[{"audio_id": "bP4dF21jJpU", "text": {"bP4dF21jJpU-00000-00001754-00001963": "Do you have trouble finding or organizing your notes", "bP4dF21jJpU-00001-00001968-00002213": "so you can study for your exam?", "bP4dF21jJpU-00002-00002216-00002606": "Do you sometimes wonder if they were even written by you?", "bP4dF21jJpU-00003-00002606-00002965": "Does it seem like you can't keep up with professors' lectures?", "bP4dF21jJpU-00004-00002965-00003190": "When taking tests, do you have trouble recalling", "bP4dF21jJpU-00005-00003190-00003470": "information that you know you've seen before?", "bP4dF21jJpU-00006-00003493-00003646": "If you're like most students, you've experienced", "bP4dF21jJpU-00007-00003646-00003880": "all of these at least once. These note-taking tips", "bP4dF21jJpU-00008-00003880-00004157": "may help you avoid these issues in the future.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00009-00004249-00004439": "When it comes to note taking, there's some general", "bP4dF21jJpU-00010-00004439-00004608": "tips it's good to keep in mind.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00011-00004608-00004815": "One, it's good to keep all your notes, and this", "bP4dF21jJpU-00012-00004815-00005094": "includes outlines and PowerPoints that your professor might give,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00013-00005094-00005388": "in one specific spot. That could be in a subject", "bP4dF21jJpU-00014-00005388-00005674": "specific notebook, or a binder, but make sure", "bP4dF21jJpU-00015-00005674-00005941": "it's all together so they don't get lost.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00016-00005941-00006105": "And then, you also want to keep your notes", "bP4dF21jJpU-00017-00006105-00006383": "in chronological order, so put dates at the top,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00018-00006383-00006691": "so you know which event happened first.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00019-00006691-00006908": "And, it's also helpful to do your assignments", "bP4dF21jJpU-00020-00006908-00007182": "and the reading before going into lecture,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00021-00007182-00007505": "so that way you have an idea of what's about to happen.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00022-00007505-00007674": "And then after lecture, you can go back", "bP4dF21jJpU-00023-00007674-00008133": "to your notes to fill in any gaps to make sure that you have all the needed information.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00024-00009442-00009631": "Now you're probably wondering what the best", "bP4dF21jJpU-00025-00009631-00009813": "method for actually taking notes is, and there are", "bP4dF21jJpU-00026-00009813-00010108": "various ways of doing it. First we have the", "bP4dF21jJpU-00027-00010108-00010314": "formal outline, which is great for taking notes", "bP4dF21jJpU-00028-00010314-00010636": "from your readings. It is basically an outline", "bP4dF21jJpU-00029-00010636-00010977": "that uses roman numerals and numbers to", "bP4dF21jJpU-00030-00010977-00011319": "set up the main ideas and then the supporting details", "bP4dF21jJpU-00031-00011319-00011603": "underneath them. It's really good for readings", "bP4dF21jJpU-00032-00011603-00011812": "because it's very structured, but it's not", "bP4dF21jJpU-00033-00011812-00012025": "always the best thing to use for lectures", "bP4dF21jJpU-00034-00012025-00012271": "because sometimes professors jump around", "bP4dF21jJpU-00035-00012271-00012702": "and it can get a bit confusing with the formal outline.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00036-00012792-00012992": "We also have an informal outline, which is really", "bP4dF21jJpU-00037-00012992-00013269": "similar to the formal outline, but it doesn't utilize", "bP4dF21jJpU-00038-00013269-00013603": "the roman numerals, and so it's more about", "bP4dF21jJpU-00039-00013603-00013971": "the main ideas and supporting details underneath", "bP4dF21jJpU-00040-00013971-00014253": "them, with less of the structure. So that", "bP4dF21jJpU-00041-00014253-00014513": "one is better for using during lectures.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00042-00014513-00014975": "Paragraph style notes are also a note taking style,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00043-00014975-00015270": "which you can use for lectures, but I would", "bP4dF21jJpU-00044-00015270-00015589": "recommend not doing them unless you have to.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00045-00015589-00015838": "They're good for discussions or if your professor", "bP4dF21jJpU-00046-00015838-00016244": "is not very organized, but if they are just in the", "bP4dF21jJpU-00047-00016244-00016544": "paragraph style, it's hard to review and are", "bP4dF21jJpU-00048-00016544-00016861": "not a great study tool, so definitely go back", "bP4dF21jJpU-00049-00016861-00017290": "over your notes and reformat them after class.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00050-00017338-00017560": "And then there's the Cornell system of notes.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00051-00017560-00017978": "Basically, you fold the paper and you make about", "bP4dF21jJpU-00052-00017978-00018303": "a two inch margin on the left hand side of the paper,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00053-00018303-00018565": "and on the right hand side you take your notes", "bP4dF21jJpU-00054-00018565-00018895": "as usual, often times using an informal outline.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00055-00018895-00019269": "And after class, in the left-hand side of the margin,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00056-00019269-00019673": "you write down any main ideas, or you can write", "bP4dF21jJpU-00057-00019673-00020040": "down questions that you have, and then the Cornell", "bP4dF21jJpU-00058-00020040-00020441": "notes becomes a study tool by looking at the", "bP4dF21jJpU-00059-00020441-00020695": "left-hand side and quizzing yourself, and you have", "bP4dF21jJpU-00060-00020695-00020895": "the information on the right-hand side that you", "bP4dF21jJpU-00061-00020895-00021136": "can look at. If you do well, put a check next to", "bP4dF21jJpU-00062-00021136-00021424": "the key word, or on your flash card. If you need to", "bP4dF21jJpU-00063-00021424-00021623": "review that topic, make a note to yourself to come", "bP4dF21jJpU-00064-00021623-00021925": "back to it later. Some students might not know", "bP4dF21jJpU-00065-00021925-00022144": "what they should actually write down in their notes.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00066-00022144-00022361": "A few guidelines would be: if your professor ever", "bP4dF21jJpU-00067-00022361-00022636": "tells you it's important, make sure to put a star next", "bP4dF21jJpU-00068-00022636-00022811": "to it, as it will probably be on a test.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00069-00022811-00023055": "Also, if they take the time to break something down", "bP4dF21jJpU-00070-00023055-00023266": "into steps, or write something down on the board", "bP4dF21jJpU-00071-00023266-00023476": "instead of just having a PowerPoint up, and if they", "bP4dF21jJpU-00072-00023476-00023712": "get excited about it, and you can tell in their voice", "bP4dF21jJpU-00073-00023712-00023897": "that they really like the subject, they'll probably", "bP4dF21jJpU-00074-00023897-00024098": "test on this as well.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00075-00024098-00024261": "Now that you've taken your notes,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00076-00024261-00024418": "it's important to know how to actually use them.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00077-00024418-00024658": "The best way is right after class.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00078-00024658-00024953": "If you can't do it right then, at least within 24 hours", "bP4dF21jJpU-00079-00024953-00025211": "make sure that you go back and reread your notes,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00080-00025211-00025453": "fill in any blanks, and clarify anything you may", "bP4dF21jJpU-00081-00025453-00025736": "have found confusing. That way, you really understand", "bP4dF21jJpU-00082-00025736-00026060": "what information is in your notes. And, this helps", "bP4dF21jJpU-00083-00026060-00026305": "bring anything from short term memory into long term", "bP4dF21jJpU-00084-00026305-00026667": "memory, and make it easier for you to know the information.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00085-00027169-00027323": "This is a retention graph.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00086-00027323-00027607": "Here is where you're first exposed to the information,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00087-00027607-00027928": "whether in lecture or through reading.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00088-00027928-00028392": "Within 24 hours, you lose about 80% of that knowledge.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00089-00028392-00028620": "It just goes out the window, your short term memory", "bP4dF21jJpU-00090-00028620-00028903": "just can't handle it. But if you review your notes", "bP4dF21jJpU-00091-00028903-00029386": "within 24 hours, then your retention goes up to about", "bP4dF21jJpU-00092-00029386-00030011": "60%. And then you add on weekly review on top of", "bP4dF21jJpU-00093-00030011-00030333": "that 24 hour review, and all of a sudden, you gain", "bP4dF21jJpU-00094-00030333-00030570": "that 80% of that knowledge, and you just have to", "bP4dF21jJpU-00095-00030570-00031235": "review a small little portion before going into test day.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00096-00031361-00031694": "Hi, I'm Katrina Buckman. I'm the tutoring center coordinator.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00097-00031694-00031982": "Thank you for taking the time to watch this study", "bP4dF21jJpU-00098-00031982-00032220": "skills video on note taking. If you have any other", "bP4dF21jJpU-00099-00032220-00032545": "questions on note taking, or other study skills,", "bP4dF21jJpU-00100-00032545-00032718": "feel free to stop by the Tutoring Center", "bP4dF21jJpU-00101-00032718-00032936": "in Wilson 280 and make a study skills appointment", "bP4dF21jJpU-00102-00032936-00033170": "with one of our peer advisers.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00103-00033170-00034053": "Or, check out our website at wwu.edu/tutoring.", "bP4dF21jJpU-00104-00035700-00036000": "Subtitles by the Amara.org community"}}, {"audio_id": "bPhKpnsvDWY", "text": {"bPhKpnsvDWY-00000-00000189-00000280": "[Adam Taylor] Hello, and welcome", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00001-00000280-00000379": "to GO Markets Chart of the Day,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00002-00000379-00000504": "coming to you from London.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00003-00000504-00000802": "It is Tuesday the 24th of September,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00004-00000802-00001033": "and today we're looking at the Euro Sterling", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00005-00001033-00001219": "on the daily timeframe.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00006-00001219-00001433": "As always, feel free to leave any comments", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00007-00001433-00001562": "in the section below,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00008-00001562-00001986": "or contact me directly at adamt@gomarkets.com.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00009-00001986-00002250": "Now, over to the analysis, and to begin with,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00010-00002250-00002555": "you can see I've drawn in these fib retracement levels here", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00011-00002555-00002842": "from the May low, around 85,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00012-00002842-00003239": "up to the 93.28 high seen in August.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00013-00003239-00003586": "Coincidentally, this was a ten year high for the pair.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00014-00003586-00003721": "So quite significant.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00015-00003721-00003849": "So following this high,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00016-00003849-00004226": "obviously the Euro Sterling has tumbled somewhat", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00017-00004226-00004430": "in the last month and a half.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00018-00004430-00004574": "Back down to this key level", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00019-00004574-00005043": "here at the 38.2 retracement level.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00020-00005043-00005208": "Now why is this level important?", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00021-00005208-00005385": "If we look left we can see that", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00022-00005385-00005567": "it's acted as support and resistance", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00023-00005567-00005786": "for the pair previously.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00024-00005893-00006126": "And also, if we add in the 200 day moving average,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00025-00006126-00006541": "you can see price action is sitting just around this level.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00026-00006541-00006803": "It could also just, this 200 day moving average,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00027-00006803-00007104": "that longer term, not to expect too much directionally", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00028-00007104-00007233": "as it's rather flat.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00029-00007402-00007555": "But I guess it all depends a lot", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00030-00007555-00007794": "on the fundamentals surrounding Brexit as well.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00031-00007919-00008342": "Technically, I think we could see a bounce for the Euro", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00032-00008342-00008734": "up to this 50% retracement level, or 89.12.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00033-00008734-00008935": "Reason being, we're quite oversold", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00034-00008935-00009115": "on the RSI indicator here.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00035-00009272-00009459": "Perhaps due a correction,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00036-00009459-00009862": "but I think we could end up seeing this 50% level tested,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00037-00009862-00010041": "and then a continuation", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00038-00010041-00010420": "back down to the 23% retracement level.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00039-00010420-00010573": "Should we see some closes above here,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00040-00010573-00011037": "then perhaps the outlook will change to a more bullish view.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00041-00011037-00011222": "But that's all for today, thanks for watching.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00042-00011222-00011483": "Remember to head over to gomarkets.com for our latest,", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00043-00011483-00011627": "and follow us on Twitter.", "bPhKpnsvDWY-00044-00011627-00011762": "Until next time, thank you."}}, {"audio_id": "bPwh8H8fMlM", "text": {"bPwh8H8fMlM-00000-00000021-00000631": "I have had a number of reactions again on the review of the fantastic UpTone Audio EtherREGEN", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00001-00000631-00001244": "audiophile ethernet switch, especially from people with knowledge of computer networks.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00002-00001244-00001730": "They state, simply put, that if the sound differs, the switch must have altered the", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00003-00001730-00001830": "data.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00004-00001830-00003010": "I agree, but in what way.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00005-00003010-00003451": "Before I get into the subject at hand, let me first try to explain what I consider to", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00006-00003451-00003790": "be my function in the audio universe.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00007-00003790-00004467": "I am no researcher or designer, I am a tech journalist and reviewer, specialised in audio.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00008-00004467-00004991": "Like a motoring journalist is no mobility researcher or car designer.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00009-00004991-00005486": "His technical knowledge is clearly limited compared to these researcher and designer.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00010-00005486-00005980": "But he does have a broad overview over all makes and types of cars.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00011-00005980-00006584": "When a new technology is developed, the manufacturer invites journalists to a press meeting and", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00012-00006584-00007313": "have one or more technicians explain why the new technology is such a big improvement - and", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00013-00007313-00007654": "they almost always exaggerate.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00014-00007654-00008118": "When then another brand organises a press meeting, the journalist asks technicians of", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00015-00008118-00008564": "that manufacturer what they think of their competitor’s new system.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00016-00008564-00009088": "A good journalist listens carefully to the arguments in favour and against and then tries", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00017-00009088-00009584": "to see if he finds resulting behaviour during test drives.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00018-00009584-00010183": "Since he test drives dozens of cars a year, he is in a very good position to compare.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00019-00010183-00010503": "Especially if he has done this job for years.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00020-00010503-00010946": "And a good motoring journalist is also able to explain new technologies to his audience", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00021-00010946-00011142": "comprehensively.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00022-00011142-00011716": "He should tell his audience that more valves in a cylinder head in general increases horsepower", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00023-00011716-00012268": "as claimed in the advertisement but that this often goes at the expense of torque.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00024-00012268-00012634": "Unless a well dimensioned turbo is added.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00025-00012634-00013202": "And a good motoring journalist does not only drives a car in top gear sideways but also", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00026-00013202-00013558": "reports on normal use, economics and so on.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00027-00013558-00014046": "He does simple measurements like acceleration, top speed and fuel consumption but far more", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00028-00014046-00014541": "important is de feel of the car and its practicalities like boot space.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00029-00014541-00015119": "I consider myself in a more or less equal position as a decent motoring journalist.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00030-00015119-00015680": "I do basic measurements just to check if something is wrong, get information from manufacturers", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00031-00015680-00016185": "or their technicians and if considered interesting report on it.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00032-00016185-00016683": "But my added value is in test-driving audio equipment, so judging by ear.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00033-00016683-00017328": "If you don’t agree, do what I do with tv-programs I don’t like: I don’t watch them.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00034-00017328-00017869": "And if you want to save the world from people like me: start your own YouTube channel.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00035-00017869-00018528": "OK, back to the subject.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00036-00018528-00018973": "Can a switch have so much influence on the sound quality?", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00037-00018973-00019370": "In the end the only way to establish this is to listen.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00038-00019370-00019883": "Trained listeners certainly don’t need double blind tests, if the stereo setup used has", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00039-00019883-00020136": "sufficient audiophile qualities.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00040-00020136-00020473": "See my view on double blind tests in a separate video.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00041-00020473-00020901": "I was rather sceptic when I heard about the ‘sound of switches’.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00042-00020901-00021313": "So I approached AQVox to see if I could have a review sample on loan.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00043-00021313-00021804": "They were holding back a bit since they had negative experiences with some members of", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00044-00021804-00021948": "the press.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00045-00021948-00022428": "But in the end they send me the AQ Switch Special Edition.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00046-00022428-00022931": "Watch my review and you’ll see I was rather surprised by the improvement it brought.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00047-00022931-00023465": "In retrospect I even think I underplayed the outcome because of unbelief.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00048-00023465-00023870": "When I reviewed the SOtM sNH-10G switch I had accepted the influence of switches on", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00049-00023870-00024113": "the sound a lot more.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00050-00024113-00024621": "So much more that I accepted the sound difference between a network cable and a fibre cable", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00051-00024621-00025215": "between the switch near the Intel NUC Roon server on the third floor and the SOtM switch", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00052-00025215-00025493": "in my living at ground level.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00053-00025493-00025923": "Again from a network specialist’s standpoint fully ludicrous.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00054-00025923-00026493": "Total cable length is 15 meters, slightly under 50 ft, even for CAT5 cable no problem", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00055-00026493-00026636": "at all.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00056-00026636-00027203": "When I backup my video editing files of several hundreds of gigabytes from my editing computer", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00057-00027203-00027813": "to the big Synology NAS at the third floor, the files remain perfectly in tact when copied", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00058-00027813-00028075": "back to the editing computer.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00059-00028075-00028570": "So the connection is completely lossless and more than fast enough for audio.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00060-00028570-00029659": "Even 384 kHz 24 bit files only do 18.4 Mbit/s while modern networks do 1000 Mbit/s.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00061-00029659-00030430": "I once had 8 streams running from the Roon server to 11 Roon Endpoints without any problem.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00062-00030430-00031165": "So why should fibre sound somewhat better than CAT6 Cable.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00063-00031165-00031659": "I think that we can agree that all data sent over a normally functioning network arrives", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00064-00031659-00031850": "unharmed.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00065-00031850-00032444": "Switches are supposed to galvanically isolate each port by what is called a magnetics module.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00066-00032444-00032936": "I wondered if the consumer grade switches I used conform to this.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00067-00032936-00033563": "I opened the Linksys SLM2008 and it indeed has two 4 port modules.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00068-00033563-00034293": "I also opened the Sitecom LN-120v1 that had four 2 port modules.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00069-00034293-00034762": "Since these were rather cheap switches we might conclude that in general - and certainly", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00070-00034762-00035272": "in my case - cheap switches offer galvanic separation.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00071-00035272-00035781": "Remains the question how well these high frequency transformers perform.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00072-00035781-00036547": "I seem to recall that the SOtM did not use magnetic modules and you might wonder why.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00073-00036547-00036847": "But the EtherREGEN does use them.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00074-00036847-00037246": "Perhaps here again quality of the components plays a role.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00075-00037246-00037788": "The magnetic modules I found use center tap transformers for use with Power over Ethernet", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00076-00037788-00038133": "- abbreviated to PoE.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00077-00038133-00038612": "Only a slight mismatch between the two halves of the transformer windings might already", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00078-00038612-00038858": "cause a DC offset.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00079-00038858-00039530": "That offset might even be within IEEE specifications for it won’t disturb normal network use.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00080-00039530-00040243": "I’ll come back to this offset later on.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00081-00040243-00040574": "All digital techniques work with stepped processes.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00082-00040574-00041128": "Like a mechanical clock that steps through a minute in 120 half-second movements of the", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00083-00041128-00041293": "escapement.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00084-00041293-00041797": "Digital techniques have a crystal oscillator as escapement which makes sure that going", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00085-00041797-00042177": "through the steps happens at a regular interval.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00086-00042177-00042693": "In this graph those intervals are drawn by vertical dotted lines and a digital signal", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00087-00042693-00042863": "then looks like this.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00088-00042863-00042988": "At least in theory.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00089-00042988-00043553": "In practice those intervals are not really as constant as we would like.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00090-00043553-00044091": "That becomes visible when on an oscilloscope the traces are superimposed.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00091-00044091-00044311": "This animation shows what happens.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00092-00044311-00044793": "We see the vertical lines get wider since they vary in timing.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00093-00044793-00045344": "Sometimes the vertical movements, both up and down, are earlier or later.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00094-00045344-00045646": "This phenomenon is know as jitter.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00095-00045646-00046052": "Within limits this is no problem for data transport.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00096-00046052-00046516": "Even if it goes wrong and a bit is missed, the error correction is able to repair that", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00097-00046516-00046697": "bit or even more than one bit.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00098-00046697-00047208": "And when the error correction is confronted with too many faults to repair, the receiving", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00099-00047208-00047937": "side simply asks the sender to resend that package.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00100-00047937-00048462": "Up till now we have seen perfect square waves but these never happen for it would require", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00101-00048462-00048703": "unlimited bandwidth.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00102-00048703-00049274": "They will at least have rounded corners but to explain the problem at hand I drew what", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00103-00049274-00049586": "can happen in a very exaggerated way.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00104-00049586-00050186": "I have drawn two horizontal lines that indicate the thresholds for the electronics to decide", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00105-00050186-00050444": "if there is a polarity change.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00106-00050444-00051081": "The upper vertical line is for up going voltage and the lower for down going voltage.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00107-00051081-00051650": "The vertical dotted lines show that the moment in time the voltage change is detected has", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00108-00051650-00052025": "moved to the right - thus later in time.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00109-00052025-00052436": "This again is no problem if it is as constant as shown here.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00110-00052436-00053077": "Problems get more serious when we combine the distorted wave form with phase noise.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00111-00053077-00053595": "Now the detection of the voltage change can be at the moment of the dotted vertical red", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00112-00053595-00054207": "line but just as good at the second red line and the difference between them again shows", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00113-00054207-00054333": "the jitter.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00114-00054333-00055177": "If we then add a less stable power rail, you see the wave form als very in amplitude, the", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00115-00055177-00055371": "vertical axis.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00116-00055371-00055827": "Because the rounded shape of the wave form, not only variations in the time domain - the", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00117-00055827-00056428": "horizontal axis - but also variations in amplitude, the vertical axis, change the moment the voltage", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00118-00056428-00056678": "change is detected.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00119-00056678-00057240": "Still for data transport this would not be a problem if these errors are within the defined", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00120-00057240-00057340": "limits.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00121-00057340-00057834": "Let’s make the deviation more visible by copying the distances between the vertical", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00122-00057834-00058360": "white lines to these green dotted lines and move them to about the middle of the jittered", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00123-00058360-00058603": "signal of the first half cycle.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00124-00058603-00059067": "Now look at the other cycles and you see the nice stable clock is gone.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00125-00059067-00059427": "And this is a relatively static representation.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00126-00059427-00059791": "In real live all parameters can constantly change.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00127-00059791-00060424": "But normally this will not harm data integrity during transport or storage.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00128-00060424-00060917": "So what can go wrong then?", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00129-00060917-00061480": "Jitter - for that is what we talk about - can only harm at two places in the audio chain:", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00130-00061480-00061979": "during analog to digital conversation and during digital to analog conversion.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00131-00061979-00062450": "The analog to digital conversion is done in the studio and thus beyond our control.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00132-00062450-00062971": "But the digital to analog conversion is, so let’s see what happens there.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00133-00062971-00063527": "The digital player, being a cd-player, streamer, network bridge and the like, reads series", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00134-00063527-00064175": "of voltages that are registered on cd or in an audio file in binary form and renders these", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00135-00064175-00064467": "in voltages of an analog signal.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00136-00064467-00065076": "I use here a straight line as analog signal for educational reasons, normally a straight", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00137-00065076-00065414": "line is most unlikely in audio.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00138-00065414-00066033": "You can see that when the plotted voltages are connected by a line, it results in a perfectly", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00139-00066033-00066213": "straight line.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00140-00066213-00066717": "This is the function of the reconstruction filter that evens out voltage changes faster", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00141-00066717-00067195": "than a bandwidth of half the sampling rate would allow.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00142-00067195-00067620": "Watch my video ‘Digital audio: Pulses are not real world.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00143-00067620-00067947": "Sine waves are’ for more information.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00144-00067947-00068486": "As soon as the timing is off, like so, the line is no longer straight.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00145-00068486-00068933": "This is how jitter causes distortion in the analog signal.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00146-00068933-00069487": "Depending on the spectrum of the jitter - at what frequencies the jitter modulates the", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00147-00069487-00069927": "digital stream - the impact on the sound quality will vary.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00148-00069927-00070544": "If the jitter is at general consumer equipment level, harshness is quite common.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00149-00070544-00070702": "Also deep lows can fully disappear.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00150-00070702-00071442": "The stereo image is usually quite poor while transients sound rather poor.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00151-00071442-00072063": "With streamers at the level of my setup 2 harshness is clearly less to a level it doesn’t", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00152-00072063-00072309": "irritate anymore.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00153-00072309-00073108": "Lows are more defined, voices start sounding more natural with only sibilance being audible.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00154-00073108-00073672": "Digital sources at the level of my setup 1 have instruments and voices more separated", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00155-00073672-00074378": "and projected in a virtual space, transients make for instance a picked guitar sound in", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00156-00074378-00074688": "front of the speakers and a piano sounds far more dynamic.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00157-00074688-00075326": "When were is no sound, there really is no sound, described in the audiophile world as", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00158-00075326-00075511": "‘black background’.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00159-00075511-00075956": "This phenomenon is hard to explain other than that it can shock people.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00160-00075956-00076768": "I link this to time smearing, where the energy of a pulse is smeared over a longer time span.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00161-00076768-00077693": "Quote: “If digital transport is so robust you can easily buffer it and all is fine.”", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00162-00077693-00078148": "This is the comment I frequently get from the Digital Inquisition, waving with their", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00163-00078148-00078372": "Malleus Nyquistum.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00164-00078372-00078881": "If that was the case, how then can I hear a difference between digital sources?", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00165-00078881-00079077": "And I am not alone.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00166-00079077-00079645": "The Digital Inquisition can’t hear a different or often haven’t even bothered.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00167-00079645-00080057": "I have seen it all before in the 80’s when we didn’t know about jitter.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00168-00080057-00080629": "Me and my colleagues clearly heard a difference but since it was not yet understood technically,", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00169-00080629-00080988": "we were told we heard thing that weren’t there.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00170-00080988-00081129": "L’histoire se répète.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00171-00081129-00081637": "I’ll give you possible reasons why buffers don’t solve the problem but first a real", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00172-00081637-00082381": "life example: I have used a fantastic Chord QDB76HDSD digital to analog converter for", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00173-00082381-00082538": "years.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00174-00082538-00083351": "It had a large buffer built in that could store up to 3 seconds of 44.1 kHz audio.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00175-00083351-00084003": "I have extensively compared the buffer lengths offered by that DAC and didn’t hear a difference.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00176-00084003-00084366": "I did hear differences when changing the digital source, though.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00177-00084366-00084644": "Regardless of the length of the buffer.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00178-00084644-00084863": "How can that happen?", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00179-00084863-00085379": "This is what designers told me: after the buffer the signal has to be sent to the chip", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00180-00085379-00085653": "that does the digital to analog conversion.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00181-00085653-00085982": "During this transport jitter can be introduced again.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00182-00085982-00086502": "I already mentioned a noisy ground pane and varying voltages on power rails.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00183-00086502-00087113": "That is why the EtherREGEN has the secondary side completely isolated from the primary", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00184-00087113-00087398": "side, including the power supply.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00185-00087398-00087947": "I am also told that buffers can - or will - generate noise that can vary depending on", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00186-00087947-00088274": "how hard the buffer has to work.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00187-00088274-00088754": "Logic introduced intermodulation distortion was also mentioned, although I can’t imagine", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00188-00088754-00088967": "how and where.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00189-00088967-00089572": "Common mode noise on ethernet is mentioned too as cause for a noisy ground pane..", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00190-00089572-00090207": "I sincerely hope research will find definitive answers although definitive answers don’t", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00191-00090207-00090523": "seem to go together with serious audio very often.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00192-00090523-00091122": "One reason being that many researchers rather believe their theories and measurement gear", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00193-00091122-00091301": "than their ears.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00194-00091301-00091765": "Those researchers with ears to trust often work at smaller companies that keep their", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00195-00091765-00092261": "findings to themselves since applying for a patent is far too costly.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00196-00092261-00092468": "If possible at all.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00197-00092468-00093042": "Only a very limited number of small companies are open about their products and designs,", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00198-00093042-00093302": "UpTone Audio being one of them.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00199-00093302-00094159": "You don’t need to trust my ears but please don’t write me long comments without researching", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00200-00094159-00094423": "the phenomenon yourself.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00201-00094423-00094813": "What you need is a proper stereo setup of at least € 4,000.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00202-00094813-00095158": "The better the setup, the easier it is to hear.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00203-00095158-00095688": "If you do want to write a comment, start with a full list of equipment and the conditions", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00204-00095688-00095926": "you did your listening evaluation with.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00205-00095926-00096598": "If you can’t understand why a switch influences the sound quality to the degree I have described,", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00206-00096598-00096798": "I appreciate that.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00207-00096798-00097283": "But any discussion is fruitless if you haven’t researched it yourself.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00208-00097283-00097572": "There is no use in fighting prejudice.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00209-00097572-00098126": "I have seen that UpTone Audio allows for a 30 day return period, so there is no excuse", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00210-00098126-00098260": "for trying.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00211-00098260-00098844": "And to those that reacted with hands-on reports on the reviews of audiophile ethernet switches,", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00212-00098844-00099229": "I agree completely: they’re great.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00213-00099229-00099390": "That brings us to the end of this video.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00214-00099390-00099896": "There will be a new video, as always at Fridays at 5 PM central European time.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00215-00099896-00100387": "If you don’t want to miss that, subscribe to this channel or follow me on the social", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00216-00100387-00100796": "media so you’ll be informed when new videos are out.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00217-00100796-00101172": "If you liked this video, give it a thumbs up.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00218-00101172-00101647": "Many thanks to those viewers that support this channel financially, it keeps me independent", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00219-00101647-00101776": "and thus trustworthy.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00220-00101776-00102191": "If that makes you feel like supporting my work too, the links are in the comments below", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00221-00102191-00102445": "this video on Youtube.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00222-00102445-00103009": "I am Hans Beekhuyzen, thank you for watching and see you in the next show or on theHBproject.com.", "bPwh8H8fMlM-00223-00103009-00103334": "And whatever you do, as always, enjoy the music."}}, {"audio_id": "bPzJpWBnCHo", "text": {"bPzJpWBnCHo-00000-00000000-00000432": "It is just that we must understand - we were not born like this! We were born helpless little", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00001-00000432-00001240": "babies. Somebody fed us; somebody washed our ass; and you know - somebody did all those things for", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00002-00001240-00001303": "us, when we could not do any of those things. Somebody made us stand up, somebody protected us,", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00003-00001303-00001392": "somebody nourished us. Out of this, out of gratitude, we do certain things. At the same", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00004-00001392-00001944": "time, we don't surrender what we wish to do with this life, because it's a fresh life.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00005-00001944-00002072": "This has to do something new.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00006-00002568-00002928": "I was a student of this institute and I still feel very happy that", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00007-00002928-00003392": "the education here was very questioning. So we questioned everything, all the belief system.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00008-00003392-00003815": "So, as a result the students grow up very self-reliant, and they know themselves well.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00009-00003815-00004232": "But what happens is that they grow distant from their family, because of the difference", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00010-00004232-00004768": "in the belief system now. So... so, we may become very confident individuals,", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00011-00004768-00005200": "but what happens is we become alien to our parents. And we don't fulfill the expectations", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00012-00005200-00005728": "of the parents. So what do you think, there is a role as a daughter or a son also to be fulfilled?", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00013-00005728-00006128": "And there's a role as an individual as well. So how do we crack that balance?", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00014-00006276-00006695": "- See, we must understand this - inquiry,", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00015-00006759-00007600": "seeking, questioning, - does not mean you take on to another belief system. Leaving one belief", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00016-00007600-00008216": "system, and going into another belief system is not a better place. It's just a new gang.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00017-00008456-00008832": "Right now, in the world, there are theists and atheists.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00018-00009048-00009656": "This means - those who believe there is God. Atheist means - those who believe there is no God.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00019-00009800-00010104": "But the problem is - both of them believe something that they don't know.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00020-00010304-00010856": "One person believes positively, another person believes negatively, and one person thinks he's", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00021-00010856-00011528": "superior to the other. But the problem is the same with both the people. They are not sincere enough", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00022-00011528-00012088": "to admit - we really don't know! The reality is, you don't really know, isn't it so? Hello?", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00023-00012248-00012960": "Do you know for sure? Hello? Do you know for sure how this creation was made? You don't know.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00024-00013152-00013719": "But both are not sincere enough to admit. But one things they are so... very superior to the other.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00025-00013832-00014247": "They think that theists are idiotic, they are going to the temple and doing Ram, Ram. But the", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00026-00014247-00014832": "theists have compassion, and pity for these people - they are not connected to our god, so they're", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00027-00014832-00015584": "lost. But the problem is, both of them, neither have the courage nor the commitment to admit", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00028-00015672-00016216": "that \"I do not know\", and seek - what is the truth about it? There is no courage", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00029-00016216-00016784": "and commitment to seek. That is why both of them are taking their own conclusions, but one thing", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00030-00016784-00017348": "is better than the other. So, being in an institution like this, especially design, -", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00031-00017536-00018144": "if really design has to flow out of you, one important thing is there's no conclusion in", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00032-00018144-00018928": "your mind about anything. About anything. But it takes lot of courage to live without conclusion.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00033-00019048-00019664": "To simply live here, without taking sides, without concluding this or that, to simply look", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00034-00019664-00020376": "at life in constant wonder, take some courage. It's easy to belong to some gang or the other,", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00035-00020376-00020960": "and unfortunately joining a new gang, people think new gang is better than the old gang. No,", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00036-00020960-00021416": "this will also become old in some time. Just a little bit of time. You have to wait for", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00037-00021416-00022336": "10 minutes, it will be a old gang. So, do we have duties to our parents? It is not a duty.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00038-00022584-00022920": "It is just that we must understand - we were not born like this!", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00039-00022920-00023560": "We were born helpless little babies. Somebody fed us; somebody washed our ass; and", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00040-00023624-00024072": "you know - somebody did all those things for us, when we could not do any of those things.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00041-00024184-00024576": "Somebody made us stand up, somebody protected us, somebody nourished us.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00042-00024784-00025128": "Out of this, out of gratitude, we do certain things.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00043-00025224-00025848": "At the same time, we don't surrender what we wish to do with this life, because it's a fresh life.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00044-00025848-00026408": "This has to do something new. So there are civilized ways of doing these things.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00045-00026520-00026992": "Of breaking away from everything that your parents are, and still maintaining.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00046-00027376-00027783": "It's not a balance, there's no balance, it's an imbalance. When you want to do something very", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00047-00027783-00028472": "revolutionary, they're not going to agree with it. But the problem with most of the young people is,", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00048-00028552-00029088": "they will get angry that somebody is stopping them. No, they are not stopping you. They are", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00049-00029088-00029856": "telling you the best that they know. Yes or no? They're trying to do the best that they know.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00050-00029856-00030232": "If you appreciate that - they're only trying to do the best that they know,", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00051-00030312-00030768": "it doesn't mean you have to give in to what's best that they know. As a new generation, you must do", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00052-00030768-00031136": "something new, otherwise what's the point of one more generation. We could have ended with ours.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00053-00031264-00031600": "Yes, what is the point of a new generation if you don't do anything new.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00054-00031688-00032312": "But they will get angry that you're breaking away. You don't have to get angry. You can", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00055-00032312-00033120": "still be loving, hug them and do what you have to do. Yes, because the relationship with the parent", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00056-00033120-00033920": "is not of intellectual evolution or revolution. It is of love and protection", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00057-00033976-00035184": "and care, that's a relationship. Please maintain that part of it and do whatever the hell you want.", "bPzJpWBnCHo-00058-00036176-00036226": "Thanks"}}, {"audio_id": "bPZA0h2co0c", "text": {"bPZA0h2co0c-00000-00000000-00000200": "RTX 4080 vs RTX 4090 vs RX 7900 XTX Days Gone"}}, {"audio_id": "bQ148ern4SY", "text": {"bQ148ern4SY-00000-00000000-00010620": "*Music*"}}, {"audio_id": "bQRFMdbU2aA", "text": {"bQRFMdbU2aA-00000-00000000-00000200": "Koby pernahkah Anda bertanya-tanya mengapa kami berdua", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00001-00000200-00000378": "berbicara bahasa Inggris meskipun kami berasal dari", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00002-00000378-00000579": "belahan bumi yang sama sekali berbeda dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00003-00000579-00000830": "tidak dekat dengan Inggris itu aneh kan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00004-00000830-00001248": "itu aneh itu juga imperialisme Kim", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00005-00001248-00001433": "bolehkah aku meminjam sepatumu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00006-00001433-00001922": "untuk apa aku akan memberitahumu nanti", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00007-00002297-00002651": "hai aku  Kim Lautner dan bersama dengan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00008-00002651-00002973": "Cobie Burnett kami memperkenalkan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00009-00002973-00003327": "enam abad ke-19 yang panjang dalam cerita kami atau", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00010-00003327-00003654": "kisah sejarah manusia sejauh ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00011-00003654-00003993": "dunia tahun 1750 tampaknya jauh dari", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00012-00003993-00004284": "era pertama yang datang sebelumnya tetapi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00013-00004284-00004571": "kehidupan orang-orang pada tahun 1750 tidak  tidak", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00014-00004571-00004752": "jauh berbeda dengan kehidupan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00015-00004752-00004962": "kakek-", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00016-00004962-00005217": "nenek buyut mereka atau kakek buyut mereka atau bahkan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00017-00005217-00005453": "nenek moyang yang lebih jauh sebagian besar hal-hal yang kita", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00018-00005453-00005841": "anggap modern belum ada kebanyakan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00019-00005841-00006119": "orang masih petani nelayan atau", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00020-00006119-00006455": "penggembala sedikit yang memiliki pekerjaan melukis  seperti yang akan kita", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00021-00006455-00006690": "pikirkan tentang mereka hari ini, orang-orang berinteraksi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00022-00006690-00006906": "hanya dengan anggota kota atau desa mereka sendiri", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00023-00006906-00007179": "atau beberapa komunitas tetangga", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00024-00007179-00007572": "hampir sepanjang hidup mereka, mereka yang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00025-00007572-00007886": "ingin bepergian harus naik unta", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00026-00007886-00008250": "atau hor  ses atau kapal layar lebih sering", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00027-00008250-00008517": "mereka bepergian dengan berjalan kaki telegraf", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00028-00008517-00008822": "belum ditemukan namun layanan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00029-00008822-00009207": "pos terbatas pada beberapa orang yang memiliki hak istimewa gagasan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00030-00009207-00009504": "tentang pemerintahan yang demokratis atau bahkan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00031-00009504-00009839": "negara warga belum ada pada tahun", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00032-00009839-00010185": "1914 namun banyak fitur dari  dunia modern yang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00033-00010185-00010500": "terhubung telah ada", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00034-00010500-00010734": "telepon dan telegraf telah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00035-00010734-00010957": "ditemukan orang dapat berkomunikasi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00036-00010957-00011334": "dengan cepat melintasi jarak yang sangat jauh untuk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00037-00011334-00011532": "pertama kalinya ada jenis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00038-00011532-00011789": "pesawat terbang dan banyak kereta api dan bahkan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00039-00011789-00012086": "di beberapa tempat mobil untuk memindahkan orang dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00040-00012086-00012468": "barang masih banyak orang  petani tetapi yang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00041-00012468-00012681": "lain bekerja di pabrik atau di", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00042-00012681-00012936": "kantor bisnis seperti yang mereka lakukan hari ini mereka", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00043-00012936-00013140": "mendapatkan upah untuk pekerjaan mereka dan mereka", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00044-00013140-00013365": "menggunakan uang itu untuk membeli makanan mereka dari", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00045-00013365-00013541": "tiga toko dan penjual pasar dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00046-00013541-00013779": "sementara ada banyak raja dan bangsawan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00047-00013779-00014025": "dan orang-orang Kaisar semakin", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00048-00014025-00014294": "percaya diri  untuk menjadi warga suatu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00049-00014294-00014516": "bangsa dan bahwa bangsa itu harus", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00050-00014516-00014778": "memiliki negara dan bahwa negara itu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00051-00014778-00015031": "setidaknya harus merdeka dan diperintah  agak", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00052-00015031-00015336": "demokratis karena alasan ini banyak", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00053-00015336-00015626": "sejarawan melihat abad ke-19 yang panjang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00054-00015626-00016047": "periode dari sekitar 1750 hingga 1914 sebagai waktu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00055-00016047-00016431": "perubahan revolusioner tetapi apa yang benar", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00056-00016431-00016917": "-benar berubah antara 1750 dan 1914", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00057-00016917-00017144": "bagaimana dunia tempat kita hidup menjadi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00058-00017144-00017484": "mesin perubahan apa yang menciptakan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00059-00017484-00017681": "modern kita  dunia untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00060-00017681-00017984": "kita harus melihat perubahan revolusioner abad ke-19 yang panjang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00061-00017984-00018179": "dari", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00062-00018179-00018381": "sudut pandang orang-orang yang tinggal di", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00063-00018381-00018626": "kota-kota besar kota-kota kecil dan pertanian di seluruh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00064-00018626-00018879": "dunia mari kita mulai dengan koloni Prancis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00065-00018879-00019128": "Senegal di Afrika Barat sering diabaikan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00066-00019128-00019350": "oleh sejarah dunia Afrika ini  koloni", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00067-00019350-00019640": "berpartisipasi dalam dan dipengaruhi oleh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00068-00019640-00019851": "beberapa peristiwa dan tren", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00069-00019851-00020070": "penting hari itu adalah koloni yang terbentuk di", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00070-00020070-00020322": "sekitar satu perdagangan besar dan memperbudak", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00071-00020322-00020598": "orang setelah penghapusan perdagangan utama", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00072-00020598-00020813": "adalah gum arab yang digunakan dalam industri", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00073-00020813-00021081": "kain industri sebagai penduduk setempat yang terlibat dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00074-00021081-00021309": "perdagangan ini  berebut untung mereka", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00075-00021309-00021495": "berpartisipasi dalam revolusi di Prancis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00076-00021495-00021857": "mereka menemukan peluang pada pemberontakan 1789 dan 1848", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00077-00021857-00022140": "s melawan bangsawan Prancis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00078-00022140-00022323": "memiliki kesempatan untuk mengambil", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00079-00022323-00022554": "perusahaan Prancis yang mendominasi pohon karet", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00080-00022554-00022688": "mereka juga berjuang untuk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00081-00022688-00022887": "perwakilan politik akhirnya memenangkan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00082-00022887-00023087": "hak untuk memilih salah satu anggota parlemen Prancis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00083-00023087-00023363": "tetapi mereka juga semakin", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00084-00023363-00023585": "berada di bawah kekuasaan otoriter", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00085-00023585-00023762": "imperialisme Prancis jadi sementara", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00086-00023762-00023984": "Senegal tidak ditemukan dalam kisah-kisah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00087-00023984-00024191": "perubahan revolusioner mereka", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00088-00024191-00024404": "sebenarnya berpartisipasi dalam membuat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00089-00024404-00024654": "dunia modern asal usul modernitas", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00090-00024654-00024876": "atau datangnya dunia modern adalah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00091-00024876-00025031": "serangkaian revolusi yang terjadi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00092-00025031-00025350": "antara 1750 dan 1914", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00093-00025350-00025581": "transformasi ini bisa dibilang dimulai dengan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00094-00025581-00025819": "pergeseran pengertian tentang apa itu komunitas", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00095-00025819-00026197": "siapa yang menjadi anggota dan bagaimana komunitas itu harus dijalankan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00096-00026197-00026481": "komunitas di era ini berubah dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00097-00026481-00026745": "dua cara yang kontradiktif yang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00098-00026745-00026983": "pertama munculnya kerajaan besar yang terdiri dari banyak", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00099-00026983-00027189": "negara bagian yang lebih kecil penduduk satu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00100-00027189-00027408": "negara menjadi kelas penguasa  dan yang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00101-00027408-00027594": "lainnya menjadi subjek Kekaisaran,", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00102-00027594-00027864": "subjek memiliki hak yang lebih sedikit dan suara yang lebih sedikit", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00103-00027864-00028059": "bagaimana mereka diperintah imperium ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00104-00028059-00028281": "mempromosikan ketidaksetaraan yang masih ada", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00105-00028281-00028549": "saat ini mereka mengarah ke kategori modern seperti", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00106-00028549-00028912": "ras dan etnis tetapi yang lain dan dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00107-00028912-00029103": "banyak hal transformasi yang lebih signifikan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00108-00029103-00029295": "dalam bagaimana orang mulai", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00109-00029295-00029538": "mengatur diri mereka sendiri adalah gagasan tentang sebuah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00110-00029538-00029806": "bangsa yang muncul saat ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00111-00029806-00029997": "negara berbeda dari kerajaan karena", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00112-00029997-00030141": "mereka terdiri dari sebagian besar", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00113-00030141-00030414": "orang yang sadar memiliki", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00114-00030414-00030619": "identitas yang sama sebagai anggota bangsa itu sebagai", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00115-00030619-00030832": "anggota bangsa mereka mulai", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00116-00030832-00030961": "berpikir bahwa mereka harus memiliki", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00117-00030961-00031194": "hak tertentu untuk membantu mengatur bangsa untuk  menjadi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00118-00031194-00031462": "warga negara daripada subyek", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00119-00031462-00031677": "karena dua gagasan tentang komunitas ini,", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00120-00031677-00031882": "pandangan kerajaan yang sedikit berkembang dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00121-00031882-00032133": "pandangan baru tentang bangsa tumbuh dan bersaing", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00122-00032133-00032413": "selama abad ke-19 yang panjang Perubahan dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00123-00032413-00032700": "cara komunitas mengorganisir diri mereka mungkin", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00124-00032700-00032844": "bukan revolusi paling dramatis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00125-00032844-00033159": "dari perubahan era  dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00126-00033159-00033516": "teknologi juga mulai mengubah cara", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00127-00033516-00033757": "orang hidup di sebagian besar tempat di seluruh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00128-00033757-00034041": "dunia Revolusi Industri  n utama", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00129-00034041-00034294": "telah menjadi satu-satunya transformasi paling dramatis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00130-00034294-00034494": "dalam produksi dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00131-00034494-00034783": "distribusi dalam sejarah dunia,", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00132-00034783-00035032": "tentu saja sejak manusia belajar bertani", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00133-00035032-00035386": "menggunakan bahan bakar fosil sebagai energi, manusia menggunakan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00134-00035386-00035596": "mesin untuk bekerja di pabrik dan di", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00135-00035596-00035869": "pertanian yang menghasilkan sejumlah besar makanan dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00136-00035869-00036175": "produk jadi, banyak  orang yang dipindahkan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00137-00036175-00036441": "oleh mesin pindah dari pertanian ke kota", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00138-00036441-00036747": "untuk bekerja di pabrik baru membuat barang untuk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00139-00036747-00036946": "dijual kepada orang lain dengan mesin industri baru", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00140-00036946-00037215": "dan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00141-00037215-00037521": "pertanian dan pabrik dapat menghasilkan jauh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00142-00037521-00037753": "lebih banyak Barang dan produk semakin banyak", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00143-00037753-00038088": "orang dewasa dan terkadang anak-anak pergi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00144-00038088-00038311": "bekerja  untuk bisnis yang membayar mereka upah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00145-00038311-00038596": "upah yang bisa mereka gunakan untuk membeli dan kemudian", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00146-00038596-00038758": "mengkonsumsi barang dan produk dari", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00147-00038758-00039063": "pabrik dan pertanian industri pekerja", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00148-00039063-00039256": "dan pemilik bisnis sama-sama menjadi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00149-00039256-00039532": "peserta dalam sistem ekonomi kapitalis", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00150-00039532-00039827": "yang mendominasi dunia saat ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00151-00039827-00040126": "teknologi industri juga memungkinkan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00152-00040126-00040333": "orang dan barang bergerak  sekitar", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00153-00040333-00040630": "penemuan-penemuan baru yang lebih cepat seperti kereta api", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00154-00040630-00040882": "dan steamshi  p dan kemudian mobil", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00155-00040882-00041074": "dan pesawat memungkinkan orang melakukan perjalanan sebagai", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00156-00041074-00041335": "turis mengirim Barang dan jarak jauh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00157-00041335-00041614": "dan bahkan bermigrasi ke negara-bangsa baru", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00158-00041614-00041872": "teknologi lain memungkinkan mereka untuk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00159-00041872-00042088": "berkomunikasi dengan cepat juga melalui telepon", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00160-00042088-00042316": "dan telegraf teknologi ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00161-00042316-00042571": "bersama-sama di era ini membantu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00162-00042571-00042763": "menciptakan modern  jaringan global yang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00163-00042763-00043042": "mencirikan era kita", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00164-00043042-00043288": "Perkembangan abad ke-19 yang panjang juga mendorong", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00165-00043288-00043492": "masyarakat di seluruh dunia untuk mengadopsi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00166-00043492-00043759": "beberapa praktik umum atau cara melakukan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00167-00043759-00043987": "hal-hal yang kita sebut membawa keluhan umum dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00168-00043987-00044173": "mapan menunggu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00169-00044173-00044407": "kualitas atau kriteria untuk sesuatu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00170-00044407-00044641": "standardisasi standardisasi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00171-00044641-00044866": "meningkat baik industrialisasi dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00172-00044866-00045169": "kerajaan diperluas pertimbangkan contoh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00173-00045169-00045427": "ukuran sepatu pada suatu waktu seorang tukang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00174-00045427-00045685": "sepatu mengukur kaki Anda untuk membuat sepatu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00175-00045685-00045904": "yang sesuai dengan kaki itu dengan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00176-00045904-00046102": "industrialisasi ukuran sepatu menjadi", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00177-00046102-00046309": "standar kaki sekarang harus sesuai dengan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00178-00046309-00046576": "ukuran sepatu umum permintaan untuk membuat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00179-00046576-00046756": "standar umum memberi tekanan  tentang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00180-00046756-00046999": "cara umum atau masyarakat setempat dalam melakukan hal-", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00181-00046999-00047155": "hal yang terus kami lakukan  lihat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00182-00047155-00047452": "standardisasi hari ini sebenarnya bagaimana bertaruh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00183-00047452-00047626": "Anda mengambil tes standar tahun ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00184-00047626-00047821": "kami menemukan bukti untuk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00185-00047821-00047998": "transformasi abad ke-19 yang panjang dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00186-00047998-00048195": "sejarah dokumenter zaman dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00187-00048195-00048412": "konstitusi dan deklarasi dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00188-00048412-00048678": "surat paten untuk penemuan dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00189-00048678-00048895": "iklan baru untuk semakin", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00190-00048895-00049156": "banyak konsumen  barang dan dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00191-00049156-00049333": "standardisasi hal-hal yang berdampak pada", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00192-00049333-00049573": "kehidupan sehari-hari kami juga menemukan bukti dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00193-00049573-00049846": "data kuantitatif industrialisasi dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00194-00049846-00050158": "standardisasi misalnya sangat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00195-00050158-00050386": "terukur misalnya jika kita melihat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00196-00050386-00050722": "emisi co2 dari 1750 hingga hari ini kita", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00197-00050722-00051001": "dapat melihat bahwa mereka telah pergi dari 280 ke", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00198-00051001-00051315": "lebih  400 bagian per juta itu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00199-00051315-00051469": "tingkat tertinggi dalam 2 juta", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00200-00051469-00051757": "tahun terakhir sementara CO2 sebenarnya dapat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00201-00051757-00051919": "dikeluarkan di atmosfer dengan relatif cepat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00202-00051919-00052203": "karena menyerap ke vegetasi dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00203-00052203-00052438": "tanah dampak aktivitas manusia dapat", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00204-00052438-00052579": "bertahan selama ratusan tahun", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00205-00052579-00052791": "bagan ini memberi kita satu  gambaran tentang bagaimana", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00206-00052791-00052984": "Revolusi Industri mengubah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00207-00052984-00053209": "lingkungan tempat kita hidup sebagai vi  menikah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00208-00053209-00053398": "melalui jumlah co2 di atmosfer kita", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00209-00053491-00053749": "atau kehidupan sehari-hari dipengaruhi oleh banyak", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00210-00053749-00054016": "dari perubahan ini ponsel Anda lampu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00211-00054016-00054304": "di rumah Anda dan hampir semua yang", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00212-00054304-00054604": "Anda miliki hanya dimungkinkan oleh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00213-00054604-00054754": "Revolusi Industri", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00214-00054754-00055051": "kebanyakan dari mereka bersama dengan makanan sehari-hari Anda", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00215-00055051-00055341": "adalah  mungkin dibeli dengan upah dan dalam", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00216-00055341-00055648": "sistem ekonomi kapitalis Anda", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00217-00055648-00055804": "mungkin warga negara negara-bangsa", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00218-00055804-00056053": "dengan pemerintah yang menjamin", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00219-00056053-00056284": "dan membatasi hak dan kebebasan pribadi Anda", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00220-00056284-00056554": "ini semua adalah produk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00221-00056554-00056941": "dari abad ke-19 yang panjang era perubahan besar", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00222-00056941-00057310": "era di  di mana dunia modern", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00223-00057310-00057598": "ditempa memikirkan semua perubahan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00224-00057598-00057829": "yang terjadi selama periode waktu ini,", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00225-00057829-00058155": "tanyakan pada diri Anda sendiri dengan perubahan ini yang dibagikan secara", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00226-00058155-00058519": "merata di seluruh dunia kepada siapa", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00227-00058519-00058905": "perubahan ini terjadi dan kapan perubahan itu", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00228-00058905-00059079": "dialami secara berbeda oleh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00229-00059079-00059479": "orang yang berbeda, apakah semua orang mendapat manfaat dari ini?", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00230-00059479-00059829": "beberapa menanggung beban", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00231-00059829-00060127": "perubahan lebih dari yang lain sejarawan menggunakan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00232-00060127-00060457": "bukti untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00233-00060457-00060895": "jawaban mereka tidak  semua sama kami berharap Anda akan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00234-00060895-00061078": "mempertimbangkan beberapa pertanyaan dan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00235-00061078-00061435": "jawaban ini dan mungkin membuat Anda sendiri untuk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00236-00061435-00061648": "membantu Anda berpikir tentang dunia di mana", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00237-00061648-00061797": "kita hidup", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00238-00061797-00062374": "wow itu banyak Maksud saya seperti bagaimana", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00239-00062374-00062527": "jika mereka memutuskan realisasi dosis adalah", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00240-00062527-00062713": "cara yang salah untuk  pergi itu tidak seperti mereka", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00241-00062713-00063016": "bisa mematikannya Kolbe ingat kita berbicara", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00242-00063016-00063379": "tentang akhir ini dengan nada tinggi Oh", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00243-00063379-00063609": "bagaimana jika saya hanya mengembalikan sepatu Anda dengan", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00244-00063609-00064011": "baik itu bekerja untuk", "bQRFMdbU2aA-00245-00064152-00064358": "Anda"}}, {"audio_id": "bRw4hrc4h5u", "text": {"bRw4hrc4h5u-00000-00000010-00000226": "FACILITY IN RUTLEDGE, AND THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00001-00000226-00000233": "FACILITY IN RUTLEDGE, AND THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00002-00000233-00000383": "FACILITY IN RUTLEDGE, AND THE GROUNDBREAKING FOR THE NEW", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00003-00000383-00000390": "FACILITY IN RUTLEDGE, AND THE GROUNDBREAKING FOR THE NEW", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00004-00000390-00000553": "FACILITY IN RUTLEDGE, AND THE GROUNDBREAKING FOR THE NEW COMMUNITY CENTERS IN DISTRICTS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00005-00000553-00000560": "GROUNDBREAKING FOR THE NEW COMMUNITY CENTERS IN DISTRICTS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00006-00000560-00000690": "GROUNDBREAKING FOR THE NEW COMMUNITY CENTERS IN DISTRICTS ONE AND THREE, AND THE HALT OF", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00007-00000690-00000697": "COMMUNITY CENTERS IN DISTRICTS ONE AND THREE, AND THE HALT OF", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00008-00000697-00001271": "COMMUNITY CENTERS IN DISTRICTS ONE AND THREE, AND THE HALT OF THE SANDPIPER PIPELINE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00009-00001271-00001277": "ONE AND THREE, AND THE HALT OF THE SANDPIPER PIPELINE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00010-00001277-00001401": "ONE AND THREE, AND THE HALT OF THE SANDPIPER PIPELINE. >> DENNIS: THE SANFORD BEMIDJI", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00011-00001401-00001408": "THE SANDPIPER PIPELINE. >> DENNIS: THE SANFORD BEMIDJI", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00012-00001408-00001544": "THE SANDPIPER PIPELINE. >> DENNIS: THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL CENTER DELIVERS ALMOST", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00013-00001544-00001551": ">> DENNIS: THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL CENTER DELIVERS ALMOST", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00014-00001551-00001735": ">> DENNIS: THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL CENTER DELIVERS ALMOST 1,000 BABIES A YEAR.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00015-00001735-00001741": "MEDICAL CENTER DELIVERS ALMOST 1,000 BABIES A YEAR.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00016-00001741-00002455": "MEDICAL CENTER DELIVERS ALMOST 1,000 BABIES A YEAR. HAYDEE CLOTTER HAS THE STORY.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00017-00002455-00002462": "1,000 BABIES A YEAR. HAYDEE CLOTTER HAS THE STORY.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00018-00002462-00002615": "1,000 BABIES A YEAR. HAYDEE CLOTTER HAS THE STORY. >> SHE HAD TO BE IN A REGULAR", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00019-00002615-00002622": "HAYDEE CLOTTER HAS THE STORY. >> SHE HAD TO BE IN A REGULAR", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00020-00002622-00002699": "HAYDEE CLOTTER HAS THE STORY. >> SHE HAD TO BE IN A REGULAR NURSERY.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00021-00002699-00002706": ">> SHE HAD TO BE IN A REGULAR NURSERY.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00022-00002706-00002886": ">> SHE HAD TO BE IN A REGULAR NURSERY. THAT WAS ALL THEY HAD AVAILABLE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00023-00002886-00002892": "NURSERY. THAT WAS ALL THEY HAD AVAILABLE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00024-00002892-00002986": "NURSERY. THAT WAS ALL THEY HAD AVAILABLE. SHE WASN'T ABLE TO BE IN THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00025-00002986-00002992": "THAT WAS ALL THEY HAD AVAILABLE. SHE WASN'T ABLE TO BE IN THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00026-00002992-00003069": "THAT WAS ALL THEY HAD AVAILABLE. SHE WASN'T ABLE TO BE IN THE ROOM WITH ME.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00027-00003069-00003076": "SHE WASN'T ABLE TO BE IN THE ROOM WITH ME.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00028-00003076-00003199": "SHE WASN'T ABLE TO BE IN THE ROOM WITH ME. SHE HAD TO BE IN THE NURSERY FOR", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00029-00003199-00003206": "ROOM WITH ME. SHE HAD TO BE IN THE NURSERY FOR", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00030-00003206-00003309": "ROOM WITH ME. SHE HAD TO BE IN THE NURSERY FOR AROUND THE CLOCK CARE FROM", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00031-00003309-00003316": "SHE HAD TO BE IN THE NURSERY FOR AROUND THE CLOCK CARE FROM", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00032-00003316-00003456": "SHE HAD TO BE IN THE NURSERY FOR AROUND THE CLOCK CARE FROM NURSES AND HOSPITAL STAFF.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00033-00003456-00003463": "AROUND THE CLOCK CARE FROM NURSES AND HOSPITAL STAFF.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00034-00003463-00003586": "AROUND THE CLOCK CARE FROM NURSES AND HOSPITAL STAFF. IF THEY WOULD HAVE HAD THIS IN", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00035-00003586-00003593": "NURSES AND HOSPITAL STAFF. IF THEY WOULD HAVE HAD THIS IN", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00036-00003593-00003720": "NURSES AND HOSPITAL STAFF. IF THEY WOULD HAVE HAD THIS IN PLACE ALREADY, SHE WOULD HAVE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00037-00003720-00003727": "IF THEY WOULD HAVE HAD THIS IN PLACE ALREADY, SHE WOULD HAVE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00038-00003727-00003850": "IF THEY WOULD HAVE HAD THIS IN PLACE ALREADY, SHE WOULD HAVE BEEN IN ONE OF THESE ROOMS, AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00039-00003850-00003857": "PLACE ALREADY, SHE WOULD HAVE BEEN IN ONE OF THESE ROOMS, AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00040-00003857-00003960": "PLACE ALREADY, SHE WOULD HAVE BEEN IN ONE OF THESE ROOMS, AND I COULD HAVE STAYED WITH HER.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00041-00003960-00003967": "BEEN IN ONE OF THESE ROOMS, AND I COULD HAVE STAYED WITH HER.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00042-00003967-00004160": "BEEN IN ONE OF THESE ROOMS, AND I COULD HAVE STAYED WITH HER. >> THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00043-00004160-00004167": "I COULD HAVE STAYED WITH HER. >> THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00044-00004167-00004314": "I COULD HAVE STAYED WITH HER. >> THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL CENTER HOSTED A RIBBON CUTTING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00045-00004314-00004320": ">> THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL CENTER HOSTED A RIBBON CUTTING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00046-00004320-00004454": ">> THE SANFORD BEMIDJI MEDICAL CENTER HOSTED A RIBBON CUTTING CEREMONY FOR A GRAND OPENING.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00047-00004454-00004461": "CENTER HOSTED A RIBBON CUTTING CEREMONY FOR A GRAND OPENING.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00048-00004461-00004718": "CENTER HOSTED A RIBBON CUTTING CEREMONY FOR A GRAND OPENING. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE WITH", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00049-00004718-00004724": "CEREMONY FOR A GRAND OPENING. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE WITH", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00050-00004724-00004981": "CEREMONY FOR A GRAND OPENING. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE WITH INFANTS NEEDS IN A LONGER STAY,", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00051-00004981-00004988": "THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE WITH INFANTS NEEDS IN A LONGER STAY,", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00052-00004988-00005218": "THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE WITH INFANTS NEEDS IN A LONGER STAY, AND IT WOULD PROVIDE EXTRA CARE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00053-00005218-00005225": "INFANTS NEEDS IN A LONGER STAY, AND IT WOULD PROVIDE EXTRA CARE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00054-00005225-00005355": "INFANTS NEEDS IN A LONGER STAY, AND IT WOULD PROVIDE EXTRA CARE. >> WE HAVE BEEN NOTICING A", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00055-00005355-00005362": "AND IT WOULD PROVIDE EXTRA CARE. >> WE HAVE BEEN NOTICING A", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00056-00005362-00005492": "AND IT WOULD PROVIDE EXTRA CARE. >> WE HAVE BEEN NOTICING A INCREASING TREND OF INFABTS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00057-00005492-00005498": ">> WE HAVE BEEN NOTICING A INCREASING TREND OF INFABTS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00058-00005498-00005648": ">> WE HAVE BEEN NOTICING A INCREASING TREND OF INFABTS REQUIRING A LONGER LENGTH OF", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00059-00005648-00005655": "INCREASING TREND OF INFABTS REQUIRING A LONGER LENGTH OF", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00060-00005655-00005865": "INCREASING TREND OF INFABTS REQUIRING A LONGER LENGTH OF STAY IN OUR SPECIAL CARE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00061-00005865-00005872": "REQUIRING A LONGER LENGTH OF STAY IN OUR SPECIAL CARE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00062-00005872-00006072": "REQUIRING A LONGER LENGTH OF STAY IN OUR SPECIAL CARE NURSERY, WHICH ARE INFANTS WHICH", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00063-00006072-00006079": "STAY IN OUR SPECIAL CARE NURSERY, WHICH ARE INFANTS WHICH", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00064-00006079-00006282": "STAY IN OUR SPECIAL CARE NURSERY, WHICH ARE INFANTS WHICH NEED RESPIRATORY HELP, FEEDING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00065-00006282-00006289": "NURSERY, WHICH ARE INFANTS WHICH NEED RESPIRATORY HELP, FEEDING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00066-00006289-00006436": "NURSERY, WHICH ARE INFANTS WHICH NEED RESPIRATORY HELP, FEEDING ISSUES, THAT SORT OF THING.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00067-00006436-00006443": "NEED RESPIRATORY HELP, FEEDING ISSUES, THAT SORT OF THING.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00068-00006443-00006589": "NEED RESPIRATORY HELP, FEEDING ISSUES, THAT SORT OF THING. >> SOME OF THE INFANTS STAYING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00069-00006589-00006596": "ISSUES, THAT SORT OF THING. >> SOME OF THE INFANTS STAYING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00070-00006596-00006883": "ISSUES, THAT SORT OF THING. >> SOME OF THE INFANTS STAYING IN THE NURSERY ARE DUE TO", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00071-00006883-00006890": ">> SOME OF THE INFANTS STAYING IN THE NURSERY ARE DUE TO", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00072-00006890-00007160": ">> SOME OF THE INFANTS STAYING IN THE NURSERY ARE DUE TO SUBSTANCE EXPOSED DELIVERIES,", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00073-00007160-00007167": "IN THE NURSERY ARE DUE TO SUBSTANCE EXPOSED DELIVERIES,", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00074-00007167-00007283": "IN THE NURSERY ARE DUE TO SUBSTANCE EXPOSED DELIVERIES, BUT THE NURSERY ISN'T EXCLUSIVE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00075-00007283-00007290": "SUBSTANCE EXPOSED DELIVERIES, BUT THE NURSERY ISN'T EXCLUSIVE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00076-00007290-00007327": "SUBSTANCE EXPOSED DELIVERIES, BUT THE NURSERY ISN'T EXCLUSIVE TO THEM.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00077-00007327-00007333": "BUT THE NURSERY ISN'T EXCLUSIVE TO THEM.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00078-00007333-00007520": "BUT THE NURSERY ISN'T EXCLUSIVE TO THEM. >> WE NEEDED MORE SPACE AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00079-00007520-00007527": "TO THEM. >> WE NEEDED MORE SPACE AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00080-00007527-00007734": "TO THEM. >> WE NEEDED MORE SPACE AND INDIVIDUALIZED PATIENT ROOMS WAS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00081-00007734-00007741": ">> WE NEEDED MORE SPACE AND INDIVIDUALIZED PATIENT ROOMS WAS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00082-00007741-00007927": ">> WE NEEDED MORE SPACE AND INDIVIDUALIZED PATIENT ROOMS WAS KEY TO THE HEALING ENVIRONMENT", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00083-00007927-00007934": "INDIVIDUALIZED PATIENT ROOMS WAS KEY TO THE HEALING ENVIRONMENT", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00084-00007934-00008001": "INDIVIDUALIZED PATIENT ROOMS WAS KEY TO THE HEALING ENVIRONMENT FOR THESE KIDS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00085-00008001-00008007": "KEY TO THE HEALING ENVIRONMENT FOR THESE KIDS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00086-00008007-00008104": "KEY TO THE HEALING ENVIRONMENT FOR THESE KIDS. >> CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00087-00008104-00008111": "FOR THESE KIDS. >> CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00088-00008111-00008221": "FOR THESE KIDS. >> CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW NURSERY BEGAN IN JULY OF LAST", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00089-00008221-00008228": ">> CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW NURSERY BEGAN IN JULY OF LAST", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00090-00008228-00008371": ">> CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW NURSERY BEGAN IN JULY OF LAST YEAR AND WILL BE UP AND RUNNING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00091-00008371-00008378": "NURSERY BEGAN IN JULY OF LAST YEAR AND WILL BE UP AND RUNNING", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00092-00008378-00008561": "NURSERY BEGAN IN JULY OF LAST YEAR AND WILL BE UP AND RUNNING BY NEXT WEEK.