[{"audio_id": "cAsG1KOyqRQ", "text": {"cAsG1KOyqRQ-00000-00002494-00002853": "Eheheheheehehehehe", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00001-00002864-00002953": "Having fun?", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00002-00002953-00003066": "Huhuhehehehe", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00003-00003066-00003117": "Having fun?", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00004-00003117-00003212": "Yeah, it's fun.", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00005-00003212-00003300": "It's fun!", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00006-00003327-00003419": "Going in~", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00007-00003955-00004049": "Hehehehehe", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00008-00004575-00004645": "Like it?", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00009-00004696-00004808": "Hehuhuhehehehe", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00010-00005540-00005646": "Like it?", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00011-00005714-00005770": "Heh", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00012-00005770-00005829": "Hehe", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00013-00005916-00006017": "Thank you~", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00014-00006489-00006566": "Like it?", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00015-00006572-00006636": "Hehehe", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00016-00006668-00006742": "I like it.", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00017-00007485-00007864": "I'm gonna make baby food for KB, whose birthday was a few days ago.", "cAsG1KOyqRQ-00018-00007928-00008104": "- It's like a speaker, isn't it? - Yeah. It's like a speaker..."}}, {"audio_id": "cAvLmqTi1uE", "text": {"cAvLmqTi1uE-00000-00000000-00000396": "Title: Simontive 6 Episode 89: The International Mute Court", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00001-00000826-00001258": "Simon: I see that Stef can not speak right now which is ironic as a judge.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00002-00001310-00001604": "Yi: Fine. We will start the trial right now.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00003-00001654-00002184": "Yi’s Twin: I have no attorney, but I did some gambling in Napvile and Sofa Territory.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00004-00002228-00002744": "Simon: Why did you convict yourself? Really. To be fair, I can convict myself of spying.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00005-00002814-00003311": "Mr. Dinosaur: Good thing the Dogland Intelligence Agency is investigating right now.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00006-00003404-00003746": "Simon: Well. I do agree with that. You can make a decision right now.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00007-00003838-00004078": "Yi: You’re a liar. Get him right now.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00008-00004122-00004730": "Mr. Dinosaur: That is very mean. We do not want the Americans and British going against the Chinese again.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00009-00004790-00005238": "Governor FBI: I seem to be neutral at the issue right now. Just go on explaining more details.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00010-00005296-00005740": "Erik Wamboldt: Well. Those evil Doglanders are getting justice right now.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00011-00005782-00006481": "Penguin Jr.: There seems to be an evil force in the courtroom. I cleared this evil force. Hopefully this is not perjury.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00012-00006548-00007002": "Simon: The citizenship record of Clyde Martin and Airport Rabbit has been removed.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00013-00007086-00007380": "Governor FBI: I see the result's coming out of the paper. Court’s over.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00014-00007426-00007830": "You both owe $1 due now. Clyde Martin and Airport Rabbit are Australian and American citizens respectively at this point. Case forwarded to the UN.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00015-00008258-00009314": "Yi: I removed the tanks of Sofa Territory, but there seems to be less security right now. We might have to bring out the ultimate weapon.", "cAvLmqTi1uE-00016-00009416-00009786": "Yi’s Twin: I do not seem to care about security right now."}}, {"audio_id": "cAG0KjdJPzc", "text": {"cAG0KjdJPzc-00000-00000030-00000747": "hello guys how are you you are watching  AS tech in this video I am going to show", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00001-00000747-00001263": "you three best web browser for your Android smartphones before starting the", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00002-00001263-00001827": "video please subscribe to our channel all these three browser are less than 30", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00003-00001827-00002435": "MB so they will not occupy much space and will work lightning fast", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00004-00002470-00003141": "subscribe to a AS tech and press the bell icon to get all latest technology updates", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00005-00004922-00005907": "first of all open play store the first one is via browser install it I am NOT", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00006-00005907-00006473": "installing it as I instaled it earlier open it it's very simple you can", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00007-00006473-00007009": "customize it easily it works very fast", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00008-00010217-00010905": "next one we got is a APUS browser it is the best browser for Android phones", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00009-00010905-00011658": "as it is simple and easy to use go to Play Store and install it open it press", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00010-00011658-00013747": "Start and enjoy fast browsing", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00011-00013763-00014685": "last one we got is puffin browser install it it is the fastest browser of all time it", "cAG0KjdJPzc-00012-00014685-00015391": "works in all network conditions hope you will enjoy best speed on it"}}, {"audio_id": "cAG9RRJIaO0", "text": {"cAG9RRJIaO0-00000-00001008-00002350": "the light of life in me", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00001-00002500-00003450": "quenched the pain.", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00002-00003700-00005250": "Let's go dancing and what goes, what goes, what goes.", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00003-00005700-00007050": "You give me a world of peace.", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00004-00007250-00009050": "I do not breathe, I do not let myself go.", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00005-00009350-00010350": "the music and its electricity,", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00006-00010550-00011750": "baby, there you are.", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00007-00012150-00013150": "the moon shines in the sea", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00008-00013400-00015790": "let's make our dreams come true.", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00009-00016000-00017360": "You give me, a world of peace", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00010-00017560-00019060": "I do not breathe, I do not let myself go", "cAG9RRJIaO0-00011-00019160-00019950": "I do not breathe no, I let myself go"}}, {"audio_id": "cAKCjblKnC4", "text": {"cAKCjblKnC4-00000-00001125-00001786": "Hi I'm Kip J Jones, Layton Utah dentist and I want to introduce you to one of the neatest", "cAKCjblKnC4-00001-00001786-00002206": "dental treatments on the market today and that is a same day crown.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00002-00002206-00002347": "What is a same day crown?", "cAKCjblKnC4-00003-00002347-00002964": "A same day crown is a crown that you receive the same day you come in for you dental treatment.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00004-00002964-00003494": "The way that we can do this is we utilize a CAD CAM system and what that is, is it's", "cAKCjblKnC4-00005-00003494-00004143": "a computer aided design and a computer aided milling system where we use a laser to actually", "cAKCjblKnC4-00006-00004143-00004301": "scan your tooth.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00007-00004301-00004977": "The scanning then transfers the data onto a computer system that we can design a crown", "cAKCjblKnC4-00008-00004977-00005287": "right here, right now, on a computer.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00009-00005287-00005603": "That data is then transferred to the milling unit.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00010-00005603-00006104": "A block of porcelain is then placed into the milling unit and a crown is carved out of", "cAKCjblKnC4-00011-00006104-00006523": "that block of porcelain literally in ten to fifteen minutes.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00012-00006523-00007161": "So you come in with a broken tooth, you need a crown, we can prep your tooth, scan your", "cAKCjblKnC4-00013-00007161-00007804": "tooth, mill a porcelain crown out of a block, in ten to fifteen minutes, start to finish", "cAKCjblKnC4-00014-00007804-00008281": "you're in and out of here in an hour and a half to two hours, with the crown cemented", "cAKCjblKnC4-00015-00008281-00008472": "on your tooth.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00016-00008472-00008749": "Porcelain is an amazing material.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00017-00008749-00009215": "The strength of porcelain in today has been improved so greatly that we can deliver to", "cAKCjblKnC4-00018-00009215-00009975": "you a ceramic full porcelain crown, no metal involved in matter of an hour and a half.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00019-00009975-00010372": "You come in and need a crown, same day crown is delivered.", "cAKCjblKnC4-00020-00010372-00010864": "Please if you need a crown or have questions about same day crowns please call us at 801", "cAKCjblKnC4-00021-00010864-00012122": "546 3513 and visit us for a free consultation."}}, {"audio_id": "cB47uUaHp9I", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "cBksbfoXrEu", "text": {"cBksbfoXrEu-00000-00001134-00001626": "Great that you found this channel", "cBksbfoXrEu-00001-00001689-00002160": "So, what do you have to expect from it?", "cBksbfoXrEu-00002-00002160-00002904": "Mostly I'm gonna translate scenes which aren't published in germany yet but I'm also gonna translate songs", "cBksbfoXrEu-00003-00002904-00004076": "So you aren't spared of spoilers but in case you won't spoiler yourself all those videos are marked so it can't happen", "cBksbfoXrEu-00004-00004076-00004894": "I'm also going to upload music videos of couples or single people but that won't happen too often", "cBksbfoXrEu-00005-00004894-00005828": "Even if this are my 3 main themes I won't fix myself to only those videos", "cBksbfoXrEu-00006-00005828-00006423": "Different from my other channel (Violetta Deutschland) there aren't fixed days or a certain time to upload my videos", "cBksbfoXrEu-00007-00006423-00006936": "So it's worth to subscribe if you don't wanna miss something", "cBksbfoXrEu-00008-00006936-00007706": "I will consider your video wishes but I won't do them immediately", "cBksbfoXrEu-00009-00007706-00008364": "Of course constructive criticism is always good but it has to stay helpful", "cBksbfoXrEu-00010-00008364-00009380": "If you don't wanna miss anything you can also follow me on Instagram (soy_luna_de)", "cBksbfoXrEu-00011-00009380-00009982": "I'm looking forward to a nice time with you on this channel and I hope you are too", "cBksbfoXrEu-00012-00009982-00010364": "You can find further information in the discribtion"}}, {"audio_id": "cBEApBpEjtI", "text": {"cBEApBpEjtI-00000-00001457-00001989": "Hello and welcome everybody to my protection in electrical power", "cBEApBpEjtI-00001-00001989-00002702": "systems course. Today would like to talk about distance protection and we specializd", "cBEApBpEjtI-00002-00002702-00003152": "in the distance protection basics and in the machineries of the distance protection", "cBEApBpEjtI-00003-00003152-00003903": "relay. So, the job of distance protection is: If we have a line in an electrical", "cBEApBpEjtI-00004-00003903-00004335": "power system and there is a fault, we would like that this relay that is indicated", "cBEApBpEjtI-00005-00004335-00004968": "with a red circle, trips the fault and that it does not trip the fault for a fault", "cBEApBpEjtI-00006-00004968-00005610": "that is behind this. So how does the relay discriminate? There are two", "cBEApBpEjtI-00007-00005610-00006135": "approaches. One is the classic approach. The classic approach is that the", "cBEApBpEjtI-00008-00006135-00006726": "impedance magnitude is measured, that the direction is determined. Is it downstream?", "cBEApBpEjtI-00009-00006726-00007500": "Is it upstream? And that only the time is respected when to trip, and this is", "cBEApBpEjtI-00010-00007500-00008013": "versus the electronic circuits or microprocessor based protection, which", "cBEApBpEjtI-00011-00008013-00008610": "just determines in the impedance plane the complex impedance and decides", "cBEApBpEjtI-00012-00008610-00009300": "whether it is inside or if it outside the so-called tripping area. So I would", "cBEApBpEjtI-00013-00009300-00009795": "like to start with a classic approach. For this purpose, I show you the", "cBEApBpEjtI-00014-00009795-00010512": "voltage source, source impedance, the relay given as r and a line on which we", "cBEApBpEjtI-00015-00010512-00011070": "have at varying positions the fault. So if such a fault occurs, we have a fault", "cBEApBpEjtI-00016-00011070-00011685": "current to this fault point, which is going to a count transformer and the", "cBEApBpEjtI-00017-00011685-00012132": "replica of this fault current is fed into the protection relay, into the right", "cBEApBpEjtI-00018-00012132-00012714": "coil, which is the current coil. So at the current coil, we have a current flowing", "cBEApBpEjtI-00019-00012714-00013203": "through this coil and it magnetizing and tries to pull this lever down to its", "cBEApBpEjtI-00020-00013203-00013837": "side. On the other hand, we have a residual voltage which magnetizes the", "cBEApBpEjtI-00021-00013837-00014591": "restraint coil, the voltage coil. And these two forces act either to the right or to", "cBEApBpEjtI-00022-00014591-00014990": "the left side- If we have one point where they are equal,", "cBEApBpEjtI-00023-00014990-00015656": "the trip force is strong and we activate a trip on this. Now, if we have a fault or", "cBEApBpEjtI-00024-00015656-00016358": "high impedance at the far end or behind this line, the restraint forces are", "cBEApBpEjtI-00025-00016358-00016970": "higher than the trip forces, the current forces. If we move further in, one side", "cBEApBpEjtI-00026-00016970-00017459": "comes down, which is the restraint force, the voltage source, because the closer we", "cBEApBpEjtI-00027-00017459-00017891": "get to the relay, the fewer residual voltage is monitored there. On the", "cBEApBpEjtI-00028-00017891-00018410": "other hand, the current will go up and that goes until we at a certain point", "cBEApBpEjtI-00029-00018410-00019013": "have an equilibrium and behind this we have a trip zone. So this trip zone will", "cBEApBpEjtI-00030-00019013-00019478": "mean that at the tripping point, the ratio between voltage and current forces", "cBEApBpEjtI-00031-00019478-00020120": "or voltage and current is at a critical value and that is the so-called", "cBEApBpEjtI-00032-00020120-00020909": "tripping impedance Z*. And if the fault moves in further, then the residual", "cBEApBpEjtI-00033-00020909-00021395": "voltage, the restraining force gets even lower, lower and the currents will get up.", "cBEApBpEjtI-00034-00021395-00022169": "So in this red area, we have a trip area. And this is the tripping area. And by", "cBEApBpEjtI-00035-00022169-00022712": "these means, such a relay can discriminate between the trip zone and the restraint", "cBEApBpEjtI-00036-00022712-00023297": "zone. The other approach for distance relays in order to determine: Is the", "cBEApBpEjtI-00037-00023297-00023816": "fault on the own line or is it beyond this? is the impedance plane approach. So", "cBEApBpEjtI-00038-00023816-00024353": "we start again with the same fault impedance model. We have a source we have", "cBEApBpEjtI-00039-00024353-00024904": "the relay, and we have a line on which there may be a fault. This line can be", "cBEApBpEjtI-00040-00024904-00025388": "represented by the Pi equivalent circuit, which consists of a resistance and", "cBEApBpEjtI-00041-00025388-00026075": "inductance and two capacitances which usually are assigned to the left and to", "cBEApBpEjtI-00042-00026075-00026693": "the right side. Now, if we have a fault, this equivalent circuit is a short circuit", "cBEApBpEjtI-00043-00026693-00027299": "and that means that the downstream capacitance is a short circuit. So it does", "cBEApBpEjtI-00044-00027299-00027827": "not play any role anymore and also the upstream capacitance can be usually", "cBEApBpEjtI-00045-00027827-00028258": "neglected because the capacitive fault card is so", "cBEApBpEjtI-00046-00028258-00028765": "small compared to the high short-circuit current that it is neglected.", "cBEApBpEjtI-00047-00028765-00029333": "So the capacitances are left out and we have this fault circuit of the first", "cBEApBpEjtI-00048-00029333-00029983": "order, as we call it. Now, in the impedance plane, this is represented by two points.", "cBEApBpEjtI-00049-00029983-00030524": "Blue is the resistance and black is the reactance and together they add", "cBEApBpEjtI-00050-00030524-00031031": "up to the impedance. Now, if the fault point moves forth and back from this", "cBEApBpEjtI-00051-00031031-00031652": "position, then also the R and X vary, but they vary in the same ratio and that", "cBEApBpEjtI-00052-00031652-00032462": "means that this fault point moves along the so-called impedance line. There", "cBEApBpEjtI-00053-00032462-00032972": "is always a limit where we say if the fault is before this characteristic", "cBEApBpEjtI-00054-00032972-00033359": "tripping point, we will trip. If the fault is behind it, we will restrain and", "cBEApBpEjtI-00055-00033359-00034028": "wait. So, in the relays, there are three conditions to be fulfilled. The most", "cBEApBpEjtI-00056-00034028-00034534": "important one is the X. That is measured by the distance relay. Is it", "cBEApBpEjtI-00057-00034534-00035131": "below this characteristic value? Because X is proportional to the distance from", "cBEApBpEjtI-00058-00035131-00035783": "the relay to the fault point. The next condition is is the resistive part lying", "cBEApBpEjtI-00059-00035783-00036458": "in an appropriate phase angle at an appropriate place in this impedance", "cBEApBpEjtI-00060-00036458-00036946": "plane. The third condition is the whole impedance lying in the first", "cBEApBpEjtI-00061-00036946-00037375": "quadrant. That means that it is forward, that its downstream and not in the", "cBEApBpEjtI-00062-00037375-00037816": "reverse direction, which would mean restraining. Now, if these three", "cBEApBpEjtI-00063-00037816-00038334": "conditions are fulfilled, we have a trip. So this was today's lecture about", "cBEApBpEjtI-00064-00038334-00038836": "distance protection bases and I thank you very much."}}, {"audio_id": "cCdRwwA5lH4", "text": {"cCdRwwA5lH4-00000-00000003-00000470": "Activity completion: track progress", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00001-00000479-00000959": "Activity completion or completion tracking allows students to see their", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00002-00000959-00001458": "progress throughout a course using check or tick boxes on the side of activities.", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00003-00001458-00002001": "The boxes with dotted lines are ticked automatically when students meet certain", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00004-00002001-00002574": "criteria; the boxes with solid lines students can click to manually complete", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00005-00002574-00002798": "them.", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00006-00002800-00003304": "Activity completion reports are also available for teachers as we can see", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00007-00003304-00003901": "here, so they can check the progress of their students in a course. Let's go into", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00008-00003901-00004319": "teacher Sam's course and see how to set this up.", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00009-00004319-00004869": "First of all ,activity completion or completion tracking needs to be enabled", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00010-00004869-00005344": "site-wide, so if you don't see it in your course as a teacher, ask your", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00011-00005344-00005839": "administrator. Our teacher Sam must first go to the", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00012-00005839-00006198": "gear menu top right and click Edit settings.", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00013-00006198-00007140": "She then Scrolls down to completion tracking and enables it by selecting yes,", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00014-00007140-00007731": "then when she saves and displays she can go into an activity or resource and set", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00015-00007731-00008374": "the completion tracking criteri. Our teacher Sam has a course welcome page, so", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00016-00008374-00008885": "if she clicks into it and then clicks Edit settings she can then scroll down", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00017-00008885-00009538": "to select the criteria for activity completion. The choices are not to", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00018-00009538-00010218": "indicate it, so no checkbox ,to indicate it manually, so students can click to say", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00019-00010218-00010775": "they've completed it themselves ,or to show it automatically based on criteria.", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00020-00010775-00011373": "Here our teacher is going to select manual completion so students must click", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00021-00011373-00012072": "to confirm they've done the activity, and to display the activity on the dashboard", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00022-00012072-00012711": "our teacher must click Expect completed on with a date. In other activities such", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00023-00012711-00013284": "as forums there are other completion criteria, so if Sam goes into her", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00024-00013284-00013869": "Introduce yourself! forum and clicks Edit settings again and scrolls down to", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00025-00013869-00014416": "Activity completion, we can see that there are various requirements, and for a", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00026-00014416-00014956": "forum, for example, our teacher can require that students post a certain", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00027-00014956-00015472": "number of discussions or replies, and the activity will only be marked complete", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00028-00015472-00016168": "when they've done that. We can now see a box with a solid border", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00029-00016168-00016679": "which requires manual completion, and a box with a dotted line border which", "cCdRwwA5lH4-00030-00016679-00017334": "requires automatic completion based on the conditions our teacher has set."}}, {"audio_id": "cCynZjXG15g", "text": {"cCynZjXG15g-00000-00000000-00003700": "👍 Suit ☄️ Anna Cold Heart for adults ❄️ - Shop GrandStart.ru ❤️"}}, {"audio_id": "cCypZWlmGfI", "text": {"cCypZWlmGfI-00000-00000481-00000681": "Mount Holyoke has great options for social life,", "cCypZWlmGfI-00001-00000681-00000876": "especially considering the fact that we're part", "cCypZWlmGfI-00002-00000876-00001010": "of the Five College Consortium,", "cCypZWlmGfI-00003-00001010-00001349": "So if you want to stay after your UMass class", "cCypZWlmGfI-00004-00001349-00001623": "in downtown Amherst you can get bubble tea with a friend", "cCypZWlmGfI-00005-00001623-00001748": "and come back on the bus.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00006-00001748-00001932": "We're constantly going to the other campuses", "cCypZWlmGfI-00007-00001932-00002082": "meeting people at the other campuses", "cCypZWlmGfI-00008-00002082-00002268": "and making friends at the other campuses", "cCypZWlmGfI-00009-00002268-00002422": "and then they get to come back to us.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00010-00002422-00002685": "You can join organizations I've gone to club meetings", "cCypZWlmGfI-00011-00002685-00002916": "at the other five colleges and it's a really cool way", "cCypZWlmGfI-00012-00002916-00003027": "to meet other students.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00013-00003027-00003370": "We have over 150 different organizations,", "cCypZWlmGfI-00014-00003370-00003558": "and if for some reason we don't have the club", "cCypZWlmGfI-00015-00003558-00003681": "that you're looking for,", "cCypZWlmGfI-00016-00003681-00003939": "one of the other five colleges is pretty much guaranteed to.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00017-00003939-00004105": "If you were here at Mount Holyoke", "cCypZWlmGfI-00018-00004105-00004351": "but you had that incredible class that you wanted to take", "cCypZWlmGfI-00019-00004351-00004635": "at UMass the buses really allow you to go there,", "cCypZWlmGfI-00020-00004635-00004881": "take the class that you want and explore whatever you want.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00021-00004881-00005022": "I think coming to Mount Holyoke is", "cCypZWlmGfI-00022-00005022-00005350": "like coming to five separate colleges at the same time.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00023-00005350-00005628": "A cappella groups are having jams or cultural organizations", "cCypZWlmGfI-00024-00005628-00005745": "are having events.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00025-00005745-00005907": "We have a ton of different events", "cCypZWlmGfI-00026-00005907-00006232": "that happen every week, every weekend. Not just on campus,", "cCypZWlmGfI-00027-00006232-00006384": "but in the five colleges as well.", "cCypZWlmGfI-00028-00006384-00006803": "I think that that aspect of choice is really appealing."}}, {"audio_id": "cCGsV39VPQM", "text": {"cCGsV39VPQM-00000-00000076-00000126": "- WELCOME TO A LESSON ON SOLVING  ONE STEP EQUATIONS", "cCGsV39VPQM-00001-00000333-00000383": "WITH FRACTIONS.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00002-00000473-00000523": "SINCE WE HAVE ALREADY COVERED  HOW TO SOLVE ONE STEP EQUATIONS", "cCGsV39VPQM-00003-00000700-00000750": "WITH INTEGERS,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00004-00000813-00000863": "WE SHOULD ALREADY BE FAMILIAR  WITH ONE STEP EQUATIONS", "cCGsV39VPQM-00005-00001070-00001120": "SO LET'S GO AHEAD  AND TAKE A LOOK AT OUR EXAMPLES.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00006-00001330-00001380": "WE HAVE X + 1/120 = 1/5.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00007-00001766-00001816": "OUR GOAL IS TO FIND THE VALUE  OF X", "cCGsV39VPQM-00008-00001920-00001970": "THAT WOULD SATISFY THIS EQUATION", "cCGsV39VPQM-00009-00002113-00002163": "SO WE WANT TO ALGEBRAICALLY  ISOLATE THE VARIABLE", "cCGsV39VPQM-00010-00002383-00002433": "ON ONE SIDE OF THE EQUATION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00011-00002550-00002600": "SO IN THIS CASE, WE WANT  THE EQUATION TO BE IN THE FORM", "cCGsV39VPQM-00012-00002773-00002823": "OF X EQUALS SOME NUMBER.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00013-00003083-00003133": "SO LOOKING AT THE SIDE  OF THE EQUATION", "cCGsV39VPQM-00014-00003226-00003276": "WHERE THE VARIABLE IS WE DON'T  WANT THIS +1/120 HERE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00015-00003636-00003686": "SO TO UNDO +1/120 WE'LL PERFORM  THE OPPOSITE OPERATION,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00016-00004070-00004120": "WHICH MEANS WE NEED TO SUBTRACT  1/120", "cCGsV39VPQM-00017-00004310-00004360": "ON BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00018-00004533-00004583": "IT'S IMPORTANT THAT WE SUBTRACT  1/120 ON BOTH SIDES", "cCGsV39VPQM-00019-00004790-00004840": "TO MAINTAIN THE EQUALITY  OF THE EQUATION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00020-00005146-00005196": "SO AGAIN, WE'RE GOING  TO SUBTRACT 1/120", "cCGsV39VPQM-00021-00005350-00005400": "ON BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00022-00005806-00005856": "NOTICE ON THE LEFT SIDE,  +1/20 - 1/20 WOULD BE ZERO.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00023-00006214-00006264": "THAT'S WHY WE DID THAT.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00024-00006377-00006427": "SO WE'RE LEFT WITH X  ON THE LEFT SIDE,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00025-00006640-00006690": "AND ON THE RIGHT SIDE WE HAVE  SUBTRACT THESE FRACTIONS,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00026-00006973-00007023": "BUT BEFORE WE DO THAT WE HAVE  TO HAVE A COMMON DENOMINATOR,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00027-00007244-00007294": "WHICH WOULD BE THE LEAST  COMMON MULTIPLE OF 5 AND 20,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00028-00007567-00007617": "WHICH WOULD BE 20.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00029-00007797-00007847": "AND SINCE 5 x 4 = 20,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00030-00008110-00008160": "WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY  THIS FRACTION BY 4/4.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00031-00008460-00008510": "SO NOW WE HAVE 4/20 - 1/20.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00032-00009070-00009120": "SO OUR DENOMINATOR  STAYS THE SAME.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00033-00009387-00009437": "4 - 1 = 3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00034-00009607-00009657": "WE ALWAYS WANT TO SEE  IF THIS SIMPLIFIES,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00035-00009824-00009874": "BUT 3 AND 20 DON'T HAVE ANY  COMMON FACTORS OTHER THAN ONE,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00036-00010190-00010240": "THEREFORE 3/20 IS OUR SOLUTION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00037-00010940-00010990": "NEXT WE HAVE X - 2/3 = 3/4.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00038-00011494-00011544": "SO WE WANT TO ISOLATE THE X  ON THE LEFT SIDE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00039-00011737-00011787": "SO OUR SOLUTION WILL BE IN THE  FORM OF X EQUALS SOME NUMBER.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00040-00012218-00012268": "SO WE WANT TO UNDO THIS -2/3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00041-00012528-00012578": "THE OPPOSITE OF -2/3 IS +2/3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00042-00012831-00012881": "SO FOR THIS EQUATION  WE'RE GOING TO ADD 2/3", "cCGsV39VPQM-00043-00013091-00013141": "TO BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00044-00013368-00013418": "SO WE'LL HAVE +2/3 ON THE LEFT  AND +2/3 ON THE RIGHT.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00045-00013961-00014011": "AGAIN, NOTICE ON THE LEFT  THIS WOULD BE ZERO.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00046-00014247-00014297": "SO WE HAVE X = THIS SUM HERE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00047-00014651-00014701": "AND AGAIN, WE HAVE TO HAVE  A COMMON DENOMINATOR,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00048-00014874-00014924": "WHICH WOULD BE THE LEAST  COMMON MULTIPLE OF 4 AND 3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00049-00015158-00015208": "THAT WOULD BE 12.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00050-00015308-00015358": "SO WE'D MULTIPLY THIS FRACTION  BY 3/3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00051-00015708-00015758": "NOTICE WE HAVE A 12  IN THE DENOMINATOR.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00052-00015947-00015997": "MULTIPLY THIS FRACTION BY 4/4.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00053-00016368-00016418": "SO NOW WE HAVE X = 9/12 + 8/12.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00054-00017278-00017328": "SO WE HAVE X = 9 + 8 = 17,  17/12.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00055-00017961-00018011": "THIS DOES NOT SIMPLIFY,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00056-00018145-00018195": "BUT IT IS IMPROPER FRACTION  BECAUSE 17 IS LARGER THAN 12.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00057-00018612-00018662": "SO YOU MAY NEED TO CONVERT THIS  TO A MIXED NUMBER,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00058-00018862-00018912": "WHICH MEANS WE'D HAVE 17  DIVIDED BY 12.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00059-00019298-00019348": "THERE'S ONE 12 IN 17.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00060-00019555-00019605": "WE SUBTRACT.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00061-00019698-00019748": "NOTICE OUR REMAINDER WOULD BE 5.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00062-00020025-00020075": "THIS TELLS US  THAT 17/12 = 1 5/12,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00063-00020658-00020708": "THE REMAINDER OVER THE DIVISOR.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00064-00020965-00021015": "THIS WOULD BE OUR SOLUTION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00065-00021225-00021275": "NEXT WE HAVE 3/4X = 15/28.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00066-00021642-00021692": "AGAIN, OUR GOAL IS TO ISOLATE X.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00067-00021865-00021915": "SO WE WANT THIS TO BE IN THE  FORM OF X EQUALS SOME NUMBER.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00068-00022308-00022358": "3/4X MEANS 3/4 x X.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00069-00022702-00022752": "AND BECAUSE THE OPPOSITE  OPERATION OF MULTIPLICATION", "cCGsV39VPQM-00070-00022925-00022975": "IS DIVISION,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00071-00023042-00023092": "WE MIGHT BE THINKING WE SHOULD  DIVIDE BY 3/4, WHICH WE CAN,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00072-00023475-00023525": "BUT REMEMBER INSTEAD OF DIVIDING  BY A FRACTION", "cCGsV39VPQM-00073-00023698-00023748": "WE NORMALLY MULTIPLY  BY THE RECIPROCAL.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00074-00023932-00023982": "SO FOR THIS PROBLEM", "cCGsV39VPQM-00075-00024036-00024086": "WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY  BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION", "cCGsV39VPQM-00076-00024276-00024326": "BY THE RECIPROCAL OF 3/4  OR MULTIPLY IT BY 4/3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00077-00024812-00024862": "SO WE'LL MULTIPLY THE LEFT SIDE  BY 4/3", "cCGsV39VPQM-00078-00025266-00025316": "AND MULTIPLY THE RIGHT SIDE  BY 4/3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00079-00025806-00025856": "NOTICE ON THE LEFT SIDE  WE HAVE 4/4 AND 3/3,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00080-00026186-00026236": "SO THIS SIMPLIFIES TO 1X  OR JUST X.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00081-00026572-00026622": "AND ON THE RIGHT SIDE,  BEFORE WE MULTIPLY,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00082-00026766-00026816": "WE DO WANT TO SIMPLIFY OUT  THE COMMON FACTORS", "cCGsV39VPQM-00083-00027019-00027069": "BETWEEN THE NUMERATORS  AND DENOMINATORS.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00084-00027279-00027329": "WELL, 3 AND 15  SHARE A COMMON FACTOR OF 3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00085-00027762-00027812": "THERE'S ONE THREE IN 3  AND FIVE THREES IN 15.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00086-00028269-00028319": "28 AND 4 SHARE A COMMON FACTOR  OF 4.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00087-00028659-00028709": "THERE'S ONE FOUR IN 4  AND SEVEN FOURS IN 28.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00088-00029142-00029192": "AND THEN WE CAN MULTIPLY", "cCGsV39VPQM-00089-00029229-00029279": "KNOWING OUR PRODUCT WILL BE  IN SIMPLEST FORM.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00090-00029499-00029549": "IN THE NUMERATOR WE HAVE  5 x 1 = 5,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00091-00029776-00029826": "AND OUR DENOMINATOR  IS 7 x 1 = 7.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00092-00030076-00030126": "THIS DOES NOT SIMPLIFY  SO THIS WOULD BE OUR SOLUTION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00093-00030753-00030803": "NEXT WE HAVE 6X = 4/15.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00094-00031266-00031316": "AGAIN, OUR GOAL IS TO ISOLATE X  ON THE LEFT SIDE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00095-00031533-00031583": "SO WANT THIS TO BE IN THE FORM  OF X EQUALS SOME NUMBER.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00096-00031950-00032000": "REMEMBER 6X MEANS 6 x X.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00097-00032256-00032306": "WE CAN ALSO THINK OF THIS  AS 6/1 x X.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00098-00032700-00032750": "SO WE MIGHT BE THINKING  WE SHOULD DIVIDE BY SIX,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00099-00032933-00032983": "BUT AGAIN, BECAUSE WE HAVE  A FRACTION OVER HERE,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00100-00033163-00033213": "IT'S GOING TO BE BETTER IF WE  MULTIPLY IT BY THE RECIPROCAL.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00101-00033453-00033503": "THE RECIPROCAL OF 6/1  WOULD BE 1/6.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00102-00033820-00033870": "SO WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY  BOTH SIDES BY 1/6.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00103-00034873-00034923": "AGAIN, NOTICE ON THE LEFT SIDE  WE HAVE 6/6,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00104-00035136-00035186": "WHICH SIMPLIFIES TO ONE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00105-00035313-00035363": "SO WE HAVE 1X  OR JUST X ON THE LEFT.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00106-00035613-00035663": "ON THE RIGHT  WE WANT TO SIMPLIFY FIRST.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00107-00035946-00035996": "4 AND 6 SHARE A COMMON FACTOR  OF 2.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00108-00036267-00036317": "THERE ARE TWO TWOS IN 4  AND THREE TWOS IN 6.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00109-00036757-00036807": "AND NOW WE CAN GO AHEAD  AND MULTIPLY.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00110-00036917-00036967": "2 x 1 = 2, 15 x 3 = 45.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00111-00037467-00037517": "AGAIN, THIS DOES NOT SIMPLY,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00112-00037660-00037710": "THEREFORE THIS IS OUR SOLUTION,  2/45.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00113-00038224-00038274": "LET'S GO AHEAD AND TAKE A LOOK  AT ONE MORE EXAMPLE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00114-00038534-00038584": "HERE WE HAVE -4/9X = 14/15.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00115-00039004-00039054": "AGAIN, OUR GOAL IS TO HAVE THIS  IN THE FORM OF X", "cCGsV39VPQM-00116-00039244-00039294": "EQUALS SOME NUMBER  OR SOME FRACTION.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00117-00039637-00039687": "-4/9X MEANS -4/9 x X.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00118-00040077-00040127": "BUT AGAIN, INSTEAD OF DIVIDING  BY -4/9", "cCGsV39VPQM-00119-00040310-00040360": "WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY  BOTH SIDES BY THE RECIPROCAL.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00120-00040587-00040637": "SO WE'RE GOING TO MULTIPLY  BOTH SIDES BY -9/4.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00121-00041267-00041317": "SO AGAIN, WE'RE GOING TO  MULTIPLY BY -9/4 ON BOTH SIDES.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00122-00042231-00042281": "LOOKING AT THE LEFT,  WE HAVE 9/9.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00123-00042568-00042618": "THAT SIMPLIFIES TO ONE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00124-00042708-00042758": "4/4 SIMPLIFIES TO ONE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00125-00042921-00042971": "A NEGATIVE TIMES  A NEGATIVE IS POSITIVE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00126-00043128-00043178": "SO WE HAVE X ON THE LEFT.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00127-00043344-00043394": "AND ON THE RIGHT,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00128-00043454-00043504": "AGAIN WE WANT TO SIMPLIFY THIS  BEFORE MULTIPLYING.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00129-00043801-00043851": "4 AND 14 SHARE A COMMON FACTOR  OF 2.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00130-00044151-00044201": "THERE ARE TWO TWOS IN 4  AND SEVEN TWOS IN 14.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00131-00044668-00044718": "9 AND 15 SHARE A COMMON FACTOR  OF 3.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00132-00045011-00045061": "THERE ARE THREE THREES IN 9  AND FIVE THREES IN 15.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00133-00045451-00045501": "YOU NEED TO BE CAREFUL  OF THE SIGNS HERE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00134-00045718-00045768": "THE NUMERATOR IS 7 x -3 = -21.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00135-00046238-00046288": "AND THE DENOMINATOR  IS 5 x 2 = 10.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00136-00046574-00046624": "AGAIN, THERE ARE NO COMMON  FACTORS HERE", "cCGsV39VPQM-00137-00046761-00046811": "SO THIS IS IN SIMPLEST FORM,", "cCGsV39VPQM-00138-00046954-00047004": "BUT IT IS AN IMPROPER FRACTION", "cCGsV39VPQM-00139-00047158-00047208": "SO LET'S CONVERT IT  TO A MIXED NUMBER.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00140-00047408-00047458": "TO DO THIS, WE KNOW THE MIXED  NUMBER IS GOING TO BE NEGATIVE", "cCGsV39VPQM-00141-00047731-00047781": "SO LET'S GO AHEAD  AND PUT THE SIGN THERE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00142-00047938-00047988": "AND THEN WE'LL HAVE 21  DIVIDED BY 10.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00143-00048552-00048602": "THERE ARE TWO TENS IN 20.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00144-00048728-00048778": "2 x 10 = 20.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00145-00048882-00048932": "WE SUBTRACT.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00146-00049012-00049062": "WE HAVE A REMAINDER OF ONE.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00147-00049182-00049232": "SO - 21/10 = -2 1/10.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00148-00049895-00049945": "AGAIN, THE REMAINDER  OVER THE DIVISOR.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00149-00050292-00050342": "OKAY, I HOPE YOU FOUND  THIS VIDEO HELPFUL.", "cCGsV39VPQM-00150-00050635-00050685": "THANK YOU FOR WATCHING."}}, {"audio_id": "cD5tfzAmOru", "text": {"cD5tfzAmOru-00000-00002072-00002321": "this lounge is accessible to everyone", "cD5tfzAmOru-00001-00002321-00002593": "it is located near boarding gate e19", "cD5tfzAmOru-00002-00002593-00002762": "just outside the securitycheck", "cD5tfzAmOru-00003-00002762-00002984": "and customs inspection", "cD5tfzAmOru-00004-00003311-00003502": "you can enjoy a variety of food", "cD5tfzAmOru-00005-00003502-00003665": "and beverage options", "cD5tfzAmOru-00006-00007976-00008128": "As you wait for your flight,", "cD5tfzAmOru-00007-00008128-00008311": "entertainyourself watching tv,", "cD5tfzAmOru-00008-00008311-00008536": "reading newspapers or magazines,", "cD5tfzAmOru-00009-00008536-00008808": "or rejuvenate ina cell operated massage chair", "cD5tfzAmOru-00010-00009768-00009963": "and stay clean and fresh before", "cD5tfzAmOru-00011-00009963-00010216": "boardingyour next flight using the shower facility", "cD5tfzAmOru-00012-00010216-00010472": "complemented with free toiletries such assoap,", "cD5tfzAmOru-00013-00010471-00010814": "shampoo, toothbrush, razor, and body lotion.", "cD5tfzAmOru-00014-00011768-00011967": "free towels are also provided", "cD5tfzAmOru-00015-00011967-00012205": "so you neednot worry about carrying", "cD5tfzAmOru-00016-00012205-00012439": "wet towels inside your hand carries.", "cD5tfzAmOru-00017-00012584-00012789": "And, what i love most in this lounge", "cD5tfzAmOru-00018-00012789-00013037": "they serve meals for vegetarians like me", "cD5tfzAmOru-00019-00013037-00013327": "i had sauteed mixed vegetablesand mushrooms", "cD5tfzAmOru-00020-00013327-00013472": "and pasta putanesca", "cD5tfzAmOru-00021-00013904-00014119": "plus unlimited drinks be it", "cD5tfzAmOru-00022-00014119-00014347": "non-alcoholicor alcoholic", "cD5tfzAmOru-00023-00014347-00014607": "just don't forget to stay easy on the alcohol", "cD5tfzAmOru-00024-00014607-00014970": "so you can stillenjoy the remainder of your journey..."}}, {"audio_id": "cDG4f-eZQ0o", "text": {"cDG4f-eZQ0o-00000-00000000-00000200": "Hello everyone! Welcome to Gaming Mall!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00001-00000256-00000607": "Today we are going to play \"Squid Game\" on Roblox -- inspired by the Netflix show \"Squid Game\".", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00002-00000607-00001078": "Squid Game (Korean: 오징어 게임; RR: Ojing-eo Geim) is a South Korean survival drama television series streaming on Netflix.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00003-00001078-00001378": "The series centers on a contest where 456 players, drawn from different walks of life but each deeply in debt...", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00004-00001378-00001755": "play a set of children's games with deadly consequences for losing for a chance to win a ₩45.6 billion prize.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00005-00001755-00002010": "There are many versions of this \"Squid Game\" here in Roblox.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00006-00002010-00002335": "If you want to play this version of \"Squid Game\",         check the link in the description below.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00007-00002448-00002598": "In this episode, we will be playing the 1st game of \"Squid Game\", the infamous", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00008-00002598-00002798": "\"Red Light, Green LIght\"  (Mugunghwa Kkoch-i Pideon Nal 무궁화 꽃이 피던 날)", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00009-00002798-00003482": "The goal for the players is to cross to the opposite side of the field, moving only when the person/doll at the opposite side says “Green Light” and stopping when it says “Red Light.”", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00010-00003482-00003780": "If someone is spotted moving after Red Light is called, they are eliminated from the game.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00011-00003780-00004265": "Summary: Red Light — Stop running Green Light — Run/Walk towards the doll", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00012-00004265-00004493": "Got it? Good. Now let's go to the area.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00013-00004604-00005175": "By the way, 69% of people who watched this aren't subscribed yet. So SUBSCRIBE for more tips and tricks!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00014-00005857-00005907": "Alright, let's do this!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00015-00007205-00007977": "The feel is the same as the episode hmmm...", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00016-00011962-00012445": "EEEKKK. Don't want to end up like those guys...", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00017-00013123-00013444": "Lots of players that are already out.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00018-00013830-00014067": "Why move?!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00019-00014067-00014267": "The key to this game is first, listening to the song, next is how the head of the doll moves...", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00020-00014267-00015156": "and lastly, be consistent as much as possible that you stop right before the doll says the last word and turn her head.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00021-00016050-00016300": "Almost!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00022-00016300-00016721": "We won this round! Yes!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00023-00017926-00018073": "Don't go back!!!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00024-00018073-00018273": "OOF... RIP", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00025-00018300-00018719": "Never go back inside as the doll will treat you as a player that hasn't crossed yet.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00026-00021972-00022500": "NOOO! NO GOD... PLEASE NO!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00027-00022500-00022756": "And there he goes...", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00028-00023190-00023566": ">> ANOTHER ONE <<", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00029-00023566-00024429": "Hurry up! We haven't got all day Grandma! ^^", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00030-00027661-00028125": "If you like this video, HIT THAT LIKE BUTTON.", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00031-00028125-00028725": "And if you are new to this channel, make sure to SUBSCRIBE so you don't miss any videos we upload!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00032-00029824-00030127": "and that's it for this video! I hope you enjoyed it!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00033-00030473-00031110": "Make sure you check our other videos!", "cDG4f-eZQ0o-00034-00031791-00032564": "Thanks for watching! And we'll be seeing you. Bye!"