {"audio_id": "4SO5MLzrd60", "text": {"4SO5MLzrd60-00000-00001441-00002011": "12 Step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon have been lifelines for millions.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00001-00002011-00002467": "I once forded eight rivers in Costa Rica to get to a remote fishing village that only", "4SO5MLzrd60-00002-00002467-00003047": "recently received electricity, and, yet, when I stepped off the rickety bus, I saw a sign", "4SO5MLzrd60-00003-00003047-00003504": "outside a thatched roof hut that said, \"Alcoholics Anonymous.\"", "4SO5MLzrd60-00004-00003504-00004112": "AA is the pioneering self-help group that was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00005-00004112-00004739": "Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio, to help alcoholics achieve and maintain sobriety.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00006-00004739-00005421": "Al-Anon was founded in 1951 by Anne B. and Lois W, the wife of Bill Wilson, to help families", "4SO5MLzrd60-00007-00005421-00005553": "of alcoholics.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00008-00005553-00006114": "Since then, many other 12 Step programs have been created, such as Codependents Anonymous,", "4SO5MLzrd60-00009-00006114-00006645": "Overeaters Anonymous, and Gamblers Anonymous to help people overcome unhealthy compulsive", "4SO5MLzrd60-00010-00006645-00006968": "behaviors.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00011-00006968-00007133": "So what are 12 Step programs?", "4SO5MLzrd60-00012-00007133-00007811": "Well, as their name suggests, they offer 12 steps to recovery from any compulsive behavior,", "4SO5MLzrd60-00013-00007811-00008272": "and although the language used in the 12 Steps may seem archaic - after all, they were written", "4SO5MLzrd60-00014-00008272-00008833": "more than 80 years ago, the Steps themselves are profound and completely consistent with", "4SO5MLzrd60-00015-00008833-00008980": "good mental health.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00016-00008980-00009544": "Still, the 12 Steps programs can confuse some people and turn off others because of the", "4SO5MLzrd60-00017-00009544-00010142": "use of such words as \"God\" and \"a Power greater than ourselves,\" which is why I explain to", "4SO5MLzrd60-00018-00010142-00010756": "clients in great detail how the 12 Step programs work before they attend their first meeting.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00019-00010756-00011364": "Here is what I say, using Alcoholics Anonymous as an example, but my words apply equally", "4SO5MLzrd60-00020-00011364-00011632": "to all of the 12 Step programs:", "4SO5MLzrd60-00021-00011632-00012159": "12 Step programs are spiritual but not religious.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00022-00012159-00012641": "Its founders intended AA to be inclusive of all religions and beliefs, including atheists", "4SO5MLzrd60-00023-00012641-00012833": "and agnostics.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00024-00012833-00013287": "The only requirement to attend AA \"is a desire to stop drinking.\"", "4SO5MLzrd60-00025-00013287-00013724": "In addition, members are supposed to share from their own experiences, rather than give", "4SO5MLzrd60-00026-00013724-00014236": "advice, including trying to convert others to their religion, spiritual beliefs, or Higher", "4SO5MLzrd60-00027-00014236-00014344": "Power.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00028-00014344-00014807": "Now, I will describe how the 12 Steps work.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00029-00014807-00015525": "Step 1: We admitted we were powerless over alcohol - that our lives had become unmanageable.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00030-00015525-00016115": "Now, this is an obvious starting point in recovery because you can't fix a problem that", "4SO5MLzrd60-00031-00016115-00016352": "you don't acknowledge.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00032-00016352-00016985": "Step 2: Came to believe that a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00033-00016985-00017621": "Ok, so this was the founders' way of encouraging alcoholics to reach out for help, since trying", "4SO5MLzrd60-00034-00017621-00018044": "to overcome their alcoholism on their own has not worked.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00035-00018044-00018864": "Step 3: Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood", "4SO5MLzrd60-00036-00018864-00018964": "Him.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00037-00018964-00019334": "Ok, this is what confuses or turns off many people.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00038-00019334-00019811": "How is AA not religious if we're supposed to \"turn or will and our lives over to the", "4SO5MLzrd60-00039-00019811-00019929": "care of God?\"", "4SO5MLzrd60-00040-00019929-00020492": "Well, the answer lies in the next four words: \"as we understood Him.\"", "4SO5MLzrd60-00041-00020492-00021099": "This means that your \"God,\" or what most AA members call \"my Higher Power,\" can be anything", "4SO5MLzrd60-00042-00021099-00021748": "you want it to be - Jesus, Buddha, Allah, the wisdom of the universe, the AA program", "4SO5MLzrd60-00043-00021748-00022369": "itself, the wisdom of the species, or anything else that makes sense to you and gives you", "4SO5MLzrd60-00044-00022369-00022754": "strength, courage, and something to hold onto.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00045-00022754-00023006": "This process of learning to develop faith", "4SO5MLzrd60-00046-00023006-00023579": "can be transformative for alcoholics, who for so long have felt like alienated outsiders", "4SO5MLzrd60-00047-00023579-00023840": "with little faith in anything.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00048-00023840-00024406": "This is what makes AA a spiritual program rather than a religious program.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00049-00024406-00024934": "And whereas it's OK to mention your Higher Power in the meetings, it's not OK to discuss", "4SO5MLzrd60-00050-00024934-00025119": "religion.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00051-00025119-00025772": "Steps 4 through 7 outline a plan of self-assessment, so we can recognize AND own our character", "4SO5MLzrd60-00052-00025772-00026339": "defects, and with the help of a Higher Power, correct them.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00053-00026339-00026869": "Steps 8 and 9 instruct us to acknowledge those we have hurt because of our alcoholism, including", "4SO5MLzrd60-00054-00026869-00027220": "ourselves, and then make amends when possible.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00055-00027220-00027750": "In other words, we work to clean up our messy past, so we can learn to live in the present", "4SO5MLzrd60-00056-00027750-00028166": "as healthy members of society.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00057-00028166-00028704": "Steps 10 through 12 suggest we must remain rigorously honest in our daily lives, so we", "4SO5MLzrd60-00058-00028704-00029293": "can continue to build a spiritual foundation for ongoing recovery and carry this message", "4SO5MLzrd60-00059-00029293-00029679": "to other alcoholics.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00060-00029679-00030308": "I hope you can feel the wisdom and power of working the 12 Steps for any compulsive behavior.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00061-00030308-00030912": "It has been a lifesaver for millions, including myself, who attended Al-Anon for three years,", "4SO5MLzrd60-00062-00030912-00031225": "which motivated me to become a therapist.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00063-00031225-00031622": "Here are a few more tips for attending your first meeting:", "4SO5MLzrd60-00064-00031622-00032093": "They last about one hour and usually open with the Serenity Prayer and a brief reading", "4SO5MLzrd60-00065-00032093-00032360": "from AA literature.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00066-00032360-00032827": "There are different kinds of meetings: A discussion meeting is where a topic is chosen and each", "4SO5MLzrd60-00067-00032827-00033071": "member can speak to the topic.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00068-00033071-00033434": "A Step meeting focuses on one of the Steps.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00069-00033434-00033973": "Special population meetings are for specific groups, such as men, women, gays, doctors,", "4SO5MLzrd60-00070-00033973-00034378": "businessmen, or those with psychiatric disorders.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00071-00034378-00034831": "There are open meetings that anyone can attend for any reason and closed meetings where only", "4SO5MLzrd60-00072-00034831-00035062": "members can attend.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00073-00035062-00035511": "Crosstalk is discouraged, meaning that members have the opportunity to share from their own", "4SO5MLzrd60-00074-00035511-00036031": "experiences, but there's no giving advice or talking back and forth between members", "4SO5MLzrd60-00075-00036031-00036301": "during the meeting.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00076-00036301-00036552": "You do not have to share until you're ready to share.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00077-00036552-00036806": "It's OK to just listen.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00078-00036806-00037407": "Confidentiality is expected concerning who attends and what they share.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00079-00037407-00037782": "Newcomers are often given phone numbers of other members for support.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00080-00037782-00038330": "And finally, members are encouraged to ask someone to be a sponsor, but you should take", "4SO5MLzrd60-00081-00038330-00038644": "time and choose someone who you can relate to.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00082-00038644-00039146": "Sponsors are like coaches who guide you in working the 12 Steps.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00083-00039146-00039547": "I hope you now have a better understanding of the 12 Steps programs.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00084-00039547-00040113": "If you'd like help with your recovery, then visit my website, serenityonlinetherapy.com,", "4SO5MLzrd60-00085-00040113-00040437": "to learn more about the online services I provide.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00086-00040437-00040867": "If you liked this video, please click the Thumbs Up button and then subscribe to my", "4SO5MLzrd60-00087-00040867-00041069": "channel to hear more from me.", "4SO5MLzrd60-00088-00041069-00041394": "And finally, keep paying attention to your life!", "4SO5MLzrd60-00089-00041394-00041442": "Until next time."}}, {"audio_id": "4SOv9hqBpwY", "text": {"4SOv9hqBpwY-00000-00000133-00000567": "alright guys, I've got myself a lever", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00001-00000567-00001189": "we're gonna see what it does", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00002-00001189-00001519": "hey look, there's a door", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00003-00001519-00002035": "as you can see, there are no pistons visible, even when the door is open", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00004-00002150-00002532": "It closes again, as usual", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00005-00002833-00003171": "If we go around back", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00006-00003171-00003765": "you can see that it's really quite a mess", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00007-00004015-00004472": "I ended up color coding all the wires", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00008-00004472-00004897": "so we've got a double retracting piston here", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00009-00004897-00005437": "these pistons are to close the hole that these", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00010-00005437-00005766": "pistons leave open", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00011-00006095-00006764": "I've got a hole to the void to get around", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00012-00007011-00007192": "this opens", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00013-00007192-00007430": "these pistons", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00014-00007430-00007697": "these pistons", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00015-00007697-00007990": "I've got a", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00016-00007990-00008391": "Last On First Off sequencer here", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00017-00008391-00008697": "so if we", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00018-00008697-00008983": "install a lever real quick", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00019-00008983-00009150": "flip it", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00020-00009150-00009586": "you can see that the pulse travels this way", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00021-00009586-00010286": "all the time going through the repeater and into this block", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00022-00010397-00011024": "and then there's another repeater powering that to prevent it from", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00023-00011024-00011140": "turning off", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00024-00011140-00011275": "first", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00025-00011275-00011533": "so if we turn it off, you can see that", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00026-00011533-00011766": "this side turns off, and then", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00027-00011766-00012168": "the other side turns off so", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00028-00012168-00012415": "this black turns off first", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00029-00012415-00012754": "and then this block turns off last", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00030-00013077-00013499": "It's fairly standard. I think the only unique thing is that you don't have any holes in the", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00031-00013499-00013588": "wall", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00032-00013588-00013672": "you don't have", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00033-00013672-00013804": "pistons", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00034-00013804-00014029": "showing", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00035-00014029-00014318": "so, yeah", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00036-00014318-00014621": "that's about it. this thing", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00037-00014621-00014943": "is a test to", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00038-00014943-00015175": "well, it's easier just", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00039-00015175-00015321": "throw something away", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00040-00015321-00015597": "hit a button and get what you want", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00041-00015597-00015918": "instead of having to search through the inventory", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00042-00015918-00016283": "so that's that", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00043-00016283-00016712": "let's close it", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00044-00016712-00016981": "and that's about it", "4SOv9hqBpwY-00045-00016981-00017019": "see you later"}}, {"audio_id": "4SQER_9Zz_Q", "text": {"4SQER_9Zz_Q-00000-00000000-00000222": "assembly of 30 mods for a very weak PC", "4SQER_9Zz_Q-00002-00001404-00001504": "a bunch of interesting mods"}}, {"audio_id": "4STxFpNKRBg", "text": {"4STxFpNKRBg-00000-00000206-00000434": "Welcome to CuVoodoo,", "4STxFpNKRBg-00001-00000437-00000669": "the sorcery of copper.", "4STxFpNKRBg-00002-00001659-00002023": "actually more like 4 years", "4STxFpNKRBg-00003-00013379-00013748": "the most common voltages", "4STxFpNKRBg-00004-00031249-00031617": "with ground I meant earth connection", "4STxFpNKRBg-00005-00040589-00040926": "again, I meant earth", "4STxFpNKRBg-00006-00043749-00044186": "100W as written there, not 80W", "4STxFpNKRBg-00007-00054012-00054761": "\"Conformité Européenne\" vs \"China Export\"", "4STxFpNKRBg-00008-00072419-00072714": "not the one which is set", "4STxFpNKRBg-00009-00078828-00079243": "the first digit after the point", "4STxFpNKRBg-00010-00079609-00079932": "the value before the point", "4STxFpNKRBg-00011-00088192-00088975": "I wanted to short the power supply, not the multimeter. But the result is the same.", "4STxFpNKRBg-00012-00101229-00101619": "what is generated by the power supply", "4STxFpNKRBg-00013-00192329-00192806": "you can also get it on my git", "4STxFpNKRBg-00014-00224346-00225018": "actually the checksum is a simple addition of the previous bytes, thus it can not detect if a 0 is missing", "4STxFpNKRBg-00015-00247459-00247888": "on UART it idles high, not RS232", "4STxFpNKRBg-00016-00250493-00250818": "for this multimeter", "4STxFpNKRBg-00017-00252109-00252584": "UT-D02 and UT-D04", "4STxFpNKRBg-00018-00299747-00300141": "we also see this noise when not connected ...", "4STxFpNKRBg-00019-00343326-00343613": "<0.20%", "4STxFpNKRBg-00020-00379642-00380277": "that's probably even mandatory", "4STxFpNKRBg-00021-00406603-00406961": "probably used to measure the current"}}, {"audio_id": "4Tk-GDJn7lA", "text": {"4Tk-GDJn7lA-00000-00000128-00000888": "hey guys welcome back so today uh i'm injured this is maddie hi and we're gonna head out to a", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00001-00000888-00001240": "little bit of a vlog adventure style because i'm injured i can't do anything it's just", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00002-00001240-00001639": "something we kind of do on the regular anyways and we're gonna head out to a fire tower yeah", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00003-00001639-00002160": "we're actually going to pisgah national forest there's a really beautiful fire tower up here", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00004-00002160-00002648": "and even though he's injured we like doing stuff because he doesn't like sitting still at all so", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00005-00002728-00003320": "we're trying to move around and not have as much pressure on the injury we are at the", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00006-00003320-00003800": "velvet cup it's my favorite local coffee spot it's right outside the pizza forest and they've", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00007-00003800-00004280": "got a signature drink called the velvet revolver and it's got some butter in it i'm gonna see if", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00008-00004280-00004728": "she hasn't had it yet we're gonna throw it to her two shots of espresso hot water two", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00009-00004728-00005560": "tablespoons of butter grass-fed organics and mct alright so mct is the medium strain triglyceride", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00010-00005560-00006072": "the medium part of the coconut oil is the part of the coconut oil that our body likes to break down", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00011-00006152-00006648": "for energy so what it does is the caffeine connects to the fat content", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00012-00006704-00007288": "of the oil and the butter and as you metabolize that fat it releases caffeine so it's like a slow", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00013-00007288-00008584": "release", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00014-00011240-00011824": "almost died yo your hands gonna be okay are you gonna you need gloves i might need gloves gloves", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00015-00012032-00012416": "so she'll get two choices of green what do you think which ones you wanna choose", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00016-00012416-00012816": "i like you have like a oil slick or these okay", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00017-00013063-00013472": "we're just going to match it up i'm going to put on a large pair let's do the cutest thing ever", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00018-00013640-00014216": "here we go very cute very cute nice with the outfit the outfit goes in there good fits well", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00019-00014216-00014752": "with the outfit it's tray right we're all black in the green action but the new gloves um from dare", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00020-00014752-00015232": "gloves have an actual like little area pull tab and before it was like just a tag and now there's", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00021-00015232-00015712": "actually more material there i'll highlight like that later but it's actually uh pretty sweet", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00022-00015712-00016752": "and um yeah super cute what do we know about this fire tower we're going to so it was built in 1941.", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00023-00016808-00017432": "it's out of commission right now obviously i think that happened around 91 maybe okay", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00024-00017664-00017904": "but it's about 70 feet tall so", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00025-00018008-00018704": "kind of sketch you're not supposed to climb all the way up is there a there's a little room on", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00026-00018704-00019464": "top though right there's a cute little room a nice 360 view so it's really pretty awesome", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00027-00019568-00019784": "well", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00028-00021040-00021184": "like", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00029-00023680-00024104": "there it's totally worth it though super sketch oh", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00030-00024488-00025032": "it's definitely sketchy the entire way up the entire way up the entire way up it's just", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00031-00025032-00025384": "the stairs like they're so rickety but once you get up", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00032-00025504-00025912": "once you get up it's fine don't rickety the steps i'm not trying to ricky the other already", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00033-00026232-00026783": "yeah like right here the steps are super swingy and it's just hold on", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00034-00027616-00027744": "i'm great you're great", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00035-00027976-00028256": "i look at this step so i don't look at the ground if that makes sense", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00036-00028376-00028872": "now we're good ways out good ways i'm gonna say that okay so it's good", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00037-00029560-00029912": "imagine if it was really windy that makes it super scary", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00038-00030816-00031056": "there's tiny little cars right there", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00039-00031168-00031488": "right there where they're at look at them they're like little ants", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00040-00031712-00032016": "no no we're just camera in it camera in", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00041-00032016-00033064": "it oh we do have a lock on there oh what is that about they have a lock on here", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00042-00033064-00033728": "and they usually don't we made our way up to the tower and last time we were here the top", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00043-00033728-00034200": "like there's a roof where there's a 360 kind of like windows and you can walk around all the way", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00044-00034344-00034944": "it was open there's this big door that you have to like go up from it's not there it's", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00045-00034944-00035528": "locked there's a padlock on it very sad it's still gorgeous though and it's a gorgeous day", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00046-00035528-00036000": "last time we were here it was very foggy so you can kind of see everything way too fast", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00047-00036000-00036584": "i know i just want to get it over with this is not sketchy up here is it just a little", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00048-00036776-00037496": "so uh fire tower recap it was really fun but it was locked unfortunately so you can't", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00049-00037496-00038128": "get to the top of the tower you can only climb up to the last set of stairs so you're still able", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00050-00038128-00038696": "to go really far up super beautiful view still super amazing you just don't feel as comfortable", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00051-00038696-00039136": "because you can't just walk around you're on a flight of stairs so it was still fun it was", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00052-00039136-00039592": "so exciting met some super cool people so i think overall my evaluation would be it's still a great", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00053-00039592-00040024": "adventure we still got out and did something and we're like got some exercise output in", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00054-00040024-00040560": "still got an amazing view and you see dogs dude just pop something there's so many cute dogs", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00055-00040648-00041224": "so if you like dogs you like views fire tower thanks for joining the vlog and", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00056-00041224-00041544": "coming along for the ride hopefully you enjoyed it and we'll see on the next one", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00057-00041696-00042360": "yo so what's up snacks you got to these chocolate espresso beans pretty tasty pretty tasty they", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00058-00042360-00042808": "last a while because you shouldn't eat all of them at once or your heart might explode", "4Tk-GDJn7lA-00059-00042896-00043480": "kevin likes sweet stuff i love sugar he loves sugar all the time"}}, {"audio_id": "4TVSc42RNuE", "text": {"4TVSc42RNuE-00000-00000088-00000522": "On Color Pink, a thought about sexism", "4TVSc42RNuE-00001-00000772-00001218": "Have you noticed that our society has some distinctive ideas about men and women?", "4TVSc42RNuE-00002-00001258-00001734": "We are said to be very different, and that’s not new thing.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00003-00001749-00002161": "For example: When noticing a pregnancy, we soon ask about the gender.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00004-00002188-00002402": "After that, we look for the color of the baby’s room", "4TVSc42RNuE-00005-00002402-00002668": "considering names, choosing clothes and toys.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00006-00002718-00003326": "Searching for “boys toys” we see heroes, cars and also guns!", "4TVSc42RNuE-00007-00003352-00003870": "For “girls toys” we see princess, babies and domestic equipments.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00008-00003914-00004278": "We orient women to be delicate housewives", "4TVSc42RNuE-00009-00004278-00004616": "and men to be strong and violent.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00010-00004674-00004910": "In adolescence, boys are questioned:", "4TVSc42RNuE-00011-00004910-00005030": "“What about the girls?”", "4TVSc42RNuE-00012-00005034-00005162": "Yes, on plural.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00013-00005196-00005424": "After all it’s a matter of pride to be a lady-killer.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00014-00005444-00005694": "Girls, instead, have to behave,", "4TVSc42RNuE-00015-00005706-00005924": "otherwise they are vulgar or promiscuous.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00016-00005936-00006292": "When we hear: “Cage your goat, because my billygoat is free”", "4TVSc42RNuE-00017-00006322-00006598": "we notice the dominant education of men over women.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00018-00006612-00006754": "In a 2013’s research", "4TVSc42RNuE-00019-00006754-00007231": "83% of the interviewed women said they don’t like streetflirts", "4TVSc42RNuE-00020-00007231-00007658": "and 81% had given up going somewhere afraid of being teased.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00021-00007658-00007916": "In Rio de Janeiro, 2012,", "4TVSc42RNuE-00022-00007916-00008246": "there were 16 rapes per day.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00023-00008246-00008768": "22% by “friends”, 16% by fathers and stepfathers.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00024-00008768-00009086": "And many blame the victim.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00025-00009086-00009406": "Women’s body is not respected as belonging to them.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00026-00009406-00009858": "Some publicity prove it by selling beer with half naked girls.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00027-00009858-00010138": "They are most of all white and skinny.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00028-00010138-00010390": "It’s difficult to see fat and black women.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00029-00010402-00010602": "“Our body, our rules”", "4TVSc42RNuE-00030-00010616-00011176": "Decisions about sex, marriage, pregnancy and abortion are women’s rights.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00031-00011176-00011564": "Uruguay legalized abortion in October 2012.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00032-00011564-00011846": "Before that, more than 30.000 abortions per month were done.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00033-00011846-00012258": "This number decreased to about 6.000 safe abortions.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00034-00012352-00012840": "The patient is accompanied by doctors and social workers who guide her.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00035-00012840-00013024": "But the final decision is hers.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00036-00013024-00013541": "In Brazil, Maria da Penha Law has tried to protect women from domestic violence since 2006.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00037-00013541-00013991": "But 2013’s researches prove that violence continued.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00038-00013991-00014276": "The solution is not only creating laws,", "4TVSc42RNuE-00039-00014276-00014660": "but building the respect between women and men.", "4TVSc42RNuE-00040-00014660-00015113": "This is just one step to a fair and free society."}}, {"audio_id": "4UmHlfMYOsM", "text": {"4UmHlfMYOsM-00000-00000104-00000752": "hi I'm Pamela Parker welcome to my first video on how to do wardrobe, Diana made", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00001-00000752-00001299": "me do it. Hi Mayfield, anyway I just want to show what if you were black and black", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00002-00001299-00001869": "together how it looks it can be good then you are the most outstanding thing", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00003-00001869-00002284": "in the photo but it can also make you look like you disappeared.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00004-00002284-00002560": "Now most likely you will be wearing,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00005-00002560-00002940": "having a background that is white so I want to", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00006-00002940-00003226": "show you what black on white looks like. O", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00007-00003226-00003492": "the thing about that is, they become this", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00008-00003492-00003852": "little solid block it's not very interesting and it doesn't show any", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00009-00003852-00004359": "personality. You try to show who you are in the photo so that's what black on", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00010-00004359-00004798": "white looks like what I recommend instead of just pure black.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00011-00004798-00005294": "If you need to wear black or you only have black then make sure that you have some kind", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00012-00005294-00005871": "of accent color underneath so like a white because in all of a sudden there's", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00013-00005871-00006362": "something going on this interest this is a v-line right here this is a V and that", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00014-00006362-00006644": "elongates your neck and your face and it's very flattering.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00015-00006709-00007022": "So if you have to wear black", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00016-00007022-00007470": "then wear something underneath layering is always always good.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00017-00007470-00008054": "Now I want to show you what it looks like when you're just have a white background,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00018-00008054-00008753": "with a white outfit on so this is what it looks like white on white.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00019-00008753-00009364": "Good, it`s pretty good mostly because there's the interest in the V so there's one", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00020-00009366-00009506": "part about it there's a V", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00021-00009506-00009864": "there's a little the buttons is a little edge on there,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00022-00009864-00010572": "Now if you wore it closed like this it would be more yum, it would just be like a", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00023-00010580-00010804": "floating head in the middle of a white sea.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00024-00010804-00011122": "So having having a V neck actually elongates", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00025-00011122-00011392": "your face and even makes you look better!", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00026-00011428-00011696": "So let's say you want to wear a black jacket,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00027-00011696-00012446": "yum but if you do have something next time you go shopping think about that,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00028-00012446-00013016": "Yum, Have something that has some detail on it this one has a white itching on it,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00029-00013016-00013368": "it's kind of hard to see but it's right there.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00030-00013368-00013841": "So, in the photo it's going to look you know, more interesting.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00031-00013866-00014062": "It actually adds a bit of style", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00032-00014068-00014608": "and also having something white underneath is again,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00033-00014608-00014744": "Nice.   Ta Da", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00034-00014744-00014794": "k", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00035-00014816-00015562": "So if you have color that's good color skid it depends on your personality I", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00036-00015563-00016094": "I have many different kinds of colorful jackets for instance, I have red plaid that", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00037-00016094-00016812": "works a lot I love red plaid. And then if you want to go more traditional then you", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00038-00016812-00017628": "go with a you know a worsted wool kind of jacket um there's always a white jacket", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00039-00017628-00018315": "but you know once again white on white on white kind of disappears so that's", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00040-00018315-00019043": "why you want to add color or layering so if I was going to wear a white jacket", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00041-00019043-00019346": "Let's see if I can do this. If I was going to wear a white jacket.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00042-00019797-00020326": "It would be a very good idea to wear some color maybe, a purple tank-top or green or blue", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00043-00020326-00020844": "accent color underneath, color is awesome it also sure shows your", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00044-00020844-00021604": "personality really well. So here is a white jacket but again it's good to have", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00045-00021604-00022145": "different layers just to show personality. You don't need a shirt like this fancy", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00046-00022145-00022581": "or weird underneath it. You just go black on white we're going to make you", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00047-00022581-00023309": "disappear in here, so if you have a white tank, blue tank, a red tank, pink tank so", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00048-00023309-00023981": "if you put it like a pink tank top underneath it just adds you know more", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00049-00023981-00024434": "interest and now we have three layers of clothing which makes it to me more interesting.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00050-00024434-00024815": "This is actually a scarf so I'll show you a lot of people like to", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00051-00024816-00025380": "wear scarves and then what happens is the scarf takes over the picture", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00052-00025380-00025632": "and then really", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00053-00025632-00025816": "all you can see is a scarf right.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00054-00025816-00026008": "Even if you were it tight then all of a sudden,", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00055-00026008-00026492": "it cuts off your neck and it's just I don't think it's flattering as it could be.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00056-00026492-00026772": "This picture is about you not about your clothes", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00057-00026772-00026886": "these are accents.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00058-00026886-00027326": "Oh here`s another jacket that I really really love, only because", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00059-00027326-00027538": "it's so unique", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00060-00027539-00027788": "but it is blue and white.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00061-00027788-00028330": "So this really shows up really nicely and it's a Bolero jacket which I love.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00062-00028358-00028660": "So anyway I guess that's it for the", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00063-00028660-00028848": "black-and-white wardrobe scenario.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00064-00028848-00029167": "I hope you learned something and thanks for", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00065-00029167-00029456": "watching see you next week.", "4UmHlfMYOsM-00066-00029456-00029552": "PLEASE SUBSCRIBE"}}, {"audio_id": "4Up0I_Yks5E", "text": {"4Up0I_Yks5E-00000-00000814-00001156": "What is a lecture? What is happening there?", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00001-00001188-00001458": "Lecture is a meeting of people.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00002-00001592-00001948": "Spiritual theories consider meeting to be a satsang.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00003-00002074-00002452": "Satsang is a group of people with pure consciousness,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00004-00002522-00002978": "who get together for the love of purity and the Supreme.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00005-00003102-00003786": "On the physical level, in social life, - we regard a lecture as an opportunity to get some knowledge.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00006-00003936-00004526": "Lecture is a good chance to know what spiritual theory is.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00007-00004734-00005270": "When Masters summon a big audience to transfer their knowledge,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00008-00005312-00005724": "they are engaged in work with people’s minds.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00009-00005954-00006396": "A real Master always knows what kind of work he should do,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00010-00006434-00006890": "because he sees what people have come to him.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00011-00006995-00007492": "If people are advanced, the Master gives more knowledge.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00012-00007573-00008088": "He slightly opens the veil and pulls them out of delusion,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00013-00008192-00008650": "because he is working at the level of consciousness and intellect.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00014-00008716-00009394": "If a Master is advanced, he also works at the level of bioenergetic consciousness.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00015-00009458-00010042": "As a matter of fact, everything is consciousness, everything is information and energy.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00016-00010080-00010744": "Put simply, a lecture is a good chance not only to get food for thought,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00017-00010814-00011722": "but also, being up close with the Master’s energy and emanations, receive a part of his experience.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00018-00011826-00012514": "After that, in the process of further development, a person can make a decision to follow this Master,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00019-00012540-00012924": "or to stop and look for another Master.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00020-00012997-00013500": "Correctly arranged textbooks and another reading matter can,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00021-00013528-00013854": "to some extent, also play the role of a teacher.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00022-00013896-00014862": "But nowadays it is not free from danger, because we can face with obvious distorting of information.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00023-00015076-00015534": "Unfortunately, today books aren’t always good friends,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00024-00015568-00016258": "because information given in them is often sophisticated, controversial and hard to understand.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00025-00016344-00016820": "At a Master’s lecture you can ask him a direct question,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00026-00016848-00017408": "and he’ll give you a direct answer which will help you to understand an unclear point.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00027-00017450-00017932": "A Master should keep up with the level of his students and", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00028-00017960-00018462": "give them information according to the level of their consciousness.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00029-00018492-00018990": "In fact, the Master’s task is to give a little more than his students’ level implies,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00030-00018998-00019356": "so that to inspire people and awake their desire to develop themselves.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00031-00019382-00019606": "This is a very good opportunity to develop oneself.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00032-00019628-00019892": "To some extent, a lecture is an initiation.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00033-00019918-00020884": "At a lecture people are given a chance to get the first insight into the spiritual theory,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00034-00020950-00021390": "to feel the Master and to gain the impression of him.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00035-00021444-00021934": "Besides, during a lecture a sort of purification takes place.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00036-00021990-00022480": "People are purified of their negative programs, of negative information, and of their personal karma.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00037-00022492-00022818": "It happens because their biofields are being adjusted.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00038-00022846-00023152": "This is very intensive and meaningful internal work.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00039-00023178-00023532": "If a Master is advanced, he is able to do such high-profile work.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00040-00023568-00024108": "As a rule, after lecture, people feel inspired and enthusiastic.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00041-00024146-00024872": "Such inspiration is necessary because it is something people are driven by.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00042-00024914-00025386": "A Master leaves an impression in a person’s consciousness,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00043-00025422-00025910": "and it allows a person to raise oneself to a higher level of understanding.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00044-00025932-00026188": "Usually, a feeling of joy emerges in consciousness,", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00045-00026204-00026652": "and people feel a desire to do something for themselves and for the other people.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00046-00026682-00026926": "It is a Blessing, or inspiration.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00047-00026960-00027716": "If a Master has some qualities, connected with the Oneness in Spirit, then this inspiration remains.", "4Up0I_Yks5E-00048-00027745-00028216": "After the lecture your good emotional experience is left."}}, {"audio_id": "4UPjFRLu6ec", "text": {"4UPjFRLu6ec-00000-00000290-00000480": "How are you? I'm Jake.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00001-00000756-00001099": "It's so good today.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00002-00001134-00001604": "Currently, I'm interested in making videos.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00003-00001888-00002388": "I said I would make my travel video", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00004-00002610-00003006": "but my skills is too bad to make videos.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00005-00003247-00003688": "So I've been studying now.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00006-00003688-00004029": "The weather is so good.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00007-00004029-00004454": "I'm going shopping now.