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00093-00008561-00008568": "YEAR AND WILL BE UP AND RUNNING BY NEXT WEEK.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00094-00008568-00008725": "YEAR AND WILL BE UP AND RUNNING BY NEXT WEEK. THE 4800 SQUARE FOOT FACILITY IS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00095-00008725-00008732": "BY NEXT WEEK. THE 4800 SQUARE FOOT FACILITY IS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00096-00008732-00008928": "BY NEXT WEEK. THE 4800 SQUARE FOOT FACILITY IS LOCATED ON THE THIRD FLOOR AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00097-00008928-00008935": "THE 4800 SQUARE FOOT FACILITY IS LOCATED ON THE THIRD FLOOR AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00098-00008935-00009075": "THE 4800 SQUARE FOOT FACILITY IS LOCATED ON THE THIRD FLOOR AND HAS 10 INDIVIDUAL PATIENT ROOMS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00099-00009075-00009082": "LOCATED ON THE THIRD FLOOR AND HAS 10 INDIVIDUAL PATIENT ROOMS", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00100-00009082-00009259": "LOCATED ON THE THIRD FLOOR AND HAS 10 INDIVIDUAL PATIENT ROOMS FOR ILL NEWBORNS, ONE PROCEDURE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00101-00009259-00009265": "HAS 10 INDIVIDUAL PATIENT ROOMS FOR ILL NEWBORNS, ONE PROCEDURE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00102-00009265-00009462": "HAS 10 INDIVIDUAL PATIENT ROOMS FOR ILL NEWBORNS, ONE PROCEDURE ROOM AND ONE ROOM FOR WELL", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00103-00009462-00009469": "FOR ILL NEWBORNS, ONE PROCEDURE ROOM AND ONE ROOM FOR WELL", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00104-00009469-00009649": "FOR ILL NEWBORNS, ONE PROCEDURE ROOM AND ONE ROOM FOR WELL BABIES AND DISCHARGED READINESS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00105-00009649-00009656": "ROOM AND ONE ROOM FOR WELL BABIES AND DISCHARGED READINESS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00106-00009656-00009733": "ROOM AND ONE ROOM FOR WELL BABIES AND DISCHARGED READINESS. >> EACH ROOM WILL BE PRIVATE,", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00107-00009733-00009739": "BABIES AND DISCHARGED READINESS. >> EACH ROOM WILL BE PRIVATE,", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00108-00009739-00009989": "BABIES AND DISCHARGED READINESS. >> EACH ROOM WILL BE PRIVATE, AND SO THERE'S A SPACE FOR THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00109-00009989-00009996": ">> EACH ROOM WILL BE PRIVATE, AND SO THERE'S A SPACE FOR THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00110-00009996-00010126": ">> EACH ROOM WILL BE PRIVATE, AND SO THERE'S A SPACE FOR THE MOMS TO BE HERE AND DADS AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00111-00010126-00010133": "AND SO THERE'S A SPACE FOR THE MOMS TO BE HERE AND DADS AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00112-00010133-00010203": "AND SO THERE'S A SPACE FOR THE MOMS TO BE HERE AND DADS AND FAMILY MEMBERS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00113-00010203-00010210": "MOMS TO BE HERE AND DADS AND FAMILY MEMBERS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00114-00010210-00010450": "MOMS TO BE HERE AND DADS AND FAMILY MEMBERS. AND THEY CAN COME AT ANY TIME", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00115-00010450-00010457": "FAMILY MEMBERS. AND THEY CAN COME AT ANY TIME", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00116-00010457-00010777": "FAMILY MEMBERS. AND THEY CAN COME AT ANY TIME AND BE A PART OF BABIES' CARE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00117-00010777-00010784": "AND THEY CAN COME AT ANY TIME AND BE A PART OF BABIES' CARE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00118-00010784-00011051": "AND THEY CAN COME AT ANY TIME AND BE A PART OF BABIES' CARE. >> THE WARMERS IN THE ROOM ARE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00119-00011051-00011057": "AND BE A PART OF BABIES' CARE. >> THE WARMERS IN THE ROOM ARE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00120-00011057-00011237": "AND BE A PART OF BABIES' CARE. >> THE WARMERS IN THE ROOM ARE FOR LESS CRITICAL INFANTS, AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00121-00011237-00011244": ">> THE WARMERS IN THE ROOM ARE FOR LESS CRITICAL INFANTS, AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00122-00011244-00011548": ">> THE WARMERS IN THE ROOM ARE FOR LESS CRITICAL INFANTS, AND THE JURY AFTER BEDS FOR MORE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00123-00011548-00011554": "FOR LESS CRITICAL INFANTS, AND THE JURY AFTER BEDS FOR MORE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00124-00011554-00011674": "FOR LESS CRITICAL INFANTS, AND THE JURY AFTER BEDS FOR MORE CRITICAL INFANTS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00125-00011674-00011681": "THE JURY AFTER BEDS FOR MORE CRITICAL INFANTS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00126-00011681-00011785": "THE JURY AFTER BEDS FOR MORE CRITICAL INFANTS. >> OVER THE HOLIDAYS, WE DID", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00127-00011785-00011791": "CRITICAL INFANTS. >> OVER THE HOLIDAYS, WE DID", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00128-00011791-00011895": "CRITICAL INFANTS. >> OVER THE HOLIDAYS, WE DID THREE EVENINGS A WEEK.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00129-00011895-00011901": ">> OVER THE HOLIDAYS, WE DID THREE EVENINGS A WEEK.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00130-00011901-00012085": ">> OVER THE HOLIDAYS, WE DID THREE EVENINGS A WEEK. WE ROCK FROM 4 TO 8, SO WE'RE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00131-00012085-00012092": "THREE EVENINGS A WEEK. WE ROCK FROM 4 TO 8, SO WE'RE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00132-00012092-00012178": "THREE EVENINGS A WEEK. WE ROCK FROM 4 TO 8, SO WE'RE GREAT ROCKERS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00133-00012178-00012185": "WE ROCK FROM 4 TO 8, SO WE'RE GREAT ROCKERS.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00134-00012185-00012358": "WE ROCK FROM 4 TO 8, SO WE'RE GREAT ROCKERS. WE ROCK NEW YEAR'S EVE HERE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00135-00012358-00012365": "GREAT ROCKERS. WE ROCK NEW YEAR'S EVE HERE.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00136-00012365-00012525": "GREAT ROCKERS. WE ROCK NEW YEAR'S EVE HERE. >> AS PART OF THE SAFE SLEEP", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00137-00012525-00012532": "WE ROCK NEW YEAR'S EVE HERE. >> AS PART OF THE SAFE SLEEP", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00138-00012532-00012662": "WE ROCK NEW YEAR'S EVE HERE. >> AS PART OF THE SAFE SLEEP INITIATIVE TO PRACTICE SAFE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00139-00012662-00012669": ">> AS PART OF THE SAFE SLEEP INITIATIVE TO PRACTICE SAFE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00140-00012669-00012869": ">> AS PART OF THE SAFE SLEEP INITIATIVE TO PRACTICE SAFE SLEEPING HABITS, EACH BABY BORN", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00141-00012869-00012876": "INITIATIVE TO PRACTICE SAFE SLEEPING HABITS, EACH BABY BORN", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00142-00012876-00013113": "INITIATIVE TO PRACTICE SAFE SLEEPING HABITS, EACH BABY BORN THIS YEAR AT SANFORD WILL", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00143-00013113-00013119": "SLEEPING HABITS, EACH BABY BORN THIS YEAR AT SANFORD WILL", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00144-00013119-00013273": "SLEEPING HABITS, EACH BABY BORN THIS YEAR AT SANFORD WILL RECEIVE A SLEEP SACK.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00145-00013273-00013279": "THIS YEAR AT SANFORD WILL RECEIVE A SLEEP SACK.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00146-00013279-00013416": "THIS YEAR AT SANFORD WILL RECEIVE A SLEEP SACK. >> OUR WINTERS ARE COLD, AND WE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00147-00013416-00013423": "RECEIVE A SLEEP SACK. >> OUR WINTERS ARE COLD, AND WE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00148-00013423-00013560": "RECEIVE A SLEEP SACK. >> OUR WINTERS ARE COLD, AND WE WANT OUR BABIES TO BE NICE AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00149-00013560-00013566": ">> OUR WINTERS ARE COLD, AND WE WANT OUR BABIES TO BE NICE AND", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00150-00013566-00013696": ">> OUR WINTERS ARE COLD, AND WE WANT OUR BABIES TO BE NICE AND WARM WHEN THEY GO HOME.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00151-00013696-00013703": "WANT OUR BABIES TO BE NICE AND WARM WHEN THEY GO HOME.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00152-00013703-00013853": "WANT OUR BABIES TO BE NICE AND WARM WHEN THEY GO HOME. >> THEY'LL FINISH SETTING UP THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00153-00013853-00013860": "WARM WHEN THEY GO HOME. >> THEY'LL FINISH SETTING UP THE", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00154-00013860-00013930": "WARM WHEN THEY GO HOME. >> THEY'LL FINISH SETTING UP THE ROOMS MONDAY.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00155-00013930-00013937": ">> THEY'LL FINISH SETTING UP THE ROOMS MONDAY.", "bRw4hrc4h5u-00156-00013937-00014414": ">> THEY'LL FINISH SETTING UP THE ROOMS MONDAY. TUESDAY THE BABIES WILL MOVE IN."}}, {"audio_id": "bRFMwxyrnWc", "text": {"bRFMwxyrnWc-00000-00002654-00004269": "A dying career if it was sounded out by a verbose cat.", "bRFMwxyrnWc-00001-00005128-00005608": "I just ate Cinemassacre!", "bRFMwxyrnWc-00002-00007262-00007970": "Justin is totally having fun"}}, {"audio_id": "bS3W18Fp1uy", "text": {"bS3W18Fp1uy-00000-00001192-00001618": "Greetings from the Pentagon. I wanted to take some time to congratulate  you", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00001-00001618-00001768": "on your Diamond anniversary.", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00002-00001768-00002103": "the Army Military Police, 75 years", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00003-00002103-00002337": "51, 000 people", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00004-00002339-00002663": "around the world. wether it's her at the Pentagon,", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00005-00002663-00002763": "or in dangerous,", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00006-00002763-00003198": "obscure places around the world, Army Soldiers and civilians", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00007-00003198-00003644": "know they can do their jobs safely because of your support.", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00008-00003644-00003978": "and for people like me, we literally couldn't get to work without you everyday.", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00009-00003978-00004718": "so thank you. But I know for my detail, it's a pretty easy job because nothing ever happens around me.", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00010-00004719-00005242": "Thank you for all you do to keep me safe, to make it possible for me to do my job.", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00011-00005242-00005724": "and congratulations again on your 75th birthday. Army Strong.", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00012-00005878-00006078": "How was that guys?", "bS3W18Fp1uy-00013-00006140-00006508": "That was great sir.  Perfect as always, right? Absolutely. Alright, let's go."}}, {"audio_id": "bSjwWwlfkpI", "text": {"bSjwWwlfkpI-00000-00000057-00000431": "What is Service Design? Let's start with an example:", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00001-00000436-00000848": "Think of the last time you went to the DMV- If your experience was like most people's", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00002-00000852-00001270": "it was frustrating, took way too long, and you probably didn't leave feeling great.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00003-00001310-00001679": "While waiting, you may have wondered, \"Why isn't this service more satisfying?\"", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00004-00001707-00002011": "and started imagining ways to improve your experience.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00005-00002045-00002468": "Service design is the practice of making  services, just like the DMV, better", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00006-00002481-00002905": "through research, developing ideas, and testing experiences.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00007-00002941-00003308": "Because you can't see them, you probably don't think about services too often,", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00008-00003327-00003833": "but they are everywhere, and you're interacting with dozens, if not hundreds of them every day.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00009-00003843-00004096": "Services range from product-based to intangible;", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00010-00004119-00004510": "and from simple, such as online videos, car mechanics, and in-store shopping", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00011-00004525-00004933": "to complicated: staying at a hotel, mortgages, and public transit", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00012-00004943-00005433": "to highly complex: education, healthcare, and government services.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00013-00005444-00005751": "As you can see, services affect most areas of our lives.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00014-00005798-00006291": "Actually, Services are so prolific that they now account for a majority of the world's GDP.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00015-00006483-00006725": "So, what do service designers do?", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00016-00006786-00007075": "Every service is different, so there's no one procedure set in stone.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00017-00007097-00007628": "However, service designers usually collaborate with many other disciplines while following these basic steps:", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00018-00007653-00008197": "We begin by talking to everyone involved with, or affected by the service - collectively called stakeholders -", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00019-00008209-00008598": "to deeply understand their ideas on what  an ideal experience would look like.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00020-00008673-00009030": "Compiling this research gives us a complete, bird's-eye view of the current service", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00021-00009058-00009468": "and what's required to satisfy the needs  and motivations of each group.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00022-00009507-00010146": "Based on these findings, we then work with the stakeholders to create a variety of ideas that we believe will improve the service.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00023-00010184-00010612": "Next, we test our most appealing ideas with real people using 'service prototypes' -", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00024-00010631-00011271": "which are mock-ups of an idea that allow someone to experience how it feels to interact directly with new aspects of a service.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00025-00011292-00011780": "For example, a small team of designers can quickly test different kinds of appointments and express lanes", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00026-00011796-00012151": "to see how these changes can best improve their waiting line experience.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00027-00012182-00012839": "Or, we might have employees at one DMV location provide customers with free coffee, wifi, and a comfortable lounge area", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00028-00012850-00013224": "in order to test how these small changes  can improve the overall experience.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00029-00013285-00013627": "Repeating these phases many times  allows us to better understand the problem", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00030-00013645-00014040": "while polishing our ideas and collecting them into a complete service solution.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00031-00014124-00014496": "At the end of the process we share the newly redesigned service with the relevant stakeholders", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00032-00014511-00014979": "and provide them with a plan for implementing,  sustaining, and evolving it in the future.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00033-00015066-00015231": "So, what are the results?", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00034-00015277-00015710": "When service design is done well, it's like running a  highly-constructive group therapy session,", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00035-00015726-00016398": "in which stakeholders build symbiotic relationships and unify  on the common goal of producing great service experiences.", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00036-00016415-00016868": "This leads to services that are desirable,  enjoyable, effective, and efficient", "bSjwWwlfkpI-00037-00016897-00017250": "for providers, consumers, and society."}}, {"audio_id": "bS-FM-kfIdy", "text": {"bS-FM-kfIdy-00000-00000036-00000231": "Hey Guys at Positive Channel", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00001-00000258-00000458": "Today I bring you all the best and the strongest courses", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00002-00000472-00000778": "that you can start it now at your home", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00003-00001532-00001889": "I collected some Online Courses that you can enroll it anywhere", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00004-00001954-00002154": "this is due to quarantine", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00005-00002204-00002404": "and We have to spend our time in useful things", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00006-00002420-00002620": "games are not everything", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00007-00002664-00002864": "also entertainment", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00008-00002904-00003112": "we won't waste our time by the way", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00009-00003210-00003410": "this is why I decided to bring you the courses", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00010-00003486-00003686": "that you can all have their benefits and in different work fields", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00011-00003692-00003892": "Let's Start", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00012-00003894-00003996": "The first one is", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00013-00004032-00004232": "Game Development", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00014-00004356-00004556": "this course is from Harvard University", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00015-00004580-00004776": "it will take you about 12 weeks", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00016-00004846-00005260": "this course will improve your animation", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00017-00005266-00005414": "also 2D and 3D", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00018-00005488-00005756": "and you will learn the basics of game designing and development", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00019-00005834-00006040": "and when you finished this course", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00020-00006150-00006350": "you will be able to make so enjoyable games", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00021-00006374-00006666": "like supermario , angrybirds and pokemon", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00022-00006750-00007086": "the second one is about web designing", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00023-00007278-00007638": "you will learn two of the most important programming language", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00024-00007742-00008062": "Python and JavaScript", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00025-00008154-00008400": "they are from the highest paid programming language", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00026-00008450-00008864": "for sure when we are talking about web designing", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00027-00008872-00009294": "so we have to talk about the basics which are HTML and CSS", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00028-00009402-00009602": "this will take about 12 weeks too", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00029-00009680-00009880": "the third one is", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00030-00010038-00010238": "Mobile App development", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00031-00010412-00010510": "which is most wanted", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00032-00010594-00010794": "this course is by Harvard university too", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00033-00010794-00010954": "it will take about 13 weeks", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00034-00011024-00011300": "then you will be able to make mobile apps", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00035-00011552-00011752": "and those are the best by Harvard", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00036-00011842-00012230": "and there are many other courses", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00037-00012282-00012448": "I will put all the links in the description", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00038-00012496-00012802": "courses like : Introduction in computer science", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00039-00012802-00012968": "History", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00040-00012968-00013108": "and Health Care", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00041-00013150-00013532": "the 4th one is from Google", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00042-00013536-00014119": "It is a great course and you can enroll it now even you are zero level experienced", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00043-00014141-00014347": "then do the test", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00044-00014386-00014996": "if you passed the test with 80% you will get an Accredited certification from Google", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00045-00015046-00015246": "Digital Marketing", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00046-00015424-00015796": "It is popular and has different work fields", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00047-00015804-00015968": "with open market work", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00048-00016158-00016358": "the 5th is Psychology", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00049-00016448-00016786": "if you got up asking yourself why people do a certain action", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00050-00016876-00017076": "so you actually need this course", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00051-00017126-00017288": "This course is by Wesleyan University", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00052-00017446-00017646": "33% of the people who take this course", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00053-00017784-00017942": "they started a new jobs at their life", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00054-00018102-00018302": "the 6th is English one", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00055-00018418-00018618": "English became a global language", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00056-00018764-00019526": "and we need to use it everywhere such as work , communication or making new friends", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00057-00019526-00020082": "the course will improve your skills and make you write and speak English well", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00058-00020106-00020958": "Wait for the next video of the best Apps to develop your English", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00059-00020964-00021164": "improve your skills", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00060-00021172-00021372": "so you won't need any teacher or such a course", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00061-00021432-00021632": "I don't wanna to make the video longer so ...", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00062-00021652-00021998": "all this courses and more you will find all the links at the description", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00063-00022042-00022320": "You can enroll any course right now", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00064-00022388-00022614": "Don't forget to tell me your opinions at the comments", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00065-00022680-00022796": "What is the preferred work field for you?", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00066-00022838-00023038": "and which course that you decided to enroll it now?", "bS-FM-kfIdy-00067-00023082-00023886": "Hopefully if you like the video hit a like below and subscribe my channel then click on the bell icon to get the notifications of the new video"}}, {"audio_id": "bSElW6dahM0", "text": {"bSElW6dahM0-00000-00000006-00000738": "Let's make this work for you. First off, what is your biggest enemy?", "bSElW6dahM0-00001-00000900-00001404": "Is it sabotaging self-talk or is it depressive emotion or negative thinking? What's yours?", "bSElW6dahM0-00002-00001836-00002628": "This enemy often takes us away from ourselves. It gets you stuck in your head and not living fully.", "bSElW6dahM0-00003-00002724-00003294": "So here's step one is to come back really to your body. Come home to your body by", "bSElW6dahM0-00004-00003294-00003936": "following your in and out breath all the way through and use your breath as an anchor.", "bSElW6dahM0-00005-00004026-00004500": "Ask yourself if your body could speak what would it say."}}, {"audio_id": "bSQH9_jclVc", "text": {"bSQH9_jclVc-00000-00000213-00000306": "Dolphin?", "bSQH9_jclVc-00001-00000320-00000573": "Yuka lost!", "bSQH9_jclVc-00002-00000573-00000720": "Yuka lost!", "bSQH9_jclVc-00003-00001781-00001958": "Oh my god I’m shy", "bSQH9_jclVc-00004-00002168-00002339": "I’m so shy man~!", "bSQH9_jclVc-00005-00002339-00002509": "Why you are shy lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00006-00002509-00002809": "Rohan is smiling lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00007-00003429-00003593": "It smell like poops here lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00008-00003593-00003893": "You pooped, huh?", "bSQH9_jclVc-00009-00003893-00004237": "Rohan: hey hey what happened?", "bSQH9_jclVc-00010-00004237-00004407": "We cannot kisses, ok?", "bSQH9_jclVc-00011-00004407-00004577": "No kisses, ok?", "bSQH9_jclVc-00012-00004624-00005051": "Promise, ok? Let’s do it again", "bSQH9_jclVc-00013-00006152-00006302": "Hey stop it~~!", "bSQH9_jclVc-00014-00006486-00006636": "He is slightly laughing lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00015-00006793-00006963": "Why you are smiling like that hehe", "bSQH9_jclVc-00016-00007033-00007203": "Shy boy?", "bSQH9_jclVc-00017-00007827-00008121": "Daddy looks so happy lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00018-00008121-00008291": "Oh my god(because they are so cute)", "bSQH9_jclVc-00019-00008358-00008598": "This is why I am so happy being around them", "bSQH9_jclVc-00020-00008832-00008982": "Taste good Rohan?", "bSQH9_jclVc-00021-00010443-00010660": "You eat too much Yuka lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00022-00010660-00010840": "Oh right lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00023-00010840-00011024": "Give it to Rohan, he couldn’t have it at all lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00024-00011588-00011828": "Don’t drop it", "bSQH9_jclVc-00025-00012008-00012302": "Mommy isn’t good at doing this game, right Rohan??", "bSQH9_jclVc-00026-00013169-00013410": "ROhan: hey is it your first time doing this? Lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00027-00013730-00013970": "Rohan only smell it lol why you kissed the banana~~!", "bSQH9_jclVc-00028-00014577-00014914": "Dolphin…???", "bSQH9_jclVc-00029-00014914-00015255": "Yuka lost..!", "bSQH9_jclVc-00030-00015255-00015422": "That’s ok mommy lol", "bSQH9_jclVc-00031-00015422-00015568": "But Yuka eats Banana even though she lost lol"}}, {"audio_id": "bUfkXwYlIGE", "text": {"bUfkXwYlIGE-00000-00000333-00000559": "Interface ergonomics can be classified under...", "bUfkXwYlIGE-00001-00000559-00003041": "no, no, that can be a new category"}}, {"audio_id": "bUAGIRAPOGM", "text": {"bUAGIRAPOGM-00000-00037080-00038010": "Please advance 30 seconds to the next part of the video at 6:38:00"}}, {"audio_id": "bUOtVTzIW54", "text": {"bUOtVTzIW54-00000-00000520-00000872": "Are you wondering what upload defaults are? Hi Taylor here with", "bUOtVTzIW54-00001-00000872-00001216": "Financial Potion where video is your Financial Potion and never miss out on a", "bUOtVTzIW54-00002-00001216-00001536": "video please make sure you subscribe to our channel and click on that bell so", "bUOtVTzIW54-00003-00001536-00001919": "you're notified when a new video is uploaded every friday at 5 pm arizona", "bUOtVTzIW54-00004-00001919-00002152": "time. For one-to-one training or just to", "bUOtVTzIW54-00005-00002152-00002592": "support our content, please click above and connect with us on our Patreon page.", "bUOtVTzIW54-00006-00002592-00002943": "Upload defaults can save you a tremendous amount of time when you're", "bUOtVTzIW54-00007-00002943-00003271": "doing video optimizations. In order to access your", "bUOtVTzIW54-00008-00003271-00003528": "upload defaults you're going to go to your Youtube", "bUOtVTzIW54-00009-00003528-00003984": "studio and then click on settings and then you'll see upload defaults.", "bUOtVTzIW54-00010-00003984-00004336": "There's basic info and advanced. The areas that you", "bUOtVTzIW54-00011-00004336-00004848": "definitely want to do upload defaults are descriptions and tags. In your", "bUOtVTzIW54-00012-00004848-00005112": "description you want to try to get about a thousand", "bUOtVTzIW54-00013-00005112-00005464": "characters in there and then in your tags try to get as", "bUOtVTzIW54-00014-00005464-00006087": "close to the 500 characters that you can. I definitely do not advise that you put", "bUOtVTzIW54-00015-00006087-00006455": "anything under title only because if you do a batch", "bUOtVTzIW54-00016-00006455-00006792": "upload all the videos you upload are going to", "bUOtVTzIW54-00017-00006792-00007136": "have that title and then you're going to spend a lot of time doing editing or", "bUOtVTzIW54-00018-00007136-00007376": "possibly figuring out which video is which", "bUOtVTzIW54-00019-00007376-00007728": "but there's other things you can turn on or turn off", "bUOtVTzIW54-00020-00007728-00008104": "in your upload defaults that's just gonna save you a lot of time whenever", "bUOtVTzIW54-00021-00008104-00008496": "you're uploading videos. If you have any other questions please", "bUOtVTzIW54-00022-00008496-00008808": "leave them in the comments below but I hope this helped you understand", "bUOtVTzIW54-00023-00008808-00009256": "what upload defaults are how to access them and how to use them.", "bUOtVTzIW54-00024-00009256-00009884": "Thanks so much and until next week stay", "bUOtVTzIW54-00025-00009884-00010256": "engaging!"}}, {"audio_id": "bVk1vgyrUzo", "text": {"bVk1vgyrUzo-00000-00000689-00001017": "We have a history of innovation in our organization.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00001-00001017-00001542": "The masternode tier is not unique now amongst altcoins", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00002-00001542-00001852": "however we were the first to implement it.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00003-00001852-00002350": "The masternode is any node that can prove collateral of 1,000 Dash.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00004-00002350-00002834": "It’s a significant investment for those who are going to protect our network.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00005-00002834-00003015": "And they have a critical role for us.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00006-00003015-00003342": "We used a quorum of 10 for InstantSend.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00007-00003342-00003870": "But we couldn’t deterministically tell who they were as they came and went", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00008-00003870-00004122": "until we were able to implement special transactions,", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00009-00004123-00004328": "and that’s why it’s so critical for us.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00010-00004328-00004673": "We’re now putting into place Long-Living Masternode Quorums", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00011-00004673-00005152": "to support the future of decentralized applications that will be built on the network.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00012-00005152-00005517": "Our first use case of Long Living Masternode Quorums", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00013-00005517-00005753": "is the introduction of our ChainLocks feature.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00014-00005753-00006058": "It protects us against 51% attacks.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00015-00006058-00006283": "And this is all done at the protocol level.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00016-00006283-00006927": "Now, as a transaction is sent those funds can be re-spend immediately.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00017-00006927-00007317": "Three major components of what Dash Evolution delivers:", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00018-00007317-00007539": "The first is blockchain identities.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00019-00007539-00007897": "The blockchain username is an immutable identity.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00020-00007897-00008145": "It is going to be used for transaction payments.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00021-00008145-00008682": "To be able to transact by a common username as opposed to a cryptographic address.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00022-00008682-00008981": "The other two components are really the platform", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00023-00008981-00009640": "which comprise off-chain data storage leveraging again our masternode networks.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00024-00009640-00009931": "And a decentralized API.", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00025-00009931-00010095": "How can we do this?", "bVk1vgyrUzo-00026-00010095-00010334": "We have an incentivized second-tier."}}, {"audio_id": "bVllYn_qwWU", "text": {"bVllYn_qwWU-00000-00000387-00001237": "Print the Address of Variable using Pointer"}}, {"audio_id": "bVs06-IEkMy", "text": {"bVs06-IEkMy-00000-00000000-00000248": "informatica joiner transformation", "bVs06-IEkMy-00001-00000248-00000808": "Here is the guide to implement joiner transformation in informatica with examples", "bVs06-IEkMy-00002-00000808-00001072": "Joiner transformation in informatica"}}, {"audio_id": "bVvAtzz1-24", "text": {"bVvAtzz1-24-00000-00001420-00001620": "Privacy and security of health information", "bVvAtzz1-24-00001-00001670-00001820": "are of utmost importance", "bVvAtzz1-24-00002-00001845-00001995": "in today's technologically-advancing world.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00003-00002154-00002387": "The increased use of electronic health records", "bVvAtzz1-24-00004-00002450-00002716": "as well as smartphones, tablets, and patient portals", "bVvAtzz1-24-00005-00002775-00003041": "are changing how we look at our healthcare.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00006-00003091-00003358": "The laws and regulations that protect our information", "bVvAtzz1-24-00007-00003391-00003541": "also need to change.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00008-00003562-00003741": "Currently, the Health Insurance Portability", "bVvAtzz1-24-00009-00003804-00003983": "and Accountability Act, or HIPAA,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00010-00004050-00004283": "sets the standards for protecting the privacy,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00011-00004333-00004533": "confidentiality, and security of health information.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00012-00004670-00004870": "Dr. William Braithwaite, who was instrumental", "bVvAtzz1-24-00013-00004929-00005162": "in drafting the privacy and security rules,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00014-00005204-00005504": "was known when they first came as \"Dr. HIPAA.\"", "bVvAtzz1-24-00015-00005508-00005741": "Let's hear what he has to say.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00016-00005729-00005962": "When we talk about HIPAA, particularly privacy", "bVvAtzz1-24-00017-00005970-00006204": "and security, we're thinking about the HIPAA", "bVvAtzz1-24-00018-00006229-00006350": "Administrative Simplification subtitle.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00019-00006558-00006758": "The rest of this huge law", "bVvAtzz1-24-00020-00006716-00006983": "was about health insurance portability and so on.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00021-00007125-00007458": "It all started with a workgroup  on electronic data interchange", "bVvAtzz1-24-00022-00007500-00007800": "back in the early '90s who decided that healthcare", "bVvAtzz1-24-00023-00007908-00008141": "was wasting 30 percent of the money", "bVvAtzz1-24-00024-00008266-00008500": "that was being put into health insurance", "bVvAtzz1-24-00025-00008504-00008683": "by doing very strange and...", "bVvAtzz1-24-00026-00009004-00009204": "actually absurdly expensive exchanges of information", "bVvAtzz1-24-00027-00009408-00009587": "between providers and health plans.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00028-00009604-00009937": "So, they went to Congress, they talked to some folks", "bVvAtzz1-24-00029-00009895-00010162": "about that, a couple of laws were drafted,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00030-00010316-00010583": "and at the same time in the House,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00031-00010491-00010825": "laws were being drafted about privacy based on the same", "bVvAtzz1-24-00032-00010983-00011183": "fair information privacy practices that resulted", "bVvAtzz1-24-00033-00011366-00011566": "in the 1974 Federal Privacy Act,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00034-00011733-00012000": "but those privacy rules had never been able", "bVvAtzz1-24-00035-00012012-00012191": "to be passed by Congress.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00036-00012233-00012500": "So, when the Administrative Simplification idea came up,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00037-00012700-00012879": "it didn't get very far,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00038-00012904-00013170": "but in 1993, when Clinton's health reform bill", "bVvAtzz1-24-00039-00013187-00013520": "was coming through, there was a whole section in there", "bVvAtzz1-24-00040-00013491-00013641": "about health information technology,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00041-00013829-00014229": "and I was sort of the right person at the right place", "bVvAtzz1-24-00042-00014100-00014400": "at the right time and managed to put together", "bVvAtzz1-24-00043-00014383-00014716": "a coalition of staff from the House and the Senate,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00044-00014795-00014995": "both parties, and with industry input", "bVvAtzz1-24-00045-00015262-00015529": "came up with this law called Administrative Simplification,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00046-00015679-00015912": "which laid out the standards that everybody", "bVvAtzz1-24-00047-00015866-00016200": "would have to follow in order to save this money,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00048-00016220-00016454": "but also took into consideration the fact", "bVvAtzz1-24-00049-00016479-00016712": "that as we turned people's health information", "bVvAtzz1-24-00050-00016745-00017012": "into electronic form and started shooting it around", "bVvAtzz1-24-00051-00017075-00017375": "over the internet or any other form of connection", "bVvAtzz1-24-00052-00017412-00017679": "that the security and privacy of that information", "bVvAtzz1-24-00053-00017675-00017941": "had to be protected, because at that time,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00054-00017908-00018175": "there were no laws on a federal level", "bVvAtzz1-24-00055-00018108-00018287": "to protect your health information.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00056-00018358-00018558": "So, the combination was very powerful,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00057-00018750-00019050": "and when Clinton's health reform bill didn't get passed,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00058-00019154-00019354": "the Administrative Simplification law got saved", "bVvAtzz1-24-00059-00019483-00019750": "and got attached to every health reform bill", "bVvAtzz1-24-00060-00019695-00020029": "that got introduced over the next two or three years,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00061-00019970-00020170": "and finally in 1996, when HIPAA", "bVvAtzz1-24-00062-00020241-00020508": "as a Health Insurance Portability Act got passed,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00063-00020833-00020983": "the Administrative Simplification law", "bVvAtzz1-24-00064-00020987-00021137": "was attached to it.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00065-00021220-00021454": "Now, by that point, Congress had realized", "bVvAtzz1-24-00066-00021495-00021729": "that they couldn't pass a privacy law.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00067-00021887-00022154": "They promised they would, but they never did.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00068-00022250-00022616": "So, when the law was about to be passed and signed,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00069-00022750-00023016": "we got them to change a few words.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00070-00023104-00023337": "So, in addition to setting the standards", "bVvAtzz1-24-00071-00023329-00023479": "for doing Administrative Simplification,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00072-00023591-00023891": "it says that Congress agrees to pass a comprehensive", "bVvAtzz1-24-00073-00024041-00024275": "health information privacy law within three years,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00074-00024341-00024675": "but if they fail, the Secretary is given the power", "bVvAtzz1-24-00075-00024720-00024900": "to do it by regulation.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00076-00025025-00025325": "And so, when you look into the HIPAA law", "bVvAtzz1-24-00077-00025425-00025691": "for \"Where's the privacy law,\" there isn't one.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00078-00025870-00026050": "The law actually didn't appear", "bVvAtzz1-24-00079-00026133-00026400": "until it became regulation in the year 2000.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00080-00026437-00026670": "Providers are more accepting of HIPAA now", "bVvAtzz1-24-00081-00026862-00027062": "because when it first came out,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00082-00027008-00027308": "it came out in a way that scared everybody.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00083-00027358-00027691": "I think--I don't know exactly why or where it started,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00084-00027795-00028062": "but the idea of, \"HIPAA's this new law,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00085-00028179-00028579": "it makes you do things that you've never had to do before,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00086-00028558-00028825": "and you don't see a reason for it,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00087-00028741-00028941": "and it's expensive, and it's scary", "bVvAtzz1-24-00088-00028954-00029354": "'cause they're gonna throw you in jail if you don't do it,\"", "bVvAtzz1-24-00089-00029195-00029395": "none of which was true, but--", "bVvAtzz1-24-00090-00029625-00029804": "the whole idea, for example,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00091-00029820-00030020": "that the Privacy Rule in HIPAA", "bVvAtzz1-24-00092-00030141-00030341": "was based around one simple concept,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00093-00030375-00030575": "which is: don't surprise the patient.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00094-00030583-00030916": "Patients are learning more and more over time about it.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00095-00030908-00031175": "They're becoming more aware, particularly when they start", "bVvAtzz1-24-00096-00031208-00031475": "using Facebook and all these new social media,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00097-00031604-00031904": "they realize, especially when they watch what their kids", "bVvAtzz1-24-00098-00031983-00032283": "do with this stuff, they realize that that information,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00099-00032404-00032670": "which is not secret anymore, can be hurtful.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00100-00032845-00033079": "They also realize that the healthcare system", "bVvAtzz1-24-00101-00033104-00033437": "is more complex and that it isn't just their doctor", "bVvAtzz1-24-00102-00033450-00033600": "that needs this information.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00103-00033604-00033783": "So, the whole idea that", "bVvAtzz1-24-00104-00033987-00034287": "patients should be educated about what privacy is about", "bVvAtzz1-24-00105-00034391-00034658": "and what people do with their health information", "bVvAtzz1-24-00106-00034666-00034933": "was the reason why everybody's given a notice.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00107-00034950-00035316": "When you go to the doctor's office for the first time,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00108-00035175-00035441": "you're given a notice of their privacy practices.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00109-00035450-00035716": "That was the first attempt to educate people", "bVvAtzz1-24-00110-00035729-00035908": "about what really goes on.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00111-00036025-00036258": "I think what happened was most people", "bVvAtzz1-24-00112-00036233-00036500": "just put that in the-- they signed it,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00113-00036554-00036820": "and then they put it in the trash", "bVvAtzz1-24-00114-00036870-00037170": "because it was too long, it was too complicated,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00115-00037095-00037362": "it was written by a team of lawyers.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00116-00037495-00037729": "We've gotten around that now, and finally,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00117-00037766-00038000": "those notices are aimed at the patient", "bVvAtzz1-24-00118-00038012-00038312": "and educating them about what the real issues are.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00119-00038233-00038566": "So, I think they're catching on, and they're getting better", "bVvAtzz1-24-00120-00038600-00038833": "about being aware of the privacy issues.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00121-00038954-00039187": "In 2009, a new law was passed:", "bVvAtzz1-24-00122-00039250-00039450": "the Health Information Technology for Economic", "bVvAtzz1-24-00123-00039491-00039691": "and Clinical Health, or HITECH Act.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00124-00039804-00040137": "This law was actually part of the economic stimulus law", "bVvAtzz1-24-00125-00040204-00040470": "known as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00126-00040583-00040850": "HITECH included new provisions for strengthening the privacy", "bVvAtzz1-24-00127-00040950-00041150": "and security protections for health information.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00128-00041275-00041395": "HITECH is essentially", "bVvAtzz1-24-00129-00041604-00041904": "an extension of HIPAA in a variety of areas,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00130-00041875-00042141": "and that was passed not too long ago.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00131-00042150-00042483": "And so, every couple of years, they pass another law", "bVvAtzz1-24-00132-00042491-00042791": "that can tweak what was set out in HIPAA.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00133-00042879-00043312": "I don't think the HIPAA law as a bolus could be passed today,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00134-00043433-00043700": "but increments to make it better, to improve", "bVvAtzz1-24-00135-00043754-00044054": "and fine-tune it, can be and are being passed.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00136-00044029-00044262": "I think the key changes in HITECH", "bVvAtzz1-24-00137-00044325-00044504": "with respect to HIPAA privacy", "bVvAtzz1-24-00138-00044516-00044637": "is in enforcement.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00139-00044916-00045116": "That is, the Department of HHS", "bVvAtzz1-24-00140-00045337-00045604": "took a very slow, educational approach to enforcement,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00141-00045987-00046254": "and when breaches happen, when problems were reported,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00142-00046337-00046537": "they sent someone out, they investigated,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00143-00046583-00046950": "and then they said, \"This is what you need to do", "bVvAtzz1-24-00144-00046837-00046987": "to fix this problem.\"", "bVvAtzz1-24-00145-00047016-00047350": "There were no fines, there were nobody put in jail,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00146-00047491-00047758": "but after ten years, when the things that", "bVvAtzz1-24-00147-00047745-00048045": "should have been fixed a decade ago didn't happen,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00148-00048095-00048495": "then Congress said, \"All right, it's time to put the hammer down", "bVvAtzz1-24-00149-00048450-00048750": "and make people pay more attention to this law.\"", "bVvAtzz1-24-00150-00048791-00049025": "So, the fines were raised, the ability", "bVvAtzz1-24-00151-00049187-00049454": "for state attorneys general to prosecute under HIPAA", "bVvAtzz1-24-00152-00049575-00049775": "instead of just the federal government,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00153-00049879-00050145": "those probably brought the level of enforcement up", "bVvAtzz1-24-00154-00050362-00050729": "a huge amount and made people go back and pay attention.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00155-00050762-00051062": "People were scared when HIPAA privacy first came out,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00156-00051045-00051345": "and then nothing happened, so they stopped being scared", "bVvAtzz1-24-00157-00051287-00051554": "and they stopped paying attention in many cases,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00158-00051670-00051937": "so this sort of raises the bar again", "bVvAtzz1-24-00159-00051854-00052187": "and makes sure that people are doing the right thing.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00160-00052066-00052216": "Now, what they've discovered", "bVvAtzz1-24-00161-00052300-00052566": "by forcing people to report when breaches occur", "bVvAtzz1-24-00162-00052675-00052975": "is that millions of people's records are being breached.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00163-00053058-00053325": "And so, garbage trucks full of paper records,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00164-00053379-00053612": "the top blows off, and the records", "bVvAtzz1-24-00165-00053541-00053741": "get flying all over the place,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00166-00053691-00053925": "so a lot of them are paper.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00167-00053975-00054175": "Doctors, especially in the old days,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00168-00054216-00054516": "used to put the paper records in their trunk", "bVvAtzz1-24-00169-00054391-00054791": "and take them home to look over the records and sign them,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00170-00054645-00054879": "and then someone would steal the car.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00171-00054829-00055195": "So, there were lots of ways that records could be stolen,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00172-00055041-00055308": "but one of the huge issues right now,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00173-00055316-00055495": "particularly because of the volume,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00174-00055500-00055800": "is that people are stealing portable devices like laptops,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00175-00055908-00056175": "and when people who work on medical records", "bVvAtzz1-24-00176-00056220-00056454": "put millions of records on a laptop,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00177-00056545-00056845": "and the laptop gets stolen, that's a huge breach", "bVvAtzz1-24-00178-00056850-00057116": "even though the purpose of stealing the laptop", "bVvAtzz1-24-00179-00057087-00057266": "isn't to violate someone's privacy,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00180-00057329-00057595": "it is to make money so they can...", "bVvAtzz1-24-00181-00057604-00057837": "get money, basically, from reselling the laptop,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00182-00057979-00058158": "but it is a breach.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00183-00058204-00058604": "So, what the Security Rule says is that you have to do", "bVvAtzz1-24-00184-00058658-00058858": "a risk analysis to figure out", "bVvAtzz1-24-00185-00058937-00059204": "what the risks are and then do something", "bVvAtzz1-24-00186-00059150-00059383": "reasonable and appropriate to mitigate those risks.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00187-00059508-00059741": "Well, the risks of laptops being stolen", "bVvAtzz1-24-00188-00059787-00060087": "can be mitigated if you encrypt the hard disk.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00189-00060100-00060366": "So, the guidance that has come out says,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00190-00060429-00060579": "\"Follow the Security Rule.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00191-00060645-00060845": "This is a real risk now.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00192-00060879-00061029": "Pay attention, encrypt everything.\"", "bVvAtzz1-24-00193-00061195-00061529": "And if you encrypt it and you lose the laptop", "bVvAtzz1-24-00194-00061491-00061791": "or it gets stolen, it's no longer a breach.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00195-00061808-00062075": "So, they've managed to enforce the Security Rule", "bVvAtzz1-24-00196-00062175-00062375": "by specifying what can get you", "bVvAtzz1-24-00197-00062391-00062725": "out of being enforced against when a laptop is stolen.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00198-00062762-00063062": "But it's pretty clear that in the next year,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00199-00063095-00063200": "mobile healthcare", "bVvAtzz1-24-00200-00063291-00063558": "and the increase in technology of the cloud", "bVvAtzz1-24-00201-00063770-00064070": "and the use of the cloud and mobile devices,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00202-00064120-00064354": "physicians are bringing their own mobile devices", "bVvAtzz1-24-00203-00064520-00064754": "to the hospital and to the clinic", "bVvAtzz1-24-00204-00064729-00064908": "and expecting to use them,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00205-00064950-00065183": "which raises huge privacy and security risks.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00206-00065220-00065420": "You know, doctors are very powerful", "bVvAtzz1-24-00207-00065462-00065695": "in healthcare environments, and when they say,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00208-00065745-00065979": "\"I want to use my mobile device,\"", "bVvAtzz1-24-00209-00066058-00066258": "the administration and the technical people,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00210-00066300-00066633": "in particular, have a tough time pushing back against that", "bVvAtzz1-24-00211-00066554-00066820": "because it's the doctors that bring the patients", "bVvAtzz1-24-00212-00066804-00067037": "that bring the money into the institution,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00213-00067004-00067270": "and if they decide to go somewhere else,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00214-00067162-00067462": "then an institution can lose a lot of money.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00215-00067579-00067845": "On the other hand, bringing in mobile devices", "bVvAtzz1-24-00216-00067858-00068091": "that are insecure threatens the whole institution", "bVvAtzz1-24-00217-00068208-00068441": "with a breach of the health information,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00218-00068483-00068783": "and so, there's a battle going on right now", "bVvAtzz1-24-00219-00068779-00068929": "between those two forces,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00220-00068966-00069266": "and I think technology will step in and help", "bVvAtzz1-24-00221-00069258-00069558": "the CIOs figure out how to make it work,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00222-00069483-00069666": "but they haven't done it yet.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00223-00069795-00069945": "As we have seen,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00224-00069945-00070095": "the Administrative Simplification provisions", "bVvAtzz1-24-00225-00070179-00070479": "that were attached to the HIPAA law in 1996", "bVvAtzz1-24-00226-00070562-00070829": "were the first attempt at outlining some guidelines", "bVvAtzz1-24-00227-00070833-00070983": "for protecting health information.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00228-00071054-00071287": "In 2000, the Privacy Rule was established", "bVvAtzz1-24-00229-00071358-00071625": "which further described what needed to be done.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00230-00071645-00071945": "At first, HIPAA was seen as a huge burden,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00231-00071950-00072129": "but over time, healthcare professionals", "bVvAtzz1-24-00232-00072200-00072500": "and patients have become more comfortable with the rules.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00233-00072520-00072787": "However, we have seen that with more adoption", "bVvAtzz1-24-00234-00072804-00073070": "of electronic health records, there are still problems,", "bVvAtzz1-24-00235-00073133-00073433": "and it became obvious that stricter enforcement was needed.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00236-00073525-00073758": "The HITECH Act of 2009 further strengthened", "bVvAtzz1-24-00237-00073883-00074083": "the regulations and the enforcement procedures.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00238-00074233-00074412": "Protecting the privacy and security", "bVvAtzz1-24-00239-00074445-00074679": "of health information in the digital age", "bVvAtzz1-24-00240-00074704-00074883": "will be an ongoing process.", "bVvAtzz1-24-00241-00074950-00075183": "As technology improves, new and better ways", "bVvAtzz1-24-00242-00075270-00075645": "to protect the privacy of health information will emerge."}}, {"audio_id": "bVFLdNNbiTc", "text": {"bVFLdNNbiTc-00000-00000074-00000174": "hello!", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00001-00000182-00000308": "hello everyone~", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00002-00000382-00000886": "okay~ 'LIT action' back again guys", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00003-00001003-00001382": "hope you guys enjoying this", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00004-00001382-00001468": "for real", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00005-00001638-00001928": "so plz put like and subscribe please lol", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00006-00002022-00002122": "in ENG?", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00007-00002130-00002338": "please subscribe this channel!", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00008-00002428-00002826": "aight today's MV is a bit different", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00009-00002826-00003042": "we've introduced American hiphop MVs", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00010-00003042-00003334": "but today is Korean hiphop MV", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00011-00003365-00003797": "the reason why we choose this video is this video has epic scenes I think", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00012-00003797-00003968": "he haven't seen yet", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00013-00004034-00004218": "it's too epic", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00014-00004332-00004624": "I think it has lots of metaphors", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00015-00004666-00005268": "and it's a Nike's comercial  video collaborated with Jay Park", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00016-00005276-00005496": "I haven't seen it yet", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00017-00005496-00005652": "the song name is", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00018-00005722-00005900": "''Run it\"", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00019-00005900-00006040": "Run it!", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00020-00006048-00006630": "like i said the song by Jay Park featuring Woo Won Jae, Jessi", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00021-00006720-00006792": "I'm so exited", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00022-00006792-00006959": "that's AOMG line up", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00023-00006959-00007028": "it is", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00024-00007044-00007350": "and also produced by Gray!", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00025-00007400-00007672": "Gray is always fire", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00026-00007704-00007872": "that's why this MV is so exciting", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00027-00007872-00008400": "when i saw this first time , I thought I should introduce this MV to everyone", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00028-00008400-00008542": "that's why!", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00029-00008594-00008934": "i will not pause this MV in the middle", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00030-00008934-00009244": "and i will enjoy it", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00031-00009318-00009456": "LIT action", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00032-00009534-00009678": "OH Jay park", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00033-00009678-00009844": "Jay Park in this building", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00034-00009854-00009968": "too hot for real", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00035-00010202-00010280": "how is the beat", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00036-00010280-00010350": "It's good", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00037-00010822-00010946": "oh! lol suddenly", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00038-00011062-00011248": "a cute boy showing up", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00039-00011300-00011564": "now the real start", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00040-00011594-00011806": "let's go", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00041-00011806-00012122": "Nike. is that Swings?", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00042-00012300-00012578": "oh what a wave", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00043-00012928-00013091": "Jay looks thinner than before", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00044-00013091-00013362": "and looks sexier", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00045-00013390-00013822": "playing baseball with snowball", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00046-00013822-00014044": "that's so fresh", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00047-00014078-00014297": "and so sensational", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00048-00014334-00014540": "the snowboarder shows up", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00049-00014540-00014900": "see that he is snowboarding on the high way", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00050-00014916-00015028": "is it a bridge or high way?", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00051-00015028-00015128": "wow", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00052-00015247-00015347": "basketball", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00053-00015466-00015569": "that's Jessi", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00054-00015584-00015668": "and soccer", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00055-00015750-00016066": "I saw Lebron Jame's back number on the nail before", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00056-00016076-00016186": "wait is that Ji-sung Park?", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00057-00016213-00016318": "did you see him?", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00058-00016434-00016536": "what a scale", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00059-00016620-00016818": "short track players came in", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00060-00016844-00016974": "in a street", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00061-00016980-00017152": "with this animation", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00062-00017152-00017264": "the verse has changed", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00063-00017320-00017458": "It's Woo Won Jae I guess", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00064-00017458-00017546": "yes he is", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00065-00017612-00017692": "kinda dark vibe", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00066-00017880-00017980": "who is this?", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00067-00018038-00018268": "maybe.... a famous boxer????", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00068-00018414-00018746": "oh my favorite model 'Han Hyunmin'", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00069-00018746-00018832": "he is cool", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00070-00019210-00019496": "oh Kyrie Irving from Boston Celtics", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00071-00020172-00020328": "it's definitely cool song", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00072-00020684-00020782": "Jay Park", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00073-00020842-00021032": "wow he dancing so good as well", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00074-00021032-00021132": "Jessi showing up", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00075-00021408-00021508": "she said she can't stop", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00076-00021700-00021892": "like Just Do It", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00077-00021892-00021992": "it has Nike vibe", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00078-00021994-00022094": "I love you Jessi", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00079-00022208-00022278": "suddenly confession??? lol", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00080-00022690-00022824": "oh she raps so hard for real", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00081-00022838-00023132": "Korean version of Nicki Minaj", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00083-00023549-00023708": "I like Jessi verse the most", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00086-00024152-00024246": "oh I've just changed my mind", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00087-00024246-00024350": "I like this part the most", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00088-00025418-00025578": "oh too high!", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00089-00025590-00025886": "It's written like 'mad presence'", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00090-00025952-00026124": "Nike logo just showed up at the last", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00091-00026260-00026608": "did you see I dropped my earpod at the last cuz i was too high?", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00092-00026682-00027268": "the overall mood is citified and so sporty", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00093-00027272-00027548": "I think that's why it looks so cool", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00094-00027642-00027932": "even though this is made for advertising,", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00095-00027932-00028212": "the song has the class", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00096-00028239-00028427": "I like all of sports", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00097-00028427-00028627": "so I really enjoyed this MV", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00098-00028736-00029339": "the famous athletes or model like Han Hyunmin showed up in here looks so cool", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00099-00029600-00029868": "I don't know how you guys like this", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00100-00029924-00030358": "just because i thought it's so cool, I wanted to let you know this MV", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00101-00030358-00030932": "and we'll keep doing this whatever we like", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00102-00030932-00031154": "as we always say,", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00103-00031154-00031733": "LIT live will be uploaded very soon", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00104-00031736-00032039": "and now it's the secret but", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00105-00032039-00032304": "you should be excited when you know the artist we've shooted", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00106-00032312-00032444": "secret~", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00107-00032486-00032582": "anyway, stay focus", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00108-00032582-00032704": "it's coming soon", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00109-00032704-00032872": "all right it's all for today", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00110-00032872-00033006": "we'll be back again", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00111-00033064-00033188": "well let's say", "bVFLdNNbiTc-00112-00033188-00033300": "LIT action"}}, {"audio_id": "bVQJhCfqjGM", "text": {"bVQJhCfqjGM-00000-00000068-00000343": "We had like everyone else", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00001-00000343-00000636": "the problem, the threat of the Covid.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00002-00000636-00000940": "The prediction was that if it got in to jail", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00003-00000940-00001283": "it would be a drama.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00004-00001298-00001564": "A bit of what happened at the beginning with the residences", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00005-00001585-00001685": "of elderly people.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00006-00001744-00002049": "And one of the measures that was taken was total restraint", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00007-00002049-00002339": "of the staff going to prisons.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00008-00002339-00002519": "Only it could go", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00009-00002574-00002798": "essential staff.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00010-00002822-00003181": "The inmates couldn't go, the woman inmates in fact,", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00011-00003181-00003378": "certain types of activities.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00012-00003418-00003728": "And among the things that were restricted were", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00013-00003728-00004022": "visits to relatives. Both what we say about oral communication", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00014-00004022-00004322": "which are those that are made through glass,", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00015-00004322-00004628": "such as those of intimate communication which were the first to be banned.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00016-00004628-00004858": "Let's say we have to find a solution", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00017-00004874-00005062": "so that people can communicate.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00018-00005076-00005472": "And things started to appear that are very interesting for us", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00019-00005472-00005811": "as what has happened, as present and as future.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00020-00005811-00006099": "We had to settle", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00021-00006099-00006432": "the issue of connectivity and training,", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00022-00006432-00006617": "we could say somehow,", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00023-00006662-00006986": "the staff we had in prisons so they could do this job", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00024-00006986-00007227": "teleworking.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00025-00007227-00007531": "It was interesting because we put jitsi into practice.", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00026-00007531-00007694": "But our surprise was to realize", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00027-00007709-00008027": "that it was very easy to resolve an issue", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00028-00008028-00008260": "which should have been resolved a long time ago", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00029-00008278-00008607": "because it didn’t just serve the people who", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00030-00008607-00008904": "could not communicate because by confinement imperative", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00031-00008904-00009207": "and alarm status had been interrupted", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00032-00009208-00009511": "communication with the family if not that", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00033-00009512-00009708": "there were a lot of people who didn’t communicate with the family", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00034-00009722-00009952": "for years, many foreign people", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00035-00010074-00010378": "and video calls between things", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00036-00010396-00010618": "which was very shocking", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00037-00010638-00010886": "and colleagues working in prisons", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00038-00010910-00011230": "they explained it with emotion", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00039-00011244-00011574": "it was to find that reality", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00040-00011574-00011790": "which was as invisible to us", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00041-00011808-00012174": "and that also really challenged the way we work", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00042-00012198-00012314": "And as a result of here", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00043-00012314-00012632": "we developed a project", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00044-00012632-00012847": "that we say possibilities and uses of the", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00045-00012878-00013154": "video conferencing in prisons", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00046-00013154-00013463": "Now we come to the new normal that for us", "bVQJhCfqjGM-00047-00013468-00013710": "it is a new reality as normal for everyone"}}, {"audio_id": "bVTs8S-RApy", "text": {"bVTs8S-RApy-00000-00000100-00000181": "Good evening.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00001-00000307-00000653": "You have come to a special seminar,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00002-00000747-00000947": "for an extraordinary speaker.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00003-00001242-00001595": "Most of you will know the Institute Henri Poincaré.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00004-00001610-00001962": "It's the place where mathematics and physicists meet.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00005-00002050-00002504": "IHM has made at our disposal this amphi theater.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00006-00002597-00002881": "The speaker is David Mackay.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00007-00002941-00003354": "Most of you will probably have seen his book before.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00008-00003434-00004265": "Davis Mackay is professor at the department of physics at the university of Cambridge, UK of course.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00009-00004373-00004664": "He is also, he has 2 jobs.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00010-00004700-00005646": "The other function is  Chief Scientific Advisor at the Department of Energy and Climate Change", "bVTs8S-RApy-00011-00005655-00005872": "of the British government.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00012-00005995-00006272": "I will hand over the floor to him.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00013-00006295-00006723": "You have understood that the conference will be in English.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00014-00006735-00007305": "You can ask questions during the conference for a better comprehension during the speech.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00015-00007327-00007694": "Of course, discussion will take place at the end of the presentation, please.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00016-00007899-00008183": "You can ask questions in English.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00017-00008193-00008490": "If that's problematic and you prefer speaking French,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00018-00008493-00008800": "you can pose your question in French.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00019-00008875-00009141": "Only French and English are authorized.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00020-00009345-00009508": "David...", "bVTs8S-RApy-00021-00009530-00009700": "Thank you very much.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00022-00010000-00010099": "Thank you.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00023-00010100-00010199": "Thank you all for coming.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00024-00010299-00010850": "I think it is likely that I will say things that you don't all understand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00025-00010850-00011499": "So as Gerard said, I would like to encourage you to interrupt and to ask questions.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00026-00011500-00011800": "To make sure that I am clear in what I say.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00027-00012200-00013000": "In the style of a cinema, I would like to proceed my main talk by a short entertainment.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00028-00013100-00013700": "I am a physicist and physicists love back of envelope calculations.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00029-00013700-00014100": "So we take an envelope and on the back we write down numbers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00030-00014100-00014600": "And I want you to give an example of a back of envelope calculation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00031-00014600-00015200": "I was having a meal with 2 colleagues from Shell, the oil company.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00032-00015247-00015500": "And one of them said hmm,...", "bVTs8S-RApy-00033-00015600-00016400": "If we grew the bio fuels on the verge of the road at the edge of the road,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00034-00016400-00017100": "how wide would the verge of the road need to be, to power all the cars on the road.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00035-00017100-00017400": "And this is a nice example of a back of envelope calculation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00036-00017400-00017548": "We write down some numbers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00037-00017600-00018200": "So let's say we have some vehicles and that there speed is a 100 km/hour", "bVTs8S-RApy-00038-00018200-00018700": "and let's say that the efficiency of those vehicles is 8 liters per 100 km.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00039-00018800-00019100": "It's the average efficiency of European cars today.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00040-00019200-00019600": "And then we need to lookup up the productivity of bio fuel plantations.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00041-00019600-00020100": "And that is 1200 liters of biodiesel  per hectare per year.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00042-00020100-00020400": "And then we need a spacing between the cars.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00043-00020400-00020700": "And let's say they are 80 meters apart.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00044-00020700-00021000": "We don't need to specify the length of the road,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00045-00021000-00021400": "because the longer the road is, the more cars there will be", "bVTs8S-RApy-00046-00021400-00021600": "and the longer the plantation will be.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00047-00021600-00021800": "So the length of the road is not relevant.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00048-00021800-00022000": "What do we do with these four numbers?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00049-00022000-00022600": "Well, we take the first 2 numbers and we multiply them by each other and we divide by the other 2 numbers", "bVTs8S-RApy-00050-00022600-00022800": "and we get the answer.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00051-00022800-00023350": "And the answer is that the width of the bio fuel plantation would need to be 7 kilometers wide.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00052-00023400-00023700": "And I like this sort of calculations,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00053-00023700-00024200": "because even though it depends on assumptions which are questionable,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00054-00024200-00024500": "all of these assumptions are a little bit arbitry,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00055-00024600-00025400": "we get an answer which is a strong answer 7 km wide and it is enough to make you say ... hmmm.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00056-00025400-00025800": "hmm... maybe there is an issue with bio fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00057-00025800-00026100": "So, I like simple calculations like this.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00058-00026100-00026500": "Because you can reveal issues and interesting questions very readily.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00059-00026600-00027100": "That's the end of my short feature, now we can move to the main film.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00060-00027300-00027400": "So,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00061-00027800-00028400": "I am here because I wrote a book please excuse the gratuitous advertisement.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00062-00028400-00028600": "I wrote this book in English.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00063-00028600-00029400": "I wrote it because I wanted to help people understand back of envelope calculations and how they apply to energy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00064-00029400-00030100": "I was frustrated and irritated with the discussion of energy in the media.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00065-00030100-00030400": "I felt that people were being misled,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00066-00030400-00031000": "that often people would exaggerate. I felt people were not using enough numbers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00067-00031000-00031800": "I wrote this book and I gave it away free on line and I am delighted that a community of volunteers", "bVTs8S-RApy-00068-00031800-00032500": "has taken that free online book, which is also available on paper from publishers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00069-00032500-00033050": "Volunteers have taken that work and have translated it into other languages.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00070-00033100-00033800": "I am here tonight to celebrate the launch of the French version of this book,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00071-00034000-00034300": "which you can see on the screen. It's available from bookshops.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00072-00034300-00034700": "You can buy it on paper, but it is also available free online.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00073-00034700-00035300": "And I am very grateful to l'AMIDES, which is the organization that has done this translation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00074-00035400-00035500": "So, thank you very much.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00075-00035600-00036300": "And now I like to tell you what the message is, or what some of the key messages of this book are.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00076-00036500-00037000": "We have an addiction to fossil fuels and it is not sustainable.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00077-00037000-00037800": "When I say, we have an addiction to fossil fuels, I am talking about easily accessible fossil fuels", "bVTs8S-RApy-00078-00037800-00038100": "which power most of the world today.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00079-00038100-00038600": "This use of fossil fuels is not sustainable for 3 reasons.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00080-00038600-00039200": "First, easily accessible fossil fuels, cheap fossil fuels, are a finite resource", "bVTs8S-RApy-00081-00039200-00039550": "and at some point in the future that resource will be exhausted,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00082-00039550-00039800": "and humanity will have to do something else.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00083-00039900-00040500": "Secondly, climate change, which is largely caused by burning of fossil fuels, is a major issue.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00084-00040500-00041200": "And third, even if there are a lot of fossil fuels, it may be that your country doesn't have very much fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00085-00041200-00041600": "and maybe you are uncomfortable about depending on other countries in the future.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00086-00041600-00042200": "So those are 3 motivations for being interested in life after fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00087-00042200-00042600": "And this book is intended to be a guide to help people understand", "bVTs8S-RApy-00088-00042600-00043200": "the options for life beyond the current way that we use fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00089-00043300-00043900": "And I like to say just a few words about the second motivation: The climate change motivation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00090-00044100-00044700": "Carbon dioxide concentrations have been going up. I like data and my book has quite a lot of data in it", "bVTs8S-RApy-00091-00044700-00045049": "and when I look at a graph like this I think, yes maybe something did happen.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00092-00045049-00045550": "Maybe humans can have an effect. In fact, I think we can say when something happened.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00093-00045550-00046149": "I think we can safely say that 1769 was an important year,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00094-00046150-00046650": "and maybe it wasn't just humans in general, but maybe we can identify particular humans.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00095-00046650-00047300": "For example James Watt, who in 1769 patented his steam engine,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00096-00047300-00047850": "which was a more efficient way of turning coal into work.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00097-00047850-00048250": "And that was one of the inventions that really helped the industrial revolution going.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00098-00048250-00048650": "So these measurements which are from ice cores in Antarctica,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00099-00048650-00049050": "show the signature of the start of the industrial revolution.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00100-00049150-00049649": "Now climate science is very complicated and its predictions are uncertain,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00101-00049649-00049900": "but the clear advice of climate science is", "bVTs8S-RApy-00102-00049900-00050250": "that we need to reverse the trend of the last 100 years.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00103-00050300-00050800": "We need to stop increasing the use of fossil fuels and reduce the emissions of CO2,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00104-00050800-00051300": "and there are uncertainties, but as a ballpark figure", "bVTs8S-RApy-00105-00051300-00051850": "if you want to keep the chance of a 2 degree warming below 50%", "bVTs8S-RApy-00106-00051850-00052300": "then the emission per capita needs to be below 2 tons per year per person", "bVTs8S-RApy-00107-00052300-00052649": "and ideally below 1 ton  per year per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00108-00052650-00053350": "Whereas today the emissions globally are about 5 or 6 tons per person per year.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00109-00053450-00054050": "Now, we are not all equal and some countries are different from average.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00110-00054100-00054549": "It is important maybe to look at emissions not just at the global average,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00111-00054549-00054950": "which is 5 or 6 tons per year per person, but to look country by country.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00112-00055050-00055550": "Because some people say, \"Oh it is all about China, China is out of control\".", "bVTs8S-RApy-00113-00055550-00055749": "Well yes, here is China.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00114-00055750-00056309": "This is a graph in which the width is the population and the height is the per capita emission.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00115-00056309-00056850": "The area of the rectangle is the total emission. The height is the per capital emission.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00116-00056900-00057600": "So China in the year 2000 was \"out of control\", because their emissions were about half of ours.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00117-00057600-00057949": "We are about over here here's Europe , France , UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00118-00057949-00058250": "Our emissions are twice as big per capita.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00119-00058300-00058700": "So, I think it is a bit strange to point at China and say they are out of control.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00120-00058700-00059100": "We emit far more per person and we have been doing so for a long time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00121-00059100-00059650": "And America and Australia emit twice as much as Europeans per capita.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00122-00059700-00059950": "So that's a little bit about the detail.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00123-00060000-00060467": "And just to remind you, the targets I mentioned", "bVTs8S-RApy-00124-00060500-00061250": "of 1 ton per year per person or maybe 2 tons  per year per person are shown by this green line over here", "bVTs8S-RApy-00125-00061250-00061550": "and the black line is 1 ton per year per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00126-00061600-00062090": "So you can see the standard that the climate scientists are recommending", "bVTs8S-RApy-00127-00062090-00062590": "for the year 2050, which is what I was mentioning earlier.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00128-00062600-00063400": "Their standard of 1 ton per year is currently met by DRC Congo and Bangladesh.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00129-00063500-00063750": "So that's important to bear in mind.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00130-00063800-00064000": "Now, where do the emissions come from?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00131-00064000-00064550": "It's mainly from energy, there are other causes of emissions also, but energy is one of the big drivers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00132-00064600-00065100": "Here is a graph of energy consumption on the horizontal axis per person", "bVTs8S-RApy-00133-00065100-00065350": "and on the vertical axis we have emissions per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00134-00065400-00065856": "And you can see a strong correlation with a few interesting exceptions.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00135-00065900-00066350": "For example Iceland, which has a lot of renewables: hydro electricity and geo thermal.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00136-00066350-00066750": "Sweden has lots of hydro electricity and it has nuclear power.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00137-00066800-00067050": "And then France is a little bit of an exception here,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00138-00067060-00067700": "because it has nuclear power, but it is only about 20% smaller in its per capita emissions", "bVTs8S-RApy-00139-00067700-00067850": "then countries like Germany and the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00140-00067900-00068200": "Because nuclear power is not everything.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00141-00068200-00068700": "Nuclear power does not power industry, it doesn't power heating and transport.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00142-00068700-00069150": "So yes, France is an exception, but only by 20% or so.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00143-00069200-00070000": "OK, and where do we want everyone to get to, if we want to achieve this target of 1 ton per year per person?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00144-00070000-00070550": "We want to politely ask all of these countries to come and join the other countries that are in this box.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00145-00070550-00071050": "Which as I said a moment ago are places like Congo and Bangladesh.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00146-00071100-00071250": "Yes Gérard?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00147-00071300-00071750": "Do these figures are local consumptions or do they include imports?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00148-00071850-00072049": "OK the question is:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00149-00072049-00072550": "Are these just local energy consumptions or do they include imports?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00150-00072550-00073550": "These numbers describe the energy consumption by the industry and activities within each country.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00151-00073600-00074100": "If a particular country imports a lot of products from another country", "bVTs8S-RApy-00152-00074100-00074400": "which are energy intensive that is not reflected in that.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00153-00074400-00074950": "For example, Iceland has an amazingly large consumption per capita,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00154-00074950-00075400": "but the explanation of that is that Iceland makes a very large amount of aluminum.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00155-00075400-00075650": "Iceland exports aluminum to the rest of the world.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00156-00075700-00076100": "So, it's not the case that the people in Iceland are living like Americans or Australians.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00157-00076100-00076600": "No, they have an energy intensive industry.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00158-00076850-00077450": "Ok, in response to these motivations people have emotional responses.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00159-00077500-00077950": "And I think emotions are important. But I do think that numbers are important as well.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00160-00078050-00078574": "So when I wrote the book, I tried to write a calm factual book that everyone could agree with.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00161-00078600-00079100": "And I am delighted that the English publication of this book received endorsements", "bVTs8S-RApy-00162-00079100-00079700": "from every major political party in Britain, it received endorsement from members of the Green Party,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00163-00079700-00080100": "and from Friends of the Earth and from people in the oil industry and the nuclear industry.