}}, {"audio_id": "cEmtEJvgiG8", "text": {"cEmtEJvgiG8-00000-00000000-00019328": "03438913933"}}, {"audio_id": "cErEkb4Jsr0", "text": {"cErEkb4Jsr0-00000-00000000-00000378": "so in today's video we're going to be wrapping some interior pieces on the m140i", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00001-00000378-00000737": "and I'm also going to take this opportunity to tell you guys what I'm", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00002-00000737-00001194": "going to do to the car whilst the UK is on lockdown but without further ado", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00003-00001194-00001513": "let's get into the video", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00004-00001710-00002136": "eyup everybody and welcome back to the channel as you've just heard from that", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00005-00002136-00002461": "little bit of an intro there we're going to be wrapping some interior pieces on", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00006-00002461-00002839": "the m140i now of course the UK is on lockdown as", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00007-00002839-00003237": "is a fifth of the world's population at the minute due to the virus so i hope", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00008-00003237-00003537": "all of my subscribers and all of my viewers wherever you are in the world", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00009-00003537-00003901": "are keeping safe now of course you'll be aware that I can't just do the normal", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00010-00003901-00004300": "videos I would be doing I can't go get any mods done I can't go for a drive I", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00011-00004300-00004696": "can't do any POV stuff or anything like that so taking this opportunity to do", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00012-00004696-00005053": "some stuff while I'm at home there's four or five things I'm going to be", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00013-00005053-00005505": "doing to the m140i over this period of the next two three four five even six", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00014-00005505-00005944": "weeks hopefully giving you guys some good content to watch and some ideas to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00015-00005944-00006226": "do things with your own cars so the first thing that we're going to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00016-00006226-00006597": "be doing is wrapping some interior pieces on the m140i one thing that I", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00017-00006597-00006948": "think is definitely worth noting is I if you planning to buy anything off Amazon", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00018-00006948-00007281": "he seems that they've pushed any non-essential deliveries back to around", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00019-00007281-00007651": "the 23rd of April I got this wrap beneath me here which I'll show you in a", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00020-00007651-00008064": "second from eBay is from a seller that I do usually use and if you want a link to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00021-00008064-00008460": "their shop please do let me know and I'll get you one sorted out so wrapping", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00022-00008460-00008860": "the interior of the m1 40 I then so there's some silver pieces in the car", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00023-00008860-00009295": "which I did like originally but I don't quite like now so what I'm deciding to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00024-00009295-00009678": "do is wrap them in carbon to give them that m-performance look I'm not a fan of", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00025-00009678-00010114": "spending 400 or 500 pound or some extra interior panels and rather just wrap", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00026-00010114-00010396": "them myself the look just as good as well so a very", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00027-00010396-00010771": "very quick guide on how to wrap interior car parts yourself before we go out to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00028-00010771-00011097": "the car and start dismantling it but the first thing that you're going to need is", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00029-00011097-00011527": "some vinyl now this vinyl that i have bought is from ebay it's from a sellerI've used", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00030-00011527-00011940": "before I actually bought the same wrap and I wrapped the gt86 wing mirrors I", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00031-00011940-00012264": "did try to get some off amazon on so I could use Prime but there weren't any", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00032-00012264-00012667": "available until the 23rd of April so improve it a little bit difficult let's", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00033-00012667-00013030": "just hope the camera focuses on this just so you can see it but if not we", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00034-00013030-00013318": "will show you a little bit later on as well so the second thing that you're", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00035-00013318-00013690": "going to need is dependent on your car but for the BMW and especially the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00036-00013690-00014008": "Warner series you do definitely need them to make sure that when you take", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00037-00014008-00014383": "these parts off that you're not damaging them and not some plastic trim tools", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00038-00014383-00014755": "well I bought these from Amazon here as you can see there's a variety of", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00039-00014755-00015016": "different trim tools here and they're actually going to come in", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00040-00015016-00015376": "some of the stuff I've got planned as well so I just wanted to buy a full set", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00041-00015376-00015741": "now I'm not sure which one of these I am going to be using to remove the interior", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00042-00015741-00016111": "on my own car but I will let you guys know when we go out to it then so the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00043-00016111-00016468": "third thing that I'm using to get this wrap finalized is a heat gun now if you", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00044-00016468-00016759": "don't have a heat gun you can use a hairdryer a hairdryer just takes a", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00045-00016759-00017047": "little bit longer to get up to temperature but essentially once all the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00046-00017047-00017368": "wrap is laid and you're happy with it go over it with some heat and make sure", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00047-00017368-00017788": "that the adhesive is activated now here in the UK it's only 9 or 10 degrees so", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00048-00017788-00018142": "it's not ideal wrapping temperature which means that he is more important", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00049-00018142-00018451": "but in the same sense you don't to overdo it with stretching the wrap", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00050-00018451-00018739": "because it's carbon fiber of course it's got that pattern in it", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00051-00018739-00019105": "and you don't to ruin that pattern so I think that's enough waffling for me I'm", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00052-00019105-00019492": "going to go get my keys so I can get these interior pieces off I will return", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00053-00019492-00019786": "to you guys once we're ready to wrap them and if you do have any questions", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00054-00019786-00020188": "about removing the interior pieces ask me down on my social media down below", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00055-00020188-00020638": "and I'll be happy to help you but I will be back in a second ok guys - welcome", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00056-00020638-00021076": "back to day 2 yesterday was talked about actually taking the panels off and what", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00057-00021076-00021445": "items I'm going to use to wrap them I did that during my lunch break yesterday", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00058-00021445-00021787": "because I am still working from home however I've got the next three days off", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00059-00021787-00022129": "to be able to do the projects on my car so we're just gonna take a quick look", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00060-00022129-00022384": "around the garage before we get started because I have changed things around", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00061-00022384-00022771": "just a little bit in order to make my life a little bit easier during this", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00062-00022771-00023086": "time and then we're going to get on to wrapping it so in actual fact in the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00063-00023086-00023419": "grand scheme of things not much is really changed apart from this side of", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00064-00023419-00023836": "the garage over here so over there all the car cleaning stuff as we take a walk", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00065-00023836-00024211": "over here you'll actually see the interior panels I'm wrapping so got the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00066-00024211-00024577": "centre iDrive console I've got the driver side bit above the front heater", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00067-00024577-00024979": "where both of the dog grab handles and we've also got the bit above the glove", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00068-00024979-00025336": "box as well with all that's going to be wraps what table and readies for", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00069-00025336-00025672": "actually cutting the vinyl I'm wrapping it so this is all my camera stuff which", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00070-00025672-00026050": "I'm going to set up in various places in a second we have the squeegee now the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00071-00026050-00026347": "knife that I'm going to be using more importantly we have a coffee", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00072-00026347-00026674": "I've got my laptop and my phone and doing a hospital the moments that don't", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00073-00026674-00026968": "seem to have any internet in the garage and then what we're actually going to do", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00074-00026968-00027420": "is place some music on the speakers just to keep myself involved so I'm just", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00075-00027420-00027712": "going to set everything up I'll come back to you guys once everything is done", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00076-00027712-00028075": "and then we'll begin to clean and wrap her then pass over there so before we", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00077-00028075-00028327": "actually do anything with regards to the vinyl wrap you what", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00078-00028327-00028726": "going to have to do is clean these parts so although there are on the interior of", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00079-00028726-00029104": "a car there are some parts in here that are a little bit dirty so I've actually", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00080-00029104-00029491": "got with some isopropyl alcohol now the isopropyl alcohol will essentially", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00081-00029491-00029860": "degrease and take everything off of it making sure it's a completely clean", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00082-00029860-00030133": "surface ready to wrap so more they're going to do on this", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00083-00030133-00030466": "power we'll get the other ones to myself and order you guys don't sit there", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00084-00030466-00030805": "watching me cleaning every single part and then what we're going to do after", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00085-00030805-00031054": "we've cleaned them part is to get them all ready for wrapping we're going to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00086-00031054-00031420": "cut the vinyl gave me something ready to go get the heater loaded up and then", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00087-00031420-00031699": "we're going to start wrapping so we've just got the rag ready to actually do", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00088-00031699-00032095": "this I've just put the spray ball onto the ball of isopropyl alcohol and my god", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00089-00032095-00032530": "this stuff absolutely stings yeah actually smells like that", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00090-00032530-00032905": "five-pound bottle of vodka you get the shops when you were a kid I think it was", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00091-00032905-00033223": "a glands or something like that it just smelled like paint stripper I'll", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00092-00033223-00033514": "probably do a great job been doing it I'm also going to use a little bit on", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00093-00033514-00034360": "this rag to be able to clean this so let's go on to it so how much they're", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00094-00034360-00034603": "going to do is I'm going to find a little part of the rag which I'm going", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00095-00034603-00034990": "to use which is this power the spray nozzles now on so just spray a little", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00096-00034990-00035413": "bit on here there we are and that should literally be enough to be able to do", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00097-00035413-00036082": "this so we need to make sure we do is go over all of the edges all of the outside", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00098-00036082-00036400": "all of the little parts where essentially the wrap is going to be", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00099-00036400-00036874": "contacting this material just to make sure that whatever we do is going to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00100-00036874-00037216": "stick because the last thing you want is to be able to do all of this and then", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00101-00037216-00037525": "you come round to get into your car you reinstall it back on and then a week", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00102-00037525-00038264": "later the wraps already peeling", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00103-00038291-00038652": "and then once we're done cleaning it's going to take a dry end of the rag and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00104-00038652-00039030": "then just make sure everything is off of this so don't any of that alcohol", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00105-00039030-00039450": "staying on this material to be fair so the center console pi is doing I've just", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00106-00039450-00039795": "put our shot over there in terms of where I'm going to be cutting the vinyl", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00107-00039795-00040089": "I've got the rest of the pass here which I'm just going to clean up quickly and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00108-00040089-00046498": "then we're going to go cut it", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00109-00046708-00047150": "so we sat back down now we've cut all of the vinyl I've actually got this part", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00110-00047150-00047561": "here which is a driver side heater then upper part which I'm going to wrap and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00111-00047561-00047798": "I'm going to talk you guys through it it's only small so it shouldn't take", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00112-00047798-00048131": "that long and then it would have fast forward and speed up roughing one of the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00113-00048131-00048464": "door grab handles they are a bit more of an awkward shear so it would be quite", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00114-00048464-00048800": "interesting to find out how that goes and then what I'll do is I'll come back", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00115-00048800-00049127": "to you guys once I finished everything and we're ready to install it back onto", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00116-00049127-00049454": "the car right so we've got our vinyl here we've got the part that were", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00117-00049454-00049811": "wanting to wrap what I'm going to try and do is not leave too much on the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00118-00049811-00050141": "outside so I'm probably going to cut around this fit here I don't know if you", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00119-00050141-00050510": "guys can see that cut around there just something I've got too much excess so", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00120-00050510-00050816": "I'm not having to pull too much as I mentioned earlier in the video you don't", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00121-00050816-00051230": "want to pull carbon fiber up too much because Hilda stall this weave pattern", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00122-00051230-00051542": "that's got going on it's okay when you've got gloss blacks and whites and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00123-00051542-00051947": "things like that but when you talk about patterns or Chrome's or mats you don't", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00124-00051947-00052259": "restrict it too much because it starts to disturb the color and also the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00125-00052259-00052554": "pattern of the wrap so I'm just going to go get the knife and then we'll cut this", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00126-00052554-00052872": "down to share and then we'll get on with wrapping it so back now with the knife", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00127-00052872-00053243": "you don't need to be too precious about the shapes at your apps the cutting just", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00128-00053243-00053618": "as long as you're not leaving too much excess material because the last thing", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00129-00053618-00053900": "you want is to have loads of stuff when you're trying to watch they wrap it down", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00130-00053900-00054679": "so bought that bit there let's turn this around put back into position", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00131-00056337-00056704": "so there we are we've actually put it down to size a little bit more and we'll", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00132-00056704-00057010": "trim a little bit off this edge here in fact it's just already come off and now", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00133-00057010-00057337": "we're going to unwrap the wrap and get it onto this piece so in this particular", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00134-00057337-00057739": "app there are the two protective layers you've got one on this side which I'll", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00135-00057739-00058141": "show you on this camera just here and there's also one on this side so I want", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00136-00058141-00058501": "to take the white backing off in order to have the DC there to be able to wrap", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00137-00058501-00058879": "it but then once it's finished I want to take the clear backing off over the top", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00138-00058879-00059773": "just to make sure that the finish is as it should be", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00139-00060038-00060470": "then what we want to do is just to start pushing it down just to make sure we've", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00140-00060470-00061454": "got a bit of sticking here and then what going to try and do which is going to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00141-00061454-00061779": "show you guys here to see if I can there's a little bit of a silver Ridge", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00142-00061779-00062169": "there now I want to cut that wrap on the wrap to go around the edge just so it", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00143-00062169-00062552": "comes with a clean finish and I want to cut along that side here so what we're", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00144-00062552-00062867": "going to do once we've got all of the top ready to go is I'm going to use some", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00145-00062867-00063176": "heat to curl this around the edges and then what we're going to do is we're", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00146-00063176-00063525": "going to run our knife just along this side here just to make sure we can get", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00147-00063525-00065652": "the finish with one", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00148-00066701-00067085": "so that if you guys can hear me here but what we're actually doing is using the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00149-00067085-00067490": "heat gun just to make the ruffed a little more flexible just so can get it", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00150-00067490-00067901": "around the corners in order to get that clean finish talked about you guys wants", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00151-00067901-00068255": "to do this but appreciate this is quite loud and then we'll talk about how we're", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00152-00068255-00068945": "going to finish it off", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00153-00070808-00071314": "so just finished up this piece here then so it's actually gone all right it could", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00154-00071314-00071704": "have gone a little bit better I must admit but I am no Jana Mize I'm", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00155-00071704-00072070": "literally doing these things from home because I can't do anything else I can't", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00156-00072070-00072457": "go out of the house or anything and it's my first time wrapping interior plastics", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00157-00072457-00072769": "I've done wing mirrors and they're kind of hard enough but after a couple of", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00158-00072769-00073036": "times you do get used to them so I want to show you on this camera for", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00159-00073036-00073372": "now I will show you in a bit further detail when we get outside because this", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00160-00073372-00073648": "camera is not doing too well with a little light in here but I'm going to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00161-00073648-00073936": "carry on with the rest of these parts and then we're going to catch up once", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00162-00073936-00074230": "they're all done so I've had to move this table this way just so you can get", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00163-00074230-00074650": "a bit of better light on them but these are the pieces that we have wrapped so", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00164-00074650-00074958": "we've got the bit above the glove box here where the door handles we've got", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00165-00074958-00075351": "the driver side then we've got the central iDrive system now all looks", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00166-00075351-00075868": "pretty good if you can get a decent angle on it there we are I'll obviously", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00167-00075868-00076239": "show you guys these in further detail when we get into the car but these door", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00168-00076239-00076597": "handles were a bit of a nightmare so I don't if you know about these door", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00169-00076597-00077005": "handles but essentially the three paneled so you've got one panel there", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00170-00077005-00077508": "two panel three panel and also the twist so they go off like that so these are a", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00171-00077508-00077863": "bit of a pain in the ass and I think if there's any parts I'm going to have to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00172-00077863-00078241": "rear up it will probably be the door handles because I just couldn't get my", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00173-00078241-00078577": "head around how I was supposed to do it I'm off to go put these in the car now", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00174-00078577-00078988": "once they're all in we'll have a bit of a catch it will round out the video and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00175-00078988-00079357": "I'll tell you about what we're going to be doing next okay so you join me in the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00176-00079357-00080275": "car now we've got the pieces fitted that looks nice this looks nice down here the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00177-00080275-00080595": "door handles as I say it could be a little bit bad there's a blemish there", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00178-00080595-00081069": "some of them are on the other side which isn't too much of an issue that one", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00179-00081069-00081610": "isn't looking great over there it's looking sorry by itself but I suppose", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00180-00081610-00081997": "the general thing is it looks nice I'm happy with it the carbon goes really", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00181-00081997-00082545": "nice with the red as you can see there the school box bit is well these two and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00182-00082545-00082960": "the main piece is really so this part here and also that part there all right", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00183-00082960-00083248": "which I'm happy about well I'm not happy about it's not being", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00184-00083248-00083767": "able to do this I do want to wrap the steam with an alle qantara or get a", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00185-00083767-00084116": "different steering not entirely sure yet but things like", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00186-00084116-00084551": "these pieces here gonna have to stay how they are obviously the door handles are", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00187-00084551-00084958": "still silver but I do like the new carbon look to be fair I'm quite happy", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00188-00084958-00085325": "with that if I'm nice little place for my camera it's just balancing not", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00189-00085325-00085682": "teetering on the top of the steering wheel which isn't too bad but just", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00190-00085682-00086066": "before we wrap up the video then I hope you guys have enjoyed this it's given me", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00191-00086066-00086476": "something to do while I am locked down while Sammy self-isolation or whatever", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00192-00086476-00086918": "you want to call it I think he's quite important for people to keep busy it's", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00193-00086918-00087329": "very easy just to sit inside and not do anything I think I'll I'm bored I'm", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00194-00087329-00087595": "bored and I'm not doing this I'm not doing that I want to go out with my", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00195-00087595-00087974": "friends I want to go out for a drive everybody does but we're all doing this", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00196-00087974-00088391": "for a particular reason that reason being coronavirus please do stay at home", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00197-00088391-00088874": "help our NHS help your family healthy friends I for one I don't really want to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00198-00088874-00089245": "go outside of honorable people living in my household and by vulnerable I mean", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00199-00089245-00089624": "people with underlying health conditions so I didn't really want to go out and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00200-00089624-00090076": "risk catching it I know the the likeliness is quite low if you're", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00201-00090076-00090323": "washing your hands and things but I'd rather just not take the risk", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00202-00090323-00090682": "I mean I'm even going as far to take a glove out to shopping and things like", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00203-00090682-00091106": "that but yes for mental health and keeping yourself stimulated if you're", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00204-00091106-00091420": "not working maybe being furloughed and you've got a lot of time on your hands", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00205-00091420-00091793": "at the moment and all there's quite a few people out there who do please do", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00206-00091793-00092243": "something you know do something to your car wash it wash you drive do something", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00207-00092243-00092608": "just to keep your mind active or else you'll find yourself going like this and", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00208-00092608-00092989": "you'll start to get into a bit of a deep pit of I'm bored and and all that sort", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00209-00092989-00093350": "of stuff and the last thing I want is for you guys to get to that point but", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00210-00093350-00093605": "what I'm trying to do over the next couple of days is I just say I've got", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00211-00093605-00094031": "three days off so today is Wednesday I think this video will be released the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00212-00094031-00094493": "week after so today is actually the first of April tomorrow I've got a", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00213-00094493-00094852": "couple of other bits that I need to get sorted for another big project which", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00214-00094852-00095257": "involves wrapping as well but it's not wrapping interior bits and that's all", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00215-00095257-00095723": "I'm going to say the car will have an identity that's probably about as far as", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00216-00095723-00096092": "I'm going to go but I'm going to try a film as much as that's possible in terms", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00217-00096092-00096479": "of what I'm doing to the exterior it will probably be over 1 or 2 videos for", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00218-00096479-00096863": "you guys all know exactly what I'm doing why the very beginning I'm expecting it", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00219-00096863-00097079": "to polarize opinions there's probably going to be a lot of", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00220-00097079-00097427": "you guys who don't like what I'm going due to the car I wanted to have an", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00221-00097427-00097991": "identity I wanted to stand out I don't pay 1,500 to 2 grand in terms of getting", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00222-00097991-00098342": "the car wrapped anyway by the way this is a really cheap thing that I'm doing", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00223-00098342-00098792": "so I will let you guys know everything in that video there's a couple other", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00224-00098792-00099296": "things that I need to do to get the car ready and I get the car ready I mean you", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00225-00099296-00099638": "need to wash it first and foremost make sure it's absolutely clean and then go", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00226-00099638-00100093": "over all the panel's with an IPA I'm not fully wrapping the car up do some bits", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00227-00100093-00100505": "and I'm sort of teasing you guys at the minute but there are a couple of other", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00228-00100505-00100823": "bits I need to do to finish it so I've just got to packet each through today", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00229-00100823-00101147": "unfortunately out from China so I'm gonna have to take care with that I", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00230-00101147-00101594": "don't know how or what I'm going to do with them but there are stuff to put", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00231-00101594-00102104": "onto the car just to help with the look I guess you could say the car might look", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00232-00102104-00102416": "a bit weird for a while but he's still gonna be on the standard wheels I do", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00233-00102416-00102883": "plan to change them I do plan to lorry when that is I don't exactly know as I", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00234-00102883-00103247": "mentioned I'm working from home so don't want to go spending a load of money if", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00235-00103247-00103570": "I'm not entirely sure of what the future of my position is I've all the", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00236-00103570-00103904": "confidence in the world in my employer by the rather just wait until we're in a", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00237-00103904-00104434": "bit more of a stable position to be able to to spend money essentially I hope you", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00238-00104434-00104809": "guys enjoyed this video please do stay safe if you have made all of this way", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00239-00104809-00105191": "you my friend are an absolute legend remember if you enjoy this please", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00240-00105191-00105596": "remember to like the video subscribe to the channel share with everybody since", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00241-00105596-00105883": "we are in lockdown you know my youtubers have gone up since you've been ill not", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00242-00105883-00106384": "bound not much but the open on the less let me know what you guys are doing to", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00243-00106384-00106730": "your cars or if you're washing them if you're doing things around the house if", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00244-00106730-00107075": "you're wrapping bits like I am if you do in performance mods please do let me", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00245-00107075-00107372": "know down in the comments let's get talking to each other", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00246-00107372-00107825": "but as always I'll catch you guys next time and it very very exciting I don't", "cErEkb4Jsr0-00247-00107825-00110378": "want to say episode the video that we're going to do see you later"}}, {"audio_id": "cEvZ-eBaiJ0", "text": {"cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00000-00002160-00002984": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00001-00003400-00004224": "my teenage years were full of sketching angst and trouble i wasn't popular or unpopular maybe", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00002-00004224-00004880": "just forgettable i guess that gave me a sense of freedom so i hung out with crazy kids doing crazy", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00003-00004880-00005664": "things even though i mostly just watched the chaos ensue we did it all put fireworks in mailboxes", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00004-00005664-00006160": "hide road kill in people's garages break windows of the barber shop in anchorage", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00005-00006256-00006776": "my dad was furious but he was so busy working he couldn't do much to stop me from going out", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00006-00006904-00007336": "i think being an adult means there's no one to stop you making hard decisions", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00007-00007400-00008120": "he had to make a living and he couldn't be in two places at once yeah i realize that now but", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00008-00008120-00009984": "at the time i was sure he was more interested in growing his business and what was going on with me", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00009-00011976-00012784": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00010-00013544-00014088": "he was working another late night and my friends were over saying how bored they were and how", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00011-00014088-00014632": "they'd come all the way out to my house for nothing one of them mentioned how that old", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00012-00014632-00015328": "ugly beyond belief truck was still in the garage and now we should take it for a spin i was only 15", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00013-00015400-00015752": "so i kind of fought it for a while the next thing i knew", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00014-00015752-00016256": "we were craning around the mountain path rocks spitting onto the sides of the cliff", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00015-00016256-00016856": "while my dad's cringe-worthy bluegrass blade out the speakers i drove while my friends were in the", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00016-00016856-00017368": "back of that yellow and purple truck throwing beer bottles and trash at anything remotely interesting", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00017-00017512-00018400": "felt like i was soaring in the air with borrowed wings but all good things have endings a cop", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00018-00018400-00018832": "outside of eagle river pulled us over after he saw us in a bottle rocket into someone's yard", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00019-00018968-00019784": "what followed was a long night of talking to disappointed adults and feeling smaller than ever", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00020-00024424-00025384": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00021-00028824-00029583": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00022-00031432-00032383": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00023-00035448-00036032": "after he drove me home from the police station i blew up at him saying how i never wanted to", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00024-00036032-00036600": "be like him how i was gonna be someone and leave that hick icebox for good he just", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00025-00036600-00037200": "looked forward at the road with tired eyes i took out that bluegrass tape from the cassette deck", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00026-00037200-00037920": "and chucked it out the window in my sage teenage wisdom i thought i proved the ultimate point but", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00027-00037920-00038576": "my dad had a different idea he slammed the brakes slowly bowed his head while gripping the steering", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00028-00038576-00039624": "wheel and finally looked at me all he said like it was a polite request was make this right", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00029-00039792-00040304": "i sat there in silence fuming but i eventually got out and combed every square inch of the woods", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00030-00040304-00040968": "muttering profanity after profanity i found it 30 minutes later near a small waterfall off the road", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00031-00041048-00041760": "i went back to the truck put the wet tape back in and sure enough it worked we didn't speak another", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00032-00041760-00042408": "word to each other the rest of the night wow i knew you were a crazy teenager but it's hard to", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00033-00042408-00043000": "believe isn't it surprises me too it's like i didn't really know who that kid was back then", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00034-00043136-00043640": "i bet my dad thought the same thing over and over it's almost like he was saying", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00035-00043640-00044320": "make this right to himself more than to me my friends would laugh about that night", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00036-00044320-00044984": "and talk about how crazy it was and i laughed along pretending it didn't bother me but it did", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00037-00045064-00045680": "i imagined my friends growing old in the bush and able to find that thrill in those godforsaken ice", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00038-00045680-00046192": "fields it's like those mountains were a literal wall keeping me from leaving", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00039-00046256-00046952": "for all i would have to look forward to are lumber yards and evening beers i had to climb over", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00040-00047056-00047664": "that was my only goal for a long time i missed that time in life when you didn't have to wear", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00041-00047664-00048160": "the right clothes like the right things in school and this one every kid in class", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00042-00048160-00049184": "liked what was important to them even if it was wooden boats cartoon animal notebooks", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00043-00049752-00050584": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00044-00052712-00053384": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00045-00053944-00054784": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00046-00055272-00056184": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00047-00056904-00057584": "so", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00048-00059184-00059712": "if there was some way i could take my love of drawing and turn it into a way of escape", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00049-00059776-00060512": "nothing would make me happier i wanted to create instead of tearing trees down i wanted to move to", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00050-00060512-00061208": "the lower 48 not because i hated it there in alaska but i hated the idea of it it's", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00051-00061208-00061760": "like all of that spite inside me had created this monster which followed me around my whole teenage", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00052-00061760-00062720": "years i put so much energy into doing what others didn't expect of me why did i do that there's one", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00053-00062720-00063304": "fact you're forgetting though if you didn't have that fire in you we probably would have never met", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00054-00063464-00064112": "you're absolutely right maybe the destination is all that matters in the end but then why", "cEvZ-eBaiJ0-00055-00064112-00065600": "am i awake why am i seeing this fox go on her journey and why can't i stop thinking about my dad"}}, {"audio_id": "cECTjImKP-u", "text": {"cECTjImKP-u-00000-00017100-00017950": "Here we go for our video-thoughts of the day. Yes, as I said in the report I have a fever,", "cECTjImKP-u-00001-00018050-00019550": "of course it dropped a bit, yesterday I had it at 39.5, now I have it at 37.8, it's a bit rare for me to fall", "cECTjImKP-u-00002-00019550-00020530": "ill, but it must also be said that this year, that is, in less than a year, I had the", "cECTjImKP-u-00003-00020630-00022180": "fever three times, if I'm not mistaken once in the summer, at the end of August, then another in January and another", "cECTjImKP-u-00004-00022180-00022830": "now. The reason obviously I don't know but it could be something related to Covid,", "cECTjImKP-u-00005-00022930-00023280": "someone who infected me let's say, I hardly ever fall in fact. I hope then that", "cECTjImKP-u-00006-00023280-00023630": "I'll get back on my feet tomorrow. We will have to see, it is not said, but I hope it will be so. Every", "cECTjImKP-u-00007-00023630-00024177": "way It's a Friday Once Again and as every Friday I shaved my beard with this fantastic,", "cECTjImKP-u-00008-00024177-00025128": "electric blue, black and gray razor, only 8 euros, very cheap, very great. But always repeat", "cECTjImKP-u-00009-00025128-00026553": "that every two weeks this part here and every week this part here: this is why", "cECTjImKP-u-00010-00026553-00026896": "I have as a model of reference Aragorn from The Lord of the Rings. Obviously I don't look alike", "cECTjImKP-u-00011-00026896-00027544": "neither to the character nor to the actor who is much more beautiful and even better than me of course.", "cECTjImKP-u-00012-00027544-00028091": "But his beard is simply my role model. And then I always invite you to", "cECTjImKP-u-00013-00028091-00028638": "see one of my most viewed videos, i.e. the second most viewed video on this channel in which", "cECTjImKP-u-00014-00028638-00029636": "I also say something about the beard, also inspired by a thought of Shakespeare as regard on the beard.", "cECTjImKP-u-00015-00029736-00030280": "2) It's a Friday once again and as every Friday I saw my favorite show on the", "cECTjImKP-u-00016-00030280-00031578": "Cinema, called Cinematografo, and I repeat in which the films released during the week from", "cECTjImKP-u-00017-00031578-00032325": "part of critics and actors in the studio and in connection, and then they comment on the takings, the", "cECTjImKP-u-00018-00032325-00032976": "ranking, the box office, yes, in short, all this, sorry but my throat still hurts, and", "cECTjImKP-u-00019-00032976-00034374": "sorry, buy my throat still hurts, above all the conductor Gigi Marzullo pronounces the phrase, his cult phrase about the Cinema that is this:", "cECTjImKP-u-00020-00034975-00036326": "\"Good evening, good night dear friends of RaiUno, Cinema is dream, Cinema is culture, Cinema is freedom. That is Cinematografo. The film of the week, the critics, the audience, the protagonists.", "cECTjImKP-u-00021-00036326-00037270": "Yes, \"Cinema is a dream, Cinema is culture, Cinema is freedom\". Great truth, great truth.", "cECTjImKP-u-00022-00037270-00038568": "3) And as every Friday I'll watch my favorite program on Art, Art Night, and where we talk", "cECTjImKP-u-00023-00038568-00039119": "precisely of Art, even by lesser-known artists, a program conducted by Neri Marcorè", "cECTjImKP-u-00024-00039119-00039666": "this year, Italian comedian who is very funny, however I recommend it to Italians here in", "cECTjImKP-u-00025-00039666-00040110": "or to those Italians who will subscribe to my channel in the future. However really a", "cECTjImKP-u-00026-00040110-00040660": "nice program, but I recommend to see this channel in general because it always offers", "cECTjImKP-u-00027-00040660-00041107": "some very interesting content, it is now one of the very few channels that I watch if not the only one.", "cECTjImKP-u-00028-00041107-00042005": "4) Yes, then It's a Friday once again and as every Friday today if I'm not mistaken the 35th", "cECTjImKP-u-00029-00042005-00042752": "episode on It's a Friday once again, that is on my musical series but above all of the master,", "cECTjImKP-u-00030-00042752-00043300": "because after all he invented this cult phrase. But I don't know if I will, a little bit why", "cECTjImKP-u-00031-00043300-00044047": "I have a fever and therefore I do not know if I can do it and a little because with today we actually do a", "cECTjImKP-u-00032-00044047-00045045": "year from my .. ie from the fact that I started the series. Let me explain better: actually a year", "cECTjImKP-u-00033-00045045-00046393": "effective would be June 4th, when then in this first video, which I then called Pilot", "cECTjImKP-u-00034-00046393-00047390": "subsequently, he brought together all Fridays in May and the last in April and that is how I did", "cECTjImKP-u-00035-00047390-00048138": "start the series, even if that episode is an a cappella episode because he really just talks", "cECTjImKP-u-00036-00048138-00048785": "mr. Lynch, which I mean, however, already alone makes music when he speaks. And so with this", "cECTjImKP-u-00037-00048785-00049432": "I mean it is not said that today i will do the episode tonight but do it again like it", "cECTjImKP-u-00038-00049432-00049980": "last year and that is to wait until the whole month of May ends and load the new episode", "cECTjImKP-u-00039-00049980-00050527": "directly at the beginning of June, bringing together every Friday in May and the latter in April,", "cECTjImKP-u-00040-00050527-00051177": "thus starting the new series which at that point could be called It's a Friday Once", "cECTjImKP-u-00041-00051177-00051825": "Again - A music series: THE RETURN. Precisely because it would be The Return or the second", "cECTjImKP-u-00042-00051825-00052272": "season in a way, so yes this or normally call it Season Two.", "cECTjImKP-u-00043-00052272-00052719": "However, it may well be that I do it as always tonight, it depends on how I", "cECTjImKP-u-00044-00052719-00053713": "inspired and the like. But I wanted to warn you of this. Then anyway I still don't know in the case", "cECTjImKP-u-00045-00053713-00054264": "I'll do it tonight on what it will be based on, let's see. Then about the fact of how mr. Lynch", "cECTjImKP-u-00046-00054264-00055512": "he would have changed the tone in pronouncing the sentence I invite you to see a video that I made of my own", "cECTjImKP-u-00047-00055512-00056342": "on the topic It's a Friday once again in early January. When in fact a boy then", "cECTjImKP-u-00048-00056342-00057090": "at the end of the year I brought together all 54 Fridays of 2021 in one video, by the way this video", "cECTjImKP-u-00049-00057090-00057540": "is having a great success, at the moment if I'm not mistaken it has more than 60,000 views too", "cECTjImKP-u-00050-00057540-00058188": "if it dates back to December 31st. But in this video I explained that I was actually the first to", "cECTjImKP-u-00051-00058188-00059486": "create something on It's a Friday once again, and then I also explain how mr. Lynch would have", "cECTjImKP-u-00052-00059486-00059933": "changed the tone in the sentence, let's talk about when he still had a beard. Yes, I believe that", "cECTjImKP-u-00053-00060033-00061231": "another user and I are also involved in the matter, and I invite you to see that video because I explain this very well.", "cECTjImKP-u-00054-00061231-00061681": "and then yes, I said, as regards the subsequent pieces that I would load on the keyboard channel, in", "cECTjImKP-u-00055-00061681-00062529": "actually I had already talked about it yesterday. They will be two new releases of Mysteries of Love from Blue", "cECTjImKP-u-00056-00062529-00063877": "Velvet: the French Horn Solo and Instrumental Solo. This is because the last week", "cECTjImKP-u-00057-00063877-00064327": "I uploaded an extra for my tribute to Maestro Angelo Badalamenti's birthday", "cECTjImKP-u-00058-00064327-00064974": "which was March 22nd, this extra however was just a piece from Blue Velvet and it was", "cECTjImKP-u-00059-00064974-00065422": "\"Night Streets / Sany and Jeffrey\" and then on the wave of this thing I thought: why not", "cECTjImKP-u-00060-00065422-00065869": "interpret other pieces from Blue Velvet? And then I thought, as I said yesterday, of", "cECTjImKP-u-00061-00065869-00066723": "interpret these two new versions of Mysteries of Love. I actually had to interpret", "cECTjImKP-u-00062-00066723-00067367": "also the track Frank, that is, I had put my hand on it a couple of weeks ago, but then I have it", "cECTjImKP-u-00063-00067367-00067814": "abandoned a bit 'to think of other pieces and a bit' because it was more complex, but if I get there", "cECTjImKP-u-00064-00067814-00068361": "I put it I could do it. Anyway I recommend the original because it is a very dark track", "cECTjImKP-u-00065-00068361-00068708": "and mysterious. But after all, the soundtrack of Blue Velvet as Angelo's first work", "cECTjImKP-u-00066-00068708-00069159": "Badalamenti for mr. Lynch is already very insidious, mysterious, a preview of Twin Peaks", "cECTjImKP-u-00067-00069159-00070106": "both in terms of music and plot and other aspects in my opinion. Anyway yes, it is clear that", "cECTjImKP-u-00068-00070106-00070607": "I always recommend the original pieces because my interpretations are very modest, indeed", "cECTjImKP-u-00069-00070607-00071261": "insignificant I would say, yes, so this. If you have seen previews then they are previews", "cECTjImKP-u-00070-00071261-00071708": "precisely of the interpretations, if you are interested the complete videos are always in description. Yup,", "cECTjImKP-u-00071-00071708-00072369": "I think I have said everything, as usual if something else comes to mind I add it in", "cECTjImKP-u-00072-00072369-00073002": "description. Have a great day again, see you tomorrow! and let's hope I'm really better tomorrow."}}, {"audio_id": "cEFxZCwsSwM", "text": {"cEFxZCwsSwM-00000-00000537-00000890": "Hello, this is Jiny from Jiny Diet :)", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00001-00000890-00001084": "V ^_^ V", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00002-00001187-00001688": "Today, I'm here to tell you a great tip to loosen the knots in your calves using a peanut massage ball roller", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00003-00001688-00002128": "It will only take a minute to quickly refresh your calves!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00004-00002128-00002352": "Some of you might already know this tip", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00005-00002352-00002799": "I personally really like this method and I do it quite often", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00006-00002799-00003143": "I was hoping there wouldn't be anyone left not knowing!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00007-00003143-00003306": "It's really simple!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00008-00003306-00003733": "On top of your mat... actually, it doesn't need to be a mat, you can do this on your bed!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00009-00003733-00004310": "On your knees, place the peanut massage ball in the fold behind your knees", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00010-00004310-00005031": "Get ready as you begin to exhale as you slowly sit your glutes downwards", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00011-00005035-00005301": "(Exhale)", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00012-00005301-00005405": "Just like that", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00013-00005405-00005695": "Don't get tensed up even if it hurts", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00014-00005695-00005989": "Pretend you're having an out of body experience", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00015-00005989-00006176": "Slowly rise", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00016-00006246-00006663": "And bring your butt back down as you sit", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00017-00006663-00006973": "Now, if you started from the middle position", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00018-00006973-00007527": "Just slightly move the peanut ball down your leg as you slowly sit down again", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00019-00007527-00008108": "Following this method, keep moving the ball slightly down the centre of your calves", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00020-00008108-00008361": "And repeat sitting down", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00021-00008361-00008561": "Instead of using your hands to relieve your calf knots", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00022-00008561-00008895": "Your hands could end up aching and your knots might not be released as well", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00023-00008895-00009372": "Instead, we are using the hard structure of the ball and the weight of your upper body", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00024-00009372-00009729": "To easily relieve and refresh the muscle knots in your calves!