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00008-00004558-00004842": "Check this out how good the weather is! It is great!", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00009-00004922-00005122": "[I'm melting...]", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00010-00005488-00005838": "I'm going to practice making videos today.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00011-00005932-00006132": "[Sound play (like FPS games)]", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00012-00006595-00006892": "Oh.. there is a park.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00013-00007256-00007580": "I will go to the park and take videos.", "4UPjFRLu6ec-00014-00007845-00008002": "Enjoy this video."}}, {"audio_id": "4UW62BD8TpQ", "text": {"4UW62BD8TpQ-00000-00002748-00003352": "So can you think of some examples of some integers for me?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00001-00003352-00003588": "There's a bunch we just had.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00002-00003588-00004069": "Can you think of some? What number would called an integer? Ashley?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00003-00004069-00004193": "-5", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00004-00004193-00004400": "-5 would be an integer.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00005-00004400-00004640": "Brandon, do you have another example of an integer?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00006-00004640-00004739": "10", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00007-00004739-00004994": "10. Very good.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00008-00004994-00005288": "Let's do a couple more. Conner?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00009-00005288-00005553": "8,552", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00010-00005553-00006141": "That is one, 8552. It's a pretty big integer, but it's an integer.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00011-00006141-00006303": "We don’t have very many negative integers.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00012-00006303-00006664": "Let's get a couple more of those.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00013-00006664-00006760": "Jake?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00014-00006760-00006880": "-57", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00015-00006880-00007234": "-57, good.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00016-00007234-00007673": "What I would like you to do is take a minute, and in your pair,", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00017-00007673-00008049": "try to come up with some more examples of integers.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00018-00008049-00008347": "So talk to your partner and maybe generate a little list,", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00019-00008347-00008495": "like Mr. McGann did.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00020-00008495-00008612": "How about -100?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00021-00008612-00009000": "I don't know.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00022-00009000-00009194": "I don't know, -3?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00023-00009194-00009412": "I guess.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00024-00009412-00009618": "What about 5?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00025-00009618-00009924": "Sure.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00026-00009924-00010237": "-7?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00027-00010237-00010412": "I guess.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00028-00010412-00010566": "I don't know. Are we just supposed to name numbers or something?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00029-00010566-00010635": "Apparently.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00030-00010635-00010891": "Okay.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00031-00010891-00011219": "How about 70?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00032-00011219-00011317": "70?", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00033-00011317-00011368": "Yeah.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00034-00011368-00011520": "Okay, 70.", "4UW62BD8TpQ-00035-00011520-00011610": "-77"}}, {"audio_id": "4V7PX6bbIbu", "text": {"4V7PX6bbIbu-00000-00000019-00000715": "The HB Project and the HB Channel are supported by SBooster; the audiophile power supply solution.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00001-00000750-00001436": "There is much to do about external power supplies and the impact they have on the sound quality.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00002-00001436-00001842": "Partly my fault, of course. So let’s have a closer look at power supplies.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00003-00002608-00002902": "There are two main groups of power supplies:", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00004-00002902-00003292": "linear power supplies and switching mode power supplies.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00005-00003292-00003832": "The first one is the classical way of converting the high AC voltage from the grid to a low", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00006-00003832-00004246": "DC voltage that can be used by the electronics in your device.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00007-00004246-00004913": "A transformer transforms the high AC voltage of the grid to a lower AC voltage, a few volts", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00008-00004913-00005232": "above the target DC voltage.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00009-00005232-00005897": "It then is fed to a rectifier that contains the electronic equivalent of valves.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00010-00005897-00006213": "Think of the foot pump you use for inflatables.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00011-00006213-00006781": "If you expand it, one valve opens to let the air into the bellows.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00012-00006781-00007325": "Then you step on it, which closes the valve to the open air and opens the valve to the", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00013-00007325-00007623": "tube that is connected to the inflatable.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00014-00007623-00008292": "The electronic equivalent uses diodes - the actual ‘valves’ - to force the current", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00015-00008292-00008497": "to flow in one direction.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00016-00008497-00009239": "Unfortunately the output is not yet a steady flow of DC current, a bit like the air flowing", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00017-00009239-00009442": "into the inflatable.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00018-00009442-00009967": "Therefore the current is first stored in a container - called a capacitor.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00019-00009967-00010253": "This is a bit like the technique used by fire engines.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00020-00010253-00010903": "The pumps fill up a reservoir with water under pressure in stead of connecting the pump directly", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00021-00010903-00011308": "to the hoses, to get a steady stream of water.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00022-00011308-00011727": "That pressure is kept constant by a pressure regulator.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00023-00011727-00012047": "Again about the same as in a linear power supply.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00024-00012047-00012679": "The capacitors form the reservoir and a voltage regulator does the same as the pressure regulator.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00025-00012679-00013306": "A basic linear power supply requires very little parts, but especially one part comes", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00026-00013306-00013729": "only at premium price: the transformer.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00027-00013729-00014218": "A transformer contains of two coils, tangled together.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00028-00014218-00014641": "One is connected to the grid, the other to the low voltage circuit.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00029-00014641-00014991": "Since the grid feeds alternating current or AC,", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00030-00014991-00015490": "the primary spool will generate an alternating magnetic field.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00031-00015490-00015982": "That magnetic field generates a voltage in the secondary coil that is proportional to", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00032-00015982-00016301": "the ratio of windings of both coils.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00033-00016301-00017011": "To keep the losses acceptable, the coils have to be wound using a metal that has very good conductance.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00034-00017011-00017598": "The best conductor is pure silver but that obviously is prohibitory expensive.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00035-00017599-00017837": "The second best conductor is copper", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00036-00017837-00018432": "that is considerably cheaper than pure silver, but still not cheap.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00037-00018432-00018883": "The third best conductor is aluminium that conducts far worse.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00038-00018883-00019107": "So copper is the best compromise.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00039-00019107-00019742": "The amount of copper that has to be used depends largely on the amperage needed.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00040-00019742-00020256": "The higher the amperage, the thicker the wire to prevent it from running too hot.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00041-00020256-00020914": "So it is the price of the copper that makes linear power supplies expensive?", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00042-00020914-00021543": "Yes and no, for basic linear power supplies you are right but for advanced linear power", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00043-00021543-00022129": "supplies that have very low noise figures, far more electronic components are needed", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00044-00022129-00022595": "and they need to have very high qualities, tapered for audio.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00045-00022595-00023025": "That is why audiophile power supplies can be expensive.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00046-00023026-00023978": "Another complicating factor is the grid frequency, 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in for instance the US and Japan.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00047-00023979-00024594": "To prevent rattling and humming 50 Hz transformers need different damping than 60 Hz transformers.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00048-00024594-00025191": "So transformers that can be switched from 115 to 230 volts by switching two primary", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00049-00025191-00025829": "windings parallel of serial, isn’t always a safe solution either.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00051-00026177-00026806": "Since all electronics need low voltage DC power in some form, the industry started looking", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00052-00026806-00027058": "for ways to make power supplies cheaper.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00053-00027058-00027547": "The copper in transformers form the biggest cost in linear power supplies, the", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00054-00027547-00027995": "aim was to look for a way to use cheaper transformers.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00055-00027995-00028639": "The only way to make transformers cheaper is to make them smaller, using less copper.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00056-00028639-00029261": "As we have seen, the size of the primary spool is determined by the current that has to pass", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00057-00029261-00029547": "through it, so to avoid overheating.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00058-00029547-00030257": "That is where the inventors saw their chance: they had to bring down the current and", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00059-00030257-00030904": "here is how they did it: they took the grid voltage and chopped it up into very short peaks,", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00060-00030904-00031480": "effectively  switching on and off power tens of thousands times per second.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00061-00031480-00032099": "So before a current could start flowing, the power is cut again meaning that almost no", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00062-00032099-00032813": "current flows through the transformer and a very tiny and cheap transformer can be used.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00063-00032813-00033288": "As a byproduct the switching mode power supply - you now know why it is called like this", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00064-00033288-00033729": "- is very efficient; it loses far less energy.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00065-00033729-00034292": "It also doesn’t need a special transformer made for local grid voltages: all switching", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00066-00034292-00034980": "mode power supplies can be used on grids that supply between 100 to 240 volts AC.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00067-00034980-00035609": "Furthermore it is more compact, very reliable and it’s a lot cheaper….", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00068-00035609-00036065": "So it’s a very attractive technology that is widely used.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00069-00036065-00036523": "Computers would be a lot more expensive and a hell of a lot heavier", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00070-00036523-00037108": "if not for switching mode power supplies. Only for audio there is a drawback.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00072-00037519-00038086": "If you switch on and off that fast, what you get is a square wave like signal at the frequency", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00073-00038086-00038563": "the switch is operated on, often 50 to 60  kHz.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00074-00038563-00039231": "This causes serious noise in the audio band, unless sophisticated and thus expensive filtering", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00075-00039231-00039567": "is used to clean up the low DC voltage.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00076-00039567-00040099": "Developments keep improving switching mode power supplies and many audio manufacturers", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00077-00040099-00040612": "now use them integrated in their amplifiers, players and so on.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00078-00040612-00041313": "It effectively shifts cost from manufacturing to design, meaning that it pays for a manufacturer", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00079-00041313-00041876": "to spend more on designing a switching mode power supply that sounds good for that is", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00080-00041876-00042392": "a one time expense that can be earned back by the cheaper production cost.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00081-00042392-00042914": "Manufacturers of wall wart switching mode power supplies have no clue who is going to", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00082-00042914-00043150": "use them and for what.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00083-00043150-00043464": "And there price is primary concert.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00084-00043464-00043916": "So these power supplies do cause audio degradation.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00085-00043916-00044610": "In part 2 we will look at an old linear power supply, an early switching mode power supply,", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00086-00044610-00044931": "an audiophile switching mode power supply.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00087-00044931-00045492": "modern and affordable linear power supply and a state of the art one.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00088-00045492-00046022": "So subscribe to this channel or follow me on Facebook, Twitter or Google+.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00089-00046022-00046388": "You can also post questions but please don’t ask me for buying advise.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00090-00046388-00046711": "View my About Questions video to find out why.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00091-00046711-00047005": "I have posted more information below this video.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00092-00047005-00047489": "If you liked this video, please consider supporting the channel through Patreon and tell your", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00093-00047489-00047654": "friends on the web about it.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00094-00047654-00048248": "I am Hans Beekhuyzen, thank you for watching and see you in the next show or on theHBproject.com.", "4V7PX6bbIbu-00095-00048248-00048544": "And whatever you do, enjoy the music."}}, {"audio_id": "4VGiDzKrV6k", "text": {"4VGiDzKrV6k-00000-00000000-00000648": "what shoe are you looking forward to coming out in 2023 uh so far the Jordan 8 playoff oh", "4VGiDzKrV6k-00001-00000648-00001098": "that's a nice one what you are you looking forward to in 2023 probably the Jordan one", "4VGiDzKrV6k-00002-00001098-00001584": "Olive low coming out Travis Scott I ain't mad at that good shoe what shoe are you looking", "4VGiDzKrV6k-00003-00001584-00002046": "forward to coming out in 2023 uh the year of the rabbits for sure the Jordan one lows I like that"}}, {"audio_id": "4VYo4VyDlZ4", "text": {"4VYo4VyDlZ4-00000-00000206-00000437": "Welcome to CuVoodoo,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00001-00000440-00000674": "the sorcery of copper.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00002-00000888-00001046": "Today I will talk about this.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00003-00001067-00001250": "This is the infrared cock grenade.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00004-00001282-00001745": "For the bachelor party of a friend we decided to go and play laser tag.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00005-00001762-00002028": "And we wanted to give him the ultimate weapon.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00006-00002064-00002333": "First we thought about a holy grenade (Monty Python),", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00007-00002345-00002851": "but then we decided because of his dirty talk to make it a cock grenade.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00008-00002913-00003008": "It's pretty simple.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00009-00003009-00003203": "You press on the button here to start it,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00010-00003203-00003538": "and after 5 s you see these LEDs blink.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00011-00003561-00003701": "These are infrared (IR) LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00012-00003701-00003838": "You can see it in the camera,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00013-00003842-00004149": "but in real life you won't see it with the naked eye.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00014-00004182-00004443": "They send a certain code", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00015-00004473-00004781": "which kill all the players which are in the neighbourhood.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00016-00004785-00004933": "That's why it's a grenade.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00017-00005029-00005341": "We'll study how it works and how I made it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00018-00005523-00005868": "To be able to build this infrared grenade", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00019-00005893-00006329": "I needed to find out which signal I had to send using the IR LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00020-00006369-00006740": "And for that we need to know what the technology is,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00021-00006755-00007218": "and which is the one which is used by laser tag weapons.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00022-00007225-00007379": "Actually it's not \"weapons\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00023-00007381-00007578": "These are called \"taggers\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00024-00007670-00008126": "And they don't have to look as real as real weapon replicas.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00025-00008142-00008868": "In air soft generally you like when it's a very similar replica to the real weapon,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00026-00008881-00009039": "here it's not really important.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00027-00009039-00009518": "And you can find any kinf of shape, toys, and so on.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00028-00009555-00009985": "But as the name says \"laser tag\", this is a bit misleading.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00029-00009993-00010213": "because they don't use lasers.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00030-00010228-00010597": "Lasers are far too expensive for such equipment.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00031-00010597-00010732": "They are not easy to drive,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00032-00010734-00010934": "and they consume a lot of power.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00033-00011008-00011421": "Instead they use IR LEDs", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00034-00011425-00011564": "And this is also what I used.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00035-00011577-00011784": "LEDs are very inexpensive.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00036-00011789-00011947": "They are very easy to drive.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00037-00011978-00012515": "And they don't consume a lot of power.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00038-00012521-00012640": "They're very efficient.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00039-00012675-00012986": "How it works is that, here you have an IR LED.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00040-00013008-00013265": "And on the front you have a small plastic optic", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00041-00013275-00013427": "which narrows the beam,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00042-00013441-00013921": "so just a small focus in the end gets the IR signal.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00043-00014066-00014594": "And on the other end, I can build a grenade with very wide angle LEDs,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00044-00014610-00015171": "so I can cover a larger area than normal taggers do.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00045-00015218-00015538": "But let's find some information about how these work.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00046-00015585-00016018": "These are the taggers which they use at this place,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00047-00016019-00016152": "in Berlin, where we went.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00048-00016249-00016377": "\"HT-11\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00049-00016377-00016824": "And we already know it's from a company called Hi-Tech.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00050-00016868-00017025": "A very original name.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00051-00017467-00017661": "If we look in the downloads,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00052-00017678-00018068": "we try to find some kind of documentation about this product,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00053-00018070-00018178": "how they work,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00054-00018179-00018355": "and what the technology is behind.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00055-00018387-00018501": "This is the manual.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00056-00018557-00018971": "And if you search for \"protocol\" you won't find anything.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00057-00019021-00019265": "Same thing if you search for system.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00058-00019349-00019494": "It's really just a manual,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00059-00019496-00019656": "I doesn't give you a lot of information.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00060-00019659-00019882": "But we know the company is called \"Hi-Tech\"", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00061-00019885-00020217": "and the products are HT-9, HT-11, and so on.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00062-00020289-00020412": "So we just look for it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00063-00020628-00020923": "\"Hi-Tech taggers\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00064-00020954-00021474": "And here we find the website of the manufacturer.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00065-00021579-00021853": "As you can see it's not very professional.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00066-00021859-00022025": "Even the layout is broken.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00067-00022028-00022190": "Here the text is flowing away.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00068-00022192-00022357": "It's not correctly put.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00069-00022411-00023002": "Here the tagger have been taken using a green screen,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00070-00023042-00023309": "but then they didn't change it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00071-00023313-00023440": "They just left it as it is.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00072-00023557-00023809": "It does not look very professional.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00073-00023811-00023971": "But at least they make it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00074-00024059-00024318": "Here are the taggers again, with details.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00075-00024320-00024443": "And then is How To ...", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00076-00024445-00024683": "This category I don't know why it's called How To.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00077-00024797-00024947": "It's probably the manuals.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00078-00024947-00025293": "But you should call it \"Support\" or something like that, and not How To", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00079-00025405-00025933": "And to show how unprofesional it is, let's have a look at this manual.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00080-00025958-00026229": "When you click on manual you expect some king of PDF,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00081-00026233-00026475": "and they give a Word document.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00082-00026527-00026724": "This is completely ridiculous.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00083-00026768-00027123": "And if you look at it, it's just a text file with 4 links.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00084-00027127-00027352": "No description. No title. Nothing.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00085-00027364-00027561": "Just 4 links to YouTube videos.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00086-00027604-00027876": "Why not directly embed it? I don't really know.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00087-00028017-00028642": "If you're serious I think in the market you could make a lot of profit.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00088-00028644-00028808": "If you're more serious than this.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00089-00028932-00029185": "This is the manual which they provide.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00090-00029185-00029380": "And it seems already quite interesting.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00091-00029381-00029539": "\"Hi-Tech Operation Manual\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00092-00029564-00029918": "If it's operation or service manual that's a good lead.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00093-00029920-00030085": "Then we have a firmware version.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00094-00030093-00030539": "If they talk about firmwares they will probably talk about the technology.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00095-00030586-00030889": "So again let's look for protocol.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00096-00031097-00031157": "Find.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00097-00031161-00031291": "And here we can see", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00098-00031741-00032243": "Worlds of Wonders refers to a very simple IR signal used in older Laser Tag gear.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00099-00032318-00032988": "The latest MilesTag operating system does not support the WoW protocol.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00100-00033045-00033268": "So the operating system is \"MilesTag\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00101-00033291-00033540": "This is quite some good information.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00102-00033592-00033885": "If we look again here,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00103-00034315-00034860": "\"MilesTag protocol\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00104-00035158-00035492": "We find two quite good links.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00105-00035500-00035712": "Here we even have a C implementation.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00106-00035765-00036010": "When it comes to protocols and specifications", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00107-00036027-00036271": "I really prefer PDFs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00108-00036271-00036738": "This shows that it has been somehow specified the right way,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00109-00036740-00036980": "and somebody put some thoughts into it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00110-00037014-00037196": "It doesn't always have to be this way,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00111-00037198-00037614": "but specifications are generally done in PDFs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00112-00037758-00038019": "And this gives you already the IR protocol format.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00113-00038022-00038268": "This is actually the same than the first link we found.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00114-00038270-00038875": "The first like also shows exactly the information which we've found, and describes the protocol.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00115-00038888-00039050": "But let's have a look at the PDF.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00116-00039157-00039402": "The IR MilesTage 2 protocol,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00117-00039428-00039532": "that's the latest,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00118-00039571-00040150": "is modulated onto a pulse width modulation (PWM) waveform.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00119-00040189-00040505": "This is when you switch on and off the LED quite fast,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00120-00040508-00040632": "at a certain frequency.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00121-00040665-00040805": "And this frequency is here.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00122-00040805-00041154": "This PWM frequency: 38 to 56 kHz.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00123-00041347-00041714": "Half of the time the LED is on,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00124-00041730-00041913": "and the other half it's off.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00125-00042045-00042401": "And this blinking of on/off happens at this frequency.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00126-00042436-00042756": "To do that you use pulse width modulation.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00127-00042788-00042903": "It's pretty common.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00128-00042936-00043181": "I didn't play with IR previously,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00129-00043182-00043979": "so I also learned everything about IR signal transmission for this project.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00130-00044018-00044141": "And this is how it works.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00131-00044157-00044413": "You switch on the LED,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00132-00044419-00044592": "the PWM signal,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00133-00044680-00045233": "and for 2400 μs you just leave it on pulsing at this frequency.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00134-00045276-00045528": "The you switch it off for 300 μs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00135-00045530-00045805": "And if you want to send a 0,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00136-00045806-00046351": "you switch it on for 600 μs and then switch it off for 600 μs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00137-00046406-00046920": "Or you switch it on for 1200 μs and then off for 600 μs,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00138-00046925-00047028": "This is the space.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00139-00047028-00047169": "And this will send a 1.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00140-00047171-00047285": "So we have a header,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00141-00047309-00047461": "and then the bits are either", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00142-00047562-00047877": "600 or 1200 μs,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00143-00047880-00048118": "and you have a space between all of them.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00144-00048173-00048618": "And this is pretty common in IR signals.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00145-00048622-00048805": "There are lots of protocols.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00146-00048867-00049801": "And the remote which you use for your TV also uses a specific IR encoding and protocol.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00147-00049824-00049937": "There are tons of them.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00148-00050069-00050308": "And this one is actually quite well specified.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00149-00050312-00050640": "We know how to transfer 0s and 1s (bits),", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00150-00050665-00050957": "now we have to transmit the data itself.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00151-00050967-00051107": "Here is the data protocol.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00152-00051129-00051422": "It describes how shot packets work,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00153-00051444-00051590": "how the message packet work,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00154-00051591-00051767": "with all the information you need.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00155-00051897-00052079": "And then you have special commands.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00156-00052086-00052249": "These are the commands packets.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00157-00052266-00052400": "If you look at one ...", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00158-00052416-00052486": "This one.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00159-00052491-00052708": "This is the one I used:", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00160-00052754-00052872": "\"Explode player\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00161-00052878-00053120": "I just had to send this information out", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00162-00053129-00053483": "and this causes a grenade to be triggered.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00163-00053530-00053879": "\"Causes the explosion sound effect to be played\",", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00164-00053882-00054037": "and \"Set the health to 0\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00165-00054041-00054565": "This is the effect of the grenade.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00166-00054741-00054873": "We known the protocol.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00167-00054916-00055124": "We know how to send bits.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00168-00055126-00055526": "We know what data we have to send for the grenade action.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00169-00055562-00056047": "And the last information we need is at which frequency it operates,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00170-00056076-00056337": "since it can operate at ...", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00171-00056350-00056682": "The signal can be modulated at different frequencies.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00172-00056761-00056950": "For that we look again at the manual.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00173-00057003-00057441": "And we look for \"frequency\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00174-00057455-00057515": "Here.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00175-00057600-00057776": "\"IR carrier frequency\".", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00176-00057779-00058032": "This is 56 kHz.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00177-00058092-00058385": "And with that we have all the information we need", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00178-00058438-00058841": "to implement and create our grenade.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00179-00058973-00059316": "Before I came with this last design", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00180-00059341-00059538": "I wanted to prototype it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00181-00059557-00060041": "And for that I used this development board.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00182-00060042-00060219": "It's not really a development board.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00183-00060219-00060336": "It's a hardware badge", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00184-00060336-00060804": "which I got from a computer security conference called \"Troopers\",", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00185-00060834-00061104": "which happens in Heidelberg in Germany.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00186-00061202-00061338": "And what this is,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00187-00061348-00061676": "is simply a customization of this.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00188-00061746-00062058": "This is the TV-B-Gone from Mitch Altman.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00189-00062066-00062167": "It's pretty simple.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00190-00062173-00062349": "You just put the batteries inside,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00191-00062380-00062500": "you press on the button,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00192-00062516-00062809": "and then these high power IR LEDs", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00193-00062829-00063276": "will send lots of TV codes to switch all TVs off.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00194-00063291-00063461": "This is why it's called TV-B-Gone.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00195-00063567-00063669": "You just press on it,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00196-00063762-00063926": "all the codes are stored in here,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00197-00063936-00064147": "and it will go through all the codes", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00198-00064161-00064416": "and try to switch off all the TVs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00199-00064514-00064786": "And with that there is actually everything I need.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00200-00064798-00064954": "I needed a micro-controller (μC),", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00201-00064977-00065098": "which I could program.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00202-00065108-00065291": "I needed LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00203-00065309-00065465": "And I needed one button.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00204-00065491-00065812": "But I didn't had this TV-B-Gone in the beginning.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00205-00065820-00066180": "I only had this hardware badge.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00206-00066333-00066451": "But it's the same thing.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00207-00066453-00066602": "It's just a different layout.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00208-00066620-00066738": "Here is the μC.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00209-00066741-00067020": "Here is the clock.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00210-00067082-00067386": "Here is the ceramic resonator to have a very precise clock.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00211-00067420-00067515": "Here are the LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00212-00067518-00067784": "We have 6 of them instead of having just 4 of them.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00213-00067812-00067961": "Here is the LED to blink.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00214-00067964-00068058": "Here is the button.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00215-00068077-00068470": "And on the back you again have", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00216-00068504-00068597": "the 3 batteries.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00217-00068598-00068705": "And what I did is,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00218-00068713-00069061": "I soldered this programming header.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00219-00069142-00069579": "This uses an Atmel ATtiny85.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00220-00069732-00070227": "And on the back this is the In-System Programming (ISP) header,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00221-00070236-00070461": "for programming Atmel devices.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00222-00070493-00070838": "There was even a serial ... I even used a serial output.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00223-00070842-00071332": "And this is why I have this UART to USB converter.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00224-00071336-00071438": "So I can debug it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00225-00071442-00071563": "I have 2 ways to debug it:", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00226-00071565-00071659": "the serial output,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00227-00071692-00071861": "and this LEDs blinking here.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00228-00071960-00072536": "And with that I programmed on the raw chip the code itself.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00229-00072874-00073058": "These Atmel μC,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00230-00073060-00073235": "and almost all μC,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00231-00073261-00073478": "support generating PWM signals.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00232-00073481-00073646": "It's one of the timer options.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00233-00073648-00073979": "You simply program the timer in the PWM mode,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00234-00073986-00074239": "you set the frequency at which it operates,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00235-00074284-00074786": "and then you say this pin \"toggle every time\",", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00236-00074788-00074949": "to generator this signal, so it ...", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00237-00074977-00075286": "This is the first transistor,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00238-00075347-00075627": "which then controls all these 6 transistors.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00239-00075639-00076141": "And these 6 transistors will control if power goes through the LEDs or not.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00240-00076195-00076627": "The μC here can not provide enough power for all these LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00241-00076628-00076965": "I think each LED uses 100 mA.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00242-00076971-00077130": "So we have 600 mA.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00243-00077170-00077578": "And the output current of this chip", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00244-00077597-00077896": "is rated I think at 40 mA per pin.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00245-00077960-00078461": "And this is why we have all these transistors to control the power.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00246-00078490-00078712": "And the resistors are just for protection.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00247-00078779-00079256": "With that I implemented the grenade using high power LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00248-00079280-00079690": "But I needed to find out if it's really the right signal which is sent.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00249-00079732-00080219": "So I used this one for that.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00250-00080221-00080604": "This is the USB Infrared Toy", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00251-00080630-00080820": "from Dangerous Prototypes.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00252-00080856-00081102": "But really, I cannot recommend it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00253-00081201-00081481": "It's simply a PIC μC,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00254-00081496-00081584": "with USB.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00255-00081586-00082018": "And it comes with pre-programmed firmware", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00256-00082022-00082248": "which help you developing with IR.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00257-00082252-00082425": "You can send codes.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00258-00082430-00082522": "I didn't need it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00259-00082529-00082689": "I just needed to receive codes.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00260-00082734-00082964": "Normally it comes with this demodulator.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00261-00083003-00083286": "That's a TSOP38328.