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00164-00080100-00081000": "So it has achieved that goal of being a factual book that adds to the emotions by helping with some facts and numbers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00165-00081000-00081550": "And I would like now, to give you a little flavour of this guide to sustainable energy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00166-00081600-00082350": "One of the goals of my book was to try and make the numbers accessible.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00167-00082400-00082750": "I wanted people to understand the numbers and to be able to remember the numbers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00168-00082800-00083700": "And if we have a description of energy in which we talk about millions or billions or \"milliards\",", "bVTs8S-RApy-00169-00083700-00084350": "I think many people have difficulty distinguishing between a thousand, a million and a billion,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00170-00084350-00084761": "even though these numbers are very different from each other.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00171-00084777-00085350": "So, I went for an approach in the book where all of the numbers", "bVTs8S-RApy-00172-00085350-00085650": "come in ones, tens and occasionally hundreds.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00173-00085650-00085996": "Because I think that's more memorable.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00174-00086000-00086650": "And it is very important to do all of the calculations in the same units, so that we can make comparisons.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00175-00086650-00087250": "People often pick the units to try and make something sound very important and impressive.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00176-00087250-00087500": "But in the book I use just one set of units for everything.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00177-00087500-00087850": "Every form of supply and every form of demand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00178-00087900-00088250": "And in the book my choice was to measure energy in kilowatt-hours.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00179-00088250-00088750": "Because this is what the electricity meter in your home reads,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00180-00088750-00089350": "and when I get my gas bill for my gas consumption, that is also converted in kilowatt-hours.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00181-00089450-00090000": "Everyday activities for a single person do involve small numbers of kilowatt-hours.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00182-00090000-00090150": "Let me give you some examples.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00183-00090150-00090650": "If you take a standard light bulb and if you leave it on for 24 hours,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00184-00090650-00091250": "then that 40 watt light bulb uses 1 kilowatt-hour of energy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00185-00091300-00092050": "If you eat food, then the chemical energy in the food that you eat is about 3 kWh each day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00186-00092150-00092750": "If you take one hot bath that uses about 5 kWh of energy in the form of heat.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00187-00092850-00093450": "If you take a liter of petrol and you set fire to it that dissipates 10 kWh of chemical energy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00188-00093550-00093950": "And if you have a Coke habit, if you drink lots of Coke and you throw the cans away,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00189-00093950-00094600": "the energy required to make the aluminum in the can, possibly in Iceland,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00190-00094600-00095000": "the energy required to make 1 can is about two thirds of a kWh. 192 00:15:50,001 --> 00:15:50,000 So those are examples of everyday activities that use small amounts of kilowatt-hours.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00191-00095550-00096200": "And I will measure power, which is how fast we use energy in kilowatt-hours per day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00192-00096300-00096800": "Now, the physicists and the engineers in the audience may at this point spit,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00193-00096800-00097250": "because the kilowatt-hour per day is an ugly unit.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00194-00097250-00097650": "And physicists and engineers have a unit called the watt or the kilowatt", "bVTs8S-RApy-00195-00097650-00097850": "which we can use as a measure of power.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00196-00097850-00098199": "But there are 2 reasons why I use the kilowatt-hours per day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00197-00098200-00098750": "First, most people don't understand what the watt means or what a kilowatt means.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00198-00098750-00099450": "If I were to tell ordinary people: \"You lifestyle requires about 5 kilowatts\".", "bVTs8S-RApy-00199-00099450-00099850": "They will probably say: \"Is that 5 kilowatt per day or per year?\"", "bVTs8S-RApy-00200-00099850-00100350": "Because they don't understand that the watt has got the \"per time\"  build into it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00201-00100350-00100950": "So I use kilowatt-hours per day, because it makes explicit that it is a rate of using energy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00202-00101000-00101450": "Second, the watt is to small and the kilowatt is too big.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00203-00101450-00102050": "All the numbers are bigger by a factor of 40 than if we use kilowatt-hours per day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00204-00102050-00102250": "So it is more a human sized unit.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00205-00102400-00102650": "OK, let me give you a few more examples.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00206-00102700-00103250": "If you drive a car a hundred kilometers every day then you are using about 80 kilowatt-hours per day", "bVTs8S-RApy-00207-00103250-00103650": "to run that car. If it is an average European car.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00208-00103750-00104500": "If you have a typical house in North America or Europe you might be using about 80 kWh per day to run the house.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00209-00104500-00104850": "That's the heating of the house and the devices in the house.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00210-00104950-00105750": "If you fly, for example, from Europe to Los Angeles and back and if you do that once per year,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00211-00105800-00106200": "on the day when you fly, you use a very large number of kilowatt-hours.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00212-00106200-00106400": "But if you average that number over the whole year", "bVTs8S-RApy-00213-00106400-00107450": "and say if you have a one round trip per year on average that habit is like 26 kWh per day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00214-00107450-00107850": "It's like having 26 light bulbs on all the time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00215-00108050-00108650": "And finally, let's talk about another form of consumption which some people emphasize.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00216-00108750-00109050": "I hope you feel a little bit scared.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00217-00109150-00109650": "This was included by many people in the UK, for example the mayor of London said", "bVTs8S-RApy-00218-00109650-00109950": "\"of the seven things you can do to make a difference\"", "bVTs8S-RApy-00219-00109950-00110450": "\"one is unplug your phone charger when you are not using it\".", "bVTs8S-RApy-00220-00110450-00111250": "And the text there in white says \"If every London household unplug there phone chargers when not in use,\"", "bVTs8S-RApy-00221-00111250-00111850": "\"we can save 31 thousand tons of CO2 and 8 million pounds per year\".", "bVTs8S-RApy-00222-00111950-00112650": "Wow, thousands of tons, millions of pounds, but the population of London is seven million people.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00223-00112650-00113450": "So, if we divide by seven million it's about one pound per person per year is the saving.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00224-00113450-00113950": "So, maybe this isn't quite so important, let's check, let's do the numbers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00225-00114100-00114750": "Is the phone charger an evil planet destroying entity?  Let's do the numbers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00226-00114800-00115350": "If you switch off the phone charger for a whole day instead of leaving it plugged in,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00227-00115350-00115550": "How much energy do you save?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00228-00115550-00115800": "Well the energy that you save is on the left", "bVTs8S-RApy-00229-00115800-00116350": "and it is exactly equal to the energy you use for driving an average car for one second.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00230-00116400-00116850": "Both of those are 0.01 kWh.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00231-00116950-00117250": "I am not saying, don't switch off the phone charger.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00232-00117250-00117550": "Do switch off the phone charger, yes, you will save that much.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00233-00117550-00117750": "But please be aware of how small it is", "bVTs8S-RApy-00234-00117750-00118050": "compared to other forms of consumption in your life.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00235-00118050-00118550": "And just to show it to you graphically, here are the 4 things I just described.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00236-00118550-00119050": "So each of these objects is proportional to the energy consumption.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00237-00119250-00120250": "In total the UK's energy consumption is about a 125 kWh per day per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00238-00120250-00120750": "Which you can think of as roughly 40 light bulbs worth of transport", "bVTs8S-RApy-00239-00120750-00121150": "roughly 40 for heating and roughly 40 for making electricity.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00240-00121350-00121850": "The actual electricity delivered in the UK is about 17 light bulbs per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00241-00121850-00122350": "So electricity uses about a third of the energy to make it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00242-00122350-00122750": "And in delivered form it is about 17 kWh per day per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00243-00122750-00123350": "And as I said at the introduction most of this energy comes from fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00244-00123350-00123850": "This is true for most of the developed world. Most of the energy that we consume today", "bVTs8S-RApy-00245-00123850-00124050": "comes from fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00246-00124050-00124550": "In the UK it is about 90 % of our energy is coming from fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00247-00124650-00125350": "Now, when we imagine life after fossil fuels, it's important to bear in mind another thing,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00248-00125350-00125500": "which is land area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00249-00125500-00125850": "Because one of the options for life after fossil fuels", "bVTs8S-RApy-00250-00125850-00126050": "is renewable energy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00251-00126050-00126700": "And all form of renewable energy require land area or sea area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00252-00126700-00127150": "So we need to talk about population densities and land areas.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00253-00127150-00127500": "And the unit I will use to measure population densities", "bVTs8S-RApy-00254-00127500-00127750": "is going to be the \"number of persons per square kilometer\".", "bVTs8S-RApy-00255-00127750-00128050": "In the UK we have 250 people per square kilometer", "bVTs8S-RApy-00256-00128050-00128750": "and the area per person is therefore about 4000 square meters.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00257-00128750-00129150": "If you want to visualize that and remember it, it is half of a football field.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00258-00129350-00129750": "And we also need to talk about power per unit area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00259-00129750-00130300": "I measure the power per unit area in the standard physicist's and engineers' unit,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00260-00130300-00130550": "namely the watt per square meter.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00261-00130650-00131500": "Now let's use these units to describe the whole world. I am going to show you another map of the world.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00262-00131550-00132100": "This is going to be a map of the world, in which the horizontal axis is the population density,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00263-00132100-00132700": "and the vertical axis is the energy consumption per person in kWh per day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00264-00132750-00133450": "and the size of each country is going to be proportional to its land area.  I started with the UK there.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00265-00133450-00133650": "and now in blue here are Europeans countries.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00266-00133950-00134450": "and the vertical lines here show factors of 10", "bVTs8S-RApy-00267-00134450-00134650": "both of these scales are logarithmic", "bVTs8S-RApy-00268-00134650-00134950": "So as you go from this line, to this line, to this line,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00269-00134950-00135450": "each of those steps is a factor of 10 increase in population density.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00270-00135450-00135950": "And vertically as well, it goes from ten to hundred kilowatt-hours per day per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00271-00135950-00136450": "So I am using logarithmic scales, because it makes the map clearer.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00272-00136450-00136850": "So in blue we have European countries, in red Asia.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00273-00136850-00137650": "In green Middle East and North Africa, in blue Sub-Saharan Africa.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00274-00137750-00138450": "In black South American countries, in magenta Central America and Mexico.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00275-00138450-00139350": "And then in a puky green color we have Canada, USA, Australia and New-Zealand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00276-00139350-00139450": "So there is the map of the world!", "bVTs8S-RApy-00277-00139450-00140050": "And one striking fact you can see here is that there is a lot of variety in the world.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00278-00140050-00140450": "The population density varies by more than a factor of a hundred between countries.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00279-00140450-00141000": "And the energy consumption per person also varies by a factor of nearly a hundred.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00280-00141050-00141550": "Top left, we have Iceland, Canada, Australia with very low population densities", "bVTs8S-RApy-00281-00141550-00142050": "and very high per capita consumptions, 300 light bulbs per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00282-00142050-00142450": "Top right, Bahrain has the same energy consumption per person as Iceland", "bVTs8S-RApy-00283-00142450-00142850": "and it's population density is about 300 hundred times greater.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00284-00142850-00143450": "Bottom right, Bangladesh consumes about a 100 times less per person than Bahrain.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00285-00143550-00143850": "But it has the same extremely high population density.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00286-00143850-00144350": "And then bottom left?  Well there is no one there, but there used to be countries there,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00287-00144350-00144800": "because actually everyone is moving to the right and up.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00288-00144800-00144950": "Most countries are moving to the right and up.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00289-00144950-00145300": "Let me show you that, with these little vectors these little blue tails.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00290-00145300-00145950": "Behind China we have 15 years of progress. Here is 15 years of progress for Portugal, for Brazil,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00291-00145950-00146350": "for Algeria, for Soudan, for Libya, and so on.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00292-00146450-00147150": "Many countries are moving to the right and up. So they are coming to join us in the top hand right corner.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00293-00147150-00147650": "Us being UK, Germany, Japan. And France has a lower population density", "bVTs8S-RApy-00294-00147700-00148150": "by what? That's a factor of 2. So you have half of the population density of the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00295-00148200-00148450": "So the answers depend on the country.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00296-00148450-00148950": "Some countries have different answers for their energy future from others.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00297-00149000-00149350": "But maybe Germany, Japan, and the UK", "bVTs8S-RApy-00298-00149400-00149800": "are typical of where many countries are going to be in the future.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00299-00149850-00150450": "They are above average, but actually most countries are already above average.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00300-00150450-00150850": "And most countries are heading up in that direction.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00301-00150850-00151250": "When I say most countries are above average, let me be precise.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00302-00151250-00151750": "The world average power consumption is 0.1 W/m2", "bVTs8S-RApy-00303-00151750-00152000": "and that's shown by this line here.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00304-00152050-00152750": "If you multiply the energy consumption per person by the population density of a country,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00305-00152750-00153350": "you get the power per unit area of that country, which we can measure in watts per square meter.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00306-00153350-00154100": "So all the countries on this pink line here have the same power per unit area as each other", "bVTs8S-RApy-00307-00154100-00154650": "0.1 watt is the power per area of Saudi Arabia, Norway, South-Africa,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00308-00154650-00155150": "Mexico, China in 1990, India in 1990 and Bangladesh in 1990.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00309-00155200-00155550": "And that is also the world average power consumption.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00310-00155600-00155850": "But most countries are above average.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00311-00155900-00156300": "Most people are above average is what I really meant to say.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00312-00156350-00156650": "Most people live in counties that are above average.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00313-00156650-00157200": "Because about 80 % of the world population is above that line,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00314-00157200-00157500": "above 0.1 watt per square meter.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00315-00157650-00158050": "So yes, the UK, Germany and Japan are slightly atypical,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00316-00158050-00158450": "because our power consumption is about 1.2 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00317-00158450-00158850": "But 80 % of the world population is above this line here.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00318-00159050-00159350": "So this is an interesting example to look at.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00319-00159350-00159850": "And if we think about Germany and the UK which is what I might focus on now,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00320-00159850-00160550": "all the answers for France are fairly similar. France has the same per capita consumption roughly,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00321-00160550-00160800": "but its population density is half.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00322-00160850-00161250": "So, there is a factor of 2 difference which is a relatively small difference", "bVTs8S-RApy-00323-00161250-00161550": "compared to these bigger differences here.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00324-00161650-00161850": "Now, what can we do with this diagram?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00325-00161900-00162350": "Well I have shown you the power consumption today of all these countries.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00326-00162350-00162850": "We can now compare these power consumptions per unit area,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00327-00162850-00163150": "with the power production per unit area of renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00328-00163300-00163450": "So let's shrink the figure down a little bit.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00329-00163450-00163950": "And we can add some more lines to show the power per unit area of renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00330-00164000-00164250": "First, let's start with energy crops.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00331-00164250-00165000": "In my little introduction I mentioned bio fuels and here is the number for the best energy crops in Europe.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00332-00165050-00165600": "There is a range, but a typical figure is 0.5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00333-00165650-00166050": "Now that is smaller than 1.2 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00334-00166150-00166650": "What that means is even if you covered the whole of the UK with energy crops,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00335-00166650-00167200": "the energy from those crops would not equal the energy consumption of the UK today.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00336-00167250-00167750": "You would need two and a half times the area of the UK in energy crops,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00337-00167750-00168200": "if you wanted to match today's consumption entirely using energy crops.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00338-00168200-00168600": "Even France with its lower population density has the same message.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00339-00168630-00168900": "If you covered the whole of France with energy crops,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00340-00168950-00169550": "the output of those crops would be less than today’s energy consumption in France.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00341-00169550-00169700": "So that is an interesting message.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00342-00169750-00170250": "Wind power can deliver more power per unit area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00343-00170250-00170730": "In the UK wind farms deliver about 2.5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00344-00170750-00171350": "In this book I said that onshore wind farms deliver about 2 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00345-00171350-00171750": "And I am happy to correct errors in my book, and that was an error.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00346-00171800-00172400": "Onshore wind farms deliver a little bit more that 2 W/m2, they deliver about 2.5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00347-00172400-00172750": "And here is the data to backup this correction.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00348-00172750-00173050": "So here are about 50 wind farms in the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00349-00173050-00173350": "The horizontal axis shows the area of the wind farm", "bVTs8S-RApy-00350-00173350-00173950": "and the vertical axis is the actual power per unit area, the average power per unit area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00351-00173950-00174550": "And there is a great range, but they are all between 1 and 4 or 5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00352-00174550-00175050": "In my book I said that offshore wind farms might be delivering about 3 watt per square meter.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00353-00175050-00175200": "That was also an error.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00354-00175250-00175750": "These 4 farms here are the offshore wind farms of the UK", "bVTs8S-RApy-00355-00175750-00176250": "and they are delivering a little bit less than 3 W/m2 So I am always happy to correct errors", "bVTs8S-RApy-00356-00176250-00176950": "and my summary is: All the wind farms are delivering roughly 2.5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00357-00176950-00177250": "So what does that mean?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00358-00177250-00178050": "It means that, if you covered half of the UK with wind farms the average output of those wind farms", "bVTs8S-RApy-00359-00178050-00178450": "would equally average energy consumption of the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00360-00178450-00178850": "That's the total energy consumption of the UK in all forms,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00361-00178850-00179350": "not only the electricity, but also the industry, heating, and transport.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00362-00179900-00180050": "There is a similar message for other renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00363-00180050-00180250": "Next, let's talk about solar.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00364-00180350-00181030": "Solar panels on a south facing roof in the UK deliver about 20 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00365-00181050-00181350": "Here is some real data from a roof in Cambridge", "bVTs8S-RApy-00366-00181350-00182250": "showing that you get a power that varies around the year and on average it is about 20 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00367-00182550-00183150": "So if you were to cover all south facing roofs with solar panels, you will get an appreciable amount of power,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00368-00183150-00183550": "but not the total power consumption of the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00369-00183550-00183950": "If you want to get more power from solar panels, you need to leap off the roof and adopt", "bVTs8S-RApy-00370-00183950-00184250": "the traditional Bavarian farming method.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00371-00184250-00184750": "In Bavaria it is traditional to cover the countryside with solar panels also.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00372-00184750-00185250": "Here is a photograph of Bavaria and the power output of these solar facilities", "bVTs8S-RApy-00373-00185250-00185950": "is less than 20 W/m2, because 20 W/m2 is the power output of one panel", "bVTs8S-RApy-00374-00185950-00186250": "and when you make a solar park, you have to make gaps between the panels", "bVTs8S-RApy-00375-00186250-00186450": "as you can see in the photograph.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00376-00186450-00186950": "You have to have gaps for the humans to get around and clean up the panels and do maintenance.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00377-00186950-00187350": "And you have gaps to prevent the panels from shading each other.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00378-00187350-00187850": "And the actual power output of these farms is something like 5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00379-00187850-00188150": "It's the average power of 24 hours?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00380-00188150-00188750": "Yes it's the average over 24 hours and it is the average over 365 days of the year.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00381-00188750-00189150": "So, on average you get 5 W/m2 from these solar parks.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00382-00189200-00189750": "I don't have actual data from these Bavarian parks. I have tried to find it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00383-00189750-00190350": "but I do have actual data from an American solar park. This is one in Vermont.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00384-00190400-00190850": "The intensity of sunshine in Vermont is bigger than in the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00385-00190900-00191650": "In the UK the average intensity of sunshine is about a 110 W/m2. In Vermont it is bigger, it's 140 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00386-00191700-00192250": "And the power output of the wind farm is about 3.8 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00387-00192250-00192650": "So this a modern, very new solar park.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00388-00193050-00193350": "That's correct. It's an average day and night.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00389-00193350-00193900": "I have taken the total energy output and I have divided it by the number of days in the period.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00390-00193950-00194750": "For each of these I toke the energy produced in one month and I divided it by the duration of that month.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00391-00194850-00195200": "Then divide by the land area to get the power per unit area", "bVTs8S-RApy-00392-00195200-00195950": "The whole area I measured on Google maps to find the land area of this solar facility.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00393-00196050-00196550": "So that is not very much bigger than the wind farms that we were discussing earlier.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00394-00196550-00196700": "So what's the message of this?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00395-00196750-00197300": "Well if you needed to cover half of the UK with wind farms to completely cover all forms", "bVTs8S-RApy-00396-00197300-00197450": "of energy consumption of the UK today,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00397-00197450-00198200": "you only need a quarter of the UK covered with solar facilities in order to produce on average", "bVTs8S-RApy-00398-00198200-00198600": "the total energy consumption of the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00399-00198600-00198850": "That is nevertheless a large land area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00400-00199150-00199550": "Another option is concentrating solar power. Which perhaps can deliver more", "bVTs8S-RApy-00401-00199550-00200150": "power per unit area. Of course you need to have deserts for this to work.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00402-00200150-00200350": "And Britain doesn't have any deserts", "bVTs8S-RApy-00403-00200430-00200650": "Yet!", "bVTs8S-RApy-00404-00200800-00201550": "The actual power output of concentrating solar power facilities is something like 10 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00405-00201550-00201750": "This facility delivers 14.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00406-00201750-00202100": "This one in Spain delivers 10 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00407-00202250-00202800": "It also has storage tanks, using molten salt to store the heat overnight.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00408-00202800-00203200": "Which is a very nice trick because the average output", "bVTs8S-RApy-00409-00203200-00203600": "is obviously much lower than the peak output.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00410-00203650-00203800": "The sun comes and goes,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00411-00203850-00204450": "and by using molten salt they can store heat from the day into the night.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00412-00204450-00204750": "The average power output is 10 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00413-00204750-00205450": "Here is another facility in Spain using a solar tower and this facility delivers 5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00414-00205550-00206050": "So being generous, let's say concentrating solar power could deliver maybe 20 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00415-00206050-00206650": "That's another factor of 4 bigger than the solar parks we were talking about earlier.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00416-00206650-00207150": "So, instead of building solar parks in Bavaria you could build", "bVTs8S-RApy-00417-00207150-00207450": "concentrating solar parks in someone else’s desert.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00418-00207450-00208050": "The size of those that you would require would be four times smaller", "bVTs8S-RApy-00419-00208050-00208500": "than the size required in a typical northern European location.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00420-00208500-00208650": "Yes, Gérard?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00421-00209850-00210150": "So the question is: What's happening in one of these facilities?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00422-00210150-00210650": "The sunshine is being concentrated on a very small spot,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00423-00210650-00210950": "which's temperature becomes extremely high.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00424-00210950-00211400": "And they put a boiler there and they generate very high temperature steam", "bVTs8S-RApy-00425-00211400-00211550": "and they put that through a turbine.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00426-00211550-00211750": "So that's the method used in this solar tower.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00427-00211750-00212350": "Similarly here in Andasol they are concentrating the heat onto these little pipes here", "bVTs8S-RApy-00428-00212350-00212750": "and these pipes actually contain molten salt that is going through them", "bVTs8S-RApy-00429-00212750-00213150": "and then that molten salt is used again  to generate steam to generate electricity.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00430-00213150-00213550": "So electricity is the output of these facilities.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00431-00213550-00214050": "In principal you could do other things. For example you could deliver the steam", "bVTs8S-RApy-00432-00214050-00214250": "to run industrial processes.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00433-00214250-00214750": "And this company here, Esolar, they are interested  not only in generating electricity,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00434-00214750-00215150": "but also delivering high temperature heat for industry.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00435-00215150-00215550": "Are these heliostat or fixed mirrors?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00436-00215550-00216250": "These mirrors in the esolar facility are all heliostats, they follow the sun.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00437-00216250-00216650": "Similarly these are sun following solar concentrators.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00438-00216650-00216850": "They have a Stirling engine at the focus.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00439-00216850-00217650": "And these trops in Andasol tip around one degree of freedom.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00440-00217650-00218250": "Similarly, these mirrors also track the sun in order to concentrate it on the tower at all times.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00441-00218350-00218600": "OK, so here are some renewables,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00442-00218600-00219050": "and the message is: I love renewables, but all of them are quite diffuse.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00443-00219100-00219350": "Some of them are even more diffuse than others.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00444-00219350-00219750": "When I say diffuse, I mean that the power per unit area is quite small.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00445-00219850-00220150": "Here is a table listing the power per unit area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00446-00220150-00220750": "I talked to you about wind, bio energy, solar photovoltaic panels", "bVTs8S-RApy-00447-00220750-00220950": "and solar in deserts.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00448-00220950-00221350": "Let me just mention one other option, which is the use of tides:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00449-00221350-00221700": "There are 2 ways to use tides.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00450-00221700-00222150": "One is to have a tidal basin and it fills up at high tide", "bVTs8S-RApy-00451-00222150-00222850": "and then at low tide you let the water out it is like a small hydroelectric facility.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00452-00222850-00223750": "France has one of the longest running and biggest of these facilities in the world, it's at La Rance.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00453-00223750-00224750": "And the power per unit area of La Rance is 2.7 W/m2. That's the power per unit of the enclosed area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00454-00224750-00225450": "So I took the area of this region here in order to define the power per unit area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00455-00225650-00226450": "And in Britain a possibility is that we might develop a similar facility on the Severn estuary.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00456-00226450-00227050": "These two maps show the Severn Estuary and La Rance at the same scale as each other.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00457-00227150-00227750": "So, there is our number: 3 W/m2, which is similar again to wind farms.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00458-00227750-00228350": "So the message is: If you want a tidal basin to make a very big difference,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00459-00228350-00228950": "you need a tidal basin that is the size of your country. Not just the size of La Rance estuary.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00460-00229050-00229550": "Europe is actually equipped with such a facility.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00461-00229550-00230450": "The North sea is a very large tidal pool into and out of which great flows of water pour", "bVTs8S-RApy-00462-00230450-00230950": "through La Manche and through these channels here up at the Orkneys.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00463-00230950-00231350": "and it is possible to use that natural tidal pool to generate a lot of", "bVTs8S-RApy-00464-00231350-00231750": "energy in another way. Namely we put a generator in La Manche", "bVTs8S-RApy-00465-00231750-00232150": "or up in Orkney in order to exploit the big natural countries", "bVTs8S-RApy-00466-00232150-00232550": "as that tidal pool receives and loses water.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00467-00232550-00233350": "This can be done with what we call in English: tidal stream. Tidal stream means underwater windmills.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00468-00233350-00233850": "So you take a windmill, you put it under water and we have one of these working in the UK at the moment.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00469-00233850-00234250": "It is actually working in a place called Strangford Lough here in Northern Ireland.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00470-00234250-00234750": "And there are a few other examples in North Korea and in Norway.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00471-00234750-00235350": "So, tidal stream is a very young technology and it is quite hard to estimate", "bVTs8S-RApy-00472-00235350-00235650": "what its power per unit area will be.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00473-00235650-00236050": "But in my book I estimate that it might be something like 8 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00474-00236050-00236350": "It depends on the location and so forth.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00475-00236350-00236650": "And maybe on details that we still don't understand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00476-00236650-00236850": "But it is in the same ballpark", "bVTs8S-RApy-00477-00236850-00237050": "as all the other renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00478-00237150-00237250": "So what does this mean?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00479-00237400-00238150": "It means that if in the future you want to live on renewables and if you want to live at today’s energy consumption,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00480-00238150-00238550": "then if you are in a European country,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00481-00238550-00238950": "you need to expect those facilities to have a similar size to your own country.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00482-00238950-00239700": "They can be a little bit smaller, maybe about 10 % maybe about 10 %, 20 %, 5 % of your country", "bVTs8S-RApy-00483-00239700-00240050": "would need to be occupied by renewable facilities.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00484-00240050-00240450": "If you want to sustain today's consumption on renewables alone.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00485-00240450-00240850": "And this is true whatever mix of renewables you go for.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00486-00240850-00241350": "As you change the mix you might have more solar power and less wind farms.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00487-00241350-00241850": "You can put them in the same location if you want. You can have energy crops in among your wind farms.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00488-00241850-00242550": "If you do that, then that combined facility produces 2.5 plus 0.5 W/m2, which is 3 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00489-00242550-00242750": "The argument is still the same.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00490-00242750-00243150": "The total area of these facilities will be quite big.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00491-00243150-00243350": "Yes?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00492-00244350-00245050": "Ok, the question is : Is there an inconsistency between these 2 numbers for a tidal park?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00493-00245050-00245650": "The reason for the apparent inconsistency is my definition of the area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00494-00245650-00246150": "When I told you about the power per unit area of La Rance,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00495-00246150-00246750": "I divided the power output by the enclosed area here.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00496-00246750-00247250": "When I estimated the power output of a tidal stream facility,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00497-00247250-00247650": "I took the area of sea occupied by the turbines.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00498-00247650-00248050": "I didn't include the area of the North Sea as part of the facility.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00499-00248050-00248650": "In the location where you put the turbines you have more power per unit area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00500-00248950-00249350": "So these are the power per unit area of some renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00501-00249350-00249750": "There are some other renewables that I mentioned in the book also.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00502-00249750-00250000": "For example, the wave power and geothermal power.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00503-00250000-00250300": "And those forms of renewable power generation have similar issues.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00504-00250300-00250550": "They are diffuse.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00505-00250550-00251150": "There are other ways to make low carbon energy,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00506-00251150-00251350": "and one of those is nuclear.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00507-00251350-00251950": "And the power per unit area of a nuclear facility is in the ballpark of 1000 W/m2,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00508-00251950-00252350": "which is significantly bigger than the renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00509-00252650-00253250": "OK, so the question is : Have I included the area for mining the uranium in this calculation?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00510-00253250-00253450": "And the answer is : No", "bVTs8S-RApy-00511-00253450-00254150": "To get a 1000 W/m2, what I did was, I divide the power coming out of this facility which is Sizewell B,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00512-00254150-00254550": "by the area of this square here.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00513-00254550-00255350": "And Sizewell B produces 1 GW on average and the area is 1 square kilometer. So a 1000 W/m2", "bVTs8S-RApy-00514-00255350-00255550": "That's the calculation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00515-00255550-00256250": "If I included the land area for the mining of uranium also as part of the footprint", "bVTs8S-RApy-00516-00256250-00256700": "of that power station then we would have a smaller number So let's talk about that.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00517-00256700-00257350": "The uranium for much of the world's power stations today, comes from a single mine in Australia", "bVTs8S-RApy-00518-00257350-00257450": "called Olympic Dam.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00519-00257550-00258050": "That mine is not solely used for uranium production.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00520-00258050-00258450": "If it were being used solely for uranium production,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00521-00258450-00258950": "you can do a calculation and you could say  how much electricity and what's the land area", "bVTs8S-RApy-00522-00258950-00259450": "and the answer is about a 1000 W/m2 is the power output of Olympic Dam.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00523-00259650-00260450": "If you then add those 2 together you can say aaaah  the total footprint of nuclear is actually 500 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00524-00260450-00260850": "So you get half as much, because you needed to include the mine as well.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00525-00260850-00261350": "So, alright it is 500. But do remember Olympic Dam produces other things.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00526-00261350-00261950": "Uranium is actually a co product along with the principal products of Olympic Dam.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00527-00261950-00262350": "Olympic Dam produces zinc, and copper, and al sorts of other things.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00528-00262350-00263050": "So the uranium is almost free, at that mine. I am sure there is some additional work that has to be done there.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00529-00263050-00263450": "So yes, about a 1000 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00530-00263450-00264000": "Now, there are nuclear facilities that have higher power per unit area.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00531-00264000-00264250": "Here is Gravelines on the north coast of France", "bVTs8S-RApy-00532-00264250-00264950": "and it has not one PWR in its square kilometer, it's got 6.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00533-00264950-00265650": "Here are the six of them, and here is the square kilometer. That encloses those 6 and all of the facility.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00534-00265650-00266150": "So the average power output of  Gravelines is 4400 W/m2,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00535-00266150-00266950": "So by this metric of power per unit area, nuclear is less intrusive than renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00536-00266950-00267350": "Of cause this is not the only metric that we care about.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00537-00267350-00267700": "We not only carry about power per unit area", "bVTs8S-RApy-00538-00267700-00268350": "and there are many other important metrics. Things like the long term legacy of waste", "bVTs8S-RApy-00539-00268350-00268750": "and costs and all of those sort of things too.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00540-00268750-00269100": "So, when I say  nuclear requires less land than wind,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00541-00269100-00269550": "I am not saying nuclear is better, it's just the numbers which are hopefully helpful.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00542-00269600-00270150": "And when we notice that nuclear has popularity problems,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00543-00270150-00270500": "we should also notice, yes nuclear has problems,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00544-00270500-00270750": "but so do renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00545-00270750-00271200": "This is a photograph of  a consultation exercise in full swing in", "bVTs8S-RApy-00546-00271200-00271550": "the little town of Pennycook  just out of Edinburgh in Scotland.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00547-00271550-00272250": "And you can see the children of Pennycook celebrating the burning of the effigy of the windmill.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00548-00272250-00272700": "So, many options have popularity problems.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00549-00272700-00273200": "And we need to take into account these popularity problems for nuclear, for wind,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00550-00273200-00273500": "for lifestyle change and so forth.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00551-00273500-00274000": "We need to understand the numbers and we need a plan that adds up.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00552-00274000-00274500": "And what will that look like? Well, it will depend on which country we are talking about.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00553-00274500-00275400": "For countries in the top right hand side of this diagram, which I would like to focus on, places like Germany, the UK,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00554-00275400-00276000": "Japan and France, the message is: You can live on renewables as long as they are large.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00555-00276000-00276400": "You can also live on nuclear, as long as people embrace it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00556-00276500-00277100": "Or a third option is, you can to talk very politely to countries that are in the left hand side of this diagram,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00557-00277100-00277800": "who have very low population densities, and you can say: We don't want renewable energy in our backyard,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00558-00277800-00278100": "please can we make renewable energy in your country instead?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00559-00278100-00278800": "The size of that facility will still be roughly the same size as it would have been in your own country.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00560-00278800-00278900": "Maybe a little bit smaller.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00561-00278900-00279500": "So you can talk politely to Libya, to Kazakhstan, to Mongolia", "bVTs8S-RApy-00562-00279500-00279850": "and other countries like that, and ask for energy from them.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00563-00279850-00280400": "And those are supply options. And there are other supply options too.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00564-00280400-00281100": "And you can imagine of all of those having levers. These are some of the options we can use.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00565-00281100-00281500": "Our renewables, other people's renewables, nuclear, and so forth.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00566-00281500-00282000": "For example, carbon caption and storage is another technology I would like to mention.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00567-00282000-00282400": "That means, let’s carry on using fossil fuels, but let's at least capture the CO2", "bVTs8S-RApy-00568-00282400-00282900": "that we normally release and let's bury the CO2 somewhere underground.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00569-00283200-00283400": "There is another option.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00570-00283400-00283700": "You don't have to continue with  today's energy consumption.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00571-00283700-00284100": "So a possible thing that a country like the UK or Germany could do is,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00572-00284100-00284650": "it could reduce its per capita consumption down to the levels of China or India say,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00573-00284700-00285100": "and that would reduce  the required power so it would be", "bVTs8S-RApy-00574-00285100-00285500": "easier to deliver the power from,  a smaller amount of renewables", "bVTs8S-RApy-00575-00285500-00286100": "a smaller amount of nuclear or a smaller amount of someone else’s desert.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00576-00286100-00286500": "So the full set of levers has some green levers which are the supply side levers", "bVTs8S-RApy-00577-00286500-00287000": "and then there are red levers which are levers that reduces our energy consumption.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00578-00287000-00287650": "And in the book I describe how the major sectors could have their energy consumption reduced.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00579-00287650-00288100": "And I focus on transport and heating, and the way that individuals", "bVTs8S-RApy-00580-00288100-00288500": "can actually change their lives by understanding their energy consumption better.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00581-00288500-00288900": "So now I would like to talk to you about these 3 red levers on the right hand side.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00582-00288900-00289350": "Obviously there are other demand side options as well, but I will focus on these.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00583-00289350-00289450": "Let's have a look at transport.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00584-00289500-00289800": "How do they make transport more efficient?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00585-00289800-00290150": "The laws of physics say that you need to do 5 things.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00586-00290200-00290900": "First, you want your vehicle to have small frontal area per person. This reduces air resistance.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00587-00290900-00291500": "Second, you want your vehicle to have small weight per person. That reduces rolling resistance,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00588-00291500-00291800": "and it reduces the braking losses.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00589-00291800-00292600": "Third, you want your vehicle to go slowly. This reduces air resistance and breaking losses.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00590-00292600-00293000": "Fourth, to save energy go steadily, don't speed up and slow down.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00591-00293000-00293250": "That reduces your breaking losses.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00592-00293250-00293750": "And fifth, you want to convert energy efficiently between different forms.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00593-00293750-00294350": "The standard vehicles we use today are only about 25 % efficient", "bVTs8S-RApy-00594-00294350-00295100": "in turning chemical energy into work at the wheels. And we can do much better.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00595-00295100-00295550": "So when you apply all those principals to the standard vehicle of today,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00596-00295550-00296300": "which is a car with one person in it which uses 80 kWh per 100 km.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00597-00296300-00296600": "If you apply all of those principals. What do you get?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00598-00296600-00296800": "Well you get this:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00599-00296800-00297300": "It is three people on a bicycle and it used 1 kWh per 100 km.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00600-00297300-00298000": "Now, some people would call that a lifestyle change and there are other options in between these 2 extremes,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00601-00298000-00298300": "which use the laws of physics in various ways.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00602-00298300-00298900": "You can also travel in an Eco car. If you want to have the comfort of your own car.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00603-00298900-00299600": "And this Eco car is shorter than a traffic cone. And it comfortably accommodates one teenager.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00604-00299600-00300700": "And it has a similar energy consumption as the bicycle. It delivers those results if you travel at 23 km/hour.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00605-00300700-00301500": "And again the lady who drives this tank here might say that that is a lifestyle change.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00606-00301500-00302300": "So another option would be, you want to go fast, so go into a TGV. The energy consumption", "bVTs8S-RApy-00607-00302300-00302900": "is much lower because you are sharing the frontal area with a very large number of people.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00608-00302900-00303300": "You need only between 3 to 6 kWh per 100 km.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00609-00303400-00303650": "Aah, but the lady in the tank will say, no, no, no, that is a lifestyle change,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00610-00303650-00303950": "I can't travel with all those horrible people.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00611-00303950-00304200": "So she will prefer perhaps an electric car.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00612-00304200-00305000": "Electric cars are much more efficient then standard cars, in turning chemical energy into oumpf.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00613-00305050-00305600": "Because there efficiency between the battery and the wheels is about 85 %.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00614-00305650-00306000": "Of course you need to ask: Where did the electricity come from?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00615-00306000-00306400": "And if your efficiency for making electricity is only 30 %", "bVTs8S-RApy-00616-00306400-00306800": "and if you are using fossil fuels then this is not really giving you a win.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00617-00306800-00307200": "But, if you can make the electricity from a different source,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00618-00307200-00307600": "then electric vehicles may be a helpful solution.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00619-00307600-00307900": "OK, so there are some choices on the transport side.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00620-00307900-00308300": "Now let's move to heating, and I am going to focus on the heating of buildings.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00621-00308400-00308900": "So a typical poor quality British house looks like this.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00622-00308900-00309250": "This is my house in Cambridge.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00623-00309250-00309500": "This is my Ferrari.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00624-00309700-00309900": "And what can you do to this house?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00625-00309900-00310200": "It leaks heat. Let’s look at the physics.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00626-00310200-00310700": "The physics says that the heat loss is proportional to the leakiness of the building,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00627-00310700-00311100": "multiplied by the temperature difference between the inside and the outside.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00628-00311100-00311500": "And then the power required to make up for the heat loss", "bVTs8S-RApy-00629-00311500-00312000": "is the heat loss divided by the efficiency of your heating system,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00630-00312000-00312300": "Which we call the coefficient of performance of the heating system:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00631-00312300-00312900": "The efficiency with which it turns energy in one form into heat in your house.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00632-00312900-00313100": "Now, how can we reduce the power required?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00633-00313100-00313700": "Well, you attack the tree terms on the right hand side. So, you can reduce the red temperature difference", "bVTs8S-RApy-00634-00313700-00314100": "between the inside and the outside with an amazing technology", "bVTs8S-RApy-00635-00314100-00314200": "called the thermostat.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00636-00314200-00314700": "You grasp the thermostat, you rotate it to the left and your energy consumption reduces.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00637-00314700-00314950": "I have tried it. It works!", "bVTs8S-RApy-00638-00314950-00315200": "And some people call it a lifestyle change.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00639-00315200-00315900": "But I like, I will emphasize later on that actually this is a very important technology which I think everyone could use.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00640-00315900-00316300": "And it could make up a big difference. I will come back on that.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00641-00316300-00317000": "Secondly, you can reduce the leakiness, which is to do with the leakiness through windows", "bVTs8S-RApy-00642-00317000-00317300": "and doors, and walls and roof and floor.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00643-00317300-00318000": "So in my house I got a new front door and I got a flof man to come and put flof into the walls.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00644-00318000-00318500": "So he put extra isolation into the cavity in the wall", "bVTs8S-RApy-00645-00318500-00319200": "and we got loft insolation, extra loft insolation and that reduced the leakiness by about 25 %.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00646-00319200-00320150": "From 8 kWh/d/C to 6 kWh/d/C. So that's a 25 % improvement.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00647-00320150-00320500": "That's worth having, but it is not a huge transformation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00648-00320500-00321000": "Here are some more photographs of other things you can do to reduce the leakiness.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00649-00321000-00321500": "You can put extra insolation on the exterior of a building.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00650-00321500-00322000": "If you put maybe 12 centimeters of rockwool, you can bring up the building", "bVTs8S-RApy-00651-00322000-00322600": "closer to modern building standards. To the standards that are normal in Sweden.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00652-00322600-00323000": "Here are some photographs from l'AMIDES. This is Maarten's house.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00653-00323000-00323400": "Maarten has put extra insolation on the outside of his house.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00654-00323400-00324100": "And here are some pictures of the clever trick of moving the windows out into the insolation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00655-00324100-00324700": "So is created a nice little step, bay, which is a nice feature in Maarten's house.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00656-00324700-00325200": "So it can be done in France, as well as Germany and Poland.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00657-00325200-00325700": "The third thing is we can make heat more efficiently.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00658-00325700-00326400": "The standard heating system in the UK is a gas boiler which takes natural gas and sets fire to it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00659-00326400-00326900": "It has an efficiency of maybe 90 % and that sounds quite good.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00660-00326900-00327200": "But you can actually do much better than 90 percent efficiency.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00661-00327200-00327400": "You can use a heat pump,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00662-00327400-00327900": "which is a device that uses energy from the electricity to move heat", "bVTs8S-RApy-00663-00327900-00328200": "from your garden into your house.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00664-00328200-00328600": "So here are some photos of some air source heat pump", "bVTs8S-RApy-00665-00328600-00329100": "and here is another air source heat pump in Japan  this one is called Eco Cute.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00666-00329100-00329500": "And it has 2 parts: it has 'Pompu' and it has 'Tankman'.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00667-00329500-00330100": "And they are both amazing, they have gloves and a cape and cute eyes and everything.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00668-00330100-00330550": "The efficiency of a heat pump is better than 90 %.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00669-00330550-00330700": "How can it be better?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00670-00330700-00331200": "Well, the efficiency of Eco Cute is claimed to be 490 %.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00671-00331200-00332100": "You put in one unit of electricity and then Pompu pumps 4.9 units of heat into Tankman.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00672-00332100-00333000": "So one of those 4.9 units comes from the electricity and the other 3.9 units come from the air.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00673-00333000-00333700": "It is cooling down the air in order to make heat in the place where you want it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00674-00333700-00334000": "So you can do much better than 90 % efficiency.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00675-00334000-00334500": "So heat pumps, and in Japan heat pumps are going up and up hill.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00676-00334500-00334800": "In red is the deployment rate of heat pumps", "bVTs8S-RApy-00677-00334800-00335200": "Each of these points shows how many heat pumps were installed in one year.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00678-00335200-00335700": "And this is just the Eco Cute heat pump. They install half a million of them per year in Japan.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00679-00335700-00336000": "Here is a similar graph for France, and the number of heat pumps installed", "bVTs8S-RApy-00680-00336000-00336250": "is going up and down, up and down.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00681-00336250-00336800": "And so there seems to be some problems in France. And if any of you are experts on this subject,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00682-00336800-00337300": "I would be very interested to hear what has been happening in France.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00683-00337300-00338000": "We have similar issues in England, where the deployment rate is even smaller for heat pumps.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00684-00338000-00338600": "The third red lever I would like to mention, I call \"read your meters\".", "bVTs8S-RApy-00685-00338700-00338900": "\"Read your meters\" works like this.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00686-00338900-00339500": "In this house that I mentioned earlier, I had energy meters.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00687-00339500-00339800": "I had a gas meter and an electricity meter and I never read them.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00688-00339800-00340300": "And I started writing a book on energy and a friend said to me:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00689-00340300-00340600": "\"How much energy do you use at home?\"", "bVTs8S-RApy-00690-00340600-00340700": "And I was embarrassed,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00691-00340700-00340900": "because I didn't know.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00692-00340900-00341150": "I wasn't looking at my meter readings.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00693-00341150-00341900": "Well I wrote then down, one's a year maybe, and I didn't actually relate to them.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00694-00341900-00342300": "So I turned my eyeball into a smart meter and I started reading the meter every week.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00695-00342300-00342500": "And it changed my life.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00696-00342500-00342900": "These graphs showed  what happened to the gas consumption.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00697-00342800-00343250": "So in the past,  I was using about 40 kWh per day on average.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00698-00343250-00344000": "And then I started reading the meter and the consumption was reduced to 13 kWh per day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00699-00344000-00344400": "And that came from my interaction with the meter and the thermostat.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00700-00344400-00345000": "Because I discovered that you don't need  a particular temperature all the time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00701-00345000-00345600": "Sometimes you want 19 centigrades, but sometimes 13 centigrades is just fine.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00702-00345600-00346000": "And so I started to tinker. I started to change my thermostat a lot.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00703-00346000-00346300": "And whenever it could be low, I made sure it was low.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00704-00346300-00346900": "So the thermostat is often at 13°C in my house and sometimes it goes up to 16.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00705-00346900-00347400": "And if we feel at all cold we can put it up to 19°, 20° or 21°,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00706-00347400-00347800": "it doesn't matter, because most of the time it is at 13° or 16°.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00707-00347800-00348100": "And that's how you save  more than half of your energy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00708-00348100-00348500": "Similarly with the electricity I read the meter regularly.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00709-00348500-00349000": "And I discovered that there were vampires in my house which I could switch off,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00710-00349000-00349200": "Which did make a difference.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00711-00349200-00349400": "It wasn't the phone chargers, no not the phone chargers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00712-00349400-00350100": "But computer peripherals, the cable modem, the stereo that was on all the time,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00713-00350100-00350300": "the dvd player that was on all the time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00714-00350300-00350700": "And I switched all of those things off and I found that I could get a 45 Watt saving,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00715-00350700-00351200": "that's one kilowatt-hour per day and 1 % of my total energy consumption.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00716-00351200-00351600": "Which is well worth having, because that saves me 45 pounds per year", "bVTs8S-RApy-00717-00351600-00352000": "and we can spend that on an extra holiday in Lanzarote.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00718-00352100-00352400": "So let me wrap up.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00719-00352400-00352700": "We need a plan that adds up.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00720-00352700-00353400": "To make a plan that adds up is difficult, because if we want to get off fossil fuels,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00721-00353400-00354000": "today we use, the developed world gets 90 % of its energy, roughly 80 % from fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00722-00354000-00354150": "So a very big change is needed.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00723-00354150-00354700": "So you need to push hard on many of these levers, and many of them are difficult levers to push on.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00724-00354700-00355200": "Because people don't like having wind farms in their landscape in some parts of Europe,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00725-00355200-00355800": "and people aren't comfortable with asking other countries to give them their renewables.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00726-00355800-00356100": "So, and people resist a lifestyle change,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00727-00356100-00356400": "not everyone wants to ride a bicycle or travel on a train.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00728-00356400-00356800": "So it is difficult and we need to think carefully about the numbers,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00729-00356800-00357400": "and make a plan that adds up. The plan has to add up not only on average,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00730-00357400-00357700": "but it needs to add up at every minute of every day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00731-00357700-00358200": "And one of the things I would talk about if I had another hour,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00732-00358200-00358600": "would be the topic of dealing with the fluctuations of wind,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00733-00358600-00359000": "the fluctuations of electricity demand, and the fluctuations of heating demand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00734-00359000-00359600": "These curves show electricity demand in the UK fluctuating every day.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00735-00359600-00360300": "These show the average of a wind fleet. I am imagining if the UK had a wind fleet", "bVTs8S-RApy-00736-00360300-00360600": "that was 50 % bigger than that of Germany,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00737-00360600-00360900": "what would the output of that set of wind farms be?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00738-00360900-00361200": "And this graph shows the gas demand of the UK,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00739-00361200-00361600": "the heat demand, if you like, of the UK varying throughout the year,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00740-00361600-00361800": "and these are all on the same scale of each other.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00741-00361800-00362300": "So there is a very big issue, if we want a plan that adds up,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00742-00362300-00363000": "we need to cope with the variation in heating demand which varies by a very large amount.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00743-00363000-00363600": "There in gigawatts it is going from 200 GW heat to 80 GW in the middle of the summer.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00744-00363600-00364100": "Which is much bigger than any of these variations in the electricity system.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00745-00364200-00364400": "So, we need a plan that adds up", "bVTs8S-RApy-00746-00364400-00365100": "and people who make opinions and people who make policies need to understand arithmetic.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00747-00365100-00365350": "So that's why I wrote the book.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00748-00365350-00366200": "I like to finish by telling you what has happened since I became Chief Scientific Advisor", "bVTs8S-RApy-00749-00366200-00366500": "of the UK department of Energy and Climate change.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00750-00366500-00367000": "One of the projects that has happened there is called the 2050 pathways project.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00751-00367000-00367800": "And the department has made a piece of software that implements the ideas of this book in far more detail.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00752-00367800-00368100": "and in a completely open source way.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00753-00368100-00368650": "So again this tool is free online and it allows the user to explore", "bVTs8S-RApy-00754-00368650-00369100": "the different possibilities for the UK on the demand side and the supply side.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00755-00369100-00369600": "And the tool has not 6 levers but 42 levers. So here are the 42 levers:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00756-00369600-00370100": "The demand side levers are here. The supply side levers are here.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00757-00370100-00370800": "And this tool has been replicated for China. The Chinese government has made its own version of this tool.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00758-00370800-00371200": "So here is the Chinese calculator, which has been published this year.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00759-00371200-00371600": "And not to be left out, Belgium has the calculator.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00760-00371600-00372400": "So here is the calculator for Wallonia and here is the website for the Wallonian calculator which is in French.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00761-00372400-00372700": "So here are the levers in the Wallonian calculator.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00762-00372700-00373200": "And again there are about 42 levers on the demand side and the supply side.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00763-00373300-00373900": "So I am delighted that these ideas are getting some traction in some governments.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00764-00373900-00374300": "And I would like perhaps leave you with the challenge that maybe France would like to have", "bVTs8S-RApy-00765-00374300-00374500": "a 2050 calculator as well?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00766-00374500-00375000": "So let me finish by saying how grateful I am again to l'AMIDES for making", "bVTs8S-RApy-00767-00375000-00375300": "this free translation of my book.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00768-00375300-00375800": "I like to encourage you to download it and to buy the paper copy as well.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00769-00375800-00376000": "It's not easy to make plans that add up,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00770-00376000-00376400": "but it is possible! Thanks you very much for listening.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00771-00377950-00378250": "There's a question in the middle there. Shall we use the microphone?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00772-00380950-00381250": "Good, So the question is:  What about prices?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00773-00381250-00381850": "And in my book I say almost nothing about prices, because I wanted to write a book", "bVTs8S-RApy-00774-00381850-00382450": "that was about the laws of physics and the constraints that physics and engineering", "bVTs8S-RApy-00775-00382450-00382550": "place on what is possible.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00776-00382550-00382750": "The laws of physics don't change,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00777-00382750-00383150": "but the prices of everything change all the time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00778-00383150-00383550": "I noticed this today because I came from Britain", "bVTs8S-RApy-00779-00383550-00384050": "where a cup of tea costs maybe a pound and here in Paris it costs about 5 pounds for a cup of tea.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00780-00384050-00384750": "So prices are crazy. Nevertheless it's a very important question.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00781-00384750-00384950": "What do these things cost?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00782-00384950-00385150": "If we want to make a plan that adds up,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00783-00385150-00385350": "it has to add up in terms of physics.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00784-00385350-00385650": "And we also need a financing plan,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00785-00385650-00386050": "and we need to understand the costs of the options.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00786-00386050-00386350": "And those costs are very uncertain. We don't know the future.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00787-00386350-00387050": "But all of these calculators include a cost feature. So here in the Belgian calculator we have costs,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00788-00387050-00387750": "and in the British one we have costs as well. The costs have error bars and so you can see", "bVTs8S-RApy-00789-00387750-00388250": "what pathway you want and you can see what the costs are with error bars.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00790-00388250-00389150": "And the rough message is: that business as usual, caring on using fossil fuels has a big cost.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00791-00389150-00389850": "Because, if we continue as normal we will carry on building buildings,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00792-00389850-00390350": "we will carry on making transport systems, we will carry on making power stations.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00793-00390350-00390650": "And those will have a cost and the fossil fuels have a cost too.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00794-00390650-00391250": "So the costs are probably going to rise in time and be big. So that's business as usual.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00795-00391250-00391850": "The cost of any of these pathways which takes successful action", "bVTs8S-RApy-00796-00391850-00392400": "on reducing fossil fuel dependence and reducing climate change, looks like this.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00797-00392400-00392750": "So the cost is bigger today and smaller in the future.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00798-00392750-00393250": "Because all these good ideas: building isolation, nuclear power stations, wind farms,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00799-00393250-00393650": "they all costs all a lot today and then they cost nothing in the future.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00800-00393650-00393850": "Insulation is free once you have made it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00801-00393850-00394050": "Nuclear power is, well not quite free.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00802-00394050-00394350": "Wind farms are nearly free in the future as well.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00803-00394350-00394650": "So there is the choice between this cost which is 'business as usual'", "bVTs8S-RApy-00804-00394650-00394900": "and this costs if you take action.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00805-00394900-00395250": "And the area under the 2 curbs is about the same.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00806-00395250-00395650": "So as long as you look at the total costs over a long time,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00807-00395650-00396250": "the cost is much the same. But this pathway takes climate action,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00808-00396250-00396650": "which has a very significant cost, that I did not show you with my 2 arms.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00809-00397150-00397550": "Something which amazes me and terrifies me also", "bVTs8S-RApy-00810-00397550-00398250": "is the permanence of car traffic. If you go and stand on a large bridge", "bVTs8S-RApy-00811-00398250-00398650": "over any highway in the world.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00812-00398650-00399350": "Then you will see cars going and coming day and night, morning and evening, non-stop.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00813-00399350-00399600": "How long will it last?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00814-00399600-00399850": "One hundred years? One thousand years?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00815-00399850-00400150": "Mankind exists since over hundred thousand years.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00816-00400150-00400750": "This traffic was not necessary and possible one hundred or two hundred years ago.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00817-00400750-00401250": "And it could probably not be possible in a couple of hundred years from now.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00818-00401250-00401900": "I just wonder why people don't think about it?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00819-00401900-00402250": "How long would it last? How long? Surely not as long as mankind.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00820-00402250-00402850": "Could we for the time being imagine something like a sabbatical day a month,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00821-00402850-00403350": "just to let nature recover from this non-stop car traffic?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00822-00403450-00404250": "OK, if I understand the question right, the question is about how long things last?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00823-00404250-00404550": "And one way of interpreting that question would be:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00824-00404550-00405250": "Are the ideas in this book going to be relevant still in 50 year’s time?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00825-00405250-00405850": "Some people might ask, maybe in 50 year’s time there will be some complete breakthrough", "bVTs8S-RApy-00826-00405850-00406450": "and some change and if that does happen, obviously everyone would be delighted.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00827-00406450-00406950": "But I believe that the responsible thing to do is to have a plan", "bVTs8S-RApy-00828-00406950-00407350": "based on the assumption that there is not a massive breakthrough.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00829-00407350-00407850": "There is not an amazing new technology that has not been discovered.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00830-00407850-00408050": "My feeling is that's the responsible thing to do.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00831-00408150-00408750": "You suggested taking one day off per month, to help the environment recover.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00832-00408750-00409450": "That would make a difference I suppose of about 3 % to some forms of the damage we do.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00833-00409450-00410050": "And in particular for climate change action that would probably not be enough.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00834-00410050-00410550": "We don't need a 3 % reduction, but a 90 % reduction by 2050,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00835-00410550-00410850": "is the current advice.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00836-00411650-00412450": "That's true. I was assuming that we were taking a holiday of all forms of activity, not just transport.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00837-00412700-00413400": "Thank you very much for this very nice presentation. One of the issues with energy production", "bVTs8S-RApy-00838-00413400-00413800": "is quite often you produce energy when you don't need it and where you don't need it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00839-00413800-00414400": "And that means that there are 2 major questions which is the storage and which is the transport.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00840-00414400-00414950": "How would that enter the picture? Could you give a sort of guideline how much", "bVTs8S-RApy-00841-00414950-00415650": "we would be able to improve if we were transporting more efficiently  or if we were storing more efficiently?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00842-00415650-00416150": "Good, so the question is: What about fluctuations and what about transport?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00843-00416150-00416650": "Because, maybe the energy is created in the wrong place and at the wrong time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00844-00416650-00417750": "I mentioned fluctuations here and the additional  infrastructure required to store energy could be extremely large,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00845-00417750-00418250": "and so storage is a very big challenge.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00846-00418250-00418650": "In the UK we have a storage facility that looks like this.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00847-00418650-00418850": "This is a pump store facility.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00848-00418850-00419150": "You probably have some of these in the Alps also.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00849-00419250-00419750": "This facility is made of 2 lakes on a mountain. So here is the upper lake and here is the lower lake.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00850-00419750-00420250": "And the total energy stored in this facility where water is pumped up the hill,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00851-00420250-00420950": "when we have an extra capacity of electricity and then is let down the hill when we want to generate", "bVTs8S-RApy-00852-00420950-00421250": "The energy stored is about 10 GWh.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00853-00421350-00422350": "You could compare that with the amount energy you would need if you wanted to store 5 days of no wind.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00854-00422350-00423250": "So if we go back to this graph here, which shows the wind  production from a fictional collection of wind farms,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00855-00423250-00423950": "from time to time there are periods with no wind at all or almost no wind.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00856-00423950-00424650": "On average the output of these wind farms is about 10 GW but sometimes there is no power.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00857-00424650-00425250": "How much energy do we need if we want to cope without 10 GW for 5 days?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00858-00425250-00425550": "The answer is a 1000 GWH.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00859-00425550-00425750": "So you would need 100 of these facilities,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00860-00425750-00425950": "if you wanted to do it with pump storage.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00861-00425950-00426250": "So storage is very difficult.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00862-00426250-00426750": "And I think it is a very good idea to have innovation support for research and development", "bVTs8S-RApy-00863-00426750-00427250": "into new technologies for storage.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00864-00427250-00427650": "One possible way of doing this is to store heat underneath buildings.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00865-00427650-00427950": "So this is a very simple idea.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00866-00427950-00428550": "This is a building where the playgroup is used as a collector", "bVTs8S-RApy-00867-00428550-00428950": "for sunshine and that heat is being pumped under the building.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00868-00428950-00429150": "And then in the winter the heat is pumped back out.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00869-00429150-00429450": "This doesn't solve the electricity storage problem.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00870-00429450-00429850": "But it is an idea that could be part of a solution.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00871-00430050-00430750": "Here is a community using the same idea in Canada. They have solar hot water panels and they store heat", "bVTs8S-RApy-00872-00430750-00431250": "down in a big hole in the ground and that is 30 meters wide and 30 meters deep.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00873-00431250-00431650": "Again this doesn't solve the electricity balancing problem, but it does help", "bVTs8S-RApy-00874-00431650-00432050": "with the other fluctuation problem, which is here, which is the heating problem.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00875-00432050-00432550": "Which is an even bigger problem in the winter than this problem of the wind.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00876-00432550-00432850": "So we need a solution to the heat problem too.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00877-00432850-00433350": "And then there is another technology which I am excited about,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00878-00433350-00433850": "which a company called Isentropic is developing.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00879-00434050-00434250": "And that is here.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00880-00434550-00434950": "So, this is a heat pump which is very efficient, it is nearly reversible.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00881-00434950-00435450": "It can be used to pump heat from one place to another and in the other direction.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00882-00435450-00435850": "You can take the heat back and generate electricity.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00883-00435850-00436250": "And the idea of Isentropic is that they can replace a pump storage facility", "bVTs8S-RApy-00884-00436250-00436550": "which is this big with 2 very great lakes.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00885-00436550-00437050": "They can replace that facility with 2 relatively small buildings", "bVTs8S-RApy-00886-00437050-00437850": "which will be able to store 30 GWH of electricity in the form of heat using this reversible heat pump.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00887-00437850-00438250": "So this is a British company with another idea how to storage", "bVTs8S-RApy-00888-00438250-00438650": "in perhaps a smaller and less expensive way.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00889-00438650-00439050": "You also asked about transporting energy from one place to another.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00890-00439050-00439750": "So if we were to generate energy in the Libyan desert or somewhere in the Sahara.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00891-00439750-00440550": "Can we transport it to France or to the UK? And what are the losses of that?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00892-00440650-00440950": "The energy losses would be relatively small.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00893-00440950-00441750": "You would lose probably about 10 % of the energy in transporting it from the Sahara to the UK or France.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00894-00441750-00442250": "The other thing you would lose though, is you would lose some land area,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00895-00442250-00442750": "because you would have power lines going all the way across Spain and France for the benefit of the UK,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00896-00442750-00443150": "and the area loss would be quite substantial.