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00025-00009729-00009956": "After you're done with the centre of your calves", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00026-00009956-00010487": "Move the peanut massage ball slightly towards the outer part of your legs as shown here", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00027-00010487-00010834": "And follow the outer line down your legs as you relieve these muscles", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00028-00010834-00011401": "And from the centre, if you move the ball to the left", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00029-00011401-00011841": "The hard muscle knots around your calves will all melt away!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00030-00011841-00012265": "For me, whenever I exercise or when my legs feel heavy at the end of the day", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00031-00012265-00012619": "I do either version 1 or 2 of my calves stretching routine", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00032-00012619-00012936": "But whenever I go to my parents' place or go on vacation", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00033-00012936-00013243": "I get lazy with making the effort to do stretches", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00034-00013243-00013523": "But my legs are also more likely to feel heavy since I would have walked more", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00035-00013523-00014227": "On those occasions, I always take the peanut massage ball with me to do this before I sleep!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00036-00014227-00014898": "With this peanut ball, there are ways to stretch out your glutes, trapezius, back and your shoulders!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00037-00014898-00015138": "But for today, I wanted to introduce stretching out your calves first", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00038-00015138-00015428": "And I'll come back with more videos to use the peanut massage ball", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00039-00015428-00015625": "Make sure to do your calves stretches today", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00040-00015625-00016015": "Lastly, you can purchase this peanut massage ball for an affordable price!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00041-00016015-00016353": "You can find them online either on Amazon or Walmart", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00042-00016353-00016700": "Go for the one with your preferred colour", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00043-00016700-00017097": "I don't even remember where I got mine so you can just search for it online", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00044-00017097-00017187": "There's really no difference :)", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00045-00017187-00017547": "Now, this has been Jiny from Jiny Diet :)", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00046-00017547-00017951": "I hope you succeed in doing today's calf knot stretch with a peanut massage ball!", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00047-00017951-00018121": "Challenge? (Accepted!)", "cEFxZCwsSwM-00048-00018121-00018318": "Bye~"}}, {"audio_id": "cF0Hbbtbkv8", "text": {"cF0Hbbtbkv8-00000-00000000-00000108": "Leela Sinha: Thank you for that.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00001-00000332-00000640": "Whenever I guest speak, especially for the first time, I", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00002-00000640-00000916": "like to warn people a little bit. So again, my name is Leela", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00003-00000916-00001540": "Sinha. And I live and work in Portland, Oregon. I have a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00004-00001540-00001852": "preaching style, that's a little bit spoken word a little bit", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00005-00001852-00002408": "beat poetry. So the words tend to come faster. And more like", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00006-00002408-00002664": "that stream we were just listening to. You can let the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00007-00002664-00002980": "words roll over you. The ones that you need will sink in, and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00008-00002980-00003260": "the ones that you don't, will just wash away, and that's fine.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00009-00003647-00004460": "The title of this is, \"from each according to their pleasure.\" A number of years ago, I read a series of stories on the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00010-00004460-00004904": "Internet set in a true gift economy that was almost a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00011-00004904-00005328": "utopia. And that was deliberate, that Utopia quality, it set the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00012-00005328-00005712": "right stage for what was to come. But for the first time in", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00013-00005712-00006016": "my life, I understood the difference between a gift", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00014-00006016-00006556": "economy and a barter economy. In short, it was this: in a barter", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00015-00006556-00006888": "economy interactions are transactional, I do this, so", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00016-00006888-00007359": "that you will do that. In a gift economy, each person contributes", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00017-00007364-00007816": "according to what gives them pleasure. And the only repayment", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00018-00007816-00008104": "as such is seeing other people using it or enjoying what you've", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00019-00008104-00008380": "put in or simply the satisfaction of having done the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00020-00008380-00008948": "thing, whatever the thing is. Now, in most societies, there is", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00021-00008948-00009264": "a need for most people to put something in most of the time,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00022-00009284-00009772": "so that society can, society can persist. But there is no direct", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00023-00009776-00010156": "exchange expectation in a gift economy. There is no \"I do this,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00024-00010156-00010492": "so you will do that.\" There's only \"it gives me pleasure to do", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00025-00010492-00010892": "this thing. So I do it for me, for us for the world. For fun.\"", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00026-00010932-00011240": "There's giving and there's receiving. And they are both", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00027-00011240-00011612": "gifts. And let me say that again, because it really", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00028-00011612-00012008": "revolutionized my thinking, there's giving and there is", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00029-00012008-00012560": "receiving. And they are both gifts. In a gift economy, the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00030-00012560-00013084": "idea is that your needs are met by someone else's desires. In", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00031-00013084-00013352": "order to receive pleasure, then you have to know what your own", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00032-00013352-00013719": "desire is. And you have to offer it loudly, and clearly enough.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00033-00013719-00014060": "Because without survival needs tugging at your skirts, you need", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00034-00014060-00014352": "to know what you want. You need to know what makes you sing,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00035-00014352-00014616": "what makes you cry. You need to know how you feel- the impulse", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00036-00014616-00014932": "and the desire deep inside you. Before you even have words for", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00037-00014932-00015472": "it. Before you even know what it is. You have to have the level", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00038-00015472-00015968": "of self-acceptance that makes space for that desire to root", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00039-00015991-00016396": "and bloom. Or do you?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00040-00016460-00016708": "Maybe you just need to give yourself permission to do the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00041-00016708-00017152": "thing that rises, up that wants to be done, that harms not. But", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00042-00017152-00017448": "we're humans, we're so messy. How can we possibly know each", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00043-00017448-00017760": "other and ourselves that well, and especially especially here?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00044-00017804-00018084": "What if we wanted to do that right here and now and not wait", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00045-00018084-00018580": "for that perfect utopian planet? What if what we have right now", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00046-00018616-00019040": "is a fairly perfect utopian planet? And what if what we want", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00047-00019044-00019332": "is to invite that planet as a whole and as a composite of", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00048-00019332-00019604": "billions of individuals, people and plants and bugs and birds", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00049-00019604-00019884": "and wind and air and sky and earth and rocks and trees to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00050-00019884-00020288": "participate in this gift economy? Or what if, in fact, we", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00051-00020288-00020696": "have been the ones being invited all along? What if they are all", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00052-00020700-00021064": "effectively people and we just got here? What if the earth", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00053-00021064-00021400": "gives when it pleases her and we receive when it pleases us and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00054-00021400-00021652": "we give when it pleases us and she receives when it pleases", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00055-00021652-00021676": "her?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00056-00021804-00021936": "What if we're already doing it?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00057-00022144-00022480": "If we want to keep finding our ways to the places where giving", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00058-00022500-00022964": "pleases us, and the places where receiving pleases us; if we want", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00059-00022964-00023288": "to know that when we don't have pleasure, not even a shred of a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00060-00023288-00023664": "thin transparency of an overlay of a ghost of pleasure, then", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00061-00023664-00024148": "something is off. It's not quite working. If we want that kind of", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00062-00024148-00024428": "deep relationship with pleasure, we have to be able to and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00063-00024428-00024704": "willing to go deeper into ourselves and find what's true", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00064-00024704-00024984": "and bring it out and make it visible. Even if it feels", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00065-00024984-00025260": "awkward. We have to find the grains of sand that hurt and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00066-00025260-00025612": "bring them out or allow ourselves to be transformed.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00067-00025612-00025964": "Sometimes what we're doing is making a pearl, and sometimes", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00068-00025964-00026504": "it's just infected. But in order to understand what's happening", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00069-00026504-00026832": "inside ourselves, we have to know ourselves. We have to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00070-00026832-00027236": "assess the state of the thing that is ourselves. In coaching,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00071-00027239-00027544": "we have an expression, \"you can't read the label from inside", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00072-00027544-00027876": "the jar.\" Which is why even a coach needs a coach, even a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00073-00027876-00028252": "therapist needs a therapist. When you are inside it, it looks", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00074-00028252-00028672": "different. Ministers need ministers too. We have to tend", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00075-00028672-00029060": "each other. But also inside it we have more access to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00076-00029060-00029383": "everything than anybody who is not inside it. We have immediate", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00077-00029383-00029668": "energetic biochemical access, we have immediate interoceptive", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00078-00029668-00030012": "access. The access of feeling that breath go into our bodies", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00079-00030016-00030432": "easily or with difficulty and coming out of our bodies easily.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00080-00030488-00030780": "Or with difficulty, I think there's a reason meditation so", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00081-00030780-00031116": "often starts with breath, you can feel the air down to a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00082-00031116-00031380": "certain point, everyone's certain point is a little", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00083-00031380-00031695": "different. And usually you can't and do not wish to feel the air", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00084-00031695-00032100": "actually inside your lungs. But it's a start to notice that the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00085-00032100-00032472": "air is actually going all the way inside your lungs. To notice", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00086-00032472-00032844": "in any moment, in this moment, just for a moment, especially if", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00087-00032844-00033228": "it's difficult, or hard or uncomfortable to notice, where", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00088-00033240-00033708": "are the places inside you that hurt to notice? Where are the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00089-00033708-00034044": "places inside you that yearn? And what do they yearn for? To", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00090-00034044-00034316": "notice if your mouth is dry? If your tongue is trying to tell", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00091-00034316-00034560": "you something about water. If your muscles are singing songs", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00092-00034560-00034956": "of stillness, or movement, or pain, or thirst. Noticing your", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00093-00034956-00035292": "desire is the key to knowing pleasure to knowing what would", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00094-00035292-00035532": "please you in this moment, what would bring you pleasure in this", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00095-00035532-00035800": "moment. Not what all the advertising or the people around", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00096-00035800-00035988": "you with the echo of your mother's voice tells you is", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00097-00035988-00036424": "pleasure. But what would please you in this very moment? And how", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00098-00036424-00036884": "does that connect to the world around you? It may be that what", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00099-00036884-00037124": "would please us is extremely commonplace and acceptable and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00100-00037124-00037476": "easy to get and fine with everyone around you. Or it may", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00101-00037476-00037724": "be that what would please you is something you've been told all", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00102-00037724-00038128": "your life you should not want. Or something in the middle,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00103-00038128-00038372": "neither extreme, neither completely easy nor completely", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00104-00038372-00038948": "lifelong challenge. But there are patterns. Most of us have a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00105-00038948-00038984": "pattern.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00106-00039088-00039512": "For most of us, our desires are either usually acceptable, or", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00107-00039512-00039572": "usually not.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00108-00039692-00039980": "And that pattern, knowing what that pattern is and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00109-00039996-00040436": "understanding that pattern, is a key. A key to pleasure.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00110-00040736-00041008": "When I was a kid I read books like they were my lifeline,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00111-00041016-00041316": "probably because they were my lifeline. Anne of Green Gables,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00112-00041316-00041540": "Little House On the Prairie, Pippi Longstocking, The Fabulous", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00113-00041540-00042040": "Five. Many of them have since emerged as terribly problematic", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00114-00042040-00042304": "in one way or the other. But they cut deep grooves in my", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00115-00042304-00042596": "thinking, and in the thinking of other people who were reading", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00116-00042616-00042920": "alongside me in Little House, for example, we have two", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00117-00042920-00043296": "sisters, Mary and Laura. For Mary. It's always easy to be", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00118-00043296-00043604": "good somehow. She likes doing handwork and sitting in chairs", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00119-00043604-00043848": "and being moderate of voice and temperament. And somehow I", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00120-00043848-00044132": "wished I could be like her because she was the right kind", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00121-00044132-00044576": "of girl. And Laura does not like any of those things, but she's", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00122-00044576-00044964": "constantly trying. She's constantly trying, struggling to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00123-00044964-00045336": "fit into the mold of goodness of womanhood of society. I didn't", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00124-00045336-00045548": "want to get in trouble like Laura did, but I didn't think", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00125-00045548-00046064": "being as good as Mary was ever going to be in my grasp. We see", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00126-00046064-00046316": "the same pattern in Joe in Little Women, we see it in Anne", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00127-00046316-00046596": "of Green Gables and her friend Diana, and then the twins Davy", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00128-00046596-00047004": "and Dora in the Next Generation. Either it's easy for you or it's", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00129-00047004-00047340": "not. And we're taught over and over again that even though", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00130-00047340-00047612": "these are the main characters usually- and they're the main", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00131-00047612-00047896": "characters because they're interesting- they are flawed for", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00132-00047896-00048156": "their intensity, for their desire, for their movement, for", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00133-00048156-00048564": "their enthusiasm, for their nonconformity. Some of us have", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00134-00048564-00048828": "always found the requirements of our world fairly reasonable,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00135-00048848-00049136": "fairly easy have not struggled to sit quietly have not", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00136-00049136-00049400": "struggled to study have not struggled to do the things the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00137-00049400-00049812": "way the world told us to do them. Had no impulse to run away", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00138-00049812-00050004": "and do something wild and different. Did not yearn for", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00139-00050004-00050588": "things off the island, in the ocean, outside the Shire. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00140-00050588-00051004": "some of us did. So you may be a Mary or you may be a Laura and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00141-00051004-00051404": "an or a Diana, a Davy or  a Dora. You may be a Frodo. Or you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00142-00051404-00051800": "may be Samwise Gamgee along for duty and love every step of the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00143-00051800-00052164": "way, saying \"I don't think this is a good idea Mr. Frodo.\"", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00144-00052408-00052848": "Samwise is there for loyalty. Frodo is there for adventure and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00145-00052848-00053140": "because he can do nothing else. Which brings us to the paradox,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00146-00053155-00053420": "because if those intense people were boys or men, they did", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00147-00053420-00053720": "usually sometimes get to be heroes when heroes were needed.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00148-00053764-00054144": "If they were women or girls, not so often. Usually they", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00149-00054144-00054428": "eventually got married and grew up and settled down. But even if", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00150-00054428-00054812": "they did get to be heroes, eventually they come home and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00151-00054812-00055064": "they're expected to be quiet. Even the men are expected to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00152-00055064-00055391": "conform, expected to fall into line. And the problem with that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00153-00055391-00056496": "is we intensives are not linear. In 2014, I injured my back. I had what's called an idiopathic", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00154-00056496-00056867": "rupture of my L3-L-4 disc. Which is- idiopathic is just a fancy", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00155-00056867-00057308": "medical way for saying we have no idea why that happened. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00156-00057308-00057588": "rupture is exactly what it sounds like. The desk that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00157-00057588-00057912": "separates my L3 and L4 vertebrae burst, and all the cushioning", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00158-00057912-00058132": "jelly that's supposed to keep them from rubbing against each", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00159-00058132-00058508": "other squirted out. I was left with very unhappy nerves and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00160-00058508-00059052": "about six months of absolute convalescence to resolve it. So", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00161-00059052-00059412": "I had a lot of time to think. In fact, I probably had too much", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00162-00059412-00059700": "time to think and I was thinking about all the successes in my", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00163-00059700-00059879": "life. And then I was thinking about all the failures in my", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00164-00059879-00060096": "life, and the struggles that I've had in various places. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00165-00060096-00060312": "I started to think about all this stuff that I was just", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00166-00060312-00060560": "talking about. About how some of us fit the mold, and some of us", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00167-00060560-00060800": "don't. And some of us get to do what we're called to do, and a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00168-00060800-00061036": "lot of us don't, and how we feel like heroes, often without a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00169-00061036-00061400": "quest. And I was thinking about this. What I was thinking about", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00170-00061400-00061716": "was the fact that I was always too much. Too emotional, too", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00171-00061716-00062024": "excited, with dreams that nobody else could conceive of. Michael", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00172-00062024-00062436": "and Me? like this- that rocket, right? and to which I clung like", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00173-00062436-00062672": "they were a life raft, because the rest of life simply didn't", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00174-00062672-00063060": "seem worthwhile the way it was. And it didn't make sense not to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00175-00063060-00063348": "dream of something better. The only things that made sense to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00176-00063348-00063640": "me were trees and dirt, and magic and occasionally,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00177-00063664-00064072": "occasionally, another person who dreamed like I did. And as I lay", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00178-00064072-00064284": "there thinking and thinking and thinking, I started to write", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00179-00064284-00064536": "about what I was thinking and posted on the internet, because", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00180-00064536-00064816": "what else do you do with that much thinking? And recently, one", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00181-00064816-00065124": "of those posts floated back up into my Facebook memories and it", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00182-00065124-00065648": "reads like this. \"I am intense. No one has ever said otherwise.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00183-00065648-00065956": "Not even me. It has saved my ass. It has given me adventures.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00184-00065956-00066192": "It has opened doors long forgotten and painted shut.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00185-00066220-00066524": "Intensity in its various forms has made my world rich and broad", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00186-00066524-00066784": "and deep and interesting and fun and well-informed and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00187-00066784-00067272": "Leatherman-useful. Intensity does not preclude quietude. It", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00188-00067272-00067608": "does not in any way subvert peace, or grace, or gentleness,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00189-00067608-00068000": "or exploration. But when you need the fire hose, that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00190-00068000-00068268": "head-down-and-keep-goingness, you've got it. When you need raw", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00191-00068268-00068576": "truth, it's there. When you need fierce love, deep roots, crisis", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00192-00068576-00068972": "management, they are ready to hand. And afterwards,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00193-00069024-00069416": "afterwards, the fire burns to embers in the quiet night. I", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00194-00069416-00069676": "tend to attract the same kinds of people into my life.\" Does", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00195-00069676-00070040": "this sound familiar? Well, it did indeed sound familiar to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00196-00070040-00070288": "people and those posts became essays, but they also became", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00197-00070288-00070552": "concepts and scaffoldings. And the framework that Mariah", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00198-00070552-00070952": "mentioned. First, it was the intensives. That's me and Laura", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00199-00070952-00071232": "and Anne of Green Gables and Joe March and Frodo. Maybe that's", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00200-00071232-00071616": "you. And then I began describing the shadow that they threw", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00201-00071616-00071916": "because if these people exist, then the other kind of people", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00202-00071916-00072360": "must also exist. And so I called them expansives. Mary, Diana,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00203-00072360-00072672": "Dora. Sweet, kind, compliant, comforted and shored up by", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00204-00072672-00073068": "structure, rather than hemmed in by it. Predictable, steady,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00205-00073092-00073620": "loyal, like Samwise. Those, those are our expansives. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00206-00073620-00073908": "then a continuum between them, of course, and then a book about", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00207-00073908-00074196": "it with the framework all laid out that was not prescriptive,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00208-00074196-00074496": "but descriptive, not a medical model, not pathologizing, that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00209-00074496-00074888": "judging. We've been taught so hard to judge each other. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00210-00074888-00075324": "that hurts all of us. This is just what we're like both of us,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00211-00075324-00075564": "all of us. This is just how we are. And there's nothing wrong", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00212-00075564-00076044": "with either one. There's nothing wrong. And we're all needed. A", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00213-00076044-00076332": "year and a half after I started to think about that, I was", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00214-00076332-00076572": "holding my printed book in my hand. And yeah, that's", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00215-00076572-00076624": "intensive.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00216-00077048-00077556": "So why am I telling you this? I'm telling you this because I believe in us, in Unitarian", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00217-00077556-00077916": "Universalists, I believe in our ability to do better. I believe", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00218-00077916-00078280": "that pleasure and justice must coexist. And I believe that that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00219-00078280-00078780": "starts at home with seeing what we can do to meet everyone's", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00220-00078780-00079152": "needs. Some of the very early Christians- very early- believed", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00221-00079152-00079452": "that we were put here on earth to create heaven, and that when", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00222-00079452-00079708": "we created heaven on earth, when we did that successfully, then", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00223-00079708-00079948": "Jesus would come back. I don't know about the Second Coming.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00224-00079948-00080232": "But how can we move towards something that feels more like a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00225-00080232-00080604": "heaven where everyone's needs get met? That doesn't seem like", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00226-00080604-00081040": "it should be a stretch. How can we create that fairly utopian,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00227-00081044-00081400": "reasonably, mostly utopian planet right now? How can we", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00228-00081400-00081684": "start in our congregations made of imperfect people in this", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00229-00081684-00081780": "imperfect world?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00230-00081832-00081932": "How can we do better?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00231-00082136-00082368": "If different things please different ones of us? And if", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00232-00082368-00082624": "pleasure is the guiding force, how can we make our", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00233-00082624-00083052": "congregations places where we receive as a gift and give as a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00234-00083052-00083368": "gift, from each according to their pleasure?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00235-00083568-00083652": "Now a warning,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00236-00083684-00083976": "this pleasure thing does require a certain amount of flexibility,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00237-00084004-00084372": "because it reveals what actually pleases us instead of what we", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00238-00084372-00085184": "can be guilt tripped into. And it requires true consent. If", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00239-00085184-00085620": "someone says \"no,\" that's a complete sentence. No pressuring", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00240-00085620-00085984": "them, no wheedling. None. Not like, oh, but couldn't you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00241-00085984-00086596": "possibly...? No. They said no. respect that. Then they'll feel", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00242-00086596-00087032": "free to say yes, when they want to say yes. If it pleases no one", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00243-00087032-00087312": "to create coffee hour, then maybe there will not be coffee.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00244-00087860-00088588": "I've met us. I've been UU all my life. So maybe there will not be", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00245-00088588-00088924": "coffee. Or maybe something else pleases them, maybe something", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00246-00088924-00089332": "else pleases you. And that will help the coffee happen. Perhaps", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00247-00089332-00089748": "it's money. Perhaps it's praise. Perhaps it's community. But the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00248-00089748-00090080": "focus is on the pleasure. What pleases you? What would please", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00249-00090080-00090560": "you to do? What would please you to give? Quilting bees work", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00250-00090564-00090940": "because they take something that might be one kind of task, and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00251-00090940-00091228": "they turn it into something else. The reward for quilting is", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00252-00091228-00091572": "a quilt. But the reward for a quilting bee is social and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00253-00091572-00091784": "community and connection time and getting the quilt done", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00254-00091784-00092200": "faster. Sometimes if you're an introvert like me, it's maybe", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00255-00092200-00092460": "better if it's a podcast or an audio book instead of more", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00256-00092460-00092884": "people. But the principle is the same. Pleasure and busy hands,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00257-00092900-00093452": "So I'm going tomake this really concrete right now think of both.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00258-00093452-00093792": "three tasks in your congregation that might please you to do?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00259-00093824-00094032": "Things that you would enjoy doing or things that might lead", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00260-00094032-00094336": "to something that you would enjoy. That might have, as a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00261-00094336-00094608": "side benefit, something you would enjoy. Where is the seed", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00262-00094632-00095472": "of your pleasure? Where's the pleasure for you in the doing? Think creatively? Think possibility. Think pleasure.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00263-00095776-00096072": "Okay, now think of three things that do not please you but that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00264-00096072-00096700": "serve the congregation? What do the things that please you have", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00265-00096700-00097040": "in common? What are the things that do not please you have in", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00266-00097040-00097468": "common? Where's your pleasure in all of this? And consider the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00267-00097468-00097672": "possibility that things that please you might not please", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00268-00097672-00098124": "someone else and vice versa? One could argue that the gift", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00269-00098124-00098364": "economy I'm describing is actually transactional. And it", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00270-00098392-00098632": "relies on transactions where the currency is pleasure. If you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00271-00098632-00098772": "want to argue it that way, that's fine.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00272-00098860-00099148": "But stay with the pleasure. What pleases you?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00273-00099280-00099544": "If you strip out all of the media and all of the propaganda", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00274-00099544-00099824": "and all of the cultural pressures, what pleases you?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00275-00099824-00100204": "What gives you that sense of deep satisfaction and joy? Or", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00276-00100204-00100564": "maybe pleasure to you is excitement and thrill and risk?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00277-00100604-00100932": "Are you an intensive like Laura and Davey and me? Are you an", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00278-00100932-00101296": "expensive like Samwise Gamgee? Like Diana? And not at all like", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00279-00101296-00101664": "me? Does it please you to bustle around and maintain routine and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00280-00101664-00101996": "make everything precise and easeful? Or does it please you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00281-00101996-00102232": "to go out on the edge of the edge of the cliff to the skinny", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00282-00102232-00102459": "branches of the tree to bounce up and down to swing the wind", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00283-00102459-00102688": "and see everything for miles and imagine what it's like to fly?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00284-00102911-00103144": "Which one of these is you? There's nothing wrong with", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00285-00103144-00103480": "either one. We need both. As a culture as a society, as a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00286-00103480-00104044": "people as congregations, we need both. So which one are you? Once", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00287-00104044-00104344": "you figure it out, stay true to yourself get good at saying no", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00288-00104344-00104711": "and good at saying yes. And good at knowing when discomfort is", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00289-00104711-00105028": "necessary. And what recovery from that discomfort looks like", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00290-00105028-00105528": "for you. So if hanging out on the skinny branches is your idea", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00291-00105528-00105808": "of a nightmare, for example, only do it if it's really", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00292-00105808-00106052": "important. Like for example, if you want to increase your anti", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00293-00106052-00106348": "racism and inclusion skills, even if it's uncomfortable, you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00294-00106348-00106604": "might climb out on that skinny branch, because that's how you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00295-00106604-00106908": "get to the other side. That's how you get the thing you want.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00296-00106908-00107235": "Sometimes we have to borrow tactics from the other kind of", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00297-00107235-00107520": "person in order to get where we're going. Even if you think", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00298-00107520-00107711": "risk and discomfort are the worst things in the world. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00299-00107711-00107956": "you only want to have first and second breakfast and elevensies", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00300-00107968-00108196": "and put up your feet and make a cozy fire and drink a cup of", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00301-00108196-00108772": "tea. You can go out on that branch anyway sometimes. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00302-00108796-00109000": "know that when you do those risky things, you're going to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00303-00109000-00109208": "need more support, you're going to need to come back home and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00304-00109208-00109572": "sit with your feet up and your tea for a while. You're going to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00305-00109572-00109659": "need to recover.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00306-00109832-00110276": "On the other hand, if you're an intensive you work in bursts anyway. You do the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00307-00110276-00110480": "thing and then you rest and then you do a thing. And then you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00308-00110480-00110811": "rest. There's no steady state for intensives. There's only up", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00309-00110811-00111196": "and down and up and down and up and down. And risk is probably", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00310-00111196-00111652": "at least a little bit fun. Let's be real. And we wave to the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00311-00111656-00111940": "expansives. Right. So the expansives are doing this. And", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00312-00111940-00112259": "we're doing this and we wave to the expansives who are keeping", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00313-00112259-00112635": "that middle line steady as we go by up and then down. But don't", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00314-00112635-00112888": "make yourself, if you're an intensive, do tedious things", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00315-00112888-00113356": "unless the thing you want is on the other side. So routinely", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00316-00113356-00113680": "coming to worship, participating in ritual practice, meditation-", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00317-00113740-00114188": "spreadsheets. That one surprised me. But it turns out", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00318-00114188-00114711": "spreadsheets do the math for you. So only if it serves a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00319-00114711-00115540": "greater pleasure: integrity, completion a new space. Growth.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00320-00115648-00115748": "And both are fine.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00321-00115848-00116056": "So if you know you're an intensive, if you know that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00322-00116056-00116259": "you're like Anne of Green Gables and Laura Ingles; If you know", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00323-00116259-00116540": "you're like Frodo, if you know you get deeply excited and you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00324-00116540-00116811": "like to move fast and rest hard and you're fairly risk-tolerant;", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00325-00116820-00117044": "you like novelty, you feel things deeply. You go like hell", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00326-00117044-00117352": "for a while and then you gotta rest- deeply. You'll get into a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00327-00117352-00117528": "project you'll give everything to it and then you'll withdraw", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00328-00117528-00117776": "for a bit. So like you work on that capital campaign and then", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00329-00117776-00118280": "you don't show up at church for four months. If that's who you", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00330-00118280-00118576": "are, then find projects like that to volunteer for. Tell", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00331-00118576-00118892": "people that's who you are. Tell them it's okay. It's that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00332-00118892-00119356": "simple. Set expectations the way they need to be set. Find", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00333-00119356-00119648": "something that inspires you that has a bigger meaning that has a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00334-00119648-00120148": "big impact. And pair up with somebody who's not like that.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00335-00120192-00120488": "Pair up with somebody who will do that last 20% of the project", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00336-00120488-00120656": "because you know, when the end is in sight, and almost", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00337-00120656-00120835": "everything is done, and you're just wrapping up the last few", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00338-00120835-00121152": "things, that's when you lose interest. You know, the steady", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00339-00121152-00121483": "stuff is boring for you, you can see that it could be done. You", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00340-00121483-00121700": "know how it could be done. You know you can do it, so you're", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00341-00121700-00121928": "not interested anymore. So pair up with somebody who is.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00342-00121996-00122644": "Unknown: Get help. Get an expansive and work together. Leela Sinha: And if you're an expansive if you're a Mary, or a", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00343-00122644-00122896": "Samwise Gamgee, or if you're a Diana, if you're more quiet and", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00344-00122896-00123240": "more steady, celebrate that quiet steadiness. Find things", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00345-00123240-00123524": "that bring you that quiet pleasure, that need steady,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00346-00123524-00123748": "daily attention that you know, you can check off your", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00347-00123748-00124148": "checklist. So satisfying. That you can use your ruler to cross", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00348-00124148-00124616": "out in the notebook. Volunteer to send those little notes of", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00349-00124616-00124820": "connection that keep people so happy. You know, the little", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00350-00124820-00125056": "ones, they don't say much. They're just like, hey, hi, we", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00351-00125056-00125280": "noticed that you haven't been around for a while. And we love", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00352-00125280-00125635": "you and we miss you. Not anything deep, not anything", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00353-00125635-00125900": "complicated, just a couple lines. But you know how it means", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00354-00125900-00126188": "something to people. Engage people beautifully, because", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00355-00126188-00126476": "that's one of your gifts. Make things orderly. Preset the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00356-00126476-00126916": "chancel every time so that it looks beautiful every time. Tend", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00357-00126916-00127435": "things, plant gardens. And- get an intensive to inspire you, to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00358-00127435-00127711": "have big ideas, to drive through the night when it really", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00359-00127711-00127976": "matters. Because you need your eight hours of sleep. To shout", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00360-00127976-00128488": "from the front of the room. Work together. Don't expect the same", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00361-00128488-00128696": "things of each other that you expect of yourselves, because", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00362-00128696-00129032": "you're different. And this is the most important part. Each of", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00363-00129032-00129368": "you tell the other that you love them for who they are, love each", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00364-00129368-00129628": "other for who you are not who you wish somebody else would be", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00365-00129628-00129883": "in that moment. Even if it's frustrating, even if you don't", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00366-00129883-00130096": "understand how their brain works. That's why they're", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00367-00130096-00130376": "helpful. Because you don't understand that way of that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00368-00130376-00130724": "brain working. Because we need that care and precision from the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00369-00130724-00130968": "expansives. And we need the innovation and wildness from the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00370-00130968-00131212": "intensives. We need the steadiness and we need the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00371-00131212-00131576": "bursts of energy. The world and the congregation and our", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00372-00131576-00131884": "families, all of us we need it all. We need everything and we", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00373-00131884-00132308": "can't do it all. No one of us can bring it all ourselves. We", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00374-00132308-00132620": "are social, we live in community and there's no valor in being", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00375-00132620-00132656": "alone.