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00262-00083321-00083789": "And it only demodulates signals which are modulated at 38 kHz.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00263-00083840-00084628": "You don't want to implement this demodulation of the modulated signal into bits themselves,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00264-00084628-00084883": "so you use these demodulators.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00265-00085036-00085456": "They detect signals modulated at 38 kHz,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00266-00085468-00085792": "and they will just tell you on or off.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00267-00085800-00085986": "This is exactly what we require.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00268-00086064-00086368": "I removed the one for 38 kHz,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00269-00086370-00086765": "and I put one, that's a TSOP31456", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00270-00086788-00087029": "which operates at 56 kHz,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00271-00087032-00087437": "because this is the frequency used for the taggers.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00272-00087531-00087830": "And then the firmware itself here can give you timecodes.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00273-00087998-00088571": "I've files 4 bugs because I had to use different firmwares for different features,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00274-00088577-00088726": "and it didn't work quite well.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00275-00088728-00088962": "I spent a lot of time and I cannot recommend it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00276-00088965-00089101": "It's pretty simple actually.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00277-00089178-00089627": "I should have taken just the receiver and put it somewhere on a free pin", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00278-00089648-00089902": "and then just read out the information myself.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00279-00089917-00090446": "Because this demodulator gives you on/off,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00280-00090453-00090542": "so it's pretty simple.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00281-00090580-00090890": "But I will still give the decoding program.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00282-00090896-00091211": "Using that I just receive the signal,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00283-00091245-00091449": "it sends me the data out over USB,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00284-00091449-00091579": "that's pretty useful.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00285-00091689-00092325": "Then I implemented a program which takes the times at which it was on and off,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00286-00092360-00092642": "and then told me which packet is sent.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00287-00092664-00092947": "This way I was able to,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00288-00092957-00093228": "on this board send the code,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00289-00093288-00093451": "send the signal for the grenade,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00290-00093458-00093617": "using the format I programmed,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00291-00093621-00093885": "and verify using a second implementation,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00292-00093921-00094018": "using this tool.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00293-00094144-00094413": "And that was the development.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00294-00094460-00094969": "After this development I made this board.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00295-00094974-00095280": "And we will have a lot at this board.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00296-00095283-00095392": "It's pretty simple,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00297-00095446-00095609": "but I'll still show how it works.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00298-00095702-00096238": "This is the schematic of the board which I produced for the infrared cock grenade.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00299-00096317-00096433": "It's pretty simple.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00300-00096452-00096727": "On the center here we have the μC:", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00301-00096736-00096927": "ATtiny45.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00302-00096930-00097104": "It's a very small μC,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00303-00097106-00097261": "but it's sufficient for this task.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00304-00097265-00097400": "I don't need a lot of pins.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00305-00097442-00097596": "On the top we have the battery:", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00306-00097604-00097741": "3xAAA.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00307-00097743-00098086": "It provides 4.5 V,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00308-00098109-00098270": "around 4.5 V.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00309-00098293-00098560": "We can connect it directly to the chip", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00310-00098563-00099038": "because this one easily operates between 3.3 and 5 V.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00311-00099123-00099286": "Here we have UART for debugging.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00312-00099321-00099774": "Here we have the In-System Programming (ISP) port,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00313-00099778-00099965": "so we can program this chip itself.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00314-00100129-00100486": "This is the button to trigger the grenade,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00315-00100493-00100636": "so then it will explode.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00316-00100673-00100844": "Here there is a small LED", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00317-00100882-00101145": "to indicate that the grenade is activated,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00318-00101148-00101465": "and that you have 5 seconds to throw it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00319-00101512-00101785": "This is a very precise clock,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00320-00101785-00101893": "at 8 MHz,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00321-00101893-00102300": "because we want to pulse the IR at a precise frequency.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00322-00102354-00102661": "But actually I don't think that this is required.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00323-00102746-00103024": "Probably it also works quite well without this,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00324-00103027-00103561": "and you can generate this frequency of 56 kHz", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00325-00103572-00103819": "quite accurate enough without external clock.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00326-00103820-00104041": "But it's here, so we have a precise clock.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00327-00104067-00104258": "And this what you see here,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00328-00104289-00104700": "this is normally a Linear Drop Out (LDO) voltage regulator.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00329-00104760-00104970": "But this is the adjustable version.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00330-00105011-00105345": "And this is particular because,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00331-00105485-00105835": "now I can directly connect it to the battery on this side.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00332-00105845-00106003": "But on the other side", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00333-00106059-00106263": "it's not a fixed voltage,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00334-00106267-00106478": "I use it as fixed current source.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00335-00106547-00106869": "And this is why you see this resistor here.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00336-00106897-00107294": "This resistor will define which current will flow through here.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00337-00107341-00107861": "And I've used fixed current because this is how I want to drive the LEDs here.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00338-00107901-00108089": "We have 2x2 LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00339-00108091-00108275": "There are two in rows and series,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00340-00108307-00108744": "because each of them uses around 1.8 V.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00341-00108790-00109106": "So the two of them will use 3.6 V.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00342-00109132-00109569": "And because my battery source is 3xAAA batteries", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00343-00109633-00109933": "I can provide power for this,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00344-00109933-00110125": "but not for all four in series.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00345-00110188-00110732": "Generally you want to put as many LEDs in series as you can,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00346-00110795-00110998": "because if you have a constant current", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00347-00111009-00111433": "the current which will go across the LEDs will be the same for each of them.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00348-00111448-00111722": "So they will have the same brightness.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00349-00111765-00111990": "For example here there are two in parallel,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00350-00111990-00112254": "if this forward voltage drop was slightly different", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00351-00112572-00113030": "The voltage in this path will be higher or lower than the voltage in this path,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00352-00113051-00113525": "and it can happen that this two paths are not as bright.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00353-00113716-00114121": "But for this application it was good enough.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00354-00114125-00114454": "I had the LEDs from the same batch.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00355-00114473-00114890": "And it's not really critical to be that precise.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00356-00114954-00115238": "The grenade will be thrown somewhere away", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00357-00115395-00115546": "and then just blink all over.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00358-00115660-00115981": "But in theory try to keep them in series if you can", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00359-00115985-00116226": "and provide a constant current.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00360-00116299-00116822": "And this resistor here will define which will be the constant current which will go through the LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00361-00116860-00117371": "The μC just controls if they are on and off.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00362-00117388-00117624": "Here there will be the PWM signal", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00363-00117642-00117873": "which is coming out of this pin.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00364-00117901-00118160": "This will switch on and off this pMOS", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00365-00118249-00118490": "which will provide power or not to the LEDs,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00366-00118493-00118665": "and this will modulate the signal", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00367-00118669-00119143": "and send the MilesTag grenade data command.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00368-00119369-00119835": "Here the resistor is less than 120 Ω.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00369-00119858-00120270": "120 Ω will provide 100 mA to this.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00370-00120306-00120490": "This is far too bright.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00371-00120492-00121051": "100 mA means it will kill everyone within 10 to 20 m,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00372-00121052-00121222": "if you use this grenade in a room.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00373-00121246-00121820": "Amd if you have a grenade you want that is kills everyone within less than 5 m,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00374-00121867-00121970": "or 10 m,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00375-00121972-00122572": "But you don't want it to kill all the players in the whole room and also far away to get killed.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00376-00122595-00123076": "And this is why you need to choose a resistor which is less than 120 Ω.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00377-00123120-00123417": "This fine tuning of which resistor you use", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00378-00123440-00123830": "you can either use a trim potentiometer,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00379-00123838-00124147": "or you put a fixed value once you tested it yourself.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00380-00124174-00124393": "This is an empiric value.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00381-00124443-00125126": "You can put a low value if you want to use it indoors,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00382-00125128-00125402": "or high value if you want to use it outdoors.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00383-00125446-00125842": "Now that we've seen the schematic, let's have a look at the board itself.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00384-00126097-00126300": "Here is the board.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00385-00126389-00126674": "Let's open it to see what's inside.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00386-00126763-00126917": "This is the back to protect it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00387-00126974-00127086": "This plastic thing,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00388-00127086-00127146": "\"the cock\",", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00389-00127160-00127369": "comes actually from a penis vacuum pump.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00390-00127369-00127560": "Normally you put your penis here,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00391-00127560-00127846": "then you have here a small hole", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00392-00127848-00128031": "where you have a small pump,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00393-00128031-00128164": "and then you can vacuum it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00394-00128184-00128492": "But we found it pretty useful because it has a lot of space,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00395-00128499-00128635": "it's in form of a cock,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00396-00128649-00128838": "which is pretty appropriate for him,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00397-00128848-00129001": "and it's quite hard plastic.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00398-00129079-00129217": "And it's transparent,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00399-00129230-00129389": "so the IR can go out.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00400-00129390-00129524": "Although we didn't need it,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00401-00129526-00129960": "we could have put the LEDs inside,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00402-00130010-00130445": "and then use the transparent plastic to allow the IR go outside.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00403-00130446-00130938": "We put it on the outside because it looks nicer and works better.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00404-00130969-00131245": "These are the 4 IR LEDs which you saw.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00405-00131269-00131423": "This is the indicating LED.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00406-00131423-00131522": "This is the button.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00407-00131620-00131772": "This is already two years old,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00408-00131777-00131884": "and it still works.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00409-00131891-00132100": "I didn't change the batteries since then.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00410-00132211-00132603": "That's pretty good. I didn't expect it to last it so long.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00411-00132684-00133088": "This is the board.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00412-00133299-00133425": "Quite a lot of cables.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00413-00133944-00134164": "Let's diconnect the cables.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00414-00135844-00136060": "Now I have to remember what is where.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00415-00136124-00136421": "But that's not really important actually.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00416-00136576-00137073": "To produce this board I used a CNC milling machine,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00417-00137098-00137565": "the LPKF ProtoMat S63.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00418-00137656-00138003": "You just put a bare plate of copper clad", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00419-00138013-00138580": "and you define where you want the CNC bits to mill these paths.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00420-00138616-00138777": "So you can insulate the traces.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00421-00138780-00138997": "Using that you can prototype PCBs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00422-00139028-00139241": "For fast prototyping it's quite useful.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00423-00139300-00139611": "As you can see I also did some mistake.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00424-00139669-00140022": "Normally you put through hole components on the other side,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00425-00140041-00140174": "on the front.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00426-00140175-00140336": "And then the traces on the back.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00427-00140337-00140573": "And the surface mount components on the back.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00428-00140609-00141122": "Here I forgot to put the through hole components on the front, so you can solder the leads on the back.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00429-00141220-00141425": "This is why the μC is on the back.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00430-00141457-00141850": "These one can still be on the front because they only have two pins.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00431-00141862-00142409": "It's not really important which side they are since you can invert them, since you can mirror them.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00432-00142653-00143197": "This is the ISP programming header.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00433-00143203-00143314": "This is serial.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00434-00143315-00143562": "This is the voltage.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00435-00143570-00143750": "This is the input voltage (battery).", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00436-00143859-00144387": "Here we have the Atmel ATtiny45 μC.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00437-00144492-00145098": "Here we have the first transistor which control all the other transistors.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00438-00145126-00145357": "Actually this is the pMOS.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00439-00145437-00145789": "This is the pMOS transistor which will switch on and off all the LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00440-00145792-00146098": "This is where you connect the LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00441-00146118-00146433": "We have 6 ports.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00442-00146466-00146671": "I only use 4 of them.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00443-00146673-00146817": "I don't know what the other is.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00444-00146824-00146928": "Oh. So ...", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00445-00146980-00147238": "4 ports for the LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00446-00147239-00147517": "1 port for the switch.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00447-00147553-00147889": "And 1 other port for this LED.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00448-00148000-00148185": "The last one is probably for serial.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00449-00148186-00148312": "I don't remember exactly.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00450-00148317-00148503": "But this is a very simple board.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00451-00148509-00148738": "You just connect all the cables inside,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00452-00148743-00149038": "and for a prototype it worked quite well.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00453-00149133-00149656": "I'll put the schematic online, on the wiki.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00454-00149684-00149876": "Not on the git this time.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00455-00149883-00150001": "But it's pretty simple.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00456-00150003-00150360": "With that you can already have a lot of fun.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00457-00150363-00150747": "And with a simple thing like having IR LEDs blinking,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00458-00150747-00150968": "having IR LEDs blinking,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00459-00150979-00151243": "using IR is pretty simple,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00460-00151259-00151618": "And it's a good entry program if you never programmed μC:", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00461-00151630-00151773": "setting up the timer,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00462-00151796-00152000": "looking at interrupts,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00463-00152005-00152355": "putting the μC to sleep so it doesn't draw a lot of energy,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00464-00152402-00152537": "using ...", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00465-00152537-00152661": "Now I remenber.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00466-00152665-00153110": "Using pMOS to drive LEDs,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00467-00153120-00153236": "high power LEDs,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00468-00153261-00153537": "using a voltage regulator to have constant current.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00469-00153552-00153834": "This last connector which is here", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00470-00153840-00154011": "is simply for ...", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00471-00154114-00154329": "I don't know if I can see it.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00472-00154670-00154832": "Here. This one.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00473-00154861-00155117": "As you can see here there is a resistor.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00474-00155171-00155739": "This last thing is the fixed value resistor to define how bright it should be.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00475-00155748-00155891": "I just put it in a room,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00476-00155893-00156050": "test a couple of resistors,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00477-00156057-00156492": "and measured how far the signal went.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00478-00156500-00157069": "Then you just connect the resistor here so you can define which current goes through the LEDs.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00479-00157198-00157502": "With that the project is done,", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00480-00157507-00157754": "and was pretty fun as you can see.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00481-00157833-00157905": "Enjoy.", "4VYo4VyDlZ4-00482-00157959-00158159": "video blog: https://www.cuvoodoo.info documentation: https://wiki.cuvoodoo.info source files: https://git.cuvoodoo.info Creative Commond Attribution Share-Alike 4.0 International"}}, {"audio_id": "4Wwe0zMvz5g", "text": {"4Wwe0zMvz5g-00000-00000813-00001744": "[Don Means] Barking in the new year! Barking mad uh in some corners but, welcome to Part 33", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00001-00001744-00002984": "of Libraries in Recovery. uh this is um our first Friday of the year session 33 we started last year", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00002-00003096-00004384": "today we're going to talk about open middle mile fiber to the fiber to the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00003-00004776-00005432": "to the library fiber to anchor institutions the series are are produced by the Gigabit", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00004-00005432-00005936": "Libraries Network that's us in partnership with the International Federation of Library", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00005-00005936-00006456": "Associations and institutions IFLA based in The Hague representing", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00006-00006512-00007264": "well the libraries of the world and a great partner in this IFLA is hosting and recording from", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00007-00007359-00007912": "Netherlands, their headquarters, and we have uh sponsorship by the Internet Society which", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00008-00007912-00008768": "we appreciate uh the prior recordings, the prior 32 sessions, are located on the pandemic response", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00009-00008768-00009592": "page at giglibraries.net and you'll see the list of speakers and we've we've had some really great", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00010-00009592-00010024": "people on and extraordinary presentations and we're going to have another one today.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00011-00010272-00010912": "We have Jon Sallet and Jordan Arnold uh the authors of the paper uh that they're going to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00012-00010912-00011560": "present they have presented and we're going to review it today at the Benton Institute", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00013-00011744-00012696": "and we have Joanne Hovis, President of CTC Technology and Energy and work on", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00014-00012696-00013384": "the paper as well and Joanne has about as much experience in community infrastructure development", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00015-00013384-00014536": "as anyone I know um the um the we did it we did a survey as you all are aware because you registered", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00016-00014536-00014960": "so there was a question there what what kind of topics you'd be interested in we're trying to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00017-00014960-00015319": "do some planning here for the year ahead we've got some interesting things already lined up", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00018-00015400-00015863": "uh but I would say the majority of the response is related to connectivity.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00019-00015928-00016520": "Either a role in the community partnerships with other anchor institutions or other", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00020-00016576-00017192": "just community partnerships to provide it uh how to deliver it um", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00021-00017280-00017800": "so that's on track that's that's been our principal focus but not entirely uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00022-00018304-00018592": "let me advance where's my advanced button", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00023-00019040-00019120": "sorry about that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00024-00019736-00020368": "not moving there we go uh these are some of the things we're looking at ahead uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00025-00020440-00020736": "starting right now with infrastructure and middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00026-00020896-00021624": "uh we're going to focus on e-rate changes uh next week we have e-rate specialists and we also have", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00027-00021704-00022424": "uh Cuyahoga the county library system up there who's just raised money in a new bond issue", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00028-00022496-00023248": "uh how they done that so next week we're going to talk about resources, funding uh and so on", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00029-00023480-00024176": "but as we've done we're going to kind of, well the context for these has been the the pandemic, I", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00030-00024176-00024808": "mean that's how we started. All the libraries were closed and so we asked the question, okay what", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00031-00024808-00025639": "what is a library now that is that it's closed? and so we've been tracking this uh the entire time", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00032-00025639-00026512": "and that's constituted a uh a de facto kind of record of of week by week responses by libraries.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00033-00026680-00027336": "This is now merely two months ago, merely two months ago and those were the numbers,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00034-00027336-00028183": "those were that was the graph I know most everybody has been following these and knows them", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00035-00028464-00029504": "and a month ago shot way up over 14 million, the the numbers are are horrendous, and here we are", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00036-00029504-00030344": "today uh yesterday uh January the 7th over 4,000 people succumbed to this virus and the graph you", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00037-00030344-00031239": "can see is kind of jiggly there that's those dips are Thanksgiving and then the uh end of the year", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00038-00031327-00031776": "uh but if you draw a line through that you'll see this thing is climbing still", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00039-00031776-00032472": "and we don't know where we're gonna end up with it. The vaccine great great news but you know", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00040-00032472-00032912": "it's going to take a while a lot of people you know it's and how how different will our behavior", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00041-00032912-00033528": "be even after we've uh vaccinated, a little bit but we're still going to be kind of distant.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00042-00033528-00034264": "It's going to be a challenge for uh how we move in space how we design our uh our environments,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00043-00034328-00035184": "how we hang out. So it wouldn't we couldn't really talk about libraries in response without kind of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00044-00035240-00035992": "doing the largest uh factors of of the environment uh uh what's happening and so you know everybody's", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00045-00036048-00036560": "familiar with what's going on I'm sure uh so here's some assembly you know that's that's", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00046-00036560-00037296": "great American way, fine, but uh it is is that free assembly? I, you know, I'm saying", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00047-00037296-00038224": "let's say not free uh and even less so just incredible to pick up a newspaper and see images", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00048-00038224-00038808": "like this uh that door on the left that's the door the President of the United States walks through", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00049-00038808-00039488": "to deliver the address to the nation's State of the Union uh that's uh really hard to take", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00050-00039544-00040232": "and this this guy's face on the uh on the right you, know? He just looks kind of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00051-00040368-00041112": "befuddled that he's actually inside of the capitol, doesn't really know why, but here he is!", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00052-00041240-00041792": "So awful. Yet, free and fair elections. We've we've managed to pull this off", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00053-00041880-00042576": "uh I never was considered a big accomplishment to have an uh an election. Winning it was a big,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00054-00042576-00043464": "but just having it not. But this year it was and uh historic so the new year is off and we'll have", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00055-00043464-00044136": "a new administration and that will segue into what I think are our topic today and that relates to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00056-00044200-00044872": "uh the the policy opportunities ahead to do the things that the country needs doing", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00057-00044952-00045656": "and one of the big things that we need to pay attention to is is infrastructure uh really", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00058-00045656-00046136": "across the board I mean we've talked about telecommunications and connectivity so forth", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00059-00046192-00046976": "but uh all of our infrastructure basically has to be rethought redesigned", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00060-00047056-00047496": "uh and re-engineered because it's just simply not sustainable", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00061-00047696-00048272": "our roads you know all these things consume way too much energy produce, way too much carbon", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00062-00048272-00049336": "dioxide and other uh other gases and this is this is the slow rising crisis, we've talked about a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00063-00049336-00050232": "series of crises uh this year this past 12 months has just been a cascade of crises uh with the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00064-00050328-00050888": "thing happening in DC just a couple of days ago only the latest version of of crisis", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00065-00050952-00051696": "uh and in the backdrop of all that is this rising uh heating of the planet that is just", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00066-00051696-00052120": "not gonna work out well at all, it's already not working out well we've touched on some", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00067-00052120-00052776": "of these massive weather related events climate driven weather events fires, floods, hurricanes,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00068-00052879-00053696": "massive wind storms to the midwest this is this is only going to increase and intensify uh so maybe", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00069-00053696-00054336": "the upside of all these what we might consider as lesser and even minor crises in the context", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00070-00054336-00055008": "of planetary warming, will help us you know kind of wake up and get busy on dealing with this", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00071-00055224-00055800": "it's been used too often existential crisis but it's exactly that. So uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00072-00055800-00056576": "part of that is the critical telecommunications infrastructure and access to that of course uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00073-00056744-00057264": "we look at telecommunications infrastructure it's not just kind of a new infrastructure, it's new", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00074-00057264-00058112": "roads or new electricity or something like that but actually the the the the infrastructure that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00075-00058112-00058896": "will make all other infrastructure more efficient more effective more uh well smart in a word smart", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00076-00058896-00059560": "grids, smart roads, etc. So this kind of makes communications a sort of a meta infrastructure", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00077-00059632-00060264": "the ring that binds them all and that's the way that new projects will will be done they'll be", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00078-00060344-00061008": "considered okay how can we uh install a new smart grid so the electrical system will", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00079-00061008-00061672": "not uh fail and anticipate it we can save money uh by doing that, so", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00080-00061784-00062496": "that is a story it's it's a type of a way to deploy broadband as it turns out but it's also", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00081-00062496-00063072": "a way to manage just the electrical system itself which is a necessary interdependent infrastructure", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00082-00063072-00063672": "that the communications won't run without. So there's there are vulnerabilities in doing these", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00083-00063672-00064296": "uh these smart infrastructure because there's the interdependencies and it's also much more", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00084-00064296-00065136": "complex and mostly these are done at the local level and the the people making decisions have", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00085-00065136-00065744": "been doing it for a long time related to you know asphalt and concrete and telephone poles", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00086-00065800-00066216": "but once you start talking about ICT information communication technology", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00087-00066288-00066968": "they go well we wait hold on hold on we we don't do that that's uh uh that's Jill over in the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00088-00067032-00067648": "in the computer room she hails all that stuff for. So there's a huge gap in the decision-making", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00089-00067648-00068288": "needs at the local level related to communications infrastructure and the knowledge level that exists", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00090-00068360-00068872": "and so it's closing because people have been demanding it, people that are living in places", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00091-00068872-00069352": "that are underserved are are banging on the doors saying you know we just can't function", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00092-00069416-00070208": "without broadband and our town is dying the kids are all leaving, nobody's moving in companies", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00093-00070208-00070688": "won't come here, we don't have a future unless we have broadband, it's just that simple and I", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00094-00070688-00071312": "think everybody now everybody finally is is kind of recognizing that and buying into it all this", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00095-00071312-00072248": "to say uh the circumstances look good to set up uh a new broadband infrastructure bill as part of a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00096-00072248-00073024": "new infrastructure larger, infrastructure recovery stimulus activity uh maybe similar to what we saw", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00097-00073024-00073760": "in 2009 and so what will that have in it what kind of approach will we take? Well, today we're going", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00098-00073760-00074520": "to talk about one approach and that's related to open middle mile open access middle mile so", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00099-00074584-00075392": "uh these were a couple quotes from our speakers uh Jon, Jordan and Joanne. Welcome Joanne. and uh so", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00100-00075544-00076272": "this in our mind is is the is the smartest thing that a central government can do not just in the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00101-00076272-00076912": "U.S. but really anywhere and welcome to our our uh participants from outside of the U.S.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00102-00076984-00077776": "uh it's a way to divide the responsibility we would say between the government and the market,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00103-00077840-00078392": "that it could you could do it however you want but it's it seems at least that the government", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00104-00078392-00079184": "can supply connectivity to the public institutions the the libraries, the schools, uh uh the anchor", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00105-00079184-00080064": "institutions and then in so doing they create uh they extend the infrastructure from the backbone", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00106-00080064-00080712": "out into into the communities, into the markets closer to where people live and work and that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00107-00080712-00081336": "by doing this you actually have an opportunity as a two for one. First you're connecting these", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00108-00081336-00081712": "priority institutions that the governments we would say have an obligation to connect.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00109-00081856-00082384": "Governments have to allow people access to government information government public services", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00110-00082448-00082832": "and if they don't have a connection how do they how do they get that? Well you know they can go", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00111-00082832-00083496": "to the library, at least that. Education schools you know they're they're they're necessary", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00112-00083496-00084264": "for operating society so the government can use the universal service type funds to deploy those", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00113-00084264-00084872": "kinds of things and then make if they're open, that is to say they're available for others to tie", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00114-00084872-00085504": "into and create last mile solutions, then it reduces the cost and risks for providing access to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00115-00085576-00086032": "residences, homes, businesses and that's kind of the model we're going to hear about today", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00116-00086032-00086720": "and so with that I'm going to uh introduce and let Jon and Jordan", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00117-00086720-00087280": "uh take on and then we'll have Joanne uh come in and respond to that, she worked on this paper", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00118-00087280-00088024": "and and then we'll take the discussion from there so uh welcome everyone Jon, Jordan, Joanne.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00119-00088144-00088464": "[Jon Sallet] Thank you Don [Don Means] You're all", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00120-00088464-00088680": "[Jordan Arnold] Thank you. [Don Means] uh I should say,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00121-00088680-00089208": "Jonathan is back with us. He was he was here I think it was in the summer uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00122-00089208-00089320": "[Jon Sallet] Yes. [Don Means] about", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00123-00089320-00089688": "a lot of this. It's great to have you back Jon and welcome Jordan for the first time.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00124-00089688-00090056": "[Jordan Arnold] Thank you. [Jon Sallet] So, thank you Don. Thanks for", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00125-00090056-00090608": "the chance to be here thank you for continuing it we're number 33 and we're just starting", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00126-00090608-00091176": "the new year. I think the fact that you've carried this forward, this discussion forward", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00127-00091176-00091952": "will not only in the future provide a record of how people dealt with the pandemic but a set of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00128-00091952-00092704": "policies that will teach us how to do better in the future and of course Jordan and I are very uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00129-00092704-00093304": "grateful for Joanne Hovis is being on today she taught us what we know in the paper if there's", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00130-00093304-00093672": "anything that's good in it it's because she told us if there's anything that's bad it's", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00131-00093672-00094160": "because we didn't listen well enough. um before I go into the paper I just want to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00132-00094296-00094856": "talk about where we are in America for a second. It's been a tough week and it's been we had a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00133-00094856-00095576": "terrible day but as we look to the future we have an administration that's coming in,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00134-00095664-00096352": "that has identified key crises that have to be confronted and overcome. COVID of course,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00135-00096448-00097328": "racial equity, economic recovery bringing a society together as the president-elect has", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00136-00097328-00098368": "said to heal. Those sound like different things COVID, equity, infrastructure, economic recovery", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00137-00098424-00098904": "but what connects them and what connects them in both the metaphorical", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00138-00098904-00099584": "and physical sense is high performance broadband throughout all of those plans", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00139-00099704-00100248": "the incoming body administration talks about the need for robust broadband", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00140-00100552-00101240": "and that means that getting really good broadband to Americans in institutions like libraries", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00141-00101344-00102200": "and at home and addition to mobile, getting that kind of what we call high performance broadband to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00142-00102200-00103120": "people doesn't just solve one problem, it provides the basis to solve a number of critical crises.