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00897-00443150-00443550": "It would be similar in size to the area of the concentrating solar power station.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00898-00443550-00444150": "Not quite as big, but there would be a land requirement for the additional power lines.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00899-00444150-00444750": "Alternatively you could bury the power lines and that might be more acceptable,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00900-00444750-00444950": "but it would be more expensive.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00901-00444950-00445450": "So there are always tradeoffs between land area, and location and money.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00902-00447250-00447350": "The question is:", "bVTs8S-RApy-00903-00447350-00448150": "Do fossil fuels increase.. Sorry, do renewables increase fossil fuel consumption?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00904-00448250-00448750": "So for example in Germany the amount of wind they have is not quite as big as this graph,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00905-00448750-00449150": "they have about 23 GW capacity, this is a graph of 33 GW.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00906-00449150-00449950": "And so the fluctuations of wind output are essentially negative demand on the electricity system.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00907-00449950-00450450": "So instead of having a simple demand they have a random demand that is smaller.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00908-00450450-00451050": "What are the consequences? Well, the total energy", "bVTs8S-RApy-00909-00451050-00451450": "required from fossil fuels is smaller because the average has gone down quite a lot.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00910-00451450-00451850": "But the efficiency of those power stations will be a little bit worse,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00911-00451850-00452350": "because they are having to cope with a less simple, a less predictable demand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00912-00452350-00452650": "I think the effect is small though.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00913-00452650-00453250": "I think it is in the ballpark of a few percent change in efficiency.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00914-00453250-00453650": "So I don't think it is correct to say that the overall effect", "bVTs8S-RApy-00915-00453650-00453950": "is an increase of fossil fuel use.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00916-00453950-00454250": "I think there is a saving, it's quite a big saving,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00917-00454250-00454750": "but it is about 3 % less than the saving you would get from a simple calculation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00918-00454750-00455450": "I got a team working on that question in my department for the moment to try to get a better answer to it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00919-00455450-00455850": "We will publish that work hopefully within the next year.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00920-00455850-00456450": "Uh, so, yes, renewables today, do create fluctuations.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00921-00456450-00457150": "The solar facilities in Germany also create fluctuations in supply, but that is more predictable.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00922-00457150-00457450": "It tends to peak at midday", "bVTs8S-RApy-00923-00457450-00457850": "and midday in Germany is the time of peak electricity demand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00924-00457850-00458450": "So there is a reasonable correlation there, between the normal fluctuations and demand.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00925-00458450-00459650": "So in Germany their peak is at midday, however in the UK our peak is about 7 pm.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00926-00459650-00460250": "So there seems to be a difference in lifestyle between Germany and the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00927-00461400-00461800": "So people have different lifestyles, in France there are 2 peaks.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00928-00461800-00462350": "I think in France everything is much more regular. All the peaks and drops are bigger,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00929-00462350-00462650": "because everyone has lunch at exactly the same time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00930-00462650-00463050": "Whereas in the UK, you can't detect the lunchtime peak.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00931-00463350-00463750": "Yes we have teatime, but again we are not so regular about that teatime.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00932-00463850-00464050": "It can move between 3 o'clock and 5 o'clock.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00933-00464350-00464850": "Question: In your book you talk quite a lot about stuff or what you call stuff,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00934-00464850-00465150": "and the problems of producing all of it and transporting it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00935-00465150-00465650": "Do you still see potential for energy savings in that area?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00936-00465650-00466350": "Yes that's a nice question. What about stuff, the things we buy and throw away?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00937-00466350-00467050": "I didn't mention it in my talk, but stuff is a very big part of our footprint.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00938-00467050-00467450": "Because a lot of industry is making stuff for us which we then throw away.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00939-00467450-00467850": "And quite a lot of the transport is transporting stuff around.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00940-00467850-00468450": "And much of that making of stuff happens in other countries,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00941-00468450-00468750": "so we are not so aware of the energy footprint.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00942-00468750-00469350": "But in my book I estimate that maybe as much as 50 % of our footprint corresponds", "bVTs8S-RApy-00943-00469350-00469750": "to stuff being made by other countries for us.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00944-00469750-00470250": "So I said, our energy consumption is about 125 kWh per day per person.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00945-00470250-00470850": "But maybe there is another 100 kWh per day per person in other peoples countries.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00946-00470850-00471450": "So yes, stuff is enormously significant, and if we reduce the amount of stuff", "bVTs8S-RApy-00947-00471450-00471950": "that we use, or if we make that stuff to last for longer which is just as good.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00948-00471950-00472450": "That can have a very big effect on global energy consumption.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00949-00474350-00475250": "OK so the question is: How do we explain difficult ideas  from physics to politicians and to other people who matter?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00950-00475250-00475750": "I think the people who matter include politicians, civil servants", "bVTs8S-RApy-00951-00475750-00476350": "and the opinion formers, the people who write in newspapers, and the people who speak on TV", "bVTs8S-RApy-00952-00476350-00476550": "and who people trust and believe.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00953-00476550-00476950": "So we need to find a way to influence all those people.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00954-00477050-00477450": "When I wrote the book I was hoping that some of them might read the book.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00955-00477450-00477650": "So that is one way to try and help.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00956-00477650-00478050": "And people who have read it, have said to me they were very glad that they have read it", "bVTs8S-RApy-00957-00478050-00478750": "and some people have said \"I wish I had read this one year before when I started my job as a minister\"", "bVTs8S-RApy-00958-00478750-00479050": "So that's one way.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00959-00479050-00479550": "But these are very busy people and it is very difficult to get their time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00960-00479550-00479950": "So if you get half an hour of a politician you are lucky.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00961-00479950-00480150": "So it is difficult.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00962-00480150-00480650": "Another way we have tried to help with this communication issue,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00963-00480650-00481050": "is through the 2050 calculator tool that I showed you earlier.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00964-00481050-00481450": "So is it here, no.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00965-00481750-00482350": "So this tool is intended for the general public, for opinion formers, the civil servants and politicians.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00966-00482350-00483200": "When I get time with politicians, for me a high priority is to ask if they would like use this tool", "bVTs8S-RApy-00967-00483200-00483550": "and see what messages they get from it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00968-00483550-00484450": "We have very recently started using this tool for engagement with the MP's in the UK.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00969-00484450-00485050": "So the tool has been published for about 2 and a half years now.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00970-00485050-00485750": "We just started trying to spend time with politicians to see if it helps them change their minds.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00971-00485750-00486150": "To help to justify opinions. We are also trying this with the general public.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00972-00486150-00486850": "So we are intending to run sessions where a group of people are given the tool", "bVTs8S-RApy-00973-00486850-00487650": "and asked to agree with each other on a pathway, a way of meeting our goal for 2050.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00974-00487650-00488450": "And the hypothesis which we will test is that that interaction will change people’s minds.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00975-00488450-00489150": "That is what we hope that will happen. I am not sure, but that's why we are doing it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00976-00489150-00489650": "We are hoping that people may change their opinions about other people’s opinions.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00977-00490250-00490650": "There is one metric that you haven't mentioned of course it is not purely physical,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00978-00490650-00490850": "but I wonder if you want to comment", "bVTs8S-RApy-00979-00490850-00491450": "on energy intensity of wealth production, or carbon intensity of wealth production.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00980-00491450-00492050": "Because there you see some amazing contrasts. The US just being at the world average", "bVTs8S-RApy-00981-00492050-00492950": "and the countries that need the most development spending twice as much to produce their wealth.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00982-00492950-00493850": "OK, so the question is about carbon intensity measured per unit of gross domestic product", "bVTs8S-RApy-00983-00493850-00494050": "or per unit of economic activity.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00984-00494050-00494650": "And what do I think of that metric and why didn't I mention it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00985-00494750-00495250": "Some people, when they talk on this topic write down what is called the Kaya identity.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00986-00495250-00495750": "Emissions are equal to something times something time something.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00987-00495750-00496050": "And one of the something’s is carbon intensity of the economy.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00988-00496050-00496650": "That is an identity that brings money into the definition of carbon emissions.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00989-00496650-00497250": "And I feel reluctant to do that. I don't want to have money in there or GDP.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00990-00497250-00497550": "Because I don't really understand money.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00991-00497550-00497950": "I don't understand economics, and I don't understand GDP.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00992-00497950-00498650": "And I am suspicious when we say: Oh yes the GDP of  this country is this much and this one is this much.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00993-00498650-00499150": "The USA, China, well doesn't it depend on the exchange rate?", "bVTs8S-RApy-00994-00499150-00499550": "And isn't the exchange rate perhaps somewhat arbitrary.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00995-00499550-00499850": "So I don't really believe in GDP,", "bVTs8S-RApy-00996-00499850-00500450": "and I don't want to mess up the nice physics equations by including something that has money in it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00997-00500450-00500650": "I think the physics is the physics.", "bVTs8S-RApy-00998-00500650-00500900": "People emit carbon because they want to get into a little box", "bVTs8S-RApy-00999-00500900-00501350": "and move really fast in the box and that makes swirling air behind them", "bVTs8S-RApy-01000-00501350-00501850": "and it didn't have anything to do with GDP. They just got the fossil fuel and they burned it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01001-00501850-00502150": "And we don't need to have economics to explain what happened.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01002-00502200-00502850": "I don't look very much at those numbers, but I agree they are interesting.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01003-00502900-00502950": "Merci!", "bVTs8S-RApy-01004-00503350-00504250": "My question is about the general public awareness on all these things.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01005-00504250-00505350": "And I think the news on the TV in the newspapers more communications about", "bVTs8S-RApy-01006-00505350-00506150": "about greening our way of life", "bVTs8S-RApy-01007-00506150-00506650": "and my impression is that most of this time it is just green washing.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01008-00506650-00507150": "It's not the real solutions, it's typically unplug your charger", "bVTs8S-RApy-01009-00507150-00507350": "and things like that.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01010-00507350-00508250": "And don't you think that people that count or politicians", "bVTs8S-RApy-01011-00508250-00508750": "could act on the mass media in order to just forbid", "bVTs8S-RApy-01012-00508750-00509350": "stupid communications that mislead the people into thinking", "bVTs8S-RApy-01013-00509350-00509850": "that they act good if they unplug their chargers.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01014-00509850-00510350": "Yes, so the suggestion is: shouldn’t politicians", "bVTs8S-RApy-01015-00510350-00510850": "pass a law that forbids stupid communications.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01016-00510850-00511250": "It is possible that that might be a challenge for some politicians.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01017-00511250-00511750": "But the point is that some communications are green wash.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01018-00511750-00512350": "Many organizations will say \"Oh here are 7 things you can do to make a difference\".", "bVTs8S-RApy-01019-00512350-00512750": "And they have a list of 7 things and maybe 1 or 2 of them are good ideas.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01020-00512750-00513150": "Maybe several of them are irrelevant, they are silly.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01021-00513150-00513550": "And the list doesn't include fly less.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01022-00513550-00514050": "And if it has a thermostat, it will say turn the thermostat down to 19°,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01023-00514050-00514450": "when it should say: turn it down to 13°.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01024-00514550-00514950": "So yes there is a real issue with these lists and my suggestion would be:", "bVTs8S-RApy-01025-00514950-00515450": "If you see a list  in a newspaper or somewhere, write to them and say.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01026-00515450-00515850": "No there is a free book and a free book that anyone can read", "bVTs8S-RApy-01027-00515850-00516150": "says that these are not the most important 7 things.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01028-00516150-00516550": "Here are the numbers and hopefully if enough people do that,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01029-00516550-00516850": "if enough people point out the green wash,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01030-00516850-00517350": "maybe we can improve the quality of the public discussion.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01031-00517350-00517750": "But it is always difficult, because there are people who want to mislead you.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01032-00517750-00518050": "For example if they have a company, they want to sell something.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01033-00518050-00518450": "They will say this is wonderful it is green, it is fluffy, it is super.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01034-00518450-00518950": "So they will be misleading, and also people just get confused.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01035-00518950-00519450": "They don't understand units, they mix up kilowatts and kilowatt-hours.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01036-00519450-00519750": "So, it's always a difficult battle, but if everybody gets involved,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01037-00519750-00520150": "specially the physicists and engineers, I am sure we can make some progress.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01038-00520650-00521650": "The question I want to ask concerns our dependency on fossil fuels.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01039-00521850-00522450": "We have been relying almost entirely on the CO2 message", "bVTs8S-RApy-01040-00522450-00522850": "for the last 10 years or something, and the resource constraint,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01041-00522850-00523550": "and finite resource aspect is almost never there in the media.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01042-00523550-00524250": "And so how to provide a false message on the urgency of the thing.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01043-00524250-00524850": "If we compare to the seventies we are in an oil shock,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01044-00524850-00525250": "and nobody is saying we are in an oil shock, basically,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01045-00525250-00526050": "So, in a way the CO2 message is a bit easier,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01046-00526050-00526650": "because we can say we can keep on going the same and cleaner.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01047-00526650-00527350": "While the resource constraint message,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01048-00527350-00528150": "is at the same time simpler to understand for the people, but it is almost not there.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01049-00528150-00528850": "Whereas in the seventies the CO2 message was not there.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01050-00528850-00529850": "Oil is getting more expensive.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01051-00529850-00530350": "My feeling is, that we rely too much on the CO2 message,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01052-00530350-00530950": "more or less a cover-up of the resource constraint.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01053-00530950-00531250": "OK, so this is a question about how much we should emphasize", "bVTs8S-RApy-01054-00531250-00531650": "the different motivations I mentioned at the beginning.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01055-00531650-00531950": "So, the total resource scarcity for the world question,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01056-00531950-00532300": "or the local resource scarcity", "bVTs8S-RApy-01057-00532300-00532550": "and security of supply issue.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01058-00532550-00532950": "Not wanting to depend on oil from Arabs or that sort of argument.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01059-00532950-00533450": "So these are motivations and the climate motivation is in the middle.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01060-00533450-00533750": "How much should we emphasize these different arguments?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01061-00533750-00534100": "Well my tactic is to respond to the audience really.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01062-00534100-00534450": "So if it's an audience that cares about security of supply", "bVTs8S-RApy-01063-00534450-00534750": "then I talk to them more about security of supply.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01064-00534950-00535750": "But the argument about oil security, fossil fuel security, and the total resource,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01065-00535750-00536350": "I think is a little bit of a shaky foundation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01066-00536350-00536750": "You are right that many people respond to that, they will say:", "bVTs8S-RApy-01067-00536750-00537050": "Yes I want to reduce my dependence on oil,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01068-00537050-00537450": "because oil prices are high and they may go higher,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01069-00537450-00537750": "and gas prices are high in some parts of the world.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01070-00537750-00538650": "So that's a useful argument, but actually political decisions could transform that tomorrow,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01071-00538650-00539350": "So Saudi Arabia, could produce more oil, and then for 3 years", "bVTs8S-RApy-01072-00539350-00539550": "The oil price would be low again, and then it would go up again.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01073-00539550-00540050": "It's an unreliable foundation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01074-00540050-00540650": "I agree we do need to emphasize all of these arguments.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01075-00540650-00541250": "I think the truth about fossil fuel prices is: they will be volatile in the future.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01076-00541250-00541750": "I don't think we can definitely say that the prices will always be high.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01077-00541750-00542150": "I made a bet with someone and the price was above 100 dollars a barrel,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01078-00542150-00542550": "that it would be a long time before it went below a 100 per barrel,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01079-00542550-00543150": "and I lost that bet, because it went back down to 60.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01080-00543250-00543850": "But they will be volatile, fossil fuel prices will be volatile,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01081-00543850-00544350": "because it's difficult to mobilize the infrastructure very rapidly.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01082-00544350-00544900": "So there will be times when we will have oil and gas shortages.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01083-00544900-00545450": "Maybe that is an intellectually sound way to worry people.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01084-00545450-00545800": "The fact is the oil and gas community are very good at coming up", "bVTs8S-RApy-01085-00545800-00546050": "at new ways to reduce costs.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01086-00546050-00546350": "So shale gas is being produced in various places.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01087-00546350-00546850": "The prices of fossil fuels could remain", "bVTs8S-RApy-01088-00546850-00547350": "similar to today’s prices for quite a long time, but they will be volatile around that average.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01089-00548800-00549650": "Excuse me, we need to leave in some 10 minutes from now So I ask you to intervene rapidly and we'll have some", "bVTs8S-RApy-01090-00549650-00549900": "questions and then we will finish.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01091-00549850-00550300": "Thank you very much for your brilliant talk.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01092-00550300-00550750": "I really enjoyed the idea of the online calculator.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01093-00550850-00551250": "This model that is available on the internet for everybody.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01094-00551250-00551950": "For me the question is more about how your aggregate preferences and diverse preferences", "bVTs8S-RApy-01095-00551950-00552250": "for different trajectories in the energy transition.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01096-00552250-00552850": "You may know that today in France was held the second session of the French council", "bVTs8S-RApy-01097-00552850-00553050": "for the energy transition, which combines", "bVTs8S-RApy-01098-00553050-00553650": "different stakeholders, representatives from industry,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01099-00553650-00554050": "trade unions, politicians, and different regions.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01100-00554050-00554750": "Which is to produce an energy transition law by next September.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01101-00554750-00555750": "So my question was, what would be your advice for this experiment in France,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01102-00555750-00556150": "which is a complex mixture of expertise and politics? Thank you.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01103-00556150-00556950": "OK so, it is a question about preferences and how to find out peoples preferences", "bVTs8S-RApy-01104-00556950-00557150": "and how to take them into account.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01105-00557150-00557350": "One thing I would say is:", "bVTs8S-RApy-01106-00557350-00558250": "It is important not to do an economic optimization. It is traditional in the energy economics world", "bVTs8S-RApy-01107-00558250-00559000": "and in government to make policies on the bases of software that does economic optimization.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01108-00559000-00559350": "So the question is: what is the lowest cost path", "bVTs8S-RApy-01109-00559350-00559750": "to the 2050 target for Europe or for the UK or for France.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01110-00559750-00559850": "What's the lowest cost?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01111-00559850-00560250": "And if you do that, you have completely ignored people’s preferences.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01112-00560250-00560950": "You just turned them into a market model. And one thing I like about the 2050 calculator approach,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01113-00560950-00561600": "is that it does not do that optimization. It leaves it up to the users to include their own preferences.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01114-00561600-00562250": "And cost information is one of the pieces of information, but they can include their own preferences also.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01115-00562250-00562450": "And it is still based on physics.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01116-00562450-00562850": "So the advice I would have for France, if you are asking for my advice,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01117-00562850-00563350": "I would say: make sure that it is based on physics,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01118-00563350-00563850": "make sure that people are not allowed to express any preference until they have understood the physics", "bVTs8S-RApy-01119-00563850-00564050": "and have got a plan that adds up.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01120-00564050-00564650": "So you need a calculator for France very quickly, because people need to be able to express preferences", "bVTs8S-RApy-01121-00564650-00565050": "in a way that does add up. Because I am sure if you don't have that calculator, most people will", "bVTs8S-RApy-01122-00565050-00565450": "have preferences that do not add up.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01123-00565450-00565750": "In Britain we have people that say, ah nuclear is the answer.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01124-00565750-00566000": "look at France, and they don't realize,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01125-00566000-00566350": "yes France gets almost all of its electricity from nuclear. Great!", "bVTs8S-RApy-01126-00566350-00566950": "But that is only the electricity, and you have transport and heating which have not been solved.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01127-00566950-00567450": "So that's smart people who say nuclear is the answer.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01128-00567450-00567850": "But they haven't thought about the whole system.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01129-00567850-00568350": "So I think you need a calculator, and the calculator can then be a useful tool", "bVTs8S-RApy-01130-00568350-00568650": "for helping find out people's preferences.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01131-00568750-00569150": "I think two more questions.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01132-00569450-00570450": "Thank you for your talk. I liked very much the story of the beginning, with the 7 km of bio fuels you needed along the road.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01133-00570450-00571150": "But I would like to use this to compare this distance, because with the 7 kilometers compared to the width of the road,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01134-00571150-00571550": "we can think it is something much too big.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01135-00571550-00572250": "But if you go to electricity from PV along the road and with electric cars,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01136-00572250-00573450": "then from your figures you will decrease by 160 at least, maybe 300 this width.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01137-00573450-00573950": "So it becomes comparable with the width of the road. Can you comment on that?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01138-00573950-00574350": "Fantastic, So the question is: What if we ask a different question?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01139-00574350-00574850": "What if we said: Let's use the verge of the road for solar panels to power electric cars.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01140-00574850-00575150": "Then how wide would the verge of the road would need to be?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01141-00575150-00575750": "And the assertion is: That the width would be  significantly smaller, and I agree, because the average power", "bVTs8S-RApy-01142-00575750-00576350": "of solar panels is 5 W/m2 if they are not shading each other.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01143-00576350-00576850": "And the plants for this calculation are below 0.5 W/m2.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01144-00576850-00577550": "So it will be at least 10 times smaller, So it could be only 700 meters wide along the side of the road", "bVTs8S-RApy-01145-00577550-00577950": "and if you switch to electric vehicles you get another factor of 4", "bVTs8S-RApy-01146-00578000-00578300": "so maybe it is only a hundred meters wide along the edge of the road.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01147-00578350-00578850": "So yes, it is only a 100 meters wide and you need somewhere to put all the batteries", "bVTs8S-RApy-01148-00578850-00579450": "to fill up when the sun is shining so you can carry on driving in the winter.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01149-00579450-00579650": "So I agree with your calculation,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01150-00579650-00580150": "yes solar panels require much less land area then bio fuels,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01151-00580150-00580550": "and yes electric vehicles are much better than today's cars.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01152-00580550-00581050": "So that is exactly the sort of calculation that I like to encourage.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01153-00581050-00581650": "Yes, but this is still only 12000 cars over 1000 km.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01154-00581650-00582050": "That is not many cars, from your calculation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01155-00582050-00582650": "80 meters between the cars is 12000 cars over 1000 km", "bVTs8S-RApy-01156-00582650-00583350": "So this question is: Do I have the right number of cars on the road?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01157-00583350-00583950": "In this calculation the assumption is that those cars are driving  all the time 24 hours a day for this little calculation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01158-00583950-00584550": "Now the truth is that cars are only driven for only 1 % of the time.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01159-00584550-00584850": "So there are far more cars driving only one 1% of the time", "bVTs8S-RApy-01160-00584850-00585250": "and the spacing between is not that one..", "bVTs8S-RApy-01161-00585250-00585850": "Actually, to do a full calculation of the whole energy  system we need to do a different calculation.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01162-00585850-00586150": "But that's what we can do with these simple methods.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01163-00586200-00586950": "A question about Britain: Can you tell us what are the objectives?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01164-00586950-00587250": "for your country for carbon reduction?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01165-00587250-00587950": "And as you are the Chief Scientific Advisor, do you think you will meet those objectives?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01166-00587950-00588250": "OK, let's make this the final question, shall we?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01167-00588250-00588800": "So what are the legal objectives of the UK government?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01168-00588800-00589150": "We have got a legal target, and it is shown by this green line.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01169-00589150-00589800": "So in 2050, we have a law called the Climat Change Act, which says that the emissions of the UK", "bVTs8S-RApy-01170-00589800-00590450": "measured within its own boarders must be 80 % lower than the emissions in 1990.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01171-00590450-00590950": "Which means: 2 tons per year per person. Do I think we will achieve this target?", "bVTs8S-RApy-01172-00590950-00591250": "I don't know. It depends.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01173-00591250-00591850": "But we have a description of policies that will get us to this goal.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01174-00591850-00592150": "We used the calculator, we have published a document,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01175-00592150-00592350": "let me show you it.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01176-00592350-00593050": "One year ago, the government published the carbon plan, and the carbon plan", "bVTs8S-RApy-01177-00593150-00593450": "looks like, where is it gone,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01178-00593750-00594100": "so the carbon plan describes how we will achieve that goal.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01179-00594100-00594550": "And one of the details of the law is every few years the government must describe", "bVTs8S-RApy-01180-00594550-00594850": "what it is going to do to meet the targets.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01181-00594850-00595250": "Not only the 2050 targets, but the interim targets every 5 years.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01182-00595250-00595650": "So this plan describes how we will meet the goal.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01183-00595850-00596550": "And incidentally this document also admits that our  current policies are not sufficient to reach the goal.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01184-00596550-00597050": "So this document says we need additional policies and the document identifies the areas", "bVTs8S-RApy-01185-00597050-00597350": "in which those policies should be developed.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01186-00597350-00597600": "So the UK has a target,", "bVTs8S-RApy-01187-00597600-00598200": "it is not on track, but it knows it is not on track and is describing what it ought to do.", "bVTs8S-RApy-01188-00598250-00598550": "Watch this space...", "bVTs8S-RApy-01189-00598650-00599150": "Well, there is a time to stop."}}, {"audio_id": "bW0h9FPMKzI", "text": {"bW0h9FPMKzI-00000-00001106-00001352": "good day guys and girls", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00001-00001368-00001718": "I am ale and this is my channel ale fotoblog", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00002-00001718-00002005": "subscribe now and like to this video", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00003-00002018-00002364": "today we are going to talk about macro photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00004-00002388-00002682": "macro photography as the word indicates", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00005-00002682-00002942": "it is the opposite of micro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00006-00002942-00003154": "micro means small", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00007-00003154-00003352": "macro means big", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00008-00003365-00003747": "macro photography is a very developed style within photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00009-00003764-00004020": "and its main uses are in", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00010-00004029-00004406": "related to research photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00011-00004414-00004602": "with biology", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00012-00004612-00004960": "Take photos of small species, insects, plants, animals", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00013-00004972-00005306": "from a very close perspective", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00014-00005326-00005572": "what you see in the image is very large", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00015-00005572-00005858": "the size is extended and is very close", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00016-00005858-00006082": "macro photography fascinates everyone because", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00017-00006082-00006398": "because it lets us see those things that at first glance do not look", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00018-00006402-00006806": "insect mosquitoes with many eyes", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00019-00006806-00007008": "incredible colors", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00020-00007008-00007230": "the flight of a colibri", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00021-00007230-00007616": "incredible nature scenes", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00022-00007630-00007930": "later we also have another variant of macro photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00023-00007938-00008242": "abstract macro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00024-00008242-00008614": "this means that there are images that you do not know where they come from", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00025-00008636-00008888": "but that they have a composition", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00026-00008894-00009074": "one way, lines, colors", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00027-00009080-00009380": "that are harmonic, often extraordinary", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00028-00009380-00009842": "and that they are in those little things that we do not pay attention to", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00029-00009856-00009964": "so", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00030-00009972-00010366": "Most common, compact digital cameras", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00031-00010366-00010629": "they come with a macro mode, which is not a real macro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00032-00010629-00010928": "but that gives the idea of macro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00033-00010928-00011246": "it is usually indicated with a small flower", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00034-00011266-00011624": "that macro mode can be used to take pictures more closely", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00035-00011632-00011978": "and its function is to give more clarity and focus", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00036-00012000-00012208": "but the truth is that", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00037-00012234-00012566": "does not look too much like the real macro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00038-00012568-00012872": "in reflex cameras there is also this macro mode", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00039-00012874-00013122": "indicated with a small flower", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00040-00013122-00013584": "and we could say that it adjusts the camera to take pictures in the foreground", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00041-00013594-00013894": "and achieve an unfocused background", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00042-00013932-00014124": "It should be clear", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00043-00014147-00014424": "it does not matter what type of camera you take the picture with", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00044-00014424-00014568": "but the most important thing is the objective", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00045-00014578-00014812": "you can try to make macro photos with a reflex camera", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00046-00014812-00014954": "in macro mode", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00047-00014968-00015288": "but if you do not have a special goal for macro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00048-00015288-00015540": "it's going to be very difficult for you to achieve the results", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00049-00015540-00015828": "what you see in professional macro photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00050-00015828-00016130": "there are many different objectives for macro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00051-00016141-00016492": "but you have to take into account also how to compose the image", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00052-00016532-00016698": "not everyone can buy macro lenses", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00053-00016698-00016998": "a lens for portrait, a lens for high shutter speed", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00054-00016998-00017298": "a wide-angle lens, a fish eye", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00055-00017298-00017622": "when you investigate the prices of the objectives", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00056-00017660-00017962": "you see that they cost a lot of money", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00057-00017962-00018106": "but do not worry", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00058-00018126-00018304": "There are other economic options", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00059-00018304-00018504": "a converter lens", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00060-00018524-00018822": "that offer an approach to the macro", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00061-00018980-00019214": "provides a zoom to the image", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00062-00019216-00019450": "and allows you to focus more closely", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00063-00019462-00019768": "Sharpness and image quality are lost", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00064-00019768-00020140": "but it serves to experiment and the price is very low", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00065-00020242-00020515": "there are also other accessories that are", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00066-00020516-00020856": "rings or extension tubes", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00067-00020988-00021124": "you can see them in this image", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00068-00021124-00021382": "they serve to generate the macro effect", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00069-00021382-00021774": "without having to buy a macro lens", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00070-00021800-00021940": "they can be digital or mechanical", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00071-00021940-00022296": "the digital ones allow to do autofocus", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00072-00022304-00022508": "the important thing", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00073-00022508-00022992": "is that the tube can communicate with the camera electronically", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00074-00023036-00023568": "so that you have the same options as with a goal", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00075-00023636-00023782": "There are different prices", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00076-00023794-00024000": "depending on the brand and the quality", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00077-00024028-00024244": "and the number of options they offer", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00078-00024244-00024532": "but they are a very interesting macro alternative", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00079-00024532-00024796": "of very good quality", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00080-00024796-00025028": "Let's see some examples", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00081-00025028-00025138": "of macro photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00082-00025522-00025656": "as you can see", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00083-00025818-00026106": "it is very important to compose the image correctly", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00084-00026210-00026335": "give much importance to color", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00085-00026336-00026632": "color balance, temperature", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00086-00026720-00027036": "the types of colors that we are going to use", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00087-00027054-00027283": "observe the tonal contrasts that there are", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00088-00027283-00027570": "for example between violet and yellow", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00089-00027570-00027822": "red and green, orange and blue", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00090-00027822-00028122": "it is important to know the theory of color", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00091-00028122-00028436": "how the colors interact with each other", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00092-00028436-00028666": "observe", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00093-00028666-00028952": "that these photographs are a work of art", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00094-00028952-00029224": "then we must take into account every detail", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00095-00029224-00029354": "many times macro photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00096-00029368-00029592": "is subsequently edited in photoshop", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00097-00029592-00029698": "to touch up the background", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00098-00029698-00029862": "add clarity, sharpness", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00099-00029862-00029968": "Focus to the foreground", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00100-00029968-00030250": "but also can be edited in adobe lightroom", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00101-00030250-00030442": "and achieve very similar results", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00102-00030444-00030751": "notice that it is a branch of photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00103-00030752-00031042": "which is very interesting to investigate and experience", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00104-00031042-00031316": "whether they have macro lens or not", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00105-00031316-00031574": "Conversion rings or lens converted", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00106-00031588-00031925": "Anyway, I think it's interesting to train the eye", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00107-00031926-00032217": "the most important thing in macro photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00108-00032218-00032524": "is that the foreground is correctly focused", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00109-00032524-00032756": "then you observe that", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00110-00032756-00033078": "when they are very close to the object to be photographed", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00111-00033090-00033392": "it's going to be difficult to focus", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00112-00033392-00033588": "the automatic focus alternates continuously", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00113-00033606-00033870": "between the background and the foreground", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00114-00033876-00034062": "there you should have patience", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00115-00034062-00034222": "try not to move your hand too much", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00116-00034222-00034520": "because that does not contribute to the approach", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00117-00034527-00034819": "and thus achieve that appropriate focus point", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00118-00034820-00035016": "in which it is correct to shoot the photo", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00119-00035032-00035350": "it's a very interesting exercise to play with macro photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00120-00035366-00035532": "to learn to focus well", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00121-00035546-00035732": "correctly, clearly the images", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00122-00035732-00036032": "that's why I recommend you to do experiments", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00123-00036032-00036268": "and take many macro photos", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00124-00036268-00036492": "of close-ups or detail plans", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00125-00036492-00036692": "to be able to develop this perception", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00126-00036774-00036984": "another very interesting topic", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00127-00036984-00037320": "is to be able to play with the forms, the lines, the colors", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00128-00037320-00037658": "looking for more abstract photographs", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00129-00037680-00038096": "in which there is no clearly figurative object", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00130-00038096-00038424": "like an insect, bird, flower", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00131-00038520-00038758": "but rather shapes, lines, colors", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00132-00038782-00039008": "as we can see in these images", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00133-00039034-00039254": "we have different compositions", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00134-00039254-00039476": "that are really fascinating", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00135-00039476-00039676": "and many times we do not pay attention", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00136-00039680-00039878": "that's why I highly recommend them", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00137-00039888-00040086": "look at my videos on composition rules", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00138-00040086-00040350": "or do the course that appears in the description of the video", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00139-00040502-00040726": "on composition rules in photography", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00140-00040854-00041132": "I hope you have served the video", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00141-00041134-00041478": "Any questions you have left in the comments", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00142-00041478-00041950": "and comment on what topics they are interested in seeing on the channel", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00143-00041970-00042110": "do not forget to like", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00145-00042260-00042564": "visit the facebook page", "bW0h9FPMKzI-00146-00042564-00042882": "until next time"}}, {"audio_id": "bW10goCv_JU", "text": {"bW10goCv_JU-00000-00000014-00000256": "(music)", "bW10goCv_JU-00001-00000958-00001124": ">> To assign a specific available", "bW10goCv_JU-00002-00001124-00001294": "subscription to a user,", "bW10goCv_JU-00003-00001294-00001562": "you will need to reference your subscription details.", "bW10goCv_JU-00004-00001562-00001878": "To do this, choose Export to get a full list", "bW10goCv_JU-00005-00001878-00002134": "of assigned and available subscriptions.", "bW10goCv_JU-00006-00002134-00002282": "This will serve as a reference", "bW10goCv_JU-00007-00002282-00002479": "to fill out the bulk upload template.", "bW10goCv_JU-00008-00002569-00002859": "Select Bulk Add from the drop down menu,", "bW10goCv_JU-00009-00002859-00003093": "and download the Bulk Add template.", "bW10goCv_JU-00010-00003093-00003343": "(music)", "bW10goCv_JU-00011-00003476-00003694": "To assign a specific subscription,", "bW10goCv_JU-00012-00003694-00003865": "you will need to copy and paste", "bW10goCv_JU-00013-00003865-00004051": "the GUID from the export list", "bW10goCv_JU-00014-00004051-00004351": "to the subscription GUID column in the bulk add template.", "bW10goCv_JU-00015-00004447-00004702": "You will also need to choose the subscription level", "bW10goCv_JU-00016-00004702-00004844": "and ensure that it corresponds", "bW10goCv_JU-00017-00004844-00005060": "to the GUID that you've entered.", "bW10goCv_JU-00018-00005060-00005313": "(music)", "bW10goCv_JU-00019-00005313-00005474": "Fill out the rest of the fields,", "bW10goCv_JU-00020-00005474-00005718": "and then complete the bulk upload process.", "bW10goCv_JU-00021-00005718-00005874": "(music)", "bW10goCv_JU-00022-00005874-00006129": "Once uploaded, you will see the portal update", "bW10goCv_JU-00023-00006129-00006315": "with the added users.", "bW10goCv_JU-00024-00006315-00006598": "(music)"}}, {"audio_id": "bW65PngX6vy", "text": {"bW65PngX6vy-00000-00000746-00000903": "I'm an artist", "bW65PngX6vy-00001-00000979-00001228": "and to define me", "bW65PngX6vy-00002-00001281-00001548": "has also to englobe", "bW65PngX6vy-00003-00001548-00001712": "my profession", "bW65PngX6vy-00004-00001782-00002172": "I work in the Escuela de Arte Superior y de Diseño de Valencia", "bW65PngX6vy-00005-00002186-00002424": "in the fashion department", "bW65PngX6vy-00006-00002472-00003006": "and besides that , it endorses me as an artist", "bW65PngX6vy-00007-00003080-00003302": "to be a culture activist", "bW65PngX6vy-00008-00003302-00003650": "I like it when my projects transcend", "bW65PngX6vy-00009-00003673-00003927": "at least to the urban sphere", "bW65PngX6vy-00010-00003978-00004195": "I like specially", "bW65PngX6vy-00011-00004195-00004506": "to feel like an Intramurs artist", "bW65PngX6vy-00012-00004576-00004738": "and", "bW65PngX6vy-00013-00004853-00005155": "To work uniting", "bW65PngX6vy-00014-00005155-00005373": "art, fashion and life", "bW65PngX6vy-00015-00005429-00005660": "and also education", "bW65PngX6vy-00016-00005912-00006416": "Intramurs is a platform for artists", "bW65PngX6vy-00017-00006528-00006656": "directed", "bW65PngX6vy-00018-00006722-00006928": "with a lot of intelligence", "bW65PngX6vy-00019-00007014-00007245": "by a group", "bW65PngX6vy-00020-00007245-00007552": "of artists, and that makes a difference.", "bW65PngX6vy-00021-00007552-00007755": "from other platforms", "bW65PngX6vy-00022-00007757-00007945": "These artists believe", "bW65PngX6vy-00023-00008006-00008301": "in the new values", "bW65PngX6vy-00024-00008301-00008401": "of", "bW65PngX6vy-00025-00008462-00008588": "society", "bW65PngX6vy-00026-00008630-00008914": "And they all try to work", "bW65PngX6vy-00027-00008979-00009329": "to create a València", "bW65PngX6vy-00028-00009530-00009754": "where the neighbourhood", "bW65PngX6vy-00029-00009754-00009894": "of Intramurs", "bW65PngX6vy-00030-00009989-00010128": "leaves a mark", "bW65PngX6vy-00031-00010244-00010700": "and they invite very special people in the field of  art", "bW65PngX6vy-00032-00010814-00010944": "to work", "bW65PngX6vy-00033-00010994-00011313": "for the audience in Valencia and that is", "bW65PngX6vy-00034-00011317-00011455": "very praiseworthy", "bW65PngX6vy-00035-00011754-00011944": "I need", "bW65PngX6vy-00036-00012126-00012528": "very special collaborations", "bW65PngX6vy-00037-00012528-00013047": "In the first project I worked through", "bW65PngX6vy-00038-00013294-00013754": "the dignification of the work of seamstresses", "bW65PngX6vy-00039-00013754-00013888": "I invited", "bW65PngX6vy-00040-00013890-00014206": "50 seamstresses to work", "bW65PngX6vy-00041-00014206-00014505": "With their portable sewing machines", "bW65PngX6vy-00042-00014506-00014897": "in the Viriat square", "bW65PngX6vy-00043-00014966-00015232": "and it was very interesting", "bW65PngX6vy-00044-00015232-00015794": "I gathered some recycled clothes", "bW65PngX6vy-00045-00015794-00016036": "and during 12 hous", "bW65PngX6vy-00046-00016050-00016406": "To the music of different DJs we worked on the first", "bW65PngX6vy-00047-00016406-00016784": "collection of sustainable clothing made dancing", "bW65PngX6vy-00048-00016784-00017014": "That was an amazing experience", "bW65PngX6vy-00049-00017170-00017461": "'Más apretadas que con licra' is the second project", "bW65PngX6vy-00050-00017461-00017746": "it was all spectacular", "bW65PngX6vy-00051-00017746-00018095": "An amazingly big lot in the IVAM", "bW65PngX6vy-00052-00018142-00018538": "performers collaborated with me", "bW65PngX6vy-00053-00018604-00018897": "Boca chico was the DJ", "bW65PngX6vy-00054-00018897-00019175": "Espacio Ideo configurated the space", "bW65PngX6vy-00055-00019175-00019474": "Gardeners that helped me transform", "bW65PngX6vy-00056-00019474-00019787": "that wilderness into a garden", "bW65PngX6vy-00057-00019896-00020264": "and makeup and hair was in charge of La niña de los peines", "bW65PngX6vy-00058-00020264-00020474": "But it was not only that", "bW65PngX6vy-00059-00020512-00020748": "It was not a normal fashion show", "bW65PngX6vy-00060-00020748-00020999": "I use performance in the shows", "bW65PngX6vy-00061-00020999-00021222": "to comunicate things", "bW65PngX6vy-00062-00021280-00021672": "In this case I needed the help of Graffiti artists", "bW65PngX6vy-00063-00021680-00021849": "The world of graffiti", "bW65PngX6vy-00064-00021849-00022109": "it is a very closed sphere", "bW65PngX6vy-00065-00022110-00022446": "It was hard to get in but I reached some very powerful artists", "bW65PngX6vy-00066-00022446-00022592": "and", "bW65PngX6vy-00067-00022640-00022886": "The artists", "bW65PngX6vy-00068-00022886-00023114": "parting from the sketch", "bW65PngX6vy-00069-00023114-00023412": "of the clothes on the bodies with a pen", "bW65PngX6vy-00070-00023412-00023512": "to be able", "bW65PngX6vy-00071-00023546-00023836": "to draw on the skin", "bW65PngX6vy-00072-00023841-00023941": "they worked", "bW65PngX6vy-00073-00023950-00024255": "during 3 hours in the construction", "bW65PngX6vy-00074-00024255-00024531": "of a dress attached to the skin", "bW65PngX6vy-00075-00024554-00024872": "made of graffiti because I considered", "bW65PngX6vy-00076-00024929-00025184": "and this is a very important work for me", "bW65PngX6vy-00077-00025184-00025436": "I considered that", "bW65PngX6vy-00078-00025494-00025774": "the tag was the symbol of usurpation", "bW65PngX6vy-00079-00025774-00026075": "and I used it", "bW65PngX6vy-00080-00026075-00026311": "on the bodies of women", "bW65PngX6vy-00081-00026340-00026537": "and in the end", "bW65PngX6vy-00082-00026608-00026946": "teh friction between them", "bW65PngX6vy-00083-00026946-00027554": "made the disappear the tag", "bW65PngX6vy-00084-00027554-00027818": "the final scenes", "bW65PngX6vy-00085-00027832-00028048": "are still very emotional to me", "bW65PngX6vy-00086-00028048-00028274": "We thought we were sufragettes", "bW65PngX6vy-00087-00028497-00028785": "The last project, 'La manada duerme'", "bW65PngX6vy-00088-00028795-00029088": "Needed a magical space", "bW65PngX6vy-00089-00029133-00029429": "It was a room in the Carmen centre", "bW65PngX6vy-00090-00029430-00029608": "The Carmen centre", "bW65PngX6vy-00091-00029608-00029857": "is being very good", "bW65PngX6vy-00092-00029857-00030148": "with new art proposals", "bW65PngX6vy-00093-00030172-00030426": "And it is now open to a variety of artiists", "bW65PngX6vy-00094-00030474-00030788": "when before it was only", "bW65PngX6vy-00095-00030840-00031142": "for a very concrete type of artists", "bW65PngX6vy-00096-00031142-00031418": "Thos doors opening has unleashed", "bW65PngX6vy-00097-00031418-00031587": "a space", "bW65PngX6vy-00098-00031620-00031844": "to be able to communicate", "bW65PngX6vy-00099-00031844-00032210": "every type of serious proposal", "bW65PngX6vy-00100-00032399-00032698": "different to objectual art", "bW65PngX6vy-00101-00032698-00033000": "In 'los durmientes' we celebrated", "bW65PngX6vy-00102-00033000-00033290": "the satisfaction of sleeping next to each other", "bW65PngX6vy-00103-00033290-00033434": "like a camp", "bW65PngX6vy-00104-00033466-00033708": "Where each one brought their blankets", "bW65PngX6vy-00105-00033708-00034010": "and their bags", "bW65PngX6vy-00106-00034010-00034110": "toothbrushes", "bW65PngX6vy-00107-00034128-00034404": "hair brushes", "bW65PngX6vy-00108-00034404-00034681": "to share the act of sleeping", "bW65PngX6vy-00109-00034681-00034999": "that for me is magical", "bW65PngX6vy-00110-00035139-00035360": "to show the body or to", "bW65PngX6vy-00111-00035360-00035629": "communicate through the body", "bW65PngX6vy-00112-00035643-00035918": "it's more shocking", "bW65PngX6vy-00113-00036013-00036345": "to see someone that plays with their body and exhibits it", "bW65PngX6vy-00114-00036412-00036830": "without fitting into the nowadays beauty cannon", "bW65PngX6vy-00115-00036882-00037054": "new values", "bW65PngX6vy-00116-00037181-00037511": "To have a posture outside the margins", "bW65PngX6vy-00117-00037576-00037769": "of social imposition", "bW65PngX6vy-00118-00037871-00038058": "In difference", "bW65PngX6vy-00119-00038140-00038363": "we find also wisdom", "bW65PngX6vy-00120-00038466-00038676": "If I think about something", "bW65PngX6vy-00121-00038758-00039170": "that I have to do because I have to communicate certain values", "bW65PngX6vy-00122-00039328-00039518": "exhibiting my body", "bW65PngX6vy-00123-00039622-00039794": "I deny myself shame", "bW65PngX6vy-00124-00039861-00040031": "I want to be breave", "bW65PngX6vy-00125-00040103-00040393": "I swallow my shame", "bW65PngX6vy-00126-00040393-00040493": "Even if I feel it too", "bW65PngX6vy-00127-00040669-00040954": "I don't know how have I done it", "bW65PngX6vy-00128-00040954-00041252": "but since I went to catholic school and wore a uniform", "bW65PngX6vy-00129-00041252-00041352": "they called me 'the artist'", "bW65PngX6vy-00130-00041738-00042022": "I have been an artist", "bW65PngX6vy-00131-00042022-00042122": "and felt that way", "bW65PngX6vy-00132-00042278-00042460": "because I have wanted to", "bW65PngX6vy-00133-00042499-00042621": "I started", "bW65PngX6vy-00134-00042704-00042971": "In an art association", "bW65PngX6vy-00135-00042971-00043234": "being the first woman of Purgatori", "bW65PngX6vy-00136-00043277-00043556": "they were powerful artists, they still are", "bW65PngX6vy-00137-00043570-00043805": "a lot of them have an important part", "bW65PngX6vy-00138-00043805-00044152": "in art and in my life", "bW65PngX6vy-00139-00044152-00044347": "they are a big support for me", "bW65PngX6vy-00140-00044762-00045025": "They were very sexist", "bW65PngX6vy-00141-00045025-00045282": "but I believe that life has led them", "bW65PngX6vy-00142-00045303-00045599": "to the path of respect", "bW65PngX6vy-00143-00045600-00045936": "and that is what I believe happens when", "bW65PngX6vy-00144-00046244-00046846": "when someone's merit is recognised, and I see", "bW65PngX6vy-00145-00046906-00047376": "how women in general earn lower salaries", "bW65PngX6vy-00146-00047390-00047726": "we have less positions", "bW65PngX6vy-00147-00047736-00047875": "as bosses", "bW65PngX6vy-00148-00048076-00048355": "And there is a lot of work", "bW65PngX6vy-00149-00048355-00048482": "to be done", "bW65PngX6vy-00150-00048642-00049126": "And to celebrate the 8th of march as Women's day", "bW65PngX6vy-00151-00049126-00049248": "is to continue nowadays", "bW65PngX6vy-00152-00049248-00049528": "the work that sufragettes started", "bW65PngX6vy-00153-00049599-00049715": "to work", "bW65PngX6vy-00154-00049871-00050189": "towards equality is still the goal", "bW65PngX6vy-00155-00050252-00050547": "I hope that in this path", "bW65PngX6vy-00156-00050644-00050918": "Men respect us", "bW65PngX6vy-00157-00050961-00051061": "and", "bW65PngX6vy-00158-00051188-00051488": "we reach equality", "bW65PngX6vy-00159-00051488-00051661": "of possibilities", "bW65PngX6vy-00160-00051827-00052112": "someday, but we haven't yet", "bW65PngX6vy-00161-00052192-00052322": "we are working on it"}}, {"audio_id": "bW85JEaJksQ", "text": {"bW85JEaJksQ-00001-00000890-00000940": "I dance", "bW85JEaJksQ-00002-00002256-00002350": "I dance", "bW85JEaJksQ-00003-00002350-00002450": "dance now", "bW85JEaJksQ-00004-00003920-00004020": "wow", "bW85JEaJksQ-00005-00005360-00005460": "be tring", "bW85JEaJksQ-00006-00008406-00008522": "Russia", "bW85JEaJksQ-00007-00009628-00009728": "so she quickly flies!"}}, {"audio_id": "bW9H8Usrq44", "text": {"bW9H8Usrq44-00000-00000008-00000265": "I'm new to the business but I have a", "bW9H8Usrq44-00002-00000266-00000482": "great sphere. Potential clients are", "bW9H8Usrq44-00004-00000483-00000611": "coming to me with real estate", "bW9H8Usrq44-00006-00000612-00000779": "questions but they're going to someone", "bW9H8Usrq44-00008-00000780-00001003": "else to do the deal. What's up?", "bW9H8Usrq44-00010-00001005-00001340": "How do I show I'm more experienced than I am?", "bW9H8Usrq44-00012-00001347-00001638": "So here's my advice: Be authentic.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00013-00001638-00001902": "When I got a real estate, guys, I was 20 years old.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00014-00001902-00002276": "Ok, I looked like I was twelve, serious.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00016-00002277-00002462": "So if you think about it, no one wanted", "bW9H8Usrq44-00018-00002463-00002696": "to actually be represented by someone", "bW9H8Usrq44-00020-00002697-00002851": "who looked like they were 12, let alone", "bW9H8Usrq44-00022-00002852-00003065": "who was actually 20 but here's what I", "bW9H8Usrq44-00024-00003066-00003247": "did, right? When I was meeting with buyers and", "bW9H8Usrq44-00026-00003248-00003470": "sellers and they looked at me or I felt", "bW9H8Usrq44-00028-00003471-00003626": "they thought I was inexperienced, I would", "bW9H8Usrq44-00030-00003627-00003734": "come out and be honest with them.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00032-00003735-00003886": "Hey guys, I'm new to the business. But I'm", "bW9H8Usrq44-00034-00003888-00003977": "telling you right now you're not going", "bW9H8Usrq44-00036-00003978-00004169": "to find another person who is hungrier.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00038-00004170-00004283": "You're not gonna find another person who", "bW9H8Usrq44-00040-00004284-00004456": "has the time. Because guess what? I don't", "bW9H8Usrq44-00042-00004457-00004652": "have any clients but you, right? I'm", "bW9H8Usrq44-00044-00004653-00004786": "gonna return my phone calls.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00046-00004787-00004976": "I have the energy. I'm enthusiastic and", "bW9H8Usrq44-00048-00004977-00005104": "let me tell you something. I'm with this", "bW9H8Usrq44-00050-00005105-00005306": "phenomenal firm. This is one of the best", "bW9H8Usrq44-00052-00005307-00005447": "firms in the area and I've got a", "bW9H8Usrq44-00054-00005448-00005624": "broker who backs me and I've got a", "bW9H8Usrq44-00056-00005625-00005827": "mentor who backs me. They've got over 25", "bW9H8Usrq44-00058-00005828-00006013": "years experience combined. I'm telling", "bW9H8Usrq44-00060-00006014-00006140": "you if I have a problem I can pick them", "bW9H8Usrq44-00062-00006141-00006277": "up. They're one phone call away of helping", "bW9H8Usrq44-00064-00006278-00006520": "me. So although you may not want to use", "bW9H8Usrq44-00066-00006521-00006698": "me because I'm not experienced, I promise", "bW9H8Usrq44-00068-00006698-00006796": "you're not going to get someone who's", "bW9H8Usrq44-00070-00006797-00006949": "more into this and committed than I am. So", "bW9H8Usrq44-00072-00006950-00007208": "you guys can see right there, that came", "bW9H8Usrq44-00074-00007209-00007345": "off pretty easy.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00076-00007346-00007555": "I just was talking, pretty easy. It was a", "bW9H8Usrq44-00078-00007556-00007849": "script that I learned, that I memorized,", "bW9H8Usrq44-00080-00007850-00008080": "that I really used and it was true. It was", "bW9H8Usrq44-00082-00008081-00008260": "authentic. Now, here's what I would tell", "bW9H8Usrq44-00084-00008261-00008509": "you; I actually, right, what they say is you", "bW9H8Usrq44-00086-00008510-00008705": "gotta show up. You gotta do the work. I", "bW9H8Usrq44-00088-00008706-00008944": "did the work. I did the research. I knew", "bW9H8Usrq44-00090-00008945-00009103": "the market. I knew the market better than", "bW9H8Usrq44-00092-00009104-00009319": "most of the top producers, right? I was in", "bW9H8Usrq44-00094-00009320-00009394": "the area", "bW9H8Usrq44-00096-00009395-00009640": "I knew so much about everything, although", "bW9H8Usrq44-00098-00009641-00009790": "I was inexperienced. That way when I", "bW9H8Usrq44-00100-00009791-00009970": "spoke or when I was speaking to these", "bW9H8Usrq44-00102-00009971-00010169": "folks and I talked to them, I looked like", "bW9H8Usrq44-00104-00010170-00010319": "I knew better than most of, the", "bW9H8Usrq44-00106-00010320-00010477": "majority of the season agents. And let's", "bW9H8Usrq44-00108-00010478-00010612": "be honest, you guys.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00110-00010613-00010801": "Some of these seasoned agents are not", "bW9H8Usrq44-00112-00010802-00011005": "great and these buyers and sellers knew", "bW9H8Usrq44-00114-00011006-00011269": "that. And so I think I would... to give you", "bW9H8Usrq44-00116-00011270-00011428": "advice and answer the question: How do you", "bW9H8Usrq44-00118-00011429-00011596": "become more, or come off as more", "bW9H8Usrq44-00120-00011597-00011773": "experienced than you really,", "bW9H8Usrq44-00122-00011774-00011992": "actually are is, I think, being", "bW9H8Usrq44-00124-00011993-00012154": "authentic because people fall in love", "bW9H8Usrq44-00126-00012155-00012319": "with the person you are and some people", "bW9H8Usrq44-00128-00012320-00012430": "like the underdog.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00130-00012431-00012733": "And if I put myself out there", "bW9H8Usrq44-00132-00012734-00012928": "and I actually told them that I gave it", "bW9H8Usrq44-00134-00012929-00013136": "my all and they still don't use me, I was", "bW9H8Usrq44-00136-00013137-00013246": "actually ok", "bW9H8Usrq44-00138-00013247-00013438": "knowing that outcome. Right? I was not", "bW9H8Usrq44-00140-00013438-00013582": "okay not knowing that outcome, going they", "bW9H8Usrq44-00142-00013583-00013788": "used somebody else. I'm so upset and I", "bW9H8Usrq44-00144-00013790-00013954": "didn't put everything out on the line. When I", "bW9H8Usrq44-00146-00013955-00014119": "put everything on the line and they", "bW9H8Usrq44-00148-00014119-00014281": "still didn't use me, I was okay with that", "bW9H8Usrq44-00150-00014282-00014434": "outcome. They actually wanted someone who", "bW9H8Usrq44-00152-00014435-00014647": "had 10, 15, 20 years experience. And you", "bW9H8Usrq44-00154-00014647-00014785": "can't get mad at that if you've done the", "bW9H8Usrq44-00156-00014786-00014953": "best you can with what you had. And", "bW9H8Usrq44-00158-00014954-00015066": "that's what my suggestion would be to you.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00160-00015068-00015265": "Do the best you can with what you have.", "bW9H8Usrq44-00162-00015266-00015444": "But don't go in there without", "bW9H8Usrq44-00164-00015446-00015775": "knowing the market or knowing this area", "bW9H8Usrq44-00166-00015776-00015997": "and saying you're the expert when they", "bW9H8Usrq44-00168-00015997-00016126": "ask you, \"What's the average days on", "bW9H8Usrq44-00170-00016127-00016324": "market?\" And you don't know. Be the", "bW9H8Usrq44-00172-00016325-00016519": "expert. Show up. Show them that you're", "bW9H8Usrq44-00174-00016520-00016711": "better than the other Realtors. I mean", "bW9H8Usrq44-00176-00016712-00016978": "I'm little fired up. Yeah, I mean that", "bW9H8Usrq44-00178-00016979-00017206": "just brings back my beginning days of", "bW9H8Usrq44-00180-00017207-00017428": "real estate and how I won so many deals", "bW9H8Usrq44-00182-00017429-00017689": "because people fell in love with Tyler", "bW9H8Usrq44-00184-00017690-00017938": "who was hungry. Who showed enthusiasm. As", "bW9H8Usrq44-00186-00017939-00018091": "you guys can see, I have enthusiasm in this", "bW9H8Usrq44-00188-00018092-00018294": "video because I'm passionate about it", "bW9H8Usrq44-00190-00018295-00018502": "and I think they saw that opposed to the", "bW9H8Usrq44-00192-00018503-00018721": "seasoned agent of,  \"Yeah, I can do that", "bW9H8Usrq44-00194-00018722-00018997": "and \"Oohhh...\" They're dead,", "bW9H8Usrq44-00196-00018998-00019177": "right? I mean that, sometimes, their", "bW9H8Usrq44-00198-00019178-00019372": "tone and their enthusiasm was dead", "bW9H8Usrq44-00200-00019373-00019492": "to these sellers and buyers. And they", "bW9H8Usrq44-00202-00019493-00019690": "were looking for someone like me. So...", "bW9H8Usrq44-00204-00019692-00019998": "Yeah. Just be authentic."}}, {"audio_id": "bX0i0x62mjA", "text": {"bX0i0x62mjA-00000-00001934-00002682": "So, we look at practice problem in energy balance in this lecture. Let me first describe", "bX0i0x62mjA-00001-00002683-00002781": "the problem to you.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00002-00002781-00003903": "So, that we understand what the situation is? We have here a stirred tank and it has", "bX0i0x62mjA-00003-00003903-00005433": "a cooling coil, all right. A reaction A going to B and it is quite reversible. So, this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00004-00005433-00006665": "is the kind of reaction taking place. Seat v naught and then, composition C A naught", "bX0i0x62mjA-00005-00006665-00007893": "cooling temperature T C, and feed temperature T naught. These all this some data that is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00006-00007893-00009813": "given is as follows; C A naught equal to 1.66 K moles per cubic meter. T naught is 21 C,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00007-00010002-00011642": "v naught 0.6 cubic meter per hour. Activation refer reaction 1; this is 1, this is 2 is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00008-00012130-00013524": "25000 K cal per K mole. Cooling temperature T C is 10 C, and heat transfer coefficient", "bX0i0x62mjA-00009-00013525-00015656": "this is between coolant and reactance, this 1000 K cal square meter per hour. So, this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00010-00015656-00015970": "is the data that is we have.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00011-00015970-00016554": "Now, some more data we would require because the reaction is reversible. Therefore, we", "bX0i0x62mjA-00012-00016554-00019826": "need some data which is also available which all. So, we have  T k 1 and K equilibrium constant; 293, 303,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00013-00019826-00021201": "315, 323, 1.06, 4.37, 21.3, 57.2, 21.6, 6. 96, 1.97, 0.89. So, these data on reaction", "bX0i0x62mjA-00014-00021201-00021956": "velocity constant and equilibrium constants are given. The question in front of us is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00015-00021956-00022774": "the following. Now, there we this is very heat of reaction I have forgotten, I am just", "bX0i0x62mjA-00016-00022915-00023898": "heat of reaction there is delta H heat of reaction is give as minus 20000, A going to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00017-00023898-00025179": "B this is for A going to B, heat of reaction calories K cal per K mole. So, this is a reversible", "bX0i0x62mjA-00018-00025179-00025666": "reaction, and plus is exothermic. So, we know that if you have a reversible reaction, which", "bX0i0x62mjA-00019-00025666-00026092": "is exothermic. It has some interesting features show in where it has a maximize reaction rate", "bX0i0x62mjA-00020-00026092-00026468": "and so on, which you have already in our discussed.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00021-00026468-00028342": "So, let us look at first part of the exercise is; 1 is derive locus of max rates. What is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00022-00028342-00028970": "the locus of max rates, how did you do this? So, suppose I say r B is a rate of formation", "bX0i0x62mjA-00023-00028970-00029844": "this is our reaction A going to B, and this way this is 1 and this is 2. So, r B is what?", "bX0i0x62mjA-00024-00029844-00030825": "k 1 C A minus k 2 C B. Now, since there is no volume change, I write this is C A naught", "bX0i0x62mjA-00025-00030825-00032052": "times 1 minus of X minus k 2 C B naught plus C A naught X. And, we take this as 0. So,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00026-00032052-00032905": "essentially it is k 1 C A 0 1 minus of X, k 2 C A 0 x, ok. Now, locus of maximize rates", "bX0i0x62mjA-00027-00032905-00033956": "is understood like this; del X del r B del x at constant, this is what we to find out.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00028-00033956-00034815": "That means; del r del X at constant T so, del sorry, del r del T at constant sorry I", "bX0i0x62mjA-00029-00034815-00035475": "am sorry. This is, are we wanted to know how the rate of formation of component B changes", "bX0i0x62mjA-00030-00035475-00035583": "with temperature.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00031-00035583-00036435": "Let us let us do that; we just go throw that very elementary manipulations. So, we have", "bX0i0x62mjA-00032-00036435-00037626": "r B equal to k 1 C A 0 times 1 minus of X minus of K 2 C A 0 X. We want to find out", "bX0i0x62mjA-00033-00037626-00038625": "del r B del T at constant X. So, we have to differentiate k 1 with respect to T that k", "bX0i0x62mjA-00034-00038625-00039563": "1 E 1 by R T square at constant X. Therefore, we do not change this similarly, we differentiate", "bX0i0x62mjA-00035-00039563-00040868": "k 2 is respect to temperature we get k 2 E 2 divided by R T square C A 0 times X. Now,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00036-00040868-00041940": "we have shown that exothermic reversible reaction r B goes throw a maximum, we have shown that earlier.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00037-00041940-00042193": "And therefore, at the point of maximum we", "bX0i0x62mjA-00038-00042193-00043062": "should have this. I will call this X as X m so, 1 minus of X m divided by 1 minus of", "bX0i0x62mjA-00039-00043062-00044624": "X m multiplied by k 1 E 1 by R T square C A 0 equal to k 2 E 2 by R T square C a 0 times", "bX0i0x62mjA-00040-00044624-00046027": "X M. or, X m divided by 1 minus of X m equal to X m divided by X equal to k 1 by k 2 E", "bX0i0x62mjA-00041-00046027-00046958": "1 by E 2, or some equilibrium constant times E 1 by E 2. This is something that we all", "bX0i0x62mjA-00042-00046958-00047363": "know based on the elementary principle.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00043-00047363-00048508": "Now, suppose you look at the same reaction at equilibrium, which is you have r B equal", "bX0i0x62mjA-00044-00048508-00050511": "to k 1 C A 0 1 minus of X minus of k 2 C A 0 times X. At equilibrium  we have r B equal to 0. Therefore, we should", "bX0i0x62mjA-00045-00050511-00051820": "have k 1 C A 0 1 minus of X e equal to k 2 C A 0 X e or X e divided by 1 minus of X e", "bX0i0x62mjA-00046-00051820-00052770": "equal to k 1 divided by k 2. Or, also means X e equal to if I call this as k you know", "bX0i0x62mjA-00047-00052770-00053572": "equal to k, X e equal to k by k plus 1. At equilibrium we have the equilibrium conversions", "bX0i0x62mjA-00048-00053572-00054538": "given by k by k plus 1, ok. Now, we also said that that x m by 1 minus of x is equal to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00049-00054538-00055336": "therefore, this also means x m equal to if I call this term as delta, we call this as", "bX0i0x62mjA-00050-00055336-00056241": "delta this becomes that means this is delta so becomes k delta divided by k delta plus", "bX0i0x62mjA-00051-00056241-00056595": "1, is that clear.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00052-00056595-00059274": "So, if we want to make a plot of  what happens to X for different T. On other words; X e equal to K by K plus 1 or", "bX0i0x62mjA-00053-00059274-00060387": "it is also equal to 1 by 1 plus K. Now, for a reaction which is exothermic, for exothermic reaction", "bX0i0x62mjA-00054-00060387-00061561": "we know that k decreases as T increase. We know that this is familiarly is principle", "bX0i0x62mjA-00055-00061561-00062341": "therefore, we have as K decrease as T increases. So, when K decreases what happens to this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00056-00062341-00063139": "denominator this increases, correct. So, as T increases you know that x keeps on decreasing.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00057-00063139-00064101": "Therefore, equilibrium if this is the equilibrium line, I hope you understand this. I will go", "bX0i0x62mjA-00058-00064101-00064995": "throw this once again; as T increases K decreases for exothermic reaction. We are talking about", "bX0i0x62mjA-00059-00065144-00066151": "exothermic reaction. For exothermic reactions as T increases K increases, when k sorry,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00060-00066151-00066718": "as T increases K decreases therefore, this quantity keeps on increasing. So, 1 plus the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00061-00066718-00067233": "denominator keeps on increasing therefore, X e keeps on decreasing as T increases that", "bX0i0x62mjA-00062-00067233-00067731": "is what I have drawn. Similarly, you have this X m which is given", "bX0i0x62mjA-00063-00067731-00068505": "by k delta divided by 1 plus k delta and they this also can write as 1 by 1 plus 1 by k delta.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00064-00068505-00069417": "Therefore, the behavior of X m also we looks something like this. This is X m,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00065-00069730-00070911": "what is X m? X m by definition is the locus this is the locus of max rates. And, what", "bX0i0x62mjA-00066-00070911-00071893": "max are we talking about del r B by del T at constant X. So, this is the locus we are", "bX0i0x62mjA-00067-00071893-00072510": "talking about. Therefore, in our design by an large you would be interested in ensuring", "bX0i0x62mjA-00068-00072510-00073072": "that the reaction rate that we are attain in the equipment is as highest possible. What", "bX0i0x62mjA-00069-00073072-00073674": "is if rational for this I mean if the reaction rates are very large then, clearly the equipment", "bX0i0x62mjA-00070-00073674-00074180": "there is required to do that processing would be the smallest. And therefore, it sort of", "bX0i0x62mjA-00071-00074180-00074691": "makes sense to have your process operating at the highest reaction rate.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00072-00074691-00075422": "So, what we are saying now is; that this is the first part of the question. It says the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00073-00075422-00076725": "question let me state the question once again, question is recall first page when did it 1 this.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00074-00076725-00078335": "We said that we have here we want this X says specify best conditions required", "bX0i0x62mjA-00075-00078335-00078992": "get a conversion of X equal to 0.52. So, the problem that you would like to address now", "bX0i0x62mjA-00076-00078992-00079662": "is what are the best condition that is required to get an outlet conversion X from reactor", "bX0i0x62mjA-00077-00079662-00079970": "1 equal to point 52. So, this is the question.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00078-00079970-00080637": "Now, how do you address this? You address this recognizing so let us just state that", "bX0i0x62mjA-00079-00080637-00081743": "question once again. We have a stirred tank, we have a coil, this is coil coming in and", "bX0i0x62mjA-00080-00081743-00082499": "going out, fluids coming in and fluids going out. Now, you want this X to be 0.52 number", "bX0i0x62mjA-00081-00082499-00083325": "1. Number 2; we also want that the reaction rates shows in here be the highest or the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00082-00083325-00083967": "size of the equipment for this choice should be the smallest. That means; we want to get", "bX0i0x62mjA-00083-00083967-00086068": "the highest reaction  optimum conditions to achieve X equal to 0.52. What are the optimum conditions", "bX0i0x62mjA-00084-00086068-00087310": "achieve X equal to 0.5. Now, we said X m divide by 1 minus of X m equal to 1 by 1 plus K delta.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00085-00087310-00087957": "That means; the choice of the conditions should be such that this condition be satisfied.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00086-00087957-00089177": "Now, if I put X m as 0.52 by 1 minus of 0.52 equal to 1 by 1 plus 1 by K delta. Essentially,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00087-00089177-00089899": "this equation defines what should be the value of K, or equilibrium constant at which I should", "bX0i0x62mjA-00088-00089899-00090700": "operate the process. You can solve this and then, find the value of K that gives you,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00089-00090700-00091100": "that satisfies the any quality, ok.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00090-00091100-00091950": "Now, to be able to do that; what is that we require to be able to do that delta, the way", "bX0i0x62mjA-00091-00091950-00093180": "we have define delta is E 1 by E 2. Which means; that if this is the reactance these", "bX0i0x62mjA-00092-00093180-00094667": "are reactance these are products. And, now this is given as heat of reaction is given", "bX0i0x62mjA-00093-00094667-00095386": "as; how much is the heat of reaction? Heat of reaction is given as 20000. So, this is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00094-00095386-00096960": "20000 or 20000 calories per mole, it is given. What is this? This is E 1, and this is E 2.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00095-00097174-00098395": "Therefore, E 1 minus of E 2 equal to delta H. This is given as this is equal to 20000", "bX0i0x62mjA-00096-00098395-00099211": "this is what is given I am sorry; I am not able to not write. E 1 minus E 2 is and E", "bX0i0x62mjA-00097-00099211-00100117": "1 is given as E 1 in the problem statement is given as 25000 minus of E 2 equal to this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00098-00100117-00101323": "is exothermic heat of reaction minus 20000. Therefore, E 2 equal to 45000 calories per mole.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00099-00101323-00102043": "What we are saying is that in the problem that is specified in front of us; the active", "bX0i0x62mjA-00100-00102043-00102573": "energy for the forward reaction is given as 20000. And, heat of reaction is also given", "bX0i0x62mjA-00101-00102573-00103156": "as 20000, but it is exothermic. So, I put all those conditions here, and we find E 2", "bX0i0x62mjA-00102-00103156-00104069": "which turns out be 45000. So, we have in this reaction that E 1 is 20000 E 2 is 45000. Therefore", "bX0i0x62mjA-00103-00104069-00105518": "delta; so, what is delta equal to 25000 divided by 45000 so, this is a heat of reaction. Is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00104-00105518-00106883": "this 5 by 9, correct that is equal to 0.5 about 0.55 so, that is delta value. So, we", "bX0i0x62mjA-00105-00106883-00108344": "recognize that to be able to so what we saying is the following; that our process runs in", "bX0i0x62mjA-00106-00108344-00108849": "such, should run in such a way that the exit conversion should be 0.52. For which you have", "bX0i0x62mjA-00107-00108849-00109427": "to appropriately take care of the heat load using this device the heat removal system.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00108-00109427-00110288": "So, what we are saying is that if k delta so, we have X m it is equal to 0.52 equal", "bX0i0x62mjA-00109-00110288-00110886": "to 1. K delta divided by 1 plus K delta.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00110-00110886-00111704": "Therefore, this equation defines what is the value of k delta? Can we calculate, I will", "bX0i0x62mjA-00111-00111704-00112794": "calculated that and found k delta values to be, so if you put all the numbers you get", "bX0i0x62mjA-00112-00112794-00113938": "0.52 divided by 1 minus of 0.52 equal to K. We do not know this and then, 25000 E 1 45000 is E 2.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00113-00113938-00114781": "So, this gives you a K value of 1.97, this is what we get.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00114-00114781-00116233": "So, that means if we choose a temperature; so, choose T of reactor so, that equilibrium", "bX0i0x62mjA-00115-00116233-00117004": "constant K becomes equal to 1.97. Now, how do we do this? See we have to look at the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00116-00117004-00117649": "data that we have after all this data available to us it is given to us, it is given our data", "bX0i0x62mjA-00117-00117649-00118343": "for this reaction is already given corresponding to 1.97. We find there is a temperature of", "bX0i0x62mjA-00118-00118343-00119058": "the reactor must be chosen as 315 degree K, this is degree K. So, what is that we have", "bX0i0x62mjA-00119-00119058-00119633": "done so, when implies T equal to 315 K.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00120-00119633-00120180": "So, what are we saying? What we are saying is that; we must operate the process in such", "bX0i0x62mjA-00121-00120180-00120976": "a way we must operate this process. Which means; to be able to operate the process corresponding", "bX0i0x62mjA-00122-00120976-00121461": "to the maximum reaction rate that means you want this 0.5. This is X equal to 0.52 you want yes.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00123-00121461-00122008": "But you want this in such a way that this process should run here at the at", "bX0i0x62mjA-00124-00122008-00122542": "the highest reaction rate. That means; the condition was to be chosen should be on the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00125-00122542-00122968": "locus of maximum reaction rate, which means; what we are saying is the following.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00126-00122968-00123873": "For X m equal to 0.52 we have shown the this K must take a value of 1.97, which means;", "bX0i0x62mjA-00127-00123873-00124294": "the temperature at which this is a equipment this is a reactor must be operated the temperature", "bX0i0x62mjA-00128-00124294-00125167": "must at which this must be operated is T equal to 315. So, it is corresponding to if this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00129-00125167-00126352": "is 315 then, we can get 0.52. Which means; if 0.52 is the conversion which you must operate", "bX0i0x62mjA-00130-00126352-00126938": "then, you have to choose temperature to be 315 so, as to satisfy the criteria that X", "bX0i0x62mjA-00131-00126938-00127539": "m equal to k delta by 1 plus k delta, ok. So, is that means if you want to choose a", "bX0i0x62mjA-00132-00127539-00128480": "temperature of T equal to 315, how do we get this? We get this by recognizing that this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00133-00128480-00129203": "you can get 315 if we satisfy the energy balance which means; what the whole procedure says", "bX0i0x62mjA-00134-00129203-00130066": "is that the maximum reaction rate locus defines temperature. And, energy balance defines the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00135-00130066-00130616": "heat load to be handling so, as to achieve this kind of operation, ok.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00136-00130616-00131550": "So, have I said that let us see how we can get forward? Now, the question is that we", "bX0i0x62mjA-00137-00131550-00132499": "have this reactor now, to which feed is coming in it. It is you know and this X is given", "bX0i0x62mjA-00138-00132499-00133311": "as 0.52, and we have said for this X to be then, the T should be 315. So, what are the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00139-00133311-00133797": "unknown quantities now? We know v naught, but we do not know that the residence time", "bX0i0x62mjA-00140-00133797-00134349": "So, residence time tau is unknown, there is 1. And similarly, the amount of heat to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00141-00134349-00135134": "be removed Q is also unknown. Therefore, once we specify tau and Q the problem is fully", "bX0i0x62mjA-00142-00135134-00135548": "solved. How do we do that? To get this, we look at the material balance.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00143-00135785-00136568": "What was material balance tell us? Material balance tells us the input minus of output", "bX0i0x62mjA-00144-00136568-00137435": "plus generation equal to accumulation and that steady state accumulation is nil. So,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00145-00137435-00138396": "what is F A 0 and F A? So, we can put all these numbers here, F A 0 minus of F A is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00146-00138396-00139266": "simply F A 0 times 1 minus of X, and what is r A? By definition is k 1 C A minus of", "bX0i0x62mjA-00147-00139266-00140291": "k 2 C B times V equal to 0. So, we can simplify this recognizing that C A equal to C A 0 times", "bX0i0x62mjA-00148-00140291-00141139": "1 minus of X. And, C B equal to C B 0 plus C A 0 X and then, C B 0 is 0. So, putting", "bX0i0x62mjA-00149-00141139-00142027": "all these simplification; we can get this is so, F A 0 this is become F A 0 X, first", "bX0i0x62mjA-00150-00142027-00143352": "term minus of k 1 C A 0 times 1 minus of X minus of k 2 C A 0 X times V equal to 0. We", "bX0i0x62mjA-00151-00143352-00144664": "divide throughout becomes X minus 1 minus of X times k 1 tau minus of k 2 equal to 0.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00152-00144664-00145493": "So, we can simplify this as will be write here. We get x equal to X multiplied by 1", "bX0i0x62mjA-00153-00145493-00146294": "plus k 1 tau 1 plus k 2 tau equal to k 1 tau, which comes directly from here. I am this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00154-00146294-00147146": "collecting the coefficient of X so, X multiplied by 1 plus k 1 tau plus is it write, is this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00155-00147146-00149120": "1 minus of X is it all right, X just a minute minus is plus ok, fine. So, it is so we get", "bX0i0x62mjA-00156-00149120-00150015": "X multiplied by 1 k 1 tau equal to k 1 tau. So, this is taken to as a plus k 1 tau is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00157-00150015-00151088": "fine. So, this is gives you X equal to k 1 tau divided by 1 plus k 1 tau plus k 2 tau.