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00376-00132896-00133240": "The last set of questions: As you work together,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00377-00133240-00133592": "perhaps one of the trickiest set of questions- because here's", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00378-00133592-00134112": "where you set yourself aside. The question is, is who you are,", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00379-00134144-00134600": "who the congregation needs in that task? Where is it that", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00380-00134600-00134900": "maybe you're doing something new or fun or interesting just", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00381-00134900-00135188": "because it's new and fun and interesting. And that's maybe", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00382-00135188-00135372": "not where the energy needs to go right now?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00383-00135564-00135956": "Or where are you doing something steadily the way we've always", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00384-00135956-00136284": "done it because it's comforting and ritual and the way we've", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00385-00136284-00136556": "always done it, when it's not quite serving the interests of", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00386-00136556-00136892": "the congregation right now to do things, the way we've always", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00387-00136892-00136928": "done it?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00388-00137096-00137220": "Where can you support?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00389-00137276-00137588": "Where can you release? Where can you weave together? Where is the", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00390-00137596-00137788": "whole greater than the sum of the parts?", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00391-00137868-00138004": "We need each other, we", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00392-00138004-00138360": "all need each other. And when each of us gives according to", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00393-00138360-00138696": "our pleasure, then the pleasure is in being together.", "cF0Hbbtbkv8-00394-00138836-00139020": "Blessed be, and amen."}}, {"audio_id": "cFNK6eQNTUk", "text": {"cFNK6eQNTUk-00000-00000000-00000200": "Unfreeze your column in Microsoft Excel"}}, {"audio_id": "cFZXO0pQdvA", "text": {"cFZXO0pQdvA-00000-00000006-00000206": "today I'm cooking YAKISOBA", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00001-00000276-00000476": "let's add meat", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00002-00000484-00000772": "here we are, are Kumiko is putting it on the cooking pan", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00003-00000772-00000880": "chicken", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00004-00000890-00001234": "let's prepare it to make out Yakisoba", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00005-00001334-00001655": "she saying she is trying her best, so let's hope so", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00006-00001655-00002112": "but she said is super easy to make Yakisoba, so I guess you can do it too!", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00007-00002112-00002290": "let's add peppers", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00008-00002292-00002544": "let's do it!", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00009-00002550-00002882": "let's add cabbage, mira and moyashi", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00010-00002882-00003024": "(bean sprouts)", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00011-00003028-00003454": "so first we prepare this and than we add Yakisoba", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00012-00003465-00003965": "I'm so hungry and I can wait to eat it,", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00013-00003965-00004230": "do you like Yakisoba? Let me know in a comment", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00014-00004252-00004706": "waaa Kumiko's Yakisoba", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00015-00004726-00005136": "she is so good, isn't she?", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00016-00005136-00005252": "BRAVO!", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00017-00005262-00005780": "anyway do you enjoy those cooking video? Because we are having so much fun making them", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00018-00005780-00006218": "let us know, because if you like them we will make more videos like this!", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00019-00006240-00006786": "anyway it wasn't that hard, it was much easier than I thought!", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00020-00006786-00006986": "this is actually the first time for \"me\" to make it!", "cFZXO0pQdvA-00021-00006992-00007466": "and here we are with our delicious YAKISOBA! Can't wait to try it!"}}, {"audio_id": "cG25a-fPfAc", "text": {"cG25a-fPfAc-00000-00000927-00001320": "welcome learners today we are going to discuss about", "cG25a-fPfAc-00001-00001320-00001855": "the air prevention and control of pollution act 1981", "cG25a-fPfAc-00002-00002080-00003096": "so the indian government has enacted the specific laws uh under the article 253 of the constitution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00003-00003096-00003824": "for the preservation of the natural resources and the law enacted for the preservation", "cG25a-fPfAc-00004-00003952-00004608": "or prevention of air prevention and control of air pollution act was in 1981.", "cG25a-fPfAc-00005-00004712-00005576": "so under this act uh the prevention control and abatement of air pollution for the establishment", "cG25a-fPfAc-00006-00005576-00006648": "with a view to carry out the aforesaid purposes of the boats for conferring or and assigning to such", "cG25a-fPfAc-00007-00006720-00007312": "board powers and function relating there to n for the materials connected basically and", "cG25a-fPfAc-00008-00007312-00008256": "this act uh the government has uh enacted the board state or central pollution control boards", "cG25a-fPfAc-00009-00008328-00008992": "for making the laws for going for the penalties for various clauses and uh for", "cG25a-fPfAc-00010-00009136-00009728": "developing the or framing the emission parameters for the air pollution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00011-00009912-00010576": "so the air pollution prevention and control of pollution act enacted in 1981 and", "cG25a-fPfAc-00012-00010576-00011408": "later on it was amended in 1987 to provide for the prevention control and abatement of air pollution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00013-00011408-00012304": "in india basically uh the these two acts uh first one is the water pollution act which we discussed", "cG25a-fPfAc-00014-00012304-00013016": "yesterday and this air pollution act they only came after the first earth sun", "cG25a-fPfAc-00015-00013016-00013800": "in stockholm 1972 which were based on the pollution uh and there after the indian", "cG25a-fPfAc-00016-00013800-00014519": "government has framed these two acts for reducing or preserving the water and air", "cG25a-fPfAc-00017-00014616-00015224": "from the pollution that has been generated from the various sectors or various sources", "cG25a-fPfAc-00018-00015224-00015863": "a brief about the central pollution control board this is constituted under the section 3", "cG25a-fPfAc-00019-00015863-00016960": "of water prevention and control of pollution act 1974 so this shall uh without predict", "cG25a-fPfAc-00020-00017256-00017936": "this uh to exercise and to perform its powers and function under that to exercise the power and", "cG25a-fPfAc-00021-00017936-00018536": "perform the functions of central pollution control both for prevention control of the air pollution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00022-00018536-00019440": "act basically this board was constitute under the water act but it also controls or have the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00023-00019440-00020368": "various sections about i mean it was created under the water act but it also controls or frames the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00024-00020368-00021136": "various parameters of air uh similarly the state pollution control boards were constituted under", "cG25a-fPfAc-00025-00021136-00022120": "the section 4 of the act of 1974 were and they must be called as state pollution control boards", "cG25a-fPfAc-00026-00022208-00022872": "and uh they basically we have discussed yesterday uh the power of the statement", "cG25a-fPfAc-00027-00022872-00023256": "framing the state control pollution control boards only with the government", "cG25a-fPfAc-00028-00023320-00024192": "so there are certain um clauses uh when the parliament has power to frame the guidelines or", "cG25a-fPfAc-00029-00024192-00024768": "frame the members of the state pollution control ports that we have discussed in the water law", "cG25a-fPfAc-00030-00025088-00025968": "so giving the arrangement of sections this law is basically uh framed in uh seven chapters and", "cG25a-fPfAc-00031-00025968-00026848": "have uh 54 sections first chapter is preliminary and it contains a section one and two and then", "cG25a-fPfAc-00032-00026912-00027416": "chapter two contains central and state boards for the prevention control of pollution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00033-00027416-00028104": "from section three to fifteen and then chapter three consists of powers and functions of both", "cG25a-fPfAc-00034-00028104-00028808": "that is from the section 16 to 18 and chapter four uh it's basically prevention and control", "cG25a-fPfAc-00035-00028808-00029856": "of air pollution from section 19 to 31 and chapter five is funds origin uh accounts section uh 32-36", "cG25a-fPfAc-00036-00029856-00030712": "and then penalties and procedure in chapter 6 from section 37 to 46 and miscellaneous uh in chapter", "cG25a-fPfAc-00037-00030712-00031376": "7 under the section 47 and 54. so this is the arrangement of various sections and chapters of", "cG25a-fPfAc-00038-00031456-00032344": "what are this air prevention and control of pollution act 1981 so uh this under this act", "cG25a-fPfAc-00039-00032344-00033024": "the state boards have been uh are to be framed so basically uh if you remember the scheme", "cG25a-fPfAc-00040-00033024-00033784": "of uh the framing there are 17 members of the state pollution control board same is also", "cG25a-fPfAc-00041-00034016-00034744": "implements here so there is one plus five plus five plus three plus two plus one scheme so the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00042-00034744-00035360": "first one is the chairman uh it is the person who has special knowledge and practical experience", "cG25a-fPfAc-00043-00035360-00036016": "with respect to the environmental protection and it's nominated by the state government then the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00044-00036016-00036632": "five members of state government may think fit to be nominated by the state government", "cG25a-fPfAc-00045-00036688-00037200": "to res represent the government so these are the five members that are to be nominated by", "cG25a-fPfAc-00046-00037200-00038096": "the state government and the other five members that all also uh nominated by the state government", "cG25a-fPfAc-00047-00038096-00038752": "but they are from the local authorities like local urban bodies and uh", "cG25a-fPfAc-00048-00038752-00039248": "five besides these five members there are three members from the state government that", "cG25a-fPfAc-00049-00039376-00040112": "uh that they find or they think they are fit to be nominated in the state uh pollution control boards", "cG25a-fPfAc-00050-00040112-00040944": "they are from the agriculture fishery or industry or trade or labor whatever is related with the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00051-00040944-00041600": "air pollution they represent these sectors and the last two members they represent from the corporate", "cG25a-fPfAc-00052-00041600-00042280": "sector and basically uh within the state the corporate sectors companies", "cG25a-fPfAc-00053-00042360-00042904": "uh owned and managed by the state uh government to be nominated by the government", "cG25a-fPfAc-00054-00043080-00043656": "and the last one is the full-time member secretary having such qualifications knowledge", "cG25a-fPfAc-00055-00043656-00044368": "and experience of scientific engineering and management so these are all one plus uh", "cG25a-fPfAc-00056-00044512-00045160": "one plus five plus five plus three plus two plus one scheme there are 17 members", "cG25a-fPfAc-00057-00045160-00045904": "of the state pollution control boards so provided the state government shall ensure not less than", "cG25a-fPfAc-00058-00045904-00046576": "two members uh having specific knowledge or practical experience in respect to matters to the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00059-00046576-00047176": "improvement and quality of prevention and control of the admin of pollution so every state pollution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00060-00047176-00047912": "control board constituted under this act shall be a body uh cooperate with the name specified", "cG25a-fPfAc-00061-00047912-00048608": "by the state government in the notification issued under subsection 1 having perpetual", "cG25a-fPfAc-00062-00048608-00049416": "succession and common seal with power subject to provision of this act to occur and dispose of the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00063-00049416-00050264": "property and to contract and maybe the sad names you are suit so these were the various uh kind of", "cG25a-fPfAc-00064-00050448-00051128": "constitutional state board so now what are the functions of the central uh board so first is to", "cG25a-fPfAc-00065-00051128-00051848": "uh advise the central government on any matter concerning improvement of the quality of air", "cG25a-fPfAc-00066-00051848-00052479": "and prevention control and advancement of air pollution so in the water act it was the ability", "cG25a-fPfAc-00067-00052479-00053208": "of water pollution and here it is abatement of air pollution so second function is to plan and", "cG25a-fPfAc-00068-00053208-00053896": "execute nationwide programs for prevention control or abatement of air pollution so the nationwide", "cG25a-fPfAc-00069-00053896-00054784": "programs maybe the seminars symposium workshops or it can be the conferences basically it uh", "cG25a-fPfAc-00070-00054967-00055704": "to develop or to how to execute the various programs uh on the national scale and then to", "cG25a-fPfAc-00071-00055704-00056200": "coordinate the activities between various states and resolve disputes among them so there are the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00072-00056200-00057040": "disputes between various states regarding the air pollution so the central board have the i mean", "cG25a-fPfAc-00073-00057104-00057888": "the duty to coordinate such activities and then to provide technical assistance and guidance to state", "cG25a-fPfAc-00074-00057888-00058552": "boards carry out and sponsor research relating to the problems of air pollution and prevention", "cG25a-fPfAc-00075-00058552-00059400": "control and or abutment of air pollution then to plan and organize the training of persons engaged", "cG25a-fPfAc-00076-00059400-00060072": "in program for controlling the pollution then to organize through mass media a comprehensive", "cG25a-fPfAc-00077-00060072-00060760": "program regarding the prevention control or abatement of pollution so next one is to collect", "cG25a-fPfAc-00078-00060760-00061560": "compile and publish the technical and statistical data relating to the air pollution and measures to", "cG25a-fPfAc-00079-00061560-00062344": "device it for its is effective prevention and then to lay down the standards for the quality of air", "cG25a-fPfAc-00080-00062416-00063128": "and last one to collect disseminate information in respect matters relating to the air pollution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00081-00063128-00063776": "so these are all the functions of the central pollution control board so", "cG25a-fPfAc-00082-00064016-00064504": "what are the functions of the state pollution control board same like the central pollution", "cG25a-fPfAc-00083-00064504-00065072": "control board they advise the state government on any matter concerning", "cG25a-fPfAc-00084-00065072-00065840": "for the prevention and control or abatement of pollution and they are to inspect air quality", "cG25a-fPfAc-00085-00065840-00066336": "in air pollution control area for time to time and to take necessary actions", "cG25a-fPfAc-00086-00066336-00066824": "to prevent and control the air pollution so these were the functions of state boats", "cG25a-fPfAc-00087-00066880-00067704": "and uh the central boats so what are the powers of the pollution control boards so under section", "cG25a-fPfAc-00088-00067704-00068560": "19 boats can declare any area as air pollution control area like the central board has notified", "cG25a-fPfAc-00089-00068560-00069416": "this national capital territory of the uh delhi as uh the air pollution control area by the central", "cG25a-fPfAc-00090-00069416-00070000": "government so the domain of the air pollution uh control in the national capital territory", "cG25a-fPfAc-00091-00070064-00070712": "not whole valley but nct uh is under the central government so basically under the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00092-00070712-00071304": "central pollution control board so under this section the government and pros approved fuel", "cG25a-fPfAc-00093-00071304-00072032": "should be used air pollution control area so in such areas uh the government which have", "cG25a-fPfAc-00094-00072032-00072656": "approved the certain kind of fuel that might be used within a specific area should only be used", "cG25a-fPfAc-00095-00072840-00073552": "so any other fuels if are used then it can be the gross violation of the air pollution act", "cG25a-fPfAc-00096-00073656-00074232": "so then a next one is it is necessary to take up clearance certificate from the boards before", "cG25a-fPfAc-00097-00074232-00074848": "setting up an industry so if if you are going to set up an industry in certain area then", "cG25a-fPfAc-00098-00074848-00075360": "you have to take clear and certificate noc certificate from the boards maybe it", "cG25a-fPfAc-00099-00075416-00075944": "is in jurisdiction of the state con pollution control board or central pollution control board", "cG25a-fPfAc-00100-00076008-00076616": "then the board has powers to take emission uh samples from any industry for analysis", "cG25a-fPfAc-00101-00076784-00077408": "surprise visit can happen to an industry for the collection of the samples it's the same uh in also", "cG25a-fPfAc-00102-00077408-00077952": "in the water then the samples of the water and it can be taken and then analysis can be done and", "cG25a-fPfAc-00103-00077952-00078848": "then later on if there is any violation in the uh certain kind of parameters then they can um that", "cG25a-fPfAc-00104-00078848-00079648": "that can lead to a penalty or shutting down the business if it is a gross violation so the boards", "cG25a-fPfAc-00105-00079648-00080216": "can issue directions to respect to authorities under the motor vehicles act regarding standards", "cG25a-fPfAc-00106-00080216-00080768": "for the motor emissions so these were the various powers of the pollution control boards", "cG25a-fPfAc-00107-00080976-00081784": "and then the last one is the penalties under this section so under this uh act under the section 37", "cG25a-fPfAc-00108-00081880-00082680": "of this act any person failing to comply with the provisions of section 21 or 22 or directions", "cG25a-fPfAc-00109-00082680-00083432": "issued under a section 31 can be imprisoned for for one and a half year to six years with a fine", "cG25a-fPfAc-00110-00083432-00084232": "of rupees 5000 per day so under the section 37 the penalties have been discussed but there are", "cG25a-fPfAc-00111-00084232-00084920": "certain directions in section 21 or 22 if those directions uh for example emission", "cG25a-fPfAc-00112-00084920-00085720": "standards have been violated then um there are certain directions in section 21 22 and", "cG25a-fPfAc-00113-00085720-00086600": "31 a if these directions have been violated then under section 37 of this act it can uh it can uh", "cG25a-fPfAc-00114-00086696-00087512": "i mean d to an imprisonment to one and a half year to uh six years or with a fine of 5000 per day", "cG25a-fPfAc-00115-00087568-00088304": "so if the violation continues beyond one year then imprisonment can be increased up to the seven", "cG25a-fPfAc-00116-00088304-00089104": "years or with fine so these are the various kinds of penalties and under section 39 of this act", "cG25a-fPfAc-00117-00089192-00089760": "whoever contravenes any of the provision of this act for which no penalty have been", "cG25a-fPfAc-00118-00089760-00090456": "elsewhere provided in this act shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term", "cG25a-fPfAc-00119-00090456-00091184": "which may extend up to three months or with a fine which may extend up to 10 000 uh", "cG25a-fPfAc-00120-00091288-00091704": "with both so these were the various kinds of penalties depending upon the", "cG25a-fPfAc-00121-00091704-00092424": "what kind of violation have to be done or is to be done and by certain industry or a person", "cG25a-fPfAc-00122-00092424-00093360": "so it can lead to a penalty or uh the imprisonment so this was very brief about the uh the airport", "cG25a-fPfAc-00123-00093360-00093984": "the air prevention and control of pollution act 1981 i hope you all enjoyed thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "cGvkNfJuUoM", "text": {"cGvkNfJuUoM-00000-00001100-00002100": "Two buildings collapse in Greater Noida; 3 dead, over 50 feared trapped, rescue operations on", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00001-00002200-00004500": "Greater Noida building collapse Two buildings collapse in Greater Noida; 3 dead, over 50 feared trapped, rescue operations on Use of poor quality building construction material and violation of safety norms is believed to be the main reasons behind the mishap.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00002-00004600-00005300": "Image Credit: ANI.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00003-00005400-00007000": "GREATER NOIDA:At least three people have been killed and over 50 feared trapped under the debris of the two under-construction buildings in Greater Noida's Shah Beri village, which collapsed late on Tuesday.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00004-00007100-00008300": "According to eye-witnesses, the incident occurred after a six-storey under-construction building collapsed and fell on another building late on Tuesday.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00005-00008400-00010300": "Use of poor quality building construction material and violation of safety norms is believed to be the main reason behind the mishap.There is a lot of anger among the local residents and those who have bought flats in the two ill-fated buildings.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00006-00010400-00011600": "The flat owners are now demanding their money back and strict action against the builder and the government officials who approved the construction of the two buildings.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00007-00011700-00012900": "Meanwhile, the authorities have arrested the owner of the land, Ganga Sharan Dwivedi, broker Qasim and one more person in this connection.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00008-00013000-00014000": "An FIR has also been registered and a team led by Additional District Magistrate has been constituted to probe the incident.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00009-00014100-00015000": "A JCB machine has also been pressed into service to expedite the relief and rescue operations.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00010-00015100-00016100": "Officials say that death toll is likely to go up as the debris of the two buildings has not been completely removed as yet.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00011-00016200-00018300": "The rescue and search for survivors is likely to continue for another couple of hours eventhough the chances for their survival are dismal. So far, three dead bodies have been retrieved by the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), said ANI.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00012-00018400-00020000": "Speaking on the unfortunate incident, Uttar Pradesh Deputy Chief Minister KP Maurya said, ''The district administration and NDRF teams are engaged in rescue and search operations.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00013-00020100-00020800": "Some people are feared trapped in the rubble.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00014-00020900-00021800": "Our thoughts are with the families of those who died in the incident.'' \"Two male dead bodies have been recovered.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00015-00021900-00022900": "Four NDRF teams and dog squad are present on the spot, chances of any victim being alive are scant.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00016-00023000-00024000": "Operations will continue until all victims are rescued,\" NDRF Commandant PK Srivastava had informed earlier.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00017-00024100-00024800": "A dog squad has been deployed at the mishap site in Greater Noida's Shah Beri village.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00018-00024900-00026200": "At least two dozen people are feared trapped under the debris of the two under-construction buildings that collapsed in Greater Noida's Shah Beri village, the officials said.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00019-00026300-00027500": "Chief Fire Officer Arun Kumar Singh informed that at least 20labourers were inside the building at the time of the incident and all of them are feared trapped.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00020-00027600-00029900": "Fire brigade teams and local police officials were immediately rushed to the spot and rescue operations are underway, Singh said, adding that a team of National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF) is also trying to rescue those trapped inside the debris of the two buildings.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00021-00030000-00031200": "Speaking to reporters about the incident, Union Minister Mahesh Sharma said, ''Our priority right now is to save any life that is left.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00022-00031300-00032000": "12 ambulances are present there and the hospitals nearby have been alerted.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00023-00032100-00035800": "NDRF teams and dog squads are also present on the spot.'' Soon after the mishap, Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath took cognisance of the incident and asked the District Magistrate to follow up with the National Disaster Response Force team and Police for relief measures and to ensure immediate rescue. CM Adityanath has directed the Gautam Budh Nagar DistrictMagistrate and the police to monitor relief and rescue activities along with the NDRF team.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00024-00035900-00037100": "UP CM has also directed the authorities to submit a detailed report in this regard and warned that anyone found guilty will not be spared.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00025-00037200-00039400": "The UP CM's Office said that strict action will be taken against all concerned if any lapses or violation of safety norms are found.  DGP OP Singh later briefed the Chief Minister about the rescue operation being carried out by police and NDRF personnel.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00026-00039500-00042400": "\"Several NDRF teams, district police and fire brigade personnel are engaged in the rescue operations,\" Singh said. Giving more information, BN Singh District Magistrate, Gautam Budh Nagar said, ''According to locals, the buildings that collapsed was constructed 2 years ago and many flats in it were not occupied.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00027-00042500-00043900": "Proper investigation will be carried out in this regard.'' Locals have told us that the building that collapsed was constructed 2 years ago & many flats in it were not occupied.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00028-00044000-00046000": "Investigation will be carried out in this matter: BN Singh District Magistrate, Gautam Budh Nagar on building collapse in Greater Noida's Shah Beri village ''As of now we don't know what happened, it is too early to say anything in that regard.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00029-00046100-00046800": "Our motive right now is to save any life that is left.", "cGvkNfJuUoM-00030-00046900-00048100": "Rescue operations by NDRF are underway: Kumar Vineet, ADM, Gautam Budh Nagar told reporters about the incident. ."}}, {"audio_id": "cGIcu5MkNe8", "text": {"cGIcu5MkNe8-00000-00237443-00245100": "Te Deum laudamus: te Dominum confitemur. (We praise thee, O God: we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00001-00252500-00256403": "Te Deum laudamus: te Dominum confitemur. (We praise thee, O God: we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00002-00256403-00259202": "Te aetermum Patrem omnis terra veneratur. (All the earth doth worship thee, the Father everlasting.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00003-00259202-00260803": "Tibi omnes Angeli, libi Coeli et universae Potestates. (To thee all Angels cry aloud; the Heavens and all the Powers therein.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00004-00260900-00262351": "Tibi Cherubim et Seraphim incessabili voce proclamant: (To thee Cherubim and Seraphim continually do cry:)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00005-00262351-00262901": "Sanctus (Holy)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00006-00263001-00271201": "Sanctus (Holy)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00007-00271201-00274650": "Sanctus, Dominus Deus. (Holy, Lord God of Sabaoth.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00008-00274801-00276402": "Pleni sunt coeli et terra majestatis gloriae tuae. (Heaven and earth are full of the majesty of thy glory.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00009-00276452-00277152": "Te Gloriosus Apostolorum Chorus, (The glorious company of the Apostles,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00010-00277152-00277503": "Te Propheterum laudabilis numerus, (The goodly fellowship of the Prophets,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00011-00277503-00278100": "Te Martyrum candidatus laudal exercitus (The noble army of Martyrs praise thee)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00012-00278100-00279601": "Dominus Deus Sabaoth (Lord God of Sabaoth)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00013-00280352-00297752": "Te per orbem terrarum sancta confitetur Ecclesia. (The holy Church throughout all the world doth acknowledge thee,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00014-00297752-00300101": "Patrem immensae majestatis, (The Father of an infinite majesty,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00015-00300101-00302402": "Venerandum tuum verum et unicum filium, (Thine honourable, true and only Son,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00016-00302453-00306002": "Sanctum quoque poraclitum Spiritum. (Also the Holy Ghost the Comforter.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00017-00309302-00312200": "Tu Rex gloriae Christe; (Thou art the King of glory, O Christ;)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00018-00313150-00316751": "Tu Rex gloriae Christe; (Thou art the King of glory, O Christ;)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00019-00316751-00321851": "Christe (O Christ)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00020-00321851-00326101": "Tu Rex gloriae Christe; (Thou art the King of glory, O Christ;)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00021-00326201-00328203": "Tu ad liberandum suscepturus hominem, (When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00022-00328253-00336253": "non horruisti Virginis uterum. (thou didst not abhor the Virgin's womb.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00023-00336303-00338134": "Tu devicto mortis aculeo, aperuisti credentibus Regna coelorum. (When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death, thou didst open the Kingdom of Haven to all believers.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00024-00338234-00339352": "Tu devicto mortis aculeo, (When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00025-00339483-00343101": "Tu ad dexteram Dei sedes, in gloria Patris. (Thou sittest at the right hand of God, in the glory of the Father.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00026-00343201-00356002": "in gloria Patris. (glory of the Father.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00027-00356602-00387500": "Judex crederis esse venturus. (We believe that thou shalt come to be our Judge.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00028-00411569-00412500": "Judex crederis esse venturus. (We believe that thou shalt come to be our Judge.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00029-00413250-00414368": "Judex crederis esse venturus. (We believe that thou shalt come to be our Judge.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00030-00415902-00417300": "Judex crederis esse venturus. (We believe that thou shalt come to be our Judge.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00031-00418801-00420653": "Judex crederis esse venturus. (We believe that thou shalt come to be our Judge.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00032-00433550-00450800": "Judex crederis esse venturus. (We believe that thou shalt come to be our Judge.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00033-00454303-00457836": "Te ergo quaesumus tuis famulis subveni, (We therefore pray thee help thy servants,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00034-00458469-00460568": "quos pretioso sanguine redemisti. (hadst redeemed with the precious blood.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00035-00462369-00465302": "Te ergo quaesumus tuis famulis subveni, quos pretioso sanguine redemisti. (We therefore pray thee help thy servants, hadst redeemed with the precious blood.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00036-00465502-00470702": "Te ergo quaesumus tuis famulis subveni, (We therefore pray thee help thy servants,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00037-00470702-00472501": "quos pretioso sanguine redemisti. (hadst redeemed with the precious blood.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00038-00480000-00486001": "Aeterna fac cum Sanctis tuis in gloria numerari. (Make them to be numbered with thy Saints in glory everlasting.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00039-00495642-00516502": "Aeterna fac cum Sanctis tuis in gloria numerari. (Make them to be numbered with thy Saints in glory everlasting.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00040-00516502-00534103": "Salvum fac populum tuum, Domine, (O Lord, save thy people,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00041-00534103-00537869": "et benedic haereditate tuae, (and bless thine inheritance,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00042-00541402-00543500": "Et rege eos et extolle eos usque in aeternum. (Govern them and lift them up for ever.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00043-00543500-00544568": "Per singulos dies benedicimus te... (Day by day we magnify thee...)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00044-00544568-00547800": "Et rege eos et extolle eos usque in aeternum. (Govern them and lift them up for ever.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00045-00547800-00551300": "Per singulos dies benedicimus te... (Day by day we magnify thee...)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00046-00551300-00552367": "Et rege eos et extolle eos usque in aeternum. (Govern them and lift them up for ever.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00047-00552367-00553501": "Per singulos dies benedicimus te... (Day by day we magnify thee...)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00048-00570952-00576103": "Et laudamus nomen tuum in saeculum et in saeculum saeculi. (And we worship thy name, for ever and ever world without end.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00049-00581750-00583402": "Et laudamus nomen tuum in saeculum et in saeculum saeculi. (And we worship thy name, for ever and ever world without end.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00050-00585300-00587101": "Et laudamus nomen tuum in saeculum et in saeculum saeculi. (And we worship thy name, for ever and ever world without end.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00051-00588202-00590701": "Et laudamus nomen tuum in saeculum et in saeculum saeculi. (And we worship thy name, for ever and ever world without end.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00052-00596202-00601002": "Dignare, Domine, die isto sine peccata nos custodire; (Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this day without sin;)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00053-00601603-00604502": "sine peccata nos custodire (keep us without sin)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00054-00604669-00606800": "Dignare, Domine, sine peccata nos custodire; (Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us without sin;)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00055-00608352-00611701": "Miserere nostri, Domine, (O Lord, have mercy upon us;)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00056-00612401-00616601": "Miserere nostri, Domine, (O Lord, have mercy upon us;)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00057-00621302-00623200": "fiat misericordia tua super nos, (let thy mercy lighten upon us,)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00058-00626252-00628301": "quem ad modum speravimus in te. (as our trust is in thee.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00059-00628568-00639002": "In te, Domine, speravi. (O Lord, in thee have I trusted.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00060-00639103-00641101": "Domine (Lord)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00061-00646452-00647202": "Non confundar in aeternum. (Let me never be confounded.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00062-00650869-00653200": "Non confundar in aeternum. (Let me never be confounded.)", "cGIcu5MkNe8-00063-00667201-00670601": "Non confundar in aeternum. (Let me never be confounded.)"}}, {"audio_id": "cHSczwXXQmy", "text": {"cHSczwXXQmy-00000-00000811-00001084": "Giáo viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00001-00001084-00001352": "Sinh viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00002-00001352-00001623": "Lính cứu hỏa", "cHSczwXXQmy-00003-00001623-00001904": "Phi công", "cHSczwXXQmy-00004-00001904-00002194": "Phi công", "cHSczwXXQmy-00005-00002194-00002436": "Lính cứu hỏa", "cHSczwXXQmy-00006-00002436-00002714": "Sinh viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00007-00002714-00002988": "Giáo viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00008-00003256-00003508": "Giáo viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00009-00003508-00003779": "Sinh viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00010-00003779-00004079": "Lính cứu hỏa", "cHSczwXXQmy-00011-00004079-00004572": "Phi công", "cHSczwXXQmy-00012-00005708-00006306": "Giáo viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00013-00006590-00007281": "Sinh viên", "cHSczwXXQmy-00014-00007562-00008068": "Lính cứu hỏa", "cHSczwXXQmy-00015-00008514-00009074": "Phi công", "cHSczwXXQmy-00016-00011576-00011858": "Nhìn kìa! Blily à một giáo viên hả?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00017-00011858-00012140": "Đúng thế.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00018-00012140-00012414": "Còn Tim là một học sinh.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00019-00012666-00012896": "Bà có phải là giáo viên không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00020-00012896-00013230": "Không.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00021-00013230-00013600": "Mời vào...", "cHSczwXXQmy-00022-00013702-00013844": "Kìa!", "cHSczwXXQmy-00023-00013844-00014162": "Ôi thôi rồi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00024-00014502-00014702": "Nhìn ông nội kìa.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00025-00014702-00015069": "Ông là lính cứu hỏa sao?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00026-00015069-00015522": "Không. Nhưng ội là một anh hùng.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00027-00016488-00016934": "Ông là lính cứu hỏa hả?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00028-00016934-00017272": "Anh ấy là một học sinh.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00029-00017272-00017654": "Cô ấy có phải là giáo viên không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00030-00017654-00017970": "Không.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00031-00017970-00018288": "Anh ấy có phải là giáo viên không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00032-00018308-00018708": "Vâng.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00033-00019688-00019968": "Bác sĩ", "cHSczwXXQmy-00034-00019968-00020304": "Cảnh sát", "cHSczwXXQmy-00035-00020304-00020572": "Nông dân", "cHSczwXXQmy-00036-00020572-00020842": "Nông dân", "cHSczwXXQmy-00037-00020842-00021142": "Cảnh sát", "cHSczwXXQmy-00038-00021142-00021474": "Bác sĩ", "cHSczwXXQmy-00039-00021690-00021960": "Bác sĩ", "cHSczwXXQmy-00040-00021960-00022266": "Cảnh sát", "cHSczwXXQmy-00041-00022266-00022466": "Nông dân", "cHSczwXXQmy-00042-00023332-00023510": "Hai bác sĩ tốt bụng.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00043-00024444-00024644": "Hai bác sĩ tốt bụng.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00044-00024644-00024816": "Gặp nhau trên làn đường.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00045-00024816-00025210": "Xin chào, xin chào. Tên bạn là gì?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00046-00025620-00025832": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00047-00025832-00026008": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00048-00026008-00026322": "Bạn thế nào?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00049-00026448-00026595": "Hai nhân viên cảnh sát tốt bụng.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00050-00026595-00026826": "Gặp nhau trên một làn đường.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00051-00026826-00027200": "Xin chào, xin chào. Tên bạn là gì?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00052-00027658-00027820": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00053-00027820-00027970": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00054-00027970-00028336": "Bạn thế nào?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00055-00028498-00028644": "Hai nông dân tử tế.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00056-00028644-00028798": "Gặp nhau trên một làn đường.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00057-00028798-00029250": "Xin chào, xin chào. Tên bạn là gì?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00058-00029622-00029818": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00059-00029818-00030030": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00060-00030030-00030310": "Bạn thế nào?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00061-00030454-00030608": "Hai giáo viên tử tế.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00062-00030608-00030824": "Gặp nhau trên một làn đường.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00063-00030824-00031198": "Xin chào, xin chào. Tên bạn là gì?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00064-00031636-00031826": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00065-00031826-00032024": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00066-00032024-00032326": "Bạn thế nào?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00067-00032444-00032588": "Hai học sinh tốt bụng.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00068-00032588-00032768": "Gặp nhau trong một ngõ.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00069-00032768-00033248": "Xin chào xin chào. Tên bạn là gì?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00070-00033602-00033836": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00071-00033836-00034016": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00072-00034016-00034420": "Bạn khỏe không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00073-00035742-00036046": "mom _ mẹ", "cHSczwXXQmy-00074-00036312-00036532": "Nurse - y tá", "cHSczwXXQmy-00075-00036814-00037070": "Orange - trái cam", "cHSczwXXQmy-00076-00037406-00037626": "Pen - cây but", "cHSczwXXQmy-00077-00055648-00055896": "Tên tôi là Mai.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00078-00055896-00056076": "Tôi 7 tuổi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00079-00056076-00056366": "Đây là gia đình của tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00080-00056366-00056641": "Đây là bố của tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00081-00056641-00056916": "Bố là một phi công.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00082-00056916-00057150": "Đây là mẹ tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00083-00057150-00057424": "Mẹ là cô giáo.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00084-00057424-00057738": "Đây là ông của tôi .", "cHSczwXXQmy-00085-00057738-00058010": "Nội là bác sĩ.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00086-00058010-00058304": "Đây là tôi với anh trai tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00087-00058304-00058604": "Tên của anh ấy là Son.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00088-00058604-00058978": "Chúng tôi có một gia đình hạnh phúc.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00089-00059738-00060186": "1. This is my grandpa. 1. Đây là ông của tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00090-00060186-00060504": "He's a doctor. Ông là bác sĩ.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00091-00060528-00060860": "2. Mai is happy. 2. Mai vui vẻ.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00092-00060860-00061082": "She is seven. Cô ấy bảy tuổi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00093-00061082-00061474": "She's a student. Cô ấy là một học sinh.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00094-00061474-00061855": "3. And there is my dad. 3. Và kia  là bố tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00095-00061855-00062222": "He's a pilot. Bố là một phi công.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00096-00062222-00062726": "4. My mom is a teacher. 4. Mẹ tôi là giáo viên.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00097-00064008-00064441": "1. A. Is she a firefighter?  1. A. Cô ấy có phải là lính cứu hỏa không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00098-00064441-00064674": "No, she isn't. Không phải.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00099-00064794-00065100": "B. Is she a firefighter?  Cô ấy không là lính cứu hỏa hả?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00100-00065100-00065386": "Yes, she is..  Vâng ạ.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00101-00065460-00065818": "C. Is he a firefighter?  C. Anh ấy có phải là lính cứu hỏa không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00102-00065818-00066144": "No, he isn't.  Không phải đâu.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00103-00066172-00066640": "2. A. Is she a pilot?  2. A. Cô ấy có phải là phi công không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00104-00066640-00067024": "No, she isn't. Không, không.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00105-00067024-00067390": "B. Is he a pilot?  B. Anh ấy có phải là phi công không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00106-00067390-00067744": "No, he isn't. Không, anh ấy không.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00107-00067806-00068162": "C. Is he a pilot?  C. Anh ấy có phải là phi công không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00108-00068174-00068434": "Yes, he is. Vâng đúng rồi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00109-00068540-00068942": "3. A. Is she a teacher?  3. A. Cô ấy có phải là giáo viên không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00110-00068942-00069276": "Yes, she is. Vâng ạ.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00111-00069374-00069696": "B. Is he a teacher?  B. Anh ấy có phải là giáo viên không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00112-00069696-00069932": "No, he isn't. Không, không.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00113-00070072-00070384": "C. Is she a teacher?  C. Cô ấy có phải là giáo viên không?", "cHSczwXXQmy-00114-00070384-00070752": "No, she isn't. Không, không đâu.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00115-00071536-00071890": "1. This is my mom.  1. Đây là mẹ tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00116-00071890-00072208": "She is a nurse.  Mẹ là một y tá.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00117-00072208-00072514": "2. My name's Millie. 2. Tên tôi là Millie.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00118-00072514-00072722": "I'm seven. Tôi bảy tuổi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00119-00072804-00073100": "3. This is my grandpa. 3. Đây là ông của tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00120-00073100-00073314": "He's a doctor. Ông là bác sĩ.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00121-00073426-00073734": "4. This is my dad. 4. Đây là bố tôi.", "cHSczwXXQmy-00122-00073734-00074200": "He's a firefighter. Bố là một người lính cứu hoả."}}, {"audio_id": "cIfbJAzzVtI", "text": {"cIfbJAzzVtI-00000-00029891-00031066": "eat well you know should have got the smaller troll and here's how here's the", "cIfbJAzzVtI-00001-00031066-00031945": "closer part you can see the glaze on there and sesame seeds can you do you", "cIfbJAzzVtI-00002-00031945-00032259": "see that hmm", "cIfbJAzzVtI-00003-00053173-00055018": "it doesn't have a lot of sauce dripping from it which is good here's that green", "cIfbJAzzVtI-00004-00075781-00076358": "this is not homeless in de the media must have have a lot left in here take", "cIfbJAzzVtI-00005-00076358-00077485": "it up this will be another meal oh there's a little a little string bean"}}, {"audio_id": "cIY8ASnNMv4", "text": {"cIY8ASnNMv4-00000-00000000-00000310": "Hello! Here I am!", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00001-00000310-00000604": "At the previous stops we talked about bacteria.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00002-00000604-00000864": "And they’re powerful, but not all-powerful.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00003-00000864-00001598": "Even after biological treatment, substances remain in wastewater that would have a negative impact on the environment.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00004-00001598-00001774": "The main one is phosphorus.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00005-00001774-00002206": "If there’s too much of it, it causes excessive growth of algae and cyanobacteria.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00006-00002206-00002544": "For that reason, we reduce its content by precipitating it.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00007-00002544-00003231": "At the very end we then kill off any pathogens that could occasionally be present using ultraviolet radiation.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00008-00003231-00003738": "And there ends the journey of wastewater through our treatment plant.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00009-00003738-00004381": "In about 20 hours it has been transformed from a murky soup into clean water that we can return to nature.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00010-00004381-00004921": "No, you can’t drink it. To do that, we’d have to send it through our drinking water treatment plant first.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00011-00004921-00005513": "But many of its water quality parameters are better than the Vltava river flowing beside you.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00012-00005513-00005792": "So here’s a question for you.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00013-00005792-00006329": "Can you guess how much water there is under the treatment plant’s green roof at any one time?", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00014-00006329-00006535": "A heck of a lot.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00015-00006535-00007407": "All of the huge outside pools of the Podolí Swimming Stadium combined could be poured into the treatment plant almost thirty-five times over.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00016-00007407-00007818": "And now we’re really at the end of our journey.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00017-00007818-00008116": "By the Vltava river, where we send off the clean water.