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00143-00103240-00103696": "Which brings us to libraries, you all are focused every day on libraries,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00144-00103696-00104128": "we're going to talk about networks that do other things because that's the way", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00145-00104128-00104783": "communications networks operate. You don't use it, a a internet connection only to talk about", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00146-00104783-00105504": "one topic and a different network to talk about a second one. It is that flexibility that comes from", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00147-00105504-00105976": "being a general purpose communications technology that's so important here", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00148-00106072-00106856": "because we can imagine a fiber connection coming to a library, maybe supported by the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00149-00106856-00107456": "federal e-rate program maybe through state or local funds and then we can imagine that that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00150-00107456-00108264": "same network is available for a private or municipal last mile provided to connect to,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00151-00108392-00109400": "so that the library connection helps serve the provision of broadband to residences", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00152-00109400-00110048": "and that makes total sense, it's it's very efficient right? The library is an endpoint", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00153-00110104-00110872": "and it becomes part of the delivery method to reach into residential neighborhoods and that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00154-00110872-00111416": "network that runs to the library or the school or to a utility building in the middle of town,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00155-00111511-00112040": "that's what we mean by middle mile. It's not the so-called last mile that reaches homes", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00156-00112096-00112640": "and it's not the big internet backbone that spans the globe it's what's in the middle", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00157-00112896-00113248": "it's important, for the reasons Jordan's going to describe,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00158-00113352-00114040": "but fundamentally what we need to recall is that it allows deployment to homes", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00159-00114183-00114783": "that's cheaper and can be more robust than what Americans have at home today.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00160-00114896-00115656": "If we have a connectivity problem during this broadcast it's because i'm in a rural place", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00161-00115656-00116144": "where there's no fixed broadband and Jordan is in a different rural place where there's very", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00162-00116144-00116864": "limited broadband off a DSL network only. This is an experience that too many Americans have,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00163-00116864-00117504": "not just in rural America, but very importantly in urban America as well there are three times as", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00164-00117504-00118208": "many roughly three times as many people without without the ability to use robust broadband in", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00165-00118208-00118911": "urban and metro areas then in rural. So let me just talk about why I think this vision can come", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00166-00118911-00119552": "out of the circumstances where we have today, that is to say as we say here a changed future.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00167-00119711-00120135": "We're not going back to 2019 when it comes to broadband.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00168-00120328-00121152": "What has happened in the last almost year is that America has been forced to use broadband,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00169-00121272-00121759": "we've learned to use broadband, some people are lucky enough to work from home on broadband,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00170-00121759-00122416": "essential workers are not. We need to thank them for their work every day, maintaining", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00171-00122504-00123224": "how we proceed but many students have learned, workers have learned,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00172-00123224-00124080": "I went to the doctor for the first time on video in in in 2020 and all of this is going to change", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00173-00124080-00124672": "as we go forward not just as a matter of technology but as a matter of society as Don says", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00174-00124672-00125432": "right when vaccination becomes widespread people may still think that they want to work from home,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00175-00125432-00126024": "they don't want to be in an office, they don't want to travel in the same ways and so broadband", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00176-00126024-00126608": "usage will go up. Let me give you two examples. We talked to Nick Bloom an economist at Stanford", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00177-00126672-00127424": "in a report we put out in October a Benton report that lays out a national broadband plan", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00178-00127424-00127904": "it would be wonderful if people took a minute to look at it, because the open access paper", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00179-00127904-00128440": "that Jordan and I wrote builds on and supports that national broadband agenda", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00180-00128559-00129096": "and in it we quote Nick Bloom who basically said to us, think of it this way about work", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00181-00129176-00129968": "before COVID hit about five percent of work was from home as of spring of last year and it", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00182-00129968-00130552": "may be just as high now given the numbers and the terrible trends that Don showed a few minutes ago", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00183-00130624-00131400": "40 percent of workers from home. His prediction is that when every when everything comes back", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00184-00131488-00132064": "it'll still be 20 percent, in other words four times as big as it was before", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00185-00132120-00132944": "and the same we can imagine is true with health care, with government services, with education", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00186-00132944-00133656": "with job training, with everything that adds up to the simple fact that we are in a moment", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00187-00133728-00134384": "where we need to recognize that no one can participate in American society", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00188-00134464-00135272": "without the ability to use high performance broadband. It needs to come to their homes. So,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00189-00135440-00136232": "in our October Benton report we lay out a broad agenda on that what we want to do now though", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00190-00136232-00136984": "is just give you a brief overview view and then explain how open access middle mile connects what", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00191-00136984-00137600": "we need is a comprehensive national agenda and this can be the moment I'm an optimist about this,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00192-00137600-00138176": "the possibility of a bipartisan solution because people from different parts of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00193-00138176-00138568": "the country and different political parties realize that broadband is needed everywhere", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00194-00138656-00139472": "by everyone. It's needed so that we get digital equity, so that we overcome circumstances in which", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00195-00139528-00140176": "too few people in minority communities have the opportunity, the effective opportunity,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00196-00140176-00140768": "to afford to have the skills to use that broadband when it's available.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00197-00140832-00141392": "We need to focus on deployment of course, that's not just a rural issue but it is an important", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00198-00141392-00142240": "one in rural America for obvious reasons. We need to think about libraries and other", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00199-00142240-00142880": "community anchor institutions because as you know better than I, we used to talk about a building", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00200-00142952-00143552": "but now we talk about a service and an increasingly online service, that has to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00201-00143616-00144352": "reach people where they are instead of expecting them to come where the building is and finally", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00202-00144352-00144856": "competition this is something I like to talk about because it's my background in competition", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00203-00144928-00145592": "but the fact of the matter is there's too little competition for what we call fixed broadband,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00204-00145688-00146200": "like a cable connection to the home, not including mobile because it's not a functional", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00205-00146200-00146792": "economic substitute but for this fixed broadband there's relatively little competition.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00206-00146920-00147416": "The FCC numbers which overstate the presence of broadband provision", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00207-00147416-00147904": "say tell us that something like 80 percent of American homes either have a monopoly which means", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00208-00147904-00148440": "they have no choice or a duopoly which means they have only one they can go back and forth but they", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00209-00148440-00149040": "don't have the kind of choice that is available in more widespread competitive marketplaces.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00210-00149224-00149824": "All of these issues need to be dealt with in order to get people the broadband they need", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00211-00149880-00150512": "and we'll come back at the end but I think it's critically clear that federal support for this", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00212-00150576-00151168": "broad-based agenda is necessary. Jordan. [Jordan Arnold] Thanks Jon.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00213-00151328-00152008": "So why are open access middle mile networks so important? The the fundamental economic principle", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00214-00152008-00152640": "at hand is pretty simple. These kinds of networks provide savings that can spur last mile providers", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00215-00152640-00153464": "to build further and faster. One example john and I found comes from Illinois where the Illinois", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00216-00153464-00154032": "Electric Cooperative, which was operating in a low population density part of the state and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00217-00154032-00154552": "they were serving sometimes with populations in just the hundreds, they were able to connect to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00218-00154552-00155064": "the Illinois Century Network and open access middle mile network in Illinois and that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00219-00155064-00155696": "ability to connect made it financially feasible to deploy fiber to the home even as its rival the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00220-00155696-00156256": "local incumbent provider continued to operate slow internet service over traditional copper networks.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00221-00156336-00156840": "States are demonstrating the importance of open access middle mile Arizona and New Mexico have", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00222-00156840-00157440": "both identified the strategic importance of middle mile to connect rural and tribal communities", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00223-00157440-00158088": "moving forward. Colorado for instance provides funding and technical assistance for middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00224-00158088-00158776": "infrastructure projects and Jon highlighted this but to be clear open access middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00225-00158832-00159440": "can help both where there's no broadband and in areas where competition is scarce.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00226-00159608-00160264": "So let's see, over the last year or two Jon and I spoke to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00227-00160328-00160648": "middle mile networks and last mile providers across the country", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00228-00160704-00161184": "and we found these lessons for success either in the planning phase or in the operations phase", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00229-00161408-00161952": "these these lessons help make networks successful and help last-mile providers connect to them. So", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00230-00161952-00162568": "first networks need to adopt sustainable middle mile strategies, they need to work with broadband", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00231-00162568-00163080": "providers towards realistic business strategies and they need to build community support.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00232-00163144-00163760": "I want to break down what each of those lessons means and provide a few examples. So first,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00233-00163824-00164080": "adopting sustainable middle mile strategies.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00234-00164200-00164688": "That requires networks to line up adequate financial resources in the planning phases,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00235-00164744-00165200": "one way to demonstrate that is through matching requirements in grant programs so both", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00236-00165264-00165784": "both Colorado and Minnesota for instance require matches from applicants in their middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00237-00165784-00166648": "grant programs. States and communities can also identify existing infrastructure to pinpoint gaps", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00238-00166648-00167536": "in their networks and save money so project Thor which is a 400 mile network in Colorado cost 2.6", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00239-00167536-00168056": "million to build which was relatively inexpensive because it was created largely from existing and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00240-00168160-00168696": "existing commercial and public fiber deployments, most of which was owned by the Colorado Department", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00241-00168696-00169440": "of Transportation. Networks also need to plan for sustainable success, these kinds of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00242-00169440-00170016": "networks don't happen overnight and many middle mile networks began with an initial mission", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00243-00170016-00170696": "or purpose and then over time expanded to address new needs, so the Illinois Century Network for", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00244-00170696-00171232": "instance that i mentioned earlier it began as an education network it primarily connected", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00245-00171232-00171840": "schools and libraries and other community anchor institutions but a federal grant allowed the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00246-00171840-00172384": "network to expand and build hundreds of miles of fiber into underserved portions of the state.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00247-00172584-00173184": "Networks also need to mitigate foreseeable risk whenever possible so we see the example", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00248-00173184-00173968": "of California constructed a network called digital 395, which was slowed over environmental concerns,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00249-00173968-00174520": "so in reviewing the experience of building the network digital 395 encouraged other potential", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00250-00174520-00175136": "projects to carefully develop a comprehensive environmental plan in the early planning stages", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00251-00175136-00175744": "of the project and finally open access has to really mean open access. Those obligations for", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00252-00175744-00176264": "publicly funded networks should continue even if ownership of the network changes. This was the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00253-00176264-00176824": "case in Maine with the three-ring binder it was purchased by a company called First Light in 2019", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00254-00176824-00177344": "so even if another company purchases the network those open up access obligations should continue.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00255-00177568-00178056": "Now networks need to work with broadband providers towards realistic business strategies.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00256-00178136-00178504": "One way to do that is reaching out to non-traditional providers", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00257-00178504-00178960": "including rural electric cooperatives and new providers that might start from scratch.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00258-00179024-00179384": "Earlier Jon mentioned that we have a competition problem in the United States.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00259-00179472-00180136": "Today large companies provide the great bulk of broadband service and at the end of 2019 the top", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00260-00180136-00180936": "16 providers accounted for 96 percent of home subscriptions, so 16 companies account for 96", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00261-00180936-00181440": "percent of home subscriptions. But operators in middle mile networks observe that smaller", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00262-00181440-00182000": "and less traditional broadband providers can take advantage of their open facilities", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00263-00182152-00182736": "and some can even start from scratch. Jon and I got to talk to um an it professional down in", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00264-00182736-00183416": "southwest Virginia in a city called Roanoke, they built an open access middle mile network and this", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00265-00183416-00183856": "guy his name's Ethan Gleiner he was living on top of a mountain and was able to start his own", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00266-00183856-00184424": "ISP connect to Roanoke's middle mile network and and bring service to himself and his neighbors.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00267-00184624-00185296": "Networks of course need to provide commercially reasonable terms and conditions, so um there's a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00268-00185296-00185776": "network called Connect Arlington in Arlington, Virginia actually where Jon is based and it", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00269-00185776-00186424": "offers a cautionary tale of what can happen when a proposed agreement shifts too much risk onto the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00270-00186424-00187000": "broadband provider. So Arlington's network offered a temporary license, not a long-term commitment", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00271-00187000-00187504": "which made it difficult or even impossible for broadband providers to contract with", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00272-00187504-00187968": "their own customers and ultimately no broadband providers were willing to connect to that network.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00273-00188168-00188616": "Finally networks need to build community support, one way to do that is to demonstrate", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00274-00188616-00189120": "community demand and a great example of this is NoaNet it's a statewide", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00275-00189120-00189568": "network in Washington they have a system in place for community surveys", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00276-00189648-00190104": "to determine need in a given community and the network will actually supply a community with", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00277-00190104-00190632": "a project manager to go over the results of the survey and then write a white paper that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00278-00190632-00191168": "includes market analysis, survey results all that to help local leaders make data-driven decisions.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00279-00191376-00191728": "Networks are also successful when they manage to bring communities together", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00280-00191728-00192304": "over shared economic goals and partnerships work best as you can imagine when all the partners", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00281-00192304-00192864": "are invested in bringing success to a region. Jon and I found an innovative example of this", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00282-00192960-00193488": "again in southwest Virginia. So in 2019 Virginia's legislation passed", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00283-00193592-00194096": "a bill that would enable the state's two largest electric utilities to build extra fiber to their", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00284-00194096-00194568": "substations as they modernize their grid, so they're modernizing their service grid,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00285-00194568-00195104": "they're already building out fiber, basically this law allows them to build extra fiber to be used as", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00286-00195104-00195712": "a middle mile and so one of these utilities Appalachian Power partnered with a county Grayson", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00287-00195712-00196296": "County down in rural Virginia where many people have no broadband access at all to create a mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00288-00196296-00196808": "network and when we were talking to folks from Appalachian Power they explained to us that the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00289-00196808-00197384": "utility has a personal stake in seeing the region succeed economically. I think Don mentioned this", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00290-00197384-00197864": "before you know rural communities will struggle to attract new young people and new companies if", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00291-00197864-00198392": "they don't have internet access and so if this the economy of the service area is shrinking", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00292-00198392-00199088": "then the utility will shrink too. Finally networks should join state and local resources together", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00293-00199088-00199656": "whenever that's possible Mid-Atlantic Broadband that's a network down in southside Virginia", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00294-00199656-00200168": "was able to negotiate a resource-sharing agreement with the Virginia Department of Transportation and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00295-00200168-00200792": "through that agreement Mid-Atlantic Broadband got rights of way for no cost and vdot the department", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00296-00200792-00201280": "of transportation got two strands of fiber at no cost wherever Mid-Atlantic Broadband built and so", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00297-00201280-00201824": "not only did this agreement simplify the building process for Mid-Atlantic Broadband but it also let", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00298-00201824-00202416": "vdot deploy smart traffic technologies like road cameras and traffic sensors and now 85 percent", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00299-00202416-00202968": "of Mid-Atlantic Broadband's fiber is carried along underground, along vdot rights of way.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00300-00203096-00203408": "So I'm going to turn it back over to Jon and he can talk about", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00301-00203576-00203744": "federal support and what that might look like.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00302-00203744-00204832": "[Jon Sallet] Thank you Jordan. so what we're imagining is a bill well", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00303-00204976-00205736": "Congressman Clyburn put in a extensive bill in 2020 that passed the house as part of a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00304-00205736-00206384": "large infrastructure effort. That, I think, should be the starting point for consideration", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00305-00206471-00206912": "because it was comprehensive it dealt with deployment in terms of the construction of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00306-00206984-00207384": "networks to places to homes that had no broadband,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00307-00207456-00208471": "it included advantages for open access networks, it provided significant funding for digital equity", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00308-00208592-00208976": "and then in the appropriations bill that passed in December", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00309-00209128-00209767": "the congress enacted a new emergency broadband connectivity benefit benefit of the kind that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00310-00209767-00210560": "been had earlier endorsed to help people be able to afford broadband connections to their homes", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00311-00210800-00211440": "that legislation, the earlier legislation Congressman Clyburn should be a starting point", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00312-00211528-00212264": "because it's comprehensive. Now, we think in that bill should be measures", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00313-00212319-00213032": "that encourage and fund open access middle mile networks. Encouragements can come for example", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00314-00213032-00213504": "if there's a new network that's going to go to people's homes in a rural or urban area", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00315-00213623-00214160": "a preference can be given to those networks that are willing to be open in any selection process", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00316-00214160-00214808": "and that's in fact what the Clyburn bill does but in addition they could be direct federal", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00317-00214808-00215440": "funding and the thought on direct federal funding is that it works in partnership with other funds,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00318-00215440-00216071": "like private funds. The federal funding doesn't require the network to be built all the way to the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00319-00216071-00216719": "home because it's middle mile but it decreases the cost of build up and of course it can be", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00320-00216719-00217488": "bring better connectivity to institutions like libraries so we think that that is", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00321-00217592-00218096": "something that needs to be considered by congress hopefully on a bipartisan basis", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00322-00218176-00218808": "and that in funding such projects congress should look at efforts that would adopt", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00323-00218808-00219496": "sustainable middle mile strategies, the example from Arlington County, Virginia is to the contrary", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00324-00219728-00220208": "A strategy that works with broadband providers towards realistic business strategies", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00325-00220296-00220656": "and one that builds community support, we heard this over and over again.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00326-00220800-00221360": "Secondly it's time that we not pit the federal government against state or local or tribal", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00327-00221360-00221823": "efforts. What we really should do is take resources that are available at any level", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00328-00221880-00222344": "including the number of states Jordan mentioned some that support middle mile,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00329-00222432-00222936": "take all of those resources and try to get the best possible out of that combination of resources", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00330-00223119-00223784": "and as I say this should be embedded in a national effort to ensure that everyone in", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00331-00223784-00224448": "America can use high performance broadband I think the need for broadband has been proven without", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00332-00224448-00225592": "question and therefore as part of a plan to fight COVID, to advance racial equality,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00333-00225592-00226504": "to move the economy forward, to to address questions of infrastructure congress can act.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00334-00226792-00227528": "All of you are involved in your communities and I'm sure many of you contact local and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00335-00227528-00228128": "and state and congressional officials. I encourage you to talk to them", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00336-00228223-00228856": "about what you see your communities needing because it's about fulfilling demand,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00337-00228856-00229312": "demand that's going to be much bigger for broadband in the future than it was in the past,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00338-00229432-00229984": "because I believe if you engage with officials and they understand what people need", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00339-00230080-00230623": "to learn, to work, to access health care, to use governmental services,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00340-00230688-00231264": "to interact with their neighbors and to build stronger communities if they understand if if", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00341-00231264-00232080": "you were to take the message to every official and say what I said at the opening it is now essential", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00342-00232288-00232792": "for every American to have high performance broadband if he or she is to participate", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00343-00232792-00233488": "effectively in American society. If everyone believed that then i believe the right policies", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00344-00233488-00234216": "would follow. So we've tried to sketch out some of those policies we hope you take a look at them", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00345-00234304-00234671": "but if the understanding of the importance of broadband is there,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00346-00234671-00235319": "then we think success in these efforts will come and so we appreciate the chance to join", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00347-00235319-00235864": "tonight you have presented our paper to you and we're looking forward to to Joanne's comments.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00348-00235864-00236632": "[Don Means] That's great Jon and and Jordan. A terrific presentation of of your excellent", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00349-00236632-00237344": "paper which has been linked not only on the on the registration side but it's also in the chat.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00350-00237504-00238160": "I, we strongly encourage people to uh review this become familiar with the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00351-00238160-00239280": "the premise of this approach uh it has so many advantages um let's let's go to uh Joanne now", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00352-00239352-00240280": "uh I've got a load of questions I'm sure others do too. One of the points made was that uh that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00353-00240336-00241112": "that Shelby the School's Health and Libraries Broadband Coalition has a paper on this and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00354-00241240-00241904": "talks about to and through anchor institutions. So normally anchor institutions are thought of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00355-00241904-00242640": "as kind of another type of an end user which is absolutely true but they, in this scenario,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00356-00242640-00243664": "they can play the role of intermediate endpoints if that makes any sense uh either being actual or", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00357-00243664-00244223": "proximate to interconnect points as these middle mile infrastructure uh projects are deployed", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00358-00244288-00244776": "and just by the nature of these institutions they're scattered across communities, you know", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00359-00244776-00245336": "you want the school to close and the library as close as possible well that will help you", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00360-00245408-00246096": "reach the those end points with last mile. So I'm going to hold some questions because Joanne", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00361-00246096-00246719": "will probably answer most of them and we'll see what we get at the end and Joanne welcome", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00362-00246719-00247336": "uh great to have you for the first time and uh please uh tell us you know what what we've", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00363-00247336-00247976": "missed here and what you think we should be doing. [Joanne Hovis] um Thanks Don. It's a real pleasure", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00364-00247976-00248904": "to be with you uh with all of you and um I am honored to um get to follow Jordan and Jon. I", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00365-00248904-00249584": "I think their very thoughtful paper is important and incredibly timely", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00366-00249584-00250167": "given the issues we're debating in light of the pandemic and and where we find ourselves and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00367-00250167-00250784": "and hopefully where we find ourselves is at the beginning of a significant new federal commitment", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00368-00250840-00251352": "to filling broadband gaps and creating new broadband opportunity and competition", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00369-00251352-00251928": "and that this model this, open access middle mile model, with libraries and other anchor", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00370-00251928-00252567": "institutions sitting right at the middle of the model will be a very important part of that new", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00371-00252567-00253080": "federal commitment and I I think in order to really succeed that commitment will have to be", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00372-00253080-00253512": "federal state and local working with the private sector but the federal government", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00373-00253512-00254232": "certainly has a huge role on the the funding and the policy side um let me share a few thoughts", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00374-00254232-00254896": "with all of you and just reacting to what Jon and Jordan have shared and and maybe you know", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00375-00254896-00255919": "a few um data points or stories that highlight some of the model they're speaking about um I", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00376-00256080-00256671": "was a very minor contributor to this paper I gave a couple of anecdotes that illustrate the point", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00377-00256671-00257400": "they were making and I'll share those with you in a moment but the paper I think um lays out", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00378-00257400-00258023": "this broad framework for understanding the model, understanding best practices for deploying the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00379-00258023-00258567": "model and I think also very consequentially understanding what the middle mile really is", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00380-00258567-00259208": "and what it isn't and if I can take a minute to share that there's a really useful graphic", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00381-00259208-00259767": "that you all have in the materials that Don sent you that is part of Jon and Jordan's", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00382-00259767-00260496": "paper where you see how libraries fit into this big picture of middle mile networks.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00383-00260623-00261288": "As you know when you think about the communications infrastructure and how it supports", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00384-00261392-00261848": "networking across the country, but really internationally the the broader framework", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00385-00261848-00262432": "to understand it is that there are four major components, three of which we're really con", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00386-00262432-00263184": "concerned with here. The first one is the long-haul connections and in in a us context those", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00387-00263184-00264136": "are the big bundles of cross-country fiber that go north south and east-west across the country", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00388-00264136-00264640": "and that carry the bulk of the internet traffic, this is literally the backbone", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00389-00264640-00265232": "of the internet, connecting the major data centers uh and carrier hotels in the major", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00390-00265344-00265800": "population centers of the country the equivalent of the interstate highway", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00391-00265800-00266616": "system in that old analogy of roads and and that is an area where we are relatively well", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00392-00266616-00267200": "served as a nation where we have very robust infrastructure of these massive bundles of fiber.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00393-00267288-00267824": "The international piece of this of course is the undersea cable that links us to other continents", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00394-00267824-00268472": "but across the U.S. generally following railroad and other kinds of rights-of-way we've got these", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00395-00268472-00269088": "huge bundles of fiber in the backbone and then from there we have the middle mile and that is the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00396-00269088-00269752": "critical piece that Jon and Jordan are speaking to and where the deficiencies are enormous compared", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00397-00269752-00270472": "to the relative lack of deficiency on the long haul or backbone side. Middle mile piece", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00398-00270472-00271256": "is the equivalent of state highways or state roads in the old roads analogy and these are,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00399-00271256-00271832": "this is the piece of the network that goes from the data centers or from the the major", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00400-00271896-00272424": "interconnection locations and goes out into the communities, into the neighborhoods,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00401-00272488-00273152": "into small towns, into neighborhoods of big urban environments or smaller urban environments and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00402-00273152-00273832": "that is really the connective tissue taking the backbone of the internet into our communities", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00403-00273832-00274416": "and then we have the last mile. The last mile is that you have storied and critically important,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00404-00274416-00275000": "very costly and very challenging piece that takes us from the neighborhood location", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00405-00275000-00275584": "to our homes our businesses our institutions and the final piece the fourth one is what we'll call", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00406-00275584-00276104": "the drops or the final connection actually going from the curb into our home from the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00407-00276104-00276720": "curb into our business etc but for purposes of today's conversation it's really the middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00408-00276720-00277448": "as that connective tissue between backbone or long hole and last mile that is so critical", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00409-00277448-00278304": "and that middle mile is an absolutely essential piece of getting the last mile built if there is", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00410-00278304-00279072": "not middle mile there will not be last mile and if there's middle mile but it can't be accessed,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00411-00279072-00279624": "there can't be new last mile, right? If it is closed if it is proprietary,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00412-00279624-00280472": "if it is held by a single entity um for monopoly rents or just not available to users then last", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00413-00280472-00281144": "mile cannot grow often in the same way as it's really hard to imagine developing neighborhood", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00414-00281144-00281656": "streets and roads and alleys if you don't have the big roads coming into the neighborhood", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00415-00281736-00282352": "because you'll have an island of development that is not connected to anything. Middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00416-00282432-00283056": "makes sure that our neighborhoods are not islands isolated from the internet backbone, middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00417-00283056-00283616": "connects our neighborhoods to the internet backbone hence its criticality and the power", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00418-00283616-00284296": "of that middle mile in the economic model for last mile is enormous as in some of the examples that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00419-00284296-00285016": "Jordan shared like I think very importantly there is no single number that we can attach we cannot", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00420-00285016-00285560": "say that if you build middle mile it will be x percent of the cost of last mile because every", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00421-00285560-00286032": "network is different every circumstance is different and every project will have", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00422-00286032-00286848": "different costs associated with it depending on geographic and other factors but we do know that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00423-00286848-00287376": "without middle mile Westmill becomes a much more costly proposition because the last mile deployer,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00424-00287536-00288072": "which could be the library or another anchor institution or their partner, sitting right", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00425-00288072-00288712": "there at the intersection between middle mile and last mile that last mile deployer is", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00426-00288840-00289440": "going to be an island without the middle mile. So let me give you a few examples of illustrative", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00427-00289440-00290144": "numbers with that caveat that there's no absolute rule about what the savings could be or what the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00428-00290144-00290720": "percentage of cost is on middle mile as compared to last mile every project will be different", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00429-00290720-00291384": "but here's a sense of some of the power an example that Jordan and Jon write about in the paper is", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00430-00291384-00292088": "the little town of Alford, Massachusetts. Alford has 350 residents it had no broadband at all", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00431-00292152-00292808": "until about three years ago the town built vibrated the premises", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00432-00292808-00293448": "actually entered into a public public partnership with a neighboring public electric", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00433-00293448-00294184": "utility um called Whip City Alectric that had operates its own network and was willing to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00434-00294312-00294800": "use that expertise and capacity to provide services over the town of Alford's network", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00435-00294800-00295424": "but the town itself built and funded the last mile fiber to the premises infrastructure.