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00158-00151088-00152163": "Now, k 1 at 315, and k 2 at 315 k; we can get from the data that is already given. Therefore,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00159-00152163-00152817": "on the in this equation only unknown is tau, because k 1 at this temperature 315 and k", "bX0i0x62mjA-00160-00152817-00153066": "2 at this temperature is also is given in the table.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00161-00153066-00153607": "Therefore, you can calculate on the, if you given X, you can calculate tau. So, putting", "bX0i0x62mjA-00162-00153607-00154658": "numbers access 0.52, and k 1 and k 2 at k 1 at 315, and k 2 at 315, this is numbers", "bX0i0x62mjA-00163-00154658-00155459": "I have calculated. And then, I will tell you this numbers k 1 at 315 and k 2 at 315, k", "bX0i0x62mjA-00164-00155459-00156974": "1 at 315 is 2.34, k 2 at 315 is a 10.08. So, I calculated these numbers units are per hour", "bX0i0x62mjA-00165-00156974-00157808": "all this at per hour. All the data is per hour, I hope let this k 1, k 1 is an per hour,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00166-00157808-00158464": "so per hour everything is per hour. So, you can put these numbers so, what we get is that", "bX0i0x62mjA-00167-00158464-00159593": "k 1 is 2.34 tau divided by 1 plus 2.34 tau plus 10.8 tau. So, if we solve this we get", "bX0i0x62mjA-00168-00159593-00160632": "tau equal to 0.11 per hour. So, this is material balance.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00169-00160632-00161205": "What we have done? See what we have done is we have this is our problem. Our problem is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00170-00161205-00161823": "we have a stirred tank, where this exit conversion is specified it is also said we must operate", "bX0i0x62mjA-00171-00161823-00162228": "along the locus of maximum reaction rates which means; that we should have X m by 1", "bX0i0x62mjA-00172-00162228-00162778": "minus of X m satisfying this relationship. So, putting the value of X m which is specified", "bX0i0x62mjA-00173-00162778-00163426": "as 0.52; we can get k delta. Delta is also known, because delta is E 1 and E 2 are known.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00174-00163426-00163878": "Therefore, k 1 therefore, all the numbers are known, and on that basis from the material", "bX0i0x62mjA-00175-00163878-00164383": "balance which is given by this equation. You can find out the residence time provide the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00176-00164383-00164723": "others are known, in this case others are known. That gives you a residence time of", "bX0i0x62mjA-00177-00164723-00165176": "0.11 per hour. So, our problem now is that the residence", "bX0i0x62mjA-00178-00165176-00165942": "time tau is known. In this tau is equal to this is known so, flow rates are known, all", "bX0i0x62mjA-00179-00165942-00166517": "these are known, X is known here. So, only unknown quantity now is; how much heat to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00180-00166517-00167256": "be added or removed to maintain the temperature here as 315 degree C 315 degree k. How do", "bX0i0x62mjA-00181-00167256-00167817": "you do this? Now, we look at the energy balance, and see what the energy balance says; as far", "bX0i0x62mjA-00182-00167817-00168194": "as maintaining this kind of temperature.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00183-00168194-00168939": "So, what is the energy balance saying? Energy balances for a stirred tank; because this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00184-00168939-00169919": "is a stirred tank. So, we write the equation that we know; d T d t equal to v naught C", "bX0i0x62mjA-00185-00169919-00170976": "P times T naught minus of T plus r 1 minus of r 2 times minus of delta H 1 star times", "bX0i0x62mjA-00186-00170976-00172065": "V plus Q minus of W S. So, in this case steady state therefore, this goes to 0, so r 1 minus", "bX0i0x62mjA-00187-00172065-00172667": "of r 2 so everything is known here excepting Q. So, if you put all our numbers; let us", "bX0i0x62mjA-00188-00172667-00173673": "do those numbers so, it is 0 equal to 0.6 and this is cubic meter per hour. C P is 1000", "bX0i0x62mjA-00189-00173673-00174493": "and this is 40 minus of 42, T naught is given as 40, is it right. T naught is given as 40, ok.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00190-00174493-00175286": "And, then r 1 minus of r 2 this from our material", "bX0i0x62mjA-00191-00175286-00175831": "balance we know it is simply F A 0 times X. I will not show this now, so it is simply", "bX0i0x62mjA-00192-00175831-00176919": "F A 0 is what C 0 which is 0.6. C 0 is so this is simply F A 0 times X times minus of", "bX0i0x62mjA-00193-00176919-00177903": "delta H 1 star times V plus Q. Now, what is V; reactor volume is equal to volumetric flow", "bX0i0x62mjA-00194-00177903-00178636": "rate time’s residence time. Volumetric flow rate is given as 0.6. And, then residence", "bX0i0x62mjA-00195-00178636-00179552": "time; we calculate it is point 1 so, this is becomes 0.6 cubic meter per hour, is that clear.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00196-00179552-00180010": "So, we have got volume reactor volume to be", "bX0i0x62mjA-00197-00180010-00181431": "0.6 cubic meter not per hour, 0. 6 cubic meters this is 0.6 this is equal to 0.06 cubic meters.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00198-00181431-00182134": "So, we can put this in here and then, only unknown here is Q you can put all the numbers,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00199-00182134-00183493": "I put most of the numbers. So, let us say this is 0.6 times 1.66 times 0.52 times plus 20000.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00200-00183493-00185313": "And then, 0.52 is also to be put here. And, so essentially what we are saying is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00201-00185313-00186027": "r 1 minus of r 2 times V is a F A 0 X if is this not there, plus Q. so, this is gives", "bX0i0x62mjA-00202-00186027-00186939": "you value of Q equal to minus of 3158 k cal per hour. What is minus sign mean in the first", "bX0i0x62mjA-00203-00186939-00187499": "law convention? Minus sign means; the heat is going out of the system, heat input is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00204-00187499-00187936": "taken as positive in first law. Heat output is therefore, the negative sign means so much", "bX0i0x62mjA-00205-00187936-00188406": "of heat will have to be removed, so as to be able to maintain the temperature of 315 degree C.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00206-00188406-00189031": "So, the most important thing here is that we have been able to specify; what", "bX0i0x62mjA-00207-00189031-00189601": "is the temperature at which we must operate? So, that we get conditions corresponding to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00208-00189601-00189822": "the maximum reaction rates.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00209-00189822-00190344": "Having done this, there are few simply calculation we can do after all. The design you will require", "bX0i0x62mjA-00210-00190344-00191195": "you would specify things properly. So, if Q is equal to minus of 3158 kilo cal per hour", "bX0i0x62mjA-00211-00191195-00191814": "so, what is the surface area heat area we have to give? So, heat transfer area is what", "bX0i0x62mjA-00212-00191814-00193028": "h A times delta T equal to Q, Q is given therefore; A equal to Q divided by h delta T, correct.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00213-00193028-00194205": "Q is 3158 h is thousand, what is delta T? Our delta T is temperature is 315 which is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00214-00194205-00195504": "270 and then, 315 means 42. So, it is delta T is 42 minus of 10; that is equal to 0.26", "bX0i0x62mjA-00215-00195504-00196360": "square meters, ok. This is given, this you have found out as 315 k, and this temperature", "bX0i0x62mjA-00216-00196360-00197229": "is given as 10 C. So, I have that is how it becomes, what it is. So, we have we will able", "bX0i0x62mjA-00217-00197229-00197652": "to calculate what is the heat load and what is the heat transfer area.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00218-00197652-00198406": "Now, the second related question in all these is to be able to see whether the process that", "bX0i0x62mjA-00219-00198406-00199076": "we are running will be stable or unstable. On other words; you must check for the stability", "bX0i0x62mjA-00220-00199076-00199995": "of our process, for various kinds of disturbances. That is what you would like to do know how", "bX0i0x62mjA-00221-00199995-00200422": "stable is our steady state.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00222-00200422-00201945": "So, to be able to do this; what is called as steady state stability? What we try to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00223-00201945-00203801": "do is; we try to plot what is called as U g and U r. What is U g and U r? U g is heat", "bX0i0x62mjA-00224-00203801-00205444": "generation and U r is heat removal. And, our steady state is about the quality of heat", "bX0i0x62mjA-00225-00205444-00205903": "generation, heat removal. When they are equal, we know is the process is at steady state.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00226-00205903-00206502": "We can plot these curves U r, just write down what is U r and U s? Something we have done", "bX0i0x62mjA-00227-00206502-00208012": "before is not a very complicated thing anyway. So, U r s U g s is r 1 s minus of r 2 s multiplied", "bX0i0x62mjA-00228-00208012-00208667": "by tau and J 1, ok. And then, it is we can show this is no point to doing, it once again", "bX0i0x62mjA-00229-00208667-00209613": "we know that r 1 s minus of r 2 s is equal to C A 0 X s divided by j. I will not show", "bX0i0x62mjA-00230-00209613-00210373": "this is because you already done this before. Therefore, U g s equal to C A 0 X s times", "bX0i0x62mjA-00231-00210373-00212086": "J, which is equal to C A 0 k 1 s tau divided by J 1, 1 plus k 1 s tau plus k 2 s tau.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00232-00212086-00212529": "These things we have derived before therefore, this is not do it again. Notice here, that", "bX0i0x62mjA-00233-00212529-00213017": "if you want to plot U g s; all that you need to know is what is the temperature corresponding", "bX0i0x62mjA-00234-00213017-00213576": "to this X s. Or, in other words; you want to plot U g s, on this right hand side k 1", "bX0i0x62mjA-00235-00213576-00214313": "s is a functional temperature. And, k 1 s we know k 1 is what some k 1 0 e to the power", "bX0i0x62mjA-00236-00214313-00214842": "of minus of E 1 by R T. And, therefore since; the right hand side fully known k 1 is known", "bX0i0x62mjA-00237-00214842-00215189": "therefore, you can plot u g as a function of temperature.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00238-00215189-00216292": "Similarly, what is U r? Our U r by the U r s equal to 1 plus beta, we have done all these.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00239-00216292-00217232": "Therefore, I am not doing it again T s minus of T C star, were T C star equal to T naught", "bX0i0x62mjA-00240-00217232-00217885": "plus beta T C divided by 1 plus beta. So, all these we have done where beta is equal", "bX0i0x62mjA-00241-00217885-00218709": "to h A by v naught C P all this is known. So, what we are saying is that; we can now", "bX0i0x62mjA-00242-00218709-00219596": "plot U g versus temperature; we can now plot U r versus temperature. Therefore, the points", "bX0i0x62mjA-00243-00219596-00220182": "at which they intersect are the points at which steady state occurs. So, this is what", "bX0i0x62mjA-00244-00220182-00220784": "we are trying to say, and you can plot this. How do you plot this? Show you how to plot", "bX0i0x62mjA-00245-00220784-00221240": "this they are not difficult to do, but I just do some calculations to illustrate how this", "bX0i0x62mjA-00246-00221240-00221381": "plotting is to be done.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00247-00221381-00223374": "So, let us say T and k 1, say k 2 so, k 1 tau, k 2 tau, X s, U g s and U r s. What is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00248-00223374-00224635": "U g s? C A 0 X s J 1, what is U r s? 1 plus beta times T s minus of T C star. And, all", "bX0i0x62mjA-00249-00224635-00225644": "these are known so, I will just put some say 293; I will just 21 or 2, 293, 303, 315 and 323.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00250-00225644-00226210": "I am just calculating some numbers; see we put all these calculations we can find", "bX0i0x62mjA-00251-00226210-00227894": "at 303, 293 these terms out to be 3.32 minus 15.6 and then, that is 293, 303 is 9.96 minus", "bX0i0x62mjA-00252-00227894-00229309": "1.29. Then this is 17.2 comes out the 15.9 and then, 26.1 and 41.6.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00253-00229309-00230119": "And, other words; what we are saying is that; you can now plot see this data here, you can", "bX0i0x62mjA-00254-00230119-00230985": "see here this data got this data here. U g s you can plot U g s versus temperature and", "bX0i0x62mjA-00255-00230985-00231546": "then U r s. You can plot U g s versus temperature. This curve looks something like this and then,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00256-00231546-00232271": "U r s versus temperature like this. And, this is the point of intersection, which is 315.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00257-00232271-00233178": "So, what we are tried to say here is the following; if you have a stirred tank, in which exothermic", "bX0i0x62mjA-00258-00233178-00233652": "reaction is taking place. And, then you have to operate this process at the maxima and", "bX0i0x62mjA-00259-00233652-00234167": "reaction rate, which means; it specifies the temperature at you operate and so on.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00260-00234167-00234906": "Now, you can also understand the steady state by plotting U g s, this is U g s or U r s", "bX0i0x62mjA-00261-00234906-00235578": "this is U r s. Or, in other words; the pointed which the intersections takes place is the", "bX0i0x62mjA-00262-00235578-00236044": "point of steady state. So, we can understand steady state in various ways this is a another", "bX0i0x62mjA-00263-00236044-00236841": "way of understanding steady state. Our interest now is; now that we know it is that is point", "bX0i0x62mjA-00264-00236841-00237467": "of intersection; how stable this steady state is this stable, is this unstable. Now, to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00265-00237467-00237896": "understand stability of steady states we have done this already. I will just quickly run", "bX0i0x62mjA-00266-00237896-00238276": "throw this procedure for understanding stability of steady state.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00267-00238276-00239226": "We have shown in an earlier discursion that and exothermic stirred tank stability can", "bX0i0x62mjA-00268-00239226-00240253": "be understood in terms of 3 numbers. L M and N where, L is defined as 1 minus of tau by", "bX0i0x62mjA-00269-00240253-00241653": "C A 0 del by del X of r 1 minus of r 2. M is equal to 1 plus beta where, beta is h A", "bX0i0x62mjA-00270-00241653-00242848": "by v naught C P and then, N is equal to J 1 tau within brackets del r 1 minus of r 2", "bX0i0x62mjA-00271-00242848-00244091": "divided by del t at steady state, ok. And, stability is L plus M greater than N, L M", "bX0i0x62mjA-00272-00244091-00245894": "greater than N. So, steady state is stable if these 2 criteria are satisfied. So, what", "bX0i0x62mjA-00273-00246317-00246960": "is L M and N these are all number which is determine by what is given here, at residence", "bX0i0x62mjA-00274-00246960-00247474": "time here is known C A 0 is known r 1 minus of r 2 at s all these are known.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00275-00247474-00248176": "So, for a given reaction kinetics L M and N is fully specified. So, what you want to", "bX0i0x62mjA-00276-00248176-00248708": "do now is to illustrate to you, how you can actually calculate L M and N for this specific", "bX0i0x62mjA-00277-00248708-00249289": "problem that we have in front of us. I want to calculate this in front of you. So, let", "bX0i0x62mjA-00278-00249289-00249951": "me go throw this whole thing quickly. So, r 1 minus of r 2 for example; for us to calculate", "bX0i0x62mjA-00279-00249951-00250411": "L M and N, we should know r 1 minus of r 2 so, that we can differentiate with respect", "bX0i0x62mjA-00280-00250411-00250852": "to X and T. And, find out the value of these numbers at steady state that is what I am", "bX0i0x62mjA-00281-00250852-00250956": "trying to do.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00282-00250956-00252454": "Now, r 1 minus of r 2 is k 1 C A 0 1 minus of X minus of k 2 C A 0 X. So, del r 1 minus", "bX0i0x62mjA-00283-00252454-00254671": "of del X equal to k 1 S with a minus sign minus k 2 S multiplied by C A 0, these obvious", "bX0i0x62mjA-00284-00254671-00255719": "from here, ok. So, that is equal to minus of k 1 s plus k 2 s times C A 0. Therefore,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00285-00255719-00256383": "what is L; we have to calculate L here; we want to calculate L, because tau is known", "bX0i0x62mjA-00286-00256383-00257411": "everything else is known. So, let us calculate L; so L is equal to 1 plus tau by C A 0 within", "bX0i0x62mjA-00287-00257411-00258817": "brackets of k 1 s plus k 2 s, or this is equal to that is multiplied by C A 0 is there equal", "bX0i0x62mjA-00288-00258817-00259798": "to 1 plus k 1 s tau plus k 2 s tau. So, k 1 s is known k 2 s is known tau is known therefore,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00289-00259798-00260505": "L can be calculated. So, will have put numbers if you have put these numbers; this becomes", "bX0i0x62mjA-00290-00260505-00262693": "1 plus 21.3 times 0.11 plus 10.08 into 0.11 that is equal to 4.45. The value of L for", "bX0i0x62mjA-00291-00262693-00263258": "this particular problem, where tau is 0.11 per hour, k 1 and all that we have calculated", "bX0i0x62mjA-00292-00263258-00263429": "L is 4.45, ok.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00293-00263429-00264527": "Now you have to calculate M. What is the M? M we said M is equal to 1 plus beta which", "bX0i0x62mjA-00294-00264527-00265558": "is 1 plus h A by v naught C P. That is equal to 1 plus h is let me put this numbers here,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00295-00265558-00266321": "calculated it here somewhere else. H is 1000, and we are calculate this area just now we", "bX0i0x62mjA-00296-00266321-00267144": "calculate area is 0.24 square meters divided by v naught C p. v naught is 0.6 and C P is", "bX0i0x62mjA-00297-00267144-00268152": "1000 kilo calories per cubic meter and so on, that comes out to be 0.43. So, L please", "bX0i0x62mjA-00298-00268152-00268371": "notices here, M is this.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00299-00268371-00269757": "Now, you have to calculate M, this is J 1 how to calculate N? N equal to J 1 tau del", "bX0i0x62mjA-00300-00269757-00270514": "by del t of r 1 minus of r 2 at s. So, when we do this differentiation this becomes N", "bX0i0x62mjA-00301-00270514-00271730": "equal to J 1 tau del by del T becomes k 1 s E 1 C A 0 times 1 minus of X divided by", "bX0i0x62mjA-00302-00271730-00273073": "R T s square that is 1. And, the other side is k 2 E 2 C A 0 X s divided by R T s square.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00303-00273073-00273751": "Now, once again all these are known so, we can calculate this we can put all the numbers", "bX0i0x62mjA-00304-00273751-00274376": "I just put all the numbers here. J 1 notice here, the J 1 by definition is minus of delta", "bX0i0x62mjA-00305-00274376-00275068": "H divided by C p volumetric. I am putting all the numbers here, and then we do that", "bX0i0x62mjA-00306-00275068-00276031": "it terms out to be 0.03. I put all the numbers here this is whole calculation terms of 0.03.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00307-00276031-00276775": "Now, our steady state stability criteria our criteria of a stability; L plus M greater", "bX0i0x62mjA-00308-00276775-00277284": "than N, value of N is 0.03 pleas N is 0.03.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00309-00277284-00278218": "And, L value we calculated as; L is 4.45 and, so let me let me put all the numbers together", "bX0i0x62mjA-00310-00278218-00279095": "in front of you. We get L plus M so, L is summarizing here L equal to 4.45, M equal", "bX0i0x62mjA-00311-00279095-00280373": "to M is 0.43, N equal to 0.03. So, L plus M greater than N, L M greater than N, we can", "bX0i0x62mjA-00312-00280373-00281904": "see here, both the criteria both the criteria are satisfied. Which means what? Which means;", "bX0i0x62mjA-00313-00281904-00283675": "that the steady state that we have chosen steady state is stable. By stability what", "bX0i0x62mjA-00314-00283675-00284198": "we mean is that; to a disturbance the steady state would returns to its virginal state,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00315-00284198-00285139": "because is the after the disturbance. By these criteria; what we really mean is that after", "bX0i0x62mjA-00316-00285139-00285649": "disturbance it will take time to reach the steady state but it will reach that old steady state.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00317-00285649-00286201": "That is the point this is mean by this is satisfying of these 2 criteria, ok.", "bX0i0x62mjA-00318-00286201-00287230": "Now, the question is that; this whole analysis is based on what is called as small deviations", "bX0i0x62mjA-00319-00287230-00288020": "from steady state, which means that; our disturbance should not be so large. That the linear approximation", "bX0i0x62mjA-00320-00288020-00288650": "that we are assumed in this steady state analysis that should be violated. So, small disturbances", "bX0i0x62mjA-00321-00288650-00289290": "these are all correct; but if the disturbances are very large then, clearly our approximations", "bX0i0x62mjA-00322-00289290-00289722": "in the analysis not satisfactory. There were alternative techniques should be required,", "bX0i0x62mjA-00323-00289722-00291054": "I will stop there. Thank you very much."}}, {"audio_id": "bX8kbLMM0dI", "text": {"bX8kbLMM0dI-00000-00000164-00000320": "Welcome to Marijuana Television News 70!", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00001-00000330-00000653": "This month we head back to Spannabis and to the World Cannabis Conference", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00002-00000653-00000828": "where we met celebrities from the", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00003-00000869-00001053": "scientific, medical and political fields", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00004-00001124-00001224": "talking about cannabis.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00005-00001251-00001556": "We’ll also head to Expogrow Business Barcelona,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00006-00001556-00001860": "for the first cannabis sector business meeting.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00007-00001860-00002041": "In Top Crop we’ll get some advice", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00008-00002089-00002250": "for growing automatic varieties. Let’s get started!", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00009-00002716-00002979": "Papers and commissions continue to be promoted", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00010-00002979-00003186": "in the autonomous governments to change", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00011-00003186-00003459": "cannabis policies in Spain.  The Balearic Parliament", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00012-00003459-00003739": "unanimously approved the conclusions of the study paper", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00013-00003739-00004004": "on the regularisation of cannabis", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00014-00004004-00004298": "social clubs and the therapeutic use of cannabis,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00015-00004298-00004587": "and urges the Spanish Parliament to set up", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00016-00004587-00004892": "a paper to study the feasibility", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00017-00004892-00005167": "of comprehensive responsible regulation.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00018-00005191-00005469": "The Valencian court has proposed", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00019-00005469-00005680": "creating a special commission", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00020-00005680-00005986": "to study how to guarantee access to cannabis", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00021-00005986-00006238": "for therapeutic users. They’re also", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00022-00006238-00006541": "urging the government to relax the regulations", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00023-00006541-00006829": "and make the relevant legislative changes.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00024-00006863-00006963": "On the other hand,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00025-00006964-00007260": "the Constitutional Court has said that the article of the Basque law", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00026-00007260-00007505": "on addictions that refers to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00027-00007505-00007811": "consumer clubs does not encroach on", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00028-00007811-00008095": "state powers as claimed by the government of Rajoy", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00029-00008095-00008386": "that had challenged it. Basque law allows", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00030-00008386-00008668": "the constitution of the clubs and specifies", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00031-00008668-00008973": "functions of collaboration with the administration,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00032-00008973-00009239": "but does not regulate the aspects", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00033-00009239-00009380": "of production or supply.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00034-00009411-00009720": "At the World Cannabis Conference", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00035-00009720-00010044": "Paula proved that the situation for the clubs is still not great.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00036-00010044-00010316": "Marta de Luxán,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00037-00010316-00010641": "lawyer and manager of the High Class club in Madrid,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00038-00010641-00010891": "we want to ask you what you think of", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00039-00010891-00011189": "those responsible for the clubs right now in Spain", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00040-00011189-00011302": "- can they relax?", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00041-00011369-00011607": "Well, to say relax - I think that is to say a lot these days,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00042-00011607-00011782": "above all in Madrid.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00043-00011782-00011997": "I think that is where the", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00044-00011997-00012307": "harassment that associations are suffering is more", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00045-00012308-00012594": "obvious, but what I understand is", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00046-00012594-00012877": "that it happens everywhere.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00047-00012877-00013091": "On Monday there was an association in Marbella, Malaga,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00048-00013091-00013353": "and on Wednesday they were intervening, so it's not just Madrid.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00049-00013353-00013647": "This is happening everywhere", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00050-00013647-00013944": "but the boards of directors can’t relax.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00051-00013944-00014229": "Currently since July 27 when they intervened in High Class,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00052-00014229-00014530": "I have been facing a penalty of", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00053-00014530-00014812": "between 5 and 6 years in prison, which is what they are asking for", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00054-00014812-00015130": "for all boards, which is a real outrage.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00055-00015130-00015430": "What do you think cannabis activism should be working on", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00056-00015430-00015690": "- in 2018?  - What activism should do right now", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00057-00015703-00015898": "is to make", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00058-00015898-00016202": "a political impact, obviously in Madrid but above all", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00059-00016202-00016532": "we need to go out into the street, we need to work as a network", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00060-00016532-00016826": "with all the social movements that are currently", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00061-00016826-00017073": "dissatisfied with the policies", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00062-00017073-00017242": "of the current government,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00063-00017242-00017530": "do our own thing, but at the same time", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00064-00017530-00017865": "convince the other social movements that our demands", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00065-00017865-00018109": "are their demands", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00066-00018127-00018426": "and all together protest about it on May 5 in Madrid", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00067-00018426-00018703": "at the World Marijuana March", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00068-00018703-00018975": "that will take place in the Plaza del Sol at 6 o'clock in the afternoon.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00069-00018975-00019262": "That’s what we need to do.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00070-00019262-00019559": "Next month the World Marijuana March returns.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00071-00019559-00019837": "We’ll go to Madrid, but", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00072-00019837-00020039": "we won’t forget those travelling around", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00073-00020039-00020326": "the whole planet or the political impact", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00074-00020326-00020537": "for responsible regulation.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00075-00020574-00020793": "The aim is to present", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00076-00020793-00021087": "a pre-legislative proposal prepared by", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00077-00021087-00021252": "different politicians", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00078-00021252-00021429": "who have participated in", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00079-00021429-00021675": "initiatives at the regional and state levels", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00080-00021675-00021966": "in favour of the regulation of cannabis.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00081-00021966-00022273": "All this will be a process lasting 18 months", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00082-00022273-00022449": "until its presentation next", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00083-00022449-00022706": "November 2019", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00084-00022714-00023001": "at an event at the Complutense University.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00085-00023001-00023295": "The starting point for all this is on April 6", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00086-00023295-00023607": "where more than 30 public officials", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00087-00023607-00023742": "will come together with", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00088-00023742-00024043": "different representatives from civil society", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00089-00024043-00024338": "at the Faculty of Law of the Complutense University", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00090-00024338-00024653": "and it will be an event coordinated by Araceli Manjón", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00091-00024653-00024972": "where we will show the need for this change", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00092-00024972-00025176": "and we will design", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00093-00025176-00025476": "the steps to follow in order to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00094-00025476-00025781": "implement this proposal along with these politicians.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00095-00025781-00026051": "Now let’s go over to Top Crop. We’re going to see", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00096-00026051-00026235": "the easiest way to grow automatics.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00103-00027276-00027577": "Welcome to Top Crop,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00104-00027577-00027877": "Marijuana Television’s cannabis clinic.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00105-00027877-00028111": "Today we’ll give you some advice for growing automatic varieties.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00106-00028395-00028664": "With Top Crop, you have  everything you need to get growing.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00107-00028710-00029024": "Substrates produced from top quality natural materials.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00108-00029114-00029233": "Precise nutrition at any moment.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00109-00029340-00029477": "Pest prevention and prevention against deficiencies", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00110-00029566-00029775": "or floral stimulation to get the best results.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00111-00029820-00030047": "Top Crop, your crops have never grown so high.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00112-00030302-00030579": "Marijuanito, from Almeria wants to know what the best time", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00113-00030579-00030881": "is to plant autoflowering plants outdoors,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00114-00030881-00031145": "since his stockpile is starting to run low", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00115-00031145-00031312": "and he can't grow inside.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00116-00031344-00031639": "Hello Marijuanito, as you well know, automatic varieties are", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00117-00031639-00031897": "a development obtained by crossing", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00118-00031897-00032223": "photodependent plants with Cannabis ruderalis genetics.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00119-00032290-00032589": "Cannabis ruderalis is a small-scale subspecies", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00120-00032589-00032781": "with a low THC content", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00121-00032781-00033057": "that comes from the coldest areas of the planet", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00122-00033057-00033288": "and that invests all its energy in developing", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00123-00033288-00033464": "explosively during the summer months", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00124-00033464-00033750": "when there are more daylight hours and there is no snow,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00125-00033750-00034015": "ensuring the survival of the species", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00126-00034015-00034247": "in a rather hostile climate.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00127-00034319-00034586": "The result of the cross produces some varieties", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00128-00034586-00034857": "with properties similar to the photodependent ones", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00129-00034857-00035178": "such as production, percentage of THC", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00130-00035178-00035432": "or organoleptic qualities,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00131-00035432-00035582": "but that are able to flower between", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00132-00035582-00035829": "the 2nd and 4th week of life,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00133-00035829-00036074": "regardless of the light they receive,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00134-00036074-00036385": "and which finish their cycle in just two months.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00135-00036430-00036729": "Of course, the more light they get, the greater the development", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00136-00036729-00036932": "and production of the plant,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00137-00036932-00037180": "so the most appropriate time to get the most out of", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00138-00037180-00037442": "this type of variety is by coinciding", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00139-00037442-00037711": "the final phase of flowering with the summer solstice,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00140-00037711-00037969": "that is, we will sow at the", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00141-00037969-00038051": "beginning of May", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00142-00038051-00038329": "in the Northern Hemisphere and in November in the Southern Hemisphere,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00143-00038329-00038635": "trying to avoid the rainiest times", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00144-00038635-00038861": "and making the most of the available hours of light.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00145-00038938-00039254": "A very useful recommendation for those who want to plant beforehand", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00146-00039254-00039541": "is to do a staggered planting,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00147-00039541-00039826": "at intervals of 1 week, from the beginning of spring,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00148-00039826-00040076": "in case rain or a drop in temperature", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00149-00040076-00040372": "spoils our harvest. There are also varieties capable of", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00150-00040372-00040548": "developing during the winter", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00151-00040548-00040776": "in areas with a moderate climate,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00152-00040789-00041084": "although the production will decrease considerably due to the cold", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00153-00041084-00041338": "and the scarce hours of light.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00154-00041420-00041690": "They can be very useful in tropical areas,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00155-00041690-00041932": "where there is no seasonal change in daylight hours,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00156-00041932-00042254": "because using them avoids long periods of vegetative growth,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00157-00042254-00042550": "or having to force flowering. You can get", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00158-00042550-00042847": "very good results at almost any time of the year", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00159-00042847-00043047": "in a very short time.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00160-00043080-00043378": "As you can see, the autoflowering varieties are very versatile,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00161-00043378-00043615": "and more than one of them has", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00162-00043615-00043761": "got us out of trouble.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00163-00043817-00044104": "And now it's Carlos Javier from Colombia’s turn.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00164-00044104-00044405": "He wants to start growing automatic varieties", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00165-00044405-00044614": "and he wants to know which product to use", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00166-00044614-00044898": "that isn’t too much hassle, because", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00167-00044898-00044998": "he’s a novice.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00168-00045033-00045282": "A good recommendation would be to use", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00169-00045282-00045564": "a rapid absorption growth stimulator such as Top Auto,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00170-00045564-00045715": "from Top Crop.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00171-00045800-00046070": "Top Auto is an NPK liquid fertiliser", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00172-00046070-00046321": "with micronutrients, chelates and humic and fulvic acids", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00173-00046321-00046549": "with high solubility formulated especially", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00174-00046549-00046807": "for autoflowering plants.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00175-00046905-00047194": "Its content, balanced in nutrients and humic acids", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00176-00047194-00047488": "immediately available for crops, acts as an excellent", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00177-00047488-00047793": "conditioner of the substrate, stimulating the growth", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00178-00047793-00048064": "of the plant throughout its cycle and ensuring", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00179-00048064-00048388": "the development of large and compact floral clusters.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00180-00048396-00048671": "It is a rapid absorption stimulator in 1 litre format", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00181-00048671-00048968": "and is suitable for home gardening.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00182-00048968-00049223": "It can also be used both", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00183-00049223-00049377": "indoors and outdoors.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00184-00049432-00049683": "To apply it dilute it at a ratio of 2.5 - 3.5ml", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00185-00049683-00049946": "per litre of water,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00186-00049946-00050189": "once a week. Having said that, in the first week of growth", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00187-00050189-00050519": "a lower dose is enough, of between 1 - 1.5 ml / litre,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00188-00050519-00050769": "and it can be progressively", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00189-00050769-00051076": "increased according to the needs of the plant.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00190-00051130-00051432": "Finally, we will answer a question from Mark in Gerona,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00191-00051432-00051703": "who wants to know", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00192-00051703-00051986": "if LED technology is optimal for growing", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00193-00051986-00052281": "automatics indoors. Hi Marc,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00194-00052281-00052587": "the truth is that light technologies advance very fast.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00195-00052587-00052835": "Manufacturers have put", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00196-00052835-00053135": "a lot of effort in over the last years to develop systems", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00197-00053135-00053375": "that save a substantial amount of energy,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00198-00053375-00053665": "have a longer useful life", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00199-00053665-00053845": "and without any reduction in productivity.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00200-00054000-00054281": "A few years ago, LED systems were only used for", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00201-00054281-00054510": "vegetative growth and nurseries,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00202-00054510-00054775": "but they did not seem to achieve great results in the flowering stage,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00203-00054775-00054943": "with a considerable reduction in", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00204-00054943-00055141": "production compared to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00205-00055141-00055423": "other technologies and producing buds that were not very robust.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00206-00055423-00055678": "They were relegated to being auxiliary lights", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00207-00055678-00055953": "to complement, for example the HPS,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00208-00055953-00056268": "achieving an improvement in production of the lateral branches,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00209-00056268-00056561": "but without achieving a real saving in consumption.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00210-00056574-00056858": "Today with the latest generation,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00211-00056858-00057161": "broad spectrum LEDs we see results equivalent to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00212-00057161-00057393": "those achieved with high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00213-00057393-00057699": "but with a 20% reduction in consumption,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00214-00057699-00058009": "which already makes them very competitive against the HPS or the LEC", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00215-00058009-00058236": "in addition to having advantages", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00216-00058236-00058553": "such as less heat emitted, a long life or", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00217-00058553-00058847": "the extensive configuration possibilities that they have.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00218-00058907-00059200": "If you are thinking of renewing your lights and making", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00219-00059200-00059479": "the move to more sustainable equipment,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00220-00059479-00059668": "LEDs are an excellent option.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00221-00059702-00059970": "And that wraps up this instalment of Top Crop.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00222-00059970-00060254": "I hope these tips are helpful for you when you", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00223-00060254-00060568": "grow automatic cannabis. If you have any questions,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00224-00060568-00060866": "don’t forget you can send them in via our social networks.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00225-00060866-00061074": "Cheers and happy smoking!", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00226-00061301-00061613": "Expogrow Business, a new concept in business meetings", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00227-00061613-00061957": "for the cannabis sector has arrived.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00228-00062902-00063179": "On March 8, the first Expogrow Business Barcelona", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00229-00063179-00063496": "was held at the Casa Llotja de Mar in the Catalan capital.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00231-00063744-00064046": "It was motivated by the need for a business space for", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00232-00064046-00064197": "developing quality, performance and", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00233-00064247-00064563": "individual dedication,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00234-00064563-00064826": "exclusively from professional to professional in the sector.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00235-00065094-00065381": "There was networking with presentations, B2B meetings,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00236-00065412-00065712": "talks, workshops and Speed Dating where the exclusive and personal time", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00237-00065712-00066000": "dedicated to business is crucial for the participant.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00238-00066022-00066324": "The event began after", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00239-00066324-00066640": "the Expogrow team supported the call for a strike", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00240-00066640-00066874": "in support of International Women's Day.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00241-00067727-00068061": "It was simple today to dedicate time among our companies", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00242-00068061-00068351": "to see where all this common interest is,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00243-00068359-00068624": "to make it real and to work.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00244-00068624-00068902": "As well as eating something", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00245-00068926-00069114": "and some relaxed chatting", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00246-00069155-00069255": "and maybe smoking a joint.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00247-00071008-00071294": "At Expogrow Business Barcelona, the priority has been to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00248-00071294-00071592": "adapt the space so that there is close", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00249-00071592-00071898": "and personal work, and so that we can experience", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00250-00071898-00072216": "the performance and quality of relationships that normally", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00251-00072216-00072404": "isn't found at big fairs.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00252-00072522-00072798": "Julien Graille, director of operations of CHK Solutions,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00253-00072798-00073137": "a company involved with integral professional services", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00254-00073137-00073422": "in the world of hemp, and sponsor of the event,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00255-00073422-00073632": "highlights its importance for us.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00256-00073729-00074039": "Why do you think events like these are important?", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00257-00074039-00074297": "Well I believe they are really important because", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00258-00074297-00074618": "Spannabis is very good but", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00259-00074618-00074921": "the time that we get with professionals is very short", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00260-00074921-00075229": "and now finally we have the chance to spend a whole day", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00261-00075229-00075436": "among professionals to be able to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00262-00075436-00075535": "advance this world.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00263-00075535-00075737": "But just dedicated to business.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00264-00075737-00075993": "Exactly. I hope and believe that", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00265-00075993-00076308": "within a short time we will have two or three days", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00266-00076308-00076528": "of fairs like this", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00267-00076528-00076840": "- like they have in the United States.  - Great so we’ll see if little by little all this", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00268-00076840-00077105": "- grows, right? I think it will.  - Yes. I think so too.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00269-00077403-00077697": "The professionals were able to arrange interviews ahead of time", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00270-00077697-00077997": "through the official application that the organisation created.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00271-00077997-00078295": "There were product and grow technology distributors,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00272-00078295-00078596": "research companies and laboratories,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00273-00078596-00078863": "brands of fertilisers, hemp processing,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00274-00078863-00079172": "medicinal products and services, and food or seed banks", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00275-00079172-00079272": "among others.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00276-00079677-00079959": "The fact that we can meet for a day or two in this way", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00277-00079959-00080249": "will mean we can do more things within the industry", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00278-00080249-00080545": "and I think we are currently in a process of change", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00279-00080545-00080878": "if that is what is happening in the United States, in Canada, in other countries it is becoming legal.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00280-00080880-00081191": "I think that really what can affect", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00281-00081191-00081447": "- the industry will be totally positive. - Standardisation at", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00282-00081447-00081765": "the commercial level, at the business level,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00283-00081765-00081989": "that can help", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00284-00082038-00082239": "all sectors related to cannabis,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00285-00082239-00082506": "including users and growers, which evidently", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00286-00082506-00082784": "if they push from different fronts", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00287-00082784-00083080": "then we can achieve the long-awaited standardisation", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00288-00083080-00083324": "so generally things are looking very positive.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00289-00083828-00084109": "Among the features of this event were", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00290-00084109-00084404": "the space dedicated to presentations that", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00291-00084404-00084612": "some of the leading companies in the sector made.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00292-00084651-00084953": "These dealt with exclusive issues that", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00293-00084953-00085250": "participants were really interested in.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00294-00085250-00085533": "Science and research, application of new technologies, market strategies,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00295-00085533-00085773": "political initiatives", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00296-00085773-00085917": "or cannabis journalism.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00297-00085969-00086252": "CHK Solutions dealt with", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00298-00086252-00086556": "one of the most interesting and innovative topics, the advances of science", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00299-00086556-00086877": "in the cannabis industry at the conferences by Reggie Gaudino,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00300-00086877-00087175": "Doctor in Molecular Genetics", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00301-00087175-00087500": "from the University of New York and Scientific Director", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00302-00087500-00087648": "of the Steep Hill Laboratories.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00312-00090342-00090639": "Very privileged,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00313-00090639-00090882": "close contact between professionals", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00314-00090882-00091169": "is needed and not just a fair where", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00315-00091169-00091472": "the public and the professional coexist,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00316-00091472-00091803": "but the professional who wants quality time.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00317-00091803-00092064": "After seeing that other people haven't done it", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00318-00092100-00092276": "we said we can do it ourselves.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00319-00092592-00092893": "This year, together with Spannabis, the third edition of the World Cannabis Conferences was held.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00320-00092893-00093150": "As always there were", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00321-00093150-00093436": "scientific and medical celebrities as well as activists", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00322-00093436-00093735": "who updated us on the different aspects", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00323-00093735-00094028": "of the cannabis culture. El Hash Marijuana & Hemp Museum", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00324-00094028-00094298": "took us back to the future.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00384-00110179-00110452": "We are ready for hemp! People and", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00385-00110452-00110744": "industry are ahead of legislation.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00401-00115181-00115458": "At the World Cannabis Conference", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00402-00115458-00115777": "we could also see that laboratory analyses are", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00403-00115777-00116078": "increasingly important for the traceability of cannabis.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00404-00116078-00116378": "Social and medicinal regulation has more and more models", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00405-00116378-00116666": "on which to base itself, and the medical and scientific aspects", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00406-00116666-00116916": "keep on developing. Soon you will have", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00407-00116916-00117217": "all the lectures uploaded to the", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00408-00117217-00117529": "Spannabis channel in case you could not attend during the expo.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00410-00118814-00119101": "By the way, a cheque for more than 5000 Euros", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00411-00119101-00119388": "was given to the Spanish Observatory of Medicinal Cannabis from the Spannabis Champions Cup.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00440-00127186-00127501": "There's good news because in Salta, Argentina,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00441-00127501-00127794": "for the first time in the country", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00442-00127794-00128112": "a judge has authorised cannabis home growing for medicinal use,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00443-00128112-00128405": "by approving the writ of amparo presented by a mother", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00444-00128405-00128651": "whose son suffers from a neurological disorder and who", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00445-00128651-00128956": "reacted positively to treatment with cannabis oil.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00446-00128956-00129239": "Meanwhile, Brazilian and foreign laboratories", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00447-00129239-00129516": "move to compete for a market", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00448-00129516-00129820": "for cannabis-derived medicines that promises", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00449-00129820-00130097": "to be a multi-million market in Brazil too!", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00450-00130097-00130409": "In Europe, specifically in Germany, after several unsuccessful attempts", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00451-00130409-00130694": "to launch legal cannabis in the country,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00452-00130694-00130977": "the debate returned a few days ago to the Bundenstag.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00453-00130977-00131280": "The three proposals by the opposition parties were discussed", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00454-00131280-00131559": "in which new ways", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00455-00131559-00131857": "of regulating cannabis were proposed.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00456-00131857-00132122": "We’ll see what happens.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00457-00132122-00132413": "And stay tuned because it seems that in the", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00458-00132413-00132706": "Netherlands we are finally going to see in 'the back door'.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00459-00132706-00133012": "Justice Minister Grapperhaus said that various forms of marijuana cultivation will be studied", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00460-00133012-00133310": "to provide to coffee shops.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00461-00133310-00133458": "The Dutch ministers will have to make their proposals", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00462-00133458-00133745": "on legal cultivation of cannabis public", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00463-00133745-00134047": "for this summer.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00464-00134047-00134347": "And to finish off our International News,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00465-00134347-00134601": "we’ll go back to the Americas. Our journalist Clara Sativa,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00466-00134601-00134914": "is still investigating the interesting changes brought about by", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00467-00134914-00135182": "the new legal cannabis market from California. The largest in the world!", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00468-00135182-00135484": "But while California is trying to move forward, Trump's federal drug policy", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00469-00135484-00135763": "is tripping it up, and heading towards", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00470-00135763-00136017": "a new war on drugs.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00471-00136017-00136294": "Its latest news: the death penalty for drug traffickers.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00472-00136294-00136539": "There is alarming growth in", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00473-00136539-00136839": "criminalisation, imprisonment, weapons and", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00474-00136839-00137135": "lack of access to health services", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00475-00137135-00137379": "and education. Something you already know", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00476-00137379-00137668": "that we are very concerned about.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00477-00137668-00137980": "So stay tuned for new reports from the USA!", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00478-00139070-00139318": "And next time in El Coleccionista...", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00481-00140764-00141082": "How do you see the future of industrial hemp? Do you think it will regain", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00482-00141095-00141350": "that privileged status it had in international trade before", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00483-00141350-00141637": "it succumbed to the prohibitionist laws?", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00484-00141739-00141850": "I believe that", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00485-00141915-00142069": "it will return to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00486-00142126-00142443": "its maximum state, because it", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00487-00142473-00142776": "is at maximum again now. There is a lot of demand in the market", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00488-00142776-00143071": "for every type of industry, 30 to 40 different industries", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00489-00143071-00143301": "like industrial hemp,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00490-00143350-00143450": "and there is", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00491-00143456-00143556": "a high demand,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00492-00143619-00143727": "a high demand,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00493-00143790-00143905": "for all kinds of industry", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00494-00143947-00144050": "and what is coming.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00495-00144270-00144491": "Which varieties are you growing on your land?", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00496-00144560-00144861": "Well, there are 10 hectares", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00497-00144861-00145176": "on this farm where we have 3 varieties,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00498-00145183-00145473": "we grow 75 Futuras,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00499-00145473-00145777": "32 Felinas, 57 Santhicas,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00500-00145781-00146017": "and this is Santhica too,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00501-00146088-00146384": "and we sow according to the demand", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00502-00146420-00146636": "of the companies that have hired me.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00503-00146682-00147022": "Whether it’s for seeds, for fibre, for research with", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00504-00147049-00147149": "pharmaceutical companies.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00505-00147285-00147477": "There’s a lot of industry. It’s huge.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00506-00148119-00148432": "This month we have a busy schedule.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00507-00148432-00148734": "On April 6, Responsible Regulation will present its", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00508-00148734-00149018": "legislative proposal at the Complutense University of", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00509-00149018-00149320": "Madrid’s Faculty of Law, and on the same day", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00510-00149320-00149579": "the First National Seminar of Medical Cannabis will be held at the Faculty of Medicine", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00511-00149579-00149862": "and Health Sciences at the University of Barcelona.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00512-00149862-00150151": "On the 14th we will have a cup,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00513-00150151-00150457": "the III Castelló Cannabis Cup. On May 18,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00514-00150457-00150752": "the Cannabis Policy Study Group, GEPCA will present", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00515-00150752-00151014": "a regulation model, developed from", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00516-00151014-00151360": "the book \"Cannabis, from the Margins to Normality,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00517-00151375-00151691": "A New Model of Regulation,” in Barcelona. The 20th April", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00518-00151691-00151986": "will be celebrated all over the planet", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00519-00151986-00152273": "and this year in many places in a big way.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00520-00152273-00152613": "The Hash Marijuana & Hemp Museum of Barcelona will open its new temporary exhibition,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00521-00152614-00152875": "\"Hemp: Back to the Future” and on April 21", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00522-00152875-00153125": "in Castellón a State Meeting of", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00523-00153125-00153435": "Cannabis Circles of Podemos will be held:", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00524-00153435-00153667": "The Challenge of Legalising Cannabis.”", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00525-00153715-00154014": "We'll have doctors and scientists to explain to us", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00526-00154014-00154293": "and shed a bit of light on, above all", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00527-00154293-00154607": "about what's going on, what's being presented", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00528-00154627-00154920": "what we're urging the government to do,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00529-00154920-00155020": "what's being investigated and", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00530-00155026-00155329": "so people can be a bit better informed.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00531-00155329-00155654": "And we will finish the month at Viña Grow, at the legendary Viña Rock festival.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00532-00155685-00155939": "This year we will be there with Sensi Seeds,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00533-00155939-00156216": "who are already preparing gifts for visitors to its stand.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00534-00156216-00156515": "Don’t forget your Karten, a durable and", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00535-00156515-00156804": "100% recyclable cardboard tent.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00536-00156804-00157031": "Head over to the Sensi Seeds website", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00537-00157031-00157326": "before April 20 and find out how to", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00538-00157327-00157618": "get free tickets to Viña.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00549-00160371-00160671": "Don’t miss the next programme of Marijuana Now, there will be a prize draw!", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00550-00160671-00160978": "So stay tuned! And to stay up-to-date this month", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00551-00160978-00161269": "we recommend reading Cannabis Magazine,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00552-00161269-00161541": "number 167.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00553-00161541-00161824": "And don’t forget El Cultivador either, the free", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00554-00161824-00162084": "cannabis paper. And Cáñamo Magazine,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00555-00162084-00162376": "which this month publishes edition number 244,", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00556-00162376-00162647": "with a free gift as always.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00557-00162647-00162936": "And online, marihuana.com for the latest information.", "bX8kbLMM0dI-00558-00162936-00163164": "As always, be happy and see you soon!"}}, {"audio_id": "bXnD5C_mfKI", "text": {"bXnD5C_mfKI-00000-00000528-00001064": "I'm Nicola Dixon and I'm an artist and a designer, and I", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00001-00001064-00001800": "turn my creativity and my designs into products and also I get commissions to do big", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00002-00001880-00002192": "do artwork, public artwork, all sorts of logos and things as well.", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00003-00002312-00002704": "I didn't plan on being an artist, it's quite entertaining,", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00004-00002776-00003447": "but life had other plans for me and I went from having a degree in geography and anthropology", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00005-00003447-00004168": "into going sailing on traditional sailing boats, actually with post-viral fatigue, and not being", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00006-00004168-00004952": "able to work so I made jewellery to finance life. I then was, very early on, commissioned to make", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00007-00004952-00005584": "jewellery for Manx National Heritage. I made specific jewellery for different organizations", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00008-00005584-00006192": "on the Island as well, so I did wildlife work for the Wildlife Trust, Archibald Knox work, and I", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00009-00006192-00006768": "also worked with Tony Lewis and Celtic Gold and became familiar with Archibald Knox's work there.", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00010-00006831-00007264": "I was into knitting early on - my extended essay at school was all about knitting, and I just", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00011-00007264-00007959": "started drawing knitting when I was 17, 18 and maybe I just kind of got that flow in the way,", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00012-00007959-00008632": "and then when I started doing this work, this jewellery work, I just started to learn their", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00013-00008632-00009216": "construction; I just really enjoyed drawing them and I think actually I just lost time when I", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00014-00009216-00009640": "did them actually and I just did loads of them. I lived in the hills didn't have a driving licence,", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00015-00009640-00010280": "wasn't very well, and I think I developed a mastery at that time in my 20s, and then", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00016-00010352-00011168": "in my... when I revisited it I also just lost time drawing knots developing making them more complex", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00017-00011256-00011840": "and then as I studied them I took them back to a simple form and now there's a simple", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00018-00011840-00012216": "baseline but there's a more complex form. It's interesting but I think I've gained", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00019-00012216-00012784": "a flowing mastery where my brain can work with it Well I've had some really interesting commissions:", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00020-00012856-00013584": "I've had some two, three cd covers, actually one for Greg which has been great and two for", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00021-00013584-00014304": "Matt Creer which was very much interlocking celtic work. I did a logo for Yn Chruinnaght", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00022-00014304-00015024": "and then there's a big chunk of metal down in the Peel square which is a flowing celtic prayer", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00023-00015024-00015768": "in pierced stainless steel and I'm currently got a big commission on the go", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00024-00015768-00016191": "which is top secret at the moment for a sort of modern celtic design that's going", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00025-00016191-00016752": "to be very exciting when it's revealed. You know, it's interesting, I was invited", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00026-00016752-00017448": "to speak at the International Day of Celtic Art and to present about my work and Archibald Knox", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00027-00017528-00017952": "but unfortunately that was cancelled due to Covid but hopefully that'll happen again, and that's", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00028-00017952-00018464": "people from Ireland, Scotland and America that take part in that, so that was a very exciting", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00029-00018536-00019072": "invitation. And then there's Russians that share my work when I put it on Instagram", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00030-00019224-00019760": "and tattooists because it's you know it's like just that lovely design. So, yeah,", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00031-00019760-00020229": "there is interest in it and I think I need to sort of separate it from my Manx work because it's", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00032-00020336-00021184": "a very strong design that I have; people can always spot my work because it's very much my line", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00033-00021184-00021816": "and my colouring. There's a lot of excitement in what can happen in the future with it.", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00034-00021960-00022512": "Well, it's interesting because we don't really know but it's how you feel about your work and", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00035-00022512-00023232": "I know that when I'm calm and still the work has a different resonance to it and when I designed a", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00036-00023232-00023848": "load of triscles initially when I was doing a lot of meditation at the time and I would look at them", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00037-00023848-00024288": "they would almost hum it was \"hello, it was just like what's going on here?!\"", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00038-00024288-00024944": "and I have had reflections from people that there's a lot of energy within them. So", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00039-00024944-00025520": "when I do work I try to remain still so that that energy and that calmness is within it.", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00040-00025592-00026152": "I did another piece of work for the mental health unit and I was very conscious that", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00041-00026152-00026672": "stillness and sort of peace should be in that, and so I would often meditate before I would", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00042-00026672-00027112": "paint because you wanted that within it and maybe that's what people pick up.", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00043-00027112-00027816": "Often it's subconscious how you react to work. I know that people just like having my work", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00044-00027816-00028704": "in their houses, like living with it. That's a happy outcome and the spirituality thing is...", "bXnD5C_mfKI-00045-00028927-00029583": "it's all a mystery but I like to think there's a bit of magic in my work."}}, {"audio_id": "bXoc8VJQeHo", "text": {"bXoc8VJQeHo-00001-00004816-00005016": "Hello friends", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00002-00005617-00005817": "Today we are cooking buffalo meat in the kitchen", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00003-00006591-00006791": "you are a chef", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00004-00007294-00007494": "Dried buffalo meat is grilled sir", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00005-00008251-00008451": "bake until soft", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00006-00012836-00013036": "done, guys", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00007-00013606-00013806": "now tear it up and eat it", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00008-00014888-00015088": "It looks so delicious", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00009-00017737-00017937": "invite you guys", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00010-00018352-00018552": "delicious sweet", "bXoc8VJQeHo-00011-00019689-00019889": "very wonderful, guys"}}, {"audio_id": "bXpRGakwoy8", "text": {"bXpRGakwoy8-00000-00000018-00000399": "We mentioned before the last commercial break about, uh,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00001-00000417-00000816": "the war on drugs and it's been a failure for whatever reasons. Um,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00002-00000885-00001299": "our jails are full of drug addicts or drug dealings that have come out of it and", "bXpRGakwoy8-00003-00001299-00001443": "many bad things that have come out of it.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00004-00001443-00001668": "And we saw the same thing with prohibition, you know, for,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00005-00001701-00001880": "for the good effects that came from it.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00006-00001884-00002354": "The negative effects severely outweighed it. And really, uh,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00007-00002358-00002538": "alcohol and America took off when they,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00008-00002619-00002961": "when they made it illegal because of the people that were getting getting", "bXpRGakwoy8-00009-00002961-00003281": "involved in it. And now the money that can be made by, you know, uh,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00010-00003288-00003563": "illegal distribution and manufacturing of it swords.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00011-00003563-00003975": "So now there's a lot more motive to do it, uh, with the price of, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00012-00003975-00004083": "with drugs that are illegal.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00013-00004083-00004438": "There's just so much profit to be made that there's huge incentive,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00014-00004438-00004830": "not only for people in our own country to get involved in the manufacturing and", "bXpRGakwoy8-00015-00004830-00004977": "distribution of it, but other countries.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00016-00004977-00005300": "I mean it's a multibillion dollar industry or the gate with uh,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00017-00005307-00005661": "gateway drugs really for opiates or is you just start with,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00018-00005661-00005868": "I mean marijuana is not a gateway drug.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00019-00005927-00006108": "There's arguments to be made that it is and it isn't.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00020-00006111-00006591": "I say that it is because I look at addiction as a behavioral thing and this is", "bXpRGakwoy8-00021-00006591-00006873": "why I say it's a gateway drug. Maybe not because of the chemical hooks in it,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00022-00006876-00007089": "but say you're a 16 year old child,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00023-00007095-00007362": "you've heard all your life that marijuana is terrible and it's going to kill you", "bXpRGakwoy8-00024-00007362-00007650": "and destroy your whole life and stay away from it.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00025-00007656-00007953": "And then you experiment and you try it once and you see that it doesn't,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00026-00008004-00008298": "it doesn't destroy your life the first time. It's also,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00027-00008298-00008571": "it's something that's illegal so you know that you're breaking the law and", "bXpRGakwoy8-00028-00008571-00008655": "you're not getting caught.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00029-00008655-00009036": "So it was planting these seeds and it's demonstrating to a behavior that you can", "bXpRGakwoy8-00030-00009036-00009150": "do something that's illegal,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00031-00009150-00009462": "that everybody says is terrible and it's going to destroy your life and you", "bXpRGakwoy8-00032-00009462-00009750": "don't see consequences right away. And that aspect,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00033-00009750-00010140": "I say it's very much a gateway drug because you're planting that seed that you", "bXpRGakwoy8-00034-00010140-00010470": "know, even more so. I think that alcohol, because alcohol is legal,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00035-00010470-00010875": "it is socially acceptable. I'm much more than marijuana in many places.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00036-00010875-00011291": "But um, but somebody who had experiments with that, they're also not, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00037-00011340-00011511": "braking while they're breaking under age, drinking law,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00038-00011511-00011814": "but they're not obtaining and holding a substance that's illegal.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00039-00011814-00012165": "So I say it's a gateway drug because it's planting that seed that you can get", "bXpRGakwoy8-00040-00012165-00012388": "away with this and you're not going to get caught in, your life's not going to.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00041-00012388-00012580": "And so it plants that seed that well,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00042-00012580-00012852": "everything else I must've heard about it must be bs and nobody knows what", "bXpRGakwoy8-00043-00012852-00012915": "they're talking about.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00044-00012915-00013155": "They're just trying to hold me down or they're just trying to keep me from doing", "bXpRGakwoy8-00045-00013155-00013272": "something that I enjoy.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00046-00013302-00013657": "So in that it plants that seed for that behavior that it is something that can", "bXpRGakwoy8-00047-00013657-00013863": "get away with. And now, so no, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00048-00013863-00014268": "going from never touching a drug to putting a, a heroin needle in your arm,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00049-00014280-00014519": "we're taking a pill that somebody hands you that you're not really sure what it", "bXpRGakwoy8-00050-00014520-00014658": "is. That's an enormous leap.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00051-00014691-00015150": "But if you go from never touching a drug to taking a sip of beer and nothing bad", "bXpRGakwoy8-00052-00015150-00015441": "happens to your friend, gives you a joint and nothing bad happens,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00053-00015441-00015753": "now you're a lot closer to doing something that's more extreme.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00054-00015791-00015947": "You're kind of walking that, walking that line.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00055-00015948-00016153": "So I say it's a gateway drug for that.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00056-00016159-00016506": "And not maybe not because of a chemical hooks on the brain or anything.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00057-00016506-00016968": "But behaviorally I say that it certainly is legalized marijuana in Colorado if", "bXpRGakwoy8-00058-00016968-00017241": "you studied the effects that are negative in politics.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00059-00017261-00017364": "So there's two different approaches.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00060-00017364-00017769": "So Washington and Colorado both have,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00061-00017859-00018182": "they've taken two different approaches. One is legalization,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00062-00018203-00018571": "it's Colorado's non legalization route. The other is decriminalization.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00063-00018574-00018787": "So it's really two different approaches to a,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00064-00018793-00019219": "to a similar end in mind legalization. The benefits of it is you tax it,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00065-00019222-00019369": "you regulate it, um,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00066-00019402-00019816": "and you can use that money to fund other things in the state. Uh, and,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00067-00019817-00020134": "and fund the policing of other things that are, oh, still illegal.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00068-00020134-00020392": "Decriminalization just means that you're not, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00069-00020392-00020478": "you're not gonna face the,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00070-00020478-00020863": "the fines or the penalties is much more like a speeding ticket and you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00071-00020866-00021259": "then a possible jail sentence or huge fines. Um,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00072-00021268-00021502": "and there was a district attorney that was interviewed in this book called", "bXpRGakwoy8-00073-00021502-00021785": "chasing the scream that said, you know, she wasn't for it.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00074-00021799-00022021": "She's very opposed to any kind of drugs. So she will,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00075-00022022-00022333": "she wasn't for the decriminalization, but when she looked at her,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00076-00022351-00022681": "the amount of work that she does and the number of drug cases that she sees,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00077-00022681-00022897": "she said there were other things like, uh, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00078-00022940-00023194": "thefts and domestic violence issues that were put before that.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00079-00023194-00023461": "She never got to see that she had to dismiss or,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00080-00023485-00023806": "or let go because she was spending all of her time focusing on these drug", "bXpRGakwoy8-00081-00023806-00023920": "related offenses.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00082-00023941-00024154": "And when you have a drug related offense for somebody who's young,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00083-00024154-00024268": "for somebody who's pre,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00084-00024304-00024625": "pre adulthood and they're adolescents or somebody who's 20 years old just trying", "bXpRGakwoy8-00085-00024625-00024831": "to find their way in life, you get this permit, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00086-00024831-00024973": "you get a scarlet letter, you get this,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00087-00024973-00025219": "this mark against you that's gonna affect the rest of your life. You know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00088-00025219-00025417": "somebody who's really just finding who they are,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00089-00025438-00025714": "our brains are still developing until we're 25 or 26 years old.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00090-00025714-00025951": "We're still trying to find out who we are and what we want to do in life.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00091-00025951-00026101": "You get this one drug charge when you're 20,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00092-00026101-00026425": "22 and now that permanently caps the, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00093-00026425-00026547": "the potential that you have in limits.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00094-00026547-00026775": "So many of your possibilities in the future. So she,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00095-00026791-00027166": "she didn't think that was right. So she a huge advocate for decriminalization.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00096-00027166-00027448": "She doesn't want to make illegal, she doesn't want make it at more available,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00097-00027475-00027795": "but decriminalization of it as many positive effects.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00098-00027796-00028102": "And then Colorado went the other route and they legalized, uh,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00099-00028105-00028408": "the marijuana so that they could tax it and they could regulate it.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00100-00028408-00028550": "And they've had, you know,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00101-00028591-00028939": "everybody thought that marijuana use was going to skyrocket and go, yeah, but,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00102-00028954-00029230": "but it doesn't, it didn't, it didn't. I rocket, I mean,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00103-00029230-00029422": "there's a lot more people using it casually now,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00104-00029422-00029733": "but they're not all just becoming addicts and sitting around their house so I", "bXpRGakwoy8-00105-00029734-00029824": "can weed all the time.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00106-00029845-00030160": "Just like not everybody in the world sits around and drinks alcohol from the", "bXpRGakwoy8-00107-00030160-00030408": "time they wake up till they go to bed. And it's, it's available.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00108-00030409-00030714": "It's accessible everywhere. There's some people. Yeah.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00109-00030714-00030802": "And there's some people that are,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00110-00030805-00031214": "that do smoke marijuana like that all the time. But just by making it available,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00111-00031225-00031468": "and that's come back to my, my position on it,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00112-00031468-00031764": "it's a behavioral thing and we got to look at the paint and we gotta look at the", "bXpRGakwoy8-00113-00031765-00032041": "reason that somebody is trying to escape d, um,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00114-00032143-00032356": "making it illegal doesn't solve that problem.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00115-00032356-00032727": "Making something illegal doesn't solve somebody's desire to use it,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00116-00032728-00032950": "desire to escape that pain or that void inside.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00117-00032962-00033091": "They're going to find some other way to do it.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00118-00033094-00033271": "We can make anything illegal to find other ways.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00119-00033279-00033592": "Let me look at how homeless people are, uh, that are destitute.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00120-00033592-00033859": "People that have, that are alcoholics. I mean, they don't have,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00121-00033862-00034090": "they can't get alcohol, but they can get hand sanitizer.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00122-00034090-00034231": "They can get mouthwatering. They get other things.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00123-00034231-00034462": "They'll find some other way to avoid or escape that pain.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00124-00034462-00034606": "So if we don't look at the human,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00125-00034606-00034939": "if we don't look at coming from a compassionate place and look at why they're", "bXpRGakwoy8-00126-00034939-00035140": "struggling, why they have the issues that they do,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00127-00035140-00035287": "why they really need the help,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00128-00035311-00035611": "and we only shame them and judge them and try to hold them down even more,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00129-00035611-00035780": "it's only going to exacerbate the problem. Make it worse.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00130-00035780-00036014": "That's why it's spiraling out of control. That's why it's getting so much.