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00018-00008116-00008398": "Why do we actually do all this?", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00019-00008398-00009147": "Because wastewater treatment is highly important, and today it’s an absolutely essential part of caring for the environment", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00020-00009147-00009461": "and our human health that depends on it.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00021-00009461-00009889": "That’s why wastewater is constantly checked by laboratories,", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00022-00009889-00010177": "and why so much care is taken in its treatment.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00023-00010177-00010534": "We only have a limited amount of water on this planet.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00024-00010534-00010806": "And we only borrow it from nature.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00025-00010806-00011071": "So we must return it in good condition.", "cIY8ASnNMv4-00026-00011071-00011836": "Not just for ourselves, but also for the generations that come after us."}}, {"audio_id": "cIcHL94qyok", "text": {"cIcHL94qyok-00000-00000000-00000240": "asalam alykum wr wb hello halal family", "cIcHL94qyok-00001-00000240-00000576": "welcome to the channel i hope you guys are having yourself a wonderful day in today's", "cIcHL94qyok-00002-00000576-00001096": "video we'll be reacting to a couple more of indonesian badminton players this video", "cIcHL94qyok-00003-00001096-00001448": "was suggested by brother muhammad thank you very much for taking the time to send me your", "cIcHL94qyok-00004-00001448-00001768": "recommendation and suggestion stay tuned guys we'll be right back with the video", "cIcHL94qyok-00005-00002544-00002864": "welcome back guys inshallah we're gonna get started with the video momentarily and at the", "cIcHL94qyok-00006-00002864-00003176": "end of the video i'll be sharing with you my observation and reaction so please make", "cIcHL94qyok-00007-00003176-00004384": "sure you stay until the end with that said we're going to get started with our video", "cIcHL94qyok-00008-00054576-00055208": "damn they're good but that one brother he he plays a lot of mind games you know like you could see", "cIcHL94qyok-00009-00055208-00055840": "him try to fake when when the ball is going out and he trying to play a lot of mind game with the", "cIcHL94qyok-00010-00055840-00056344": "other team which is sometimes it's like something that you do with the other side to make the mad", "cIcHL94qyok-00011-00056344-00056832": "so that way they don't focus on the game but i think i would definitely hate to play against him", "cIcHL94qyok-00012-00056832-00057455": "because it's gonna make the the game really really tough right because you could get like mad and", "cIcHL94qyok-00013-00057455-00058016": "you're trying to play and then you're not gonna focus and i think that's probably where his um his", "cIcHL94qyok-00014-00058016-00058424": "basically technique is that he tries to play mind games with them so that way they don't focus on", "cIcHL94qyok-00015-00058424-00059024": "the game as much and they try to focus more more on try to score because they're mad at him and", "cIcHL94qyok-00016-00059024-00059608": "but overall like skillful uh brothers both of them they played really really well um here they didn't", "cIcHL94qyok-00017-00059608-00060096": "really show for example any winnings that they had but it was more of the gameplay which was nice i", "cIcHL94qyok-00018-00060096-00060520": "enjoyed it it was fun it was fun as well as funny so thank you very much guys for suggesting it i", "cIcHL94qyok-00019-00060520-00060888": "hope you guys liked it too if you did please don't forget to like comment share and subscribe and if", "cIcHL94qyok-00020-00060888-00061216": "you'd like me to react to another video please put in the comment section below as always guys", "cIcHL94qyok-00021-00061216-00061552": "thank you very much for your love and support i hope you guys have yourself a wonderful day", "cIcHL94qyok-00022-00061552-00063872": "take care of yourself and your family inshAllah i'll see you guys in the next video take care and wassalam"}}, {"audio_id": "cJr6a0McBVY", "text": {"cJr6a0McBVY-00000-00000105-00000300": "So a robust archive.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00001-00000300-00001175": "It is amusing and ironic that you put this question to me because I think that this is", "cJr6a0McBVY-00002-00001175-00001834": "that question at some level, explicitly or otherwise, that you and Katie and Michael", "cJr6a0McBVY-00003-00001834-00002847": "are dealing with, with the assistance of undergraduate interns like Nicole.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00004-00002847-00004784": "So, I don’t think robust has a given definition.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00005-00004784-00005907": "Robust could be a collection that’s very narrow in scope, let’s say it totally focused", "cJr6a0McBVY-00006-00005907-00006189": "on the single-backed card.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00007-00006189-00006483": "So, it went from 1873 to 1907.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00008-00006483-00007109": "So, it’s not giving the history of postcards, that’s in the U.S.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00009-00007109-00007584": "The dates are somewhat different around the world.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00010-00007584-00009515": "Well, the beginning of postcards actually has a longer history in Europe.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00011-00009515-00010393": "You could do something that’s smaller in scope, but that had a lot of depth to it,", "cJr6a0McBVY-00012-00010393-00010493": "obviously.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00013-00010493-00011064": "Or, you could do something that’s much larger in scope, and you might have as much depth", "cJr6a0McBVY-00014-00011064-00011164": "to it.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00015-00011164-00011411": "But, it would take you longer to get there.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00016-00011411-00011674": "So, that’s one way to think about it in terms of time.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00017-00011674-00011986": "Another way to think about it is in terms of type.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00018-00011986-00012584": "As you all know, I think, better than I, there are many many types of postcards and those", "cJr6a0McBVY-00019-00012584-00013234": "are types that are given types, I would say, rather than what people did with them.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00020-00013234-00014112": "So, for instance, you could have a type called “Birthday Postcards” and version A would", "cJr6a0McBVY-00021-00014112-00014763": "be a birthday postcard that is printed by the publisher and Version B would be a postcard", "cJr6a0McBVY-00022-00014763-00015158": "that actually looks like it’s a tourist postcard, let’s say, but it is turned into", "cJr6a0McBVY-00023-00015158-00015279": "a birthday postcard.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00024-00015279-00015816": "So, that would be another way of imagining a robust archive.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00025-00015816-00016749": "Another, and I’ve hinted at this now, does one want an archive of unmarked postcards?", "cJr6a0McBVY-00026-00016749-00017205": "Or, does one want an archive of written postcards?", "cJr6a0McBVY-00027-00017205-00017514": "Does one want an archive of stamped postcards?", "cJr6a0McBVY-00028-00017514-00017947": "So, the categories proliferate.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00029-00017947-00018741": "I guess what i think robust means in this context then, is that you have sufficient", "cJr6a0McBVY-00030-00018741-00019337": "“N” that you can make some generalizations about what you see.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00031-00019337-00019992": "That is to say, you have -- and actually, thinking a lot about this relative to this", "cJr6a0McBVY-00032-00019992-00021039": "sabbatical project that I’m engaged in called The Way We Were: A Cultural History of Vernacular", "cJr6a0McBVY-00033-00021039-00021853": "Writing in 20th Century America, that’s a working title -- one of the things that", "cJr6a0McBVY-00034-00021853-00022439": "I’ve struggled with is basically the same issue because there’s no archive of everyday", "cJr6a0McBVY-00035-00022439-00022539": "writing.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00036-00022539-00022924": "There’s a national archive, there are archives in state governments, there are archives in", "cJr6a0McBVY-00037-00022924-00023278": "museums, there are archives in libraries, there are archives in universities, there", "cJr6a0McBVY-00038-00023278-00023723": "are archives in non-profits, there are lots of different archives.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00039-00023723-00024199": "But, there’s no archive of everyday writing.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00040-00024199-00024698": "So, what constitutes an archive is one questions.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00041-00024698-00025287": "And, then one way to think about the robust issue -- the adjective -- is to think I think", "cJr6a0McBVY-00042-00025287-00025401": "in terms of a corpus.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00043-00025401-00025821": "But, not that’s actually a corpus coming from linguistics.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00044-00025821-00026597": "But, what constitutes a corpus at some level it’s a questions about end, what’s critical", "cJr6a0McBVY-00045-00026597-00026869": "mass is another way to put it.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00046-00026869-00027680": "The number of postcards that were mailed in the early 1900s was millions and millions.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00047-00027680-00028053": "So, you’re not going to track all those down.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00048-00028053-00028678": "I think you have to have, again, enough to allow you to make some generalizations.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00049-00028678-00030893": "And if you have that enoughness, if you will, then you can begin to talk even when a category", "cJr6a0McBVY-00050-00030893-00031086": "doesn’t have a lot of critical mass.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00051-00031086-00031972": "So, for instance, this postcard which I did pick up in Australia was published in Hong", "cJr6a0McBVY-00052-00031972-00032439": "Kong, does attend to document storm damage in 1926.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00053-00032439-00033016": "So, I think we can presume that this is moving on to almost a hundred years old.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00054-00033016-00033244": "That’s pretty interesting.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00055-00033244-00033861": "In all the postcards I’ve seen, I’ve not seen one that has this kind of a back.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00056-00033861-00033986": "That’s interesting.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00057-00033986-00034419": "It’s not, how many more of these do I have to collect in order to say that it’s interesting?", "cJr6a0McBVY-00058-00034419-00034738": "I don’t think so many more.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00059-00034738-00035432": "And the other part of this maybe is that if you have enough of a robust archive, then,", "cJr6a0McBVY-00060-00035432-00035918": "when you come across something that’s anomalous, which is basically what I’m pointing to", "cJr6a0McBVY-00061-00035918-00036409": "here, it raises the question about whether it is anomalous.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00062-00036409-00037080": "Maybe in fact, postcards that were published in Hong Kong at this moment in time do look", "cJr6a0McBVY-00063-00037080-00037188": "like this.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00064-00037188-00037865": "So, that would suggest that, if that’s the case, that there’s a whole nother category", "cJr6a0McBVY-00065-00037865-00038084": "that we include in the archive.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00066-00038084-00038608": "Even if it’s a category that’s not well populated, as it were.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00067-00038608-00039182": "It’s still a category that helps us begin to understand something about the genre itself.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00068-00039182-00039518": "So there’s an interesting tension here, two tensions.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00069-00039518-00040128": "One between the archive as it’s constructed and what you find and how that talks back", "cJr6a0McBVY-00070-00040128-00040959": "to the archive so that the archive is a living archive and continues to grow and develop", "cJr6a0McBVY-00071-00040959-00041158": "as the research continues.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00072-00041158-00041938": "But, the other has to do with postcards in different cultural contexts and how they,", "cJr6a0McBVY-00073-00041938-00042652": "undoubtedly, are going to look very different, even at the same time that they look something", "cJr6a0McBVY-00074-00042652-00042752": "of the same.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00075-00042752-00043515": "This one, for instance, does have a set of lines for presumably an address, and a box", "cJr6a0McBVY-00076-00043515-00044215": "which is presumably for the stamp while it takes a vertical orientation.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00077-00044215-00044408": "So, that’s pretty interesting.", "cJr6a0McBVY-00078-00044408-00044754": "In other words, at the same time that you’re plotting difference, you’re doing it in", "cJr6a0McBVY-00079-00044754-00044916": "a context of what is also similar."}}, {"audio_id": "cJwQm3lgxPQ", "text": {"cJwQm3lgxPQ-00000-00000008-00000463": "many star trek episodes mention and use photon torpedoes and quantum torpedoes", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00001-00000463-00001064": "were heavily referenced in deep space 9 and tng it seems logical to assume that if phasers are", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00002-00001064-00001648": "possible then torpedoes are too think about it we already have submarine torpedoes and missiles", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00003-00001648-00002296": "so what's so hard about firing tnt into space well it's not as easy as it seems a lot of research has", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00004-00002296-00002904": "been done in order to make these however no one has ever succeeded in making them here's elon", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00005-00002904-00003440": "musk who's capable of doing something out of the ordinary now he thinks it might be possible to", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00006-00003440-00004000": "build a photon torpedo well stay tuned to the end of the video and get to know more about it", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00007-00004000-00004520": "hello everyone and welcome to elon musk evolution if you're a musk fan and don't want to miss", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00008-00004520-00005080": "anything about this incredible person then smack the subscribe button and hit the bell icon so", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00009-00005080-00005672": "that you will be notified whenever a new video is uploaded in today's video we are going to tell you", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00010-00005672-00006448": "about musk's theory on the existence of torpedoes certainly there is a lot to take into account here", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00011-00006448-00007048": "and the technology doesn't seem to be as clear-cut as simple lasers as a matter of fact in memory", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00012-00007048-00007680": "alpha and in the star trek technical manual they refer to photon torpedoes as anti-matter warheads", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00013-00007744-00008312": "surely just by that claim alone photon torpedoes will be more difficult to attain assuming that", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00014-00008312-00008920": "such an assertion is correct let us see how musk explained that if photon torpedoes are technically", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00015-00008920-00009576": "possible or if realistic science ultimately blows them out of the water according to musk the goal", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00016-00009576-00010200": "of technology is to take yesterday's fantasy and turn it into today's reality in fact it isn't", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00017-00010200-00010752": "unusual to see things like this homemade laser shotgun popping up in backyards like little bits", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00018-00010752-00011328": "of science fiction on the other hand there are university laboratories in which students theorize", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00019-00011328-00011984": "how to build a staple of science fiction photon torpedoes it is no secret that photon torpedoes", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00020-00011984-00012480": "have been an integral part of star trek stories ever since they first appeared but who would", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00021-00012480-00013080": "have thought that it might actually be possible to build a photon torpedo elon musk conducted a study", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00022-00013080-00013647": "that has provided insight into the possibility of building a photon torpedo as well as the materials", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00023-00013647-00014304": "that are likely to be required for it to work specifically musk determined that photon torpedoes", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00024-00014304-00014904": "probably worked through a reaction called annihilation in its core this reaction occurs when", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00025-00014904-00015463": "antimatter and matter collide with one another to eventually produce a chain reaction that", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00026-00015463-00016104": "results in an explosion because of the scarcity of anti-matter and the high cost of its production", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00027-00016104-00016728": "musk hypothesized that an electromagnetic cascade would have to be the mechanism used to liberate", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00028-00016728-00017352": "the energy this is a situation when high-energy particles interacting with a metal such as iron", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00029-00017352-00017944": "uranium or lead can mix with one another in order to produce matter and anti-matter pairs", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00030-00017944-00018640": "electrons and positrons which are converted into photons torpedoes upon collision in other words he", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00031-00018640-00019280": "said that photon torpedoes are metal casings that suspend positrons a form of antimatter that reacts", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00032-00019280-00019888": "violently with electrons in an internal magnetic field which collapses on impact and is ejected", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00033-00019888-00020416": "into the normal matter bringing it into contact with its host it can be concluded that when both", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00034-00020416-00020920": "types of particles collide with each other an explosion of incredible violence is generated", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00035-00020976-00021496": "considering that the average nuclear warhead contains one milligram of anti-matter a photon", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00036-00021496-00022216": "torpedo would have released energy of 180 million kilojoules equivalent to 43 metric tons of tnt", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00037-00022216-00022672": "if we were to construct a torpedo that would have a yield like this and keep in mind that we are", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00038-00022672-00023224": "only dealing with only one milligram of antimatter the result would look something like the explosion", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00039-00023224-00024152": "of 50 tons of tnt in 1963 according to musk a photon torpedo when used as an explosive device in", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00040-00024152-00024712": "space would have the advantage that you won't have combustible oxygen and as a result of this the", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00041-00024712-00025400": "combustion of explosive fuel sources including tnt requires oxygen as a reactant and such a reaction", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00042-00025400-00025960": "cannot occur in the absence of oxygen which is why fire cannot occur in a vacuum let alone in outer", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00043-00025960-00026536": "space immediately after this he also raised a problem relating to the use of explosives in space", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00044-00026536-00027039": "without oxygen to ignite the agent how can this be done without causing too many deaths in the", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00045-00027039-00027832": "process and explain that unlike other reactions matter antimatter reactions do not require oxygen", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00046-00027832-00028272": "in fact anti-matter annihilation occurs spontaneously at the quantum level", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00047-00028272-00028824": "so anti-matter weapons are effective in any atmosphere fundamentally the absence of oxygen", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00048-00028824-00029304": "in space does not make any difference to the explosive outcome of anti-matter annihilation", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00049-00029360-00029920": "he stated the use of photon torpedoes in space would be identical to that of photon torpedoes", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00050-00029920-00030495": "in an atmosphere star check proves once again that they are unwavering in their devotion to science", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00051-00030495-00030927": "however as musk claimed we can indeed produce anti-matter at the present time", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00052-00030927-00031495": "and it is a science concept that is based on real life experiments the fact remains that antimatter", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00053-00031495-00032095": "can be produced in large particle colliders such as those found at cern and fermilab even though", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00054-00032095-00032527": "only a few nanograms have ever been produced and maintained for only a few milliseconds", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00055-00032583-00033072": "it seems that the prospects of creating photon torpedoes appear to be getting brighter since", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00056-00033072-00033600": "anti-matter can be created even though he is so indulged in it he explained that it is very", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00057-00033600-00034120": "possible that photon torpedoes will be a science fact in the near future though there are severe", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00058-00034120-00034688": "limitations which mean that photon torpedoes are less likely to become a reality in the near future", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00059-00034688-00035256": "than phasers despite its amazing benefits anti-matter has a very steep production cost", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00060-00035256-00035848": "it can cost up to 25 billion dollars per gram due to the fact that antimatter is one of the", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00061-00035848-00036424": "rarest resources in the universe it would also be impractical to harvest antimatter", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00062-00036424-00036984": "he said i think it is not a good idea for mankind to use photon torpedoes in the future", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00063-00036984-00037456": "because mass production is out of the question since there may not be enough antimatter to make", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00064-00037456-00038072": "more than a few torpedoes each carrying only a few micrograms or even nanograms of antimatter there", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00065-00038072-00038552": "is a possibility that we may have to deal with much lower yields of antimatter than we would like", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00066-00038624-00039160": "he further explained that torpedoes in space are also difficult since newton's first law of motion", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00067-00039160-00039752": "states that an object in uniform motion or at rest will remain in its current state until it is acted", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00068-00039752-00040376": "upon star trek's photon torpedoes are known for their accuracy and maneuverability they track down", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00069-00040376-00040928": "and destroy their targets with deadly precision however missiles and jets get their aerodynamic", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00070-00040928-00041440": "ability from air resistance that's why musk explained that an object can't make sharp turns", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00071-00041440-00041952": "loops or change direction without a force pushing against the direction of the object's motion and", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00072-00041952-00042456": "another force pushing in the opposite direction this is why planes have wing flaps so they can", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00073-00042456-00042984": "take advantage of air resistance and adjust airflow as mentioned before space is a vacuum so", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00074-00042984-00043536": "air resistance doesn't exist so according to musk firing a torpedo in space will simply make the", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00075-00043536-00044112": "torpedo travel in a straight line with or without thrusters forever and ever until it hits something", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00076-00044112-00044624": "and if the torpedo were to thrust left while forward motion it wouldn't change its direction", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00077-00044624-00045144": "completely to the left it'd travel diagonally so when you apply a force in a new direction it", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00078-00045144-00045648": "doesn't cancel out the previous vector unless you act against the torpedo's forward motion", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00079-00045648-00046128": "in fact musk explained the reason behind this he said the reason for this is because vectors", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00080-00046128-00046616": "are additive force vectors applied in both forward and left directions result in a net", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00081-00046616-00047136": "vector in the diagonal left forward direction so assuming that the enterprise and the romulan", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00082-00047136-00047664": "bird of prey do not move musk indicated that a torpedo shot at the ship's face will destroy it", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00083-00047728-00048184": "musk ended his argument by saying that this does not mean we can't use photon torpedoes", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00084-00048184-00048784": "in the future it simply means that space combat would no longer be as exciting as star trek ds9", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00085-00048784-00049160": "so i guess we know that musk will come up with a way to make this in the future", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00086-00049160-00049504": "so it would not be a surprise that he will be able to find a way to do this", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00087-00049504-00050008": "in star trek style anyways folks that's it for today's video if you're interested in watching", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00088-00050008-00050472": "more videos on elon musk then what are you waiting for simply click the subscribe button", "cJwQm3lgxPQ-00089-00050472-00050912": "and ring the bell icon because new videos are on the way and we'll see you in the next one"}}, {"audio_id": "cJzn2hxkvWY", "text": {"cJzn2hxkvWY-00000-00000000-00000552": "i'm Yen i'm Fiona in this episode we're gonna try the Chanel Ultra Le Teint foundation", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00001-00000552-00001080": "super excited for this one after the fabulous success of our previous video we're back again", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00002-00001080-00001672": "so just on one brand today Chanel and this is the final look shall we get started yes let's go", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00003-00002288-00002864": "okay so I think no one has ever seen our soul bare face before not like I have i put on a lot", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00004-00002864-00003288": "of makeup but the way you sound like you put a lot of makeup but i think for me it's very well", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00005-00003288-00003815": "the rare few times that I'm actually on screen without makeup at this point in time so there's", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00006-00003815-00004360": "a bit of insecurity so I can't wait to put on that foundation uh just to cover a little bit", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00007-00004360-00004952": "of that you know flaws and spots so today we're going to do a product review which is the Chanel", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00008-00004952-00005408": "ultra le teint foundation which is in the packaging right now so later we're going", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00009-00005408-00005784": "to unbox but before we try the foundation we're going to just prep our skin the usual", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00010-00005864-00006264": "uh and uh hold for a while and we'll be back really soon", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00011-00006264-00007895": "okay so we are done prepping our skin and next is", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00012-00008064-00008504": "unboxing I'm so excited for this unboxing I wish we were unboxing a bag", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00013-00008504-00009256": "i wish so too but yeah imagine it's a mini bag so meany so yes this is a Chanel foundation", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00014-00009448-00010064": "so we really want to find out whether is it worth 90 bucks yeah it's 90 bucks so shall we", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00015-00010336-00010504": "okay okay let's open", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00016-00010984-00011720": "so this is how it looks like so it comes in a regular box uh this is about 300 ml for foundation", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00017-00012080-00012688": "30 ml uh which is quite the usual for a typical foundation so like we mentioned earlier this", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00018-00012688-00013288": "foundation it's a 90 dollars when we went to the store and so we did um actually go purchase", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00019-00013288-00013784": "it together this time round like we would for the other foundation video that we did the last", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00020-00013784-00014391": "time around um this time around slightly different because we actually couldn't test the colors right", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00021-00014391-00015024": "uh it was actually very very challenging to just kind of look at it feel it and just to imagine it", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00022-00015024-00015480": "on your face without doing a color match yeah uh i'll be very honest i'm feeling very very nervous", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00023-00015480-00016000": "at this point because i'm not very sure whether this would be the right one for us so here it goes", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00024-00016000-00016584": "i'm gonna just come up a little closer i like it it's like the matte finish it's not glossy so", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00025-00016584-00017288": "it feels very luxurious in a way yeah and it's glass yeah and it's it's pretty much the usual", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00026-00017288-00017840": "you know foundation kind of um packaging so it comes with a pump it's very clean", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00027-00017904-00018520": "um yeah it just looks luxurious so um yeah i'm gonna get started yeah some of", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00028-00018520-00019216": "the things are some of the properties include 24-hour wear long wear uh heat and humidity", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00029-00019216-00019672": "resistance so you know in singapore that's the best place to actually test that we're", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00030-00019672-00020320": "trying to give it about uh an eight hour wear test today yeah just to see um how it goes and then uh", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00031-00020320-00020832": "during along the way when we're out you know running some errands and having lunch today we'll", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00032-00020832-00021392": "do a bit of a check-in to see how the foundation is doing and uh yeah shall we get started yes", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00033-00021392-00022016": "and you know it says that it has a non-transfer makeup result so on the mask we shall see i'll", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00034-00022016-00022656": "put on concealer first but she normally will put on her yeah i'll do foundation first okay", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00035-00022656-00023200": "so for this one right i'm i typically use about one pump so i'm gonna pump out just one pump", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00036-00023464-00024160": "okay so this is how one pump is like so if you look at this screen at this point you'll notice", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00037-00024160-00024712": "that although this is um a long wear foundation it still has quite a bit of a fluidity when it", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00038-00024712-00025496": "comes to the foundation you can see that actually flowing down so i will usually do foundation first", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00039-00025600-00026280": "before concealer but for you i noticed that you zoom in with your concealer first is there", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00040-00026280-00026648": "a reason why you're doing concealer first actually i tried the other way but i find", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00041-00026648-00027200": "that the concealer is like sitting on top of my foundation no i wear foundation very often so", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00042-00027264-00028000": "um i realize there's a patch which i don't really like the result okay but i've just completed one", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00043-00028056-00028616": "half of my face i'm actually going to come close but you will see some dots on my the other face", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00044-00028616-00029392": "so this is the face that's already um sort of with yeah half foundation and it actually looks quite", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00045-00029448-00030280": "nice do you shake yeah i did yeah okay i won't say this now this is a very sheer okay foundation i", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00046-00030280-00030992": "would say this is probably okay sure is not wrong i think this is a medium buildable foundation it's", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00047-00030992-00031704": "not sure for sure um i had a pump and then i put like the whole of my face so i would say this is", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00048-00031704-00032183": "half a pump this is half a pump and if you like something that's a little bit light although it's", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00049-00032183-00032912": "a long wearing foundation i think a little goes a long way color wise right okay i will say yeah", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00050-00033008-00033656": "i know what i'm not wearing it's actually very it's very tall wear", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00051-00033656-00034256": "yeah it's very translucent yeah i actually like it it's very light on the skin okay to be honest from", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00052-00034336-00035088": "uh my perspective or at least one guys i like it because it's very natural it doesn't feel like", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00053-00035088-00035712": "there's makeup on probably just like a third moisturizer as in the finish for now so i'm gonna", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00054-00035712-00036264": "go in with another one more pump actually maybe have a palm or two but i'm gonna be", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00055-00036528-00037016": "i think for guys one is good it really just freshens up your skin without looking too", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00056-00037088-00037456": "made up yeah it's just especially if you're trying to go with it oh I", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00057-00037456-00038024": "didn't put on makeup my skin is very nice the kind of light that normally you want to have", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00058-00038120-00038496": "I would say that kind of lie I think it's that kind of skin that we all", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00059-00038496-00039040": "love to achieve but you know with like work and all sometimes it can get the better of us and", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00060-00039040-00039896": "skin condition on a daily basis may or may not be that great okay I will say this for me", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00061-00040208-00040920": "okay oh we are like what you find the coverage not not enough no i actually love the coverage i", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00062-00040920-00041608": "think um two pumps or maybe one and a half pump and what i did was with the second pump i did", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00063-00041608-00042056": "more on my cheek area which typically is the area where i need a little bit more help because of", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00064-00042056-00042592": "like i mentioned pigmentation and i have redness on my cheeks as well so this is it you know guys", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00065-00042592-00043448": "like two pumps and wow okay so this is me base is done um with concealer so i'm just gonna come a", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00066-00043448-00044208": "little bit closer um yeah i think i'm going to be done quite soon i'm just going to do a very simple", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00067-00044328-00044872": "uh sort of um makeup today the brush is quite cute yeah this is from mars yeah one of my", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00068-00044872-00046032": "favorite brushes for fancy design yeah okay so far uh foundation is looking good no weird stuff", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00069-00046112-00047168": "um but there's something i'm noticing though um i'm noticing a bit of a texture here the creases", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00070-00047168-00047584": "doesn't stick in very well right yeah are you are you seeing it or is it just me right i don't know", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00071-00047584-00048360": "what is it my eye too dry is it i don't have an under eye dryness situation but i am seeing my", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00072-00048624-00049056": "okay i don't know how to say this because i don't typically have texture on my skin", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00073-00049112-00049728": "but then do you see like the area over here the foundation is not sitting very nicely a little bit", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00074-00049728-00050768": "patchy yeah there's this portion here right it's a little patchy um so i will say if this not looking", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00075-00050768-00051624": "like how i first applied it which is weird because that first impression when i applied it was very", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00076-00051624-00052536": "smooth it glide on really nicely but now that i've kind of set it um it's looking a little weird here", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00077-00052648-00053648": "you know with luxury foundation right um generally i have a little bit more uh expectation high hopes", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00078-00053648-00054112": "you know um again to sound critical i'm not sure whether it's going to last throughout them", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00079-00054272-00054672": "as you know because i'm really beginning to see like okay we give it a chance we give", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00080-00054672-00054936": "it a chance you know sometimes the foundation needs to like settle in", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00081-00055024-00055391": "and warm to kind of like integrate into your skin i don't know i'm just crap", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00082-00055464-00055904": "crapping no you could be right you know some foundation which we have tried a few before it", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00083-00055904-00056360": "gets better throughout the whole day that that's their foundations are like that it sits better", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00084-00056416-00057096": "um you know once you i don't know somehow maybe perspire a little bit um yeah it might sit better", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00085-00057552-00057808": "and we are out so", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00086-00058079-00058752": "I never wear my mask so I walk into a car the weather is crazy i feel that melting", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00087-00058888-00059496": "ah okay let's see whether the foundation will survive the next I don't know six hours or so", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00088-00059752-00060455": "yeah for today's weather it's merciless that's all i can say yeah already with the mask on", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00089-00060520-00060920": "i don't have to put on my master let's just see whether it has that whole transfer free", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00090-00060984-00061544": "thingy that it claimed hey but we look quite good because of the lighting it feels like", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00091-00061544-00061904": "we're in Korea yeah and i'm wearing like a jacket that's meant for winter,", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00092-00062096-00063424": "okay okay this is really not summer wear ah okay that's how it stays so we have found a place for", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00093-00063424-00064584": "lunch and you want to take off your mouth to show whether it's transfer proof ain't not bad", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00094-00064984-00065376": "it doesn't really leave a little bit it's really just a little bit", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00095-00065432-00065624": "uh just also to create dimensions and", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00096-00065624-00065984": "lipsticks", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00097-00068208-00068720": "so we're out and about today doing a test drive on this particular foundation which you clearly", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00098-00068720-00069408": "know what it is and we bump into our very dear friend ck over here at a cafe randomly and so ck", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00099-00069408-00069760": "take a look at the foundation that I'm wearing you've seen me with makeup clearly", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00100-00069760-00070208": "every day how does it look is it like as for how i normally would look gorgeous", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00101-00070208-00070864": "or what's going on with my face tell me the truth what's going on with my face muscles", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00102-00071168-00071720": "i think the texture of the of the skin looks vastly different this time okay in a good way", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00103-00071720-00072336": "or that way no in a bad way i mean i don't even know whether one would use this to describe okay", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00104-00072520-00072848": "okay does that mean not cakey not cakey okay", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00105-00074320-00074560": "of and different types of different types", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00106-00074624-00075008": "okay over to you yen so yeah so we are using the same foundation so probably", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00107-00075008-00075784": "it's very different because man has a lot more secretion toy because it's far from velvety", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00108-00076032-00076688": "okay it's it's not in a bad way okay because i think i i think the thing about foundation is that", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00109-00076688-00077520": "if it's not if it doesn't have a shin when i take photos then it tends to be too cakey and", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00110-00077520-00078584": "weird sometimes you want to apply a bit of shin you know so that it's not so 80s but so 80s yeah", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00111-00079584-00080040": "very very nice okay so here we are um just doing a bit of a check-in", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00112-00080040-00080384": "how many hours are we in for this foundation already i mean", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00113-00080384-00080696": "six oh we're six hours into this foundation so we have two more hours", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00114-00081128-00081312": "yeah this is a 24-hour wear but clearly", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00115-00081600-00082056": "yeah so we're gonna we plan to do eight la so about six hours and it's still looking good", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00116-00082056-00082400": "so apparently we are gorgeous still so yeah thanks ziki", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00117-00082512-00083032": "okay we have come to the end of the day while we have a special guest sitting right at the back", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00118-00083128-00084000": "listening to us conclude um this episode of um well chanel ultra latin i hope i pronounced it", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00119-00084000-00084648": "correctly foundation so maybe you'll start with fiona you know we'll do a quick recap okay yeah", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00120-00084712-00085304": "so with this whole foundation first of all the foundation it's a long-lasting 24-hour foundation", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00121-00085304-00085896": "uh well that claims that it's long-lasting transfer free uh what else it's a matte as", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00122-00085896-00086288": "well so these are the three main properties of the foundation so i'm just gonna evaluate", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00123-00086288-00086936": "based on this three uh when i first applied it um i think if you recall uh was that a pump", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00124-00086936-00087456": "goes actually a long way if you want a natural finish uh i did do a second pump so in the second", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00125-00087456-00087944": "palm i basically top up around my cheek area just to get a bit of um a little bit more coverage", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00126-00087944-00088472": "uh for my pigmentation so that's essentially what it is and then i just did a very simple", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00127-00088472-00089176": "powder to set the face and that's basically it uh there was no uh setting spray i typically don't", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00128-00089176-00089648": "use setting spray neither do i use like a primer for foundation as well so this is a fair test", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00129-00089712-00090360": "for the foundation so the moment that i applied it i realized that while it's very sheer um", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00130-00090472-00091136": "quite in the middle of a midday i noticed that i begin to see some texture appearing on", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00131-00091136-00091808": "my face which is around here and i don't typically get that with the the rest of the foundation", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00132-00091808-00092608": "that i use and this is about eight hours into the whole um foundation wear test and a close-up", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00133-00092608-00092968": "which i'm just going to come a little closer i'm not sure whether you guys can see um just", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00134-00092968-00093584": "around my nose area over here i insert the picture yeah we'll insert the picture so i noticed that", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00135-00093640-00094552": "the foundation has sort of kick around my nose area and sort of yeah it's it just feels um", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00136-00094552-00095176": "a little cakey around uh the chin as well not chin what is it some the cheek as well as the", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00137-00095176-00095920": "the nose area so it being long lasting um i think for eight hour it's it's performing well i'm not", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00138-00095920-00096528": "sure about 24 you might need to sort of refresh a little bit along the way uh it being met yes", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00139-00096528-00097128": "it's a matte foundation so if you have maybe combination to oily skin uh this would be good", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00140-00097128-00097648": "for you if it's normal to combination skin like myself please make sure that you hydrate your skin", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00141-00097648-00098104": "really really well before you use the foundation so that you avoid uh perhaps having a situation", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00142-00098104-00098712": "where you know it gets drier at some areas and therefore um it creates a little bit of like it", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00143-00098712-00099176": "sits into the foundation sitting into your creases and everything would you buy again", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00144-00099248-00100016": "um i would highly recommend this foundation if you have very very good skin and i tell you why", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00145-00100016-00100432": "it doesn't mean that you have good skin then therefore you don't need to have a foundation", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00146-00100432-00100880": "right uh you know some days you just need that extra oom and if you have really really good skin", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00147-00100880-00101512": "you just want to make your skin look even better i think this would be a great foundation for you", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00148-00101512-00102008": "so if you have really good skin i highly recommend that you invest in this one you can wear this", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00149-00102008-00102511": "every single day and look like you have great skin even better skin every single day based on", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00150-00102511-00103256": "just the first wear test uh i will say no for now but i'm glad i bought it so i have to try", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00151-00103256-00103824": "it for a couple of more times to see whether that works sure what about you i mean for me", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00152-00103888-00104552": "um color wise it's great it doesn't oxidize so i'm quite happy with the color um likewise i", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00153-00104552-00105096": "think it kicks a little bit around my under eye which is a little bit dry um the lines", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00154-00105096-00105680": "around the nose so i find that actually it's quite evident when i first put it on yeah even though i", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00155-00105680-00106272": "love the texture and how it how it applies onto the skin yeah yeah would i buy it again", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00156-00106392-00106896": "i'll say nowhere to be honest not that it's lousy not that it's loud it's just that 90 bucks right", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00157-00106896-00107680": "i could probably find something that's better yeah that is slightly cheaper not cheap but slightly", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00158-00107680-00108120": "cheaper so i don't think it's a lousy foundation but one thing that which i", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00159-00108120-00108624": "not that i hate is that it doesn't come with spf oh yes it doesn't come out yeah so to be honest", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00160-00108624-00109032": "right now that is the sunscreen but i thought you know it's just nice to have la yeah but", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00161-00109032-00109816": "it doesn't have then like that all but yeah so i guess it's a nice product but you know just saying", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00162-00110111-00110752": "yeah i think uh i will conclude by saying it's not life-changing but if you love the brand and you", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00163-00110752-00111440": "love to have a sort of a luxury you know if you come back Chanel back by Chanel foundation well", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00164-00111440-00111959": "if you if you enjoy the brand and you enjoy what it stands for yeah you know and you have great", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00165-00111959-00112496": "skin you just want to enhance your skin i think this is a good everyday foundation but if you", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00166-00112496-00113064": "need something that works a little harder for you uh then i think maybe you could watch the other", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00167-00113064-00113680": "foundation video that we have um to see what you know it's it's out there for you that you might", "cJzn2hxkvWY-00168-00113680-00114559": "want to try till the next one please subscribe hit the bell button and we will see you soon bye"}}, {"audio_id": "cJXkc9J65_U", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "cJatQ9hgO-8", "text": {"cJatQ9hgO-8-00000-00000008-00000656": "I was actually interested in social entrepreneurship long before I knew what the term [laughs],", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00001-00000656-00000850": "long before I knew the actual term.