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00436-00295552-00296240": "That town would have had to make a 20-mile connection to the nearest commercial", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00437-00296240-00296848": "interconnection point had there not been a public middle mile network available to it", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00438-00296848-00297632": "and our analysis of the cost to make that connection to that nearest interconnection point", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00439-00297632-00298160": "was that it would have been as much for the one middle mile connection,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00440-00298256-00298640": "to make sure that the town who is not building an island of isolated fiber,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00441-00298704-00299160": "as it costs to build fiber of the premises to 100 percent of the residents of the town.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00442-00299232-00299992": "That's a really powerful example I think of the criticality of middle mile and the likelihood that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00443-00299992-00300632": "had the town needed to double its capital budget in order to build last mile so as to make that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00444-00300632-00301168": "middle mile connection the project probably would not have happened, the availability of middle mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00445-00301168-00301728": "made the last mile project viable. I'll give you a couple of other very powerful examples", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00446-00301728-00302256": "that I've witnessed recently there is a statewide middle mile network in Kentucky,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00447-00302328-00302896": "that's a public private partnership known as Kentucky Wired it's received a lot of negative", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00448-00302896-00303504": "PR around a range of different reasons a range of different factors putting all that aside because", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00449-00303504-00304000": "I think that's not actually the interesting part about Kentucky Wired the interesting part is that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00450-00304000-00304904": "there was an insight on this at the part of the the commonwealth of Kentucky that it could build", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00451-00304904-00305416": "a middle mile network to connect its own anchor institutions its own government facilities,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00452-00305416-00306056": "including other public anchors like libraries and schools if feasible and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00453-00306184-00306784": "by making that network middle mile potentially catalyze and stimulate new last mile deployment.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00454-00306848-00307400": "All of that has happened over the past few years but the really fascinating last mile projects that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00455-00307400-00308040": "have materialized from that include several very small projects what are locally known as", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00456-00308040-00308640": "microfiber projects. They're not actually microfiber but they're micro size fiber to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00457-00308640-00309368": "the premises and in some cases wireless projects in eastern Kentucky in some of the most remote and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00458-00309368-00310120": "rural parts of eastern Kentucky where there are largely unserved old coal company towns that have", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00459-00310120-00310608": "been effectively deserted by the companies that once sponsored them when the coal mines", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00460-00310608-00311176": "were open but there is still population there is still housing in these small towns they range in", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00461-00311176-00311920": "size from 200 to 800 residents and because of the availability of the middle mile capacity", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00462-00311984-00312672": "of the what has come out of the Kentucky Wired initiative a small local competitive", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00463-00312864-00313392": "local exchange carrier known as Eastern Telephone has partnered with these small", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00464-00313392-00313944": "towns to build fiber of the premises and wireless networks in these tiny little", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00465-00313944-00314672": "micro towns in in the mountains of coal country old coal country no longer really mining for coal", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00466-00314672-00315184": "of eastern Kentucky. Without Kentucky Wired none of these initiatives would have been feasible.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00467-00315184-00315880": "Kentucky Wired is tens of millions of dollars of construction these little fiber initiatives", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00468-00315880-00316520": "are hundreds of thousands and in some cases tens of thousands of dollars of construction,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00469-00316520-00316920": "had eastern telephone and these small towns needed to make the middle mile connection these", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00470-00316920-00317480": "projects would never have materialized and I would anticipate that in the coming decade we are likely", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00471-00317480-00318216": "to see dozens and hopefully even hundreds of these very small locally based public-private and public", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00472-00318216-00318864": "public partnerships in small towns in rural parts of Kentucky materialize for exactly this reason.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00473-00318976-00319920": "One more really quick example that I think is um also a really perfect illustration of how open", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00474-00319920-00320592": "middle mile has this important catalyzing impact that in my home state of Maryland we have also", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00475-00320592-00321304": "a statewide open access middle mile network. This was a collaboration between the state itself that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00476-00321304-00321888": "built middle mile to connect government anchors including most of the schools in the state", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00477-00321888-00322488": "all of the county seats, the county buildings, all of the state public safety networks and as", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00478-00322488-00323120": "the state was built excuse me the state public safety towers as the state was building out this", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00479-00323120-00323960": "infrastructure for providing service to anchors to meet the needs of the public sector it included", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00480-00323960-00324992": "it built at the same time a 96 count cable of fiber that was then given through an IRU to a um", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00481-00325064-00325680": "a non-profit private entity the Maryland Broadband Cooperative which is our statewide", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00482-00325680-00326280": "broadband co-op which is uh its membership includes many localities, public networks,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00483-00326280-00327096": "private networks all the big incumbents etc and given the availability of that 96 count which is", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00484-00327200-00327904": "required to be open access and available to all members of the cooperative and service is", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00485-00327992-00328304": "open middle mile services available over that fiber", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00486-00328416-00329000": "the we have seen a substantial number of projects get started that wouldn't otherwise", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00487-00329000-00329936": "have been financially feasible. In our Appalachia region in the westernmost part of Maryland uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00488-00329936-00330488": "which is deep into the Allegheny Mountains there are two providers who currently use that network.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00489-00330552-00331464": "One a fixed wireless company in remote parts of our most mountainous county um there another one", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00490-00331464-00332296": "is a very small fixed wireless literally mom and pop operation that is financially viable because", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00491-00332352-00333136": "um services sold for five, seven, ten dollars per month over a network that generally uses wi-fi", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00492-00333136-00333960": "and rooftops could not possibly buy a costly commercial middle mile let alone build middle", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00493-00333960-00334824": "mile capacity and then on the the other side of the state where we have um wetlands and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00494-00334824-00335608": "um the Chesapeake Bay um and uh the major Maryland rivers completely different geography", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00495-00335608-00336096": "than in the western part of the state and we have public-private partnerships that have", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00496-00336096-00336920": "emerged in several counties I'll give you one what i think is a terrific example is Charles County,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00497-00337016-00337704": "Maryland a which has substantial rural areas that are entirely unserved has a collaboration", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00498-00337704-00338200": "with a local company building fiber to the premises the company is named Think Big", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00499-00338200-00338736": "and Think Big has committed to building fiber to the premises to all of the unserved locations", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00500-00338736-00339416": "throughout the county the middle mile gets Think Big into every one of the neighborhoods", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00501-00339480-00340016": "um none of that initiative and none of that investment would have been feasible otherwise.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00502-00340080-00340824": "So a few examples I hope that illustrate the model and one last point maybe that they", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00503-00340824-00341352": "illustrate as well, is that the payoff is not necessarily tomorrow or today", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00504-00341352-00341840": "the payoff may be several years down the road because these are networks that take time to build", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00505-00341896-00342504": "but the availability of the middle mile is a necessary prerequisite to that payoff", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00506-00342504-00343392": "and um it's uh not too soon to start on that. [Don Means] Terrific Joanne, uh you you make some", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00507-00343504-00344304": "so important points about the value of this resource because of the variability of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00508-00344304-00344800": "circumstance I mean every community is unique in you know when you add up all the different", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00509-00344800-00345448": "factors and one size does not fit all, which the carriers prefer you know that's what you want they", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00510-00345448-00345872": "want a standard model you just force everybody and then where it doesn't work you don't do anything", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00511-00345984-00346720": "but but it's not like that at all and it just makes the case that communities increasingly", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00512-00346720-00347392": "need to understand their circumstance and take responsibility for at least planning their", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00513-00347392-00347840": "infrastructure if not building it you know well however they want to do it but just understand", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00514-00347840-00348416": "it you know people now get how important it is but how to do it and it's a much simpler", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00515-00348496-00349392": "uh question if you have a resource like like an open affordable uh middle mile uh critical uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00516-00349464-00350208": "resource to build out and in and increasingly the technology is getting closer to what we would call", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00517-00350208-00350752": "DIY especially these wireless networks and what we've discovered if I could just add on to this,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00518-00350880-00351520": "you made the point about you know smaller towns of a few hundred people, well when we look at these", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00519-00351520-00352120": "counties these rural counties they look really sparse you know very few people per square mile", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00520-00352120-00352696": "but where people actually live is close together in these small towns which make them well suited", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00521-00352696-00353384": "for you know mesh wireless networks and what we've seen is that these are much", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00522-00353464-00353952": "less expensive, they don't you know the performance is not the same as fiber of the whole", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00523-00353952-00354832": "but it's connectivity and can connectivity can pull capacity because it enables people to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00524-00354832-00355352": "to operate at a certain level and demand more, faster, better uh broadband", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00525-00355488-00355920": "but increasingly these projects can be done by local communities people", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00526-00355984-00356624": "serving themselves and I think this is where the government the central government responsibility", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00527-00356624-00357320": "kind of meets with a local opportunity, you know? Deliver middle mile and serve the anchor", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00528-00357320-00357880": "institutions we already have that right as as as part of the universal service fund as we're and as", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00529-00357880-00358456": "part of the national broadband plan is to deliver gigabit connectivity into every community and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00530-00358456-00359120": "we have you know mechanisms like e-rate to do that which is restricted from providing open", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00531-00359120-00359768": "uh networks but that leads me to a question uh for you and and for Jon and and Jordan about", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00532-00359768-00360680": "the uh uh the the business models for these so I guess they're all types or it could be a private", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00533-00360680-00361152": "entity could do this, it could be a public entity, it could be a public private, public public,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00534-00361152-00361920": "any or what what are the best uh models for these to happen that you that you've seen so far?", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00535-00362280-00362696": "Anybody? Joanne? [Jon Sallet] Joanne,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00536-00362696-00363448": "you you start and then I'll follow up. [Joanne Hovis] um great thank you um you", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00537-00363448-00364240": "know I I think open access middle mile is actually logical for a public entity it's an area where", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00538-00364416-00365064": "public infrastructure owners can have enormous impact and catalyze private opportunity", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00539-00365064-00365856": "and private investment and an open access middle mile is also something that is good", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00540-00365856-00366488": "from a public standpoint because the open access commitment is a critical piece of it", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00541-00366544-00367496": "and it's very tempting for entities who are not only incented to be profit maximizing but", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00542-00367496-00368024": "are obligated to be profit maximizing, right? So, commercial entities is very tempting to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00543-00368184-00369048": "back off of open access business models given the option because open access is not necessarily", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00544-00369048-00369816": "profit maximizing and that's that's why I think many public entities step into that role and many", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00545-00369816-00370488": "do it also because they may have assets like this and they can utilize these assets accordingly and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00546-00370488-00371256": "but as with everything else as you said Don it's very I'm locally specific so um it may be", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00547-00371256-00371800": "a private entity, it may be a private for-profit or non-profit entity really depends on who has", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00548-00371800-00372480": "the assets the will and most importantly I think the commitment to open access and and stimulating", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00549-00372480-00373152": "that last mile investment in competition. [Jon Sallet] Yes, so I said earlier when", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00550-00373152-00373768": "introducing this topic that this was a good opportunity for public private collaboration", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00551-00373768-00374408": "and the reason is and Joanne has said this is that middle mile has a lot going for", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00552-00374408-00375056": "it as a public infrastructure publicly funded infrastructure first it can connect governmental", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00553-00375056-00375760": "and important social institutions directly and secondly it serves it creates what one might call", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00554-00375760-00376584": "positive externalities for private providers, right? Who can invest less and get to more", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00555-00376584-00377424": "homes. So a publicly funded open access middle model offering opportunities for private entities", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00556-00377424-00377920": "to use the technologies of their choice to reach homes isn't the only way to proceed", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00557-00377976-00378688": "but it is in our view a pretty robust model. [Don Means] That is great. I I think you make", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00558-00378688-00379216": "a ideal point is that you could justify building these networks", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00559-00379216-00379506": "to serve the anchor institutions alone, [Jon Sallet] Right.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00560-00379506-00380303": "[Don Means] because most half of the population uses these facilities and their critical functions", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00561-00380304-00380856": "and then you have the opportunity for the added value to reduce the cost for last", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00562-00380856-00381352": "mile deployments it's it's something, yeah. [Jon Sallet] I didn't mean to interrupt but", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00563-00381352-00382088": "it is one other thing we call our papers, 'If We bBuild It, Will They Come?' so when we talk", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00564-00382088-00382504": "to public officials they say well what if we build this network and nobody shows up", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00565-00382584-00383024": "now we think there are ways to encourage people to show up and we think there's a way to fund those", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00566-00383024-00383536": "places where it's most likely people show up but your point is at the heart of this.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00567-00383600-00384208": "If the economics are proven out by the supply of better connectivity to public institutions,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00568-00384312-00384832": "then the downside risk of constructing an open access middle mile is considerably", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00569-00384832-00385416": "lower because we want people to come but that's not been the sole purpose for of construction.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00570-00385416-00385984": "[Don Means] I think it's a great argument and and I I know it's been made a number of times.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00571-00386064-00386992": "So, did you look back at uh at the prior you know uh national build for open middle mile under the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00572-00386992-00387368": "stimulus program the so-called BTOP (Broadband Technology Opportunities Program) program where I", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00573-00387368-00388000": "think there were like 125 of these projects funded did you did you look at those, what happened", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00574-00388000-00388328": "to those, how many interconnect agreements did you have do you have that information?", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00575-00388328-00388792": "[Jon Sallet} In fact some of the networks we talked about in Jordan you may want to talk", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00576-00388792-00389400": "about specific examples of this had open access minimal networks directly funded by those earlier", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00577-00389400-00389944": "efforts and so we learned from them what had been accomplished. Jordan do you want to speak to that?", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00578-00389944-00390984": "[Jordan Arnold] Sure, um several of the networks that we spoke to were either created or hugely", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00579-00390984-00391624": "expanded by BTOP funding so there are several examples, especially because of these state", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00580-00391624-00392304": "funding programs of middle mile networks that were created through other funding programs but you", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00581-00392304-00393160": "certainly see the mark of that program in several different places and one of the things that,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00582-00393240-00393856": "one of the lessons for success I pointed out, was ensuring that open access obligations continue", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00583-00393856-00394384": "and so I think that might be um you know something to think about for a future grant", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00584-00394384-00395216": "program. Now these these BTOP funded programs are 10 years old and as I said in the case of Maine,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00585-00395216-00395800": "they are being sold the ownership is changing um and so you know whatever future funding", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00586-00395800-00396360": "we have it needs to ensure that whatever open up open access obligations exist they persist", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00587-00396360-00396920": "regardless of the ownership of the network. [Don Means] That's a great point and a super", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00588-00396920-00397640": "value for for these networks uh living longer and serving their purpose. So", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00589-00397712-00398344": "uh what uh we're over just a few minutes here but what what would you say is the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00590-00398440-00399496": "the role for libraries in uh making this case or championing these projects or what? What would you", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00591-00399496-00400152": "see the value of libraries in this discussion? [Jon Sallet] Joanne you want to start? Jordan?", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00592-00400320-00400912": "Anybody want to go before me? No? [Joanne Hovis] I will I will just", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00593-00400912-00402208": "share briefly that I think um libraries are an engaged and um mission driven place where,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00594-00402288-00403072": "that can serve as a proof point of this model and um catalyze locally obviously e-rate complications", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00595-00403072-00403888": "make this a little bit more challenging but um we may see changes in that um in coming months um", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00596-00403888-00404448": "and uh we certainly should as a matter of good policy see changes in that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00597-00404512-00405568": "um and um and the this aligns this this vision um even at a modest level modest scale aligns", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00598-00405568-00406472": "so perfectly with the mission of libraries that it feels like a very uh logical um overlay and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00599-00406472-00407304": "and I'm hopeful that we will see particularly with the wireless um piece um proof points of the model", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00600-00407304-00407936": "and built on local needs and local considerations and local partners in many many places.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00601-00407936-00408288": "[Don Means] Right, good. [Jon Sallet] Don, I'll just", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00602-00408288-00408808": "add one word unless Jordan I don't want to keep Jordan from talking but look, over the last two", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00603-00408808-00409152": "years we've been doing these reports and we've talked to librarians from around the country.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00604-00409216-00409847": "What we've learned is that librarians are at the center of this issue for multiple reasons", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00605-00409912-00410488": "they've learned about pre-COVID what broadband was being used for, we talked to librarians who", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00606-00410488-00410952": "talked about the numbers of people coming to the libraries with devices to use broadband,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00607-00411080-00411624": "we've talked to librarians who learned how to transmit information that's what libraries do,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00608-00411680-00412143": "to people about the way to use broadband including job training skills, not just how", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00609-00412143-00412800": "to operate a device or a software program but how to use it to advance their themselves in society", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00610-00412896-00413464": "and of course you sent us the photograph Don of the Pennsylvania library in the early days of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00611-00413464-00413920": "the pandemic that we put into one of our reports that had a sign out front saying", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00612-00413920-00414480": "here's the password to the wi-fi because in an emergency people coming to that parking lot", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00613-00414480-00414960": "could be critical in their efforts to continue having their kids stay online during school", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00614-00415072-00415480": "and we've also seen the libraries are respected in their communities", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00615-00415624-00416064": "as I've said before I think the critical task is to explain to public officials", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00616-00416135-00416784": "that the greater demand for broadband is not a one-time thing. Society has changed and broadband", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00617-00416784-00417368": "has become even more important and it seems to me librarians, both in talking about what", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00618-00417368-00418039": "their institutions need the physical buildings, what their users need and what communities need,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00619-00418039-00418632": "are will be some of the most influential people in influen influential people and helping", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00620-00418696-00419456": "policymakers understand what needs to be done now. [Don Means] Beautifully said Jon and your your", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00621-00419456-00420168": "point about uh duplicative networks, redundant networks, while they may create a degree of", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00622-00420168-00420832": "resilience because more you know multiples better uh the efficiency is just really", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00623-00420832-00421376": "unacceptable because the costs are so high, we can't build multiple interstate highways you know,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00624-00421535-00422247": "or even multiple state highways, so the to Joanne's point about e-rate this program needs", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00625-00422247-00423016": "to be remodeled to fund these very projects and you know it's just it's just inexcusable they're", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00626-00423016-00423576": "spending billions and billions of dollars a year on isolated networks, I mean they are valuable", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00627-00423576-00424064": "and and critical but we're missing a huge bet we just can't afford to miss it in the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00628-00424064-00424680": "future. It ties into a question we're getting here about Dig Once. So these are policies right that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00629-00424680-00425335": "that enable and lower the cost of this so uh you know if you if you lay a road you", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00630-00425335-00425984": "put down conduit and you make that open that's a segment of how these networks can be done uh", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00631-00426047-00426768": "and and also we have the question about slides uh will you be able to post your slides somewhere?", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00632-00426768-00427256": "[Jon Sallet] Of course. [Don Means] Okay uh yeah I guess you", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00633-00427256-00427639": "do you happen to have that link now you could put it in the in the in the chat?", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00634-00427639-00428176": "[Jon Sallet] um Adrienne can tell us where on the Benton site she'd like to host it.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00635-00428176-00428576": "I think she's in a better position to do that. [Don Means] I'll tell you what, we will post it", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00636-00428576-00429464": "you know when we do the recordings uh uh on the on the GLN site we'll put that link there uh for the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00637-00429464-00429943": "slides go with your presentation of course you've just made the presentation which is recorded", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00638-00429943-00430464": "and people can uh go back and play it because uh you know it's a lot more than just some slides.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00639-00430464-00430743": "[Jon Sallet] Of course. [Don Means] um I I don't know", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00640-00430808-00431528": "Dig Once, is a is a common policy I'm just there's a chat questions uh a common policy an", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00641-00431528-00432112": "intelligent policy that is being implemented out there that that libraries can help with and and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00642-00432112-00432768": "let's just close with this point that libraries uh are natural technology hubs in their communities", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00643-00432768-00433376": "and one of the one of the roles we've seen them play is to convene this conversation to at least", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00644-00433376-00434047": "host this conversation, so a community will trust its library to be to have no agenda other than", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00645-00434047-00434856": "just helping everybody, as many people as possible and we've seen it where librarians will host these", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00646-00434856-00435528": "conversations about these projects and people will come in all the different stakeholders come in and", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00647-00435528-00436200": "and and it doesn't require the librarian to be you know uh an expert on any of this rather than just", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00648-00436200-00436872": "being a facilitator of a conversation which will lead to these uh various resources and ideas so", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00649-00436943-00437352": "uh this is a this is an important role for libraries ahead we're going to be facing a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00650-00437408-00438120": "an actual legislative opportunity I think in a matter of weeks and so what you've done here", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00651-00438184-00438664": "with this report is extremely valuable and and the country owes you a debt.", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00652-00438664-00439072": "Thank you, thank you all uh I'd like to ask everybody to unmute", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00653-00439128-00439520": "if they would please unmute everyone [Audience member] and Don before we do that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00654-00439520-00440400": "can I can I ask a follow-up on my question? So my question really was um in the Dig Ones couldn't we", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00655-00440400-00440832": "also doom people also put in the fiber and that can help the middle mile,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00656-00440888-00441472": "so that when they're digging up these streets in the areas why ca I mean I understand that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00657-00441472-00442208": "it's on a state by state one now after looking at it and what efforts are being put in to push that", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00658-00442328-00442760": "extra fiber a dark fiber being put in? [Don Means] It depends on you know the", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00659-00442760-00443416": "awareness that at the at the local level the biggest cost you is the dig and the conduit,", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00660-00443416-00443896": "the fiber is relatively inexpensive compared to digging the actual trench and laying a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00661-00443896-00444360": "conduit down. If you do that you don't even really have to put the fiber in right away", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00662-00444360-00444872": "you've accomplished a major portion of the cost of laying the the system so it's it's a", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00663-00444872-00445616": "great policy and it should be adopted everywhere. So, everybody unmute unmute please. We'd like to", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00664-00445616-00446135": "we'd like to give our speakers a round of applause please if we could we we would do that if we were", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00665-00446135-00446208": "in person, so thank you. [applause]", "4Wwe0zMvz5g-00666-00446208-00447600": "yeah and so we'll close the recording now thank you Stephen"}}, {"audio_id": "4WFokJVBCXQ", "text": {"4WFokJVBCXQ-00000-00000388-00000919": "So lets think a little bit about genetics as its related to the human A B O", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00001-00000919-00001015": "blood type", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00002-00001015-00001516": "this is a really interesting  situation because it exhibits", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00003-00001516-00001853": "both codominance and multiple alleles", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00004-00001853-00002210": "in the situation of codominance when there", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00005-00002210-00002526": "are two different alleles both", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00006-00002526-00003109": "are expressed equally this is also a situation in which we have multiple", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00007-00003109-00003225": "alleles", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00008-00003225-00003902": "for one particular gene locus in the human A B O group there are three", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00009-00003902-00004284": "alleles that may be involved with determining ones blood type", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00010-00004284-00004608": "course any individual only has", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00011-00004608-00004940": "two of each allele but there are three", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00012-00004940-00005319": "in the population one of these we refer to as the", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00013-00005319-00005920": "I A allele capital I capital A is just a standard convention but you could use", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00014-00005920-00005985": "a different", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00015-00005985-00006505": "system if you wanted to but the IA allele codes for", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00016-00006505-00007068": "antigen A and I've just represented antigen A on this red blood cell", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00017-00007068-00007314": "this circle is representing a red blood cell", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00018-00007314-00007628": "and the little triangles are just representing", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00019-00007628-00007981": "the A antigen that's found on the", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00020-00007981-00008403": "surface of the red blood cells the I B", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00021-00008403-00008939": "allele codes for antigen B and I've represented", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00022-00008939-00009335": "antigen B as a little semicircle on this", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00023-00009335-00009688": "circle which represents a red blood cell", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00024-00009688-00010047": "then we have the little i allele and the little i", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00025-00010047-00010628": "allele doesn't code for an antigen like antigen A or antigen B and so", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00026-00010628-00011075": "I've drawn a red blood cell here that doesn't have an antigen", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00027-00011075-00011524": "displayed on its surface so three different alleles", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00028-00011524-00011895": "are involved with determining the human A B O", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00029-00011895-00012242": "blood type so I've", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00030-00012242-00012664": "created a little chart here that lists the different", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00031-00012664-00013125": "human blood types and it shows the genotypes that are available", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00032-00013125-00013602": "so blood type would be the phenotype or the physical characteristic", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00033-00013602-00013981": "in this situation and then the genotypes are", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00034-00013981-00014341": "which combination of alleles the individual might have", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00035-00014341-00014709": "so folks with type A blood could be", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00036-00014709-00015147": "homozygous I A I A or", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00037-00015147-00015607": "they could be I A little i in both situations", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00038-00015607-00015955": "they have the A antigen", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00039-00015955-00016397": "on their red blood cells people that have type B", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00040-00016397-00016786": "blood are either I B I B", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00041-00016786-00017115": "or I B little i", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00042-00017115-00017459": "in both situations they have the B", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00043-00017459-00017827": "antigen on the surface of their red blood cells", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00044-00017827-00018211": "then there are folks that have type AB blood", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00045-00018211-00018517": "in order to have type AB blood", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00046-00018517-00018879": "one must have both the I A allele", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00047-00018879-00019393": "and the I B allele and so type AB blood", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00048-00019393-00019782": "would look like this the I A", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00049-00019782-00020116": "allele would cause the A", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00050-00020116-00020549": "antigen to be produced and displayed on the surface of the red blood cell", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00051-00020549-00020629": "membrane", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00052-00020629-00021068": "and the I B allele would cause", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00053-00021068-00021386": "the B antigen to be produced", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00054-00021386-00021696": "and displayed on the surface of the red blood cell so they have", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00055-00021696-00022010": "both antigens on their red blood cells", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00056-00022010-00022397": "then we have the type O", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00057-00022397-00022881": "blood type and the only possible way to get type O blood", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00058-00022881-00023222": "is for one to have a homozygous little", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00059-00023222-00023597": "i situation so little i little i", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00060-00023597-00024188": "results in type O blood and this is what a type O blood cell would look like no", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00061-00024188-00024507": "antigens displayed on the surface of those", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00062-00024507-00024871": "membranes so human A B O blood type", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00063-00024871-00025173": "is an example of codominance and", "4WFokJVBCXQ-00064-00025173-00025278": "multiple alleles"}}, {"audio_id": "4Wa4I5e67GY", "text": {"4Wa4I5e67GY-00000-00000048-00000461": "I'm Premier Christy Clark. As kids get ready to go back to school,", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00001-00000461-00000846": "they'll learn new things.  They'll be inspired by their teachers.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00002-00000846-00001223": "They'll prepare to become our future leaders and they'll make lots of", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00003-00001223-00001287": "new friends.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00004-00001287-00001664": "We're working to build a better relationship with BC Teachers", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00005-00001664-00002099": "because, like parents, teachers play a crucial role in making sure our kids", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00006-00002099-00002172": "succeed.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00007-00002172-00002518": "We're proposing ten years of labour peace in the classroom.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00008-00002518-00002864": "It means a fresh start for the adults around the bargaining table.