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00131-00036014-00036278": "All right. Well we're about to run out of time. All right,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00132-00036320-00036636": "Garrett to you on any fundraiser coming out. Anything I can do. Yeah,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00133-00036636-00036848": "so we just did a fundraiser on Friday. We're still,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00134-00036848-00036977": "we've got a capital campaign right now.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00135-00036977-00037256": "We still need to raise $27,000 before we can open the door.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00136-00037256-00037616": "If you can make any contribution would be huge help and please reach out to me.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00137-00037616-00038057": "I'll post my contact information on this Facebook page and, and uh,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00138-00038086-00038354": "all right, real [inaudible] website again, once you,", "bXpRGakwoy8-00139-00038354-00038816": "I realize you two five to.org and you can find us on Facebook as well.", "bXpRGakwoy8-00140-00038856-00039173": "All right folks, that's all we have for today. We'll see you next week."}}, {"audio_id": "bYFJI10GO7E", "text": {"bYFJI10GO7E-00000-00000102-00000894": "Hello everyone ! When I defended my PhD thesis  inOctober 2022 it was streamed online, but I didn't", "bYFJI10GO7E-00001-00000894-00001476": "think to record the meeting. Since I would  stilllike to have the presentation available online,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00002-00001476-00001950": "I finally gathered the energy to go through thetext again at home in front of a microphone.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00003-00002022-00002752": "It won't be exactly the same experience and the stress level is a bit lower today but here it is !", "bYFJI10GO7E-00004-00003018-00003510": "Hello, thank you all for coming to this presentation and to hear me talk about what", "bYFJI10GO7E-00005-00003510-00004128": "I've been doing these past seven years. Beforewe really get into the topic of the thesis,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00006-00004128-00004554": "and this long title, I would like to give a bit of context.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00007-00004638-00005364": "So let's start with the last words: \"digitalpathology\".  Pathology is the study of diseases.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00008-00005442-00006120": "Let's take an example. After a mammogram or prostate exam, someone has a suspected tumor.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00009-00006204-00006720": "To determine the severity of the tumor and what to do about it, one very common step", "bYFJI10GO7E-00010-00006720-00007368": "is to take a tissue sample -- for instance with a biopsy. This tissue sample, after some fairly", "bYFJI10GO7E-00011-00007368-00008070": "complicated processing, ends up as tissue slides which can be viewed under a microscope.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00012-00008070-00008604": "Digitalpathology just means that instead of looking through the microscope, the image is scanned", "bYFJI10GO7E-00013-00008604-00009180": "at a very high resolution so that a digital copy can be viewed on a computer, stored in", "bYFJI10GO7E-00014-00009180-00009780": "hospital archives, or potentially transmitted to other pathologists if a second opinion is needed.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00015-00010056-00010668": "These images are typically huge. From this relatively low magnification view we can zoom", "bYFJI10GO7E-00016-00010668-00011334": "in all the way to the level of the cell nuclei. What are pathologists looking for in those images?", "bYFJI10GO7E-00017-00011400-00011976": "Well there are lots of indicators that are used to grade tumors, but some common ones are based", "bYFJI10GO7E-00018-00011976-00012480": "on the shape of some cellular structures -- like here with the Gleason grading scale based on the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00019-00012480-00012984": "shape of glands in the prostates -- and others are based on counting some particular objects,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00020-00012984-00013806": "like lymphocytes, or in this case mitotic cells. The problems are so complex that the criteria used", "bYFJI10GO7E-00021-00013806-00014363": "by the pathologists are often very difficult to assess objectively and there can be a lot", "bYFJI10GO7E-00022-00014363-00015000": "of disagreement between the opinions of the pathologists. Some of the tasks, like counting", "bYFJI10GO7E-00023-00015000-00015678": "the mitosis, can also be very time consuming and repetitive. So it would be very nice to have some", "bYFJI10GO7E-00024-00015678-00016326": "automated image analysis methods to help. In the past decade, the most successful image analysis", "bYFJI10GO7E-00025-00016326-00016866": "methods have been deep learning algorithms. So let me briefly explain what these are about.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00026-00017220-00017850": "Let's say that we have as inputs an image. To make things simple, we will say it has only", "bYFJI10GO7E-00027-00017850-00018726": "three pixels and let's call their values x yand z. At the outputs we have two classes c1 and c2.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00028-00018792-00019536": "Between the two we have a model. A model is a mathematical mapping between our inputs and ouroutputs.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00029-00019536-00020334": "One of the simplest model we can have is alinear  model. We could for instance have:", "bYFJI10GO7E-00030-00020334-00021426": "output isc1 if ax plus by plus cz plus d is above 0, and c2 otherwise. In this case a b c d are the parameters", "bYFJI10GO7E-00031-00021426-00022200": "of the model and training the model means finding the best values for these parameters so that the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00032-00022200-00022932": "output is as correct as possible. In supervised machine learning finding the best parameters is", "bYFJI10GO7E-00033-00022932-00023502": "done by using a training data set containing examples where the expected output is known.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00034-00023736-00024390": "Obviously that model is a bit too simple, so what we can do is make it bigger and more complex.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00035-00024474-00024966": "Neural networks do that: they combine relatively simple equations chained", "bYFJI10GO7E-00036-00024966-00025398": "together to produce a model that is more complex and has more parameters.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00037-00025482-00025889": "The network is organized in layers built on top of each other.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00038-00025950-00026538": "The first layers closer to the inputs learn to recognize smaller scale patterns and colors,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00039-00026592-00027180": "Then the following layers combine those patterns into more abstract concepts -- shapes, object parts --", "bYFJI10GO7E-00040-00027180-00027786": "and in the end these high level abstract features are combined to produce the desired outputs", "bYFJI10GO7E-00041-00027918-00028392": "They will obviously also take larger images as inputs. In the 90s the best", "bYFJI10GO7E-00042-00028392-00028974": "network for image analysis had more than 50 000 parameters. At the time it was very", "bYFJI10GO7E-00043-00028974-00029448": "difficult to train anything bigger than that and the performances were relatively limited", "bYFJI10GO7E-00044-00029556-00030366": "In the 2000s and 2010s however there was a big shift in image analysis as it became much cheaper", "bYFJI10GO7E-00045-00030366-00031062": "to store and transmit data, larger data sets became available, and with the rapid development of GPUs", "bYFJI10GO7E-00046-00031062-00031716": "the amount of processing power available to train the networks increased dramatically. Modern deep", "bYFJI10GO7E-00047-00031716-00032286": "networks have millions or tens of millions of parameters and can model very complex functions.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00048-00032286-00033144": "But to do that they also need a lot of data and ideally a lot of annotated data, meaning that the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00049-00033144-00034038": "expected output is known for every example given to the network. So how do we get annotations?", "bYFJI10GO7E-00050-00034038-00034590": "If we are trying to create something like a self-driving car we can use something like this captcha", "bYFJI10GO7E-00051-00034644-00035088": "If you've been on the internet in the past decade you've probably encountered one of those", "bYFJI10GO7E-00052-00035178-00035850": "They don't just check if you're a robot or human. The input you provide is used to train and refine deep", "bYFJI10GO7E-00053-00035850-00036534": "learning models. By crowdsourcing the annotation of the data it's easier to get larger data sets", "bYFJI10GO7E-00054-00036636-00037326": "But in digital pathology you can't do that. If you ask thousands of random internet users to", "bYFJI10GO7E-00055-00037326-00037818": "select all the mitotic cells in an image you will not get very useful annotations", "bYFJI10GO7E-00056-00037920-00038490": "In digital pathology the annotations are complex and they require trained experts.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00057-00038550-00039084": "There will always be a trade-off between the number of annotations you can get and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00058-00039084-00039636": "the quality of these annotations. There is also a certain amount of subjectivity and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00059-00039636-00040266": "disagreement between experts as the criteria used by pathologists can be very difficult to evaluate.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00060-00040506-00041004": "So that brings us back to the title of the thesis: what is the impact of the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00061-00041004-00041478": "reality of the annotations we can get in digital pathology on the training", "bYFJI10GO7E-00062-00041478-00041862": "of deep learning algorithms and also on their evaluation.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00063-00042006-00042462": "There are three big topics that I want to cover in the rest of this presentation; and for each", "bYFJI10GO7E-00064-00042462-00043032": "I will show some examples of our experiments and explain the conclusions that we were able to reach", "bYFJI10GO7E-00065-00043128-00043650": "The first is the study of imperfect annotations and the effects on the learning process", "bYFJI10GO7E-00066-00043740-00044316": "The second is the analysis of evaluation processes and metrics and how imperfect", "bYFJI10GO7E-00067-00044316-00044896": "annotations and inter-expert disagreements can be taken into account better", "bYFJI10GO7E-00068-00044952-00045594": "Finally I will talk about our review of digital pathology competitions how they take or don't", "bYFJI10GO7E-00069-00045594-00046014": "take these questions into account and how they can be improved in the future", "bYFJI10GO7E-00070-00046434-00047136": "Let's start with imperfect annotations this is an image from the MoNuSeg 2018 nuclei", "bYFJI10GO7E-00071-00047136-00047724": "segmentation competition. So the goal is to find the nuclei which are contoured here in yellow.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00072-00047832-00048294": "This image is part of the test set, meaning it's used to compare the results", "bYFJI10GO7E-00073-00048294-00048930": "of competing algorithms to the expected outputs. In this image however there seem", "bYFJI10GO7E-00074-00048930-00049404": "to be some objects which are probably nuclei as well but are not annotated", "bYFJI10GO7E-00075-00049488-00050238": "This is a very common type of imperfection. Digital pathology often deals with very large images and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00076-00050238-00050790": "we can have very small and numerous objects of interest. It's therefore very common to", "bYFJI10GO7E-00077-00050790-00051432": "have incomplete annotations where only some of the images or some regions of the images are annotated", "bYFJI10GO7E-00078-00051540-00052044": "But there are other types of imperfections as well. The shape of the objects can be fairly", "bYFJI10GO7E-00079-00052044-00052655": "complex. For segmentation problems, making pixel precise annotations is extremely time consuming,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00080-00052746-00053370": "so it's common to have imprecise annotations where there is an uncertainty on the exact boundaries", "bYFJI10GO7E-00081-00053562-00054126": "Finally when humans have to do a very repetitive task like annotating thousands", "bYFJI10GO7E-00082-00054126-00054678": "of nuclei in an image there will always be some plain mistakes: incorrect annotations", "bYFJI10GO7E-00083-00054678-00055194": "means that there is an uncertainty on the labels even in the annotated regions", "bYFJI10GO7E-00084-00055314-00055854": "We studied the effect of imperfect annotations as well as some learning strategies that can", "bYFJI10GO7E-00085-00055854-00056400": "be used to counteract those effects. To do that we started with some very", "bYFJI10GO7E-00086-00056400-00056952": "good clean data sets such as this one from a colorectal cancer gland segmentation challenge", "bYFJI10GO7E-00087-00057060-00057708": "The original annotations are as close to pixel perfect as we can get in a digital pathologydatasets", "bYFJI10GO7E-00088-00057708-00058482": "So what we did was to artificially add imperfections. We simulated different types:", "bYFJI10GO7E-00089-00058482-00058979": "For missing annotations we randomly removed annotated objects from the data sets", "bYFJI10GO7E-00090-00058979-00059538": "We randomly deformed the shape of the objects by making them smaller or larger and we simplify", "bYFJI10GO7E-00091-00059538-00060078": "the contours simulating a quicker annotation method where instead of precisely going around", "bYFJI10GO7E-00092-00060078-00060684": "the contour the expert would just have selected a few points to give us a polygonal approximation", "bYFJI10GO7E-00093-00060834-00061404": "We train three different deep learning models on corrupted data sets with different levels", "bYFJI10GO7E-00094-00061404-00062160": "of corruption. Our results show that there is a certain natural robustness to some imperfections", "bYFJI10GO7E-00095-00062160-00062862": "and in particular the models are very robust to contour simplification, even when only four or five", "bYFJI10GO7E-00096-00062862-00063479": "points remain in the contour. Removing too many objects however lead to a strong performance drop", "bYFJI10GO7E-00097-00063648-00064091": "This indicates that when annotating datasets for deep learning models", "bYFJI10GO7E-00098-00064091-00064488": "the best strategy for the expert pathologist could be to provide a", "bYFJI10GO7E-00099-00064488-00064998": "rough set of simplified annotations while making sure that few objects are missed", "bYFJI10GO7E-00100-00065214-00065784": "What kind of learning strategies can we use? Well, as we've found, the main problem we have is", "bYFJI10GO7E-00101-00065784-00066300": "the missing annotations so in this type of data sets we make the assumption that", "bYFJI10GO7E-00102-00066300-00066924": "the regions where we have annotations are generally more reliable than regions with", "bYFJI10GO7E-00103-00066924-00067560": "empty annotations. In other words it's more likely for an expert pathologist to miss an", "bYFJI10GO7E-00104-00067560-00067938": "object than to randomly annotate something where there is nothing", "bYFJI10GO7E-00105-00068118-00068688": "One easy thing that we could do is therefore to only use the more reliable part of the data sets", "bYFJI10GO7E-00106-00068688-00069420": "and to discard the rest. It's easy but it also means that we don't use all of the data and as", "bYFJI10GO7E-00107-00069420-00070008": "we've said before deep learning algorithms need to be fed as much data as possible to work well", "bYFJI10GO7E-00108-00070122-00070752": "It also inevitably leads to a bare biased model which will tend to predict objects everywhere", "bYFJI10GO7E-00109-00070992-00071562": "The method that worked best according to our experiments try to solve this issue and to use", "bYFJI10GO7E-00110-00071562-00072246": "the whole data despite the uncertainty. The way we did this was to first train a biased model", "bYFJI10GO7E-00111-00072246-00072942": "as with the only positive approach. Then we use this model to generate annotations on the regions", "bYFJI10GO7E-00112-00072942-00073692": "with no annotations. The final model is trained using all the data but for the regions with no", "bYFJI10GO7E-00113-00073692-00074328": "annotations we randomly switched between using the original empty annotations and the generated ones", "bYFJI10GO7E-00114-00074412-00074958": "This allows us to use all the data while recognizing the uncertainty of the annotations", "bYFJI10GO7E-00115-00075108-00075570": "We also noted however that these results were highly dependent on the character", "bYFJI10GO7E-00116-00075570-00076164": "characteristics of the data sets and also on the metric we used to evaluate the results.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00117-00076344-00076788": "And this leads us to our next topic: how to evaluate an algorithm.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00118-00076848-00077490": "And it may seem like a fairly easy question: we see how many times they are right how many", "bYFJI10GO7E-00119-00077490-00078030": "times they are wrong and that's it. But I want to quickly show why that's not always the case.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00120-00078108-00078594": "Let's take a task that has nothing to do with digital pathology. Let's say that we", "bYFJI10GO7E-00121-00078594-00079122": "are comparing two algorithms on the ability to classify images between cats and dogs", "bYFJI10GO7E-00122-00079260-00080016": "We test the first algorithm on our evaluation set and find that it has an accuracy of 2/3, or around 67%", "bYFJI10GO7E-00123-00080016-00080574": "It's not a very good algorithm but it seems to have learned something about the data", "bYFJI10GO7E-00124-00080658-00081108": "The second algorithm meanwhile is really bad: it always predicts dog", "bYFJI10GO7E-00125-00081180-00081750": "In our evaluation sets it leads to an accuracy of 50%. In this case the algorithms are well", "bYFJI10GO7E-00126-00081750-00082200": "ranked. The first algorithm, while not very good, is certainly more useful than the second.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00127-00082476-00083046": "But what if we change our evaluation data sets a little bit? There is after all nothing that", "bYFJI10GO7E-00128-00083046-00083640": "guarantees that datasets will have exactly as many examples of each class. In real world", "bYFJI10GO7E-00129-00083640-00084216": "scenarios, in fact, that's very unlikely. We compare our algorithms again and we still", "bYFJI10GO7E-00130-00084216-00084744": "have the same score for the first one but for the second now we get an accuracy of 83%.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00131-00084816-00085338": "If we use the accuracy as a metric on this test set we have to conclude that", "bYFJI10GO7E-00132-00085338-00085836": "algorithm 2 is better than algorithm 1 even though it's functionally useless.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00133-00085980-00086460": "This kind of situation happened all the time in medical data sets where", "bYFJI10GO7E-00134-00086460-00087042": "for instance more invasive tumors tend to be less represented in the data than benign tumors", "bYFJI10GO7E-00135-00087108-00087708": "An algorithm that never recognizes an invasive tumor however would not be very useful even though", "bYFJI10GO7E-00136-00087708-00088248": "it may have a better accuracy than a model that doesn't always give such an optimistic prediction", "bYFJI10GO7E-00137-00088560-00089196": "So what can we do? Well fortunately there are many evaluation metrics available to us.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00138-00089196-00089814": "These metrics are generally related to the definition of the image analysis task. In our", "bYFJI10GO7E-00139-00089814-00090384": "work we surveyed digital pathology competitions and publications and we categorized the most common", "bYFJI10GO7E-00140-00090384-00091182": "image analysis tasks using three different basic tasks: classification (what is this thing?), detection", "bYFJI10GO7E-00141-00091254-00092070": "(find all instances of things) and segmentation (find which pixels are things or not-things)", "bYFJI10GO7E-00142-00092208-00092694": "In each of these basic tasks there are many different commonly used metrics", "bYFJI10GO7E-00143-00092748-00093366": "more complex tasks can generally be defined as combinations of the three basic ones and similarly", "bYFJI10GO7E-00144-00093366-00094050": "more complex metrics tend to take the form of combinations of these basic metrics. In the thesis", "bYFJI10GO7E-00145-00094050-00094566": "we studied the relationship between the different metrics: which ones tend to behave in the same way", "bYFJI10GO7E-00146-00094566-00095124": "and which ones can sometimes give very different results. We also studied their behavior depending", "bYFJI10GO7E-00147-00095124-00095682": "on the characteristics of the data such as the class imbalance that we showed in our cat and dog", "bYFJI10GO7E-00148-00095682-00096234": "example, and how to better include the uncertainty and the differences of opinions between experts", "bYFJI10GO7E-00149-00096300-00096822": "For this we try to provide some guidelines on the selection and interpretation of those metrics", "bYFJI10GO7E-00150-00096918-00097434": "And I want to show just a few examples of the analysis that we made. The first", "bYFJI10GO7E-00151-00097434-00097926": "example concerns the use of a segmentation metric called the Intersection over Union", "bYFJI10GO7E-00152-00098004-00098568": "This is one of the most commonly used metrics for this task and it's a relatively intuitive metric", "bYFJI10GO7E-00153-00098664-00099090": "Let's say that we have an image with an expert annotation so that we know which", "bYFJI10GO7E-00154-00099090-00099768": "pixels belong to the objects. Now we want to evaluate a prediction from an algorithm.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00155-00099768-00100356": "How do we do that? Well first we take the intersection between the two objects and we compute the area", "bYFJI10GO7E-00156-00100446-00101028": "Then we take the union of the two objects and we also compute the area. Finally to", "bYFJI10GO7E-00157-00101028-00101562": "get the intersection of a union we divide the intersection by the union. Not very surprising", "bYFJI10GO7E-00158-00101682-00102222": "This gives us a very straightforward measure of the overlap between the two objects", "bYFJI10GO7E-00159-00102288-00102978": "The IoU -- intersection over union -- will be equal to one if the objects are perfectly overlapping and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00160-00102978-00103908": "equal to zero if they are completely separate. So what can go wrong? Well let's look at these", "bYFJI10GO7E-00161-00103908-00104574": "five examples from the MoNuSAC 2020 challenge with the expert annotations in solid blue and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00162-00104574-00105102": "predictions from the algorithm of one of the teams that participated in challenge in dashed black", "bYFJI10GO7E-00163-00105246-00105828": "According to the IOU these five images all show very similar segmentation performances", "bYFJI10GO7E-00164-00105828-00106656": "In all five cases this performance is also relatively bad: an IOU under 0.5 is often", "bYFJI10GO7E-00165-00106656-00107118": "interpreted as meaning that the object wasn't actually detected by the algorithm", "bYFJI10GO7E-00166-00107226-00107759": "Visually however it's clear that it's not the case here. The first image in particular shows a", "bYFJI10GO7E-00167-00107759-00108359": "segmentation that's actually very good. The shape of the object is correct and the predicted and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00168-00108359-00108846": "annotated boundaries are both in the same fuzzy region that surrounds the nucleus", "bYFJI10GO7E-00169-00108954-00109392": "The other segmentations are clearly not as good despite their similar IoU", "bYFJI10GO7E-00170-00109506-00110022": "The problem here is that the IoU is bad for small objects with uncertain", "bYFJI10GO7E-00171-00110022-00110706": "boundaries. The central region of the nuclei where the annotation is more certain has a very", "bYFJI10GO7E-00172-00110706-00111222": "small area, which means that any error on the border region will have a much larger impact.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00173-00111383-00111959": "Some alternatives are to use a slightly modified version of the metric which doesn't penalize", "bYFJI10GO7E-00174-00111959-00112572": "errors that are only a few pixels away from the annotated border. Another possibilities to use", "bYFJI10GO7E-00175-00112572-00113111": "a metric such as Hausdorff's Distance which measures the distance between the contours, and in this case", "bYFJI10GO7E-00176-00113111-00113730": "gives us more information on whether the correct shape was found. In general however different", "bYFJI10GO7E-00177-00113730-00114335": "metrics will have their pros and cons and provide different information so it's always advisable to", "bYFJI10GO7E-00178-00114335-00114870": "compute several different metrics to get richer insights on the performances of the algorithms", "bYFJI10GO7E-00179-00115104-00115661": "Let's now look at another example. What we have here is an image from the Gleason 2019", "bYFJI10GO7E-00180-00115661-00116106": "challenge with the annotations made by four different expert pathologists", "bYFJI10GO7E-00181-00116196-00116748": "The task is to find Gleason patterns which are indicative of how invasive the tumor is", "bYFJI10GO7E-00182-00116844-00117438": "The colors here show different grades. We can immediately see that for this particular image", "bYFJI10GO7E-00183-00117438-00118074": "the opinions of the experts vary a lot, with one of them showing everything as benign in blue and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00184-00118074-00118776": "others finding patterns of different grades. So how do we evaluate algorithms when experts disagree?", "bYFJI10GO7E-00185-00118920-00119688": "A common strategy is to use a consensus annotation This can either be done by putting all the experts", "bYFJI10GO7E-00186-00119688-00120233": "in the same room and ask them to find an agreement or, as was done this particular", "bYFJI10GO7E-00187-00120233-00120672": "challenge, by using an automated method to merge the different annotations together", "bYFJI10GO7E-00188-00120750-00121428": "then the results of different algorithms can be compared to the consensus. The main problem", "bYFJI10GO7E-00189-00121428-00122106": "with this approach is that the consensus no longer contains the information about the uncertainty of", "bYFJI10GO7E-00190-00122106-00122766": "the annotations so there is no difference between images where all experts were in agreements and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00191-00122766-00123396": "images like this one where they disagreed a lot. What we proposed in our work is to keep the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00192-00123396-00123918": "individual expert annotations and to compare them with each other and with the consensus", "bYFJI10GO7E-00193-00124026-00124674": "in this way we can look at the similarity between experts as a form of distance, so for instance here", "bYFJI10GO7E-00194-00124674-00125316": "expert 1 and 2 share many similarities in their annotation so they should be relatively closetogether.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00195-00125316-00126006": "Expert 3 has some parts in common but is clearly further away and expert 4 is even further", "bYFJI10GO7E-00196-00126006-00126822": "away with their all benign annotation. The consensus would fall somewhere in the middle. We apply this", "bYFJI10GO7E-00197-00126822-00127458": "idea to the entire Gleason 2019 data set to create a visualization of the expert disagreements using", "bYFJI10GO7E-00198-00127458-00128183": "a method called multi-dimensional scaling, or MDS. There are six experts in total shown here with the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00199-00128183-00128766": "labels one to six and we computed three different consensus methods which appear here in the middle", "bYFJI10GO7E-00200-00128880-00129324": "The first interesting thing in this approach is that we can see how the experts relate to", "bYFJI10GO7E-00201-00129324-00129978": "each other, and identify those like expert 1 here that are often in disagreement with the others", "bYFJI10GO7E-00202-00130074-00130535": "But this can also provide some interesting insights on the performances of algorithms", "bYFJI10GO7E-00203-00130608-00131298": "If instead of computing a metric on the consensus we compute it on all experts and all consensus", "bYFJI10GO7E-00204-00131298-00131898": "methods we can then see where the algorithm would appear on this visualization. This can", "bYFJI10GO7E-00205-00131898-00132444": "allow us for instance to differentiate between an algorithm that's close to the consensus and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00206-00132444-00132936": "very similar to some of the experts from an algorithm that may be just as close to the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00207-00132936-00133632": "consensus but with disagreements that are very unlike any of the experts. Similarly we could", "bYFJI10GO7E-00208-00133632-00134136": "differentiate between algorithms that are further away from the consensus but still within the range", "bYFJI10GO7E-00209-00134136-00134844": "of inter-expert variability from algorithms that are away from the consensus and from all experts", "bYFJI10GO7E-00210-00135138-00135630": "This idea of maximizing the insights we can get on the algorithms is something that we", "bYFJI10GO7E-00211-00135630-00136272": "came back to a lot in our work. It also applies to the evaluation of complex tasks such as this", "bYFJI10GO7E-00212-00136272-00136920": "one from The MoNuSAC challenge. Here we need at the same time to detect the individual nuclei", "bYFJI10GO7E-00213-00136920-00137592": "objects, to segment them at the pixel level, and to classify these nuclei in four different categories", "bYFJI10GO7E-00214-00137724-00138318": "The metric used in the challenge was the Panoptic Quality and the Panoptic Quality combines two of", "bYFJI10GO7E-00215-00138318-00139038": "the basic metrics: the detection F1 score and the average segmentation IoU of the detected nuclei", "bYFJI10GO7E-00216-00139038-00139596": "and combines them by multiplying them together. One of the problems here is", "bYFJI10GO7E-00217-00139596-00140082": "that the interpretation of range of values for these two metrics is very different", "bYFJI10GO7E-00218-00140232-00140766": "An F1 score of 0.5 could correspond to an algorithm that misses a very large", "bYFJI10GO7E-00219-00140766-00141156": "portion of the nuclei, making it completely useless in practice", "bYFJI10GO7E-00220-00141300-00142044": "An IoU of 0.5 meanwhile can correspond to a segmentation that's relatively good for small nuclei", "bYFJI10GO7E-00221-00142158-00142788": "It is therefore very weird to say that an algorithm with an F1 score of 0.5 and an average", "bYFJI10GO7E-00222-00142788-00143586": "IoU of 1 has the same performance as an algorithm with an F1 score of 1 and an average IoU of 0.5", "bYFJI10GO7E-00223-00143694-00144270": "Mixing independent metrics in this case can clearly lead to incorrect rankings in complextasks.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00224-00144270-00145050": "So this is what we recommend based on our analysis of evaluation metrics: use simple", "bYFJI10GO7E-00225-00145050-00145644": "independent metrics, don't try to combine them into something that becomes impossible to interpret.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00226-00145734-00146376": "If multiple experts are available -- and ideally they should be -- compare algorithms to all of them", "bYFJI10GO7E-00227-00146376-00147054": "rather than trying to find a single ground truth, which probably doesn't exist anyway. And finally", "bYFJI10GO7E-00228-00147054-00147642": "there will be uncertainties on the value of the metric, so we shouldn't pretend that", "bYFJI10GO7E-00229-00147642-00148314": "they are absolutely right. If two algorithms are within the uncertainty in the annotations then we", "bYFJI10GO7E-00230-00148314-00148848": "cannot say that one is better than the other. Having ex-aequos may not be the most satisfying", "bYFJI10GO7E-00231-00148848-00149466": "outcome but it's better than discarding a method that is as promising as a superficial winner", "bYFJI10GO7E-00232-00149838-00150468": "The last topic that I want to briefly talk about is that of digital pathology competitions. I have", "bYFJI10GO7E-00233-00150468-00151032": "used many examples from different competitions through this presentation and through the thesis", "bYFJI10GO7E-00234-00151032-00151554": "Competitions have had a very large impact on digital pathology research in the past decade", "bYFJI10GO7E-00235-00151554-00152112": "and are very much linked to the shift towards deep learning in image analysis, so we wanted", "bYFJI10GO7E-00236-00152112-00152742": "to have a closer look at how they were organized and how they dealt with real world annotations and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00237-00152742-00153708": "evaluation processes. We reviewed digital pathology challenges organized between 2010 and 2022 based", "bYFJI10GO7E-00238-00153708-00154260": "on the publicly available information on those challenges. We focused on which evaluation metrics", "bYFJI10GO7E-00239-00154260-00154770": "they used for which tasks, how they determined what the ground truth was for their evaluation,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00240-00154770-00155604": "and how they handled inter-expert disagreements. We also looked at trends in the top ranked methods.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00241-00155802-00156342": "One of the things we noted was that many challenges use a single expert for the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00242-00156342-00156960": "annotations and completely ignore the potential disagreements. Those that use multiple experts", "bYFJI10GO7E-00243-00156960-00157608": "typically use an informal consensus method with few explanations on how exactly they came to an", "bYFJI10GO7E-00244-00157608-00158430": "agreement and no annotation released beside the agreement. Of the 21 segmentation challenges which", "bYFJI10GO7E-00245-00158430-00159042": "we reviewed for this particular aspect, only one  (the Gleason 2019 challenge) provided individual", "bYFJI10GO7E-00246-00159042-00159834": "annotations from all experts. This is obviously a bit worrying. More worrying are the different mistakes", "bYFJI10GO7E-00247-00159834-00160362": "that we found while reviewing the challenges. Now I want to be clear here that my point is not to say", "bYFJI10GO7E-00248-00160362-00160986": "that the challenges where we found those mistakes are bad. The point is that challenges are extremely", "bYFJI10GO7E-00249-00160986-00161442": "complicated to organize and that mistakes can easily appear through the whole process", "bYFJI10GO7E-00250-00161544-00162132": "We found problems starting from the constitution of the data set itself, but we also found problems", "bYFJI10GO7E-00251-00162132-00162750": "in annotations like here with the Gleason 2019 data sets where in many annotations the contours", "bYFJI10GO7E-00252-00162750-00163308": "were not properly closed leading to large regions of the image where the expert clearly intended", "bYFJI10GO7E-00253-00163308-00163956": "to annotate a pattern but the annotation does not contain any. We also found errors in the evaluation", "bYFJI10GO7E-00254-00163956-00164544": "code of another challenge which had led to incorrect results being published. The main thing", "bYFJI10GO7E-00255-00164544-00165084": "that I want to emphasize here is that the reason we found those mistakes is not necessarily that", "bYFJI10GO7E-00256-00165084-00165654": "those challenges were particularly badly organized but rather that these are challenges that were", "bYFJI10GO7E-00257-00165654-00166224": "particularly transparent in some aspects of the process, allowing us to better analyze the results", "bYFJI10GO7E-00258-00166224-00166902": "Finding mistakes is part of the scientific process, making the mistakes hard to find is the problem!", "bYFJI10GO7E-00259-00167004-00167586": "This is why our first recommendation from our review of digital pathology challenges is that", "bYFJI10GO7E-00260-00167586-00168186": "we need more transparency. Most challenges simply don't publicly release all the information needed", "bYFJI10GO7E-00261-00168186-00168846": "to replicate their results and to find potential errors. The second thing that we note is that there", "bYFJI10GO7E-00262-00168846-00169368": "is often a tension in the evaluation methods between the competitive goal of the challenge,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00263-00169368-00169980": "which is to find a winner, and the scientific goal, which is to learn more about the algorithms and", "bYFJI10GO7E-00264-00169980-00170640": "about the objects of the task. The competitive goal may be necessary as an incentive but it's", "bYFJI10GO7E-00265-00170640-00171198": "important to at the very least not limit the evaluation to a metric designed for easy ranking", "bYFJI10GO7E-00266-00171354-00171840": "Finally we remarked on the importance of keeping pathologists in the loop through the process,", "bYFJI10GO7E-00267-00171906-00172392": "from the target definition to the interpretation of the results. The pathologists can make sure", "bYFJI10GO7E-00268-00172392-00172980": "that all the work done developing and training these huge models stay focused on things that", "bYFJI10GO7E-00269-00172980-00173470": "actually help the pathologists and, at some point, the patients.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00270-00173712-00174288": "After this little tour of some of the work done during this thesis let's take a step back and look", "bYFJI10GO7E-00271-00174288-00174972": "at what we learned and where that leads us for the future of AI in digital pathology. First we", "bYFJI10GO7E-00272-00174972-00175476": "have shown the impact of imperfect annotations on the training process of deep learning algorithms", "bYFJI10GO7E-00273-00175536-00176160": "We've also shown that this impact is also present in their evaluation, as imperfections are also part", "bYFJI10GO7E-00274-00176160-00176898": "of the test sets. Choosing the right metric or metrics is not easy. The characteristics of each", "bYFJI10GO7E-00275-00176898-00177432": "data set will have an impact on the behavior of the metric and it's always necessary to take the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00276-00177432-00177876": "time to properly analyze the behavior so that the metric is correctly interpreted", "bYFJI10GO7E-00277-00177978-00178560": "Third: experts disagree. That's fine. That's the reality of the medical world.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00278-00178632-00179262": "But that means we cannot just assume that there is a truth that is somewhere in the middle.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00279-00179262-00180012": "The diversity in expert opinions has to be a part of how we interpret the results of the algorithms", "bYFJI10GO7E-00280-00180012-00180522": "We have studied many digital pathology challenges and it is clear that they are an extremely", "bYFJI10GO7E-00281-00180522-00181092": "useful resource in the domain. A large part of our current understanding of the state-of-the-art in", "bYFJI10GO7E-00282-00181092-00181728": "digital pathology image analysis comes from these challenges, so it's really important to", "bYFJI10GO7E-00283-00181728-00182250": "keep working on improving them and making them more reliable, replicable, and reusable.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00284-00182394-00183084": "One key question for the future is what place can AI at this point take in the pathology workflow", "bYFJI10GO7E-00285-00183168-00183774": "It's clear that we are not ready yet for a fully automated diagnosis from digital pathology images", "bYFJI10GO7E-00286-00183774-00184272": "it's not even certain that it would really be something that we want in the first place", "bYFJI10GO7E-00287-00184332-00184926": "But there is however a lot of potential for it to serve for more targeted tasks like counting", "bYFJI10GO7E-00288-00184926-00185550": "objects, measuring areas, or pointing to potential regions or objects of interests, always with an", "bYFJI10GO7E-00289-00185550-00186228": "expert reviewing the results. Another thing that we can do is use AI in places that are less sensitive", "bYFJI10GO7E-00290-00186228-00186822": "because we are not directly working on current patients. For instance working on retrospective", "bYFJI10GO7E-00291-00186822-00187326": "data to try to find new relationships between the images and known patient outcome", "bYFJI10GO7E-00292-00187380-00187806": "These relationships can then be further explored by pathologists to see if there", "bYFJI10GO7E-00293-00187806-00188352": "may be some underlying biological explanation and if that can help us better understand the disease", "bYFJI10GO7E-00294-00188484-00188916": "And it's important to keep in mind that despite all the hype that may exist", "bYFJI10GO7E-00295-00188916-00189552": "around AI today, deep learning models are not intelligent entities. They are tools and for", "bYFJI10GO7E-00296-00189552-00190044": "the foreseeable future there will be tools that are best used by pathologists to make", "bYFJI10GO7E-00297-00190044-00190596": "them more efficient, better informed and to help them take the best decisions with the patients.", "bYFJI10GO7E-00298-00190680-00191184": "But modern deep learning methods are certainly no replacements for pathologists...", "bYFJI10GO7E-00299-00191256-00191844": "...or for PhD students. I've tried to ask the DALL-E image generator to create the", "bYFJI10GO7E-00300-00191844-00192480": "slides for this presentation, and I think my version is still a little bit better. Thank you."}}, {"audio_id": "bYFQB6Pfti4", "text": {"bYFQB6Pfti4-00000-00001823-00002768": "God send you blue birds in the spring to give your heart a song to sing", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00001-00002896-00003600": "much more than this and with the kiss God send my love", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00002-00003847-00004824": "and in July a lemonade to cool you in some leafy shade", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00003-00004912-00005784": "God send you health but more than wealth God send His love", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00004-00005864-00006808": "my longing heart will get to be closer to you eternally", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00005-00006936-00007576": "we'll share God's best God's very best just wait and see", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00006-00007888-00008344": "God send you shelter from every storm", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00007-00008456-00009384": "a cozy fire to keep you warm but most of all when snowflakes fall", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00008-00009464-00009648": "God send you love", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00009-00009960-00010840": "my longing heart will get to be closer to you eternally", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00010-00010984-00011600": "we'll share God's best God's very best just wait and see", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00011-00011928-00012368": "raindrops will fall down here below", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00012-00012488-00012880": "some days are hard when time seems slow", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00013-00012968-00013656": "soon pain will be gone earth be made new just wait and see", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00014-00013944-00014640": "we'll be with our Lord foremost of all Who shed His blood", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00015-00014760-00015696": "for our great fall all who believe Him shall receive God's perfect love", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00016-00015968-00016984": "my longing heart will get to be closer to you eternally", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00017-00017048-00017656": "we'll share God's best God's very best just wait and see", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00018-00017984-00018936": "God send you blue birds in the spring to give your heart a song to sing", "bYFQB6Pfti4-00019-00019064-00019784": "but most of all when snowflakes fall God send you love"}}, {"audio_id": "bYQA_RzP9Eo", "text": {"bYQA_RzP9Eo-00000-00001137-00001453": "- Welcome to this supplementary video.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00001-00001617-00001950": "We have seen in the segment related", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00002-00001950-00002258": "to hate speech and incitement speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00003-00002258-00002575": "that courts have tended to criminalize", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00004-00002852-00003199": "incitement speech and governments", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00005-00003199-00003582": "have tended to legislate quite heavily against", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00006-00003714-00004089": "hate speech and of course, incitement speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00007-00004193-00004365": "However, there are questions", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00008-00004365-00004600": "that maybe ask and have been asked", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00009-00004600-00004876": "as to whether criminalization", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00010-00004876-00005209": "of hate speech is always the best answer", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00011-00005308-00005566": "to give to this kind of speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00012-00005717-00005885": "Indeed, in the United States,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00013-00005885-00006209": "as I have highlighted in one of the segment,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00014-00006209-00006474": "such speech are not the object", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00015-00006474-00006657": "of legal interference.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00016-00006810-00007100": "This is not to argue that under some conditions,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00017-00007100-00007309": "restrictions to freedom of expression", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00018-00007309-00007542": "may not be legitimate, indeed,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00019-00007542-00007777": "as we have seen, there are forms", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00020-00007777-00007954": "of incitement to violence", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00021-00007954-00008263": "which may be and should be the object", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00022-00008427-00008841": "of regulations, including legal regulation.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00023-00008841-00009082": "But I think it is very important to ask", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00024-00009082-00009387": "whether these work or are sufficient", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00025-00009387-00009681": "to prevent the spread of incitement speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00026-00009681-00010126": "and the spread of hate speech in particular.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00027-00010126-00010394": "These are questions which are particularly important", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00028-00010394-00010771": "in the online context where hate speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00029-00010771-00010987": "does spread well and fast,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00030-00010987-00011260": "and criminalization of such speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00031-00011260-00011612": "is actually difficult because of the number,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00032-00011612-00011931": "and because of their quantity, because of their speed,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00033-00011931-00012231": "because of their countries of origin.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00034-00012231-00012654": "So it is important to identify alternative ways", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00035-00012654-00012926": "of responding to those speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00036-00012926-00013337": "which are found to be a direct impediment", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00037-00013337-00013641": "and obstacle to the realization of other rights,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00038-00013641-00013832": "including the very important right", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00039-00013832-00014057": "to equality and to dignity.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00040-00014254-00014554": "So how can we respond to hate speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00041-00014675-00015050": "and to a lesser extent, to incitement speech?", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00042-00015160-00015576": "Over the years, responses have taken different forms.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00043-00015788-00016140": "Some of them have focused on the speech itself,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00044-00016140-00016341": "others on the speakers,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00045-00016341-00016758": "yet others on the means of circulation or communication,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00046-00016843-00017237": "and as well on the audience and the target group.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00047-00017237-00017452": "So I'm going to consider each one", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00048-00017452-00017694": "of these particular focus,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00049-00017694-00018128": "and identify some of the measures that have been taken.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00050-00018128-00018456": "The first one is a focus on the speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00051-00018456-00018848": "There are ways of dealing with the hate speech,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00052-00019043-00019413": "the hatred, or the incitement speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00053-00019413-00019692": "And that can be done through the so-called", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00054-00019692-00019972": "counter-speech, a counter narrative.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00055-00019972-00020240": "And that's a narrative that seeks", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00056-00020240-00020535": "to contribute to building a culture", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00057-00020535-00020856": "of equality, to demonstrate solidarity,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00058-00020856-00021156": "but also it's a speech that denounce", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00059-00021320-00021476": "the hate speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00060-00021476-00021800": "It's a speech that denounce the hatred,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00061-00021800-00021983": "that refute the hatred", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00062-00022118-00022285": "through a counter example,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00063-00022285-00022660": "that discredit it, that plant seeds of doubt.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00064-00022744-00022945": "It's basically a kind of speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00065-00022945-00023404": "that provide alternative and progressive interpretation.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00066-00023404-00023684": "And you can find a number of example", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00067-00023684-00024007": "of counter-speech throughout the online world,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00068-00024007-00024234": "but also the material world.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00069-00024234-00024529": "For instance, in Australia", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00070-00024529-00024717": "there was a very important campaign", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00071-00024717-00024885": "called \"I will ride with you,\"", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00072-00024885-00025247": "which brought seven million people together,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00073-00025247-00025670": "that expressed solidarity with the Muslim citizen", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00074-00025670-00025878": "of Australia that were the object", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00075-00025878-00026128": "of bullying and indeed hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00076-00026311-00026656": "There are campaigns of counter-speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00077-00026656-00027065": "around Bring Back Our Girls, for instance,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00078-00027065-00027340": "which is about the Nigerian girls.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00079-00027340-00027631": "And the key focus here is to create", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00080-00027716-00028065": "viral content, to create viral trend,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00081-00028065-00028340": "and to harness the power of speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00082-00028340-00028715": "to counter hatred and to counter hate speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00083-00028883-00029241": "A second focus is to focus on the speakers.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00084-00029370-00029717": "Here that can be done through various ways.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00085-00029717-00029942": "It's more complicated potentially.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00086-00029942-00030267": "It's about a direct online intervention", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00087-00030394-00030696": "with the speakers of hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00088-00030696-00030987": "It's about working with and through", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00089-00031133-00031351": "members of hate groups,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00090-00031351-00031622": "or indeed ex-members of hate groups.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00091-00031622-00031901": "Indeed, people who work in the field", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00092-00031901-00032126": "have often pointed out that", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00093-00032229-00032562": "the former hate speakers, former members", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00094-00032783-00033074": "of extreme violent groups are often", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00095-00033178-00033480": "the best actors to communicate", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00096-00033480-00033831": "with those that are still sticking to hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00097-00033831-00034023": "I'm just going to give you, for instance,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00098-00034023-00034389": "the example of a non-governmental organization", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00099-00034389-00034584": "in Sweden called Exit.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00100-00034584-00034852": "It's a grassroot organization,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00101-00034852-00035197": "and all its staff are, or most of its staff,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00102-00035197-00035597": "are made up of former violent extremist members.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00103-00035705-00035970": "The NGO itself support the rehabilitation", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00104-00035970-00036384": "of individuals who identify with neo-Nazi movement,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00105-00036384-00036792": "and also nowadays with violent Islamist movement.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00106-00036980-00037374": "The NGO recognize the importance of online community", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00107-00037374-00037587": "bonding process and has begun", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00108-00037587-00038046": "the exploration of online engagement strategies", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00109-00038046-00038413": "in order to address and to interact directly", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00110-00038530-00038763": "with the speakers of hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00111-00038929-00039287": "A third focus is the focus on the audience.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00112-00039434-00039692": "Who is this audience listening,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00113-00039826-00040044": "responding to hatred?", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00114-00040044-00040390": "And here there are some important concepts", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00115-00040390-00040638": "that have been in place in various part", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00116-00040638-00041089": "of the world, particularly in post-conflict society.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00117-00041089-00041473": "There is the idea of inoculating the audience", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00118-00041473-00041775": "against the appeal of hatred,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00119-00041775-00042064": "of strengthening the community's capacity", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00120-00042064-00042453": "to resist the call for hatred and violence.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00121-00042453-00042805": "There is one example of intervention", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00122-00042805-00043088": "with the audience which I particularly like.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00123-00043088-00043384": "It's the one conducted by a radio", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00124-00043384-00043626": "called Radio Benevolencija.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00125-00043626-00043998": "It's also a non-governmental organization,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00126-00043998-00044264": "which empowers group and individual", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00127-00044264-00044503": "who are the target of hate speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00128-00044503-00044790": "and who are not only the target,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00129-00044790-00045173": "but who are also the audience for hate speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00130-00045265-00045549": "So, Radio Benevolencija broadcasts", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00131-00045696-00046019": "radio soap, discussion, and educational programs", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00132-00046019-00046346": "in combination with grassroot activities", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00133-00046346-00046718": "that provide citizens in vulnerable societies", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00134-00046718-00047039": "with knowledge on how to recognize", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00135-00047039-00047409": "and resist manipulation to violence.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00136-00047409-00047600": "And how to heal trauma,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00137-00047692-00047958": "and to be active in the response", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00138-00048139-00048413": "to incitement and to violence.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00139-00048413-00048804": "So this is the concept of inoculation,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00140-00048804-00049074": "inoculation with the tools", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00141-00049074-00049466": "to resist incitement to violence and to hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00142-00049632-00049840": "Of course, a fourth focus", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00143-00050016-00050269": "is to work directly with the group", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00144-00050269-00050565": "that are targeted with hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00145-00050565-00050791": "To demonstrate solidarity,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00146-00050791-00051032": "to advocate on their behalf,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00147-00051032-00051320": "both in legal and policy terms,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00148-00051320-00051658": "to call for equality and non-discrimination,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00149-00051658-00051952": "to undertake strategy litigation,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00150-00051952-00052318": "including indeed on cases related to speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00151-00052484-00052868": "So that's another kind of interventions,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00152-00052868-00053160": "which is very important and is also", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00153-00053255-00053487": "seeking to empower the target groups", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00154-00053487-00053736": "in order for that group to respond", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00155-00053736-00053911": "itself to the hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00156-00054086-00054401": "A different form of intervention,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00157-00054401-00054682": "and one that is more controversial,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00158-00054682-00054998": "is to focus on the means of communications,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00159-00054998-00055359": "meaning the television, the radio, the newspaper,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00160-00055359-00055742": "and increasingly of course, the online world.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00161-00055742-00055981": "And I said it's controversial because", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00162-00055981-00056344": "governments around the world have focused heavily", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00163-00056344-00056583": "on the means of communications.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00164-00056583-00056833": "They are focused heavily in particular", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00165-00056833-00057083": "on internet, on online media,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00166-00057208-00057496": "and social media, and online platform,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00167-00057496-00057812": "which they consider to be the main avenues", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00168-00057812-00058263": "through which hatred or incitement speech are propagated.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00169-00058263-00058669": "So governments are calling on those private actors", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00170-00058669-00058994": "to regulate content on their platforms.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00171-00059136-00059439": "Basically they are asking corporations", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00172-00059439-00059679": "to be responsible for censorship", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00173-00059679-00060021": "without in most cases due process", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00174-00060021-00060288": "and the intervention of a judge.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00175-00060288-00060620": "We will return to the questions in week five", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00176-00060620-00060762": "as to what amount", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00177-00060954-00061238": "to private censorship of internet,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00178-00061340-00061532": "but I would like to point out here", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00179-00061532-00061807": "that working with those platform,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00180-00061977-00062158": "working with social media,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00181-00062158-00062506": "shouldn't just be a question for government.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00182-00062506-00062776": "Indeed there is plenty of examples", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00183-00062776-00063059": "of civil society, minority groups,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00184-00063257-00063507": "engaging with Facebook,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00185-00063507-00063774": "engaging with Twitter and others", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00186-00063885-00064101": "to explain why some speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00187-00064361-00064748": "are hatred, why some speech are incitement,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00188-00064748-00064986": "and to work with them on the best ways", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00189-00064986-00065219": "of dealing with such speech,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00190-00065323-00065680": "without necessarily censoring them.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00191-00065680-00066049": "There are many other ways of countering the speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00192-00066049-00066349": "which does not amount to censorship.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00193-00066446-00066687": "And finally, I think it's important", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00194-00066687-00067136": "to recognize that there is an important role", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00195-00067136-00067385": "that government can and should play", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00196-00067385-00067637": "when it comes to hate speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00197-00067637-00067874": "And here I am not at all talking", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00198-00067874-00068165": "about the regulation of hate speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00199-00068260-00068588": "and the criminalization of hate speech or incitement speech,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00200-00068588-00068861": "that governments do plenty of.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00201-00068861-00069091": "But I think it is important to recognize", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00202-00069091-00069298": "that governments can also engage", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00203-00069298-00069684": "in different form of activities which are very important", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00204-00069684-00070068": "to prevent maybe not, but certainly to respond", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00205-00070166-00070439": "to hatred and to hate speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00206-00070439-00070681": "First, governments can enable", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00207-00070793-00071210": "civil society effort to design and deliver", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00208-00071210-00071532": "alternative narrative campaigns,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00209-00071532-00071790": "to work against discrimination,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00210-00071914-00072240": "and more generally, to campaign for equality.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00211-00072240-00072557": "And to do so, governments must create,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00212-00072656-00072938": "must establish a legal regime", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00213-00072938-00073271": "that promotes and protect civil society.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00214-00073502-00073731": "Unfortunately, around the world,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00215-00073731-00074022": "civil society has been under attack", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00216-00074157-00074488": "by many countries and governments,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00217-00074488-00074821": "so it is a global problem at the moment.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00218-00074958-00075409": "And by restricting the activity of civil society,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00219-00075409-00075760": "governments are also restricting the ability", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00220-00075760-00076114": "of that civil society to campaign", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00221-00076114-00076403": "for non-discrimination and for equality,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00222-00076403-00076803": "and to respond to incitement and to hate speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00223-00077060-00077335": "Thirdly, governments should also", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00224-00077335-00077587": "establish a legal regime that promotes", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00225-00077587-00077953": "diversity and pluralism of expression", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00226-00077953-00078246": "and other means of communication.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00227-00078246-00078588": "We will see in the following weeks,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00228-00078588-00078896": "that media regulation is an important", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00229-00079075-00079268": "attribute of government when it comes", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00230-00079268-00079559": "to broadcasting in particular,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00231-00079559-00079802": "and that in any case pluralism,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00232-00079802-00080135": "independence, and diversity of the media", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00233-00080227-00080666": "are quite central to freedom of expression.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00234-00080666-00081002": "But these are principles that are also central", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00235-00081002-00081302": "to the ability to respond to hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00236-00081587-00081968": "A diverse and plural media will include", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00237-00081968-00082235": "diverse viewpoints, will include", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00238-00082342-00082838": "minority groups able to put forward their perspective,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00239-00082838-00083092": "will include refugees, migrants,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00240-00083092-00083455": "talking to the media and getting access to the media.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00241-00083455-00083778": "This is why pluralism and diversity", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00242-00083778-00084078": "are actually the allies of the fight", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00243-00084210-00084501": "against incitement and hate speech.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00244-00084652-00084851": "And of course, and ultimately,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00245-00084851-00085193": "governments should refrain from speech", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00246-00085193-00085609": "that directly or indirectly ostracize, discriminate,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00247-00085730-00086172": "and in some cases incite violence or discrimination.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00248-00086172-00086355": "And let me recall here", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00249-00086512-00086770": "that historically and currently", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00250-00087039-00087312": "in countries around the world,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00251-00087312-00087615": "the governments are the main actors", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00252-00087615-00087889": "of hatred and incitement.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00253-00087889-00088176": "That in any places where incitement", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00254-00088176-00088541": "has actually resulted into act of violence,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00255-00088541-00088912": "including into act of mass violence and genocide,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00256-00088912-00089280": "this was done through and by government.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00257-00089280-00089597": "This was done through and by governments", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00258-00089597-00090014": "having complete control over the means of communication.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00259-00090112-00090359": "So the best thing that governments can do", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00260-00090359-00090812": "to prevent hate speech, to respond to hatred,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00261-00090812-00091053": "is to make sure that they themself", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00262-00091053-00091337": "are not an actor of discrimination,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00263-00091337-00091556": "an actor of incitement,", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00264-00091556-00091807": "and an actor of hatred.", "bYQA_RzP9Eo-00265-00091807-00091974": "Thank you very much."}}, {"audio_id": "bZ3j_sb-sBU", "text": {"bZ3j_sb-sBU-00000-00000040-00000752": "the reason for the decreased number of views going to this video is just because there", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00001-00000752-00001328": "are less people clicking on the link that i provided. this has caused only 40 in the last", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00002-00001328-00002272": "48 hours, and here's what's happened. 55 people which came before it's 54 which clicked before.", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00003-00002568-00003056": "and then this happened. these slowed down like this.", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00004-00003232-00003936": "this happens at 43 in the last 48 hours on the first video. it becomes.", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00005-00004312-00004464": "i'm not saving any changes.", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00006-00004688-00004776": "and from here.", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00007-00004984-00005648": "you're gonna see that becomes only 14, so this means the traffic on the second thing", "bZ3j_sb-sBU-00008-00005648-00006128": "is looking very good. there's only 14."}}, {"audio_id": "bZBaldOrino", "text": {"bZBaldOrino-00000-00000000-00000248": "Welcome to Authenti.co", "bZBaldOrino-00001-00000264-00000712": "Counterfeit  cause 323 billions dollars loss a year all over the world.", "bZBaldOrino-00002-00000752-00001072": "To face this situation, a technological company like ours", "bZBaldOrino-00003-00001080-00001528": "has been working over the last two years in I&D to design a system", "bZBaldOrino-00004-00001600-00001904": "that not only benefits the industry solving a huge problem,", "bZBaldOrino-00005-00001926-00002364": "but also creates something helpful to consumers by adding value to the products.", "bZBaldOrino-00006-00002420-00002580": "Our solution:", "bZBaldOrino-00007-00002612-00002812": "Authenticity certificate.", "bZBaldOrino-00008-00002978-00003270": "Our main service is based on a small chip with no battery", "bZBaldOrino-00009-00003270-00003996": "non-clonable and non-updatable that can be read by any smartphone with no need to install any app.", "bZBaldOrino-00010-00004092-00004522": "The chip is integrated inside the object susceptible to  be faked", "bZBaldOrino-00011-00004522-00004722": ", so that it remains hidden", "bZBaldOrino-00012-00004738-00004938": "When a mobile phone is close to the object", "bZBaldOrino-00013-00004938-00005560": "the chip is automatically read via NFC and a few checks are done in real time", "bZBaldOrino-00014-00005560-00005996": "to ensure clearly and irrefutably that the object is authentic.", "bZBaldOrino-00015-00006188-00006300": "Certificate of property.", "bZBaldOrino-00016-00006334-00006936": "The owner of the article can set it up and register himself/herself as the legitimate owner", "bZBaldOrino-00017-00006936-00007418": "so that gets assigned with the property of such object", "bZBaldOrino-00018-00007418-00007873": "This property can also be transferred to someone else any time he/she wishes.", "bZBaldOrino-00019-00007914-00008252": "All this occurs indeed with maximum security.", "bZBaldOrino-00020-00008354-00008522": "Passive GPS", "bZBaldOrino-00021-00008560-00008922": "Every time an object chip is read by any device", "bZBaldOrino-00022-00008922-00009318": "its owner receives information of the GPS location automatically.", "bZBaldOrino-00023-00009318-00009762": "This way he/she has higher chances to get it back in case of loss or theft.", "bZBaldOrino-00024-00009942-00010142": "User experience", "bZBaldOrino-00025-00010214-00010838": "We can configure any kind of services and functionalities to transform a simple object in an intelligent product.", "bZBaldOrino-00026-00011084-00011330": "This way when reading a chip", "bZBaldOrino-00027-00011330-00012198": "you get into an exclusive digital world where you have access to videos, promotions, shopping, warranties, etc.", "bZBaldOrino-00028-00012206-00012406": "Big Data", "bZBaldOrino-00029-00012430-00012908": "We have access to high valuable data that could have not been obtained without our technology", "bZBaldOrino-00030-00012908-00013466": "With these data you can work out better how to improve sales and faciliate your communication with your end customer", "bZBaldOrino-00031-00013466-00013940": "All obviously with confidentiality and always respectful with your customer preferences.", "bZBaldOrino-00032-00013974-00014369": "If you would like to know more, please do not hesitate to get in contact with us.", "bZBaldOrino-00033-00014458-00014508": "Authenti.co"}}, {"audio_id": "bZCmnZRDvnY", "text": {"bZCmnZRDvnY-00000-00000280-00001016": "Browsing DigitalTheatrePlus is also really easy. You may want to browse for something to", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00001-00001016-00001623": "watch personally, or for themes to write about. So what you can do is, if you click on any of these", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00002-00001680-00002264": "menu options in the upper left-hand corner, like, I'm going to click on \"Titles,\" you have a list", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00003-00002264-00003200": "of titles available to you. You can sort by genre down the side, so you've got your titles here, and", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00004-00003200-00003815": "say I only want to look at musicals. Then all of the musicals are right there for you to look at.", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00005-00003920-00004552": "If I click on \"Genre,\" which is the second option, there are your genres. You can click on \"Comedy\"", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00006-00004624-00005032": "and it's going to pull up all the comedies that they have.", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00007-00005248-00006088": "\"Themes\" will give you themes to look at, things like Contemporary Performance or Adaptations", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00008-00006200-00006728": "or different forms, Conflict, Courage and Heroism.", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00009-00006848-00007544": "All of these are very useful. \"People\" if you have a specific person that you want to look at", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00010-00007759-00008408": "who was involved in theatre; and here you can limit by roles: writer, director,", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00011-00008408-00008960": "actor, practitioner, choreographer, composer. And then, \"Series,\"", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00012-00009224-00010088": "which is a list of the series that they have in DigitalTheatre that you can look through. If you", "bZCmnZRDvnY-00013-00010088-00010696": "have any questions about using this content, please feel free to contact us at the library."}}, {"audio_id": "bZEx8LG06e0", "text": {"bZEx8LG06e0-00000-00001101-00002545": "We are a nation of fighters.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00001-00002545-00003496": "Every freedom we have, we've earned.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00002-00003496-00004191": "For every travesty, every cruelty in our past, we've been carried forward by the men and", "bZEx8LG06e0-00003-00004191-00004675": "women who are willing to push our nation to live up to its own ideals.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00004-00004675-00005553": "That is the promise of America: That a free people have the inalienable right to determine", "bZEx8LG06e0-00005-00005553-00005975": "their own future.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00006-00005975-00006653": "That's not some lofty vision, that's ironclad.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00007-00006653-00007265": "It's what makes us who we are.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00008-00007265-00007666": "America is at its best when the government works for the people.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00009-00007666-00008687": "So when it stops working, when it breaks, you can be damn sure we're going to put up", "bZEx8LG06e0-00010-00008687-00009036": "a fight to fix it.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00011-00009036-00010271": "Because we refuse to believe that this is the best we can do, that this is somehow the", "bZEx8LG06e0-00012-00010271-00010785": "will of the people.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00013-00010785-00012738": "Our governance has been bought and sold, the people outspent and undermined.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00014-00012738-00013263": "A system designed to represent the people has been reduced to a luxury that few can", "bZEx8LG06e0-00015-00013263-00013578": "afford.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00016-00013578-00013891": "Enough.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00017-00013891-00014762": "A government of, by, and for the people is not some idealistic fantasy — it's non-negotiable.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00018-00014762-00015059": "So we're building a movement against corruption.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00019-00015059-00015565": "A movement that will force our government to make a few simple changes:", "bZEx8LG06e0-00020-00015565-00016037": "No more rewriting laws for the lobbyists who funded your campaign.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00021-00016037-00016426": "No more backroom deals for special interest cronies.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00022-00016426-00016915": "No more pandering to your donors to stay in office.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00023-00016915-00017442": "If our leaders won't take a stand against corruption, we'll find new ones to represent", "bZEx8LG06e0-00024-00017442-00017641": "us.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00025-00017641-00017892": "We are a nation of fighters.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00026-00017892-00018173": "We Are Americans.", "bZEx8LG06e0-00027-00018173-00019205": "And when we stand together as one nation, indivisible, nothing can hold us back."}}, {"audio_id": "badsTMqzQuo", "text": {"badsTMqzQuo-00000-00000078-00000512": "Hi guys. Have you ever wondered what games user research means?", "badsTMqzQuo-00001-00001256-00001876": "Hi, I am James Berg. I'm a games user researcher with Electronic Arts based out of EA Vancouver", "badsTMqzQuo-00002-00001978-00002414": "Hi, my name is Daniel Natapov. I'm a user research manager with Ubisoft Toronto.", "badsTMqzQuo-00003-00002422-00002820": "What do you do at work? Do you make games?", "badsTMqzQuo-00004-00002864-00003244": "I think I help make the game so I don't make the game per se,", "badsTMqzQuo-00005-00003247-00003574": "But I think I help the guys who make the game by giving them information about", "badsTMqzQuo-00006-00003633-00003898": "what it's good about their game, what is bad about their game", "badsTMqzQuo-00007-00003898-00004340": "what players like, what players don't like, and they can use that information to make their games better", "badsTMqzQuo-00008-00004340-00004664": "So I'm part of the group of people who make the game", "badsTMqzQuo-00009-00004674-00005086": "So, we kind of look at the game and try and help make it better", "badsTMqzQuo-00010-00005100-00005488": "One of the ways we do that is we bring people in to play games, like, hopefully you guys", "badsTMqzQuo-00011-00005535-00006020": "We'll bring them in we'll have you play the game, and we'll watch what you do and we'll talk to you and", "badsTMqzQuo-00012-00006063-00006319": "we'll ask you questions, things that you like about the game", "badsTMqzQuo-00013-00006362-00006864": "things that you don't like about the game, maybe anything that's confusing or things that are too difficult", "badsTMqzQuo-00014-00006920-00007140": "because you want to make sure that the game is fun, right?", "badsTMqzQuo-00015-00007142-00007616": "That's what people play games for, for the most part, it is fun. Especially for making games for guys like you", "badsTMqzQuo-00016-00007704-00008138": "So you come in, we'll let you play a game, we'll talk to you", "badsTMqzQuo-00017-00008138-00008408": "and then once you've gotten all your really good feedback", "badsTMqzQuo-00018-00008408-00008624": "and you told us how to make the game way better", "badsTMqzQuo-00019-00008624-00008944": "we're gonna take that and then we're gonna go to the people to actually make the game.", "badsTMqzQuo-00020-00008944-00009144": "The ones that are that are doing the hard work.", "badsTMqzQuo-00021-00009150-00009860": "And we're gonna talk to them; tell them you know what you liked, what you didn't like, things that were confusing for you", "badsTMqzQuo-00022-00009876-00010244": "Maybe anywhere that you got stuck that we need to make easier or more obvious", "badsTMqzQuo-00023-00010296-00010636": "or maybe you were really good at the game, and you were just too good and it was too easy", "badsTMqzQuo-00024-00010686-00011060": "and maybe we want to make it a little bit harder so it's more fun for you", "badsTMqzQuo-00025-00011064-00011600": "but we're really all about trying to help the people that are making the game a little bit better.", "badsTMqzQuo-00026-00011620-00011932": "Do you play video games all day?", "badsTMqzQuo-00027-00011976-00012382": "Almost. I watch other people play video games all day", "badsTMqzQuo-00028-00012388-00012612": "I watch them play video games all day", "badsTMqzQuo-00029-00012616-00012996": "and I ask some questions about what they think and what they like and what they don't like", "badsTMqzQuo-00030-00013013-00013369": "Then my job is to summarize all that and find things we can do better", "badsTMqzQuo-00031-00013376-00013682": "or things we should fix to make the games better", "badsTMqzQuo-00032-00013710-00014172": "So I do play a lot of video games, probably more than your parents let you", "badsTMqzQuo-00033-00014208-00014447": "Hopefully more than your parents let you play video games", "badsTMqzQuo-00034-00014497-00014790": "But my job isn't really to play the video games.", "badsTMqzQuo-00035-00014818-00015247": "My job is to make sure that the people that are playing them are having a good time", "badsTMqzQuo-00036-00015247-00015676": "So for me to understand video games, you know, I have to play a lot of them", "badsTMqzQuo-00037-00015682-00016124": "which I'm sure you can understand is really hard work having to play a lot of video games for your job", "badsTMqzQuo-00038-00016244-00016504": "But when I'm working, and I'm not playing for myself", "badsTMqzQuo-00039-00016540-00016784": "I'm really watching other people play video games", "badsTMqzQuo-00040-00016820-00017264": "If you see that people struggling the game, are you gonna help them?", "badsTMqzQuo-00041-00017322-00017674": "So that's a really hard thing and a really good question", "badsTMqzQuo-00042-00017756-00018060": "Sometimes we can, but sometimes we can't", "badsTMqzQuo-00043-00018068-00018466": "It's not because we don't want to, you know, we want everyone to have fun", "badsTMqzQuo-00044-00018466-00018946": "but sometimes in order to figure out what's wrong, you need to watch someone that's getting it wrong", "badsTMqzQuo-00045-00018954-00019610": "If they're playing it and it's too difficult, if you stop them too early and you fix it you make it easier for them", "badsTMqzQuo-00046-00019618-00019906": "then we're not really gonna know why it was too difficult", "badsTMqzQuo-00047-00019914-00020408": "So we really want to make sure that once we understand what's going on, then we really want to do that", "badsTMqzQuo-00048-00020414-00020816": "We want to make sure that people are playing and having as much fun as they can", "badsTMqzQuo-00049-00020912-00021298": "But if we're there, and maybe you're having a hard time", "badsTMqzQuo-00050-00021306-00021568": "we're not necessarily gonna be able to help you right at the start", "badsTMqzQuo-00051-00021608-00022040": "I think it's interesting for me to see what kind of things they're trying to do when they're struggling", "badsTMqzQuo-00052-00022058-00022334": "See what they're thinking about, see what they're trying to do", "badsTMqzQuo-00053-00022340-00022788": "see how they're trying to fix it and then I can use that information to fix the issue for other players and", "badsTMqzQuo-00054-00022794-00023202": "eventually, yes, after some time when I see that they're having a hard time I'll come and I'll help them", "badsTMqzQuo-00055-00023242-00023924": "I know that might sound mean, but it's kind of like maybe your parents making you eat vegetables or things you don't want to do", "badsTMqzQuo-00056-00023936-00024480": "You might not like it, but in the long run it's gonna make for a better experience for the people playing our games", "badsTMqzQuo-00057-00024506-00025398": "If you can make the games better, could you please remove all the spiders from all your games? I'm so scared about these things", "badsTMqzQuo-00058-00025422-00025758": "You know it's a good question. Me, like, I don't super like spiders either", "badsTMqzQuo-00059-00025768-00026420": "I find spiders to be absolutely horrifying and horrible, horrible creatures. Like, completely, completely hate spiders.", "badsTMqzQuo-00060-00026432-00026986": "So if we did a play test and a bunch of people came said we all hate spiders, we would take spiders out", "badsTMqzQuo-00061-00026995-00027404": "I think it becomes more complicated when some people like spiders and some people hate spiders", "badsTMqzQuo-00062-00027422-00027882": "And even though the people who like spiders are super wrong, then we need to think about what we want to do", "badsTMqzQuo-00063-00027894-00028474": "So people are afraid of a lot of things. I don't like heights very much. You know maybe you don't like spiders", "badsTMqzQuo-00064-00028524-00028724": "Other people are afraid of other things", "badsTMqzQuo-00065-00028742-00029318": "So sometimes we take them out because they are scary. You know sometimes spiders scare me in games, too", "badsTMqzQuo-00066-00029318-00029518": "especially if they jump out at you", "badsTMqzQuo-00067-00029588-00029956": "But sometimes we just want to make sure that the players know that there are spiders", "badsTMqzQuo-00068-00029964-00030512": "So now you can ask your mom and your dad, \"Hey, I'm afraid of spiders. Are there gonna be spiders in this game?\"", "badsTMqzQuo-00069-00030544-00031133": "Maybe your parents will know. They can look it up online and look at videos and make sure it's okay for you to play.", "badsTMqzQuo-00070-00031150-00031636": "If you do better games, why do people still complain about them on the internet?", "badsTMqzQuo-00071-00031670-00032006": "So, people complain about pretty much everything", "badsTMqzQuo-00072-00032052-00032798": "You know maybe you like the color blue, she likes the color green. You know I really like vegetables, maybe you don't", "badsTMqzQuo-00073-00032806-00033308": "So we make a game for one person that they really like, another person, maybe it's not for them", "badsTMqzQuo-00074-00033308-00033508": "They're not gonna like it so much", "badsTMqzQuo-00075-00033534-00034296": "Sometimes when we make kind of very similar games, maybe some of our sports games we release them once every year", "badsTMqzQuo-00076-00034324-00034716": "So that might sound like a long time to you, but for us, it's pretty quick", "badsTMqzQuo-00077-00034776-00035110": "And sometimes people will like the game that we released last year", "badsTMqzQuo-00078-00035114-00035724": "And then we'll change something and they won't like what we've changed, so sometimes they complain about it, but that's good, too", "badsTMqzQuo-00079-00035726-00036144": "You know if enough people complained, then we know that maybe we did something wrong,", "badsTMqzQuo-00080-00036160-00036454": "and if we did something wrong, then we usually want to fix it.", "badsTMqzQuo-00081-00036460-00036854": "So complaining isn't necessarily bad but it's not necessarily good either,", "badsTMqzQuo-00082-00036862-00037420": "and it does sometimes hurt our feelings when people don't like the games we make but, that's part of making games.", "badsTMqzQuo-00083-00037424-00037636": "That's part of doing creative things.", "badsTMqzQuo-00084-00037650-00038100": "If you make art, maybe someone isn't gonna like your painting or your sculpture or whatever else.", "badsTMqzQuo-00085-00038116-00038272": "The same thing can happen with games.", "badsTMqzQuo-00086-00038290-00038678": "I think we make games better, and we always help make games a bit better,", "badsTMqzQuo-00087-00038678-00039030": "but it's not always easy or possible to make games perfect", "badsTMqzQuo-00088-00039040-00039358": "and it's always very difficult to make everybody happy but we're always trying.", "badsTMqzQuo-00089-00039372-00042240": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "ba7-Cbr1jd0", "text": {"ba7-Cbr1jd0-00000-00000248-00000624": "Hi there, this is Rainer. I have", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00001-00000624-00000855": "a 10-minute time slot at the EmacsConf", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00002-00000855-00001175": "and I will show you a quick walk", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00003-00001175-00001703": "through my GTD system in Org mode, so", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00004-00001703-00001952": "let's start with capturing. We want to", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00005-00001952-00002408": "capture what we do here. So the idea", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00006-00002408-00002727": "is I press F6 and I say: \"I want to make a", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00007-00002727-00002959": "small project because this video", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00008-00002959-00003311": "will be a small project,\" so the thing is:", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00009-00003311-00004200": "\"Record a video for Emacs Conf 2020.\"", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00010-00004200-00004592": "Video is recorded, edited,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00011-00004592-00004936": "and uploaded. We can also", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00012-00004936-00005216": "set the timeline because we want to", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00013-00005216-00005368": "upload it. The time,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00014-00005368-00005664": "the deadline for uploads is--we know it", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00015-00005664-00005944": "already--the 14th of November.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00016-00005944-00006360": "so let me put this in here. See, this is done.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00017-00006360-00006576": "Now, because it's a project... I mean, I", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00018-00006576-00006759": "could say just one task to record a", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00019-00006759-00007215": "video, but it's too much, so let's split it down in a few", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00020-00007215-00010040": "small tasks. The next one...", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00021-00010040-00010343": "So you see, I've just typed a few", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00022-00010343-00010615": "quick tasks. We can see them if we look", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00023-00010615-00011024": "in the capture file.