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00002-00000850-00001446": "And, and that really was sparked when I was growing up in the Bronx, New York.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00003-00001446-00001889": "And I'm a first-generation American, like many people in the Bronx, New York.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00004-00001889-00002158": "My parents are Jamaican and Cuban.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00005-00002158-00002996": "And what I saw there were many New Americans, living in poverty, adjusting to a new country", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00006-00002996-00003472": "and life, and really needing, just opportunities.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00007-00003472-00003946": "Social enterprises are businesses that aim to combat social issues.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00008-00003946-00004169": "And really it's a form of civic engagement.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00009-00004169-00004717": "It's people, regular people, and just saying, 'I can be the change that I want to see in", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00010-00004717-00004817": "my community.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00011-00004817-00005280": "I'm going to, I'm going to create positive changes in my community and I'm going to use", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00012-00005280-00005696": "business as a tool to do that,' you know, so that they can do it in a sustainable way,", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00013-00005696-00006195": "that they can generate the income that they need, to support themselves as well as", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00014-00006195-00006544": "to run a business that consistently addresses social problems.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00015-00006544-00007426": "I came to Vermont because of the entrepreneurial environment here, it's very exciting, it's", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00016-00007426-00007953": "inspirational, and in a way that I haven't seen in many other cities and countries that", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00017-00007956-00008054": "I've visited.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00018-00008068-00008692": "I, I think my favorite thing about UVM is that the students here feel like they can", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00019-00008692-00008742": "make a difference in the world.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00020-00008742-00009097": "Like, they feel that and you can see that when you're walking through the hallways and", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00021-00009097-00009306": "when you're talking to them.", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00022-00009306-00009859": "And, they just, they really see what I saw in the world, they see that the opportunities", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00023-00009859-00010381": "are endless, and it's just really about being creative and strategic about you know, how", "cJatQ9hgO-8-00024-00010381-00010591": "you foster positive social change."}}, {"audio_id": "cL9tDZr6m2u", "text": {"cL9tDZr6m2u-00000-00000689-00001182": "Queen Furious As “Disrespectful” Meghan Markle Disgraces Royal Family In Public", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00001-00001182-00001573": "It was only a matter of time before American actress Meghan Markle disgraced the Royal", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00002-00001573-00001673": "Family.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00003-00001673-00002225": "Now, Queen Elizabeth II is furious with her grandson’s “disrespectful” new wife.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00004-00002225-00002653": "According to The Sun, all eyes were on Meghan Markle on Tuesday as she attended the Queen’s", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00005-00002653-00002903": "Young Leaders reception at Buckingham Palace.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00006-00002903-00003327": "But fans have slammed the former actress for ignoring a royal rule and being disrespectful", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00007-00003327-00003544": "to the Queen in the way she was sitting.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00008-00003544-00003996": "Meghan, who wore a pink Prada dress for the occasion, was pictured sitting with her legs", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00009-00003996-00004219": "crossed and stretched to one side.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00010-00004219-00004644": "The crossing of the legs is a sitting position that is rarely used by royals, and women in", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00011-00004644-00005055": "the presence of the queen are NEVER permitted to cross their legs, as it is seen as a sign", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00012-00005055-00005219": "of disrespect.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00013-00005219-00005689": "In fact, Kate Middleton’s uncrossed leg position even has its own nickname, “The", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00014-00005689-00006017": "Duchess slant,” and was previously used by Princess Diana.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00015-00006017-00006447": "It involves sitting straight with an egg-width space between your back and the seat, and", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00016-00006447-00006650": "your chin parallel to the ground.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00017-00006650-00007038": "You should slant your legs to one side and keep your ankles and knees together, with", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00018-00007038-00007267": "your heels always touching the ground.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00019-00007267-00007705": "They may be crossed in a “Cambridge Cross” if that is more comfortable for you.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00020-00007705-00008209": "Myka Meier, the founder of Beaumont Etiquette, told GoodHousekeeping.com, “Typically ‘the", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00021-00008209-00008602": "Duchess slant’ is used when a lady has to sit for an extended amount of time while keeping", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00022-00008602-00008770": "poise and posture.”", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00023-00008770-00009181": "Shocked royal fans quickly took to social media to share their opinions on Meghan’s", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00024-00009181-00009281": "sitting etiquette.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00025-00009281-00009573": "“The Duchess of Sussex has her legs crossed wrong.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00026-00009573-00009768": "What a disrespect to the Queen.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00027-00009768-00010203": "All royal ladies cross at the ankles or put both legs to the side,” one fan wrote on", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00028-00010203-00010303": "Facebook.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00029-00010303-00010550": "“It was an act of disrespect to the queen.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00030-00010550-00010821": "I can not believe a duchess can do so.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00031-00010821-00011225": "She does not learn the rules of royalty,” commented another fan on Instagram.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00032-00011225-00011706": "“She could have made the effort to sit properly and have her legs the right way for the photo,”", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00033-00011706-00011877": "remarked someone else.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00034-00011877-00012345": "Granted, there are tons of tiny nuances and obscure rules that Meghan Markle must become", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00035-00012345-00012558": "accustomed to now that she is a royal.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00036-00012558-00013049": "However, the fact that she should no longer cross her legs is among the simplest of them.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00037-00013049-00013428": "Even those who are not members of the elite Royal Family typically know that it is improper", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00038-00013428-00013833": "etiquette for royal women to cross their legs — and this should never, ever be done in", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00039-00013833-00014050": "the presence of the Queen.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00040-00014050-00014398": "Queen Elizabeth has been very kind to Meghan ever since she and Prince Harry announced", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00041-00014398-00014768": "their engagement ahead of the holiday season of 2017.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00042-00014768-00015200": "The Queen was also very patient in the lead up to the royal wedding, even as Meghan’s", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00043-00015200-00015613": "family drama threatened to derail the ceremony and humiliate the Royal Family on the world", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00044-00015613-00015713": "stage.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00045-00015713-00016131": "Seeing as the Queen has been so warm and welcoming to the newly-minted Duchess of Sussex — even", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00046-00016131-00016466": "though that must have been quite difficult — the least Meghan could do would be to", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00047-00016466-00016748": "show her some respect during public appearances.", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00048-00016748-00017095": "They were posing for an official photo, for goodness sake!", "cL9tDZr6m2u-00049-00017095-00018237": "What the heck was she thinking?!"}}, {"audio_id": "cLiLGT9wVd0", "text": {"cLiLGT9wVd0-00000-00001054-00001331": "RICHARD ALLEY: This lake used to be a lot bigger than it is now.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00001-00001331-00001563": "People dammed a little stream to make the lake,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00002-00001563-00001864": "but the dam is not considered safe anymore.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00003-00001864-00002027": "And so they've lowered the water level.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00004-00002856-00003112": "It's going to let us see some of the things that", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00005-00003112-00003297": "happen under a lake.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00006-00003297-00003472": "And so we're going to go for a little trip", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00007-00003472-00003728": "here to find out how fossil fuels are made.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00008-00005470-00005996": "So the rivers wash mud, sand, gravel, silk, clay", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00009-00005996-00006456": "all sorts of sizes into lakes and the small pieces", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00010-00006456-00006734": "are washed away wherever there's a strong current,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00011-00006734-00007042": "and they settle where there's no current.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00012-00007042-00007431": "And in those places, they settle with a lot of dead plants", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00013-00007431-00007638": "that have lived above them.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00014-00007638-00008070": "And those dead plants will start to break down in the mud.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00015-00008070-00008482": "And bacteria will use them and those bacteria make methane.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00016-00008482-00008864": "And so you already start to see bubbles coming out of the mud", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00017-00008864-00008935": "here.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00018-00008935-00009283": "That actually is the first step in making fossil fuels.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00019-00009283-00009532": "This is the bacteria making methane,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00020-00009532-00009823": "but later they heat of the Earth will make methane.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00021-00009823-00010132": "So if you take mud like this and you buried it", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00022-00010132-00010542": "with more mud, and then more mud, and then more mud,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00023-00010542-00010830": "and then starts being heated by the heat of the earth,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00024-00010830-00011104": "but that organic matter down in there", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00025-00011104-00011510": "will start making oil to go with the methane, the natural gas", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00026-00011510-00011643": "that we see coming off of here.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00027-00012771-00013191": "Lots of dead plants wash into water and these are woody ones.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00028-00013191-00013471": "And so this is a kind of thing that could make coal.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00029-00013471-00013697": "In addition, lots more plants live", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00030-00013697-00014088": "in the water and the slimy plants, algae, cyanobacteria", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00031-00014088-00014311": "and they eventually give rise to oil,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00032-00014311-00014491": "and both give rise to natural gas.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00033-00014902-00015140": "So sometime way back in geologic history,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00034-00015140-00015531": "there was a nice ocean-- warm, not a lot of oxygen", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00035-00015531-00015841": "in the water, because it was warm-- lots of plants growing", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00036-00015841-00016184": "at the surface, but that oxygen bubbles out to space.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00037-00016184-00016624": "And then the dead plants and mud settle to the bottom in layers.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00038-00016624-00016986": "And those layers can become thousands of feet thick.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00039-00016986-00017239": "Worms try to eat the dead plants that are falling down,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00040-00017239-00017512": "but when they run out of oxygen a lot of the dead plants", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00041-00017512-00017646": "are buried.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00042-00017646-00017997": "And then as the heat of the earth cooks them,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00043-00017997-00018201": "they make oil and gas.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00044-00018201-00018565": "A lot of oil and gas actually generate high pressure", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00045-00018565-00018722": "and they make cracks.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00046-00018722-00019000": "And they seep out of those cracks from the rock that", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00047-00019000-00019188": "they're-- which is now called shale--", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00048-00019188-00019447": "and then they either bubble up through the water,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00049-00019447-00019792": "all the way to the surface to make an oil seep or a gas seep.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00050-00019792-00020025": "Or they get caught somewhere on the way", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00051-00020025-00020279": "in special geologic places that we", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00052-00020279-00020611": "can drill into to get the oil and gas.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00053-00020611-00020936": "A lot of the organic matter is still left in the rock.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00054-00020936-00021127": "This is a sort of black looking rock,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00055-00021127-00021358": "because it's still full of organic matter.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00056-00021358-00021594": "And what we're learning to do now", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00057-00021594-00021972": "is to break up the hard rock, like this,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00058-00021972-00022288": "to make it more like this loose stuff.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00059-00022288-00022556": "And they do so by drilling through it, not with a chisel,", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00060-00022556-00022745": "but with a real serious drill.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00061-00022745-00023111": "Pumping fluid in at very high pressure to break the rock.", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00062-00023111-00023391": "It's called fracking and then the oil and gas", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00063-00023391-00023559": "can go all to those little cracks", "cLiLGT9wVd0-00064-00023559-00023848": "and you can pump them out and use them."}}, {"audio_id": "cLm-Feg7uxE", "text": {"cLm-Feg7uxE-00000-00000003-00000413": "the Elkhart County Commissioners recently use PlaceSpeak as part of our", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00001-00000413-00000863": "effort to receive community feedback on a very controversial topic or a proposal", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00002-00000863-00001409": "that was coming before us here next month a private company was looking to", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00003-00001409-00001893": "put a an ICE detention facility within our community and there was a zoning", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00004-00001893-00002367": "decision that needed to be made to allow them to do that the County Commissioners", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00005-00002367-00002784": "utilized place speak because the issue was so controversial we were receiving", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00006-00002784-00003323": "comments from a multi-state region and we were particularly interested in the", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00007-00003323-00003786": "comments we were receiving from the community so while we were receiving a", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00008-00003786-00004236": "lot of comments via Facebook what we were not able to do and what place speak", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00009-00004236-00004614": "allowed us to do is to draw a boundary around our county so that we could focus", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00010-00004614-00005062": "in on the commentary the comments the feedback that we were receiving from", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00011-00005062-00005489": "residents with it within Elkhart County the other thing we noticed in which", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00012-00005489-00006068": "PlaceSpeak is is known for is that it tends to facilitate a more respectful", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00013-00006068-00006702": "dialogue with the participants so we received a lot of participation because", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00014-00006702-00007190": "it was a controversial issue and and it was helpful it was a very helpful", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00015-00007190-00007620": "dialogue we were able to do some surveying and some polling with the", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00016-00007620-00008040": "residents in the end the feedback from the community was very positive they", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00017-00008040-00008415": "appreciated the county commissioners offering this opportunity to dialogue", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00018-00008415-00008972": "with local county government the the private company ended up withdrawing", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00019-00008972-00009531": "their petition so we never actually took a vote on this but again the County", "cLm-Feg7uxE-00020-00009531-00009977": "Commissioners found this type of feedback very helpful"}}, {"audio_id": "cLzXfqe9XYc", "text": {"cLzXfqe9XYc-00000-00000100-00000400": "Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Creating objects.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00001-00000500-00001200": "In this tutorial we will learn about:  Reference Variables  Constructing objects and  Memory Allocation for objects", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00002-00001300-00002200": "Here, we are using:  Ubuntu 11.10  JDK 1.6 and  Eclipse IDE 3.7.0", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00003-00002300-00002800": "To follow this tutorial you must know how to create a simple class using Eclipse.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00004-00002900-00003700": "If not please see the spoken-tutorial on these topics available at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00005-00003800-00004200": "We know that variables and methods together form the members of a class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00006-00004300-00004700": "To access the members of a class , we need to create an object for the class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00007-00004800-00005100": "Now let us see what an object is.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00008-00005200-00005400": "An object is an instance of a class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00009-00005500-00005700": "Each object consist of state and behavior.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00010-00005800-00006300": "Recall the example of human being class we had discussed in the earlier tutorial.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00011-00006400-00006700": "Object stores its state in fields or variables.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00012-00006800-00007000": "It exposes its behavior through methods.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00013-00007100-00007400": "Now let us learn about reference variables.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00014-00007500-00007800": "We know about the 8 primitive data types in Java.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00015-00007900-00008200": "All other types refer to objects rather than primitives.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00016-00008300-00008700": "Variables that refer to objects are reference variables.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00017-00008800-00009600": "Let us go back to the Student class which we have already created in the earlier tutorial.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00018-00009700-00010800": "Now, let me remove the main method from this class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00019-00010900-00011400": "NowSave the file by pressing Control and S keys simultaneously.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00020-00011500-00011900": "Now create another class named TestStudent inside the same project.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00021-00012000-00012200": "I have already created it.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00022-00012300-00012500": "In this class I have the main method.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00023-00012600-00013000": "Now inside the main method I will create an object of the Student class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00024-00013100-00013600": "For that, inside the main method, type", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00025-00013700-00015300": "Student space stud1 equal to new space Student opening and closing brackets, semicolon.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00026-00015400-00015600": "Thus we have created an object of the Student class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00027-00015700-00016600": "Here, Student is the name of the class for which the object is to be created.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00028-00016700-00017200": "stud1 is a reference variable referring to one object of the Student class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00029-00017300-00017800": "And the new keyword allocates space for the new object to be created.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00030-00017900-00018200": "Please note that stud1 is not the object of the Student class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00031-00018300-00018800": "It only holds the reference of the new object created.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00032-00018900-00019200": "Now, let us see what stud1 contains.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00033-00019300-00022300": "So next line type System dot out dot println within brackets and double quotes stud1 contains space plus stud1 and then semicolon.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00034-00022400-00023200": "Now, save and run the file TestStudent dot java.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00035-00023300-00023500": "We get the output as follows.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00036-00023600-00024200": "So here Student is the name of the class of the new object created.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00037-00024300-00024700": "The second part is the memory address of the new object created.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00038-00024800-00025400": "We can access the fields and methods of the Student class using stud1.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00039-00025500-00025700": "We will learn about these in the coming tutorials.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00040-00025800-00026300": "Now, I will create one more object of the Student class.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00041-00026400-00028600": "So, I will type Student space stud2 equal to new space Student opening and closing brackets semi-colon.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00042-00028700-00031800": "Now type next line System dot out dot println within brackets and double quotes stud2 contains space plus stud2 and then semicolon.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00043-00031900-00032400": "Now, let us save and run this file.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00044-00032500-00033000": "We can see that here stud1 and stud2 refers to two different objects.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00045-00033100-00033600": "That is, stud1 and stud2 are referring to two different students.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00046-00033700-00034300": "They have different roll numbers and names.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00047-00034400-00035000": "Now, we can make a change here.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00048-00035100-00036000": "Here type Student stud2 equal to stud1.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00049-00036100-00036500": "Now, save and run this file.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00050-00036600-00037100": "We can see that here both stud1 and stud2 refers to the same object.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00051-00037200-00039000": "That  means both stud1 and stud2 are referring to the same student with a roll number and name.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00052-00039100-00039300": "So in this tutorial we learnt about", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00053-00039400-00039426": "Reference variables", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00054-00039500-00039700": "Creating object using new operator", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00055-00039800-00040000": "And  Assigning references", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00056-00040100-00040200": "For self assessment", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00057-00040300-00040500": "create another class named TestEmployee.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00058-00040600-00041100": "Create an object of the Employee class  with reference variable as emp1.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00059-00041200-00041400": "To know more about the spoken tutorial project.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00060-00041500-00041700": "Watch the video available at http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_Tutorial", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00061-00041800-00042000": "It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00062-00042100-00042400": "If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00063-00042500-00042600": "The Spoken Tutorial Project Team", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00064-00042700-00042900": "Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00065-00043000-00043300": "Gives certificates for those who pass an online test", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00066-00043400-00043900": "For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00067-00044000-00044300": "Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00068-00044400-00045000": "It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00069-00045100-00045900": "More information on this Mission is available at  http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00070-00046000-00046200": "Thus we  have come to the end of this tutorial.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00071-00046300-00046500": "This is Arya Ratish from IIT Bombay signing off.", "cLzXfqe9XYc-00072-00046600-00047100": "Thanks for joining us."}}, {"audio_id": "cLE0Oq4PBtg", "text": {"cLE0Oq4PBtg-00000-00000043-00000422": "Here are a lot of skewered Koobideh kababs", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00001-00000485-00001123": "The kebabs are delivered to all parts of Tehran through couriers", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00002-00001143-00001730": "This is Tehran Kebab, where 10,000 skewered kebabs are made daily", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00003-00001748-00002269": "Skewered saffron chickens cost 78,000 Tomans per skewer", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00004-00002269-00002862": "You’ll never find a lower price than this", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00005-00002898-00003302": "Koobideh kababs cost 58,000 Tomans per skewer", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00006-00003341-00003773": "And this one is 90,000 Tomans", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00007-00003798-00004482": "The BBQ grill has been filled and emptied of kababs 5-6 times in the time I've been here", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00008-00004523-00005342": "A BBQ grill should be large, with room for many kababs, and a charcoal base, like this one", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00009-00005375-00005692": "Koobideh kababs are available in two sizes, 120g, and 200g", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00010-00005728-00006170": "A serving of Zereshk Polo Ba Morgh costs only 110,000 Tomans", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00011-00006202-00006727": "lift it up! Let me have some of that greasy bread", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00012-00006882-00007192": "This is what I want! greasy enough!", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00013-00007233-00007632": "And a small amount of kabab, please", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00014-00007694-00008067": "I got what I wanted, so I'm done", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00015-00008253-00009060": "Saffron chickens cost 78,000 Tomans per skewer, weighing 300g", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00016-00009085-00009742": "I found a place that is the cradle of Kababs This is Tehran Kebab, located on Niavaran", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00017-00009787-00010115": "Let's find out what’s going on at Tehran Kebab", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00018-00010432-00010892": "Let's find out what’s going on at Tehran Kebab", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00019-00010892-00011302": "10,000 skewered kebabs are made daily here", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00020-00011332-00011687": "Cooking rice is automated", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00021-00011721-00012216": "Guys are serving rice while wearing masks and gloves", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00022-00012216-00012416": "Of course, I had to do that too", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00023-00012446-00012796": "From outside the kitchen, you have a view inside", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00024-00012848-00013078": "The kebabs are being skewered here", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00025-00013133-00013469": "They are available in two sizes, 200 and 120 grams", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00026-00013511-00014028": "Here are the Loqmeh kebabs and saffron chickens", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00027-00014072-00014320": "Chicken kebabs are available in a wide variety", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00028-00014377-00014857": "Here are the kebabs being grilled on charcoal", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00029-00014933-00015295": "The guys are serving", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00030-00015522-00016211": "Yummy! Look at the bread under the kebabs!", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00031-00016754-00017195": "Chicken kebabs are being skewered here", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00032-00017233-00017771": "Chicken kebabs are available in a wide variety", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00033-00017807-00019065": "The chicken kebabs are:", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00034-00019075-00019298": "The kebabs are being grilled on the charcoal grill", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00035-00019298-00019620": "They are available in two sizes", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00036-00019965-00020376": "OMG! Let's serve the kebabs!", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00037-00020476-00021181": "This is the bread that was under the kebabs It is sliced and placed in containers", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00038-00021411-00021611": "I long to have the bread, not the kebabs", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00039-00021911-00022354": "The number of issued receipts proves the high volume of orders", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00040-00022354-00022927": "but don’t worry! Because the maximum downtime is only 15 minutes", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00041-00022927-00023417": "With a call in advance, you can even save more time", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00042-00023483-00023859": "- Well done! How many skewers are you serving? - 5 skewers", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00043-00024327-00024827": "An organic skewered chicken weighing 900g costs only 120,000 Tomans.", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00044-00025193-00025872": "Kebabs are served in small and large containers, so you can serve them as party food", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00045-00026000-00026346": "Well done! May God give you strength!", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00046-00026440-00026726": "This kitchen has the right to set records", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00047-00026840-00027092": "For example, \"Making 200 skewered kebabs in just one minute\"", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00048-00027212-00027676": "The prices, speed of work, and quality are all excellent", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00049-00027729-00028000": "Hygiene is also at a high level", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00050-00028074-00028274": "You can receive your orders in less than a quarter", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00051-00028337-00028846": "Limited eating space is available in front of the kitchen", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00052-00028874-00029102": "However, it offers mainly takeaway services", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00053-00029938-00030628": "The BBQ grill has been filled and emptied of kebabs 5-6 times in the time I've been here", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00054-00030965-00031346": "The refrigerator showcase can be seen from the outside and this helps you to choose your orders", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00055-00031354-00031614": "Trout is also available", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00056-00031691-00032083": "All kinds of marinated chickens", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00057-00032183-00032650": "And other kebabs...", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00058-00032696-00033590": "It offers mainly takeaway services, however, a limited eating space is available", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00059-00033632-00034135": "Lift it up! Let me have some of that greasy bread", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00060-00034312-00034621": "This is what I want! greasy enough!", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00061-00034672-00035068": "And a small amount of kabab, please", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00062-00035346-00035500": "I got what I wanted, so I'm done", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00063-00035710-00036235": "I relished it! That was great! Awesome!", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00064-00036316-00036838": "Qeymeh Nesar is available on Thursdays and Fridays This is a double one", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00065-00036895-00037182": "Zereshk Polo Ba Morgh is available every day", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00066-00037253-00037349": "The containers are filled as much as possible", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00067-00037349-00037540": "The ingredients are also of high quality", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00068-00037590-00037932": "That is especially true for Qeymeh Nesar", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00069-00038246-00038695": "A serving of Zereshk Polo Ba Morgh costs only 110,000 Tomans", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00070-00038695-00039226": "It is made of high-quality Iranian rice", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00071-00039563-00040256": "Thank you, chef! He is garnishing the dishes with some Tahchin and bitter oranges.", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00072-00040562-00040947": "Here are a lot of skewered Koobideh kababs", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00073-00041000-00041634": "The kebabs are delivered to all parts of Tehran through couriers", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00074-00041634-00042258": "Hygiene is also at a high level", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00075-00042397-00043243": "Kebabs are served in small and large containers", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00076-00043243-00043595": "This is a sample of your orders for your parties", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00077-00043624-00044170": "It includes a main course, cutlery, olives, yogurt, and Coke", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00078-00044199-00045323": "I think such packages can be good options for parties or offerings", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00079-00045361-00045956": "Skewered saffron chickens cost 78,000 Tomans per skewer", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00080-00045956-00046512": "You’ll never find a lower price than this", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00081-00046561-00046960": "Koobideh kababs cost 58,000 Tomans per skewer", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00082-00047000-00047549": "And this one is 90,000 Tomans", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00083-00047604-00047949": "The kebabs are dipped in melted butter if desired", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00084-00048366-00049165": "I needed some water and after asking I found out that following a vow, offering water is free here", "cLE0Oq4PBtg-00085-00049165-00049274": "This is a great job!"}}, {"audio_id": "cLY7SUnypeu", "text": {"cLY7SUnypeu-00000-00000017-00000284": "AUTHOR'S ENGLISH PREFACE.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00001-00000284-00000584": "THE following little Piece was written in the winter of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00002-00000584-00001108": "1795 and 96; and, as I had not determined whether to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00003-00001108-00001438": "publish it during the present war, or to wait till the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00004-00001438-00001817": "commencement of a peace, it has lain by me, without", "cLY7SUnypeu-00005-00001817-00002210": "alteration or addition, from the time it was written.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00006-00002210-00002516": "What has determined me to publish it now is, a", "cLY7SUnypeu-00007-00002516-00002964": "sermon preached by Watson, Bishop of Llandaff.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00008-00002964-00003259": "Some of my Readers will recollect, that this Bishop", "cLY7SUnypeu-00009-00003259-00003642": "wrote a Book entitled An Apology for the Bible, in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00010-00003642-00004010": "answer to my Second Part of the Age of Reason.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00011-00004010-00004449": "I procured a copy of his Book, and he may depend upon hearing from", "cLY7SUnypeu-00012-00004449-00004688": "me on that subject.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00013-00004688-00004935": "At the end of the Bishop's Book is a List of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00014-00004935-00005136": "Works he has written.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00015-00005136-00005579": "Among which is the sermon alluded to; it is entitled: \"The Wisdom and", "cLY7SUnypeu-00016-00005579-00006040": "Goodness of God, in having made both Rich and Poor; with", "cLY7SUnypeu-00017-00006040-00006312": "an Appendix, containing Reflections on the Present", "cLY7SUnypeu-00018-00006312-00006573": "State of England and France.\"", "cLY7SUnypeu-00019-00006573-00006827": "The error contained in this sermon determined me to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00020-00006827-00007118": "publish my AGRARIAN JUSTICE.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00021-00007118-00007668": "It is wrong to say God made rich and poor; he made only male", "cLY7SUnypeu-00022-00007668-00008078": "and female; and he gave them the earth for their", "cLY7SUnypeu-00023-00008078-00008254": "inheritance.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00024-00008254-00008490": "Instead of preaching to encourage one part of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00025-00008490-00008894": "mankind in insolence . . . it would be better that Priests", "cLY7SUnypeu-00026-00008894-00009190": "employed their time to render the general condition of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00027-00009190-00009557": "man less miserable than it is.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00028-00009557-00010017": "Practical religion consists in doing good: and the only way of serving", "cLY7SUnypeu-00029-00010017-00010484": "God is, that of endeavouring to make his creation happy.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00030-00010484-00010781": "All preaching that has not this for its object", "cLY7SUnypeu-00031-00010781-00011031": "is nonsense and hypocracy.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00032-00011031-00011247": "THOMAS PAINE.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00033-00011247-00011581": "7 AGRARIAN JUSTICE.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00034-00011581-00012084": "TO preserve the benefits of what is called civilized life, and to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00035-00012084-00012589": "remedy at the same time the evil which it has produced ought to be", "cLY7SUnypeu-00036-00012589-00013213": "considered as one of the first objects of reformed legislation.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00037-00013213-00013634": "Whether that state that is proudly, perhaps erroneously, called", "cLY7SUnypeu-00038-00013634-00014090": "civilization, has most promoted or most injured the general happiness", "cLY7SUnypeu-00039-00014090-00014595": "of man, is a question that may be strongly contested.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00040-00014595-00015131": "On one side, the spectator is dazzled by splendid appearances;", "cLY7SUnypeu-00041-00015131-00015565": "on the other, he is shocked by extremes of wretchedness; both", "cLY7SUnypeu-00042-00015565-00015725": "of which it has erected.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00043-00015725-00016216": "The most affluent and the most miserable of the human race are to be", "cLY7SUnypeu-00044-00016216-00016638": "found in the countries that are called civilized.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00045-00016638-00017051": "To understand what the state of society ought to be, it is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00046-00017051-00017528": "necessary to have some idea of the natural and primitive state of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00047-00017528-00018123": "man; such as it is at this day among the Indians of North America.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00048-00018123-00018548": "There is not, in that state, any of those spectacles of human misery", "cLY7SUnypeu-00049-00018548-00019006": "which poverty and want present to our eyes in all the towns and", "cLY7SUnypeu-00050-00019006-00019267": "streets in Europe.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00051-00019267-00019590": "Poverty therefore, is a thing created by that which", "cLY7SUnypeu-00052-00019590-00019836": "is called civilized life.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00053-00019836-00020154": "It exists not in the natural state.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00054-00020154-00020545": "On the other hand, the natural state is without those advantages", "cLY7SUnypeu-00055-00020545-00021100": "which flow from agriculture, arts, science, and manufactures.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00056-00021100-00021459": "The life of an Indian is a continual holiday, compared with the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00057-00021459-00021912": "poor of Europe; and, on the other hand it appears to be abject when", "cLY7SUnypeu-00058-00021912-00022187": "compared to the rich.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00059-00022187-00022757": "Civilization therefore, or that which is so called, has operated two ways to make one", "cLY7SUnypeu-00060-00022757-00023198": "part of society more affluent, and the other more wretched, than", "cLY7SUnypeu-00061-00023198-00023602": "would have been the lot of either in a natural state.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00062-00023602-00024064": "It is always possible to go from the natural to the civilized state,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00063-00024064-00024588": "but it is never possible to go from the civilized to the natural state.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00064-00024588-00025165": "The reason is, that man in a natural state, subsisting by hunting,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00065-00025165-00025641": "requires ten times the quantity of land to range over to procure", "cLY7SUnypeu-00066-00025641-00026072": "himself sustenance, than would support him in a civilized state,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00067-00026072-00026235": "where the earth is cultivated.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00068-00026235-00026795": "When, therefore, a country becomes populous by the additional aids of cultivation,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00069-00026795-00027245": "art, and science, there is a necessity of preserving things in that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00070-00027245-00027770": "state; because without it there cannot be sustenance for more, perhaps,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00071-00027770-00028031": "than a tenth part of its inhabitants.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00072-00028031-00028398": "The thing, therefore, now to be done is to remedy the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00073-00028398-00028636": "8 evils and preserve the benefits that have", "cLY7SUnypeu-00074-00028636-00029131": "arisen to society by passing from the natural to that which is called the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00075-00029131-00029331": "civilized state.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00076-00029331-00029838": "In taking the matter upon this ground, the first principle of civili-", "cLY7SUnypeu-00077-00029838-00030352": "zation ought to have been, and ought still to be, that the condition of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00078-00030352-00030831": "every person born into the world, after a state of civilization", "cLY7SUnypeu-00079-00030831-00031264": "commences, ought not to be worse than if he had been born before", "cLY7SUnypeu-00080-00031264-00031436": "that period.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00081-00031436-00031791": "But the fact is, that the condition of millions, in every", "cLY7SUnypeu-00082-00031791-00032342": "country in Europe, is far worse than if they had been born before", "cLY7SUnypeu-00083-00032342-00032786": "civilization began, or had been born among the Indians of North-", "cLY7SUnypeu-00084-00032786-00032981": "America at the present day.