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00009-00002864-00003275": "A chance to work together for our kids and for their education.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00010-00003275-00003707": "Students shouldn't lose out because the adults can't get along.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00011-00003707-00004054": "Ten years of labour peace puts kids first.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00012-00004054-00004380": "It's about making sure that a student in grade 2 today", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00013-00004380-00004698": "can reach grade 12 without missing a single day of school", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00014-00004698-00005196": "because of a labour disruption. We want to create long-term stability", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00015-00005196-00005602": "for our students, for their families and for teachers.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00016-00005602-00005921": "Because we want to set the foundation for our children", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00017-00005921-00006339": "to be first in line for the jobs that will come  and to compete and win on the", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00018-00006339-00006431": "world stage.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00019-00006431-00006754": "Work is already underway, but we have a lot more to do.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00020-00006754-00007122": "Together we can achieve labour peace in our classrooms,", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00021-00007122-00007590": "because there's nothing more important for our kids. I'm Premier Christy Clark.", "4Wa4I5e67GY-00022-00007590-00008043": "Thanks for listening."}}, {"audio_id": "4Xu5aeTpFEY", "text": {"4Xu5aeTpFEY-00000-00000100-00000400": "Welcome to this spoken tutorial on the sed - the stream editor.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00001-00000500-00001000": "In this tutorial  we will learn usage of sed command.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00002-00001100-00001300": "We will do through some examples", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00003-00001400-00001500": "To record this tutorial,", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00004-00001600-00002500": "I am usingUbuntu Linux  version 12.04 Operating System and GNU BASH version 4.2.24", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00005-00002600-00003300": "Please note, GNU bash version 4 or above is recommended to practice this tutorial.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00006-00003400-00003500": "As prerequisites", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00007-00003600-00003800": "You should know Basics of linux terminal", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00008-00003900-00004400": "For relevant tutorials please visit our website which as shown: http://spoken-tutorial.org", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00009-00004500-00004700": "Let us with an introduction to sed", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00010-00004800-00005000": "sed is a stream editor.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00011-00005100-00005700": "sed finds some pattern of text in a particular location of a file.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00012-00005800-00006100": "It performs some display or editing function", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00013-00006200-00006900": "editing function like insertion, substitution and deletion in matched text.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00014-00007000-00007200": "Let us first start with some examples.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00015-00007300-00007800": "We will see how to print using the sed command.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00016-00007900-00008300": "I have a file called seddemo.txt in home directory version.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00017-00008400-00008500": "Let us view its content.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00018-00008600-00009800": "In this file we have some enteries like roll no, name, stream, marks, pass or fail and the stipend amount.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00019-00009900-00010300": "Now suppose we want to print the second line of the file.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00020-00010400-00011200": "For this we need to oepn the terminal by pressing CTRL + ALT and T keys simultaneously on your keyboard.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00021-00011300-00011400": "Now Type", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00022-00011500-00012200": "sed space within  single quotes ‘2p’ after the single quotes space seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00023-00012300-00012500": "Press Enter", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00024-00012600-00013000": "Here 2 denotes the location which is the second line.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00025-00013100-00013500": "p denotes the action, which is printing(p).", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00026-00013600-00013700": "Now Look at the output.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00027-00013800-00014400": "It shows the entire file but see that the second line is printed twice.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00028-00014500-00014800": "This is the default behaviour of the action p.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00029-00014900-00015000": "To only print the second line", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00030-00015100-00015200": "Type", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00031-00015300-00016300": "sed space  -n space (Within single quotes) 2p after the single quotes space seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00032-00016400-00016500": "Press Enter.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00033-00016600-00017000": "We see only the second line as printed.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00034-00017100-00017700": "-n stands for ‘silent mode’ which will suppress all unnecessary output.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00035-00017800-00018200": "Then we give the location in the stream that we want to edit or display.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00036-00018300-00018600": "We want to select the second line.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00037-00018700-00019100": "p indicates the action we want to take ie to print the second line.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00038-00019200-00019700": "And seddemo.txt is the name of the file", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00039-00019800-00020000": "This is the general syntax of sed command.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00040-00020100-00020500": "Now let us print the last line of the file.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00041-00020600-00020800": "Let me clear the promt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00042-00020900-00021100": "Now Type", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00043-00021200-00022100": "sed space  -n space within single quotes (dollar) $p after the single quotes space seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00044-00022200-00022300": "Press Enter.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00045-00022300-00022800": "We see that the last line is printed.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00046-00022900-00023000": "Now come back to text editor.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00047-00023100-00023600": "Suppose we want to print the enteries from 3rd to 6th", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00048-00023700-00023900": "For this we need to type on the terminal:", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00049-00024000-00025300": "sed space  -n space within single quotes 3 (comma) ,6p’ space seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00050-00025400-00025500": "Press Enter.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00051-00025600-00026000": "The output is displayed from the third line to the sixth line.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00052-00026100-00026700": "Any of the actions can be reversed by using the exclamation mark before the action.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00053-00026800-00028300": "Say if we had to print all lines except from 3rd to 6th we will type: sed space  -n space within single quotes ‘3 (comma) ,6 (exclamation mark) !p", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00054-00028400-00029000": "After the single quotes space seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00055-00029100-00029200": "Press Enter.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00056-00029300-00029500": "The output is displayed.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00057-00029600-00029700": "Let us switch back to our slides.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00058-00029800-00030200": "Line addressing and context addressing.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00059-00030300-00030800": "So far, we specified the lines in the file on which the action needs to be taken.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00060-00030900-00031100": "This is known as line addressing.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00061-00031200-00031400": "Address specified by the line numbers.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00062-00031500-00031700": "This is one way of addressing.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00063-00031800-00032100": "Another way of addressing is Context addressing", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00064-00032200-00032700": "Lines that contain particular context say a particular word.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00065-00032800-00033500": "If we want to take actions on lines that contain a particular word we use context addressing.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00066-00033600-00033800": "Regular expressions can be used.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00067-00033900-00034100": "Let us see an example.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00068-00034200-00034300": "Come back to our editor.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00069-00034400-00034900": "Say we want to print those lines which have the word computers.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00070-00035000-00035200": "Come back to our temrinal.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00071-00035300-00035400": "Now Type", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00072-00035400-00037900": "sed space  -n space (within single quotes) (front slash)(opening square bracket) [cC] (Closing Square bracket)  omputers/p after the single quotesspace seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00073-00038000-00038200": "Press Enter.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00074-00038300-00038700": "We see the lines with the word computers is displayed.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00075-00038800-00039000": "We write pattern within square brackets.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00076-00039100-00039500": "This is to match any one or both of the characters within square brackets.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00077-00039600-00040200": "When we need to match patterns the pattern needs to be typed between front slashes.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00078-00040300-00040900": "We can print it in file as well using the w option.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00079-00041000-00041100": "For this type:", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00080-00041200-00043700": "sed space -n space (within single quotes) (front slash) (opening square bracket)  [cC] (closing square bracket)Computers/w space computer_student.txt after the space seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00081-00043800-00044000": "Press Enter.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00082-00044100-00044600": "Now all the matching lines would be transferred to the file computer_student.txt.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00083-00044700-00045000": "Let us view the content of computer_student", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00084-00045100-00045700": "Type cat space computer_student.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00085-00045800-00046100": "Press Enter.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00086-00046200-00046220": "We see the entries", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00087-00046300-00046900": "We can also have patterns that we can write to different files.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00088-00047000-00047100": "Let us clear the promt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00089-00047200-00050300": "Type sed space -n space -e space (within single quotes) (front slash) ‘/electronics/w space electro.txt’ after the single quotes  -e space (within single quotes) (front slash) ‘/civil/w space civil.txt’ after the single quote  space seddemo.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00090-00050400-00050700": "Press Enter", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00091-00050800-00051300": "Here -e is used to combine multiple methods", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00092-00051400-00052000": "This would create two files electro.txt and civil.txt.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00093-00052100-00052200": "To see what they contain type:", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00094-00052300-00052800": "cat space electro.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00095-00052900-00053300": "This will display the enteries with the word electronics.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00096-00053400-00053700": "Let us see the content of civil file.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00097-00053800-00054000": "Type cat space civil.txt", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00098-00054100-00054200": "press Enter", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00099-00054300-00054700": "This will display the enteries having the word civil.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00100-00054800-00055100": "We will see some more set of commands in another tutorial.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00101-00055200-00055300": "I will use the same program.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00102-00055400-00055700": "This brings us to the end of this tutorial.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00103-00055800-00055900": "Let us switch back to our slide", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00104-00056000-00056100": "we will  summarize,", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00105-00056200-00056400": "In this tutorial we learnt,sed", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00106-00056500-00056526": "To print using sed.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00107-00056600-00056606": "Line Addressing.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00108-00056700-00056900": "Context Addressing.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00109-00057000-00057100": "As an assignment,", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00110-00057200-00057400": "Use the same text file seddemo.txt.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00111-00057500-00057900": "Try to print records from 6th to 12th line.", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00112-00058000-00058100": "Watch the video available at the link shown below", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00113-00058200-00058500": "It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00114-00058600-00059000": "If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00115-00059100-00059200": "The Spoken Tutorial Project Team", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00116-00059300-00059400": "Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00117-00059500-00059900": "Gives certificates to those who pass an online test", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00118-00060000-00060600": "For more details, please write tocontact@spoken-tutorial.org", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00119-00060700-00061000": "Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00120-00061100-00061700": "It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00121-00061800-00062400": "More information on this Mission is available at: http://spoken-tutorial.org\\NMEICT-Intro", "4Xu5aeTpFEY-00122-00062500-00063000": "This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay signing off . Thank You for joining."}}, {"audio_id": "4XzCuDLOl0Q", "text": {"4XzCuDLOl0Q-00000-00000085-00000515": "This short video describes dmarcian's home-grown DMARC deployment process.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00001-00000515-00000998": "Invented and refined by helping organizations of all sizes deploy DMARC, the", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00002-00000998-00001348": "dmarcian approach efficiently integrates DMARC and its benefits into an", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00003-00001348-00001643": "organization at minimal cost.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00004-00001643-00002085": "The dmarcian approach is a lightweight project management framework that can", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00005-00002085-00002462": "be used to install DMARC at any organization.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00006-00002462-00002782": "Project management is a specialized discipline that is used to introduce", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00007-00002782-00003077": "change within an organization.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00008-00003077-00003322": "Project management is all about making specific changes to", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00009-00003322-00003471": "existing processes.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00010-00003471-00004020": "Projects start, complete their work, and then shut down.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00011-00004020-00004327": "Project management ends up being the right approach to deploying DMARC, as", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00012-00004327-00004841": "email is used everywhere by everyone, all the time, and so changing email", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00013-00004841-00005182": "usually requires people from across an organization to participate in the", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00014-00005182-00005282": "project.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00015-00005282-00005634": "There is a distinct technology component that is usually handled by", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00016-00005634-00006029": "a small team of technicians, but the interesting parts of DMARC deployment are", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00017-00006029-00006464": "usually found in the human condition -- communicating changes while baking", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00018-00006464-00006820": "DMARC into existing day-to-day operations.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00019-00006820-00007083": "The overall project framework is quite simple.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00020-00007083-00007456": "Before starting, the organization should identify who or what is", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00021-00007456-00007854": "responsible for registering domains so that a complete list of all domains", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00022-00007854-00008159": "belonging to the organization can be created.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00023-00008159-00008410": "If there is no centralized authority at the organization for", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00024-00008410-00008660": "tracking domains, one need to be created.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00025-00008660-00009136": "At dmarcian, we call this authority the \"Domain Management Function\".", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00026-00009136-00009470": "The purpose of the domain management function is to bring together information", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00027-00009470-00010008": "related to each domain -- who is responsible for it, what is it used for, and", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00028-00010008-00010470": "what controls or monitoring should be in place around it.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00029-00010470-00010818": "At larger organizations, a project team should be formed that pulls together", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00030-00010818-00011137": "stake-holders from across the organization.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00031-00011137-00011660": "Representatives from DNS, Messaging, Marketing, Legal, and InfoSec are", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00032-00011660-00011810": "usually present.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00033-00011810-00012060": "The project should be sponsored by an executive as the", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00034-00012060-00012535": "project will necessarily cross administrative boundaries within the organization.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00035-00012535-00013028": "With the project team in place, the work can begin in earnest.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00036-00013028-00013406": "Starting with a complete list of domains is ideal, as the job of installing", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00037-00013406-00013659": "and maintaining DMARC becomes far simpler.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00038-00013659-00014076": "Instead of having to repeat deployment steps -- or worse, having to duplicate", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00039-00014076-00014483": "training and communication -- the domain management function acts as", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00040-00014483-00014954": "the place where DMARC can be hooked into the organization and remain part of day", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00041-00014954-00015054": "to day operations.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00042-00015054-00015513": "As a side note, the domain management function ends up being extremely useful", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00043-00015513-00015709": "outside of DMARC.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00044-00015709-00015981": "Maintaining domain registrations, ensuring that websites", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00045-00015981-00016441": "have up to date SSL certificates, keeping track of domain ownership, making", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00046-00016441-00016839": "sure DNS-related operations are consistent -- all of these activities are", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00047-00016839-00017237": "greatly simplified when a domain management function is in place.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00048-00017237-00017525": "So, the first thing dmarcian does is make sure this", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00049-00017525-00017787": "function exists.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00050-00017787-00018121": "With the domain management function in place, DMARC data should be collected", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00051-00018121-00018322": "for all domains.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00052-00018322-00018639": "Start by publishing DMARC records with a policy of \"p=none\"", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00053-00018639-00018975": "so that simple data collection can occur without impacting any production", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00054-00018975-00019173": "email.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00055-00019173-00019491": "The data that DMARC produces is invaluable for understanding what is", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00056-00019491-00019797": "going on with any given email domain.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00057-00019797-00020256": "dmarcian's tools process and analyze DMARC data so that an organization can focus", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00058-00020256-00020740": "on fixing up infrastructure instead of wading through the nuances of DMARC", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00059-00020740-00020859": "feedback.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00060-00020859-00021230": "After putting in place DMARC records to collect data on all domains, the", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00061-00021230-00021678": "project team shifts to getting email streams into compliance with DMARC.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00062-00021678-00022145": "The process is a tight 3 step loop: Assess, Remediate,", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00063-00022145-00022301": "and Maintain.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00064-00022301-00022595": "Each domain is put through the 3 steps so that all legitimate", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00065-00022595-00022959": "sources of email are identified, sources of email are brought into", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00066-00022959-00023417": "compliance with DMARC, and then once all sources have been remediated, the", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00067-00023417-00023834": "domain is monitored for ongoing DMARC compliance.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00068-00023834-00024301": "During the execution of this 3 step loop, the project team develops internal", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00069-00024301-00024783": "resources to communicate the upcoming installation of DMARC-based controls.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00070-00024783-00025151": "This communication can be as simple as an internal wiki page that explains the", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00071-00025151-00025738": "controls, or it can be as complicated as a series of contractual reviews that", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00072-00025738-00026158": "require partners to comply with the organization's email sending standards.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00073-00026158-00026486": "A key reason for developing this internal resource", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00074-00026486-00026824": "is to allow the project team to complete its work while leaving behind", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00075-00026824-00027341": "a set of resources that will educate future employees about the existing DMARC-based", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00076-00027341-00027462": "controls.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00077-00027462-00027783": "Without this resource, operations teams might find themselves", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00078-00027783-00028193": "having to respond to fire drills whenever a new and overly eager marketing", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00079-00028193-00028568": "effort comes along and attempts to send email on behalf of the organization", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00080-00028568-00028924": "without realizing that DMARC controls are in place.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00081-00028924-00029193": "This can be a very embarrassing situation!", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00082-00029193-00029493": "The internal resource helps to curtail any angst", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00083-00029493-00029853": "that arises from situations like this.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00084-00029853-00030231": "As domains go through and complete the 3 step loop, DMARC based controls can", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00085-00030231-00030391": "be installed.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00086-00030391-00030616": "Start with the \"quarantine\" policy to make sure results are", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00087-00030616-00031012": "expected and to give the project team time to respond to any unanticipated", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00088-00031012-00031138": "issues.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00089-00031138-00031549": "When confident that DMARC coverage is accurate, move to the \"reject\"", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00090-00031549-00031649": "policy.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00091-00031649-00031931": "Again, make sure results are expected, and give the project team more", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00092-00031931-00032212": "time to respond to unanticipated issues.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00093-00032212-00032633": "As more domains move through the 3 step loop, the organization develops checklists", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00094-00032633-00033077": "and expertise around the ongoing operation of DMARC.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00095-00033077-00033489": "At the end of the DMARC deployment project, the organization has baked DMARC", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00096-00033489-00033696": "into daily operations.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00097-00033696-00033959": "As new domains are registered or acquired, the domain", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00098-00033959-00034363": "management function puts the domains through the 3 step process, and DMARC", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00099-00034363-00034718": "compliance is installed and maintained from the very beginning.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00100-00034718-00035069": "This deployment process has proven to be effective and requires only minor", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00101-00035069-00035496": "changes to adapt to any given organization's unique character.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00102-00035496-00035918": "Some organizations recognize that DMARC is a one time deployment exercise and", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00103-00035918-00036324": "chose to contract with dmarcian to supply project management services.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00104-00036324-00036568": "Feel free to contact us to see if our services", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00105-00036568-00036775": "fit your organization's needs.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00106-00036775-00036975": "To get started with DMARC, visit dmarcian.com.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00107-00036975-00037352": "News, resources, additional reading can be found at space.dmarcian.com", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00108-00037352-00037500": "Questions?", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00109-00037500-00037715": "contact support@dmarcian.com Social?", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00110-00037715-00038124": "dmarcian is on Linked-in, G+, twitter, and maybe more.", "4XzCuDLOl0Q-00111-00038124-00038218": "Thank you for watching!"}}, {"audio_id": "4XcjNorGvYE", "text": {"4XcjNorGvYE-00000-00000107-00000425": "Welcome to Epi Info 7 training.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00001-00000425-00001005": "In this video you learn to access a Microsoft SQL server database", "4XcjNorGvYE-00002-00001005-00001363": "using the Visual Dashboard.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00003-00001363-00001757": "We'll start by accessing the Visual Dashboard by clicking the Visual", "4XcjNorGvYE-00004-00001757-00002265": "Dashboard button here on the Epi Info main page.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00005-00002265-00002816": "In the Visual Dashboard you had three ways to read data into Epi Info 7.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00006-00002816-00003297": "First is to click Set the datasource at the top of the page,", "4XcjNorGvYE-00007-00003297-00003813": "second is to click Set datasource now in the blue box in the middle of the", "4XcjNorGvYE-00008-00003813-00003989": "page,", "4XcjNorGvYE-00009-00003989-00004215": "and last, you can right-click", "4XcjNorGvYE-00010-00004215-00004432": "in the empty space on the dashboard", "4XcjNorGvYE-00011-00004432-00005031": "and select Set data sources here at the top of the box.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00012-00005031-00005560": "I'm going to click Set datasource here and now in the Database type drop-down,", "4XcjNorGvYE-00013-00005560-00006010": "I'll choose Microsoft SQL server database", "4XcjNorGvYE-00014-00006010-00006326": "and I'll browse for the data source.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00015-00006326-00006761": "You can either type in the name of your server or if you can browse to find it.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00016-00006761-00007456": "The server I need is here so I'll choose it and click OK.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00017-00007456-00007738": "I'll type database name", "4XcjNorGvYE-00018-00007738-00008376": "and choose my authentication method", "4XcjNorGvYE-00019-00008376-00008708": "and click OK.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00020-00008708-00008902": "I'll choose the datasource", "4XcjNorGvYE-00021-00008902-00009122": "and click OK.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00022-00009122-00009516": "And now Epi Info 7 is ready to analyze the data.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00023-00009516-00009824": "At the top of the page you'll see the name of the datasource", "4XcjNorGvYE-00024-00009824-00010230": "and a number of records in that datasource.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00025-00010230-00010625": "We'll do a quick analysis I'll right-click on the dashboard,", "4XcjNorGvYE-00026-00010625-00011150": "navigate to add analysis gadget and choose frequency.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00027-00011150-00011486": "For the frequency properties I'll choose", "4XcjNorGvYE-00028-00011486-00011888": "is City, notice there are too many distinct values in the variable city", "4XcjNorGvYE-00029-00011888-00012189": "in the variable City.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00030-00012189-00012490": "So I'll choose another variable, I'll choose County.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00031-00012490-00012883": "And now Epi Info 7 has the data for me. I can move the gadget around", "4XcjNorGvYE-00032-00012883-00013259": "on the dashboard and add another it if i choose,", "4XcjNorGvYE-00033-00013259-00013538": "or i can simply close this gadget.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00034-00013538-00013839": "The next time you open Visual Dashboard", "4XcjNorGvYE-00035-00013839-00014116": "and want to read the same datafile", "4XcjNorGvYE-00036-00014116-00014465": "simply click Set datasource", "4XcjNorGvYE-00037-00014465-00014938": "and choose the name of the data from the recent data sources drop-down menu.", "4XcjNorGvYE-00038-00014938-00015275": "You'll get more detail from future performance support videos."}}, {"audio_id": "4Y0jf50utvk", "text": {"4Y0jf50utvk-00000-00000016-00000472": "Hello Bruins. One of the more serious elements of academic research", "4Y0jf50utvk-00001-00000472-00000936": "is avoiding plagiarism which is passing off another person's work as your own", "4Y0jf50utvk-00002-00000936-00001344": "people usually imagine plagiarism as someone copying someone else's", "4Y0jf50utvk-00003-00001344-00001744": "entire paper and turning it in but a lot of plagiarism can happen", "4Y0jf50utvk-00004-00001744-00002080": "unintentionally such as when you're writing a research paper", "4Y0jf50utvk-00005-00002080-00002503": "and don't properly cite your sources for a silly example", "4Y0jf50utvk-00006-00002503-00002903": "after reading an article on koalas you write in your paper that koalas can", "4Y0jf50utvk-00007-00002903-00003247": "sleep for up to 18 hours a day but you don't state where you got that", "4Y0jf50utvk-00008-00003247-00003584": "information or you take a sentence from an article you read", "4Y0jf50utvk-00009-00003584-00004023": "but again you don't indicate you're doing it those both count as plagiarism", "4Y0jf50utvk-00010-00004023-00004328": "which in a worst case scenario can result in a zero grade for that", "4Y0jf50utvk-00011-00004328-00004623": "assignment and even failing the course this is", "4Y0jf50utvk-00012-00004623-00004968": "serious stuff so today we'll make sure you know when you should be citing your", "4Y0jf50utvk-00013-00004968-00005239": "sources to avoid plagiarizing them here's an", "4Y0jf50utvk-00014-00005239-00005519": "easy rule if you're referencing someone else's work", "4Y0jf50utvk-00015-00005519-00005928": "you should cite that information even if you feel like most of your sentences are", "4Y0jf50utvk-00016-00005928-00006303": "ending with a citation if you're still referencing a source you", "4Y0jf50utvk-00017-00006303-00006543": "need to show that through the use of a citation", "4Y0jf50utvk-00018-00006543-00006936": "some people hear this and get worried because all the information we know", "4Y0jf50utvk-00019-00006936-00007384": "came from somewhere right so do we need to go out of our way to find a source", "4Y0jf50utvk-00020-00007384-00007792": "before we can state something like nurses work in the healthcare field or", "4Y0jf50utvk-00021-00007792-00008136": "george washington was the first president of the united states", "4Y0jf50utvk-00022-00008136-00008472": "this is where a concept called common knowledge comes into play", "4Y0jf50utvk-00023-00008472-00008815": "if it's something that you can reasonably assume that both you", "4Y0jf50utvk-00024-00008815-00009224": "and your audience already knew before starting this class or whatever context", "4Y0jf50utvk-00025-00009224-00009560": "you're working in you don't need to find a source to prove", "4Y0jf50utvk-00026-00009560-00009840": "that information common knowledge does vary depending on", "4Y0jf50utvk-00027-00009840-00010224": "context a group of second-year nursing students will have a", "4Y0jf50utvk-00028-00010224-00010639": "different pool of common knowledge than a first-year business student or", "4Y0jf50utvk-00029-00010639-00010872": "someone who doesn't live in the united states", "4Y0jf50utvk-00030-00010872-00011224": "might not know that george washington was our first president and they would", "4Y0jf50utvk-00031-00011224-00011400": "have to cite the source where they learn that", "4Y0jf50utvk-00032-00011400-00011800": "information because of that different context this can be somewhat of a", "4Y0jf50utvk-00033-00011800-00012128": "confusing gray area i usually tell students that if they", "4Y0jf50utvk-00034-00012128-00012439": "have a source on hand for example a definition of a term in", "4Y0jf50utvk-00035-00012439-00012656": "their textbook when the term is new to them", "4Y0jf50utvk-00036-00012656-00013031": "they should go ahead and cite it but if they're worried about finding a source", "4Y0jf50utvk-00037-00013031-00013319": "to prove something that's pretty basic knowledge", "4Y0jf50utvk-00038-00013319-00013768": "common knowledge has you covered there using citation to a tribute work to the", "4Y0jf50utvk-00039-00013768-00014104": "original author it's completely fine to even use exact", "4Y0jf50utvk-00040-00014104-00014376": "wording images or graphs created by another", "4Y0jf50utvk-00041-00014376-00014631": "person we just need to show we're doing that", "4Y0jf50utvk-00042-00014631-00015031": "for tables and images we would attribute it with a standard citation", "4Y0jf50utvk-00043-00015031-00015440": "and for a direct quote we just need to take the additional step of surrounding", "4Y0jf50utvk-00044-00015440-00015856": "that borrowed text with quotation marks and putting a citation afterward", "4Y0jf50utvk-00045-00015856-00016168": "so you should hopefully feel a little more comfortable knowing when to cite", "4Y0jf50utvk-00046-00016168-00016440": "your sources how to cite them is a different matter", "4Y0jf50utvk-00047-00016440-00016944": "and we will have lessons on apa mla and chicago to help you navigate", "4Y0jf50utvk-00048-00016944-00017351": "your instructor's chosen citation style in the meantime if you have any", "4Y0jf50utvk-00049-00017351-00017695": "questions about citing sources or anything else related to library", "4Y0jf50utvk-00050-00017695-00017976": "research please contact your morris librarians we", "4Y0jf50utvk-00051-00017976-00018392": "are always happy to help you"}}, {"audio_id": "4YfV8ELXktg", "text": {"4YfV8ELXktg-00000-00000720-00000819": "Hi there!", "4YfV8ELXktg-00001-00000839-00001111": "Today we're going to talk about:", "4YfV8ELXktg-00002-00001131-00001234": "Should you use", "4YfV8ELXktg-00003-00001237-00001642": "the SMART method of setting goals", "4YfV8ELXktg-00004-00001645-00001830": "when you want to achieve your goals?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00005-00001832-00002190": "Is that a smart way of using goal setting?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00006-00002252-00002551": "Well, it depends if you're a man or a woman.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00007-00002571-00002694": "Because the SMART way", "4YfV8ELXktg-00008-00002697-00002966": "of setting goals is very masculine.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00009-00002969-00003162": "It has you focus on time.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00010-00003165-00003390": "It has you focus on action.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00011-00003393-00003678": "It has you focus on results.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00012-00003681-00003834": "And a few others.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00013-00003836-00004258": "And the thing is, in the whole business", "4YfV8ELXktg-00014-00004261-00004582": "world, this is the only way that's", "4YfV8ELXktg-00015-00004585-00004970": "being taught on how to set goals.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00016-00004973-00005174": "My name is Tineke Rensen.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00017-00005177-00005430": "I help businesswomen to scale and grow", "4YfV8ELXktg-00018-00005433-00005658": "their business and double their income.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00019-00005661-00005782": "Guaranteed.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00020-00005785-00005962": "That's cool, isn't it?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00021-00005965-00006346": "So why, in my opinion, women should not", "4YfV8ELXktg-00022-00006349-00006713": "use the SMART method, or only parts of it.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00023-00006716-00006998": "So first of all, when you want to set", "4YfV8ELXktg-00024-00007001-00007409": "a goal, you should feel aligned to it.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00025-00007413-00007690": "You should feel, \"I love this.\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00026-00007693-00007862": "\"I can do this.\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00027-00007865-00008005": "\"Oh, what's going to happen?\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00028-00008008-00008141": "Be curious.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00029-00008144-00008390": "\"Oh, I trust that I can do this.\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00030-00008392-00008434": "\"Wow.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00031-00008437-00008549": "This is so amazing.\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00032-00008552-00008934": "\"I would never think achieving this if I", "4YfV8ELXktg-00033-00008936-00009042": "wouldn't be the person", "4YfV8ELXktg-00034-00009045-00009206": "who can achieve this.\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00035-00009209-00009685": "So tune into a prosperous feeling.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00036-00009688-00009749": "Right?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00037-00009752-00009882": "That's really important.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00038-00009885-00010149": "So you are aligned with your goals.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00039-00010152-00010274": "And remember,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00040-00010277-00010706": "you would not get the idea or the desire", "4YfV8ELXktg-00041-00010709-00011006": "if you would not be capable of achieving", "4YfV8ELXktg-00042-00011009-00011282": "this goal. That's how the universe works.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00043-00011285-00011466": "That's how it works.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00044-00011469-00011770": "And I always say, integrating", "4YfV8ELXktg-00045-00011773-00011998": "the masculine and the feminine.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00046-00012001-00012306": "So, yes, there are some elements in SMART", "4YfV8ELXktg-00047-00012309-00012485": "goal setting that are important.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00048-00012488-00012706": "Otherwise you will have no focus.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00049-00012709-00012934": "You will have no direction.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00050-00012937-00013172": "And that is very important", "4YfV8ELXktg-00051-00013176-00013334": "in the goal setting process.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00052-00013337-00013630": "But that's also important to be", "4YfV8ELXktg-00053-00013633-00013826": "aligned with all the time.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00054-00013829-00014058": "And alignment is feminine.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00055-00014061-00014219": "Trust is feminine.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00056-00014228-00014388": "Inner knowing that you will", "4YfV8ELXktg-00057-00014391-00014588": "achieve it is feminine.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00058-00014591-00014754": "It's abundance.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00059-00014757-00014958": "If you doubt that you're going", "4YfV8ELXktg-00060-00014961-00015254": "to make it, it's not abundance.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00061-00015257-00015388": "It's focusing on the lack.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00062-00015391-00015626": "And that's what we often do.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00063-00015629-00015806": "So for goal setting,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00064-00015809-00016210": "first of all, you get this crazy idea.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00065-00016213-00016402": "It should be a crazy idea.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00066-00016404-00016514": "It should not be something", "4YfV8ELXktg-00067-00016517-00016658": "that is not exciting you.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00068-00016678-00016806": "It should be a crazy idea", "4YfV8ELXktg-00069-00016809-00016994": "when you want to set goals.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00070-00016997-00017134": "Then you attune to it.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00071-00017137-00017366": "You feel connected to it.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00072-00017369-00017510": "You can already see", "4YfV8ELXktg-00073-00017513-00017646": "that it's going to happen.