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00024-00011024-00011239": "You see, there's my project entry and", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00025-00011239-00011447": "there are all my tasks.  Since it's a", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00026-00011447-00011679": "project, I can now", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00027-00011679-00012536": "make it easy. I just indent every task by one", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00028-00012536-00013856": "and then, so...", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00029-00013856-00014312": "Okay, so you see we have one", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00030-00014312-00014736": "project here, and this one we refile now", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00031-00014736-00015616": "to our backlog.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00032-00015616-00016200": "So if we look in our backlog,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00033-00016200-00016559": "you see my project with all the tasks.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00034-00016559-00017248": "So now, next one.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00035-00017248-00017672": "I pretend now I'm doing a weekly review.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00036-00017672-00018104": "C-c x b.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00037-00018104-00018408": "And I already did some things, and now", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00038-00018408-00018712": "the point where I am", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00039-00018712-00019031": "is scheduled tasks with no date.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00040-00019031-00019520": "Those are all those tasks. So I have a", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00041-00019520-00019751": "weekly review helper that says, okay,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00042-00019751-00019904": "show me everything", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00043-00019904-00020208": "that I need to schedule, plan.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00044-00020208-00021087": "So schedule this class. We do everything.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00045-00021087-00021504": "So everything is scheduled now,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00046-00021504-00021823": "and we can check off that and so on.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00047-00021823-00022200": "We can... I have a plan", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00048-00022200-00022495": "for every day. That's my free plan.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00049-00022495-00022687": "I press F6,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00050-00022687-00023023": "and I say p p plan.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00051-00023023-00023343": "Private things. You see there is the", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00052-00023343-00023736": "first day, 12th of November, German.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00053-00023736-00024320": "And now I can look at what I have to do today.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00054-00024423-00024704": "My agenda view is very long, and I just want", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00055-00024704-00024936": "to focus on a few tasks, so", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00056-00024936-00026263": "I copied them to my daily plan.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00057-00026263-00026568": "I just want to show you. So I have a", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00058-00026568-00026991": "daily plan for every day, and that means", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00059-00026991-00027391": "this one is what I see,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00060-00027391-00027768": "and this one is gone.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00061-00027768-00028136": "So now, let's pretend we are working on", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00062-00028136-00028360": "the first: we find the requirements for", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00063-00028360-00028495": "the video.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00064-00028495-00028832": "We had a look. Okay,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00065-00028832-00029152": "I can mark this task as done here", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00066-00029152-00029352": "because I knew the requirements. C-c t.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00067-00029483-00030519": "Done. Format is 720p, webm codec.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00068-00030519-00030944": "So this one is done and I can mark it", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00069-00030944-00031456": "off here as well. So now I have marked it off", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00070-00031456-00031760": "everywhere. The good thing of my", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00071-00031760-00031960": "daily plan is that I can", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00072-00031960-00032160": "really see it all the day. I stick to", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00073-00032160-00032352": "this, what I decided in the morning what", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00074-00032352-00032463": "I want to do.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00075-00032463-00032808": "So let's go to the next one. Make a quick test.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00076-00032808-00033800": "Yeah, I did the test already.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00077-00033800-00034072": "I will do a small trick. I say, okay, I", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00078-00034072-00034263": "record the video here.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00079-00034263-00034696": "Video recorded. Then let me do", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00080-00034696-00035512": "what to show.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00081-00035512-00035831": "Now I'm recording the video.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00082-00035831-00036224": "Let's see. What we do: we had capture, we had", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00083-00036224-00036544": "weekly review, we had daily planning.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00084-00036544-00036991": "How are we processing this? Very nice.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00085-00036991-00037231": "So let's pretend the video is recorded", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00086-00037231-00037752": "C-c t done.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00087-00037752-00038047": "Let me put this to NEXT again. Start", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00088-00038047-00038728": "kdenlive to time lapse.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00089-00038728-00039031": "After recording it,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00090-00039031-00039375": "I pretend this is done now.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00091-00039375-00039903": "C-c t done.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00092-00039903-00040240": "Then I have a video ready.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00093-00040240-00040463": "Let's pretend I did the upload", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00094-00040463-00041063": "as well. Done. Video uploaded.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00095-00041063-00041528": "So I can say everything now is done.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00096-00041528-00041919": "Save it, so tomorrow I see what I did yesterday.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00097-00041919-00042256": "Here I'm completely done.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00098-00042256-00042600": "We have the weekly review.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00099-00042600-00042968": "We put another", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00100-00042968-00043263": "buffer here because I want to show you", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00101-00043263-00043519": "the final step of my weekly review.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00102-00043696-00043919": "If you see, there's a final step that", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00103-00043919-00044159": "says: select finished tasks and make a bulk", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00104-00044159-00044416": "archive action. So if you look at my", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00105-00044416-00044656": "EmacsConf thing, okay, the project is", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00106-00044656-00044744": "done as well.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00107-00044744-00045136": "Project C-c t done.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00108-00045136-00045488": "And then, what I can do is now see", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00109-00045488-00045816": "a weekly review helper.", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00110-00045816-00046168": "Finished tasks. I could", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00111-00046168-00046863": "make a bulk operation that says archive everything,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00112-00046863-00047063": "but at the moment I don't need to do", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00113-00047063-00047272": "that because we have", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00114-00047272-00047672": "a tree structure, so it's C-c x a I have this", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00115-00047672-00048008": "task away, and the task is done. So that's", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00116-00048008-00048280": "it. That's my system you see: from", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00117-00048280-00048608": "capturing tasks, to scheduling tasks,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00118-00048608-00048800": "to putting it on the daily plan,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00119-00048800-00048975": "performing it, and at the end, when", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00120-00048975-00049112": "everything is done,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00121-00049112-00049319": "the next weekly review they will go", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00122-00049319-00049487": "to the archive file,", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00123-00049487-00049719": "because it's finished. Thank you for", "ba7-Cbr1jd0-00124-00049739-00050195": "watching. That's it."}}, {"audio_id": "bai-0w8LQHE", "text": {"bai-0w8LQHE-00000-00000000-00000120": "* Welcome to my channel *Today, I will show you theprocess of making Sable cookies.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00001-00000120-00000470": "I want you to know this videois not included the 'recipe'.If you want to know how to make Sable cookies,let me know in the comments so I make videosrefering to them.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00002-00000470-00000520": "The first version", "bai-0w8LQHE-00003-00001643-00001940": "add the egg in two lots.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00004-00003765-00003965": "The cookie base is complete.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00005-00004053-00004451": "Cacao nibs, almond slices and brazil nuts Sable will be made using this.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00006-00006252-00006801": "Success! Soft and rich chocolate flavour", "bai-0w8LQHE-00007-00007430-00007633": "The second version", "bai-0w8LQHE-00008-00007633-00007870": "The butter Sable.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00009-00009737-00009993": "The base is done.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00010-00010453-00010822": "chocolate chips and almonds in the cookie base.", "bai-0w8LQHE-00011-00013106-00013288": "20mins in the freezer."}}, {"audio_id": "baJmFe2UZeu", "text": {"baJmFe2UZeu-00000-00000000-00000200": "Residen Evil Village | Gameplay with Carlos GTX 1070"}}, {"audio_id": "baKNUZ8s02Q", "text": {"baKNUZ8s02Q-00000-00000922-00001258": "We wanted to share with you, I guess some information around why we created this", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00001-00001258-00002042": "story book so, as an introduction, after five years of trying, we decided", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00002-00002043-00002534": "to head down the donor egg route and we decided to do an anonymous donor agency", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00003-00002534-00003218": "in Spain. It was a tough decision, but at the same time we were up for it", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00004-00003218-00003547": "and you know at the end of this process we now have a beautiful", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00005-00003548-00004028": "one-year old child, which is great; crazy. Although anonymous donor eggs work for", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00006-00004028-00004356": "us at the time, I think with everything we know now we probably would have done", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00007-00004356-00004872": "it differently. But saying that, we love Rosie to bits but, her not having", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00008-00004872-00005248": "access to half of that genetic history is something you really need to think about.", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00009-00005248-00005862": "So through that process we chose to go through counselling and as part of", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00010-00005862-00006204": "that counselling process that, the counsellor was great, and suggested that", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00011-00006204-00007017": "as Rosie wouldn't have a connection to half of her genetic history,", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00012-00007017-00007379": "we decided to connect her to the story. Which we thought was great advice so we", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00013-00007379-00008000": "created this story book to really do that. So where we're at now is we", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00014-00008000-00008438": "do show this to Rosie and we plan on showing to Rosie but a good benefit of", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00015-00008438-00008874": "this process also was that our friends and family who have seen the story", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00016-00008874-00009254": "really have connected to, to our story and the reason for us doing this as well.", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00017-00009254-00009414": "So here we go", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00018-00010528-00011252": "\"This is your dad, he's off the plane, just arriving in Alicante.\"", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00019-00012326-00012784": "Here we are in Alicante, we're down on the beach,", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00020-00012784-00012891": "\"Fireworks tonight, hello!\"", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00021-00012891-00013090": "This is your dad.", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00022-00013090-00013640": "\"Yeah, fireworks, everyone's around, it's massive. A pretty big atmosphere here.\"", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00023-00013640-00013919": "\"Pretty warm here too, which is nice.\"", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00024-00014210-00014713": "There's the beach, we're hoping for some fireworks soon so we'll ah, check in with you soon.", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00025-00019568-00020134": "Hi! This is a message for our son or daughter.", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00026-00020134-00020960": "It is the 8th of August 2012 and we're in Alicante, Spain, to go to Instituto Bernabeu about to", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00027-00020960-00021418": "collect you! You're a little embryo right now, you've got like,", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00028-00021418-00021686": "a little bit of embryo,", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00029-00021686-00022040": "and there could be four embryos, and we're hoping there is going to be", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00030-00022040-00022396": "one child and, can't wait to meet you!", "baKNUZ8s02Q-00031-00022396-00022657": "I love you! I love you! Ah, I love you already!"}}, {"audio_id": "bb9HS-krP6E", "text": {"bb9HS-krP6E-00000-00000260-00000785": "some of you have seen we have a single ready to mingle book that's out we are", "bb9HS-krP6E-00001-00000785-00001226": "really excited for that amen and it's actually number one released on Amazon", "bb9HS-krP6E-00002-00001226-00001668": "right now in the youth and the teenager in the Christian section and I'm really", "bb9HS-krP6E-00003-00001668-00001902": "believing it's gonna touch a lot of people's lives amen", "bb9HS-krP6E-00004-00001902-00002468": "I met a family this morning and I really do not like to embarrass people publicly", "bb9HS-krP6E-00005-00002468-00002993": "I used to enjoy the a lot more but if you if it's your first time if it's the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00006-00002993-00003305": "first time today at hungry generation wanna let you know we welcome you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00007-00003305-00003567": "let's give them a round of applause every person who's coming for the first", "bb9HS-krP6E-00008-00003567-00003898": "time", "bb9HS-krP6E-00009-00003898-00004292": "so this family is all the way from Missouri and they're actually on the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00010-00004292-00004610": "vacation in Seattle area and they decided to drive all the way from", "bb9HS-krP6E-00011-00004610-00005084": "Seattle off of their vacation to be with us this morning and the young man shared", "bb9HS-krP6E-00012-00005084-00005453": "with me his like man here how he stumbled upon one of the videos and they", "bb9HS-krP6E-00013-00005453-00005833": "really helped him in a very difficult season of a spiritual life and so he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00014-00005833-00006194": "brought his whole family could it could I embarrass you guys and ask you to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00015-00006194-00006481": "stand we just want to honor you and Ivan would you be able to give him the book", "bb9HS-krP6E-00016-00006481-00006959": "give it to the young man over there maybe we love you guys thank you so much", "bb9HS-krP6E-00017-00006959-00007520": "for coming all the way and I just want to bless you with the book thank you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00018-00007520-00007892": "guys so much for making all the way from Seattle and if anybody else drove from", "bb9HS-krP6E-00019-00007892-00008258": "other places here today we welcome you as well if you're watching us a live", "bb9HS-krP6E-00020-00008258-00008800": "stream we welcome you as well get the book ready to mingle single person and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00021-00008800-00009178": "it's gonna bless your life if it's gonna be available in the lobby today and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00022-00009178-00009563": "stuff so without further ado I want you to rise to your feet open up your Bible", "bb9HS-krP6E-00023-00009563-00009971": "or open your phone and we're gonna read the scripture together in 1st Samuel", "bb9HS-krP6E-00024-00009971-00010553": "chapter ii samuel chapter 13 verse 1 and 2 as you go in there if you're there", "bb9HS-krP6E-00025-00010553-00011107": "already say i'm there if you are going there say wait for me getting there", "bb9HS-krP6E-00026-00011107-00011461": "Bible app is loading especially if you got the new beta your phone is probably", "bb9HS-krP6E-00027-00011461-00011872": "malfunctioning right now may God deliver your phone in Jesus name if you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00028-00011872-00012175": "didn't have a phone or you don't believe in reading the Bible from the phone and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00029-00012175-00012482": "you forgot your Bible we have a verse right behind you will read it together", "bb9HS-krP6E-00030-00012482-00012872": "on account of three one two three after this", "bb9HS-krP6E-00031-00012872-00013541": "Absalom the son of David had a lovely sister whose name was Tamar and Amnon", "bb9HS-krP6E-00032-00013541-00014101": "the son of David loved her Amnon was also so distressed over his", "bb9HS-krP6E-00033-00014101-00014804": "sister Tamar that he became sick for she was a virgin and it was improper for a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00034-00014804-00015479": "man to do anything to her but Amnon had a friend may God deliver you from those", "bb9HS-krP6E-00035-00015479-00015919": "kind of friends that Amnon had while you're standing for just just few more", "bb9HS-krP6E-00036-00015919-00016363": "moments I want to remind you that relationships is something that we have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00037-00016363-00016862": "certain expectations of but sometimes we walk into a relationship and find out", "bb9HS-krP6E-00038-00016862-00017394": "they're not what we expected we sometimes walk in not realizing the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00039-00017394-00017805": "person we thought we knew we don't know a young boy came  to his", "bb9HS-krP6E-00040-00017805-00018048": "father said father is it true that in China", "bb9HS-krP6E-00041-00018048-00018678": "a man does not know his wife until he marries her the father says son it's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00042-00018678-00019389": "everywhere like that not only in China the scripture says Jacob went to sleep", "bb9HS-krP6E-00043-00019389-00020126": "with Rachel and in the morning behold it was Leah how many marriages are just", "bb9HS-krP6E-00044-00020126-00020751": "like that you go into sleep thinking its your dream and  six months later wake up", "bb9HS-krP6E-00045-00020751-00021245": "realize it's a nightmare they said marriage is a sentence they", "bb9HS-krP6E-00046-00021245-00021738": "didn't tell it's a life sentence it's a prison sentence for some yes it has a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00047-00021738-00022059": "lot of rings it has an engagement ring a wedding ring they didn't tell you also", "bb9HS-krP6E-00048-00022059-00022820": "has a suffering and endure ring one of the biggest problems people have is they", "bb9HS-krP6E-00049-00022820-00023379": "come into relationships with high expectation and low preparation that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00050-00023379-00023982": "expectation is on a hundred preparation is on twenty do the math that's how much", "bb9HS-krP6E-00051-00023982-00024407": "frustration they experienced in their life for us to experience satisfaction", "bb9HS-krP6E-00052-00024407-00024915": "in the relationship we have to walk in with the with the sober understanding of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00053-00024915-00025389": "what relationships are of the spiritual reality and also to understand what love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00054-00025389-00025872": "is see you have to understand the culture has redefined love for us the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00055-00025872-00026483": "culture says fall in love God says walk in love how many of you know everything", "bb9HS-krP6E-00056-00026483-00027075": "that falls breaks but everything that grows becomes stronger see the culture", "bb9HS-krP6E-00057-00027075-00027702": "says love is the feeling God's Word says love is a choice it's a willing the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00058-00027702-00028206": "culture says marry the person that you love God says love the person that you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00059-00028206-00028674": "marry the culture says if you find the right person you will be happy", "bb9HS-krP6E-00060-00028674-00029256": "God's Word says if you're gonna be the right person you will be happier and so", "bb9HS-krP6E-00061-00029256-00029777": "today I want to let you know that God wants to redefine understanding of what", "bb9HS-krP6E-00062-00029777-00030407": "love is making love doesn't make it love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00063-00030443-00031158": "love is not sex love is the value you place on somebody making love doesn't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00064-00031158-00031691": "make it love love is not what happens in the backseat of the car", "bb9HS-krP6E-00065-00031691-00032322": "love is not a feeling it's not a sexual intercourse it's a value you place as", "bb9HS-krP6E-00066-00032322-00032883": "somebody else and this morning this afternoon we're gonna just briefly touch", "bb9HS-krP6E-00067-00032883-00033243": "on the third part of single ready to mingle the rest of you guys can go on", "bb9HS-krP6E-00068-00033243-00033588": "YouTube and find the first part which was on Wednesday and the second part", "bb9HS-krP6E-00069-00033588-00033972": "which was on the first service we're gonna touch on love versus lust you may", "bb9HS-krP6E-00070-00033972-00034286": "take your seat in the presence of God", "bb9HS-krP6E-00071-00034520-00034872": "some of you are afraid that you're gonna end up standing up the whole service", "bb9HS-krP6E-00072-00034872-00035259": "like it happened last Sunday huh for those of you who watch the service", "bb9HS-krP6E-00073-00035259-00035685": "Isaiah thank you for teaching us that it's possible to stand with the whole", "bb9HS-krP6E-00074-00035685-00036522": "service amen we're gonna take notes write this down the first thing is lust", "bb9HS-krP6E-00075-00036522-00037395": "is pleasure focused love is person focused amnon the Bible says he loved", "bb9HS-krP6E-00076-00037395-00038150": "Tamar but that's not real love because real love focuses on the person lust", "bb9HS-krP6E-00077-00038150-00038684": "focuses on the pleasure the person gives you that's why people who say I fell in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00078-00038684-00039108": "love quickly say I fell out of love why because the moment the person stops", "bb9HS-krP6E-00079-00039108-00039540": "giving you the pleasure you say you fell out of love in reality you never loved", "bb9HS-krP6E-00080-00039540-00040103": "the person you're addicted to pleasure I think it was Rabbi Abraham explained the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00081-00040103-00040608": "best about love and he coined this phrase fish love I used it in the book", "bb9HS-krP6E-00082-00040608-00040974": "in the first chapter and it really changed my understanding of what love is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00083-00040974-00041376": "I stopped saying to people that I love fish I used to people asked me you know", "bb9HS-krP6E-00084-00041376-00041759": "they do love fish and I would say yes meaning I love eating fish but i  stopped", "bb9HS-krP6E-00085-00041759-00042203": "saying that because if you would love fish you wouldn't let the fish be", "bb9HS-krP6E-00086-00042203-00043163": "deceived pulled out of the water gutted out fried it froze and fry and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00087-00043163-00043605": "then eat and and then still wipe your mouth and said I love fish", "bb9HS-krP6E-00088-00043605-00044203": "well I hope you don't do this to everything and everyone you love a lot", "bb9HS-krP6E-00089-00044203-00044728": "of people's love is the same way they deceive people they got people out it", "bb9HS-krP6E-00090-00044728-00045277": "freeze people they fry people they eat people and then they wipe and  say I", "bb9HS-krP6E-00091-00045277-00045775": "love this person well I hope you don't love them like that because you don't love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00092-00045775-00046225": "the fish you just love how fish makes you feel after it enters into your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00093-00046225-00046945": "stomach and your digestive system see we must understand is that love is not what", "bb9HS-krP6E-00094-00046945-00047365": "I experience it's what somebody else's experiences", "bb9HS-krP6E-00095-00047365-00048216": "because of my actions somebody say Amen number two love and lust love gifts love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00096-00048216-00048760": "grasps the scripture says in John chapter three verse 16 for God so loved", "bb9HS-krP6E-00097-00048760-00049486": "the world that he what that he what he gave I want you to see amnon he was in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00098-00049486-00050221": "love but he took the girl's virginity he took the girls purity she said no he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00099-00050221-00050839": "overpowered that because he didn't think she meant no lust always grasps", "bb9HS-krP6E-00100-00050839-00051579": "love gifts it's love if it takes something from someone it's lust if it", "bb9HS-krP6E-00101-00051579-00052012": "takes something from someone and it's love if it gives something to someone a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00102-00052012-00052491": "Bible says in here is that he was distressed over his sister that he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00103-00052491-00053054": "became sick I want you to know one thing about love sick people don't have it I", "bb9HS-krP6E-00104-00053054-00053799": "don't mean physically sick lust makes people sick love makes people whole", "bb9HS-krP6E-00105-00053799-00054361": "person cannot give love if they are sick meaning if they're not whole if they are", "bb9HS-krP6E-00106-00054361-00054997": "broken if a person is devastated wounded broken insecure they have no love to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00107-00054997-00055510": "give they only have lust the only people who have love to give our people who are", "bb9HS-krP6E-00108-00055510-00056071": "whole don't be attracted to someone who is in need yes it will stimulate your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00109-00056071-00056653": "Messiah Complex of fixing somebody but you will quickly understand within a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00110-00056653-00057229": "short period of time that there is Jesus and you're not him and people who are", "bb9HS-krP6E-00111-00057229-00057887": "sick need a doctor not a date Amnon  did not need a date he needed a doctor", "bb9HS-krP6E-00112-00057887-00058372": "if love makes you sick you don't need a date you need a therapist", "bb9HS-krP6E-00113-00058372-00059066": "you need inner healing you need a counselor you need deliverance but not a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00114-00059066-00059594": "date the scripture says he was distressed because of that love that's not real", "bb9HS-krP6E-00115-00059594-00060055": "love real love doesn't make you  sick and sick people don't have love to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00116-00060055-00060482": "give broken people don't have love to give many times they're the ones in need", "bb9HS-krP6E-00117-00060482-00060944": "of love and that love is found in Jesus Christ that love is found in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00118-00060944-00061417": "relationship with God intimacy romance is not where you find love it's where", "bb9HS-krP6E-00119-00061417-00061898": "you share love you find love at the feet of Jesus you find love and intimacy with", "bb9HS-krP6E-00120-00061898-00062282": "God you find love and someone who never leaves you and never abandons you and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00121-00062282-00062687": "when you find love in him next thing that happens my friend you are free to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00122-00062687-00063152": "share that love you're not going into relationship so they can fix you you're", "bb9HS-krP6E-00123-00063152-00063578": "not going into a relationship to get a rehab out of romance you're not going", "bb9HS-krP6E-00124-00063578-00063967": "into a relationship to look for a messiah you're looking for someone to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00125-00063967-00064451": "love and in return you get love as well many people walk into a relationship", "bb9HS-krP6E-00126-00064451-00065276": "needy I need you to love me if you're needy you need a doctor not a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00127-00065276-00065705": "relationship because you quickly will discover that the person you attracted", "bb9HS-krP6E-00128-00065705-00066239": "is as needy as you are and both of you are needy realize you begin to drive", "bb9HS-krP6E-00129-00066239-00066860": "everybody crazy if you have the need go to the Holy Spirit get your life fixed", "bb9HS-krP6E-00130-00066860-00067331": "get your life filled so when you go into a relationship you don't give someone a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00131-00067331-00067853": "power to make you whole anytime you look to someone to make you whole you're", "bb9HS-krP6E-00132-00067853-00068330": "giving them too much power and this power this person has will not make you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00133-00068330-00068855": "whole temporarily they will cover your holes but then you will quickly realize", "bb9HS-krP6E-00134-00068855-00069353": "they're not able to make you whole only God can make you whole and that person", "bb9HS-krP6E-00135-00069353-00069815": "that made you feel so secure like Thanos with a snap of fingers they make you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00136-00069815-00070177": "feel so miserable that person who was so perfect", "bb9HS-krP6E-00137-00070177-00070764": "six months later realized such a pervert that person you realize all she so fine", "bb9HS-krP6E-00138-00070764-00071263": "six months later you realize she's so controlling so manipulative and her", "bb9HS-krP6E-00139-00071263-00071833": "weapon is her tears and her words but you would know that if you would be", "bb9HS-krP6E-00140-00071833-00072676": "secure and whole in God every relationship that starts in lust starts", "bb9HS-krP6E-00141-00072676-00073267": "in lust because like Amnon there's a need that's not fulfilled", "bb9HS-krP6E-00142-00073267-00073696": "sometimes that need is created with the absence of the father sometimes that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00143-00073696-00074095": "need created with the fact that you just got dumped by a boyfriend or you you have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00144-00074095-00074503": "that need created because you maybe just the demons are just sending you this", "bb9HS-krP6E-00145-00074503-00075052": "these lustful thoughts and that need is there a date cannot fix that deliverance", "bb9HS-krP6E-00146-00075052-00075793": "can a doctor Jesus can and when you're whole you're going into a relationship not so", "bb9HS-krP6E-00147-00075793-00076228": "that something can fix you you don't go into marriage so you can get delivered", "bb9HS-krP6E-00148-00076228-00076684": "from pornography you go into marriage so you can love on someone you don't get", "bb9HS-krP6E-00149-00076684-00076990": "defined by the spouse because you already know who you are", "bb9HS-krP6E-00150-00076990-00077589": "and usually you end up attracting someone who is as whole as you are amen", "bb9HS-krP6E-00151-00077589-00078309": "number three love versus lust lust feels like love to those who don't know love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00152-00078309-00079038": "lust will feel like love to those who don't know love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00153-00079089-00079482": "Eric would you come up", "bb9HS-krP6E-00154-00080074-00081036": "Eric one of these is alcohol one of them is water love and lust a lot of times", "bb9HS-krP6E-00155-00081036-00081770": "have the same label they actually look to say to people who don't know the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00156-00081770-00082266": "difference on the outside you know it's just strong feelings a sense of thrill", "bb9HS-krP6E-00157-00082266-00082838": "palms sweating heart racing sleepless nights you are so excited to see that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00158-00082838-00083270": "person like your heart skips a beat when they enter the room it's just it's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00159-00083270-00083786": "exciting it's infatuation how do you know if it's just an infatuation or if", "bb9HS-krP6E-00160-00083786-00084323": "it's real love Eric how would you know if one is water and first of all which", "bb9HS-krP6E-00161-00084323-00085347": "which one you think is alcohol this one why do you think this one is alcohol so", "bb9HS-krP6E-00162-00085347-00086474": "one is faded and one is clear so he's saying this one is a lot more clear than", "bb9HS-krP6E-00163-00086474-00086823": "than this one I don't know what he sees it I just don't see the difference", "bb9HS-krP6E-00164-00086823-00087182": "between the clarity of it any other reasons I mean except the gifts of the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00165-00087182-00087800": "holy spirit that's guiding it right now so what Eric is saying is you can't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00166-00087800-00088307": "really tell which one if you can hold it which one is water and which one is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00167-00088307-00088874": "alcohol well there's only one way to tell is to smell it so Eric would you do", "bb9HS-krP6E-00168-00088874-00089726": "us the favor which one is that which that's what I tried she's gonna", "bb9HS-krP6E-00169-00089726-00089960": "drink it", "bb9HS-krP6E-00170-00090006-00090405": "it's water okay praise God", "bb9HS-krP6E-00171-00090423-00090862": "you never  know okay could you could you maybe both of them are water cuz this", "bb9HS-krP6E-00172-00090862-00091594": "one also looks like water that's alcohol and how would you know that the smell", "bb9HS-krP6E-00173-00091594-00092040": "the smell I want you to tell you something", "bb9HS-krP6E-00174-00092040-00092659": "no no no no no no need to taste it see see some people think that I need to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00175-00092659-00093124": "test a relationship to know if it's love or lust and as a Christian you have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00176-00093124-00094168": "another sense it's called your spirit well you can sense things see the world", "bb9HS-krP6E-00177-00094168-00094785": "relies on the taste you rely on the smell you rely on your spirit man", "bb9HS-krP6E-00178-00094785-00095266": "sometimes you just have this tension in your spirit but God removes the piece", "bb9HS-krP6E-00179-00095266-00095656": "and everything looks fine about that person they raise hands during worship", "bb9HS-krP6E-00180-00095656-00096139": "they carry their Bible there in church but your spirit says something is not", "bb9HS-krP6E-00181-00096139-00096760": "right there trust your smell trust your senses don't rely as well I'm gonna date", "bb9HS-krP6E-00182-00096760-00097069": "them for six months and then find out and then I find out that they're abusive", "bb9HS-krP6E-00183-00097069-00097414": "and I find out they're broke and then I find out that they cheat they lie the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00184-00097414-00097675": "exaggerate then I find out they're not right for me", "bb9HS-krP6E-00185-00097675-00098272": "you don't need to taste you can smell trust your Holy Spirit your spirit is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00186-00098272-00098737": "connected to God's love and your spirit will guide you and lead you that's one", "bb9HS-krP6E-00187-00098737-00099100": "thing we have that the world does not have the world has to test drive a car", "bb9HS-krP6E-00188-00099100-00099520": "before they buy it you can trust the Holy Spirit and the Holy Spirit will", "bb9HS-krP6E-00189-00099520-00099775": "guide you can somebody say Amen let's give Erica round of applause thank you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00190-00099775-00100134": "so much Eric", "bb9HS-krP6E-00191-00100142-00101057": "go uh dump the alcohol yeah do not drink it that's drinking out of lust makes you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00192-00101057-00101856": "a little bit intoxicated and crazy number four lust is passion outside of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00193-00101856-00102542": "principles love is passion within principles how do I know that Amnon did", "bb9HS-krP6E-00194-00102542-00103055": "not have love is because he desired something that was forbidden what he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00195-00103055-00103679": "desired the scripture says God's Word said it was improper for Amnon to have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00196-00103679-00104013": "Tamar the girl was 15 years of age come on bro", "bb9HS-krP6E-00197-00104013-00104514": "dude really she's your half-sister dude that's not right and God said in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00198-00104514-00105129": "Leviticus that bros should not date their sisters have sisters God's Word", "bb9HS-krP6E-00199-00105129-00105570": "was very clear do not be with someone who is part of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00200-00105570-00106217": "your biological family but see God's Word also says don't be unequally yoked", "bb9HS-krP6E-00201-00106217-00106904": "with those who have not your faith God's Word also says that a man should be with", "bb9HS-krP6E-00202-00106904-00107510": "the woman and the woman should be with the man God's Word also says these", "bb9HS-krP6E-00203-00107510-00107925": "things but the problem a lot of times is that we have a passion that's raging and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00204-00107925-00108372": "this is how you know that that passion is not love if that passion violates", "bb9HS-krP6E-00205-00108372-00109002": "God's principles as a Christian for us it's sin now if you are here today and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00206-00109002-00109286": "you're not a follower of Jesus Christ I want to tell you something you actually", "bb9HS-krP6E-00207-00109286-00109965": "have a free pass you actually can follow your passions it's not wise but you can", "bb9HS-krP6E-00208-00109965-00110376": "do that why because you are the lord of your life you are the god of your life", "bb9HS-krP6E-00209-00110376-00110891": "you are your own supreme ruler like north korea has their supreme ruler you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00210-00110891-00111491": "got your own it's you you are in charge of you you are the savior of you so you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00211-00111491-00111978": "can do whatever you want as Christians we have surrendered that right when we", "bb9HS-krP6E-00212-00111978-00112484": "gave our life to Jesus we accepted him as our Savior and accepted him as our", "bb9HS-krP6E-00213-00112484-00113080": "Lord can somebody say Amen his word becomes the regulation for a passion", "bb9HS-krP6E-00214-00113080-00113611": "we submit our passions to him we don't go in and try to change God's Word to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00215-00113611-00114202": "fulfill our passions we let God's Word control our passions sometimes you're 15", "bb9HS-krP6E-00216-00114202-00114562": "years of age and you're sexually got awakened you realize girls exist and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00217-00114562-00114913": "they're cute but it's not right time for you so what do you do", "bb9HS-krP6E-00218-00114913-00115315": "you don't go dating around like the world does you go in and you put your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00219-00115315-00115705": "feelings into God's feet and say Lord it's not my time and you submit it why", "bb9HS-krP6E-00220-00115705-00116183": "because you're not ready to date with you're not ready for marriage did you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00221-00116183-00116878": "just say that I did but what about high school half of people who are cool in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00222-00116878-00117308": "high school become fools they're 20 years down the road divorced and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00223-00117308-00117841": "children from every continent that's not your destiny that's not your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00224-00117841-00118252": "calling don't follow the crowd don't follow the world God never called you to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00225-00118252-00118890": "fit in he called you to stand down you have a lord his name is Jesus", "bb9HS-krP6E-00226-00118947-00119443": "God wants you to spend your high school years finishing school get the best", "bb9HS-krP6E-00227-00119443-00119872": "grades God wants you to finish your high school years getting into some college", "bb9HS-krP6E-00228-00119872-00120226": "God wants you to finish your high school years picking up a hobby learn how to do", "bb9HS-krP6E-00229-00120226-00120592": "things in life learn how to have friends learn how to have hobbies", "bb9HS-krP6E-00230-00120592-00120916": "instead of smoochie smoochie smoochie stuff at the end of the football games", "bb9HS-krP6E-00231-00120916-00121383": "and then when it's your time to get married so you pass on to your growth", "bb9HS-krP6E-00232-00121383-00121780": "and that sexual transmitted disease and children from different people whose", "bb9HS-krP6E-00233-00121780-00122119": "contacts you've lost already but you pass on something that is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00234-00122119-00122527": "valuable something that's precious I'm not trying to step on anybody's toes but", "bb9HS-krP6E-00235-00122527-00123115": "I think what culture does is stupid they made they make fun of oh you guys are", "bb9HS-krP6E-00236-00123115-00123532": "talking about these values like values in the 80s and they're old-school that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00237-00123532-00124132": "stuff works and what culture does doesn't  we as Christians we submit our", "bb9HS-krP6E-00238-00124132-00124690": "passion to the principles of God we don't try to mix the principles to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00239-00124690-00125167": "regulate our passions You have to understand that sex within marriage is beautiful outside of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00240-00125167-00125953": "marriage it's dirty naw it's not it is very simple you see this plant that the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00241-00125953-00126802": "soil within this within this pot is the soil the cultivates the plant the very", "bb9HS-krP6E-00242-00126802-00127071": "same soil", "bb9HS-krP6E-00243-00127408-00128379": "just became dirt this is dirt within the pot its soil how could the same thing", "bb9HS-krP6E-00244-00128379-00128857": "within the pot becomes something the cultivates outside of the pot something", "bb9HS-krP6E-00245-00128857-00129391": "that stains take passion outside of God's principles it stains your consciousness", "bb9HS-krP6E-00246-00129391-00129805": "it stains your physical life and brings guilt sexual transmitted disease", "bb9HS-krP6E-00247-00129805-00130161": "unwanted pregnancies a heartbreak and you might say but it's just sex if I", "bb9HS-krP6E-00248-00130161-00130678": "destroy it harder you can try all you want this is dirt why because God", "bb9HS-krP6E-00249-00130678-00131119": "intended it for sexuality and for passion to be within the context of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00250-00131119-00131797": "marriage pot that's why the same sex that you can have with the spouse the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00251-00131797-00132205": "moment it's outside of the context it becomes you feel guilty human like boys", "bb9HS-krP6E-00252-00132205-00132604": "because I grew up in the Judaeo Christian community and that's why I", "bb9HS-krP6E-00253-00132604-00133024": "feel guilty no it's because you're a human and God set some boundaries and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00254-00133024-00133501": "when you violate them your consciousness triggers you feel dirty", "bb9HS-krP6E-00255-00133501-00133945": "why because you just took the soil out of a pot and you put it on the top of a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00256-00133945-00134527": "podium it stains you you know you can be naked within the moment you get married", "bb9HS-krP6E-00257-00134527-00134899": "and you watch naked people you feel dirty why because you're taking that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00258-00134899-00135532": "soil that cultivates into the podium and it stains you and you can you can tell", "bb9HS-krP6E-00259-00135532-00136009": "yourself all you want all day long this stains because if I put this right now", "bb9HS-krP6E-00260-00136009-00136360": "on your hands if I put this on your Bible if I put it on your dashboard in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00261-00136360-00136966": "your car if I put it on your phone and I say isn't that cute all of you here", "bb9HS-krP6E-00262-00136966-00137326": "today who are living in sexual immorality you know deep in your heart", "bb9HS-krP6E-00263-00137326-00137707": "its wrong it hurts it stains your consciousness you know", "bb9HS-krP6E-00264-00137707-00138127": "this dis pleases God and it's not helping your future and sexual sins aren't the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00265-00138127-00138480": "worst things you can ever commit do you know why it's not because God has a hard", "bb9HS-krP6E-00266-00138480-00138780": "time forgiving them it's because you will have a hard time recovering from", "bb9HS-krP6E-00267-00138780-00139315": "them a lot of other sins never involved the depth of your soul they involved", "bb9HS-krP6E-00268-00139315-00139680": "they will involve your body sexual sin involves your soul and involves your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00269-00139680-00140065": "spirit goes to the depth of who you are that's where most of the witchcraft and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00270-00140065-00140500": "most of the occult always involves sexual intercourses why so that a person", "bb9HS-krP6E-00271-00140500-00140755": "could go deep into their Satanist and can go", "bb9HS-krP6E-00272-00140755-00141111": "so that even if they get forgiven they don't recover", "bb9HS-krP6E-00273-00141111-00141622": "that's why sexual sins are so dangerous they sustain you it's dirt you may say", "bb9HS-krP6E-00274-00141622-00141916": "it's some of you will get married and you and it will be hard for you to have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00275-00141916-00142372": "a sexual relationship because you're like how can this be now Holy See this", "bb9HS-krP6E-00276-00142372-00142960": "when it goes into a pot cultivates the plant outside of the pot it stains", "bb9HS-krP6E-00277-00142960-00143653": "whatever it touches passion outside of principles of God they stain you no", "bb9HS-krP6E-00278-00143653-00144070": "matter how much you justify it no matter what you call it no matter how much you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00279-00144070-00144583": "dumb it with alcohol and pills and drugs and partying at the end of the day when", "bb9HS-krP6E-00280-00144583-00145138": "you left one on one your heart will be stained your consciousness will be", "bb9HS-krP6E-00281-00145138-00145660": "stained and if it doesn't matter why it becomes a heartache and a headache", "bb9HS-krP6E-00282-00145660-00146223": "it is so many relationships when people walk in with these sexual promiscuity", "bb9HS-krP6E-00283-00146223-00147078": "number five lust needs bad friends love needs good Mentors", "bb9HS-krP6E-00284-00147078-00147691": "lust feeds on bad friends amnon not only he took his passion outside of the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00285-00147691-00148294": "principles of God but amnon he also he had his friends we read but amnon had a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00286-00148294-00148699": "friend this friend advised him to pretend to his father that he was sick", "bb9HS-krP6E-00287-00148699-00149272": "to get tamar into a room alone and this friend he pretty much destroyed", "bb9HS-krP6E-00288-00149272-00149896": "his life if you want to walk in love you have to be surrounded by godly people by", "bb9HS-krP6E-00289-00149896-00150286": "people who are like God I didn't say church goers because some churchgoers", "bb9HS-krP6E-00290-00150286-00150772": "might not be godly surround yourself with people who follow Jesus if you want", "bb9HS-krP6E-00291-00150772-00151132": "to live in lust I'm gonna tell you one already you don't have to surround", "bb9HS-krP6E-00292-00151132-00151834": "yourself those people will find you they will find you and they will be insistent", "bb9HS-krP6E-00293-00151834-00152242": "and being with you they will feel comfortable in your presence and you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00294-00152242-00152752": "will be in theirs and one of the reasons why people who battle with lust will", "bb9HS-krP6E-00295-00152752-00153160": "have a hard time connecting with good people is because they will say I just", "bb9HS-krP6E-00296-00153160-00153696": "feel awkward you don't feel awkward you'll lust us", "bb9HS-krP6E-00297-00153822-00154270": "but but he's my mentor and I feel like if I tell him what I struggle with", "bb9HS-krP6E-00298-00154270-00154744": "he will torment me no the lust will be tormented you will be delivered you will", "bb9HS-krP6E-00299-00154744-00155314": "be freed you need good people around you especially if you're battling especially", "bb9HS-krP6E-00300-00155314-00155782": "if you're struggling when I was younger like like a teenage 15 and 16", "bb9HS-krP6E-00301-00155782-00156283": "I remember this particular girl that I liked and we never went on a date or", "bb9HS-krP6E-00302-00156283-00156724": "anything just went on the mountain to pray one time didn't hold hands nothing", "bb9HS-krP6E-00303-00156724-00157414": "I was pure holy and I and I remember that my pastor detected that no sixteen", "bb9HS-krP6E-00304-00157414-00157711": "and you know I didn't tell me but but he detected that he said it's a lot easier", "bb9HS-krP6E-00305-00157711-00158035": "getting too close you shouldn't shouldn't be doing that and I'm thinking", "bb9HS-krP6E-00306-00158035-00158623": "I'm like man I have a crush but this crush was crushing me and my pastor", "bb9HS-krP6E-00307-00158623-00158998": "because he he was my mentor he is my mentor he was saying listen you gotta", "bb9HS-krP6E-00308-00158998-00159307": "cut that off but I'm like man but I'm gonna keep this little feeling on the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00309-00159307-00159757": "side for next six to six years and kind of nurture it and not do anything with", "bb9HS-krP6E-00310-00159757-00160165": "it and then after six years I'm gonna marry pastor says listen in six years he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00311-00160165-00160534": "said you gonna meet six thousand people he says don't promise anything he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00312-00160534-00160972": "says live your life for God you know he wasn't trying to kill those feelings he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00313-00160972-00161461": "was simply protecting me and because of that I was protected from making that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00314-00161461-00162124": "decision at six years of age sixteen six years old I would have been I would have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00315-00162124-00162940": "needed a doctor for that sixteen years of age five into early sixteen years of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00316-00162940-00163387": "age I want to tell you something today if you're battling with lust surround", "bb9HS-krP6E-00317-00163387-00163789": "yourself with homegroup surround yourself with godly people you might say", "bb9HS-krP6E-00318-00163789-00164212": "why is this important because your friends provide something that your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00319-00164212-00164725": "parents or authority figures don't what do they provide influence everybody say", "bb9HS-krP6E-00320-00164725-00165151": "influence have you noticed that when you start influence in the word influence", "bb9HS-krP6E-00321-00165151-00166044": "there is this few letter word called flu in flu you know how flu works it spreads", "bb9HS-krP6E-00322-00166044-00166441": "automatically your immune system is down somebody else has a flu they walk into", "bb9HS-krP6E-00323-00166441-00166741": "the room they don't have to come in and lay their hands and you say I impart", "bb9HS-krP6E-00324-00166741-00167025": "and in the mighty name of flu i impart flu into you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00325-00167065-00167491": "you may spread it in your body no they have a flu they touch what you touched and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00326-00167491-00167938": "the immune system is down and you quickly picked up a flu influence", "bb9HS-krP6E-00327-00167938-00168217": "spreads exactly the same thing your friends don't have to teach you to smoke", "bb9HS-krP6E-00328-00168217-00168709": "if they smoke somehow some way it influences you and you begin to think", "bb9HS-krP6E-00329-00168709-00169024": "it's okay to smoke and then you try to smoke and then you become a smoker", "bb9HS-krP6E-00330-00169024-00169375": "same thing with drinking they they're around a first second on the I don't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00331-00169375-00169681": "drink I don't want to drink and drive another and then next thing happens you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00332-00169681-00169990": "see that it's cool you be just just the one sip but I'm not gonna drive home", "bb9HS-krP6E-00333-00169990-00170293": "and next thing you know he's driving you're drinking and then you become an", "bb9HS-krP6E-00334-00170293-00170569": "alcoholic you lose your license you go to jail and your whole life is wrecked", "bb9HS-krP6E-00335-00170569-00171240": "why because of in flu your friends are like flu but you can have a good flu too", "bb9HS-krP6E-00336-00171240-00171673": "where do they walk with purity the Bible says to pursue purity with those who", "bb9HS-krP6E-00337-00171673-00172021": "trust who call upon the name of the Lord God wants you to pursue purity not in a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00338-00172021-00172651": "vacuum but in the community because somebody say man verse 0.6 last six", "bb9HS-krP6E-00339-00172651-00173263": "isolation love seeks community Amnon not only he had bad friends who told him", "bb9HS-krP6E-00340-00173263-00173752": "that he should do things like pretend but amnon I want you to see where lust", "bb9HS-krP6E-00341-00173752-00174244": "really takes off Amnon meets together with Tamar and they don't go like to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00342-00174244-00174643": "Dairy Queen or you know Red Robin they didn't go to Olive Garden they don't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00343-00174643-00174952": "even go to Starbucks but it's a public place I want you to see how lust", "bb9HS-krP6E-00344-00174952-00175549": "operates it goes somewhere very secret kick everybody out of the room and now", "bb9HS-krP6E-00345-00175549-00176029": "they have alone time I understand what I'm gonna say is gonna be old-fashioned", "bb9HS-krP6E-00346-00176029-00176869": "but I believe isolation leads to fornication nobody fell into sexual sin", "bb9HS-krP6E-00347-00176869-00177889": "in a community and if you did you really messed up you see a psychiatrist nobody", "bb9HS-krP6E-00348-00177889-00178445": "lost their virginity in the home group mmm-hmm that never happened there you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00349-00178445-00179002": "know where that happened when you were alone and usually after 9 p.m.", "bb9HS-krP6E-00350-00179002-00179399": "let's face it you want to walk in purity don't spend time alone", "bb9HS-krP6E-00351-00179399-00179702": "so what do you mean if you're not engaged you have no business being on", "bb9HS-krP6E-00352-00179702-00180107": "the plus this whole idea will me and her a spending time alone and you're not", "bb9HS-krP6E-00353-00180107-00180488": "even dating next thing that happens is the feelings are flying it doesn't help", "bb9HS-krP6E-00354-00180488-00180815": "you to get to know the other person because the moment the person knows you like", "bb9HS-krP6E-00355-00180815-00181177": "them they're no longer themselves they're the best version of themselves", "bb9HS-krP6E-00356-00181177-00181922": "that they hope to be one day and that version you might never see only in your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00357-00181922-00182527": "fourth dimension image during dating let's face it we work alone perfume we", "bb9HS-krP6E-00358-00182527-00182933": "dress the best our car looks clean we drive according to speed limit during", "bb9HS-krP6E-00359-00182933-00183338": "the dating our brother and sister is an angel of heaven if the other person is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00360-00183338-00183928": "watching because we are the best version of ourselves and that's why do not spend", "bb9HS-krP6E-00361-00183928-00184414": "time in isolation and then these people do this they get married and they spend", "bb9HS-krP6E-00362-00184414-00184814": "six seven months in isolation away from other people they get married six months", "bb9HS-krP6E-00363-00184814-00185464": "into and they say nobody wants to hang out with us duh you threw everybody off", "bb9HS-krP6E-00364-00185464-00185846": "of your life for six months people moved on and now you just want people to come", "bb9HS-krP6E-00365-00185846-00186182": "in because you're bored and miserable and the only thing you had going is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00366-00186182-00186686": "fornication and you're tired of each other my friends God's Way is better and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00367-00186686-00187152": "God's Way is if we can show the latter God's way has just few steps", "bb9HS-krP6E-00368-00187152-00188486": "bring the ladder please okay let's just gonna show you could you be kind to help", "bb9HS-krP6E-00369-00188486-00188749": "me to this side", "bb9HS-krP6E-00370-00188992-00190058": "wait could you come yeah so four steps of the ladder the first one or both of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00371-00190058-00190760": "you you see the distance Bible distance the first step is called your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00372-00190760-00191303": "spirituality somebody says spirituality so this is where both of you meet sir", "bb9HS-krP6E-00373-00191303-00191534": "baby I know you didn't dress properly we were not ready for this", "bb9HS-krP6E-00374-00191534-00191864": "this was kind of on the spot spirituality", "bb9HS-krP6E-00375-00191864-00192302": "now most people they have a problem they're like huh you know what if you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00376-00192302-00192653": "meet in the club unfortunately you can start with spirituality have to start", "bb9HS-krP6E-00377-00192653-00193151": "with being secular  already there's no word like that so God wants", "bb9HS-krP6E-00378-00193151-00193616": "you to meet on the spiritual level first meaning that you have spiritual things", "bb9HS-krP6E-00379-00193616-00194009": "in common spirituality is the first step will you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00380-00194009-00194387": "talk about things that are spiritual I know some people's like well I don't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00381-00194387-00194702": "want to I don't want him to be super spiritual I didn't say super spiritual I", "bb9HS-krP6E-00382-00194702-00195233": "said spiritual where they love God and they love you if you don't start there", "bb9HS-krP6E-00383-00195233-00195773": "and you're afraid of some super spiritual people therefore you start", "bb9HS-krP6E-00384-00195773-00196226": "hating people who are spiritual listen to this if you're young lady listen to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00385-00196226-00196913": "me very carefully Amnon did not care what God had to say not short after he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00386-00196913-00197510": "did not care what Tamar had to feel Tamar said no he didn't care about that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00387-00197510-00198092": "either if a man says no to God he will not respect you either if he doesn't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00388-00198092-00198578": "respect the God who died on a cross for him mark my word you will never have his", "bb9HS-krP6E-00389-00198578-00198995": "respect either and people who walk around say I don't want a super", "bb9HS-krP6E-00390-00198995-00199364": "spiritual I understand that but you don't want somebody who doesn't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00391-00199364-00199994": "honor God coz it's a matter of time he will have no honor for you the first one", "bb9HS-krP6E-00392-00199994-00200585": "is spiritual somebody's is spiritual now the second one this is what you got to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00393-00200585-00201386": "take off your shoes and you just is social somebody say social social is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00394-00201386-00201998": "where you share activities not feelings a lot of people they jump right away", "bb9HS-krP6E-00395-00201998-00202344": "when they start with spiritual and they start sharing their feelings today I", "bb9HS-krP6E-00396-00202344-00202734": "love you heart emojis I can't live without you sell precious you still cute", "bb9HS-krP6E-00397-00202734-00203129": "no no no no no you need to become friends you need to find out who you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00398-00203129-00203586": "actually have shared common activities that you enjoyed because after the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00399-00203586-00203970": "feelings fade away six months into marriage and you get a stare into your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00400-00203970-00204575": "Netflix and fight over the fact that Netflix doesn't have new TV shows what", "bb9HS-krP6E-00401-00204575-00205019": "are you gonna do you gotta have shared activities do you have things that are", "bb9HS-krP6E-00402-00205019-00205704": "in common that you enjoy and after social is where comes let's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00403-00205704-00206579": "try this is emotional this is where it gets slippery emotional is when you see", "bb9HS-krP6E-00404-00206579-00207260": "you this is where the emotional emotional has to be after engagement why", "bb9HS-krP6E-00405-00207260-00207830": "a lot of people get emotional before there is any commitment a guy says if we", "bb9HS-krP6E-00406-00207830-00208344": "get emotional I'll commit and the girl says I will give you my emotions because", "bb9HS-krP6E-00407-00208344-00208756": "you promise to commit that's a bunch of baloney", "bb9HS-krP6E-00408-00208756-00209387": "mm-hmm you gotta be emotional because there was a commitment to spiritual", "bb9HS-krP6E-00409-00209387-00209814": "things there was a commitment to shared activities and emotional is sharing your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00410-00209814-00210169": "feelings not your nudes", "bb9HS-krP6E-00411-00211084-00211589": "people today in our generation I'm just gonna say the way it is people in our", "bb9HS-krP6E-00412-00211589-00212123": "generation today get to this stage and Christians non-christians are uncool", "bb9HS-krP6E-00413-00212123-00212666": "they can do whatever they want but Christians snapchatting their nudes to a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00414-00212666-00213221": "guy I'm like are you completely brain-dead first of all you know that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00415-00213221-00213653": "stuff stays online all the time and next thing that happens the guy's screenshots", "bb9HS-krP6E-00416-00213653-00214115": "that did this happen already many times and then he sends it to me", "bb9HS-krP6E-00417-00214115-00214471": "he sends it to other leaders in the church and says this is person who goes", "bb9HS-krP6E-00418-00214471-00214961": "to your church that person who just requested them becomes your biggest", "bb9HS-krP6E-00419-00214961-00215129": "enemy look how that could never happen to me", "bb9HS-krP6E-00423-00215390-00215633": "amnon who raped Tamar and then got rid of her that's exactly what", "bb9HS-krP6E-00424-00215633-00216032": "happens God doesn't want us the reason why God wants to live pure so he can", "bb9HS-krP6E-00425-00216032-00216650": "protect you share your feelings when engagement happens don't go around", "bb9HS-krP6E-00426-00216650-00216967": "sharing your feelings and then next thing that happened is that there's no", "bb9HS-krP6E-00427-00216967-00217250": "engagement there's no commitment there but you already expressed your feelings", "bb9HS-krP6E-00428-00217250-00217826": "always give in the relationship what you're willing to lose and only after", "bb9HS-krP6E-00429-00217826-00218336": "this comes the marriage which we're not going to demonstrate here because what", "bb9HS-krP6E-00430-00218336-00218719": "happens in marriage stays in marriage", "bb9HS-krP6E-00431-00218719-00219255": "come on somebody", "bb9HS-krP6E-00432-00219255-00219607": "you did it you did it great awesome awesome", "bb9HS-krP6E-00433-00219607-00220177": "so what is the first step what is the first step what is the second one thank", "bb9HS-krP6E-00434-00220177-00220501": "you babe what is the third one what is the fourth", "bb9HS-krP6E-00435-00220501-00221514": "one physical amen number seven lust forces sex love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00436-00221514-00222417": "initiates marriage lust gets the Tamar in the room and says I want you but love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00437-00222417-00223026": "gets her in front of the church and says I do", "bb9HS-krP6E-00438-00223026-00223975": "lust buys a condom love buys a ring", "bb9HS-krP6E-00439-00224571-00225526": "condoms are cheap rings are not all of you boys any fool can buy a condom", "bb9HS-krP6E-00440-00225526-00225952": "they sell them right there at the gas station and they're very cheap a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00441-00225952-00226716": "homeless man can buy a condom be a man buy a ring Oh get a job first by the way", "bb9HS-krP6E-00442-00226829-00227300": "it doesn't make you a man with the fact that you can have sex having a penis", "bb9HS-krP6E-00443-00227300-00227633": "doesn't make you a man having principles make you a man", "bb9HS-krP6E-00444-00227633-00228073": "having purity makes you a man having integrity makes you a man", "bb9HS-krP6E-00445-00228721-00229279": "the real men stand up give", "bb9HS-krP6E-00446-00229279-00229473": "God some praise right now", "bb9HS-krP6E-00447-00229850-00230381": "lust lust will take you to the backseat of Honda but love will take you to the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00448-00230381-00230917": "front of the alter lust cannot wait but love True Love Waits", "bb9HS-krP6E-00449-00230917-00231919": "can somebody say Amen number 8 love lust hurts love heals lust always hurts the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00450-00231919-00232348": "person that you're engaged with love heals the person", "bb9HS-krP6E-00451-00232348-00232790": "yes lust has certain adrenaline it has certain thrill it has certain excitement", "bb9HS-krP6E-00452-00232790-00233240": "don't get me wrong and infatuation is good that the thrill is good there's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00453-00233240-00233681": "nothing wrong with heart racing palms sweating and you know you're excited", "bb9HS-krP6E-00454-00233681-00234221": "that's that's awesome my only problem is that when all of that is gone which will", "bb9HS-krP6E-00455-00234221-00234760": "be how are you gonna land I don't do skydiving my sister the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00456-00234760-00235238": "skydiving right there and when you go skydiving you experience a lot of thrill", "bb9HS-krP6E-00457-00235238-00235973": "a lot of excitement adrenaline racing through your body but you know that you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00458-00235973-00236429": "have a parachute so that after all of that adrenaline is gone you can land on", "bb9HS-krP6E-00459-00236429-00237160": "your feet not break them all of that excitement and the infatuation and all", "bb9HS-krP6E-00460-00237160-00237707": "of that stuff make sure that you have a parachute cut love so when all of that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00461-00237707-00238277": "is gone you don't end up with a broken heart but you end up with a good heart a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00462-00238277-00238969": "healed heart lust is jumping out of the airplane without a parachute oh you will", "bb9HS-krP6E-00463-00238969-00239630": "have fun a lot of fun until you break your legs until your heart is broken and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00464-00239630-00240113": "then the very person you had fun with that was so exciting you realize it", "bb9HS-krP6E-00465-00240113-00240571": "takes you 5 6 7 years to recover from that great fun God wants you to have fun", "bb9HS-krP6E-00466-00240571-00241046": "without breaking your legs God wants you to have a thrill God wants you to have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00467-00241046-00241448": "an adrenaline God wants you to have infatuation God wants you to have you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00468-00241448-00241742": "chemistry racing through your body all of that but", "bb9HS-krP6E-00469-00241742-00242228": "within the boundaries of his principles not so he can control you it's so when", "bb9HS-krP6E-00470-00242228-00242576": "the thrill is gone and you're landing to the earth you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00471-00242576-00243323": "nicely lust is when you hold the hand of a person and heart is beating really", "bb9HS-krP6E-00472-00243323-00244004": "fast love is when you hold the hand of a person and you feel safe and you feel", "bb9HS-krP6E-00473-00244004-00244573": "secure and biceps and triceps don't make you safe and secure there's something", "bb9HS-krP6E-00474-00244573-00244942": "within that person that they have and it's more than their looks it's more", "bb9HS-krP6E-00475-00244942-00245408": "than eyelashes or beautiful hair it's more than their figure it's something", "bb9HS-krP6E-00476-00245408-00246121": "within them and that my friend is your parachute so when the thrill is over the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00477-00246121-00247660": "drill of life is not broken almost done number 9 lust does not last love grows", "bb9HS-krP6E-00478-00247660-00248450": "with time Amnon rapes the woman and you think wow great the law of Israel said", "bb9HS-krP6E-00479-00248450-00248855": "that if a man would take advantage of a young virgin in those days he need to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00480-00248855-00249359": "marry her and that's why tamar looks back at him and he says well that's not", "bb9HS-krP6E-00481-00249359-00250016": "how I expected to spend my first night but you know you're the king sucks but", "bb9HS-krP6E-00482-00250016-00250294": "hey and he says get out she says what I mean get out", "bb9HS-krP6E-00483-00250294-00250685": "you wanted me so bad that you got sick you wanted me so bad you lied to your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00484-00250685-00251098": "dad you wanted me so bad you listened to your crazy cousin Jonadab you wanted me", "bb9HS-krP6E-00485-00251098-00251582": "so bad you took advantage of me against my own will and now she says you're", "bb9HS-krP6E-00486-00251582-00252050": "casting me out it's worse than you taken advantage of me why did he not want to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00487-00252050-00252682": "marry her because that's exactly what lust is lust does not last", "bb9HS-krP6E-00488-00252682-00253409": "you go from obsession to rage that's exactly what lasts this lust doesn't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00489-00253409-00253903": "grow with time lust spikes like a rocket and then falls down right away and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00490-00253903-00254366": "that's why if you settle for those thrills you're gonna have to deal with", "bb9HS-krP6E-00491-00254366-00254780": "the down times of it where you hate it where you beaten where you're abused and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00492-00254780-00255192": "when you cast out and you're broken don't settle for lust my friends", "bb9HS-krP6E-00493-00255192-00255646": "settle for love it might be slow in the beginning but it's gonna pick up with", "bb9HS-krP6E-00494-00255646-00256426": "time it's gonna grow with time because it's God's Way and lastly lust will get", "bb9HS-krP6E-00495-00256426-00257236": "punished love will get rewarded God will punish lust if person who commits it", "bb9HS-krP6E-00496-00257236-00257731": "does not repent and God will reward people who walk in love who place value", "bb9HS-krP6E-00497-00257731-00258142": "on the other person who treasures the other person the saddest part of this", "bb9HS-krP6E-00498-00258142-00258667": "story is not the date rape even though that is really bad it's not the fact", "bb9HS-krP6E-00499-00258667-00259092": "that a young woman lost her virginity at 15 years of age against her own consent", "bb9HS-krP6E-00500-00259092-00259735": "that's not the saddest part the saddest part is the man who was the abuser never", "bb9HS-krP6E-00501-00259735-00260386": "apologized never repented his dad never punished him maybe he felt bad because", "bb9HS-krP6E-00502-00260386-00260839": "David himself committed some sins and never once you see a letter and email", "bb9HS-krP6E-00503-00260839-00261259": "of repentance you don't see a song written by Amnon where he breaks his", "bb9HS-krP6E-00504-00261259-00261804": "heart like David did the psalm 51 he went on as though was nobody's business", "bb9HS-krP6E-00505-00261804-00262168": "few years later he thought he got away with it", "bb9HS-krP6E-00506-00262168-00262987": "but God settles the score and God will punish every person who takes advantage", "bb9HS-krP6E-00507-00262987-00263617": "of one of his sons or daughters the scripture says if you cause one of these", "bb9HS-krP6E-00508-00263617-00264028": "little ones to commit sin and this is said by the one who is known for love", "bb9HS-krP6E-00509-00264028-00264628": "Jesus Christ he said it's better for you they they tie a semi-truck around your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00510-00264628-00265198": "neck and throw you into Columbia River he says what's coming for you will be so", "bb9HS-krP6E-00511-00265198-00265882": "much worse then it will be better to drown by a semi shop literally choking", "bb9HS-krP6E-00512-00265882-00266334": "your neck in the Columbia River that's what Jesus said who died for your sin", "bb9HS-krP6E-00513-00266334-00267019": "that tells me every abuser that takes advantage of girls or women will be", "bb9HS-krP6E-00514-00267019-00267445": "punished either in this life or next there is no escape", "bb9HS-krP6E-00515-00267445-00268021": "there's only one way to avoid it it's deep repentance if you were here today", "bb9HS-krP6E-00516-00268021-00268597": "and you took advantage of girls as a man maybe you cheated you broke their heart", "bb9HS-krP6E-00517-00268597-00269157": "and you willfully consciously raised your hand and you hit them God's wrath", "bb9HS-krP6E-00518-00269157-00269575": "is hanging over your life and you will not escape it I don't care if you're", "bb9HS-krP6E-00519-00269575-00270043": "more degrees than a thermometer you will be punished you will pay for it there is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00520-00270043-00270568": "a God in heaven if you will do that to my daughters you would be sorry but if", "bb9HS-krP6E-00521-00270568-00270840": "you do that to God's daughters you will be sorry", "bb9HS-krP6E-00522-00270840-00271409": "Jesus said that God did it to Amnon and he will do exactly same thing to you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00523-00271409-00271915": "unless you deeply deeply repent just because the law didn't catch you just", "bb9HS-krP6E-00524-00271915-00272251": "because there was not enough evidence to put you in jail just because there was", "bb9HS-krP6E-00525-00272251-00272575": "not enough evidence and you talked your way out and went on to do that to other", "bb9HS-krP6E-00526-00272575-00272923": "people and pretend like nothing happened there is a God in heaven he settled", "bb9HS-krP6E-00527-00272923-00273592": "scores and you break somebody's heart God will break you therefore you didn't expect", "bb9HS-krP6E-00528-00273592-00274206": "to hear that in church today huh the reason why I speak so strongly about this is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00529-00274206-00274825": "because I once was guilty of this as well because 10 years ago in fact 33", "bb9HS-krP6E-00530-00274825-00275374": "years ago 13 years 13 years ago I dated one person from our church and I broke", "bb9HS-krP6E-00531-00275374-00275979": "her heart twice my pastor met with me and he said", "bb9HS-krP6E-00532-00275979-00276475": "what you did was wrong he said you had no right to do that you publicly you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00533-00276475-00276775": "know I didn't do anything physical didn't abuse the person but I knew that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00534-00276775-00277225": "I broke the person's heart one of my uncle's in fact Met with me", "bb9HS-krP6E-00535-00277225-00277441": "afterwards and he says if this would have been in Ukraine he said we would", "bb9HS-krP6E-00536-00277441-00277813": "have broken your neck I said praise God we emigrated from", "bb9HS-krP6E-00537-00277813-00278192": "Ukraine and praise God my uncle he do not have", "bb9HS-krP6E-00538-00278192-00278600": "that power to break my neck now look I knew what he meant he was very angry", "bb9HS-krP6E-00539-00278600-00278915": "with me he says you have he says you just broke somebody's heart and your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00540-00278915-00279221": "your twenty-something years of age and I was like I didn't do anything I you know", "bb9HS-krP6E-00541-00279221-00279572": "didn't publicly embarrass the person and but one thing the pastor told me this is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00542-00279572-00279944": "Vlad  he says what you did he says it can actually bring big devastation in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00543-00279944-00280463": "your life unless you repent and you redeem yourself and what am i redeem", "bb9HS-krP6E-00544-00280463-00280907": "myself he says that in your heart you always wish the best for that person and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00545-00280907-00281366": "that in your prayers you pray for the best to that person and you do", "bb9HS-krP6E-00546-00281366-00281765": "everything on your end make sure that person if they are within the radius of", "bb9HS-krP6E-00547-00281765-00282494": "your influence has the best around you and when he said that I prayed for 12", "bb9HS-krP6E-00548-00282494-00283040": "years for that person to be married with the best person of their life and in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00549-00283040-00283712": "fact last year I was honored to facilitate their wedding on the wedding", "bb9HS-krP6E-00550-00283712-00284135": "after the wedding Holy Spirit spoke something on my heart and I felt that", "bb9HS-krP6E-00551-00284135-00284702": "God said I lifted that judgment I'm not saying God was judging me I'm not saying", "bb9HS-krP6E-00552-00284702-00285098": "that God didn't forgive me for what I did but I knew in my heart God wasn't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00553-00285098-00285608": "pleased because when you intentionally break somebody's heart it's God's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00554-00285608-00286022": "daughter I know you might not see it as a big deal because you break up with", "bb9HS-krP6E-00555-00286022-00286544": "people like this but there is a God in heaven and everybody's heart matters to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00556-00286544-00287120": "him and it's time for men to rise up and stop treating people's hearts as garbage", "bb9HS-krP6E-00557-00287120-00287659": "and see people's hearts with dignity and integrity", "bb9HS-krP6E-00558-00287670-00288348": "I know you cannot undo the past I know some things cannot be undone what", "bb9HS-krP6E-00559-00288348-00288714": "happen in the past but you can at least be repented and you can at least in your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00560-00288714-00289242": "heart and in your attitude do everything you can manipulating the person stalking", "bb9HS-krP6E-00561-00289242-00289593": "that person hurting the person gossiping about that person treating you like", "bb9HS-krP6E-00562-00289593-00289958": "nothing happened or not even saying sorry and keep doing it to other people", "bb9HS-krP6E-00563-00289958-00290472": "it's not what's going to bless you in your future Men I challenge you today", "bb9HS-krP6E-00564-00290472-00290898": "to rise up a man of love be a man of integrity don't be a man who goes and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00565-00290898-00291189": "break somebody's heart and acts like nothing happened there is a God in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00566-00291189-00291669": "heaven and he will execute you I'm not saying you're gonna go to hell you might", "bb9HS-krP6E-00567-00291669-00292128": "live in one though while youre here if you broke somebody's heart and God's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00568-00292128-00292497": "bringing you to your mind right now you might need to write a letter maybe send", "bb9HS-krP6E-00569-00292497-00292839": "an email or maybe just in your heart just release it you don't have a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00570-00292839-00293238": "contact with that person just release them so God can release His grace in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00571-00293238-00293636": "your life but in the conclusion I want to speak to people who've been abused", "bb9HS-krP6E-00572-00293636-00293970": "I'm gonna speak to the Tamar's in the room or watching us in life right now", "bb9HS-krP6E-00573-00293970-00294393": "because anon see what I said about this story the reason why the story was", "bb9HS-krP6E-00574-00294393-00294584": "so bad it's not because  that anon didn't repent", "bb9HS-krP6E-00575-00294584-00295089": "it's a Tamar never recovered one of the reasons she never recovered she went", "bb9HS-krP6E-00576-00295089-00295572": "to her brother Absalom and she said I just got raped you know what I'm so", "bb9HS-krP6E-00577-00295572-00295977": "upset hush don't talk about it in our family", "bb9HS-krP6E-00578-00295977-00296486": "we don't talk about this stuff put it under the carpet or just your brother he", "bb9HS-krP6E-00579-00296486-00296960": "didn't mean it excuse me what do you mean hush what do", "bb9HS-krP6E-00580-00296960-00297453": "you mean it's just the brother what do you mean it's just my uncle I everything", "bb9HS-krP6E-00581-00297453-00297720": "was taken from you I don't know if I could ever and he pretty much put it", "bb9HS-krP6E-00582-00297720-00297993": "under the carpet and pretend that nothing happened never took her to the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00583-00297993-00298358": "doctor never took her to a pastor never took her to a prophet never took her for", "bb9HS-krP6E-00584-00298358-00298698": "prayer and the scripture says that she never married she never recovered from", "bb9HS-krP6E-00585-00298698-00299241": "the incident that happened at the age of 15 because you can't just put that stuff", "bb9HS-krP6E-00586-00299241-00299616": "under the carpet and I want to speak to every Tamar today who's been taken", "bb9HS-krP6E-00587-00299616-00299981": "advantage of on a date who's been taken advantage with maybe by somebody who is", "bb9HS-krP6E-00588-00299981-00300332": "supposed to trust you somebody that you went into the room to make pancakes but", "bb9HS-krP6E-00589-00300332-00300648": "next thing that happened to you you will never be able to undo I want to tell you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00590-00300648-00300888": "something that whatever happened there you cannot", "bb9HS-krP6E-00591-00300888-00301259": "you could have not prevented that it's not your fault but your life is not", "bb9HS-krP6E-00592-00301259-00301757": "defined by that encounter in that room you still have a future and you still", "bb9HS-krP6E-00593-00301757-00301984": "have a hope", "bb9HS-krP6E-00594-00302265-00302670": "the scripture says the Spirit of the Lord is upon me for he anointed me to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00595-00302670-00303120": "heal the brokenhearted that is the first mission of Jesus on this earth he knows", "bb9HS-krP6E-00596-00303120-00303519": "that what happened there is not your fault but he knows that there is a power", "bb9HS-krP6E-00597-00303519-00304071": "to heal neglecting your wound will get him only infected it doesn't get him", "bb9HS-krP6E-00598-00304071-00304478": "healed but if you bring your wounds to God and you see God I'm hurting God I've", "bb9HS-krP6E-00599-00304478-00304848": "been thinking advantage of God my heart has been broken God I feel like it's my", "bb9HS-krP6E-00600-00304848-00305033": "fault god I feel like you know what I feel", "bb9HS-krP6E-00601-00305033-00305860": "like it's because I'm ugly or because I'm not good enough and the person moved on like it was nobody's business god it hurts", "bb9HS-krP6E-00602-00305930-00306616": "God will show his love to you God will love on you God will heal you and God", "bb9HS-krP6E-00603-00306616-00306946": "will restore you and you're not gonna need to go to the next boyfriend to just", "bb9HS-krP6E-00604-00306946-00307305": "do a revenge on your ex you're not gonna need to go to the next", "bb9HS-krP6E-00605-00307305-00307659": "relationship to put a band-aid because you will go into a relationship with God", "bb9HS-krP6E-00606-00307659-00308010": "and you will take time to heal yourself because Tamar your life doesn't end", "bb9HS-krP6E-00607-00308010-00308582": "at fifteen God still has a hope and the plan in the future he says in Jeremiah", "bb9HS-krP6E-00608-00308582-00308955": "he came to give life and more abundantly he came to heal the", "bb9HS-krP6E-00609-00308955-00309367": "brokenhearted to restore but your restoration today will begin you have to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00610-00309367-00309847": "forgive anon you have to forgive that uncle you have to forgive that ex you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00611-00309847-00310256": "have to forgive that person and I know they don't deserve it they definitely", "bb9HS-krP6E-00612-00310256-00310894": "didn't earn it it doesn't make it right when you forgive but when you don't", "bb9HS-krP6E-00613-00310894-00311440": "forgive you setting yourself on fire hoping that they will burn from it when", "bb9HS-krP6E-00614-00311440-00311820": "you don't forgive this is what happens a", "bb9HS-krP6E-00615-00311838-00312271": "snake rolled into somebody's shop and an", "bb9HS-krP6E-00616-00312271-00313050": "accident cut itself and this edge and a snake really thought that saw was trying", "bb9HS-krP6E-00617-00313050-00313594": "to attack this snake so it went back biting the saw as he was biting the side", "bb9HS-krP6E-00618-00313594-00314007": "decided to suffocate the saw to kill the saw because the saw caused the pain and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00619-00314007-00314565": "as the snake started to wrap around the saw to to cause the saw to die the snake", "bb9HS-krP6E-00620-00314565-00315072": "killed herself whatever happened to you as a saw it's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00621-00315072-00315565": "unfortunate we live in a broken world whether the person meant it or not", "bb9HS-krP6E-00622-00315565-00316017": "whether they moved on or not you must understand you cannot punish that person", "bb9HS-krP6E-00623-00316017-00316827": "by hurting yourself you're only gonna destroy your future the bite the hurt", "bb9HS-krP6E-00624-00316827-00317331": "that you got God can restore and heal that wound God can turn into a scar", "bb9HS-krP6E-00625-00317331-00317760": "within a few years and that scar God will use as your star and as your", "bb9HS-krP6E-00626-00317760-00318210": "testimony and you will move forward and you will move on do not go back and wrap", "bb9HS-krP6E-00627-00318210-00318630": "your life around that incident because it will only cut you that person will", "bb9HS-krP6E-00628-00318630-00318860": "move on", "bb9HS-krP6E-00629-00319045-00319493": "now every statistics and how many people are taking advantage of especially girls it's it's", "bb9HS-krP6E-00630-00319493-00319904": "staggering it's shocking which has had a freedom weekend and hearing how many", "bb9HS-krP6E-00631-00319904-00320492": "girls and guys as well but mainly girls go through this stuff that Tamar went", "bb9HS-krP6E-00632-00320492-00321251": "through is mind-blowing it's it's just almost unbelievable but what I'm excited", "bb9HS-krP6E-00633-00321251-00321695": "about is there is the power of God to heal and there is a power of God to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00634-00321695-00322102": "deliver and there is a power of God to restore", "bb9HS-krP6E-00635-00322581-00323025": "i prophesy to every tamar that you will forgive you will recover and you", "bb9HS-krP6E-00636-00323025-00323403": "will be healed i prophesy to every tamar that there is still future inside", "bb9HS-krP6E-00637-00323403-00323862": "of you i prophesy to every Amnon that god will deliver you God will heal you and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00638-00323862-00324390": "God will forgive you but you must repent God extends mercy to the repentant in", "bb9HS-krP6E-00639-00324390-00324747": "Jesus name thank you for watching this content I hope this was a blessing to", "bb9HS-krP6E-00640-00324747-00325326": "you if you're like me and you like to click on things click on this subscribe", "bb9HS-krP6E-00641-00325326-00325770": "to our Channel and the content will come to you every time we post it and", "bb9HS-krP6E-00642-00325770-00326180": "remember the best is yet to come"}}, {"audio_id": "bbCuYUDa858", "text": {"bbCuYUDa858-00000-00000840-00000961": "Ron, thank you for joining us.", "bbCuYUDa858-00001-00000961-00001242": "It's my pleasure Yad.", "bbCuYUDa858-00002-00001242-00001864": "Starting with your book \"Heroic Misadventures,\" in it you largely write about your own business", "bbCuYUDa858-00003-00001864-00002564": "escapades, however, this book also provides a fascinating real life account of forty years", "bbCuYUDa858-00004-00002663-00003363": "of history of Australia (1960's through 1990's). How did the book come about?", "bbCuYUDa858-00005-00003425-00004125": "It started off just being a book about my what I call misadventures, which is what I've", "bbCuYUDa858-00006-00004158-00004765": "learned from some of my ventures into business. Some went very well, some didn't go very well.", "bbCuYUDa858-00007-00004765-00005211": "But while I was writing it, especially as I was coming to the conclusion of the book,", "bbCuYUDa858-00008-00005211-00005857": "I realized that the book itself was more about Australia for those 40 years. Because, I was", "bbCuYUDa858-00009-00005857-00006409": "having some misadventures, some things worked and some things didn't work, but Australia", "bbCuYUDa858-00010-00006409-00007109": "itself was going through the series of cycles. In the early seventies Australia had emerged", "bbCuYUDa858-00011-00007518-00008218": "from a period of extreme wealth where wealth was abundant. But then we blew it all. We", "bbCuYUDa858-00012-00008331-00009031": "had about 15 difficult years, and I could see that as we were moving into the 2008 era,", "bbCuYUDa858-00013-00009208-00009863": "we've come out once again in an era with abundant wealth, everything was going, it was too-good,", "bbCuYUDa858-00014-00009863-00010563": "and could see that we have not conserved anything. We're not saving anything for downtime and", "bbCuYUDa858-00015-00010599-00011193": "then the TFC - the global financial crisis came along and caught so many people unexpectedly.", "bbCuYUDa858-00016-00011193-00011893": "They were exposed. Too-much debt. And then, now we're back where we were in the early", "bbCuYUDa858-00017-00011931-00012631": "seventies. We should be again continuing through prudent investments -- buoyancy, but we've", "bbCuYUDa858-00018-00013086-00013756": "fallen in the heap and now we've got a rebuilding process, personally and nationally.", "bbCuYUDa858-00019-00013756-00014345": "So basically you are back where you started.", "bbCuYUDa858-00020-00014345-00014841": "Sure! Wonderful cycle, two wonderful cycles, back in the early seventies where we were", "bbCuYUDa858-00021-00014841-00015541": "coming out of a nickel boom and oil exploration. It was very soundly based, but these commodities", "bbCuYUDa858-00022-00015690-00016390": "-- they come to the end of the run and you think it's going to go forever; it never goes", "bbCuYUDa858-00023-00016423-00017123": "forever. And the same with this cycle. And we were carrying too-much debt.", "bbCuYUDa858-00024-00017223-00017923": "I guess how did that book come to be, it's really the fourth of the series of books.", "bbCuYUDa858-00025-00018037-00018737": "I started documenting my grandfather's era, he was one of the first mining engineers to", "bbCuYUDa858-00026-00018870-00019570": "ever come to Western Australia. He had left a series of diaries and notes. He died 13", "bbCuYUDa858-00027-00019570-00020270": "years before I was born, so I never really met him, but I was largely influenced by him.", "bbCuYUDa858-00028-00020298-00020990": "To get to know him better, I decided to do his book. It was called \"So I Headed West.