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00085-00032981-00033338": "I will shew how this fact has happened.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00086-00033338-00033790": "It is a position not to be controverted that the earth, in its natural", "cLY7SUnypeu-00087-00033790-00034365": "uncultivated state was, and ever would have continued to be, the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00088-00034365-00034760": "common property of the human race.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00089-00034760-00035142": "In that state every man would have been born to property.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00090-00035142-00035728": "He would have been a joint life proprie- tor with the rest in the property of the soil,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00091-00035728-00036184": "and in all its natural productions, vegetable and animal.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00092-00036184-00036622": "But the earth in its natural state, as before said, is capable of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00093-00036622-00037029": "supporting but a small number of inhabitants compared with what it", "cLY7SUnypeu-00094-00037029-00037378": "is capable of doing in a cultivated state.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00095-00037378-00037822": "And as it is impossible to separate the improvement made by cultivation", "cLY7SUnypeu-00096-00037822-00038336": "from the earth itself, upon which that improvement is made, the idea", "cLY7SUnypeu-00097-00038336-00038860": "of landed property arose from that inseparable connection; but", "cLY7SUnypeu-00098-00038860-00039416": "it is nevertheless true, that it is the value of the improvement only,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00099-00039416-00039909": "and not the earth itself, that is individual property.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00100-00039909-00040762": "Every proprietor, therefore, of cultivated land, owes to the community a groundrent (for", "cLY7SUnypeu-00101-00040762-00041204": "I know of no better term to express the idea) for the land which", "cLY7SUnypeu-00102-00041204-00041733": "he holds; and it is from this groundrent that the fund proposed in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00103-00041733-00041997": "this plan is to issue.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00104-00041997-00042433": "It is deducible, as well from the nature of the thing as from all the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00105-00042433-00042897": "histories transmitted to us, that the idea of landed property", "cLY7SUnypeu-00106-00042897-00043281": "commenced with cultivation, and that there was no such thing as", "cLY7SUnypeu-00107-00043281-00043563": "landed property before that time.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00108-00043563-00043993": "It could not exist in the first state of man, that of hunters.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00109-00043993-00044241": "It did not exist in the second state, that of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00110-00044241-00044774": "shepherds: neither Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, nor Job, so far as the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00111-00044774-00045199": "history of the Bible may be credited in probable things, were owners", "cLY7SUnypeu-00112-00045199-00045325": "of land.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00113-00045325-00045794": "Their property consisted, as is always enumerated, in flocks", "cLY7SUnypeu-00114-00045794-00046164": "and herds, and they travelled with them from place to place.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00115-00046164-00046437": "The frequent contentions at that time, about the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00116-00046437-00046668": "use of a well in the dry", "cLY7SUnypeu-00117-00046668-00046959": "9 country of Arabia, where those people lived,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00118-00046959-00047272": "also shew that there was no landed property.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00119-00047272-00047558": "It was not admitted that land could be claimed as", "cLY7SUnypeu-00120-00047558-00047686": "property.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00121-00047686-00048115": "There could be no such thing as landed property originally.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00122-00048115-00048462": "Man did not make the earth, and, though he had", "cLY7SUnypeu-00123-00048462-00049046": "a natural right to occupy it, he had no right to locate as his property", "cLY7SUnypeu-00124-00049046-00049567": "in perpetuity any part of it; neither did the creator of the earth open", "cLY7SUnypeu-00125-00049567-00050036": "a landoffice, from whence the first title-deeds should issue.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00126-00050036-00050329": "Whence then, arose the idea of landed property?", "cLY7SUnypeu-00127-00050329-00050752": "I answer as before, that when cultivation began the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00128-00050752-00051186": "idea of landed property began with it, from the impossibility of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00129-00051186-00051612": "separating the improvement made by cultivation from the earth itself,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00130-00051612-00051841": "upon which that improvement was made.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00131-00051841-00052181": "The value of the improvement so far exceeded the value of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00132-00052181-00052695": "natural earth, at that time, as to absorb it; till, in the end, the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00133-00052695-00053137": "common right of all became confounded into the cultivated right of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00134-00053137-00053237": "individual.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00135-00053237-00053633": "But there are, nevertheless, distinct species of rights,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00136-00053633-00054058": "and will continue to be so long as the earth endures.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00137-00054058-00054432": "It is only by tracing things to their origin that we can gain", "cLY7SUnypeu-00138-00054432-00054926": "rightful ideas of them, and it is by gaining such ideas that we", "cLY7SUnypeu-00139-00054926-00055354": "discover the boundary that divides right from wrong, and teaches", "cLY7SUnypeu-00140-00055354-00055681": "every man to know his own.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00141-00055681-00056393": "I have entitled this tract Agrarian Justice, to distinguish it from Agrarian Law.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00142-00056393-00056862": "Nothing could be more unjust than Agrarian Law in a country improved", "cLY7SUnypeu-00143-00056862-00057324": "by cultivation; for though every man, as an inhabitant of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00144-00057324-00057882": "earth, is a joint proprietor of it in its natural state, it does not follow", "cLY7SUnypeu-00145-00057882-00058244": "that he is a joint proprietor of cultivated earth.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00146-00058244-00058583": "The additional value made by cultivation, after", "cLY7SUnypeu-00147-00058583-00058992": "the system was admitted, became the property of those who did it, or", "cLY7SUnypeu-00148-00058992-00059311": "who inherited it from them, or who purchased it.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00149-00059311-00059524": "It had originally no owner.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00150-00059524-00059969": "Whilst, therefore, I advocate the right, and interest myself in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00151-00059969-00060262": "the hard case of all those who have been thrown out of their natural", "cLY7SUnypeu-00152-00060262-00060626": "inheritance by the introduction of the system of landed property, I", "cLY7SUnypeu-00153-00060626-00061199": "equally defend the right of the possessor to the part which is his.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00154-00061199-00061574": "Cultivation is at least one of the greatest natural improvements", "cLY7SUnypeu-00155-00061574-00061916": "ever made by human invention.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00156-00061916-00062395": "It has given to created earth a tenfold value.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00157-00062395-00062747": "But the landed monopoly that began with it has produced the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00158-00062747-00062902": "greatest evil.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00159-00062902-00063275": "It has dispossessed more than half the inhabitants of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00160-00063275-00063779": "every nation of their natural inheritance, without providing for them,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00161-00063779-00064137": "10 as ought to have been done, an indemnification", "cLY7SUnypeu-00162-00064137-00064629": "for that loss, and has thereby created a species of poverty and wretchedness", "cLY7SUnypeu-00163-00064629-00064916": "that did not exist before.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00164-00064916-00065426": "In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a", "cLY7SUnypeu-00165-00065426-00065839": "right, and not a charity, that I am pleading for.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00166-00065839-00066363": "But it is that kind of right which, being neglected at first, could", "cLY7SUnypeu-00167-00066363-00066858": "not be brought forward afterwards till heaven had opened the way", "cLY7SUnypeu-00168-00066858-00067199": "by a revolution in the system of government.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00169-00067199-00067798": "Let us then do honour to revolutions by justice, and give currency to their principles", "cLY7SUnypeu-00170-00067798-00068006": "by blessings.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00171-00068006-00068412": "Having thus in a few words, opened the merits of the case, I shall", "cLY7SUnypeu-00172-00068412-00068866": "now proceed to the plan I have to propose, which is,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00173-00068866-00069263": "To create a National Fund, out of which there shall be paid to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00174-00069263-00069747": "every person, when arrived at the age of twentyone years, the sum of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00175-00069747-00070262": "fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his", "cLY7SUnypeu-00176-00070262-00070777": "or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed", "cLY7SUnypeu-00177-00070777-00071207": "property: And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00178-00071207-00071712": "during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00179-00071712-00071999": "and to all others as they shall arrive at that age.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00180-00071999-00072106": "Means by which the fund is to be created.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00181-00072106-00072460": "I have already established the principle, namely, that the earth, in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00182-00072460-00072869": "its natural uncultivated state was, and ever would have continued to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00183-00072869-00073455": "be, the common property of the human race, that in that state, every", "cLY7SUnypeu-00184-00073455-00073831": "person would have been born to property; and that the system of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00185-00073831-00074389": "landed property, by its inseparable connection with cultivation, and", "cLY7SUnypeu-00186-00074389-00074844": "with what is called civilized life, has absorbed the property of all", "cLY7SUnypeu-00187-00074844-00075276": "those whom it dispossessed, without providing, as ought to have", "cLY7SUnypeu-00188-00075276-00075750": "been done, an indemnification for that loss.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00189-00075750-00076130": "The fault, however, is not in the present possessors.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00190-00076130-00076489": "No complaint is intended, or ought to be alleged", "cLY7SUnypeu-00191-00076489-00077018": "against them, unless they adopt the crime by opposing justice.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00192-00077018-00077598": "The fault is in the system, and it has stolen imperceptibly upon the world,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00193-00077598-00078007": "aided afterwards by the agrarian law of the sword.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00194-00078007-00078499": "But the fault can be made to reform itself by successive generations; and without", "cLY7SUnypeu-00195-00078499-00078952": "diminishing or deranging the property of any of the present", "cLY7SUnypeu-00196-00078952-00079100": "possessors, the operation", "cLY7SUnypeu-00197-00079100-00079374": "11 of the fund can yet commence, and be in full", "cLY7SUnypeu-00198-00079374-00079964": "activity, the first year of its establishment, or soon after, as I shall", "cLY7SUnypeu-00199-00079964-00080064": "shew.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00200-00080064-00080438": "It is proposed that the payments, as already stated, be made to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00201-00080438-00080719": "every person, rich or poor.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00202-00080719-00081382": "It is best to make it so, to prevent invidious distinctions.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00203-00081382-00081718": "It is also right it should be so, because it is in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00204-00081718-00082194": "lieu of the natural inheritance, which, as a right, belongs to every", "cLY7SUnypeu-00205-00082194-00082655": "man, over and above the property he may have created, or inherited", "cLY7SUnypeu-00206-00082655-00082887": "from those who did.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00207-00082887-00083214": "Such persons as do not choose to receive it can", "cLY7SUnypeu-00208-00083214-00083542": "throw it into the common fund.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00209-00083542-00083868": "Taking it then for granted that no person ought to be in a worse", "cLY7SUnypeu-00210-00083868-00084251": "condition when born under what is called a state of civilization, than", "cLY7SUnypeu-00211-00084251-00084620": "he would have been had he been born in a state of nature, and that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00212-00084620-00085117": "civilization ought to have made, and ought still to make, provision", "cLY7SUnypeu-00213-00085117-00085611": "for that purpose, it can only be done by subtracting from property a", "cLY7SUnypeu-00214-00085611-00086161": "portion equal in value to the natural inheritance it has absorbed.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00215-00086161-00086547": "Various methods may be proposed for this purpose, but that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00216-00086547-00086952": "which appears to be the best (not only because it will operate without", "cLY7SUnypeu-00217-00086952-00087427": "deranging any present possessors, or without interfering with the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00218-00087427-00087768": "collection of taxes or emprunts necessary for the purposes of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00219-00087768-00088130": "government and the revolution, but because it will be the least", "cLY7SUnypeu-00220-00088130-00088548": "troublesome and the most effectual, and also because the subtraction", "cLY7SUnypeu-00221-00088548-00088930": "will be made at a time that best admits it) is at the moment that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00222-00088930-00089355": "property is passing by the death of one person to the possession of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00223-00089355-00089486": "another.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00224-00089486-00089905": "In this case, the bequeather gives nothing: the receiver pays", "cLY7SUnypeu-00225-00089905-00090055": "nothing.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00226-00090055-00090364": "The only matter to him is that the monopoly of natural", "cLY7SUnypeu-00227-00090364-00090835": "inheritance, to which there never was a right, begins to cease in his", "cLY7SUnypeu-00228-00090835-00090935": "person.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00229-00090935-00091319": "A generous man would not wish it to continue, and a just", "cLY7SUnypeu-00230-00091319-00091727": "man will rejoice to see it abolished.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00231-00091727-00092097": "My state of health prevents my making sufficient inquiries with", "cLY7SUnypeu-00232-00092097-00092622": "respect to the doctrine of probabilities, whereon to found calculations", "cLY7SUnypeu-00233-00092622-00092973": "with such degrees of certainty as they are capable of.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00234-00092973-00093305": "What, therefore, I offer on this head is more the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00235-00093305-00093831": "result of observation and reflection than of received information; but", "cLY7SUnypeu-00236-00093831-00094349": "I believe it will be found to agree sufficiently with fact.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00237-00094349-00094772": "In the first place, taking twenty-one years as the epoch of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00238-00094772-00095343": "maturity, all the property of a nation, real and personal, is always in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00239-00095343-00095624": "the possession of persons above that age.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00240-00095624-00095755": "It is then necessary to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00241-00095755-00096131": "12 know, as a datum of calculation, the average", "cLY7SUnypeu-00242-00096131-00096505": "of years which persons above that age will live.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00243-00096505-00097202": "I take this average to be about thirty years, for though many persons will live forty, fifty,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00244-00097202-00097674": "or sixty years after the age of twenty-one years, others will die much", "cLY7SUnypeu-00245-00097674-00097974": "sooner, and some in every year of that time.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00246-00097974-00098505": "Taking, then, thirty years as the average of time, it will give,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00247-00098505-00098958": "without any material variation one way or other, the average of time", "cLY7SUnypeu-00248-00098958-00099385": "in which the whole property or capital of a nation, or a sum equal", "cLY7SUnypeu-00249-00099385-00099805": "thereto, will have passed through one entire revolution in descent,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00250-00099805-00100247": "that is, will have gone by deaths to new possessors; for though, in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00251-00100247-00100649": "many instances, some parts of this capital will remain forty, fifty, or", "cLY7SUnypeu-00252-00100649-00101086": "sixty years in the possession of one person, other parts will have", "cLY7SUnypeu-00253-00101086-00101457": "revolved two or three times before those thirty years expire, which", "cLY7SUnypeu-00254-00101457-00101930": "will bring it to that average; for were one half the capital of a nation", "cLY7SUnypeu-00255-00101930-00102355": "to revolve twice in thirty years, it would produce the same fund as if", "cLY7SUnypeu-00256-00102355-00102533": "the whole revolved once.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00257-00102533-00102882": "Taking, then, thirty years as the average of time in which the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00258-00102882-00103381": "whole capital of a nation, or a sum equal thereto, will revolve once,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00259-00103381-00103844": "the thirtieth part thereof will be the sum that will revolve every year,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00260-00103844-00104238": "that is, will go by deaths to new possessors; and this last sum being", "cLY7SUnypeu-00261-00104238-00104461": "thus known, and the ratio per cent.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00262-00104461-00105020": "to be subtracted from it deter- mined, it will give the annual amount or income", "cLY7SUnypeu-00263-00105020-00105382": "of the proposed fund, to be applied as already mentioned.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00264-00105382-00105693": "In looking over the discourse of the English minister Pitt, in his", "cLY7SUnypeu-00265-00105693-00106033": "opening of what is called in England the budget, (the scheme of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00266-00106033-00106572": "finance for the year 1796,) I find an estimate of the national capital", "cLY7SUnypeu-00267-00106572-00106752": "of that country.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00268-00106752-00107064": "As this estimate of a national capital is prepared", "cLY7SUnypeu-00269-00107064-00107538": "ready to my hand, I take it as a datum to act upon.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00270-00107538-00107761": "When a calculation is made upon the known capital", "cLY7SUnypeu-00271-00107761-00108239": "of any nation, combined with its population, it will serve as a scale", "cLY7SUnypeu-00272-00108239-00108617": "for any other nation, in proportion as its capital and population be", "cLY7SUnypeu-00273-00108617-00108754": "more or less.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00274-00108754-00109095": "I am the more disposed to take this estimate of Mr.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00275-00109095-00109544": "Pitt, for the purpose of showing to that minister, upon his own calculation,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00276-00109544-00109930": "how much better money may be employed than in wasting it,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00277-00109930-00110320": "as he has done, on the wild project of setting up Bourbon kings.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00278-00110320-00110699": "What, in the name of heaven, are Bourbon kings to the people of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00279-00110699-00110800": "England?", "cLY7SUnypeu-00280-00110800-00111028": "It is better that the people have bread.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00281-00111028-00111452": "13 Mr. Pitt states the national capital of England,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00282-00111452-00111848": "real and personal, to be one thousand three hundred millions", "cLY7SUnypeu-00283-00111848-00112269": "sterling, which is about one-fourth part of the national capital of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00284-00112269-00112531": "France, including Belgia.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00285-00112531-00112840": "The event of the last harvest in each country proves that the soil of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00286-00112840-00113202": "France is more productive than that of England, and that it can better", "cLY7SUnypeu-00287-00113202-00113586": "support twenty-four or twenty-five millions of inhabitants than that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00288-00113586-00113924": "of England can seven or seven and a half millions.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00289-00113924-00114488": "The thirtieth part of this capital of 1,300,000,000£ is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00290-00114488-00115363": "43,333,333£ which is the part that will revolve every year by deaths", "cLY7SUnypeu-00291-00115363-00115793": "in that country to new possessors; and the sum that will annually", "cLY7SUnypeu-00292-00115793-00116274": "revolve in France in the proportion of four to one, will be about one", "cLY7SUnypeu-00293-00116274-00116595": "hundred and seventy-three million sterling.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00294-00116595-00117460": "From this sum of 43,333,333£ annually revolving, is to be", "cLY7SUnypeu-00295-00117460-00117860": "subtracted the value of the natural inheritance absorbed in it, which,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00296-00117860-00118260": "perhaps, in fair justice, cannot be taken at less, and ought not to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00297-00118260-00118569": "be taken for more, than a tenth part.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00298-00118569-00118888": "It will always happen, that of the property thus revolving by", "cLY7SUnypeu-00299-00118888-00119257": "deaths every year a part will descend in a direct line to sons and", "cLY7SUnypeu-00300-00119257-00119660": "daughters, and the other part collaterally, and the proportion will be", "cLY7SUnypeu-00301-00119660-00120039": "found to be about three to one; that is, about thirty millions of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00302-00120039-00120543": "above sum will descend to direct heirs, and the remaining sum of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00303-00120543-00121070": "13,333,333£ to more distant relations, and in part to strangers.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00304-00121070-00121557": "Considering, then, that man is always related to society, that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00305-00121557-00121930": "relationship will become comparatively greater in proportion as the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00306-00121930-00122368": "next of kin is more distant, it is therefore consistent with civilization", "cLY7SUnypeu-00307-00122368-00122848": "to say that where there are no direct heirs society shall be heir to a", "cLY7SUnypeu-00308-00122848-00123199": "part over and above the tenth part due to society.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00309-00123199-00123546": "If this additional part be from five to ten or twelve per cent.,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00310-00123546-00123965": "in proportion as the next of kin be nearer or more remote, so as to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00311-00123965-00124354": "average with the escheats that may fall, which ought always to go to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00312-00124354-00124795": "society and not to the government (an addition of ten per cent.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00313-00124795-00125356": "more), the produce from the annual sum of 43,333,333£ will be:", "cLY7SUnypeu-00314-00125356-00126158": "From 30,000,000£ at ten per cent.........................3,000,000£ From 13,333,333£ at ten per cent.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00315-00126158-00126463": "with the addition of ten per cent.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00316-00126463-00126654": "more 2,666,666£", "cLY7SUnypeu-00317-00126654-00126988": "From 43,333,333£ ..... ........................................5,666,666£", "cLY7SUnypeu-00318-00126988-00127346": "14 Having thus arrived at the annual amount of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00319-00127346-00127815": "the proposed fund, I come, in the next place, to speak of the population", "cLY7SUnypeu-00320-00127815-00128141": "proportioned to this fund, and to compare it with the uses", "cLY7SUnypeu-00321-00128141-00128445": "to which the fund is to be applied.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00322-00128445-00128808": "The population (I mean that of England) does not exceed seven", "cLY7SUnypeu-00323-00128808-00129220": "millions and a half, and the number of persons above the age of fifty", "cLY7SUnypeu-00324-00129220-00129458": "will in that case be about four hundred thousand.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00325-00129458-00129848": "There would not, however, be more than that number that would", "cLY7SUnypeu-00326-00129848-00130196": "accept the proposed ten pounds sterling per annum, though they", "cLY7SUnypeu-00327-00130196-00130383": "would be entitled to it.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00328-00130383-00130619": "I have no idea it would be accepted by many", "cLY7SUnypeu-00329-00130619-00130992": "persons who had a yearly income of two or three hundred pounds sterling.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00330-00130992-00131407": "But as we often see instances of rich people falling into sudden", "cLY7SUnypeu-00331-00131407-00131821": "poverty, even at the age of sixty, they would always have the right", "cLY7SUnypeu-00332-00131821-00132104": "of drawing all the arrears due to them.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00333-00132104-00132456": "Four millions, therefore, of the above annual sum of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00334-00132456-00133084": "5,666,666£ will be required for four hundred thousand aged persons,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00335-00133084-00133274": "at ten pounds sterling each.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00336-00133274-00133681": "I come now to speak of the persons annually arriving at twenty-", "cLY7SUnypeu-00337-00133681-00133810": "one years of age.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00338-00133810-00134203": "If all the persons who died were above the age of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00339-00134203-00134631": "twenty-one years, the number of persons annually arriving at that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00340-00134631-00134969": "age, must be equal to the annual number of deaths, to keep the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00341-00134969-00135212": "population stationary.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00342-00135212-00135631": "But the greater part die under the age of twenty-one, and therefore the number of persons", "cLY7SUnypeu-00343-00135631-00135972": "annually arriving at twenty-one will be less than half the number", "cLY7SUnypeu-00344-00135972-00136118": "of deaths.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00345-00136118-00136362": "The whole number of deaths upon a population of seven", "cLY7SUnypeu-00346-00136362-00136753": "millions and an half will be about 220,000 annually.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00347-00136753-00137159": "The number arriving at twenty-one years of age will be about 100,000.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00348-00137159-00137554": "The whole number of these will not receive the proposed fifteen pounds, for", "cLY7SUnypeu-00349-00137554-00137907": "the reasons already mentioned, though, as in the former case,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00350-00137907-00138116": "they would be entitled to it.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00351-00138116-00138526": "Admitting then that a tenth part declined receiving it, the amount", "cLY7SUnypeu-00352-00138526-00138703": "would stand thus: Fund annually", "cLY7SUnypeu-00353-00138703-00139675": "To 400,000 age@ persons at 10£ each ..................... 4,000,000£ To 90,000 persons of 21 years, 15£ ster.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00354-00139675-00140158": "each .........1,350,000£ There are, in every country, a number of blind", "cLY7SUnypeu-00355-00140158-00140575": "and lame persons, totally incapable of earning a livelihood.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00356-00140575-00140901": "But as it will always happen that the greater number of blind persons will", "cLY7SUnypeu-00357-00140901-00141223": "be among those who are above the age of fifty years, they will be", "cLY7SUnypeu-00358-00141223-00141403": "provided for in that class.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00359-00141403-00142061": "15 The remaining sum of 316,666£ will provide", "cLY7SUnypeu-00360-00142061-00142482": "for the lame and blind under that age, at the same rate of 10£ annually", "cLY7SUnypeu-00361-00142482-00142663": "for each person.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00362-00142663-00143027": "Having now gone through all the necessary calculations, and", "cLY7SUnypeu-00363-00143027-00143414": "stated the particulars of the plan, I shall conclude with some", "cLY7SUnypeu-00364-00143414-00143585": "observations.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00365-00143585-00144190": "It is not charity but a right, not bounty but justice, that I am", "cLY7SUnypeu-00366-00144190-00144391": "pleading for.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00367-00144391-00144896": "The present state of civilization is as odious as it is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00368-00144896-00145099": "unjust.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00369-00145099-00145500": "It is absolutely the opposite of what it should be, and it is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00370-00145500-00145960": "necessary that a revolution should be made in it.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00371-00145960-00146323": "The contrast of affluence and wretchedness continually meeting", "cLY7SUnypeu-00372-00146323-00146739": "and offending the eye, is like dead and living bodies chained", "cLY7SUnypeu-00373-00146739-00146839": "together.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00374-00146839-00147363": "Though I care as little about riches, as any man, I am a friend", "cLY7SUnypeu-00375-00147363-00147665": "to riches because they are capable of good.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00376-00147665-00148610": "I care not how affluent some may be, provided that none be miserable in consequence of it.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00377-00148610-00149143": "But it is impossible to enjoy affluence with the felicity it is capable", "cLY7SUnypeu-00378-00149143-00149754": "of being enjoyed, whilst so much misery is mingled in the scene.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00379-00149754-00150318": "The sight of the misery, and the unpleasant sensations it suggests, which,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00380-00150318-00150785": "though they may be suffocated cannot be extinguished, are a greater", "cLY7SUnypeu-00381-00150785-00151245": "drawback upon the felicity of affluence than the proposed 10", "cLY7SUnypeu-00382-00151245-00151345": "per cent.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00383-00151345-00151512": "upon property is worth.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00384-00151512-00151960": "He that would not give the one to get rid of the other has no", "cLY7SUnypeu-00385-00151960-00152295": "charity, even for himself.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00386-00152295-00152714": "There are, in every country, some magnificent charities, estab-", "cLY7SUnypeu-00387-00152714-00152986": "lished by individuals.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00388-00152986-00153313": "It is, however, but little that any individual can", "cLY7SUnypeu-00389-00153313-00153826": "do, when the whole extent of the misery to be relieved is considered.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00390-00153826-00154214": "He may satisfy his conscience but not his heart.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00391-00154214-00154759": "He may give all that he has, and that all will relieve but little.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00392-00154759-00155324": "It is only by organizing civilization upon such principles as to act", "cLY7SUnypeu-00393-00155324-00155976": "like a system of pullies, that the whole weight of misery can be removed.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00394-00155976-00156339": "The plan here proposed will reach the whole.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00395-00156339-00156763": "It will immediately relieve and take out of view three classes", "cLY7SUnypeu-00396-00156763-00157307": "of wretchedness--the blind, the lame, and the aged poor; and it will furnish", "cLY7SUnypeu-00397-00157307-00157718": "the rising generation with means to prevent their becoming poor;", "cLY7SUnypeu-00398-00157718-00158113": "and it will do this without deranging or interfering with any", "cLY7SUnypeu-00399-00158113-00158258": "national measures.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00400-00158258-00158579": "To shew that this will be the case, it is sufficient", "cLY7SUnypeu-00401-00158579-00158976": "to observe that the operation and effect of the plan will, in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00402-00158976-00159474": "all cases, be the same as if every individual were voluntarily to make", "cLY7SUnypeu-00403-00159474-00159889": "his will and dispose of his property in the manner here proposed.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00404-00159889-00160291": "16 But it is justice, and not charity, that is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00405-00160291-00160551": "the principle of the plan.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00406-00160551-00160988": "In all great cases it is necessary to have a principle more universally", "cLY7SUnypeu-00407-00160988-00161645": "active than charity; and, with respect to justice, it ought not to be left", "cLY7SUnypeu-00408-00161645-00162109": "to the choice of detached individuals whether they will do justice or", "cLY7SUnypeu-00409-00162109-00162264": "not.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00410-00162264-00162685": "Considering then, the plan on the ground of justice, it ought to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00411-00162685-00163166": "be the act of the whole, growing spontaneously out of the principles", "cLY7SUnypeu-00412-00163166-00163662": "of the revolution, and the reputation of it ought to be national and not", "cLY7SUnypeu-00413-00163662-00163835": "individual.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00414-00163835-00164224": "A plan upon this principle would benefit the revolution by the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00415-00164224-00164562": "energy that springs from the consciousness of justice.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00416-00164562-00164983": "It would multiply also the national resources; for", "cLY7SUnypeu-00417-00164983-00165404": "property like vegetation, increases by offsets.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00418-00165404-00165860": "When a young couple begin the world, the difference is exceedingly great whether they", "cLY7SUnypeu-00419-00165860-00166279": "begin with nothing or with fifteen pounds a piece.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00420-00166279-00166824": "With this aid they could buy a cow, and implements to cultivate a few acres of land;", "cLY7SUnypeu-00421-00166824-00167216": "and instead of becoming burdens upon society, which is always the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00422-00167216-00167607": "case where children are produced faster than they can be fed, would", "cLY7SUnypeu-00423-00167607-00168057": "be put in the way of becoming useful and profitable citizens.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00424-00168057-00168511": "The national domains also would sell the better if pecuniary aids were", "cLY7SUnypeu-00425-00168511-00168834": "provided to cultivate them in small lots.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00426-00168834-00169167": "It is the practice of what has unjustly obtained the name of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00427-00169167-00169708": "civilization (and the practice merits not to be called either charity or", "cLY7SUnypeu-00428-00169708-00170123": "policy) to make some provision for persons becoming poor and", "cLY7SUnypeu-00429-00170123-00170438": "wretched only at the time they become so.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00430-00170438-00170992": "Would it not, even as a matter of economy, be far better to adopt", "cLY7SUnypeu-00431-00170992-00171334": "means to prevent their becoming poor?", "cLY7SUnypeu-00432-00171334-00171611": "This can best be done by making every person when", "cLY7SUnypeu-00433-00171611-00172038": "arrived at the age of twenty-one years an inheritor of something to", "cLY7SUnypeu-00434-00172038-00172203": "begin with.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00435-00172203-00172581": "The rugged face of society, chequered with the extremes", "cLY7SUnypeu-00436-00172581-00173038": "of affluence and want, proves that some extraordinary violence has", "cLY7SUnypeu-00437-00173038-00173577": "been committed upon it, and calls on justice for redress.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00438-00173577-00173953": "The great mass of the poor in all countries are become", "cLY7SUnypeu-00439-00173953-00174435": "an hereditary race, and it is next to impossible for them to get out", "cLY7SUnypeu-00440-00174435-00174708": "of that state of themselves.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00441-00174708-00175061": "It ought also to be observed that this mass increases", "cLY7SUnypeu-00442-00175061-00175353": "in all countries that are called civilized.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00443-00175353-00175666": "More persons fall annually into it than get out of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00444-00175666-00175771": "it.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00445-00175771-00176051": "Though in a plan of which justice and humanity are the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00446-00176051-00176531": "foundation-principles, interest ought not to be admitted into the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00447-00176531-00176890": "17 calculation, yet it is always of advantage", "cLY7SUnypeu-00448-00176890-00177422": "to the establishment of any plan to shew that it is beneficial as a matter", "cLY7SUnypeu-00449-00177422-00177565": "of interest.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00450-00177565-00178018": "The success of any proposed plan submitted to public consideration", "cLY7SUnypeu-00451-00178018-00178339": "must finally depend on the numbers interested in supporting", "cLY7SUnypeu-00452-00178339-00178785": "it, united with the justice of its principles.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00453-00178785-00179303": "The plan here proposed will benefit all, without injuring any.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00454-00179303-00179571": "It will consolidate the interest of the Republic", "cLY7SUnypeu-00455-00179571-00179809": "with that of the indivi- dual.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00456-00179809-00180173": "To the numerous class dispossessed of their natural inheritance", "cLY7SUnypeu-00457-00180173-00180694": "by the system of landed property it will be an act of national justice.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00458-00180694-00181156": "To persons dying possessed of moderate fortunes it will operate as a", "cLY7SUnypeu-00459-00181156-00181586": "tontine to their children, more beneficial than the sum of money paid", "cLY7SUnypeu-00460-00181586-00182017": "into the fund: and it will give to the accumulation of riches a degree", "cLY7SUnypeu-00461-00182017-00182497": "of security that none of the old governments of Europe, now tottering", "cLY7SUnypeu-00462-00182497-00182721": "on their foundations, can give.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00463-00182721-00183161": "I do not suppose that more than one family in ten, in any of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00464-00183161-00183575": "countries of Europe, has, when the head of the family dies, a clear", "cLY7SUnypeu-00465-00183575-00183935": "property left of five hundred pounds sterling.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00466-00183935-00184270": "To all such the plan is advantageous.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00467-00184270-00184705": "That property would pay fifty pounds into the fund,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00468-00184705-00184990": "and if there were only two children under age they would receive", "cLY7SUnypeu-00469-00184990-00185442": "fifteen pounds each, (thirty pounds,) on coming of age, and be", "cLY7SUnypeu-00470-00185442-00185731": "entitled to ten pounds a-year after fifty.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00471-00185731-00186174": "It is from the overgrown acquisition of property that the fund will", "cLY7SUnypeu-00472-00186174-00186718": "support itself; and I know that the possessors of such property in England", "cLY7SUnypeu-00473-00186718-00186995": "though they would eventually be benefited by the protection", "cLY7SUnypeu-00474-00186995-00187470": "of nine-tenths of it, will exclaim against the plan.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00475-00187470-00188039": "But without entering into any inquiry how they came by the property, let them recollect", "cLY7SUnypeu-00476-00188039-00188457": "that they have been the advocates of this war, and that Mr. Pitt has", "cLY7SUnypeu-00477-00188457-00188881": "already laid on more new taxes to be raised annually upon the people", "cLY7SUnypeu-00478-00188881-00189284": "of England and that for supporting the despotism of Austria and the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00479-00189284-00189635": "Bourbons against the liberties of France, than would pay annually", "cLY7SUnypeu-00480-00189635-00189934": "all the sums proposed in this plan.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00481-00189934-00190297": "I have made the calculations stated in this plan, upon what is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00482-00190297-00190697": "called personal, as well as upon landed property.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00483-00190697-00191024": "The reason for making it upon land is already explained and", "cLY7SUnypeu-00484-00191024-00191360": "the reason for taking personal property into the calculation is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00485-00191360-00191732": "equally well founded though on a different principle.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00486-00191732-00192084": "Land, as before said, is the free gift of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00487-00192084-00192487": "Creator in common to the human race.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00488-00192487-00192661": "Personal property is the effect", "cLY7SUnypeu-00489-00192661-00193089": "18 of society; and it is as impossible for an", "cLY7SUnypeu-00490-00193089-00193593": "individual to acquire personal property without the aid of society,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00491-00193593-00194033": "as it is for him to make land originally.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00492-00194033-00194293": "Separate an individual from society, and give him an", "cLY7SUnypeu-00493-00194293-00194791": "island or a continent to possess, and he cannot acquire personal", "cLY7SUnypeu-00494-00194791-00194908": "property.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00495-00194908-00195169": "He cannot be rich.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00496-00195169-00195700": "So inseparably are the means connected with the end, in all cases, that where the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00497-00195700-00196098": "former do not exist the latter cannot be obtained.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00498-00196098-00196801": "All accumulation, therefore, of personal property, beyond what a man's own hands produce,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00499-00196801-00197408": "is derived to him by living in society; and he owes on every", "cLY7SUnypeu-00500-00197408-00198000": "principle of justice, of gratitude, and of civilization, a part of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00501-00198000-00198544": "that accumulation back again to society from whence the whole came.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00502-00198544-00199013": "This is putting the matter on a general principle, and perhaps it is best", "cLY7SUnypeu-00503-00199013-00199591": "to do so; for if we examine the case minutely it will be found that the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00504-00199591-00200051": "accumulation of personal property is, in many instances, the effect", "cLY7SUnypeu-00505-00200051-00200524": "of paying too little for the labour that produced it; the consequence of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00506-00200524-00200993": "which is, that the working hand perishes in old age, and the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00507-00200993-00201339": "employer abounds in affluence.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00508-00201339-00201757": "It is, perhaps, impossible to proportion exactly the price of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00509-00201757-00202261": "labour to the profits it produces; and it will also be said, as an", "cLY7SUnypeu-00510-00202261-00202718": "apology for the injustice, that were a workman to receive an increase", "cLY7SUnypeu-00511-00202718-00203165": "of wages daily he would not save it against old age, nor be much", "cLY7SUnypeu-00512-00203165-00203350": "better for it in the interim.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00513-00203350-00203689": "Make, then, society the treasure to guard it", "cLY7SUnypeu-00514-00203689-00204079": "for him in a common fund; for it is no reason that because he might", "cLY7SUnypeu-00515-00204079-00204461": "not make a good use of it for himself another should take it.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00516-00204461-00204873": "The state of civilization that has prevailed throughout Europe, is", "cLY7SUnypeu-00517-00204873-00205473": "as unjust in its principle, as it is horrid in its effects; and it is the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00518-00205473-00205930": "consciousness of this, and the apprehension that such a state cannot", "cLY7SUnypeu-00519-00205930-00206407": "continue when once investigation begins in any country, that makes", "cLY7SUnypeu-00520-00206407-00206839": "the possessors of property dread every idea of a revolution.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00521-00206839-00207252": "It is the hazard and not the principle of revolutions", "cLY7SUnypeu-00522-00207252-00207506": "that retards their progress.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00523-00207506-00207879": "This being the case, it is necessary as well for the protection of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00524-00207879-00208394": "property, as for the sake of justice and humanity, to form a system", "cLY7SUnypeu-00525-00208394-00208830": "that, whilst it preserves one part of society from wretchedness, shall", "cLY7SUnypeu-00526-00208830-00209185": "secure the other from depredation.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00527-00209185-00209698": "The superstitious awe, the enslaving reverence, that formerly", "cLY7SUnypeu-00528-00209698-00210211": "surrounded affluence, is passing away in all countries and leaving the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00529-00210211-00210683": "possessor of property to the convulsion of accidents.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00530-00210683-00211028": "When wealth and splendour, instead of fascinating the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00531-00211028-00211217": "multitude, excite emotions", "cLY7SUnypeu-00532-00211217-00211317": "19", "cLY7SUnypeu-00533-00211317-00211771": "of disgust; when, instead of drawing forth admiration, it is beheld as", "cLY7SUnypeu-00534-00211771-00212273": "an insult upon wretchedness; when the ostentatious appearance it", "cLY7SUnypeu-00535-00212273-00212752": "make serves to call the right of it in question, the case of property", "cLY7SUnypeu-00536-00212752-00213307": "becomes critical, and it is only in a system of justice that the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00537-00213307-00213588": "possessor can contemplate security.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00538-00213588-00214164": "To remove the danger, it is necessary to remove the antipathies,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00539-00214164-00214577": "and this can only be done by making property productive of a", "cLY7SUnypeu-00540-00214577-00215030": "national blessing, extending to every individual.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00541-00215030-00215486": "When the riches of one man above another shall increase the national", "cLY7SUnypeu-00542-00215486-00215891": "fund in the same proportion; when it shall be seen that the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00543-00215891-00216419": "prosperity of that fund depends on the prosperity of individuals;", "cLY7SUnypeu-00544-00216419-00216825": "when the more riches a man acquires, the better it shall be for the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00545-00216825-00217461": "general mass; it is then that antipathies will cease, and property be placed", "cLY7SUnypeu-00546-00217461-00217850": "on the permanent basis of national interest and protection.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00547-00217850-00218223": "I have no property in France to become subject to the plan I", "cLY7SUnypeu-00548-00218223-00218346": "propose.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00549-00218346-00218707": "What I have, which is not much, is in the United States of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00550-00218707-00218885": "America.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00551-00218885-00219179": "But I will pay one hundred pound sterling towards this", "cLY7SUnypeu-00552-00219179-00219673": "fund in France, the instant it shall be established; and I will pay the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00553-00219673-00220128": "same sum in England, whenever a similar establishment shall take", "cLY7SUnypeu-00554-00220128-00220302": "place in that country.