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00074-00017649-00017950": "You already see yourself in this new realm,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00075-00017953-00018286": "in this new goal, what you have achieved.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00076-00018289-00018474": "So you already start acting", "4YfV8ELXktg-00077-00018477-00018726": "as if it has happened.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00078-00018729-00018861": "And don't say to yourself,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00079-00018864-00019034": "\"Well, this is crazy.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00080-00019037-00019161": "I'm just fooling myself.\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00081-00019164-00019361": "No, you're training your brain and your", "4YfV8ELXktg-00082-00019364-00019770": "vibration to be in an abundance state.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00083-00019773-00019998": "And then you start to take action.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00084-00020001-00020158": "Yes, that's masculine.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00085-00020161-00020450": "But you need to start doing something", "4YfV8ELXktg-00086-00020453-00020790": "to get closer to your goals. And also", "4YfV8ELXktg-00087-00020793-00021170": "expect things to come your way.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00088-00021173-00021474": "So trust that even though you don't know", "4YfV8ELXktg-00089-00021476-00021590": "what's going to happen,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00090-00021593-00021918": "something is going to happen to help", "4YfV8ELXktg-00091-00021921-00022280": "you on the way to achieve your goals.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00092-00022384-00022638": "And when you are in action, and there's", "4YfV8ELXktg-00093-00022640-00022736": "nothing wrong with the", "4YfV8ELXktg-00094-00022739-00022946": "masculine for women.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00095-00022949-00023150": "Actually, we even need", "4YfV8ELXktg-00096-00023153-00023429": "to learn a bit more masculine.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00097-00023449-00023642": "Need is also masculine,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00098-00023645-00024012": "I recently heard.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00099-00024032-00024538": "To be able to set things in motion.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00100-00024541-00024718": "Action is a movement.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00101-00024721-00024922": "You always see energy behind", "4YfV8ELXktg-00102-00024925-00025142": "someone who's running.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00103-00025145-00025394": "That's how people draw it.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00104-00025397-00025542": "It's movement.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00105-00025545-00025936": "It's a shift of energy.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00106-00025964-00026198": "And the beauty about action", "4YfV8ELXktg-00107-00026201-00026377": "is something happens.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00108-00026380-00026502": "So you're excited.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00109-00026504-00026710": "You're thrilled about the outcome.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00110-00026713-00026870": "So what's happening?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00111-00026872-00027145": "And eventually, that action gives you", "4YfV8ELXktg-00112-00027148-00027433": "a certain result, which is feedback.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00113-00027436-00027666": "It's feedback that, hey, this is the right", "4YfV8ELXktg-00114-00027669-00027942": "direction, or I'm not there yet.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00115-00027945-00028145": "I need to start doing something else.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00116-00028148-00028354": "But you would not have known", "4YfV8ELXktg-00117-00028357-00028538": "that you need to do something else.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00118-00028541-00028786": "Have you not started this action?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00119-00028789-00029002": "And that's why you never need", "4YfV8ELXktg-00120-00029004-00029242": "to know how to achieve a goal.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00121-00029245-00029410": "That's the brilliance about", "4YfV8ELXktg-00122-00029413-00029594": "setting goals in a feminine way.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00123-00029597-00029910": "It's just you need to", "4YfV8ELXktg-00124-00029913-00030162": "connect with it and trust that you're", "4YfV8ELXktg-00125-00030164-00030388": "the perfect person to do it, and that this", "4YfV8ELXktg-00126-00030391-00030698": "is the perfect time to start doing it.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00127-00030701-00030989": "Now, when you're in the next level", "4YfV8ELXktg-00128-00030992-00031254": "and you've taken action, all of a sudden,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00129-00031257-00031510": "you can see lots of new possibilities", "4YfV8ELXktg-00130-00031513-00031730": "and lots of new opportunities.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00131-00031733-00032018": "You could not see them before you took", "4YfV8ELXktg-00132-00032020-00032250": "the first action. And then you continue.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00133-00032252-00032502": "And then coincidence kicks in.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00134-00032504-00032818": "All of a sudden, somebody", "4YfV8ELXktg-00135-00032821-00033074": "calls you and say, \"Hey,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00136-00033076-00033230": "I can help you with such and such.\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00137-00033233-00033382": "And you think, \"How did", "4YfV8ELXktg-00138-00033385-00033542": "they know I needed that?\"", "4YfV8ELXktg-00139-00033544-00033702": "And then all of a sudden, you make", "4YfV8ELXktg-00140-00033704-00033990": "a quantum leap towards your goal.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00141-00033992-00034434": "Those things happen when you are aligned.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00142-00034436-00034646": "And you never know what's going to happen,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00143-00034648-00034826": "you don't know when it's going to happen,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00144-00034828-00035026": "you don't know how it's going to happen.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00145-00035029-00035292": "But if you trust the universe steps", "4YfV8ELXktg-00146-00035295-00035434": "in and coincidences are", "4YfV8ELXktg-00147-00035436-00035642": "going to happen, they will.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00148-00035644-00035754": "And that will bring you", "4YfV8ELXktg-00149-00035757-00035922": "a lot closer to your goals.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00150-00035925-00036132": "And that way the masculine and the", "4YfV8ELXktg-00151-00036135-00036498": "feminine integrate beautifully.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00152-00036501-00036922": "So that's my way of goal setting.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00153-00036925-00037186": "The SMART way of goal setting", "4YfV8ELXktg-00154-00037189-00037398": "is just not complete.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00155-00037401-00037594": "It just touches on one", "4YfV8ELXktg-00156-00037597-00037738": "part of goal setting.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00157-00037741-00037974": "It completely ignores the whole energy", "4YfV8ELXktg-00158-00037977-00038126": "part, the abundance part,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00159-00038129-00038270": "the universe part.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00160-00038273-00038404": "So I hope you've learned", "4YfV8ELXktg-00161-00038407-00038562": "something about this.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00162-00038565-00038774": "When I work with my clients,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00163-00038777-00039030": "all my clients achieve their goals.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00164-00039033-00039466": "Most often, a lot more than we planned.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00165-00039469-00039614": "All my clients double their", "4YfV8ELXktg-00166-00039617-00039842": "income within a year, guaranteed.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00167-00039845-00040246": "And I can predict you within 15 minutes,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00168-00040248-00040358": "a short call.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00169-00040360-00040614": "I don't know you, but in 15 minutes,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00170-00040617-00040862": "I can predict if you are the right", "4YfV8ELXktg-00171-00040865-00040994": "person, or your business", "4YfV8ELXktg-00172-00040997-00041210": "both, the combination, can", "4YfV8ELXktg-00173-00041213-00041446": "double your income within a year.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00174-00041448-00041574": "It's too short a time", "4YfV8ELXktg-00175-00041576-00041682": "for me to sell to you.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00176-00041685-00041938": "So that's not the intention.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00177-00041941-00042098": "So why don't you do that?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00178-00042101-00042322": "Why don't you schedule a quick 15-minute", "4YfV8ELXktg-00179-00042325-00042622": "call with me to find out", "4YfV8ELXktg-00180-00042625-00042802": "where you want to be in a year", "4YfV8ELXktg-00181-00042804-00043124": "from now, and how you will get there.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00182-00043127-00043422": "Alright? And know if you're the person", "4YfV8ELXktg-00183-00043425-00043610": "who can double your income in a year,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00184-00043613-00043934": "wouldn't that be nice to know, to find out", "4YfV8ELXktg-00185-00043936-00044218": "if you're already there at that place?", "4YfV8ELXktg-00186-00044221-00044414": "Go to my YouTube channel.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00187-00044417-00044738": "Check Powerful Business Academy or", "4YfV8ELXktg-00188-00044741-00044922": "you can go to my Facebook Group,", "4YfV8ELXktg-00189-00044925-00045154": "powerfulbusinesswoman.group.", "4YfV8ELXktg-00190-00045157-00045354": "So bye bye for now and I'll", "4YfV8ELXktg-00191-00045356-00045428": "see you next week."}}, {"audio_id": "4YHrnSPrgLE", "text": {"4YHrnSPrgLE-00000-00000040-00000440": "are you thinking about relocating to north carolina but you can't decide", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00001-00000440-00001024": "whether you want to move to charlotte or to raleigh that's the topic of my video today", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00002-00001024-00001512": "and you should watch it because a realtor in raleigh ellen pitts will be joining me", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00003-00001512-00002039": "today to compare notes between my city charlotte and her city raleigh", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00004-00002104-00002984": "which is better charlotte or rally you be the judge and don't go away it's coming right up", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00005-00003544-00004047": "hi there welcome back to my channel my name is lynn alvarez a realtor with the ally group", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00006-00004047-00004696": "of ex realty in charlotte north carolina i create youtube videos about greater charlotte real estate", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00007-00004696-00005504": "neighborhoods lifestyle where to eat work and play and today we will be talking about job market", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00008-00005504-00006320": "transportation housing market entertainment where to go sports schools and of course where to find", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00009-00006320-00007040": "the best food in the city i've seen many videos on charlotte versus raleigh but this time we're going", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00010-00007040-00007695": "to give you vital information to help you make a decision especially when you're considering moving", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00011-00007695-00008424": "to north carolina first thing first let's talk about the basic information on these two cities", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00012-00008512-00009328": "charlotte has 297.7 square miles while raleigh has 147.6 square miles just half of charlotte's", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00013-00009328-00010248": "size charlotte has a population of 885 700 as of may 2020 according to the u.s census and", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00014-00010248-00011128": "one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities in the us whereas rally has 474 069 according to the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00015-00011128-00011928": "u.s census as of july 2019. did you know that more than 100 people a day moved to charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00016-00012000-00012624": "let's talk about the jobs in charlotte and the top employers charlotte is the second largest banking", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00017-00012624-00013288": "center in the united states behind new york city because bank of america's corporate headquarters", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00018-00013288-00013832": "are located in charlotte wells fargo's east coast operations are also in charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00019-00013919-00014576": "charlotte serves as the headquarters city for six fortune 500 companies these companies are", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00020-00014576-00015391": "bank of america sonic automobile lowest home improvement duke energy sealed air and new core", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00021-00015447-00016136": "honeywell a fortune 100 company moved its global carbon headquarter to uptown charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00022-00016136-00016896": "recently amazon the e-commerce giant opened its new 600 000 square foot clt-9 sword center", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00023-00016896-00017720": "on september 20 2020 in west charlotte the company will hire 1 100 full and part-time workers at the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00024-00017720-00018384": "sword center there is also an amazon fulfillment center in kannapolis a suburb of charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00025-00018448-00019072": "there are currently many job openings for warehouse personnel starting from 15 an hour", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00026-00019192-00019752": "forbes magazine ranked charlotte number two on their list of the cities creating the most", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00027-00019752-00020352": "tech jobs in 2017. there are also many financial service companies in charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00028-00020672-00021240": "raleigh has a very diversified employment sector which is fantastic our major employment industries", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00029-00021240-00021768": "are technology with companies like red hat cisco epic games and sas pharmaceuticals", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00030-00021768-00022208": "like pfizer and glaxosmithkline education is a huge part of our economy with almost", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00031-00022208-00022656": "a dozen colleges and universities in the triangle with top tier schools like duke unc", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00032-00022656-00023264": "chapel hill and nc state anchoring our education industry in raleigh proper in addition to nc state", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00033-00023264-00023848": "we have all female institutions like meredith college and hbcus like shaw and st augustine's", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00034-00023848-00024280": "and finally government raleigh is the state capital and home to the governor's office the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00035-00024280-00024760": "state legislature and the north carolina supreme court and now the housing market", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00036-00024888-00025304": "you'll be surprised that the home prices in charlotte and the surrounding areas", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00037-00025304-00025976": "are very affordable especially if you're moving from los angeles new york city or any big city", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00038-00025976-00026600": "according to canopy multiple listing service also known as charlotte multiple listing service", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00039-00026600-00027295": "the median price for single-family homes sold in october 2020 was three hundred six thousand five", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00040-00027295-00027880": "hundred dollars while the average selling price was four hundred eleven thousand six", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00041-00027880-00028512": "hundred twenty three dollars lake norman which is north of charlotte has an average selling price of", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00042-00028576-00029200": "five hundred twenty three thousand four hundred twelve dollars and median price at three hundred", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00043-00029200-00029712": "seventy nine thousand dollars there are many stunning waterfront homes for sale", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00044-00029712-00030176": "starting from six hundred fifty thousand dollars to over seven million dollars", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00045-00030376-00030727": "real estate in raleigh is almost the same as charlotte real estate", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00046-00030727-00031208": "the median price is between three hundred six thousand dollars and three hundred", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00047-00031208-00031783": "sixteen thousand dollars for a two thousand plus square foot home in the month of october 2020.", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00048-00031960-00032416": "let's take a look at transportation you be the judge charlotte o'reilly", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00049-00032704-00033232": "the charlotte douglas international airport which is a large airport is currently undergoing", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00050-00033232-00034024": "a major renovation project destination clt is the airport's 2.5 to 3.1 billion dollar", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00051-00034024-00034608": "capital investment program renovating and expanding the airport in terms of total", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00052-00034608-00035184": "flights charlotte douglas international airport is among the top 10 busiest airports in the u.s", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00053-00035312-00036040": "as far as public transportation the charlotte area transit system known as cats offers rail and bus", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00054-00036040-00036672": "mass transit around the area this includes a bus rapid transit line called the sprinter", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00055-00036768-00037496": "a light rail line called the lynx blue line in a streetcar line called citylinx gold line", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00056-00037592-00038008": "transportation i know charlotte is probably going to win in this category because they've", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00057-00038008-00038552": "got a train but raleigh is really trying to beef up their public transportation options currently", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00058-00038552-00038968": "raleigh's main source for public transportation is the go raleigh bus system which is part of", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00059-00038968-00039440": "the greater go triangle bus system in the last couple of years the bus system has been expanded", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00060-00039440-00040008": "to include more buses more routes and free rides for kids ages 13 to 18 as well as the students of", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00061-00040008-00040488": "our local community colleges my kids have really enjoyed the increased freedom of having a source", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00062-00040488-00040976": "of transportation outside of the mom van it's been pretty cool for me as well the next clip", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00063-00040976-00041632": "is a combination of entertainment and places to go categories in charlotte let's watch and take notes", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00064-00042104-00042576": "charlotte is home to several museums for art history and even motor sports", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00065-00042640-00043392": "visit the mend museum harvey b dan center for african american arts and culture bachelor museum", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00066-00043392-00044216": "of modern art mccall center for art and innovation nascar hall of fame and discovery place for kids", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00067-00044304-00044704": "enjoy caribbean's a trail ride amusement park in the carolinas", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00068-00044768-00045560": "cairns is a 407 acre amusement park located along the north carolina south carolina state line", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00069-00045560-00046088": "blumenthal performing arts center if you're looking for what to do related to culture", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00070-00046088-00046608": "in charlotte and live entertainment come to the blumenthal performing arts center", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00071-00046752-00047352": "queen's landing in mooresville if you love to see lake norman on a cruise get on this", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00072-00047352-00048000": "sightseeing cruise in morrisville more or less a 38 minute drive north of uptown charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00073-00048272-00048960": "if you are a beer drinker you'll find that it's heaven to come to charlotte there are tours and", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00074-00048960-00049712": "tastings in these breweries like divine barrel brewing old mcnamara brewery and sycamore brewing", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00075-00049792-00050512": "are you a music lover the pnc music pavilion and fillmore charlotte are just two of the many places", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00076-00050512-00051160": "to visit if you love the outdoors and adventures there are so many places to go here in charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00077-00051160-00051679": "and the surrounding areas the u.s national white water center is the world's premier", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00078-00051679-00052567": "outdoor facility featuring white water rafting biking zip lines live music craft brews and more", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00079-00052720-00053184": "there are three amazing man-made lakes in the charlotte suburbs", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00080-00053184-00054055": "the largest is lake norman with 520 miles of shoreline lake wiley has 325 miles of shoreline", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00081-00054055-00054536": "and the smallest is mountain island lake with 27 miles of shoreline", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00082-00054752-00055600": "water sport and lake lifestyle at nearby lake norman or lake wiley canoeing kayaking boating", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00083-00055664-00056512": "swimming and fishing are great outdoor activities to enjoy hendrick motorsports museum is located", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00084-00056512-00057112": "in concord north carolina one mile from charlotte motor speedway the campus features", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00085-00057112-00057848": "state-of-the-art facilities and technology which the organizations four nascar cup series teams", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00086-00057848-00058544": "employ in preparation for race day do you like roller coaster and drill rides come to carowinds", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00087-00058544-00058984": "the premier entertainment and trail ride amusement park in the carolinas", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00088-00059064-00059664": "come and visit the family-friendly 18-hole miniature golf course with rugged landscaping and", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00089-00059664-00060384": "a snack bar located in cornelius north carolina which is only 18 miles north of uptown charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00090-00060464-00061016": "now let's see raleigh's combination of entertainment and sports raleigh is a very", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00091-00061016-00061455": "active city and much of that activity centers around our amazing outdoor spaces one of the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00092-00061455-00061936": "things people move here for us because we have nice weather pretty much year round there's almost", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00093-00061936-00062464": "never a time where you won't find people outdoors hiking or biking on the local greenways kayaking", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00094-00062464-00063048": "or canoeing in our local lakes and rivers umstead park with its almost 5 600 acres three lakes and", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00095-00063048-00063536": "20 miles of hiking biking and equestrian trails is only a 12-minute drive from the heart of the city", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00096-00063536-00063984": "raleigh also has some amazing local museums and most of them are free to the public the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00097-00063984-00064424": "north carolina museum of natural science is the largest natural history museum in the southeast", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00098-00064424-00064912": "i love the ansi museum of history right next door and the nc museum of art is one of the leading", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00099-00064912-00065416": "art museums in the south which recently opened the ncma art park the first collaboration among", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00100-00065416-00065912": "artists designers and environmental scientists to create works of art inspired by the natural world", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00101-00065976-00066392": "the duke energy center for the performing arts is raleigh's premier performing arts venue", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00102-00066392-00066888": "housing raleigh memorial auditorium my monty concert hall and the aj fletcher opera theater", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00103-00066888-00067376": "the black box kennedy theater and the lichten plaza for outdoor events both the carolina ballet", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00104-00067376-00067888": "and the north carolina symphony call raleigh home the pnc arena hosts concerts as well as", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00105-00067888-00068384": "being the home base for the carolina hurricanes and the nc state wolf packs basketball team", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00106-00068384-00068728": "right across the street from the pnc arena is the carter finley stadium", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00107-00068728-00069224": "where you can catch all the wolf packs football games raleigh also hosts the state fair every fall", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00108-00069352-00069944": "now let's watch the sports in charlotte and as you know charlotte has major sport teams", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00109-00070048-00070512": "one of the best parts of the charlotte community is the passionate sports fans", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00110-00070624-00070984": "if you're into live sporting events charlotte teams include", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00111-00071064-00071752": "the carolina panthers for football charlotte hornets for basketball charlotte checkers for", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00112-00071752-00072400": "hockey and charlotte knights for minor league baseball the charlotte motor speedway is also", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00113-00072400-00072984": "a major attraction for motorsport lovers there is a planned major league soccer team that is", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00114-00072984-00074384": "expected to begin playing in 2022 called charlotte football club watch out major league soccer fans", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00115-00074824-00075456": "the next category is food and restaurants are you hungry yet metropolitan charlotte is huge", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00116-00075456-00075976": "with hundreds of restaurants so here's the brief video for charlotte's food enthusiasts", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00117-00076056-00076560": "if you love dining out charlotte offers a wide array of restaurants", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00118-00076560-00077184": "from american to international cuisines the queen city is famous for its carolina barbecue", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00119-00077272-00077840": "local breweries and home to a wide range of delicious cuisines from the national", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00120-00077840-00078496": "chain as well as independent restaurants you can find all types of food such as chinese", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00121-00078552-00079232": "japanese vietnamese mexican indian you name it there's a restaurant for everyone", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00122-00079904-00080488": "optimus hall is a transformative misuse development with a food hall located just", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00123-00080488-00081128": "outside of uptown charlotte in the optimus park neighborhood the 60 million dollar redevelopment", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00124-00081128-00081928": "of an old male includes 83 000 square feet of office space occupied by duke energy a 22", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00125-00081928-00082784": "000 square foot food hall and an additional 32 000 square feet of anchor restaurant in outdoor space", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00126-00082864-00083808": "optimus hall has a total of 21 confirmed tenants selling ramen and bun coffee gelato customizable", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00127-00083808-00084944": "sushi draft beer wine gourmet grilled cheese dumplings cold breast juice neapolitan pizza a", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00128-00084944-00085904": "variety of tacos argentinian empanadas healthy pet store gift and stationery store and social club", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00129-00086344-00086840": "if you're a foodie raleigh will not disappoint privately owned restaurants farm to table and", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00130-00086840-00087368": "ethnic foods are all popular here award-winning chef ashley christensen owns several popular", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00131-00087368-00087832": "restaurants in raleigh featuring unique twists on southern cuisine other popular favorites are", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00132-00087832-00088608": "taverna agora greek kitchen bar neomond lebanese cafe and guasaka arepa the last category is about", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00133-00088608-00089200": "schools in north carolina let's see what raleigh has schools wake county public schools are some", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00134-00089200-00089760": "of the top rated schools in the country about 90 percent of our public schools are a or b rated by", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00135-00089760-00090280": "test scores we also have a thriving magnet program with multiple schools recognized nationally", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00136-00090280-00090664": "we have charter schools with many different themes and wake county parents also have the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00137-00090664-00091304": "option of choosing a year-round calendar and of course charlotte's school system there are many", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00138-00091304-00091936": "highly rated schools in the greater charlotte but as a realtor i cannot give you my personal opinion", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00139-00091936-00092496": "but i'm going to give you all those sources check out carolinaschoolhub.com where you can", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00140-00092496-00092968": "find the ratings for elementary middle and high schools in the charlotte area", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00141-00093032-00093608": "you can also search on gradeschools.org and for direct links see the description below", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00142-00093720-00094280": "and for exclusive and private schools here are the prominent schools in the greater charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00143-00094360-00095048": "providence day school charlotte country day school charlotte latin school cannon school", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00144-00095120-00095904": "charlotte catholic high school gaston day school and many others bear in mind that some of these", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00145-00095904-00096512": "schools tuition fees are as much as she would pay in public universities so what do you think", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00146-00096576-00097280": "move to charlotte or move to rally which is better charlotte or rally you'll be the judge but i think", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00147-00097280-00097808": "you're gonna be happy to move to our state north carolina more so if you move here in the charlotte", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00148-00097808-00098512": "area i know it's a big city but there are other areas or suburbs of charlotte that are really", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00149-00098512-00099160": "like country vibe and i think you're gonna like it here so who's the winner charlotte o'reilly", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00150-00099160-00099912": "i know i am biased but in my opinion charlotte wins in most categories however rally is the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00151-00099912-00100584": "capital of north carolina and more commonly known for its research triangle park or rtp which is", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00152-00100584-00101200": "named for its tri-city region of raleigh durham and chapel hill there are three universities that", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00153-00101200-00101752": "are highly rated not just in the state of north carolina but the country as a whole the university", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00154-00101752-00102448": "of north carolina or unc is in chapel hill duke university is in durham north carolina and the", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00155-00102448-00103056": "nc state university is in raleigh north carolina want to learn more about rally check out ellen's", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00156-00103056-00103744": "youtube channel and if you enjoy this video and you get some value just go ahead and click that", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00157-00103744-00104335": "subscribe button below and if you don't want to miss any of our video that we publish every friday", "4YHrnSPrgLE-00158-00104335-00104928": "make sure you ring the bell thank you so much for watching and i'll see you on my next video"}}, {"audio_id": "4YOYuvTVUfg", "text": {"4YOYuvTVUfg-00000-00005290-00005804": "dang"}}, {"audio_id": "4YT5oZLTPX0", "text": {"4YT5oZLTPX0-00000-00000567-00001151": "The Queen was talking with royal commentator Alastair Bruce for a special show", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00001-00001268-00001839": "He told Her Majesty the crown jewels were hidden in a tin under Windsor Castle", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00002-00001957-00002510": "But viewers noted her reaction as she seemed unimpressed with the revelation", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00003-00002627-00003701": "Viewers have praised the Queen's reaction after she was told the crown jewels were hidden in a biscuit tin 60ft underneath Windsor Castle to keep them safe from the Nazis.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00004-00003818-00004770": "The 91-year-old was speaking with royal commentator Alastair Bruce for a special one-hour programme to mark the 65th anniversary of her coronation.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00005-00004887-00005707": "He  that a librarian removed the stones out of the jewels and placed them into a Bath Oliver biscuit tin before hiding them in Berkshire.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00006-00005824-00006737": "But the Queen seemed unimpressed by the news and simply said: 'Hmm, did he remember where he put them? He might have died in the middle.'", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00007-00006854-00007909": "Her reaction was noted by people watching 'The Coronation' on BBC1 and one viewer said: 'You need better stories than jewels in a biscuit tin to impress the Queen.'", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00008-00008026-00008711": "user Matt W added: 'Queen being told of the jewels being hidden in a biscuit tin during the war 'oh..", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00009-00008828-00009520": "did he tell anyone? What if he'd died?' She is genuinely wonderful in The Coronation.'", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00010-00009637-00010692": "The gems, including the Black Prince's Ruby from the Imperial State Crown, were placed in the tin and buried under a sally port - a secret exit used in an emergency", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00011-00010809-00011252": "The Queen asked Mr Bruce: 'You think they were at Windsor?'", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00012-00011369-00011783": "He replied: 'They were definitely, Ma'am", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00013-00011900-00012768": "The librarian gouged the stones out of the crown jewels and wrapped them and put them into a jar and put them into a Bath Oliver tin and hid them", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00014-00012885-00013851": "Brilliant.' But she seemed unimpressed and quickly said: 'Hmm, did he remember where he put them? He might have died in the middle.'", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00015-00013968-00014494": "The Queen added: 'We were told nothing - we were only children then", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00016-00014612-00015331": "We didn't know anything, all the pictures disappeared everything disappeared and one was never told anything.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00017-00015447-00016661": "'It was a secret, I suppose.'  Her Majesty, who spent her war years at Windsor Castle for safety, was aware of the general story but did not know the details until told by Mr Bruce.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00018-00016778-00017643": "The story was unearthed for the documentary by Oliver Urquhart Irvine, the librarian and assistant keeper of the Queen's Archives.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00019-00017760-00018486": "Mr Bruce said it was 'so lovely' because the Queen 'had no idea' and he said telling her 'seemed strangely odd'.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00020-00018603-00019351": "He told The Times: 'I think it's gripping how personally involved George VI was and how secretive he was about it", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00021-00019468-00020396": "'I think like father, like daughter, this sense of how utterly important the crown jewels are to the country is very much felt by Elizabeth II.'", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00022-00020513-00021628": "Meanwhile, a choirboy also recalled the moment 8,000 people inside Westminster Abbey stood up thinking the Queen was going to walk in - only for four cleaners to appear.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00023-00021745-00022826": "The singer, who was one of the 400 choirboys who performed during the Coronation, said: 'We were lined up in the front two rows and it was extremely cramped if you remember.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00024-00022943-00023436": "'The penultimate procession was the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00025-00023553-00024053": "'Everybody got terribly excited because the next one was the Queen", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00026-00024170-00025443": "'And then there was sort of a bustle at the west end and everybody thought the Queen had arrived and everybody stood up, 8,000 people, when from underneath the organ loft came four cleaners with carpet sweepers.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00027-00025560-00026260": "'They started to sweep the carpets to restore it to its pristine state and everybody laughed and sat down again.'", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00028-00026377-00027045": "In the documentary the Queen also talked about the amusing trials and tribulations of being head of state.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00029-00027162-00028157": "She spoke candidly and with humour about the experience of her own coronation and the symbolic importance of artefacts associated with the sovereign in the one-hour programme.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00030-00028274-00029562": "Her Majesty jokingly stated you cannot look down when wearing the Imperial State Crown, which weighs 2lbs 13oz (1.28kgs), as your neck would 'break'.", "4YT5oZLTPX0-00031-00029679-00030114": "She also remembered how she was brought to a stands"}}, {"audio_id": "4Zi4fFxyn68", "text": {"4Zi4fFxyn68-00000-00000016-00000264": "Hello, I'm Audrey Tang, Taiwan's Digital Minister.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00001-00000264-00000568": "I'm really happy to be here virtually, to share with you some thoughts", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00002-00000568-00000944": "around assistive intelligence — from Singularity to Plurality.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00003-00001080-00001424": "One popular vision of artificial intelligence imagines a future of", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00004-00001424-00001912": "large-scale autonomous systems outperforming humans in an increasing range of fields.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00005-00002039-00002528": "That “autonomous intelligence” vision tends to concentrate power, resources,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00006-00002528-00003072": "and decision-making in an engineering elite. It is optimizing for artificial metrics", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00007-00003072-00003392": "of human replication rather than for systemic augmentation;", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00008-00003447-00003944": "it misconstrues intelligence as autonomous rather than social and relational.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00009-00004015-00004336": "Because the term AI is used in a variety of ways,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00010-00004336-00004624": "let's begin by clarifying the primary target of this talk:", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00011-00004712-00005112": "\"A vision of autonomous machine intelligence that aims to achieve", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00012-00005112-00005488": "and surpass a generality ascribed to human intelligence.\"", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00013-00005640-00006176": "The application of this vision implies centralizing decision authority, obstructing", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00014-00006176-00006623": "more productive, diverse and decentralized directions for technical development.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00015-00006744-00007568": "The issues of Autonomous Intelligence is not the technologies it has helped create — such as deep", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00016-00007568-00008112": "transformer networks or reinforcement learning algorithms — many of which have genuine utility", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00017-00008112-00008648": "when applied for human empowerment. Instead the problem comes from the focus on deploying these", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00018-00008648-00009288": "technologies in pursuit of a vision of exceeding human capabilities as rapidly as possible.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00019-00009600-00009896": "We are not locked into this trajectory.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00020-00009896-00010392": "A vision of “Digital Plurality” have already powerfully transformed how we live,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00021-00010392-00011008": "helping fuel approaches from personal computing to the internet of beings, and to shared realities.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00022-00011064-00011680": "Today, a variety of pluralist approaches could rein in AI’s worst excesses. Those approaches", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00023-00011680-00012192": "range from collaborative governance strategies to treat the centralizing symptoms of AI;", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00024-00012192-00012672": "to investments in research programs such as data collaboration and optimizing human", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00025-00012672-00013240": "complementarity; to bold attempts to lay out a comprehensive alternative technology", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00026-00013240-00013880": "agenda focused on human-centered participatory design, and democracy as a social technology.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00027-00014040-00014568": "This talk is based on a joint project from a diverse coalition of contributors with a range", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00028-00014568-00015047": "of disciplinary expertise, personal backgrounds, and perspectives, who disagree on many things", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00029-00015047-00015640": "and are each most enthusiastic about different research programs and possible visions. That, too,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00030-00015640-00016344": "is part of pluralism. What unites the contributors is a belief that a strongly articulated pluralist", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00031-00016344-00016912": "project for technology is crucial to avoiding the perils of Autonomous Intelligence.