\"", "bbCuYUDa858-00029-00021012-00021587": "And that got me interested into family history and the activities of that time. That was", "bbCuYUDa858-00030-00021587-00022202": "an era when miners were heroes. They went out and they created cities, they created", "bbCuYUDa858-00031-00022202-00022724": "the inland, they created the substance of Australia on which we are still living today.", "bbCuYUDa858-00032-00022724-00023354": "Then I followed that up with two other books: one was of an early prospector called Balzano", "bbCuYUDa858-00033-00023354-00023862": "and his early adventures, and the third book was about -- I called it \"Never a Dull", "bbCuYUDa858-00034-00023862-00024385": "Moment\" because that covered my parents' era. That took it right through the 1970.", "bbCuYUDa858-00035-00024385-00025008": "And that I stopped at 1970, because it was very appropriate, because some major mineral", "bbCuYUDa858-00036-00025008-00025708": "discoveries were made in Australia, and the whole world arrived on our doorstep to seek", "bbCuYUDa858-00037-00025781-00026287": "these minerals. And they brought a lot of exploration techniques and a lot of knowledge.", "bbCuYUDa858-00038-00026287-00026902": "That was the time to stop that book, so the \"Heroic Misadventures\" continued on from", "bbCuYUDa858-00039-00026902-00026991": "that one.", "bbCuYUDa858-00040-00026991-00027691": "The structure came to me ... I was being interviewed by the Australian national radio \"ABC,\"", "bbCuYUDa858-00041-00027699-00028218": "and they asked me how I got interested in history of it so I was talking about this,", "bbCuYUDa858-00042-00028218-00028700": "the substance, the subjects of this, and the interviewer said: \"Ron, you've had such", "bbCuYUDa858-00043-00028700-00029264": "an interesting career, you should make a book of it.\" So I thought, with that degree of", "bbCuYUDa858-00044-00029264-00029806": "encouragement I will make a book of it.", "bbCuYUDa858-00045-00029806-00030297": "Early on in the book we find our that you got into business at a very early age, such", "bbCuYUDa858-00046-00030297-00030997": "as for example selling newspapers at age 10, than making and selling rudimentary radios", "bbCuYUDa858-00047-00031118-00031818": "from germanium tubes, to working in your father's mining supplies shop. How much importance", "bbCuYUDa858-00048-00031927-00032497": "do you attribute to these early real world work experiences in putting you on the right", "bbCuYUDa858-00049-00032497-00032708": "path to the eventual success in life?", "bbCuYUDa858-00050-00032708-00033450": "I think what we do as young people, to express our desire to be independent, I wanted to", "bbCuYUDa858-00051-00033500-00034270": "be independent of my parents financially. I wanted to to be paying my mother housekeeping", "bbCuYUDa858-00052-00034272-00034972": "from the time I was about ten. That drove me to be a poker boy, and then with the money", "bbCuYUDa858-00053-00035088-00035788": "I saved from those early adventures I bought a jukebox, and had a first jukebox in the", "bbCuYUDa858-00054-00035869-00036550": "city where I was living at the time. I think it was a desire to be independent, that forms", "bbCuYUDa858-00055-00036550-00037177": "who you are. How long you wish to be just living off your parents, or at what stage", "bbCuYUDa858-00056-00037177-00037850": "you want to be independent and supporting yourself. So it's been a strong desire since", "bbCuYUDa858-00057-00037850-00038009": "age ten.", "bbCuYUDa858-00058-00038009-00038525": "In that perspective, what advice would you give to today's young people that are just", "bbCuYUDa858-00059-00038525-00039030": "starting out with their own careers and are investing in their own future? Should they", "bbCuYUDa858-00060-00039030-00039438": "just go and get a college degree?", "bbCuYUDa858-00061-00039438-00040138": "No. It's a question that is often asked of me. We've sent about 640 young scholars to", "bbCuYUDa858-00062-00040278-00040933": "conferences and internships around the world, and they are often asking this question: what", "bbCuYUDa858-00063-00040933-00041633": "makes the difference? It's a question I often ask. I've met a lot of very successful people,", "bbCuYUDa858-00064-00041728-00042363": "and that's the question I always ask of them: \"what happened in your life that made all", "bbCuYUDa858-00065-00042363-00043063": "the difference?\" You know, this is a surprising thing: their answer is never their education,", "bbCuYUDa858-00066-00043228-00043928": "it's never which university they went to, it's not what clubs they are part of, it was", "bbCuYUDa858-00067-00044000-00044590": "always, always, a little surprising event that happened in their life. Something that", "bbCuYUDa858-00068-00044590-00045290": "just came along out of the blue, and they saw that opportunity for what it was, it was", "bbCuYUDa858-00069-00045368-00045850": "an opportunity, they seized it, and they made the most of it. And that made them just a", "bbCuYUDa858-00070-00045850-00046443": "little bit different to everyone else. I tell the young students that this is very important.", "bbCuYUDa858-00071-00046443-00047143": "When they are seeking a career, they produce a cv, a document saying how good they are.", "bbCuYUDa858-00072-00047240-00047940": "All those cv's, all those documents look alike. They come out of the educational system like", "bbCuYUDa858-00073-00048024-00048724": "peas out of a pod. When you are seeking someone for a very key position, you don't really", "bbCuYUDa858-00074-00048911-00049611": "want someone without that spark of individuality. You don't want somebody that's like a pea", "bbCuYUDa858-00075-00049621-00050127": "out of a pod. And it is that little event that happened in their life. Two events that", "bbCuYUDa858-00076-00050127-00050716": "I won't mention happened to me when I was much younger. They took me out of a country", "bbCuYUDa858-00077-00050716-00051416": "town, they've made realize there is a world out there. That's been worrying me ever since.", "bbCuYUDa858-00078-00051440-00052140": "I'm grappling, I'm engaging myself with the world, not with very small environment in", "bbCuYUDa858-00079-00052184-00052884": "which we're normally born and raised. So that's it: be different, be courageous, and concentrate", "bbCuYUDa858-00080-00052990-00053329": "on what makes you different to all the others.", "bbCuYUDa858-00081-00053329-00053895": "On the matter of how you prepare yourself for the career that you've chosen for yourself,", "bbCuYUDa858-00082-00053895-00054850": "it reminds me of the wise ... I had a mentor called Leonard E Read, and he founded the", "bbCuYUDa858-00083-00054894-00055594": "Foundation for Economic Education in the US way back I think in about 1947. But he used", "bbCuYUDa858-00084-00055720-00056420": "to say to me: \"Ron, for your career, don't push yourself. Only go where you are invited.", "bbCuYUDa858-00085-00056660-00057314": "But, be prepared.\" So always be preparing yourself for that career that you have in", "bbCuYUDa858-00086-00057314-00058014": "mind for yourself out there in front. So when the occasion arises, you are ready. And you", "bbCuYUDa858-00087-00058026-00058540": "can put your hand up and say well, I know a little bit about that, and you will be so", "bbCuYUDa858-00088-00058540-00059058": "different from everyone else who will be apologizing for not knowing enough about it. You will", "bbCuYUDa858-00089-00059058-00059586": "be prepared, and you will be selected. You will be invited, and you will be ready for", "bbCuYUDa858-00090-00059586-00059709": "when you're invited.", "bbCuYUDa858-00091-00059709-00060400": "Many of the so called \"wannabe entrepreneurs\" who hesitate on making their own entrepreneurial", "bbCuYUDa858-00092-00060400-00061079": "moves will appreciate reading your book and can learn a lot from all the experiences that", "bbCuYUDa858-00093-00061079-00061725": "you have had. However, so many of them, even after reading so many how to books on economics", "bbCuYUDa858-00094-00061725-00062208": "and business, they are still stuck in their own little world that they hesitate to make", "bbCuYUDa858-00095-00062208-00062872": "that move and finally become entrepreneurs. I guess they are really afraid of failure.", "bbCuYUDa858-00096-00062872-00063260": "What would you advise those people to do?", "bbCuYUDa858-00097-00063260-00063909": "I guess I got a background in engineering and engineers are very good at measuring things.", "bbCuYUDa858-00098-00063909-00064750": "If I have made a career move, or if we started or got involved in a business and it didn't", "bbCuYUDa858-00099-00064804-00065504": "go so well, I later evaluate it. I ask what went wrong? You measure these things. And", "bbCuYUDa858-00100-00065649-00066292": "we do that the same, and I'll mention later how we use the same sort of technique within", "bbCuYUDa858-00101-00066292-00066827": "our foundation, but I measure these things or find out what went wrong, what did I do", "bbCuYUDa858-00102-00066827-00067460": "wrong, and that makes me very determined to start again. In the next venture, to correct", "bbCuYUDa858-00103-00067460-00068124": "all those mistakes, to steady and maintain the focus on the things that did work very", "bbCuYUDa858-00104-00068124-00068714": "well, and avoid the things that didn't work as well as we had hoped.", "bbCuYUDa858-00105-00068714-00069170": "Isn't entrepreneurship something that perhaps people are, say, born with? Entrepreneurial", "bbCuYUDa858-00106-00069170-00069606": "spirit, is it something that we can learn over time, trial and error?", "bbCuYUDa858-00107-00069606-00070147": "Well, it takes courage. It takes courage, we have all this knowledge, most of us have", "bbCuYUDa858-00108-00070147-00070824": "the ability to be entrepreneurial, but the type of employment that's offered these days", "bbCuYUDa858-00109-00070824-00071524": "really offer so much security that many people are afraid to leave that security blanket", "bbCuYUDa858-00110-00071538-00072110": "and try it for themselves. They'll never be entrepreneurs if they are more influenced", "bbCuYUDa858-00111-00072110-00073270": "by security of tenure, superannuation, benefits, and the fact that their job comes with a car", "bbCuYUDa858-00112-00073290-00073825": "and a housing allowance, and all this other fruit that goes with these security things.", "bbCuYUDa858-00113-00073825-00074338": "But that's not entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is saying I don't want any of that because", "bbCuYUDa858-00114-00074338-00074688": "I have enough confidence in my own ability to succeed."}}, {"audio_id": "bc5xbqHUQec", "text": {"bc5xbqHUQec-00000-00000084-00001055": "Hello everyone Merry Christmas everyone, despite the holidays, it is very important to cook", "bc5xbqHUQec-00001-00001055-00002236": "dinner for the family and to make something so quick and not very laborious, I found a", "bc5xbqHUQec-00002-00002236-00003681": "recipe for a rustic pie that you need a kilo of potatoes for this 1 onion half a kilo of", "bc5xbqHUQec-00003-00003681-00004617": "minced beef two bell peppers see what chic about 80 grams of seasoning oil this is Paprika", "bc5xbqHUQec-00004-00004617-00005495": "this is fenugreek I took a tablespoon of flour 200 grams and these tomatoes can be used whole", "bc5xbqHUQec-00005-00005495-00006176": "because I didn’t have it in the refrigerator we will cook with this So let’s start cooking,", "bc5xbqHUQec-00006-00006176-00006590": "first you need to peel and boil the potatoes", "bc5xbqHUQec-00007-00006590-00007486": "I cleaned and set the potatoes to boil while they boil and we are waiting, we start preparing", "bc5xbqHUQec-00008-00007486-00008554": "the filling, first we need to cut and fry the onion and pepper separately, we will fry", "bc5xbqHUQec-00009-00008554-00008742": "the minced meat", "bc5xbqHUQec-00010-00008742-00010564": "we fried the vegetables a little now we remove them from the pan in one bean add a little", "bc5xbqHUQec-00011-00010564-00014619": "oil and we will fry", "bc5xbqHUQec-00012-00014619-00024098": "So well, it’s already a little fried with minced meat Turn off and mix with vegetables", "bc5xbqHUQec-00013-00024098-00025676": "Salt pepper add seasonings", "bc5xbqHUQec-00014-00025676-00026070": "salt", "bc5xbqHUQec-00015-00026070-00028044": "all the stuffing is ready", "bc5xbqHUQec-00016-00028044-00029420": "the potatoes are cooked now we are mashing them", "bc5xbqHUQec-00017-00029420-00030092": "must be measured well.", "bc5xbqHUQec-00018-00030092-00030595": "so add butter", "bc5xbqHUQec-00019-00030595-00031436": "this will be our dough", "bc5xbqHUQec-00020-00031436-00031939": "and add flour", "bc5xbqHUQec-00021-00031939-00033618": "I was surprised by this recipe that there is no egg", "bc5xbqHUQec-00022-00033618-00037224": "because, of course, they usually put this in the dough both in a cage and there, and", "bc5xbqHUQec-00023-00037224-00037966": "this is without eggs", "bc5xbqHUQec-00024-00037966-00039878": "here we get it now it will cool down a bit", "bc5xbqHUQec-00025-00039878-00040456": "we can make the dough", "bc5xbqHUQec-00026-00040456-00042208": "we are all waiting for when, of course, the shoulder is hot enough, but I decided to start", "bc5xbqHUQec-00027-00042208-00042308": "anyway", "bc5xbqHUQec-00028-00042308-00042597": "collect the cake", "bc5xbqHUQec-00029-00042597-00042897": "so we form the walls", "bc5xbqHUQec-00030-00042897-00043168": "we form the walls", "bc5xbqHUQec-00031-00043168-00044906": "the dough is very pleasant to the touch so very elastic", "bc5xbqHUQec-00032-00044906-00045504": "bumpers", "bc5xbqHUQec-00033-00045504-00046756": "in principle, a very easy and worthy recipe, I even like it", "bc5xbqHUQec-00034-00046756-00047529": "So", "bc5xbqHUQec-00035-00047529-00048956": "I formed everything and I begin to spread our beginning", "bc5xbqHUQec-00036-00048956-00049800": "uh oh it even smells delicious", "bc5xbqHUQec-00037-00049800-00050262": "this is the scent", "bc5xbqHUQec-00038-00050262-00051933": "So we still have left This tomato we put tomatoes on top", "bc5xbqHUQec-00039-00051933-00057705": "as I understood that it was not dry that there was not a dry cake", "bc5xbqHUQec-00040-00057705-00058276": "so open the bank", "bc5xbqHUQec-00041-00058276-00060023": "I want to put it out to see if it's a little chic they're not so watery [music]", "bc5xbqHUQec-00042-00060023-00060523": "and start laying out", "bc5xbqHUQec-00043-00060523-00062155": "If you use fresh, then two tomatoes will be enough for you.", "bc5xbqHUQec-00044-00062155-00062657": "what flavor", "bc5xbqHUQec-00045-00062657-00064907": "think you like it", "bc5xbqHUQec-00046-00064907-00065856": "smells", "bc5xbqHUQec-00047-00065856-00068975": "so we put it in the oven for half an hour We put it on the table Very soon half an hour", "bc5xbqHUQec-00048-00068975-00073106": "will pass and by the time I take out the pie I want to cut the cheese in general, you can", "bc5xbqHUQec-00049-00073106-00074340": "grate hard cheese Well, since I didn’t have it at hand I’ll take such a command and", "bc5xbqHUQec-00050-00074340-00074706": "just cut it into slices", "bc5xbqHUQec-00051-00074706-00074926": "put on top", "bc5xbqHUQec-00052-00074926-00075255": "he's still there with mushrooms", "bc5xbqHUQec-00053-00075255-00075913": "I'll just cut it into pieces", "bc5xbqHUQec-00054-00075913-00077311": "cubes because it is soft and grated it by no means", "bc5xbqHUQec-00055-00077311-00081880": "so I take out the pie so we", "bc5xbqHUQec-00056-00081880-00082179": "have it so beautiful", "bc5xbqHUQec-00057-00082179-00082572": "how delicious it smells", "bc5xbqHUQec-00058-00082572-00086068": "yummy and I just take it like this and spread it out And after that we still bake it for", "bc5xbqHUQec-00059-00086068-00086962": "10 minutes, I think it will be enough", "bc5xbqHUQec-00060-00086962-00087557": "but it smells great", "bc5xbqHUQec-00061-00087557-00089571": "delicious just such a very tasty dinner Well, maybe about that", "bc5xbqHUQec-00062-00089571-00090613": "even I think that it’s not a shame to serve such a pie to the guests.", "bc5xbqHUQec-00063-00090613-00090976": "So I put everything for 10 minutes", "bc5xbqHUQec-00064-00090976-00091379": "10 minutes have passed and we get our result", "bc5xbqHUQec-00065-00091379-00092074": "Well, what I want to tell you, of course, hard cheese would be better.", "bc5xbqHUQec-00066-00092074-00092823": "In general, it’s ideal to have dinner and meet guests is not a sin.", "bc5xbqHUQec-00067-00092823-00093660": "recipes so that we can investigate whether this recipe is successful or not so please", "bc5xbqHUQec-00068-00093660-00093851": "subscribe to my channel"}}, {"audio_id": "bcgdCbA3S5U", "text": {"bcgdCbA3S5U-00000-00000797-00001978": "♪♪", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00001-00002102-00002218": "HELLO, GARDENERS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00002-00002218-00002355": "WELCOME TO MID-AMERICAN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00003-00002355-00002392": "GARDENER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00004-00002392-00002535": "WE ARE GLAD THAT YOU HAVE TUNED", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00005-00002535-00002562": "IN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00006-00002562-00002789": "WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00007-00002789-00002902": "PLANTS AND WHATEVER IS HAPPENING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00008-00002902-00003099": "IN THE GARDEN RIGHT NOW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00009-00003099-00003233": "SO DO STAY TUNED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00010-00003233-00003363": "MY NAME IS DIANNE NOLAND.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00011-00003363-00003616": "AND I TEACH HORTICULTURE DURING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00012-00003616-00003790": "THE SCHOOL YEAR AT THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00013-00003790-00003897": "UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS IN THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00014-00003897-00004090": "CROP SCIENCES DEPARTMENT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00015-00004090-00004310": "SO I WILL HANDLE CUT FLOWERS AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00016-00004310-00004444": "MAYBE PERENNIALS, ET CETERA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00017-00004444-00004744": "BUT WE ALSO HAVE THREE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00018-00004744-00004968": "KNOWLEDGEABLE, HIGHLY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00019-00004968-00005128": "INTELLIGENT AND JUST REALLY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00020-00005128-00005248": "INTERESTING PEOPLE HERE WITH ME", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00021-00005248-00005281": "TODAY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00022-00005281-00005492": "SO LET'S FIND OUT WHO THEY ARE,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00023-00005492-00005642": "AND THEY WILL DO SOME E-MAILS OR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00024-00005642-00005759": "SHOW AND TELLS AS WELL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00025-00005759-00005915": "I AM FIRST GOING TO THROW IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00026-00005915-00006036": "OVER TO YOU, SHANE CULTRA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00027-00006036-00006129": "THANKS, DIANNE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00028-00006129-00006209": "I AM SHANE CULTRA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00029-00006209-00006506": "I AM ONE OF THE CO-OWNERS OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00030-00006506-00006816": "COUNTRY ARBORS NURSERIES IN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00031-00006816-00006850": "URBANA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00032-00006850-00007187": "WE GROW PERENNIALS, AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00033-00007187-00007387": "UTILITIES, TREES, SHRUBS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00034-00007387-00007510": "I CAN ANSWER ANY QUESTION ABOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00035-00007510-00007660": "THAT. I HAVE BEEN ON THE SHOW 22", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00036-00007660-00007881": "YEARS OLD.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00037-00007881-00008114": "EVEN THOUGH I DON'T LOOK OLD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00038-00008114-00008148": "ENOUGH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00039-00008148-00008568": ">> I CAN ANSWER ALL KIND OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00040-00008568-00008608": "QUESTIONS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00041-00008608-00008665": ">> YOU WERE SEVEN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00042-00008665-00008795": "I WAS TRYING TO DO THE MATH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00043-00008795-00009162": ">> TIGER WOODS OF GARDEN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00044-00009162-00009205": "QUESTIONING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00045-00009205-00009309": ">> WHAT IS ALL THIS BEAUTIFUL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00046-00009309-00009436": "STUFF YOU BROUGHT?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00047-00009436-00009676": ">> TODAY I BROUGHT A PLANT, I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00048-00009676-00009909": "DIDN'T REALIZE HOW MUCH I LIKED", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00049-00009909-00010150": "IT, UNTIL EVERY HOUSE I WENT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00050-00010150-00010413": "INTO, THERE WAS ONE PLANT I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00051-00010413-00010697": "LIKED, IT ALL TURNED OUT TO BE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00052-00010697-00010734": "VERBENA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00053-00010734-00011131": "I PURCHASED -- OR BROUGHT IN ALL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00054-00011131-00011191": "DIFFERENT COLORS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00055-00011191-00011401": "THERE IS A GREAT MIX OF COLORS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00056-00011401-00011685": "IN VERBENA, DIFFERENT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00057-00011685-00011825": "COMBINATIONS WITHIN THE PLANT,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00058-00011825-00012018": "PASTELS AND REDS, AND DARKS AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00059-00012018-00012148": "REALLY EASY TO GROW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00060-00012148-00012292": "THEY FLOWER ALL SUMMER LONG, AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00061-00012292-00012552": "THEY ARE REALLY NOT TOO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00062-00012552-00012595": "EXPENSIVE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00063-00012595-00012716": "THAT COMBINATION IS ALWAYS GOOD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00064-00012716-00012969": "WHEN IT COMES TO PLANTS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00065-00012969-00013169": "YEAH, THISSER GOING TO DIE AT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00066-00013169-00013339": "THE END OF THE YEAR, WHAT KIND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00067-00013339-00013523": "OF PLANT GETS YOU FROM APRIL ALL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00068-00013523-00013743": "THE WAY INTO LATE SEPTEMBER FULL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00069-00013743-00013777": "OF:R --", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00070-00013777-00013983": ">> YOU CAN DO ONE COLOR OR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00071-00013983-00014140": "BEAUTIFUL MIXTURE JUST THE WAY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00072-00014140-00014317": "YOU HAVE IT HERE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00073-00014317-00014611": ">> I TOOK A PICTURE OF THAT AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00074-00014611-00014924": "PUT IT AS A SCREEN SAFER ON MY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00075-00014924-00014954": "PHONE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00076-00014954-00015205": "YOU KNOW IT IS NICE WHEN YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00077-00015205-00015398": "TAKE A PICTURE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00078-00015398-00015665": ">> OH, FROM A NURSERY MAN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00079-00015665-00015729": "ALL RIGHT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00080-00015729-00015945": "LET'S GO TO KAY CARNES IN THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00081-00015945-00015979": "MIDDLE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00082-00015979-00016079": ">>", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00083-00016079-00016159": ">> HI.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00084-00016159-00016316": "I AM KAY CARNES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00085-00016316-00016606": "I AM THE CHAMPAIGN COUNTY MASTER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00086-00016606-00016656": "GARDENER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00087-00016656-00017163": "MY AREAS OF INTEREST ARE HERBS,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00088-00017163-00017380": "VEGETABLES, SEED SAVING, AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00089-00017380-00017484": "SOME PERENNIALS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00090-00017484-00017677": "AND YOU BROUGHT TONIGHT -- THIS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00091-00017677-00018018": "IS ONE OF MY MANY FAVORITE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00092-00018018-00018048": "HERBS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00093-00018048-00018198": "IT IS CALLED SUMMER SAVORY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00094-00018198-00018461": "THERE IS ACTUALLY TWO DIFFERENT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00095-00018461-00018511": "SAVORIES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00096-00018511-00018755": "THE SUMMER SAVORY IS AN ANNUAL,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00097-00018755-00018985": "AND THEN THERE IS A PERENNIAL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00098-00018985-00019089": "CALLED WINTER SAVORY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00099-00019089-00019289": "THE SUMMER SAVORY I LIKE A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00100-00019289-00019703": "LITTLE BETTER THAN THE WINTER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00101-00019703-00019783": "SAVORY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00102-00019783-00020176": "AS YOU CAN SEE, IT IS KIND OF A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00103-00020176-00020310": "TALL RANGY PLANT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00104-00020310-00020377": "IT FLOPS OVER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00105-00020377-00020570": "SO I HAVE ACTUALLY CUT IT BACK", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00106-00020570-00020754": "SO IT WILL BUSH OUT A LITTLE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00107-00020754-00020790": "MORE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00108-00020790-00021131": "YOU CAN CUT THEM AND DRY THEM OR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00109-00021131-00021214": "USE THEM FRESH ANY TIME DURING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00110-00021214-00021414": "THE GROWING SEASON.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00111-00021414-00021688": "LATER ON, THEY WILL START TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00112-00021688-00021871": "FLOWER KIND OF LIKE BASIL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00113-00021871-00022035": "I KEEP CUTTING IT BACK WHEN IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00114-00022035-00022255": "FLOWERS TO KEEP IT GROWING AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00115-00022255-00022442": "LASTING A LITTLE LONGER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00116-00022442-00022839": "IT DRIES QUITE NICELY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00117-00022839-00023126": "IT IS USED A LOT WITH BEANS AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00118-00023126-00023319": "POTATOES AND, OF COURSE, MEAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00119-00023319-00023516": "IT IS EXCELLENT WITH MEAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00120-00023516-00023646": "WINTER SAVORY IS A LITTLE BIT --", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00121-00023646-00023830": "AND THE SUMMER SAVORY HAS KIND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00122-00023830-00024160": "OF A PEPPERY FLAVOR TO IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00123-00024160-00024444": ">> WINTER SAVORY IS A LITTLE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00124-00024444-00024574": "LONGER, AND LEAVES ARE POINTED", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00125-00024574-00024818": "AND KIND OF SHARP, AND THAT'S", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00126-00024818-00025171": "USED A LOT WITH GAME BECAUSE IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00127-00025171-00025578": "WILL TAKE THE GAMINESS OUT OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00128-00025578-00025615": "THE MEAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00129-00025615-00025919": ">> I LIKE THAT DESCRIPTION,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00130-00025919-00026136": "PEPPERY THYME.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00131-00026136-00026289": ">> I REALLY LIKE IT A LOT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00132-00026289-00026493": ">> I LIKE GROWING SUMMER SAVORY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00133-00026493-00026543": "FROM SEED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00134-00026543-00026696": "I DON'T REMEMBER TO DO IT EVERY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00135-00026696-00026726": "YEAR.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00136-00026726-00026796": ">> I KNOW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00137-00026796-00027010": "MINE IS LATE THIS YEAR.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00138-00027010-00027177": "I BROUGHT DOWN AND BOUT A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00139-00027177-00027210": "COUPLE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00140-00027210-00027444": ">> I APPRECIATE SEEING YOUR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00141-00027444-00027490": "SUMMER SAVORY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00142-00027490-00027594": "THANK YOU, KAY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00143-00027594-00027831": ">> JIM SCHUSTER, LET'S GO TO YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00144-00027831-00027861": "NEXT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00145-00027861-00028058": ">> AS YOU SAID, I AM JIM", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00146-00028058-00028094": "SCHUSTER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00147-00028094-00028351": "I AM RETIRED PLANT PATHOLOGIST", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00148-00028351-00028461": "AND HORTICULTURALIST WITH", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00149-00028461-00028765": "UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00150-00028765-00028802": "EXTENSION.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00151-00028802-00029082": "I AM GOING TO DO AN E-MAIL, IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00152-00029082-00029199": "JUST SAYS EVERGREENS, BUT BASED", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00153-00029199-00029642": "ON THE PICTURES IT IS AUSTRIAN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00154-00029642-00029672": "PINE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00155-00029672-00029816": "THEY HAVE SOME OF THESE AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00156-00029816-00029913": "INHERITED THE PROPERTY WITH THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00157-00029913-00030036": "TREES ALREADY ON IT, AND THEY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00158-00030036-00030223": "ARE NOT DOING TOO WELL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00159-00030223-00030460": "THEY ARE ROUGHLY 25 YEARS OLD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00160-00030460-00030807": "AND THEY ARE DEFINITELY SICK.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00161-00030807-00031104": "THEY HAVE A DISEASE THAT WAS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00162-00031104-00031871": "CALLED DEPLODIA AND CALLED IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00163-00031871-00031908": "NAPLODIA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00164-00031908-00032122": ">> DIPLODIA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00165-00032122-00032242": ">> THAT'S WHAT I THOUGHT YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00166-00032242-00032282": "WERE SAYING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00167-00032282-00032645": ">> THIS WAS ONE, AND THIS IS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00168-00032645-00032772": "SHOWS MORE OF THE DEAD TIPS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00169-00032772-00032992": "WHICH IS TYPICAL OF THIS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00170-00032992-00033283": "DISEASE, AND AS THE TREE AGES,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00171-00033283-00033473": "IT GETS MORE AND MORE OF THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00172-00033473-00033686": "DISEASE, AND IT IS REAL HARD TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00173-00033686-00033857": "KEEP UNDER CONTROL WHEN IT IS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00174-00033857-00034050": "THIS BAD LOOKING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00175-00034050-00034160": "WINTER CONTROL WILL BE TO PRUNE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00176-00034160-00034344": "ALL THE DEAD OFF ESPECIALLY THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00177-00034344-00034484": "DEAD TIPS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00178-00034484-00034694": "MOSTLY STARTS ON THE NEW GROWTH", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00179-00034694-00035108": "AS IT IS EMERGING, AND IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00180-00035108-00035208": "OVERWINTERS ON THE RECEIPT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00181-00035208-00035351": "AROUND THOSE BRANCHES,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00182-00035351-00035462": "OVERWINTERS ON THE NEEDLES ON", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00183-00035462-00035612": "THE TREE, WHETHER THEY ARE DEAD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00184-00035612-00035825": "OR ALIVE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00185-00035825-00035985": "OVERWINTERS ON THE BRANCHES AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00186-00035985-00036182": "TRUNK, AND YOU KNOW IT WILL BE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00187-00036182-00036309": "FATAL THEN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00188-00036309-00036679": "AND ALSO OVERWINTERS ON PINE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00189-00036679-00037047": "CONES, GREEN AND BROWN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00190-00037047-00037353": "AND ONE PINE CONE WILL HAVE MORE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00191-00037353-00037520": "SPORES ON IT THAN ALL THE REST", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00192-00037520-00037861": "OF THE TREES, THAN ALL THE OTHER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00193-00037861-00037961": "PINE CONES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00194-00037961-00038128": "AS THE TREE AGES AND GETS MORE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00195-00038128-00038334": "AND MORE PINE CONES, THE VOLUME", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00196-00038334-00038575": "GOES UP AND UP AND UP WHICH IS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00197-00038575-00038918": "WHY THE TREE RESISTANCE FALLS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00198-00038918-00039132": "APART BECAUSE THEY CAN'T COPE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00199-00039132-00039182": "WITH THAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00200-00039182-00039335": "IF YOU WANT TO TRY TO TREAT IT,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00201-00039335-00039536": "YOU HAVE TO GET IT WHEN IT FIRST", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00202-00039536-00039686": "STARTS, WATCHING WHEN THE TREE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00203-00039686-00039966": "IS 15, 20 YEARS OF AGE, AND YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00204-00039966-00040240": "WOULD SPRAY WITH ONE OR TWO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00205-00040240-00040623": "PRODUCTS, ONE IS PROPIZONICAL,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00206-00040623-00042095": "AND ONE IS TRIPHANOATE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00207-00042095-00042318": "PROPICONAZOLE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00208-00042318-00043540": ", AND THIOPHANATEAZOLE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00209-00043540-00043666": "NONE OF THOSE ARE BRAND NAMES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00210-00043666-00043860": "YOU WILL HAVE TO LOOK UNDER THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00211-00043860-00043953": "INGREDIENTS TO SEE IF YOU CAN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00212-00043953-00044067": "FIND IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00213-00044067-00044304": "YOU WILL ALSO SPRAY THREE TIMES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00214-00044304-00044577": "THE FIRST TIME YOU ARE GOING TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00215-00044577-00044784": "SPRAY WHEN THE BUDS BEGIN TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00216-00044784-00044918": "SWELL OR ELONGATE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00217-00044918-00045081": "THE SECOND ONE IS JUST AS THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00218-00045081-00045291": "SHOOT IS STARTING TO EMERGE, AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00219-00045291-00045525": "THIRD ONE IS TEN TO 14 DAYS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00220-00045525-00045575": "LATER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00221-00045575-00045688": "THAT'S QUITE INVOLVED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00222-00045688-00045852": "I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT ABOUT THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00223-00045852-00046119": "PINE CONE HAVING ALL THAT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00224-00046119-00046322": "INNOCULUM, WOW, NOT GOOD NEWS AT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00225-00046322-00046469": "THIS STAGE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00226-00046469-00046706": "ALL RIGHT, LET'S GO TO OUR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00227-00046706-00047103": "SPECIAL DID YOU KNOW SEGMENT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00228-00047103-00047287": "NEXT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00229-00047287-00047570": "HOUSE PLANTS LIKE THE ASPARAGUS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00230-00047570-00047927": "FERN ARE CONSIDERED TOXICS TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00231-00047927-00047964": "CATS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00232-00047964-00048084": "TRUE FERNS ARE LESS DANGEROUS,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00233-00048084-00048311": "BUT THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU SHOULD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00234-00048311-00048388": "LET YOUR CAT ANYBODY THEM.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00235-00048388-00048701": "IF THE CAT CONSUMES PART OF THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00236-00048701-00049142": "FERN, CALL YOUR VET IMMEDIATELY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00237-00049142-00049305": ">> CATS ARE ALWAYS DOING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00238-00049305-00049499": "INTERESTING THINGS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00239-00049499-00049649": "ANYWAY, FERNS ARE NOT ALWAYS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00240-00049649-00049689": "FERNS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00241-00049689-00049799": "I MEAN THEY MIGHT HAVE THAT IN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00242-00049799-00049899": "THE NAME.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00243-00049899-00050039": "SO BE CAREFUL ABOUT THAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00244-00050039-00050376": "OKAY, LET'S GO TO LINE TWO AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00245-00050376-00050533": "LOGAN HAS A QUESTION VERY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00246-00050533-00050627": "INTERESTING ABOUT PLANTS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00247-00050627-00050827": "LOGAN, WHAT IS YOUR QUESTION?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00248-00050827-00050977": ">>CALLER: HI, DIANNE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00249-00050977-00051151": "I WAS SHOPPING AT A PLANT CENTER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00250-00051151-00051304": "THE OTHER DAY AND GOT IN A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00251-00051304-00051568": "CONVERSATION WITH A WOMAN, AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00252-00051568-00051775": "SHE WAS RELUCTANT TO PLANT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00253-00051775-00051948": "ONIONS NEXT TO HER TOMATOES", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00254-00051948-00052325": "BECAUSE SHE THOUGHT THEY MIGHT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00255-00052325-00052375": "IMPART A FLAVOR.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00256-00052375-00052572": "SHE WAS ALSO WORRIED ABOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00257-00052572-00052796": "GARLIC AND OTHER STRONG FLAVORED", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00258-00052796-00052836": "VEGETABLES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00259-00052836-00053019": "I DON'T THINK THAT WOULD BE A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00260-00053019-00053243": "PROBLEM, BUT I AM WONDERING ARE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00261-00053243-00053450": "THERE ANY PLANTS WHICH DO NOT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00262-00053450-00053593": "PLAY WELL TOGETHER EITHER IN THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00263-00053593-00053753": "VEGETABLE GARDEN OR IN THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00264-00053753-00053973": "FLOWER GARDEN WHERE THEY INHIBIT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00265-00053973-00054130": "GROWTH OR HAVE SOME SORT OF BAD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00266-00054130-00054577": "AFFECT ON EACH OTHER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00267-00054577-00054671": "I WILL JUST LISTEN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00268-00054671-00054831": "I WAS GOING TO LOOK AT KAY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00269-00054831-00055195": ">> THERE IS A WHOLE THING ABOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00270-00055195-00055345": "COMPANION PLANTING WHERE SOME", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00271-00055345-00055799": "PLANTS DO BETTER NEXT TO OTHER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00272-00055799-00055832": "PLANTS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00273-00055832-00056015": "YOU KNOW, I DON'T REALLY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00274-00056015-00056246": "STRICTLY ADHERE TO THAT, BUT IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00275-00056246-00056486": "KIND OF WORKS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00276-00056486-00056689": "BECAUSE SOME PLANTS WILL ATTRACT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00277-00056689-00056920": "BENEFICIAL INSECTS THAT THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00278-00056920-00057123": "OTHER PLANT CAN BENEFIT FROM OR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00279-00057123-00057323": "SOMETHING LIKE THAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00280-00057323-00057434": "I THINK THERE ARE SOME PLANTS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00281-00057434-00057967": "THAT DON'T DO WELL TOGETHER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00282-00057967-00058088": "YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT IT, I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00283-00058088-00058171": "WOULD GOOGLE IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00284-00058171-00058404": "I DID HAVE ONE WEB SITE, AND I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00285-00058404-00058565": "TOTALLY FORGOTTEN WHICH ONE IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00286-00058565-00058768": "WAS, BUT IT LISTED A WHOLE LONG", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00287-00058768-00058985": "LIST OF COMPANIONS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00288-00058985-00059222": ">> OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY -- I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00289-00059222-00059476": "MEAN UNIVERSITY OF OHIO HAS A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00290-00059476-00059642": "LIST OF PLANTS THAT WILL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00291-00059642-00059786": "INTERFERE WITH OTHER PLANTS LIKE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00292-00059786-00060160": "VEGETABLES AND THAT, AND COVERS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00293-00060160-00060326": "SHRUBS AND IT COVERS TREES AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00294-00060326-00060530": "OTHER HERBACEOUS PLANTS THAT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00295-00060530-00060650": "JUST DON'T DO WELL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00296-00060650-00060824": "YOU MAY WANT TO GO TO UNIVERSITY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00297-00060824-00061287": "OF OHIO WEB SITE AGRICULTURE,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00298-00061287-00061498": "AND FIND THAT AND LOOK FOR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00299-00061498-00061538": "COMPANION.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00300-00061538-00061821": ">> VERY CLASSIC CASE IS BLACK", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00301-00061821-00061905": "WALNUT TREE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00302-00061905-00062021": "OTHER THINGS WILL NOT GROW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00303-00062021-00062365": ">> A LOT OF PEOPLE TEND TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00304-00062365-00062535": "THINK, WHAT ARE GOOD NEIGHBORS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00305-00062535-00062679": "THAT'S AN INTERESTING QUESTION,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00306-00062679-00062832": "WHAT MAKES BAD NEIGHBORS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00307-00062832-00063049": ">> ONION AND TOMATO.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00308-00063049-00063103": "I DON'T THINK --", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00309-00063103-00063273": ">> I DON'T THINK ONE WOULD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00310-00063273-00063306": "IMPART.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00311-00063306-00063486": ">> THAT DOESN'T SOUND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00312-00063486-00063596": "SCIENTIFICALLY POSSIBLE, BUT I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00313-00063596-00063990": "CAN SEE THE SMELL EVERY TIME YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00314-00063990-00064124": "GO IN YOUR GARDEN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00315-00064124-00064297": "I HEARD PEOPLE PLANTING CHIVES", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00316-00064297-00064464": "NEAR ROSES TO KEEP INSECTS AWAY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00317-00064464-00064541": "FROM ROSES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00318-00064541-00064667": ">> I DON'T THINK TAKING ON THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00319-00064667-00064701": "FLAVOR.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00320-00064701-00064948": "YOU ARE NOT COOKING IN THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00321-00064948-00065034": "GARDEN LITERALLY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00322-00065034-00065365": ">> IT IS WORTH LOOKING UP THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00323-00065365-00065475": "OTHER EXAMPLES THAT THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00324-00065475-00065775": "UNIVERSITY OF OHIO MIGHT HAVE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00325-00065775-00065939": "SO, INTERESTING, THOUGHT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00326-00065939-00066106": "PROVOKING QUESTION, LOGAN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00327-00066106-00066229": "THANK YOU VERY MUCH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00328-00066229-00066362": "LET'S GO ON TO OUR NEXT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00329-00066362-00066696": "QUESTION, BILL ON LINE FOUR HAS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00330-00066696-00066826": "A ECONOMY R QUESTION ABOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00331-00066826-00066926": "CHRISTMAS CACTUS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00332-00066926-00067016": "HELLO, BILL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00333-00067016-00067183": ">>CALLER: HELLO.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00334-00067183-00067400": "I HAVE INHERITED A COUPLE OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00335-00067400-00067674": "CACTUS, WHAT I HAVE DONE IS PUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00336-00067674-00067907": "A THANKSGIVING CACTUS AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00337-00067907-00068078": "CHRISTMAS CACTUS TOGETHER IN ONE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00338-00068078-00068238": "POT, AND IT WILL START BLOOMING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00339-00068238-00068481": "BEFORE THANKSGIVING, AND IT WILL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00340-00068481-00068752": "BLOOM CLEAR THROUGH THE END OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00341-00068752-00068788": "JANUARY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00342-00068788-00068988": "BUT I HAVE HAD IT IN THE SAME", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00343-00068988-00069332": "POT FOR QUITE AWHILE, AND I WANT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00344-00069332-00069729": "TO REPOT IT INTO A BIGGER ONE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00345-00069729-00070213": "WHAT KIND OF -- DO I USE JUST", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00346-00070213-00070807": "SOME SOILS, SOME PERLITE,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00347-00070807-00070910": "FERTILIZER, HOW MUCH BIGGER POT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00348-00070910-00071161": "CAN I PUT IT IN WITHOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00349-00071161-00071231": "BOTHERING IT?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00350-00071231-00071284": ">> GOOD QUESTIONS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00351-00071284-00071458": ">> WE GET THAT ALL THE TIME.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00352-00071458-00071711": "IT IS FUNNY BECAUSE WE POT UP SO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00353-00071711-00071755": "MANY PLANTS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00354-00071755-00071968": "WE KIND OF TAKE FOR GRANTED HOW", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00355-00071968-00072162": "EASY IT IS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00356-00072162-00072515": "BUT BASICALLY MAY BE SHARE A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00357-00072515-00072629": "RULE OF THUMB HOW MUCH BIGGER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00358-00072629-00072909": "I CAN LOOK AT A POT AND INCREASE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00359-00072909-00073109": "BY 25% WHEN IT COMES TO THE NEXT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00360-00073109-00073213": "SIZE UP.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00361-00073213-00073359": "YOU DON'T WANT TOO MUCH BIGGER A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00362-00073359-00073463": "POT BECAUSE IT WILL TAKE ON A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00363-00073463-00073676": "LOT OF WATER AND THE ROOTS WON'T", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00364-00073676-00073960": "REACH THE END VERY QUICKLY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00365-00073960-00074120": "SO YOU WILL TEND TO OVERWATER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00366-00074120-00074170": "IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00367-00074170-00074337": "YOU DON'T WANT TOO SMALL BECAUSE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00368-00074337-00074464": "YOU DON'T WANT TO PUT SOMETHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00369-00074464-00074637": "IN BARELY BIGGER THAN THE ONE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00370-00074637-00074694": "YOU HAD.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00371-00074694-00074814": "YOU DON'T ALWAYS HAVE TO REPOT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00372-00074814-00074974": "A LOT OF PEOPLE ASSUME BECAUSE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00373-00074974-00075118": "OF THE TIME FRAME, YOU NEED TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00374-00075118-00075281": "MOVE TO THE NEXT BIG POT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00375-00075281-00075425": "IF SUCCESSFUL PLANT IS DOING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00376-00075425-00075698": "WELL, IT IS OKAY TO LEAVE IN THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00377-00075698-00075792": "SAME POT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00378-00075792-00075992": "I HAVE SEEN BONSAI IN THE SAME", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00379-00075992-00076116": "POT FOR A HUNDRED YEARS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00380-00076116-00076302": ">> MY CHRISTMAS CACTUS HAS BEEN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00381-00076302-00076446": "IN THE SAME POT FOR 50 YEARS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00382-00076446-00076733": ">> I LIKE THE IDEA OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00383-00076733-00076853": "THANKSGIVING AND CHRISTMAS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00384-00076853-00076900": "CACTUS TOGETHER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00385-00076900-00077063": ">> YOU GET BLOOMS ALL THE TIME.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00386-00077063-00077213": ">> BUT IF YOU WANT TO.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00387-00077213-00077430": ">> MY CHRISTMAS CACTUS WAS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00388-00077430-00077600": "BLOOMING AT THANKSGIVING AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00389-00077600-00077734": "DIDN'T STOP BLOOMING UNTIL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00390-00077734-00077771": "FEBRUARY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00391-00077771-00078047": ">> IF YOU DO, WITH THE SOIL, A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00392-00078047-00078238": "LOT OF GOOD POTTING MIXES YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00393-00078238-00078351": "CAN USE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00394-00078351-00078591": "CHRISTMAS CACTUS ARE FAIRLY FOR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00395-00078591-00078768": "GIVING, WELL-DRAINED, NOTHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00396-00078768-00078965": "TOO HEAVY THAT WILL SOAK UP A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00397-00078965-00079115": "LOT OF MOISTURE, AND YOU DON'T", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00398-00079115-00079399": "WANT LIKE A HEAVY BARK OR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00399-00079399-00079529": "SOMETHING SUPER WELL-DRAINED YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00400-00079529-00079702": "CAN'T KEEP IT WATERED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00401-00079702-00079813": "GENERAL POTTING MIX FOR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00402-00079813-00079953": "CHRISTMAS CACTUS BE AND THEY ARE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00403-00079953-00080206": "REAL EASY TO PROPAGATE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00404-00080206-00080386": "WE BORROWED A HUNDRED YEAR OLD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00405-00080386-00080730": "FROM SOMEBODY, AND TOOK CUTTINGS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00406-00080730-00080907": "AND SELL OF THAT PLANT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00407-00080907-00081234": "THEY ARE GREAT TO GROW, AND NOT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00408-00081234-00081394": "HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT IT TOO MUCH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00409-00081394-00081578": "A LOT OF CUSTOMERS ARE SCARED OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00410-00081578-00081841": "THAT PROCESS, BUT IT IS NOT AS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00411-00081841-00081981": "DIFFICULT AS THEY MAY THINK.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00412-00081981-00082155": "ONLY RULE OF THEM ABOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00413-00082155-00082385": "REPOTTING IS NOT DOING IT INTO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00414-00082385-00082495": "WINTER BECAUSE IT WANTS TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00415-00082495-00082545": "STIMULATE GROWTH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00416-00082545-00082662": "IF YOU DON'T HAVE A GREENHOUSE,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00417-00082662-00082739": "IT IS BAD.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00418-00082739-00082956": "NOW IS A PERFECT TIME.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00419-00082956-00083079": ">> GOOD TIME TO REPOT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00420-00083079-00083133": ">> VERY GOOD.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00421-00083133-00083313": "THANK YOU FOR YOUR QUESTION.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00422-00083313-00083506": "LET'S GO ON TO LINE FIVE, RON", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00423-00083506-00083777": "HAS A QUESTION ABOUT HIBISCUS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00424-00083777-00083890": "HI THERE, RON.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00425-00083890-00084017": ">>CALLER: HI.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00426-00084017-00084414": "I HAVE ALTHEA BUSH THAT IS ABOUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00427-00084414-00084504": "FOUR YEARS OLD.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00428-00084504-00084788": "I BOUGHT IT WITH TWO TO THREE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00429-00084788-00084828": "FOOT TALL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00430-00084828-00084984": "IT WILL BUD OUT, BUT THEN THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00431-00084984-00085171": "BUDS NEVER OPEN UP FOR THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00432-00085171-00085201": "BLOOM.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00433-00085201-00085455": "WHAT CAN I DO TO GET THE BUDS TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00434-00085455-00085528": "OPEN UP?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00435-00085528-00085859": "I HAVE NEVER HAD THAT PROBLEM", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00436-00085859-00085892": "BEFORE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00437-00085892-00086319": ">> I GET THE QUESTION ALL THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00438-00086319-00086469": "TIME, AND I AM NOT SURE EXACTLY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00439-00086469-00086569": "OF THE ANSWER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00440-00086569-00086860": ">> LAST YEAR A LOT OF PEOPLE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00441-00086860-00086906": "MENTIONED THAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00442-00086906-00087150": ">> ANYBODY HAVE AN ANSWER ON IT?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00443-00087150-00087677": ">> DO YOU FERTILIZE?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00444-00087677-00087911": ">> SPEAKING IN GENERALITIES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00445-00087911-00088208": ">> SOMETIMES IF YOU PUT A LOT OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00446-00088208-00088348": "FERTILIZER ON THE GROUND OR IN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00447-00088348-00088581": "THE POT WITH THE PLANT, JUST AS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00448-00088581-00089002": "IT IS STARTING TO SET BUDS,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00449-00089002-00089379": "FERTILIZER MAY STIMULATE FOLIAGE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00450-00089379-00089456": "GROWTH AND STEM GROWTH AND SKEW", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00451-00089456-00089589": "UP THE FLOWERING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00452-00089589-00089729": "SOMETIMES TO GET THE BEST", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00453-00089729-00089909": "FLOWERING, YOU WANT YOUR PLANT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00454-00089909-00090113": "SLIGHTLY HUNGRY AND FEED IT REAL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00455-00090113-00090473": "EARLY IN THE YEAR OR AFTER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00456-00090473-00090677": "FLOWERING DEPENDING WHAT KIND OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00457-00090677-00090984": "HYDRANGEA YOU GOT AND WHEN IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00458-00090984-00091017": "BLOOMS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00459-00091017-00091244": ">> DID HE HAVE A HARDY HIBISCUS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00460-00091244-00091431": ">> ALTHEA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00461-00091431-00091668": ">> HE SAID SUMMER, PROBABLY A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00462-00091668-00091751": "LATER ONE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00463-00091751-00091871": ">> A TROPICAL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00464-00091871-00092122": ">> NOT A TROPICAL, BUT ROSE OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00465-00092122-00092155": "SHARON.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00466-00092155-00092302": ">> ROSE OF SHARON.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00467-00092302-00092542": "DID THEY HAVE A HEAT RESPONSE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00468-00092542-00092755": "THAT THEY WOULD DROP --", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00469-00092755-00092969": ">> THEY DO OFTEN CHANGE WHEN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00470-00092969-00093103": "THEY ARE GOING TO BLOOM.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00471-00093103-00093279": "THEY ARE ALWAYS AUGUST,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00472-00093279-00093353": "SEPTEMBER. BUT THERE IS YEARS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00473-00093353-00093560": "IT IS EARLY AUGUST, AND YEARS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00474-00093560-00093606": "LATE SEPTEMBER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00475-00093606-00093867": "WE HAD A COUPLE OF PEOPLE SAY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00476-00093867-00093953": "THAT THEY SWELLED AND GOT TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00477-00093953-00094244": "THAT POINT, BUT THEY NEVER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00478-00094244-00094277": "OPENED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00479-00094277-00094434": ">> I DON'T RECALL WHAT THE --", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00480-00094434-00094644": ">> I WISH I HAD THE ANSWER FOR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00481-00094644-00094768": "THAT ONE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00482-00094768-00094964": ">> I DON'T RECALL THE ANSWER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00483-00094964-00095128": "IF THERE WAS AN ANSWER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00484-00095128-00095465": ">> WHAT MOISTURE LEVEL DID THEY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00485-00095465-00095578": "HAVE AT THE TIME, DID THEY HAVE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00486-00095578-00095682": "A DROUGHT OR WHATEVER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00487-00095682-00095929": ">> STRESS OF SOME SORT WOULD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00488-00095929-00096182": "DEFINITELY STOP THE FIN IRING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00489-00096182-00096216": "PROCESS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00490-00096216-00096746": "BUT IT HAS TO BE SOMETHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00491-00096746-00096846": "WEATHER RELATED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00492-00096846-00097050": "WHEN YOU GET TWO OR THREE PEOPLE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00493-00097050-00097270": "FROM DIFFERENT PARTS THE COUNTY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00494-00097270-00097474": "AND THERE IS PROBABLY WEATHER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00495-00097474-00097684": "THINGS SETTING UP THAT AFFECTS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00496-00097684-00097777": "THE WAY IT BLOOMS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00497-00097777-00097997": "IT IS TOO EASY OF AN ANSWER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00498-00097997-00098244": "I LIKE TO GET MORE DETAILED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00499-00098244-00098394": ">> WE TRY OUR BEST.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00500-00098394-00098531": "I WILL DO A LITTLE RESEARCH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00501-00098531-00098815": ">> WE HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00502-00098815-00098928": "NORWAY SPRUCE WITH HAROLD ON", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00503-00098928-00099025": "LINE THREE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00504-00099025-00099159": "HI THERE, HAROLD.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00505-00099159-00099209": ">>CALLER: HELLO.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00506-00099209-00099469": ">> WHAT IS YOUR QUESTION?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00507-00099469-00099712": ">>CALLER: WELL, I HAVE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00508-00099712-00099919": "ESTABLISHED NORWAY SPRUCE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00509-00099919-00100226": "WINDBREAK, AND THE CANDLES CAME", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00510-00100226-00100660": "OUT NICE, AND NOW A LOT OF THEM", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00511-00100660-00100780": "ARE TURNING BROWN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00512-00100780-00101000": "I JUST -- I DON'T UNDERSTAND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00513-00101000-00101157": "WHAT THE PROBLEM MIGHT BE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00514-00101157-00101334": ">> HOW OLD ARE THEY?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00515-00101334-00101604": ">> THEY ARE ESTABLISHED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00516-00101604-00101898": ">> 25, 30 YEARS OLD OR ARE THEY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00517-00101898-00101948": "TEN?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00518-00101948-00102165": ">>CALLER: WELL, THEY ARE MORE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00519-00102165-00102272": "LIKE 20 FEET TALL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00520-00102272-00102585": "ROUGHLY 20 YEARS OF AGE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00521-00102585-00102946": "NORWAY SPRUCE ARE RESISTANT TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00522-00102946-00103066": "DEPLODIA, BUT THEY STILL GET IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00523-00103066-00103199": "THEY ARE NOT IMMUNE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00524-00103199-00103343": "WHEN YOU SAID THE TIPS WERE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00525-00103343-00103593": "DYING, THAT'S TYPICAL PLACE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00526-00103593-00103937": "WHERE DEPLODIA STARTS OF LOOK AT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00527-00103937-00104083": "THE BASE OF THE CANDLE WHERE IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00528-00104083-00104190": "CONNECTS WITH LAST YEAR'S GROWTH", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00529-00104190-00104481": "AND SEE IF YOU SEE SAP OOZING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00530-00104481-00104524": "OUT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00531-00104524-00104694": "IF THE STEM IS STARTING TO GET A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00532-00104694-00104808": "DARKER COLOR TO IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00533-00104808-00104958": "IF THAT'S WHAT YOU ARE SEEING,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00534-00104958-00105291": "YOU DEFINITELY HAVE DEPLODIA,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00535-00105291-00105431": "AND SPRAY WITH THE PRODUCTS I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00536-00105431-00105482": "MENTIONED BEFORE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00537-00105482-00105622": ">> I AM GOING TO DUMB IT DOWN A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00538-00105622-00105785": "LOT MORE THAN THAT, WE JUST HAD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00539-00105785-00105969": "A TON OF RAIN THAT FORCED OUT A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00540-00105969-00106109": "LOT OF NEW GROWTH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00541-00106109-00106473": "THEN WE GOT DRY AND HAD HEAVY,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00542-00106473-00106606": "HEAVY WINDS AND BURNT THE HECK", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00543-00106606-00107056": "OUT OF A LOT OF TIPS OF THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00544-00107056-00107096": "SPRUCE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00545-00107096-00107490": "ALL THE NEW GROWTH GOT HIT WITH", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00546-00107490-00107600": "30, 40 MILES PER HOUR WINDS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00547-00107600-00107730": "I KNOW IT BECAUSE OUR FIELDS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00548-00107730-00108077": "HAVE A LOT OF DRY NEW FLUSH", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00549-00108077-00108111": "GROWTH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00550-00108111-00108294": ">> THEY HAVE BEEN PRUNED", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00551-00108294-00108331": "BASICALLY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00552-00108331-00108741": ">> YES -- I AM HOPING IT IS MORE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00553-00108741-00108882": "MY CASE THAN JIM'S, IF THAT'S", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00554-00108882-00109055": "THE CASE, IT WILL DIE OFF AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00555-00109055-00109192": "SET NEW GROWTH AND KEEP GOING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00556-00109192-00109636": ">> COULD BE EITHER OR.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00557-00109636-00109949": ">> WITH HIS, OOZING SAP.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00558-00109949-00110083": "MINE WILL HAVE THE OOZING SAP.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00559-00110083-00110176": "AND YOU WILL KNOW FROM THAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00560-00110176-00110320": ">> HOPEFULLY NO OOZING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00561-00110320-00110443": ">> ALL RIGHT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00562-00110443-00110687": "WITH THAT, LESS A HE GO ON TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00563-00110687-00110787": "CHARLOTTE'S QUESTION ON LINE TWO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00564-00110787-00111067": "ABOUT A WALNUT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00565-00111067-00111114": "HI, CHAR LIT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00566-00111114-00111184": ">>CALLER: HI.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00567-00111184-00111287": "ACTUALLY IT IS NOT A QUESTION.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00568-00111287-00111454": "IT IS KIND OF A STATEMENT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00569-00111454-00111544": ">> OKAY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00570-00111544-00111688": ">>CALLER: WE BOUGHT OUR HOUSE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00571-00111688-00111961": "HERE 20 YEARS AGO, A BIG OLD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00572-00111961-00112232": "VICTORIAN IN PACK STON, AND I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00573-00112232-00112565": "MENTIONED TO SOMEBODY THERE WERE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00574-00112565-00112775": "11 -- 13 BLACK WALNUT TREES IN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00575-00112775-00112876": "THE YARD.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00576-00112876-00112969": "EVERYBODY'S COMMENT WAS NOTHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00577-00112969-00113259": "WILL GROW UNDER THAT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00578-00113259-00113543": "WELL, AS WE GOT USED TO THE YARD", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00579-00113543-00113900": "AND EVERYTHING, EVERY YEAR, DAY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00580-00113900-00114067": "LILIES JUST THICK COME UP AROUND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00581-00114067-00114420": "THE BASE OF EVERY ONE OF THOSE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00582-00114420-00114624": "WALNUT TREES I THINK EXCEPT ONE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00583-00114624-00114864": "AND EVERY YEAR WE HAVE LOTS AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00584-00114864-00115145": "LOTS AND LOTS OF DAY LILIES", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00585-00115145-00115378": "GROWING UNDER THOSE WALNUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00586-00115378-00115411": "TREES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00587-00115411-00115722": "I CAN'T EXPLAIN IT WHEN PEOPLE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00588-00115722-00115882": "MAKE THE COMMENT THAT NOTHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00589-00115882-00116065": "WILL GROW UNDER THEM.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00590-00116065-00116296": "IT HASN'T BOTHERED THOSE DAY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00591-00116296-00116392": "LILIES A BIT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00592-00116392-00116609": ">> IT ISN'T SO MUCH THAT NOTHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00593-00116609-00116649": "WILL GROW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00594-00116649-00117000": "A LOT OF PLANTS -- I HAVE SPIDER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00595-00117000-00117303": "WORTH PLANT THAT IS UNDER ONE OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00596-00117303-00117487": "MY -- GROWS OUT AT THE BASE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00597-00117487-00117727": "SOME PLANTS WILL, BUT A LOT OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00598-00117727-00117827": "PLANTS DON'T.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00599-00117827-00118328": ">> SO TOUGH ONES ARE SPIDERWORT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00600-00118328-00118424": "AND DAY LILIES ABLE TO HANDLE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00601-00118424-00118451": "IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00602-00118451-00118828": ">> EVERY TREE IS DIFFERENT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00603-00118828-00119232": "THE AMOUNT OF JUGGLINS IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00604-00119232-00119269": "RELEASES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00605-00119269-00119432": "SOME ARE BRUTAL THAT NOTHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00606-00119432-00119512": "WILL GROW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00607-00119512-00119646": "PEOPLE TRY ALL KINDS OF THINGS,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00608-00119646-00119816": "AND THEY ACTUALLY SURVIVE UNTIL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00609-00119816-00120190": "IT STARTS RELEASING MORE TOXINS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00610-00120190-00120393": "THE SAYING I LIKE TO SAY BEST", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00611-00120393-00120680": "PLANT UNDERNEATH A WALNUT IS A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00612-00120680-00121064": "CHEAP PLANT (LAUGHING).", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00613-00121064-00121331": ">> SOMETIMES IT IS SELF-SOWN AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00614-00121331-00121634": "OTHER WAYS BROUGHT INTO YOUR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00615-00121634-00121668": "GARDEN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00616-00121668-00121795": "DAY LILIES ARE PRETTY TOUGH.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00617-00121795-00122342": "YOU CAN DROP THE DAY LILIES OUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00618-00122342-00122749": "OF THE BACK OF R CAR, AND MAKE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00619-00122749-00122775": "IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00620-00122775-00122982": ">> WE WILL SNEAK IN A FEW", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00621-00122982-00123042": "E-MAILS NEXT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00622-00123042-00123153": "SHANE, DO YOU HAVE SOMETHING FOR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00623-00123153-00123243": "US?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00624-00123243-00123436": ">> YES, WE RECEIVED A QUESTION", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00625-00123436-00123606": "ABOUT THIS IS MY PATHETIC", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00626-00123606-00123820": "LOOKING HYDRANGEA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00627-00123820-00124040": "HAD IT FOR FIVE YEARS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00628-00124040-00124494": "STORE BOUGHT HIGHIAN GA, I MADE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00629-00124494-00124901": "THE -- STORE BOUGHT HYDRANGEA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00630-00124901-00124998": "I LAUGHED AT HYDRANGEA, I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00631-00124998-00125121": "THOUGHT IF YOU DON'T GET IT AT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00632-00125121-00125445": "THE STORE, I THINK THEY MEANT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00633-00125445-00125545": "LIKE A FLORAL TYPE HYDRANGEA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00634-00125545-00125815": "THERE ARE A LOT OF THAT ARE IN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00635-00125815-00125989": "FULL BLOOM AND LOTS OF DIFFERENT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00636-00125989-00126199": "COLORS, AND I AGREE WITH YOU.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00637-00126199-00126432": "LOOKS PRETTY PATHETIC.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00638-00126432-00126593": "HYDRANGEAS ARE PRETTY EASY TO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00639-00126593-00126723": "GROW, IT IS ALL ABOUT WHERE YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00640-00126723-00126916": "PUT THEM AND CONDITIONS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00641-00126916-00127060": "LOOKS LIKE YOU HAVE HAD IT IN A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00642-00127060-00127120": "THE TO FOR FIVE YEARS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00643-00127120-00127330": "I AM GUESSING YOU HAVE GOTTEN IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00644-00127330-00127580": "TO SURVIVE IT IS A FLORAL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00645-00127580-00127801": "HYDRANGEA BY BRINGING IT INSIDE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00646-00127801-00127934": "THEY WILL NEVER LOOK FANTASTIC", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00647-00127934-00128094": "WHEN YOU BRING THEM INSIDE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00648-00128094-00128228": "WHEN YOU BRING THEM OUTSIDE, IF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00649-00128228-00128631": "YOU PUT THEM IN THE SHADE WITH", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00650-00128631-00129065": "TINY BIT OF SUN, FERTILIZER AND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00651-00129065-00129205": "WATERING, YOU CAN PROBABLY KEEP", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00652-00129205-00129399": "IT LOOKING LUSH AND HEALTHY AS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00653-00129399-00129619": "THE PLANT ITSELF, AND I AM", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00654-00129619-00129729": "HOPING THE PICTURE OF THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00655-00129729-00129843": "FLOWERS IS ONE THAT YOU GOT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00656-00129843-00130029": "YOU CAN GET IT TO BLOOM, BUT I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00657-00130029-00130163": "DON'T THINK IT IS GOING TO BE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00658-00130163-00130296": "ONE JUDGING BY THE PICTURE THAT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00659-00130296-00130436": "YOU CAN PUT OUT IN YOUR YARD,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00660-00130436-00130670": "PLANT IT AND LET IT GET BIG LIKE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00661-00130670-00130820": "YOU WOULD BUY AT A GARDEN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00662-00130820-00130854": "CENTER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00663-00130854-00131024": "IT IS NOT TATYPE OF HYDRANGEA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00664-00131024-00131247": "WHEN YOU ARE BUYING HYDRANGEA,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00665-00131247-00131591": "MAKE SURE LANDSCAPE HYDRANGEA", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00666-00131591-00131708": "AND NOT FLORAL GIFT TYPE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00667-00131708-00131744": "HYDRANGEA.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00668-00131744-00131885": ">> THANK YOU.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00669-00131885-00131921": "NEXT, KAY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00670-00131921-00132155": ">> OKAY, I HAVE A QUESTION FROM", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00671-00132155-00132475": "A LISTENER THAT SAYS \"WHEN DO WE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00672-00132475-00132645": "FERTILIZE ASPARAGUS?", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00673-00132645-00132799": "I MISSED LAST YEAR.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00674-00132799-00133129": "MINE DIDN'T DO WELL.\"", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00675-00133129-00133466": "WELL, YOU COULD PROBABLY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00676-00133466-00133726": "FERTILIZE ABOUT ANY TIME.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00677-00133726-00134000": "BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE SPRING,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00678-00134000-00134260": "EARLY SPRING OR DURING THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00679-00134260-00134294": "WINTER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00680-00134294-00134681": "I LIKE TO JUST PUT A LAYER OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00681-00134681-00134854": "COMPOST OVER IT, MAKE SURE IT IS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00682-00134854-00135034": "WEEDED OF IF YOU DO MISS IT, YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00683-00135034-00135208": "CAN DO IT NOW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00684-00135208-00135395": "JUST WEED IT REALLY WELL-BEING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00685-00135395-00135655": "AND JUST PUT A GOOD THICK LAYER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00686-00135655-00135812": "OF COMPOST ON IT, AND THAT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00687-00135812-00135855": "SHOULD HELP.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00688-00135855-00135935": ">> OKAY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00689-00135935-00136356": "JUST SO YOU GET IT PROBABLY MORE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00690-00136356-00136519": "AFTER IT IS DONE PICKED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00691-00136519-00136749": ">> IDEALLY, LIKE I SAID, YOU", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00692-00136749-00136883": "SHOULD DO IT DURING THE WINTER.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00693-00136883-00137023": ">> THAT'S WHEN YOU REMEMBER IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00694-00137023-00137197": "I TRY TO REMEMBER IT MORE IN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00695-00137197-00137277": "WINTER AS WELL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00696-00137277-00137367": "THANK YOU.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00697-00137367-00137534": "AND NOW, JIM.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00698-00137534-00137847": ">> THIS PERSON HAS 20 WHITE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00699-00137847-00138047": "PINES GROWING IN A ROW.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00700-00138047-00138224": "THEY ARE NOT WIDE ENOUGH TO BE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00701-00138224-00138344": "REALLY GOOD WINDBREAK.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00702-00138344-00138718": "ONE OF THE 20 IS DYING, AND I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00703-00138718-00138938": "LOOK AT THE PICTURE AND I AM", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00704-00138938-00139058": "WONDERING ONE OF TWO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00705-00139058-00139105": "POSSIBILITIES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00706-00139105-00139492": "ONE ON THE LEFT, LOOKS LIKE THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00707-00139492-00139622": "BRANCHES ARE CLOSE TO THE GROUND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00708-00139622-00139746": "THAN THE ONE ON THE RIGHT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00709-00139746-00140260": "IF THAT IS TRUE, BOTTOM BRANCHES", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00710-00140260-00140463": "SIX INCHES BELOW THE SOIL LINE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00711-00140463-00140713": "IF NOT, THE SOIL IS TOO DEEP.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00712-00140713-00140867": "AND LONG-TERM, WAY TO KILL OFF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00713-00140867-00141147": "THE ROOTS, AND ABOUT THE RIGHT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00714-00141147-00141427": "RAGE FOR THAT TO HAPPEN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00715-00141427-00141701": "ANOTHER POSSIBILITY IS WHITE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00716-00141701-00141811": "PINE SOMETIMES JUST CROAK.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00717-00141811-00141901": "NO REASON WHY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00718-00141901-00142185": "THEY JUST DECIDE I CAN BE TEN", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00719-00142185-00142395": "YEARS OLD, I CAN BE 50 YEARS, I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00720-00142395-00142579": "DECIDE I AM GOING TO DIE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00721-00142579-00142615": "TOMORROW!", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00722-00142615-00142732": "CAN'T FIND ANYTHING ON IT.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00723-00142732-00142892": "NO INSECT, NO DISEASES, NOTHING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00724-00142892-00143022": "IN THE ENVIRONMENT SAYS IT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00725-00143022-00143066": "SHOULD DIE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00726-00143066-00143276": "I HAVE SEEN THAT OVER AND OVER", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00727-00143276-00143476": "IN MY 50-SOME YEARS OF LOOKING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00728-00143476-00143546": "AT THEM.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00729-00143546-00143840": "ONE OTHER THING IS WHITE PINES", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00730-00143840-00144093": "NATURAL HABITAT IS SANDY SOIL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00731-00144093-00144304": "WHEN IT IS MOIST, BUT WILL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00732-00144304-00144334": "DRAIN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00733-00144334-00144534": "WE DON'T HAVE THAT THIS ILLINOIS", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00734-00144534-00144828": "EXCEPT UP IN ONE COUNTY IN NORTH", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00735-00144828-00144968": "CENTRAL ILLINOIS, AND THAT'S", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00736-00144968-00145201": "WHERE THE LAST NATURAL WHITE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00737-00145201-00145395": "PINE FOREST IS IN ILLINOIS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00738-00145395-00145471": ">> INTERESTING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00739-00145471-00145745": "SO PEOPLE WHO THINK THEY HAVE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00740-00145745-00145919": "CAUSED IT, AND YOU HAVE FOUND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00741-00145919-00146049": "SOMETIMES THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00742-00146049-00146082": "REASON.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00743-00146082-00146119": ">> NO.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00744-00146119-00146302": "I MEAN, YOU KNOW, SOMETIMES I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00745-00146302-00146646": "SAY, OKAY THE SOIL DRAINAGE, TOO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00746-00146646-00146786": "DRY, TOO WET.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00747-00146786-00146896": "SOMETIMES YOU CAN'T DETERMINE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00748-00146896-00147066": "THAT BECAUSE IT IS NOT SHOWING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00749-00147066-00147373": "THOSE KIND OF SYMPTOMS, TO SAY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00750-00147373-00147680": "IT IS DEFINITELY THIS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00751-00147680-00147774": "I WOULD STILL CHECK THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00752-00147774-00147944": "ENVIRONMENT OUT, TOO WET, TOO", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00753-00147944-00147974": "DRY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00754-00147974-00148144": ">> LOOKED LIKE BRANCHES WERE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00755-00148144-00148348": "CLOSE HER TO THE GROUND ON THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00756-00148348-00148541": "ONE THAT IS YELLOWED.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00757-00148541-00148671": "THAT'S A VERY GOOD THING TO LOOK", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00758-00148671-00148852": "AT FIRST TO SEE IF THAT'S THE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00759-00148852-00148885": "CASE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00760-00148885-00149025": "WE KEEP HAVING WINDBREAK", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00761-00149025-00149085": "QUESTIONS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00762-00149085-00149299": "I KEEP THINKING TRY TO HAVE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00763-00149299-00149559": "DIVERSITY IN YOUR WIND BREAKS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00764-00149559-00149939": "TRY TO HAVE MORE THAN ONE, MAYBE", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00765-00149939-00150059": "TWO OR THREE KINDS OF TREES.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00766-00150059-00150256": "YOU HAVE A BETTER CHANCE OF NOT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00767-00150256-00150356": "HAVING THEM ALL.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00768-00150356-00150530": "THESE WERE NOT ALL DYING OUT AT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00769-00150530-00150560": "ONCE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00770-00150560-00150763": "IT IS BETTER TO HAVE A VARIETY.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00771-00150763-00150840": "THAT'S MY PLUG FOR WIND BREAKS,", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00772-00150840-00151050": "AND ALSO NOT TO LIMIT THEM UP", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00773-00151050-00151234": "BECAUSE THEY ARE WIND BREAKS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00774-00151234-00151424": "SO THOSE ARE MY TWO THINGS I", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00775-00151424-00151648": "LIKE TO TELL EVERYONE AND TRY", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00776-00151648-00151801": "NOT TO PLANT ANYTHING UNDER A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00777-00151801-00151841": "WINDBREAK.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00778-00151841-00151991": "THAT'S WHAT A WINDBREAK IS FOR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00779-00151991-00152111": "TO COVER THE GROUND.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00780-00152111-00152245": "DID I COVER EVERYTHING ON WIND", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00781-00152245-00152288": "BREAKS THIS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00782-00152288-00152382": ">> I THINK SO.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00783-00152382-00152605": ">> SOMEHOW I HAD TO GET ON A", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00784-00152605-00152739": "SOAPBOX ABOUT WIND BREAKS ALL OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00785-00152739-00152799": "A SUDDEN.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00786-00152799-00153039": "WELL, THE SHOW DOES GO SO FAST.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00787-00153039-00153223": "WE REALLY APPRECIATE OUR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00788-00153223-00153256": "VIEWERS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00789-00153256-00153426": "WE ARE COMING UP CELEBRATING 25", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00790-00153426-00153736": "YEARS, AND WE LOVE DOING ALL OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00791-00153736-00153890": "THE QUESTIONS FROM YOU VIEWERS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00792-00153890-00154030": "SO THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR BEING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00793-00154030-00154170": "GOOD VIEWERS FOR 25 YEARS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00794-00154170-00154384": "I WANT TO THANK YOU THREE FOR", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00795-00154384-00154424": "BEING HERE.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00796-00154424-00154480": ">> THANK YOU.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00797-00154480-00154667": ">> WE BRING ALL OF THE LATEST", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00798-00154667-00154888": "THINGS IN AND PEOPLE ARE ASKING", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00799-00154888-00154988": "ALL THOSE SAME KIND OF", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00800-00154988-00155028": "QUESTIONS.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00801-00155028-00155151": "SO WE THANK YOU FOR WATCHING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00802-00155151-00155261": "WE HOPE THAT YOU WILL GET OUT", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00803-00155261-00155391": "AND GARDEN AND HOPEFULLY IT WILL", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00804-00155391-00155595": "BE A PERFECT DAY FOR YOU.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00805-00155595-00155815": "WE HOPE YOU HAVE A GREAT WEEK", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00806-00155815-00155855": "GARDENING.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00807-00155855-00156259": "SEE YOU NEXT TIME.", "bcgdCbA3S5U-00808-00156259-00158808": "GOOD-BYE."}}]