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00032-00016992-00017152": "What is Autonomous Intelligence?", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00033-00017464-00017936": "\"OpenAI’s mission is to ensure that artificial general intelligence (AGI) — by", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00034-00017936-00018272": "which we mean highly autonomous systems that outperform humans", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00035-00018272-00018840": "at most economically valuable work—benefits all of humanity.\" — OpenAI Mission statement", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00036-00019024-00019152": "\"Solve intelligence,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00037-00019152-00019560": "then use that to solve everything else.\" — Demis Hassabis, Co-Founder, DeepMind", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00038-00019560-00020224": "\"Human-level AI.\" — Goal of founder Yann LeCun, Facebook AI Research", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00039-00020400-00020896": "To avoid straw-manning, it is important to focus on the visions of an AI future", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00040-00020896-00021472": "as they actually exist in the greatest centers of power in the field. Representative of these", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00041-00021472-00021928": "centers are the cutting-edge operations of the three dominant technology companies", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00042-00021928-00022376": "investing heavily in AI: OpenAI (funded by Microsoft), DeepMind (owned by Alphabet) and", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00043-00022376-00022680": "Facebook AI Research (owned by Facebook).", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00044-00022680-00023376": "Let's label the common elements of the vision of these groups “Autonomous Intelligence”. The", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00045-00023376-00023992": "conceptual and practical commitments of this research and policy program are well reflected", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00046-00023992-00024856": "in the mission statements. They are: human competition, autonomy, and centralization.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00047-00024992-00025552": "1. Human competition: The first shared commitment is a target of “achieving general intelligence”", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00048-00025695-00026056": "largely defined by comparison to, with the aim of surpassing, some concept of generalized,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00049-00026056-00026760": "human-level capabilities. This is explicit in the OpenAI and LeCun formulations.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00050-00026760-00027352": "Hassabis’s formulation is more oblique, focusing on “solv(ing) intelligence” and DeepMind’s", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00051-00027408-00027808": "practices have, as we will discuss below, often avoided a single-minded focus on human comparison.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00052-00027872-00028408": "That said, Hassabis’s depiction of intelligence as a single thing to be “solved” strongly suggests", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00053-00028408-00028976": "that intelligence, singularly understood, is a well-formulated problem. And given that humans", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00054-00028976-00029527": "are usually described as intelligent, it also implies that outperforming some sort of singularly", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00055-00029527-00030032": "understood human intelligence is at least a necessary condition to “solve intelligence”.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00056-00030032-00030672": "2. Autonomy: The second shared commitment is the emphasis on “autonomy”. The machine assemblage", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00057-00030776-00031208": "is compared to the human in the envisioned competition between human and machine", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00058-00031208-00031776": "is targeting independence from human direction and agency; measures for success in achievement of", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00059-00031776-00032424": "“intelligence” are predicated on achieving this autonomy. This is most explicit in the OpenAI", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00060-00032424-00033176": "formulation, but is also visible in Hassabis’s, as the “intelligence” he envisions creating", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00061-00033176-00033760": "is imagined to, itself, “solve everything else.” Such a commitment is least visible in LeCun’s", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00062-00033760-00034248": "laconic statement, but the term “autonomous” appears very frequently throughout his work.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00063-00034248-00034984": "3. Centralization: This final shared commitment, which follows logically from the first two, is", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00064-00034984-00035424": "more a practical consequence of the agenda than an a priori goal, though a future of centralization", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00065-00035424-00035944": "deriving from AI is clearly envisioned in more extended articulations such as Altman", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00066-00036000-00036448": "(2021). With this term, we name what is occurring: a centralization of capital", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00067-00036448-00036784": "under the direction of a small group of engineers of AI systems.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00068-00036896-00037368": "If technological systems are to be judged by the “singular intelligence” they achieve,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00069-00037368-00037744": "then the more resources that can be put “inside the box,” and the fewer people", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00070-00037744-00038216": "involved in creating the systems, the more clearly the technological advance can claim", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00071-00038216-00038760": "to represent the achievement of autonomy. The pursuit of autonomy from humans drives toward", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00072-00038904-00039448": "the concentration of the power to direct capital and infrastructure in the hands of a very few.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00073-00039720-00039832": "Theoretical problems", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00074-00039832-00040360": "A. Against human competition and other narrow technical benchmarks", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00075-00040448-00040944": "The practitioners of Autonomous Intelligence measure progress by passing benchmarks and", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00076-00040944-00041488": "competitions, with the most common benchmark being human parity in a task. For instance,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00077-00041488-00042048": "tracking projects such as Stanford’s AI Index and the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s AI Progress", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00078-00042048-00042704": "Measurement Project characterize progress in the field with comparisons vis a vis human performance", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00079-00042704-00043272": "across subfields. Yet there is little theoretical basis for considering human parity", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00080-00043272-00043800": "as a useful target supportive of the interest of long-term flourishing of the human species.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00081-00043880-00044344": "Instead, this emphasis is most likely to create brittle technology", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00082-00044344-00044840": "capable of competing with and substituting for humans rather than complementing them.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00083-00044960-00045440": "This may seem counterintuitive in some cases where it is human communicative", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00084-00045440-00046064": "or collaborative capacities that the system aims at replicating. Yet even in these cases,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00085-00046064-00046728": "parity metrics are at best imperfectly correlated with desired aims. For example, many of the most", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00086-00046728-00047304": "effective human communication media (e.g. video conferencing) do not replicate any defined human", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00087-00047304-00047904": "capability but instead facilitate communication using distinctly non-human infrastructures.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00088-00048088-00048624": "They complement and extend human capacities rather than replacing them.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00089-00048736-00049288": "We note that human parity in specific fields is often seen as an intermediate step towards the", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00090-00049288-00050016": "goal of absolute advantage over humans in every domain. However, the incessant focus on achieving", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00091-00050080-00050792": "“human-level intelligence” via task parity itself creates great waste and harm, specifically:", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00092-00050792-00051096": "The focus on achieving human-level intelligence sets the relationship between humans and machines", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00093-00051096-00051648": "as one of competition, rather than one of cooperation and augmentation, both", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00094-00051648-00052312": "excessively displacing workers and forgoing myriad opportunities for improving human productivity.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00095-00052440-00052904": "An array of paths exists for developing productivity-enhancing technologies.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00096-00052960-00053688": "The current one based on achieving human parity and automating human work across various tasks", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00097-00053688-00054272": "is only one, and in fact an extreme, option. Pursuing automation in the many areas in which", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00098-00054272-00054776": "machines do and will exceed human capabilities is not in itself problematic. The problem is", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00099-00054776-00055296": "focusing solely on automation, even in places where algorithms, whether AI-powered or not,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00100-00055296-00055936": "seem unlikely to have a comparative advantage over humans in the near-term. Such focus fuels", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00101-00055936-00056504": "a more serious problem: Ignoring areas where technology could create new tasks for humans.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00102-00056679-00057167": "These problems flow from more generally taken automation as the goal, rather than as a potential", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00103-00057167-00057679": "side-effect of what would be a better goal: creating new opportunities and productivities", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00104-00057679-00058176": "for humans. When technology focuses on automation as a goal rather than a potential side effect,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00105-00058176-00058640": "it both displaces workers and fails to generate the new tasks and opportunities that would", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00106-00058640-00059304": "reinstate workers into the production process, doubly disadvantaging them. Other approaches,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00107-00059304-00059848": "that focus on areas of apparent machine comparative advantage and create new opportunities", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00108-00059848-00060384": "and productivities for humans are far preferable across both economic and social measures.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00109-00060464-00061104": "A canonical illustration is DeepMind’s AlphaFold, which is a protein structure prediction model.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00110-00061104-00061591": "This work proceeded by focusing on an area where computers already exceeded human performance", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00111-00061704-00062160": "(protein structure prediction) and where computer performance was highly complementary to a human", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00112-00062160-00062808": "capability (medical science) important for a human need (relief from sickness and suffering).", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00113-00062896-00063455": "The focus on achieving human-level intelligence for currently existing tasks freezes in place", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00114-00063455-00064000": "contingent notions of current economic value. What humans are capable of and what the economy", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00115-00064000-00064567": "judges to be valuable co-evolves with technology. The focus on automating economically valued human", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00116-00064567-00065112": "work, as in the OpenAI mission, assumes stasis in what is economically valued,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00117-00065112-00065584": "and could misdirect us away from the crucial work of evolving the economic system.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00118-00065752-00066016": "B. Against autonomy", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00119-00066016-00066344": "While “human competition” benchmarks for Autonomous Intelligence", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00120-00066344-00066708": "are unproductive for supporting a goal of broadly flourishing human societies,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00121-00066708-00067192": "they are at least a meaningful objective, and would be worth pursuing if, for example,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00122-00067192-00067704": "your overarching goal was to enable a technical elite to operate as independently as possible", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00123-00067704-00068200": "from the rest of society. In contrast, the conceptual commitment to autonomy", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00124-00068200-00068696": "is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of intelligence as it exists and functions.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00125-00068768-00069304": "That atomized view of intelligence, captured in the “autonomy” concept, misunderstands", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00126-00069304-00069960": "how socio-technical systems produce value. This makes Autonomous Intelligence systems inherently", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00127-00069960-00070640": "susceptible to Goodhart’s Law (the tendency of optimizing quantitative systems to", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00128-00070640-00071152": "over-optimize what they measure), despite the avoidance of such situations being the", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00129-00071152-00071648": "stated goal of much of the current safety research, particularly alignment research.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00130-00071792-00072448": "Intelligence is not an autonomous but a social and relational quality. While there is significant", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00131-00072448-00072976": "dispute about what “intelligence” means or whether it is even a useful concept, most attempts at", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00132-00072976-00073544": "definition focus on capacity to solve useful problems and make plans to achieve desired ends.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00133-00073600-00074112": "Both empirical study of such capabilities in humans and computational and economic theory", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00134-00074112-00074664": "strongly suggest that such intelligence is not primarily property of atomistic individuals but", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00135-00074664-00075208": "of social systems. Systems that aim to achieve something like the intelligence perceived in", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00136-00075208-00075960": "humans will thus depend on their capacity for interdependence and sociality, not autonomy.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00137-00076064-00076576": "Autonomous conceptions of intelligence are particularly subject to Goodhart’s Law.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00138-00076632-00077072": "As Drexler (2019) highlights, concerns about Goodhart’s law apply primarily", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00139-00077072-00077600": "to systems that aim to autonomously pursue ambitious goals with limited temporal or social", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00140-00077600-00078176": "constraints. This is particularly true when paired with a focus on surpassing human capabilities,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00141-00078176-00078752": "exemplified in canonical thought experiments such as the ‘paperclip maximizer’ described by Bostrom.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00142-00078904-00079304": "The Autonomous Intelligence research agenda calls, in the long-term,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00143-00079304-00079712": "both for the development of powerful, autonomous, human-independent technologies,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00144-00079712-00080288": "and simultaneously decries these as most responsible for soaring risk potential in", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00145-00080288-00080840": "the long-term future — almost existential. The clear alternative is optimizing for limited", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00146-00080840-00081408": "and constrained systems that are deeply integrated into social and communicative frameworks, which", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00147-00081464-00081832": "have far more circumscribed scope for Goodhart-style failure modes.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00148-00081912-00082528": "Moreover, autonomy tends to obscure and undermine important external agency critical to making", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00149-00082528-00083120": "systems function effectively. The production of the myth of “autonomy” both perpetuates", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00150-00083120-00083656": "the erasure of certain classes of human labor and obscures how much decision-making", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00151-00083656-00084240": "and assumptions on the part of a tiny technical elite govern how they operate and for whom. Our", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00152-00084240-00084776": "technologies should reflect social realities rather than the fiction of autonomy not only", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00153-00084776-00085368": "as a matter of ethics and politics, but as a simple matter of efficacy and transparency.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00154-00085552-00085840": "C. Against centralized scale", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00155-00085976-00086352": "Autonomous Intelligence depends on two symbiotic future visions,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00156-00086352-00087040": "one optimistic and one pessimistic, both dependent on centralization. In the first optimistic view,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00157-00087040-00087504": "a concentrated investment in a small number of people achieving distant and ambitious", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00158-00087504-00087936": "goals will yield broadly beneficial, and indeed spectacular, outcomes for humanity.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00159-00088024-00088504": "In the second pessimistic view, not achieving these very distant goals in a sufficiently", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00160-00088504-00089024": "aligned and tightly-controlled manner will result in significant, potentially existential, risk.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00161-00089024-00089456": "Both views are fully dependent on the centralized control of AI systems,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00162-00089456-00089992": "effectively concentrating the power over vast resources in the hands of a very small group.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00163-00090080-00090672": "The worldview of this elite will travel as their systems do, displacing alternative perspectives,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00164-00090672-00091184": "domain-specific expertise, and pluralist values and epistemologies.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00165-00091184-00091728": "However, assertion of centralized control are also typically illusory. As many have shown,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00166-00091728-00092208": "the Soviet claim to conduct central planning gave way in practice to a range", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00167-00092208-00092696": "of decentralized decision-making activities given the inability of central planners to", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00168-00092696-00093272": "perceive or act on all the details necessary to implement their plans on the ground. Similarly,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00169-00093272-00093704": "AI systems that aim at “neutral fairness” via control by engineers", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00170-00093704-00094232": "end up instead defaulting to replicating the biases of societies whose data they train on.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00171-00094312-00094864": "The aspiration and illusion also lead to the formalization of a narrow set of values – namely,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00172-00094864-00095328": "those of the designers of these systems, currently a highly concentrated and homogeneous", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00173-00095328-00095840": "group – with more and more humans left out of the decision-making processes and benefits.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00174-00096002-00096152": "Towards Digital Plurality", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00175-00096232-00096656": "If the vision of intelligence as autonomous is the mistaken horizon", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00176-00096656-00097056": "for goal-setting for technological development, what is the alternative?", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00177-00097120-00097528": "Naming a single, alternative, “correct” path would be self-defeating.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00178-00097528-00098080": "Instead, we contend that the alternative is not a singular, narrow focus on a specific goal,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00179-00098080-00098664": "such as achieving “general intelligence,” but rather research and policy support for a plurality", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00180-00098664-00099184": "of complementary and dispersed approaches to developing technology to support the plurality", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00181-00099184-00099720": "and plasticity of human goals that exist inside the boundaries of a human rights framework.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00182-00099832-00100136": "This alternative to Autonomous Intelligence already exists.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00183-00100192-00100536": "We refer to this alternative pathway as \"Assistive", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00184-00100536-00101184": "Intelligence toward a Digital Plurality\". But what exactly is entailed in this alternative?", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00185-00101248-00101856": "\"Plurality\" resists pithy definition. Instead of aiming towards a technical end-state,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00186-00101856-00102464": "it describes an ecology, constituted of approaches that cooperate, co-exist, and co-evolve,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00187-00102464-00102904": "and operate in support of human decision-making about social well-being,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00188-00102904-00103248": "operating within the constraints of a human rights framework.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00189-00103320-00103832": "These approaches create, intersect with, and support new modes of decision-making.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00190-00103832-00104248": "By raising ongoing human goal-setting to the surface as governing technology,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00191-00104248-00104720": "they transform narrow technical questions into opportunities for innovation,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00192-00104720-00105144": "whether achieved through collective digital participation or other modes of", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00193-00105144-00105840": "decision-making. Rather than converting questions of social progress into formalized inputs for", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00194-00105840-00106368": "narrow technical expertise to resolve, they support and extend the human capability", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00195-00106368-00106768": "for directional goal-setting and fair, just, and productive collaboration.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00196-00106872-00107200": "As we here seek to characterize “actually existing", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00197-00107264-00107720": "digital plurality” for the first time, we describe attributes of this emerging ecosystem.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00198-00107776-00108192": "These attributes are reflected within the theoretical statements motivating work in", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00199-00108192-00108664": "this space but not yet perfectly replicated in the technologies that constitute it.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00200-00108752-00109240": "As we see the emerging alternative, three shared conceptual and practical", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00201-00109240-00109856": "commitments define Digital Plurality: complementarity, participation, and mutualism.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00202-00109952-00110264": "The content of those core commitments can be summarized as follows", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00203-00110376-00110935": "1. Complementarity. Technology should complement and cooperate with existing intelligent", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00204-00110935-00111544": "ecosystems, not replace them. Technology should broaden the surface area of complementarity –", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00205-00111544-00112208": "across individuals, organizations, and systems – allowing for ever more networked evolution.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00206-00112208-00112944": "2. Participation. Intelligence is collective, not autonomous. Technology should work to facilitate", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00207-00112944-00113440": "the social nature of intelligence, and in particular to facilitate deliberation on", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00208-00113440-00114056": "and participation in setting outcomes in equal measure to driving the achievement of outcomes.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00209-00114176-00114864": "3. Mutualism. Decentralized, heterogeneous approaches under the umbrella of digital", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00210-00114864-00115392": "plurality can build on and benefit from each other: technologies evolve", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00211-00115392-00115928": "in interaction with each other and social, political and economic institutions and ecology.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00212-00115983-00116248": "A wide range of social and technical projects", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00213-00116248-00116783": "in and around the digital world are currently developing promising alternatives. These projects", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00214-00116783-00117280": "differ in the extent to which they target the three pillars of Autonomous Intelligence; only", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00215-00117280-00117880": "a subset of them break away from them entirely to define a new ecology of digital plurality.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00216-00118144-00118448": "There are three rough lanes of work leading to the development", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00217-00118448-00118935": "of Digital Plurality. They share different elements of the three commitments named above,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00218-00118935-00119432": "and so we’ll introduce this field by focusing on these three areas of practice, each in turn.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00219-00119552-00119944": "The first lane of work focus on mitigating the problems with autonomy.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00220-00120056-00120624": "These approaches accept the necessity or likely inevitability of autonomous systems that aim", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00221-00120624-00121064": "at general, human-style intelligence, but are concerned about the tendency of", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00222-00121064-00121608": "such technologies to become “misaligned” with human agency or have otherwise harmful effects,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00223-00121664-00122192": "often because of centralized control over them. These approaches thus tend to call for ethics,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00224-00122192-00122728": "governance, safety or redistribution of AI systems and the benefits they create.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00225-00122728-00123189": "Practitioners are to be found in various parts of the AI ethics and FAT* communities, the AI", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00226-00123189-00124040": "safety/alignment/existential risk community, the AI governance/regulation community and work", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00227-00124040-00124808": "on AI sustainability, windfall clauses, capital taxation and related redistributive mechanisms.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00228-00124808-00125416": "The second lane of work challenges one of the two more technical premises: competition and autonomy.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00229-00125528-00126032": "There are a range of approaches that maintain focus on autonomous intelligences, but break", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00230-00126032-00126576": "from the competition concept and break from the focus on imitating and/or displacing a singular,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00231-00126576-00127200": "anthropomorphic concept of intelligence. This work aims to develop intelligences that are unrelated", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00232-00127200-00127983": "to human intelligence, that perform well in areas humans are known to be weak at (e.g. protein", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00233-00127983-00128456": "folding with AlphaFold), or that complement/collaborate with humans, such as work", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00234-00128456-00128944": "on optimizing metrics of human complementarity (e.g. Wilder et al., 2020). Examples here", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00235-00128944-00129872": "include cyborg technologies, brain-computer interfaces etc. One opinionated survey of this", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00236-00129872-00130488": "perspective is Drexler (2019)’s vision of an “AI services” model as an alternative to the unitary,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00237-00130488-00130935": "human agent-like intelligence envisioned in much of the AI safety literature.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00238-00131016-00131440": "Within this lane, there are also approaches that embrace the competition concept", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00239-00131440-00131920": "of Autonomous Intelligence systems (and the goal of replicating various human skills at scale),", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00240-00131920-00132384": "but that take aim at the autonomy concept and the vision of the systems achieving these goals", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00241-00132384-00133000": "as needing to be autonomous. Practitioners in this lane aim to explicitly account for,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00242-00133000-00133496": "build off and harness the capabilities of the organizations and individuals that enable", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00243-00133496-00134096": "AI or digital systems to function. This lane embraces work on technical elements (such as the", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00244-00134096-00134552": "privacy-preserving machine learning stack), on economic designs (e.g. data", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00245-00134552-00135024": "dignity/data as labor), on governance and legal institutions (e.g data trusts/collaboratives),", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00246-00135024-00135488": "and on interaction paradigms (e.g. machine teaching, human-in-the-loop systems),", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00247-00135576-00136016": "for instance. In contrast to the GPT-3 paradigm, some recent work from OpenAI", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00248-00136016-00136536": "in developing AI systems for pair programming (e.g. Copilot) would also fall into this category.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00249-00136728-00137184": "The third lane of work breaks entirely with the Autonomous Intelligence trajectory.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00250-00137280-00137768": "These approaches are the most diverse and focus on decentering the role of technology and its", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00251-00137768-00138408": "capabilities, while centering complementarity, participation, and mutualism. This has led to", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00252-00138408-00138944": "a nascent, but powerful ecosystem in which technological approaches and evolving human", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00253-00138944-00139408": "systems for goal-setting and decision-making build on and co-evolve with each other.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00254-00139504-00140032": "This lane of work includes many threads that began as disparate areas of practice.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00255-00140032-00140432": "The human-computer interaction and human-centered design communities", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00256-00140432-00140984": "have a rich history of plurality, evolving a program of understanding needs and limitations,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00257-00140984-00141552": "building systems engineered to effectively fulfill these needs, allow for flexible use,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00258-00141552-00142104": "and compensate for limitations. Distributed agency has entered the design of technology", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00259-00142104-00142656": "infrastructure itself, through self-organizing mesh networks and decentralized edge compute.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00260-00142792-00143272": "Economics and mechanism design have played an increasing role in designing", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00261-00143272-00144080": "and building decentralized digital ecosystems from microfinance and e-commerce platforms to more", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00262-00144080-00144600": "radical alternatives like those emerging in the distributed ledger and smart contract ecosystems.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00263-00144704-00145224": "Building on these ideas and broader social science, there is an emerging “social", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00264-00145224-00145720": "technology” agenda that harnesses social and computation science to build new, responsive", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00265-00145720-00146256": "institutions enabled by digital technology. Much of this has been practically harnessed", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00266-00146256-00146776": "by civic technologists who harness collective intelligence to push the boundaries of knowledge.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00267-00146880-00147416": "As these approaches have matured and developed, intersections and second-level complementarities", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00268-00147416-00147920": "have formed, giving rise to new directions. We’ve seen decolonial technologies that work", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00269-00147920-00148464": "to distribute power and voice and are grounded in historical analyses of existing post-colonial", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00270-00148464-00148944": "power relationships that shape our technical priorities, politics, and infrastructure.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00271-00149008-00149544": "Work on human-computer interaction (HCI) has begun to understand the need for participatory action", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00272-00149544-00150136": "research and collaborative design that rigorously involve stakeholders in the design process,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00273-00150136-00150584": "often utilizing deliberative and constructive tools seen in other approaches.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00274-00150672-00151200": "There has been a flowering of work on decentralized technology that builds heavily", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00275-00151200-00151784": "on work in distributed ledger communities, and aims to augment internet protocols to allow for", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00276-00151784-00152352": "\"Web 3.0\" — peer-to-peer information transfer and decentralized network interaction patterns.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00277-00152408-00152816": "This has led to the formalization of digital commons and knowledge commons,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00278-00152816-00153416": "creating processes for systems from Wikipedia to open-source code repositories that provide", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00279-00153416-00153816": "access to collective innovation, while instituting polycentric,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00280-00153816-00154240": "multi-stakeholder governance structures across local, regional, and global levels.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00281-00154392-00154800": "These are diverse directions, and the landscape is constantly shifting.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00282-00154800-00155456": "And yet, a nascent and growing ecology of digital pluralism — an active and emergent landscape of", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00283-00155456-00156040": "Digital Pluralism — makes it clear that we are not trapped on a fixed path toward \"the Singularity\".", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00284-00156240-00156360": "In Conclusion", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00285-00156360-00156856": "The essence of the Autonomous Intelligence trajectory is indeed quite authoritarian;", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00286-00156936-00157304": "it is the view of intelligence as a single, distinct, autonomous quality", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00287-00157304-00157800": "to be both reached for and feared, and one that, once achieved, is uniquely transformative:", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00288-00157880-00158520": "a “singularity” that will be the “final invention” humans create. Once this general intelligence is", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00289-00158520-00159024": "developed, it will be impossible for humans to keep up or even contribute much directly.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00290-00159096-00159208": "We have another choice.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00291-00159280-00159800": "We can replace competition, autonomy, and centralization as guiding goals with", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00292-00159800-00160272": "principles that support digital pluralization: designing for complementarity,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00293-00160272-00160552": "increasing participation, and supporting mutualism.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00294-00160608-00161112": "An emphasis on complementarity would mean evolving beyond the goal of automating human labor,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00295-00161112-00161472": "and explicitly designing systems that augment and support workers.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00296-00161576-00162000": "Increasing participation would include recognizing the contributions of humans to", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00297-00162000-00162592": "existing AI systems, ensuring fair and dignified labor conditions across the AI supply chain,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00298-00162592-00163320": "and compensating data and labor inputs. This requires regenerating the digital commons", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00299-00163320-00163920": "rather than enclosing it, and fundamentally rethinking the practice of capturing public data", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00300-00163920-00164312": "and privatizing the economic benefits from the models that are indebted to it.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00301-00164408-00164840": "Benefits should be shared with the communities maintaining the commons, and efforts should be", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00302-00164840-00165384": "taken to return the resultant technologies as much as possible to the same commons.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00303-00165552-00166072": "When data derive from sources specific to a community or group of individuals,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00304-00166072-00166616": "these individuals should have collective agency over the development, use and design of the model,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00305-00166616-00167168": "be publicly recognized as contributing to it. And share in any commercial benefits.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00306-00167280-00167872": "In a wider sense, greater participation means balancing the optimization of fixed,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00307-00167872-00168376": "measurable goals with investment in broad-based, stakeholder reflection", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00308-00168376-00168992": "on whether these goals are appropriate ones. This means moving from thin representations", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00309-00168992-00169528": "to richer and layered \"re-presentations,\" incorporating deliberative technologies,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00310-00169528-00169944": "collaborative design, and the fusion of policy change with technology development.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00311-00170088-00170664": "Finally, supporting mutualism would require directly addressing the impacts of technology.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00312-00170664-00171192": "Rather than relying on policy makers or civil society to fix the problems technology creates", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00313-00171192-00171768": "or to balance highly skewed incentives, clear accountability mechanisms must be established", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00314-00171768-00172088": "for the impact of a technology on the distribution", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00315-00172088-00172672": "of economic and political power, measuring it and reporting it along with other ESG metrics.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00316-00172792-00173176": "There is a long way to go before the centralization goals can be productively", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00317-00173176-00173928": "redirected – and that work must begin now. We must evolve beyond the focus on building autonomous,", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00318-00173928-00174376": "human-like intelligence in preference for exploring a range of other possibilities", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00319-00174376-00174880": "that complement humans and human societies and facilitate participative cooperation.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00320-00174968-00175360": "By doing so we will break down the centralizing tendencies", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00321-00175360-00176000": "with its reactive and proactive dangers, and move via an embrace of digital pluralism — and", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00322-00176000-00176664": "complementarity, participation, and mutualism — toward greater collective flourishing.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00323-00176848-00177000": "Thank you for listening.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00324-00177000-00177237": "Now, I will read my job description again.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00325-00177328-00177736": "When we see “internet of things”, let’s make it an internet of beings.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00326-00177736-00178128": "When we see “virtual reality,” let’s make it a shared reality.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00327-00178128-00178464": "When we see “machine learning,” let’s make it collaborative learning.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00328-00178464-00178912": "When we see “user experience,” let’s make it about the human experience.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00329-00178912-00179576": "When we hear “the singularity is near,” let us remember: the Plurality is here.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00330-00179665-00179833": "Thank you for listening.", "4Zi4fFxyn68-00331-00179833-00180000": "Live long and prosper!"}}]