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00555-00220302-00220785": "A revolution in the state of civilization is the necessary", "cLY7SUnypeu-00556-00220785-00221155": "companion of revolutions in the system of government.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00557-00221155-00221517": "If a revolution in any country be from bad to good,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00558-00221517-00221944": "or from good to bad, the state of what is called civilization in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00559-00221944-00222488": "that country, must be made conformable thereto, to give that revolution", "cLY7SUnypeu-00560-00222488-00222606": "effect.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00561-00222606-00223157": "Despotic government supports itself by abject civilization,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00562-00223157-00223503": "in which debasement of the human mind, and wretchedness", "cLY7SUnypeu-00563-00223503-00223916": "in the mass of the people, are the chief criterions.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00564-00223916-00224398": "Such governments consider man merely as an animal; that the exercise of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00565-00224398-00224908": "intellectual faculty is not his privilege; that he has nothing to do with", "cLY7SUnypeu-00566-00224908-00225167": "the laws but to obey them; 1", "cLY7SUnypeu-00567-00225167-00225500": "and they politically depend more upon breaking the spirit of the", "cLY7SUnypeu-00568-00225500-00226027": "people by poverty, than they fear enraging it by desperation.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00569-00226027-00226405": "It is a revolution in the state of civilization that will give", "cLY7SUnypeu-00570-00226405-00226801": "perfection to the revolution of France.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00571-00226801-00226969": "Already the conviction that", "cLY7SUnypeu-00572-00226969-00227069": "1 Expression of Horsley, an English bishop,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00573-00227069-00227169": "in the English parliament.- Author.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00574-00227169-00227269": "20 government by representation is the true system", "cLY7SUnypeu-00575-00227269-00227556": "of government is spreading itself fast in the world.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00576-00227556-00227954": "The reasonableness of it can be seen by all.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00577-00227954-00228361": "The justness of it makes itself felt even by its opposers.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00578-00228361-00228871": "But when a system of civilization, growing out of that system of", "cLY7SUnypeu-00579-00228871-00229288": "government shall be so organized that not a man or woman born in", "cLY7SUnypeu-00580-00229288-00229751": "the Republic but shall inherit some means of beginning the world,", "cLY7SUnypeu-00581-00229751-00230171": "and see before them the certainty of escaping the miseries that under", "cLY7SUnypeu-00582-00230171-00230619": "other governments accompany old age, the revolution of France will", "cLY7SUnypeu-00583-00230619-00231090": "have an advocate and an ally in the heart of all nations.", "cLY7SUnypeu-00584-00231090-00231506": "An army of principles will penetrate where an army of soldiers", "cLY7SUnypeu-00585-00231506-00232173": "cannot; it will succeed where diplomatic management would fail: it", "cLY7SUnypeu-00586-00232173-00232689": "is neither the Rhine, the Channel, nor the Ocean that can arrest its", "cLY7SUnypeu-00587-00232689-00233296": "progress: it will march on the horizon of the world, and it will", "cLY7SUnypeu-00588-00233296-00233336": "conquer."}}, {"audio_id": "cLZIIzhxyq8", "text": {"cLZIIzhxyq8-00000-00000022-00000355": "June 28, 2019, around 18:00", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00001-00000355-00000580": "Excuse me, can you bring my boots?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00002-00000623-00000834": "Go for it! Go for it!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00003-00000834-00001292": "Hinata's legs are come out.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00004-00001448-00001621": "Go for it!! Go for it!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00005-00001699-00001819": "Little more!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00006-00001819-00001894": "Ah! Ah!! Ah!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00007-00001894-00001969": "Does it come out??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00008-00002205-00002439": "Face hasn't come out.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00009-00002439-00002797": "Hinata haven't moving already.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00010-00002964-00003183": "Do the baby usually moving in this stage??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00011-00003183-00003290": "I'm not sure...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00012-00003329-00003505": "Keep it up!! Chinatu!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00013-00003505-00003825": "The baby doesn't move.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00014-00003905-00004055": "The baby came out!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00015-00004090-00004387": "Birth!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00016-00004970-00005291": "That doesn't move.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00017-00005291-00005438": "Yes! Yes!! Yes!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00018-00005571-00005801": "Ahhhhh", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00019-00005840-00005924": "Yes!Yes!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00020-00006000-00006113": "Keep going!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00021-00006113-00006214": "Keep going!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00022-00006517-00006656": "Keep going!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00023-00006818-00006980": "Please move...!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00024-00007029-00007159": "Keep going!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00025-00007159-00007383": "I want to turn the baby upside down...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00026-00007436-00008003": "We think it may be that Amniotic fluid enters the lungs.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00027-00008436-00009131": "Chinatu mom try to wake up the baby with all her might.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00028-00009613-00009870": "Is she bite?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00029-00010145-00010645": "About 2 minites after birth, we took the baby.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00030-00010848-00011603": "Miraculous survival start from here.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00031-00011683-00012180": "Immediately start artificial respiration and heart massage.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00032-00012224-00012369": "Hang in there!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00033-00012906-00013084": "Ah! It's moved!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00034-00013084-00013262": "It's moved! It's vibrating!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00035-00013262-00013409": "It's vibrating! It's vibratind!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00036-00013586-00013834": "His pulse is little beating!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00037-00013834-00014556": "About 6 minutes and 30seconds after birth, about 4 minutes and 30seconds have passed since I take him up. His heart begins to beat.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00038-00015000-00015378": "He needs to throw up spontaneously...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00039-00015543-00016058": "The heart moved sponteaneously, next he has to breathe spontaneously.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00040-00016150-00016430": "He isn't breathing?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00041-00016800-00017065": "I can feel his pulse.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00042-00017065-00017335": "Take a breath! Hang in there!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00043-00018160-00018221": "Ah!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00044-00018221-00018421": "Come on!! Come on!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00045-00018421-00018578": "Take a breath!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00046-00018578-00018671": "Yes! Yes!! Yes!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00047-00018671-00018993": "TAKE A BREATH!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00048-00019390-00019876": "About 11 minutes after birth, about 9 minutes have passed since I take him up.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00049-00020043-00020340": "Take a breath yourself!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00050-00020487-00020604": "Go for it! Go for it!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00051-00020618-00020728": "Phew", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00052-00020728-00020848": "move!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00053-00020848-00020972": "Keep it up!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00054-00020972-00021045": "Good morning!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00055-00021045-00021191": "Alive!! Alive!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00056-00021402-00021584": "Phew", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00057-00021584-00021742": "Yes!Yes!!Yes!!!Yes!!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00058-00022650-00022935": "Chinatu(mother), your baby breathed!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00059-00023451-00023656": "Take a breaath yourself!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00060-00024032-00024430": "The person who is going to hated by the baby in the future.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00061-00024675-00024873": "Yes, yes! Don't stop breath!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00062-00024916-00025007": "Phew", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00063-00025007-00025154": "Yes! Yes!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00064-00025154-00025250": "You did it! Nice!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00065-00025490-00025673": "Is he breathing??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00066-00025673-00025855": "He's brteathing!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00067-00025855-00025941": "His nostrils flare.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00068-00026021-00026188": "His chest is swell up.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00069-00026188-00026761": "About 22 minutes after birth, about 20 minutes have passed since I take him up. Spontaneously start breathing!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00070-00027293-00027612": "Chinatu, the placenta is gradually coming out.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00071-00027864-00028102": "Please show your face:^)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00072-00028102-00028350": "Oh, you're handsome!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00073-00028816-00029108": "your mother, tasty looking breast milk was coming out.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00074-00029365-00029431": "Roar!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00075-00029431-00029665": "WooooooooooooooooooooXD", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00076-00029665-00029769": "Did you get it now?!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00077-00029769-00029918": "Yes, I think I took a good video.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00078-00030427-00030670": "Chinatu(his mother), did you hear your baby's cry??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00079-00030770-00030898": "the placenta came out!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00080-00030898-00031011": "Okay!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00081-00031213-00031510": "I’ll put him back to his mother.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00082-00031710-00032692": "Sea lion babies are breast-fed during about 1 year. After the baby get well, we returned to his mother. But the baby didn't drink breastmilk:( So we had no choice but to start artificial breeding.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00083-00032692-00033446": "So from here staffs take care of him 24 hours a day. Force him to drink artifical milk. We become a surrogate mother.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00084-00033503-00034080": "Insert the catheter into the stomach, and put the milk directly into the stomach.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00085-00034148-00034727": "This is the first time that he is forced to drink the milk in Hinata's life.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00086-00034819-00035599": "From now on, this will be done every 4-6 hours every day for several days.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00087-00035675-00036185": "Please remember his smallness until the end of this video.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00088-00036778-00037116": "Of cource it's so hard for staffs, but also the baby.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00089-00037170-00037267": "Arrrg!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00090-00037500-00037729": "Raise it a little bit.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00091-00038045-00038400": "People who will be disliked in the future.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00092-00038857-00039521": "July 7, 2019(10 days after birth)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00093-00039583-00040370": "At that time we started to think he may possibility can live.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00094-00040416-00041195": "Three veteran staffs and veterinarians took turns taking care of him 24 hours a day.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00095-00041669-00042000": "If he can slurp slurp slurp♪ by him self....", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00096-00042043-00042383": "Forced milk using a catheter can graduate.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00097-00042483-00042824": "Slurp slurp slurp♪", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00098-00042824-00042942": "July 8, 2019", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00099-00042956-00043188": "Yum yum:)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00100-00043188-00043376": "good boy:)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00101-00043401-00043751": "people who will be disliked in the future.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00102-00043917-00044176": "Good for you! You can drink milk in a baby bottle.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00103-00044206-00044293": "Quack!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00104-00044293-00044388": "July 29, 2019", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00105-00044388-00044494": "Quack!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00106-00044494-00044678": "You're running!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00107-00044678-00044776": "Quack!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00108-00044776-00044877": "Quack!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00109-00044877-00044960": "Quack!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00110-00044960-00045078": "Quack!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00111-00045078-00045144": "Quack", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00112-00045263-00045447": "Mommy♪", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00113-00045564-00045728": "This is my mommy.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00114-00046035-00046200": "Uh? is this mommy??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00115-00046252-00046395": "Is this my mommy??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00116-00046540-00046680": "You're caught.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00117-00046680-00046884": "August 16, 2019", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00118-00046884-00047011": "What'll you do?!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00119-00047990-00048152": "Now's my chance!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00120-00048184-00048337": "Ahhhhh!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00121-00048362-00048474": "Your mom is leaving!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00122-00048485-00048795": "Where are you going?? Strange man is here!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00123-00048949-00049222": "He is making a face!! He already doesn't get along with a director since these days?haha", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00124-00049238-00049359": "Hey! Stop it!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00125-00049641-00049782": "Go away!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00126-00049993-00050137": "You're arrogant:-D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00127-00050212-00050548": "You can't live alone. Do you understand?:D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00128-00050656-00050810": "Let's exercise!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00129-00051000-00051256": "You have to build muscle.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00130-00051371-00051543": "You have to become excellent...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00131-00051557-00051672": "I don't know that.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00132-00051787-00052212": "He's afraid of water, so practice swimming in a small tub.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00133-00052212-00052600": "I think it's okay if it's a little bigger...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00134-00052921-00053147": "I get the feeling he can swim!haha", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00135-00053239-00053385": "Squish!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00136-00053413-00053608": "He has became California sea lion-ishXD", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00137-00053688-00053762": "Can he enter the water?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00138-00053762-00053860": "Ah! He can!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00139-00053920-00054022": "Wooow!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00140-00054022-00054116": "Hahahahahahaha", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00141-00054275-00054351": "Aww", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00142-00054459-00054636": "Walk ton the full.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00143-00054953-00055779": "Playing in feeding ground is a good exercise, and staffs can observe him.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00144-00055779-00055965": "Oh, the water stopped.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00145-00056238-00056726": "In addition, he play with staffs is stimulating. And usually get along well;)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00146-00056749-00056954": "Your hand was caught in a bucket.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00147-00056954-00057159": "Like going shopping:)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00148-00057904-00058115": "Playing like this:)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00149-00058362-00058628": "It's stimulating:D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00150-00059146-00059606": "He got big, and he also had big attitude:'D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00151-00060333-00060543": "What game?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00152-00060683-00060837": "Rolling a bucket.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00153-00060940-00061163": "Buckets fell down.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00154-00061395-00061570": "The culprit is you!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00155-00062345-00062593": "Please don't stop here:'D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00156-00062798-00063032": "You're in the way!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00157-00063298-00063489": "You're in my way!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00158-00064095-00064316": "I want your attention.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00159-00064316-00064441": "Hey, stop!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00160-00064638-00065017": "Let's play togerther!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00161-00065239-00065527": "Hinata, how are you feeling?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00162-00066060-00066318": "He is so heavy!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00163-00066600-00066743": "It's my legs:)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00164-00066933-00067043": "HUG!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00165-00067092-00067211": "Uhh!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00166-00067323-00067474": "Don't catch me!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00167-00067474-00067570": "You hated that, right?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00168-00067663-00067970": "You do something unnecessary.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00169-00068635-00069211": "He dam up the water with him own hands and watch flowing the bubbles.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00170-00069628-00069820": "Looks like fun.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00171-00071239-00071431": "What do you wanna do??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00172-00071811-00072066": "You're in the way!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00173-00072469-00072840": "Exactly, he is in the way. haha", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00174-00073431-00073631": "He's going to fall asleep.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00175-00073631-00073965": "My legs are his pillow. Do you like this angle?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00176-00074305-00074475": "I can't keep it!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00177-00074475-00074703": "you get angry if pillow moves, don't you?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00178-00074703-00074857": "hey! Pillow mives!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00179-00074935-00075248": "I can't move because you're so cute!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00180-00075647-00075753": "Good night*", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00181-00075831-00075934": "Hinata don't like the director.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00182-00075934-00076099": "I'm trying to get along with Hinata...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00183-00076099-00076185": "Let's play together!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00184-00076185-00076353": "No thank you..", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00185-00076660-00077056": "Hi! You made it!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00186-00077484-00077700": "Woooooow!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00187-00077947-00078352": "You're so heavy, do you understand??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00188-00078435-00078945": "The director approaches him because he seems happy.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00189-00079158-00079341": "Don't come near me!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00190-00079492-00079743": "He tried to touch you!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00191-00079743-00079910": "Even though we're having fun now!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00192-00080098-00080258": "He won't play with me....", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00193-00080315-00080582": "Hinata, it seems like he wants to play with you!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00194-00080979-00081247": "Don't get carried away!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00195-00081268-00081468": "Oh, don't be so mad at me!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00196-00081714-00081980": "Hinata, be gentle with him.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00197-00082113-00082282": "You looks sleepy.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00198-00082596-00082875": "Don't come near me!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00199-00082886-00083033": "You're too close.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00200-00083152-00083222": "Oh, I see.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00201-00083326-00083428": "I'm sorry for bothering you.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00202-00083593-00083981": "September 28, 2020", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00203-00084201-00084354": "So heavy...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00204-00084702-00084806": "25.2kg!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00205-00085189-00085831": "He didn't eat fish, so practice eating fish for weaning.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00206-00086000-00086586": "Minced the fish and mix with milk.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00207-00086625-00087285": "Increase the amount of minced fish and gradually decrease the amount of milk.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00208-00087331-00087837": "Finally, it will be almost minced fish only.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00209-00087865-00088836": "First, he didn't drink milk with minced fish. But we tried to mix minced fish and increase little by little that he won't notice. As he could drink it.(like a hamburger steak with carrots)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00210-00089008-00089400": "The director playing with penguins.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00211-00089753-00090092": "Hinata's mom", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00212-00090254-00090373": "It's you:D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00213-00090708-00091025": "Didn't he eat fish yet?(Is he not weaning yet?)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00214-00091025-00091292": "I ate 4 fishes!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00215-00091303-00091452": "Oh, really? You ate fish?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00216-00091519-00091656": "yes!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00217-00091656-00091741": "I ate 4 fishes!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00218-00091741-00091916": "Isn't that great?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00219-00091945-00092141": "He ate with a straight face:)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00220-00092341-00092485": "You look like you can't say anything.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00221-00092526-00092726": "When can he eat a fish?(When can he wean?)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00222-00092726-00092805": "What month is it now?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00223-00092805-00092935": "It's November.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00224-00092935-00093385": "It's Novmber 2020 now. About 1 year and 5 months after birth.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00225-00093417-00093926": "california sea lions usually wean about the first year of life.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00226-00094075-00094257": "I really want to remove milk!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00227-00094257-00094436": "He was happy to drink the milk.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00228-00094599-00095310": "The contents of the baby bottle are 1kg of minced fish and 500ml of water. In short, it's no milk.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00229-00095365-00095505": "It's almost a fish!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00230-00095505-00095620": "Yeah:D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00231-00095723-00095981": "Then, why he does't eat fish:(", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00232-00095981-00096257": "What if he grows up in a baby bottle.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00233-00096318-00096600": "Though, thay's so cute as it is.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00234-00096600-00096709": "So cute!?!?!?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00235-00096709-00096891": "If you say such a thing, he doesn't eat fish.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00236-00096891-00097030": "So cute:)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00237-00097119-00097252": "Sigh...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00238-00097394-00097985": "The director and Honey VS Deputy director and Hinata", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00239-00098028-00098189": "We're so fun.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00240-00098308-00098440": "He's looking at you.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00241-00098440-00098584": "He's looking with a straight face.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00242-00098584-00098716": "I like this face!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00243-00098755-00098886": "This face.... Well...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00244-00098886-00099042": "He makes a serios face.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00245-00099235-00099561": "Hey, look. We're good friends!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00246-00099561-00099682": "I'll pass.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00247-00099705-00099894": "It's not for me.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00248-00100320-00100522": "Honey, good for you.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00249-00100614-00100768": "But.. You're great.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00250-00100800-00100940": "Why she is great?!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00251-00101025-00101178": "Is that because she play for me?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00252-00101221-00101400": "For you..... yes....", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00253-00101400-00101760": "Because she playing for the poor director who is hated by Hinata.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00254-00101856-00101963": "Don't touch me!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00255-00101963-00102121": "That's amazing!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00256-00102406-00102540": "You don't like him that much?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00257-00102726-00102862": "I hate him!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00258-00102862-00102940": "Oh, okay.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00259-00102967-00103149": "It's okay. It is what it is.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00260-00103344-00103547": "You should eat fish early!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00261-00103547-00103692": "I already ate!:p", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00262-00103800-00104070": "Look, he have a cold look.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00263-00104107-00104319": "Look!Look!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00264-00104449-00104589": "What is a cold look??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00265-00104718-00104886": "What kind of fancial expression?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00266-00104911-00105074": "He doesn't speak out isn't he?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00267-00105166-00105296": "Why doesn't he speak out??", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00268-00105326-00105423": "Because you're here!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00269-00105423-00105509": "Oh! Because I'm here!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00270-00105580-00105756": "Why don't you understand!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00271-00105756-00105932": "hey, look his face!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00272-00105932-00106128": "Wooooooooooow♪", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00273-00106263-00106460": "She is so happy!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00274-00107474-00107677": "Ah! This face!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00275-00107677-00107816": "A cold look!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00276-00108059-00108218": "He is hidden!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00277-00108890-00109072": "You're very expressive!haha", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00278-00109172-00109309": "You don't like him, do you?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00279-00109406-00109564": "Good morning!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00280-00109587-00109740": "She is your mom!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00281-00109800-00110166": "December 25, 2020", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00282-00110166-00110366": "She is your real mom!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00283-00110433-00110567": "All your mom is here!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00284-00110567-00110657": "Yrah, exactly.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00285-00110657-00111129": "Birth mother   Adoptive mother2   Adoptive mother1", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00286-00111129-00111644": "Hinata to be weaned without any problems.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00287-00111644-00111882": "Both  of Hinata and his mom have a good appetite:^)", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00288-00112013-00112192": "He eat it.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00289-00112192-00112351": "But maybe he doesn't eat it....", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00290-00112396-00112545": "He ate!!!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00291-00112563-00112705": "Wait, what!?haha", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00292-00112705-00112858": "He can't read the room.haha", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00293-00113273-00113428": "Do you eat!?", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00294-00114477-00114986": "He was weak when he was born in a state of apparent death. But it has disappeared!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00295-00115071-00115585": "Now he plays full of energy every day and makes fun of new employees.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00296-00115619-00115743": "please go away...", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00297-00115789-00116422": "March 22, 2021", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00298-00117503-00117657": "Don't touch!!", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00299-00117657-00117773": "Okay, you don't like it.", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00300-00118176-00118590": "Hinata plays for the director!XD", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00301-00118609-00118852": "It's your 2nd birthday soon!!;D", "cLZIIzhxyq8-00302-00118909-00120330": "Thank you for watching! If you like, please watch other videos!:)"}}, {"audio_id": "cM2Q5n8jD-Y", "text": {"cM2Q5n8jD-Y-00000-00000000-00006200": "Let's check machinery again before packing  +008617328812279"}}, {"audio_id": "cMu8keEj0j8", "text": {"cMu8keEj0j8-00000-00001018-00001396": "START AS USUALLY FROM COCKPIT", "cMu8keEj0j8-00001-00001538-00001978": "RLM 66", "cMu8keEj0j8-00002-00002046-00002294": "ASSEMBLED", "cMu8keEj0j8-00003-00002526-00002968": "A LITTLE TAMIYA PUTTY", "cMu8keEj0j8-00004-00003024-00003472": "BIG GAPS FILED WITH MILLIPUT", "cMu8keEj0j8-00005-00003532-00003954": "METALIZER", "cMu8keEj0j8-00006-00004052-00004470": "PRIMED", "cMu8keEj0j8-00007-00004556-00004970": "RIVETING", "cMu8keEj0j8-00008-00005028-00005318": "RIVETS DONE", "cMu8keEj0j8-00009-00005558-00005968": "SANDET WITH SAND PAPER, GRIT 2000", "cMu8keEj0j8-00010-00006568-00006940": "WASHED WITH WHITE SPIRIT TO REMOVE ANY DUST AND OILS FROM FINGERS", "cMu8keEj0j8-00011-00007040-00007480": "BLACK MATT COAT", "cMu8keEj0j8-00012-00007542-00007986": "MARBLE TECHNIC", "cMu8keEj0j8-00013-00008456-00008882": "EDUARD LOST QUALITY CONTROL", "cMu8keEj0j8-00014-00010946-00011390": "SELF ADHESIVE FOLIO", "cMu8keEj0j8-00015-00011444-00011902": "COAT OF GLOSS CLEAR AND DECALS APLYED", "cMu8keEj0j8-00016-00011940-00012392": "SALTED", "cMu8keEj0j8-00017-00012462-00012880": "HIGHLY DILUTED BLACK COAT", "cMu8keEj0j8-00018-00013452-00013886": "AGAIN SALTING AND COAT OF HIGHLY DILUTED WHITE", "cMu8keEj0j8-00019-00013960-00015388": "SELF MIXED ACRYLIC PAINTS WASH, DILUTED WITH DISHWASHER", "cMu8keEj0j8-00020-00015958-00016390": "MODEL DONE", "cMu8keEj0j8-00021-00019460-00019902": "ANTENNA CABLE MADE FROM FISHING LINE 0,16MM", "cMu8keEj0j8-00022-00021966-00022398": "FISHING KNOT", "cMu8keEj0j8-00023-00030576-00031674": "THANK YOU FOR WATCHING, IF YOU LIKE PLEASE SUBSCRIBE"}}, {"audio_id": "cM-aYN53o8M", "text": {"cM-aYN53o8M-00000-00000036-00000630": "Hi, my name's Kevin Hicks welcome to my Youtube channel the History Squad. Now today's video", "cM-aYN53o8M-00001-00000630-00001134": "is about the rank structure in a medieval army, particularly the Hundred Years War", "cM-aYN53o8M-00002-00001134-00001524": "which is what we've been covering. Now this is in response to a question from one of my", "cM-aYN53o8M-00003-00001524-00001980": "subscribers. Now before I go into the rank structure of the army we've got to go back", "cM-aYN53o8M-00004-00001980-00002706": "a little bit and cover the feudal system as this is important as to the rank structure later on.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00005-00002706-00003479": "So let's have a look at the feudal system. Now the feudal system was imposed on my ancestors,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00006-00003552-00004314": "1066 Battle of Hastings. The Saxon army which had been very busy defeating Vikings was now defeated", "cM-aYN53o8M-00007-00004314-00005058": "in turn by the invading army of William the Conqueror, the Normans or if you like the French.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00008-00005142-00005964": "They imposed the feudal system upon my ancestors, so have a listen to this. They stole the land,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00009-00005964-00007050": "England. My language Saxon, gone. My religion, gone. Everything changed. The feudal system,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00010-00007050-00007728": "so the King's at the top, he owns all of the land, all of England. He's going to keep 20 percent for", "cM-aYN53o8M-00011-00007728-00008598": "himself, he's going to lease 25% to the church, they can build their monasteries, their Cathedrals", "cM-aYN53o8M-00012-00008598-00009630": "it's how the creeping power of the Norman church oversaw the Saxon churches. The barons these are", "cM-aYN53o8M-00013-00009630-00010704": "these real powerful noblemen, 55% of the king's land was leased to these barons, these noblemen.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00014-00010704-00011538": "Now in turn both the church and the barons could sublet and the barons would sublet two knights,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00015-00011664-00012522": "the church to artisans or to smaller monasteries that kind of thing. But at the very bottom of it", "cM-aYN53o8M-00016-00012522-00013368": "you have peasants who will work the land for the knights. In return the knights will protect them.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00017-00013422-00014166": "The peasants will then supply food and manpower in time of war to the knights who will then return", "cM-aYN53o8M-00018-00014166-00014802": "their service to the barons who are serving the king that's the way it works it's nice isn't it", "cM-aYN53o8M-00019-00014802-00015336": "the king has his land he has protected, the barons have their land they're protected,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00020-00015336-00015816": "the knights have their land that protected but the peasants don't own the land.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00021-00015882-00016380": "They just work it, and then produce is sent back up the line", "cM-aYN53o8M-00022-00016452-00017358": "to the knights this is a form of taxation isn't it but I needed to go through this feudal system", "cM-aYN53o8M-00023-00017358-00018078": "quite briefly because it reflects on how armies were commanded at the time of the Hundred Years", "cM-aYN53o8M-00024-00018078-00018636": "War. No longer could they just gather up peasants because warfare had changed there", "cM-aYN53o8M-00025-00018636-00019218": "was a big difference in the armies of the Hundred Years War for the English and it was those bowmen,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00026-00019218-00019824": "they really meant something and they had to be commanded and they had to be commanded right.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00027-00019920-00020916": "So the rank structure now remember that uh bit I told you about the feudal system it all starts", "cM-aYN53o8M-00028-00020916-00021582": "with the king. I've got a king here, my little Henry V. Now he will of course be in overall", "cM-aYN53o8M-00029-00021582-00022338": "charge of his army. Now an English army 100 Years War typically have three parts the Vanguard at", "cM-aYN53o8M-00030-00022338-00023202": "the front the main or midguard in the middle and the rear guard now the middle guard or the main", "cM-aYN53o8M-00031-00023202-00023916": "is commanded by the king, but don't forget he's in overall charge. Now he will have his", "cM-aYN53o8M-00032-00023970-00024822": "Earl Constable and his Earl Marshalls, and one of those will command the Vanguard and the rearguard.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00033-00024900-00025548": "But also there's a constable, I've got one here magnificent on his horse, will be in charge of the", "cM-aYN53o8M-00034-00025548-00026208": "cavalry. So this all comes from the feudal system but it's when you get a little bit further down", "cM-aYN53o8M-00035-00026208-00027030": "the line and you get amongst the troops. So how do you control them? And I'll tell you they did.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00036-00027102-00027845": "Discipline, right. Now as an ex-soldier I'll tell you discipline it's so important. Medieval times,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00037-00027845-00028572": "you look at the Battle of Agincourt those troops soak him wet and all different kinds of conditions", "cM-aYN53o8M-00038-00028572-00029148": "faced by an enormous French army which should be wiping them out and yet they had the discipline", "cM-aYN53o8M-00039-00029148-00029814": "to hammer in their stakes, sharpen them bring the arrows down they move the entire Army forward and", "cM-aYN53o8M-00040-00029814-00030468": "not run away when the French charged. You look at the Battle of Crecy, the entire English army all", "cM-aYN53o8M-00041-00030468-00031152": "three divisions was actually lying down they'd had their meal and then the French army appear", "cM-aYN53o8M-00042-00031152-00031836": "on the battlefield the entire English army rise up in their positions. Now that's discipline.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00043-00031836-00032568": "Now there was a later battle, uh Villenue, it's going to be one of mine later where an English", "cM-aYN53o8M-00044-00032568-00033288": "army was really in big trouble. The French had got them and they charged with their heavy cavalry,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00045-00033354-00034218": "so this English army, this disciplined army, the bowmen simply got out the way of the cavalry. The", "cM-aYN53o8M-00046-00034218-00034842": "men at arms and knights lay down, or made lanes for the cavalry to charge through then stood up", "cM-aYN53o8M-00047-00034902-00035634": "and engaged the French pretty much destroying their army. By the time the French Cavalry had", "cM-aYN53o8M-00048-00035634-00036300": "come back they couldn't get anywhere because they were facing now a very angry English army.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00049-00036300-00036948": "Discipline, and it's how they maintain their discipline. Now when I first joined the army,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00050-00036948-00037674": "infantryman a rifle section, then you're in your platoon, then you're in your company. I'ts very", "cM-aYN53o8M-00051-00037674-00038874": "similar, 20 men. Now I've got 20 bowmen here. 20 men are actually commanded by a vintenar right,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00052-00038874-00039864": "now there he is. Now your next one, so you've got a vintenar, that's a vintaine, so if you have one,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00053-00039864-00040764": "two,three, four, five vintaines right, that's a hundred men. So you will have a centinar", "cM-aYN53o8M-00054-00040818-00041502": "in charge of all of these. But then when you get up to a thousand men they're commanded by a", "cM-aYN53o8M-00055-00041502-00042438": "millenar, so a millenar under him has 10 centinars and each centinar has five vintenars. So I suppose", "cM-aYN53o8M-00056-00042438-00043080": "if he look s at it as in the modern British Army the millenar is the regimental sergeant major.", "cM-aYN53o8M-00057-00043080-00043800": "Underneath him of course, he has his sergeants and then your corporals and lance corporals. It was", "cM-aYN53o8M-00058-00043800-00044382": "very similar in a medieval army ,it seems to have followed through a little bit in the in the rank", "cM-aYN53o8M-00059-00044382-00045162": "structure but it was very effective, the men close in, could organize their little companies and", "cM-aYN53o8M-00060-00045162-00045720": "move them around the battlefield as required. Now there's an extra little thing here if a nobleman,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00061-00045720-00046392": "a knight brings his own retinue of soldiers they're his own men, they wear his livery,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00062-00046392-00047028": "they still have to fall in with the different command structure. They can't just be on the", "cM-aYN53o8M-00063-00047028-00047706": "battlefield. So the English army, well and truly commanded from the top, then his earl marshals,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00064-00047706-00048444": "earl constables right the way down, millenar right the way down to centinar and the vintenar,", "cM-aYN53o8M-00065-00048444-00049302": "this is the rank structure, pretty much in a nutshell, Battle of Agincourt time. Well I", "cM-aYN53o8M-00066-00049302-00049932": "hope you found that film interesting. I did, lots of research, I hope I got everything right. So if", "cM-aYN53o8M-00067-00049932-00050568": "you did enjoy it, like, share and subscribe and don't forget turn on the notification button and", "cM-aYN53o8M-00068-00050568-00051144": "you'll know it's coming on down the line. We're gonna shoot the how to raise a medieval army uh", "cM-aYN53o8M-00069-00051144-00051684": "next so you'll see when that's coming on. But before I go, a quick shout out to some of my", "cM-aYN53o8M-00070-00051684-00052505": "Patreon members, David Strother, Joey Baker and Mark Wright, hey guys thanks a bunch. Bye for now."}}, {"audio_id": "cM-8DKBDoZc", "text": {"cM-8DKBDoZc-00000-00000008-00000379": "I’ve been writing stories for as long as I can remember.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00001-00000379-00000853": "Ever since I first learned to write, I would always have a notebook and a pencil by my", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00002-00000853-00000953": "side.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00003-00000953-00001426": "It still surprises me nowadays when I walk past a bookstore and I see my own novel in", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00004-00001426-00001533": "the window.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00005-00001533-00002038": "I always knew I had a talent for telling stories, but I never thought other people would appreciate", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00006-00002038-00002138": "it.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00007-00002138-00002386": "Lately, I’ve been feeling very uninspired.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00008-00002386-00002872": "The ideas for a new book are lost somewhere behind a powerful case of writer’s block.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00009-00002872-00003297": "I always thought the whole thing was a myth, because I always have some idea of what I", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00010-00003297-00003408": "could write next.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00011-00003408-00003572": "But not this time.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00012-00003572-00003779": "No, I have nothing.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00013-00003779-00004307": "My mind is a blank slate, identical to the empty computer document in front of me.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00014-00004307-00004732": "It was my friend Lara’s idea that I should get away from the city for the weekend, and", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00015-00004732-00004984": "rent an isolated cabin in the woods.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00016-00004984-00005432": "For some this might sound scary, but I’ve never been afraid of much and some solitude", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00017-00005432-00005592": "sounded amazing.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00018-00005592-00006082": "I packed my bags on a Friday morning and headed out with enough supplies for the weekend.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00019-00006082-00006537": "Before I rented the cabin I made sure it had wi-fi connection, as I didn’t want to be", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00020-00006537-00006782": "completely cut off from the world.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00021-00006782-00007159": "That would have been foolish, as one never knows what might happen.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00022-00007159-00007327": "The cabin was beautiful.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00023-00007327-00007700": "I could tell it was old, but it was kept clean and maintained.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00024-00007700-00008242": "It was just a small one story thing, with a living area, a kitchen, a bathroom and a", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00025-00008242-00008342": "bedroom.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00026-00008342-00008588": "I quickly tested out the bed, and it was dreamy.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00027-00008588-00008925": "I would’ve taken a nap right there, but I had work to do.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00028-00008925-00009367": "I put away all the groceries I had packed in the kitchen, and I hung up some of my clothes", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00029-00009367-00009485": "in the bedroom closet.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00030-00009485-00009990": "Then I picked the beautiful oak desk right by the sliding backdoor and set up my laptop", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00031-00009990-00010217": "to start getting down to writing.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00032-00010217-00010614": "Surprisingly, a new idea for a novel came pretty quickly to me.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00033-00010614-00011035": "I won’t bore you with the details, it was just an inkling of an idea.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00034-00011035-00011529": "After a little while, I decided I should probably make myself a sandwich for lunch, knowing", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00035-00011529-00011805": "one should never work on an empty stomach.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00036-00011805-00012295": "As I left my workstation, I noticed a peculiar mirror right behind me on the wall.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00037-00012295-00012471": "It was an ugly thing really.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00038-00012471-00012928": "The black paint was badly chipped, it looked as if a corner of the frame had broken off,", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00039-00012928-00013140": "and the glass itself was rather hazy.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00040-00013140-00013629": "I didn’t give it much thought, it must have been of some sentimental value to the owner", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00041-00013629-00013729": "of the cabin.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00042-00013729-00014265": "After my meager lunch of a PB&J and some chips, I decided to have a little nap on the sofa", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00043-00014265-00014472": "in front of the fireplace.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00044-00014472-00014807": "It wasn’t cold enough to light it, but the sofa looked cozy enough.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00045-00014807-00015103": "I awoke to the sound of my laptop ringing away.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00046-00015103-00015598": "It was my friend Lara, and I realized I had forgotten to call her after I arrived at the", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00047-00015598-00015698": "cabin.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00048-00015698-00016113": "A quick peek at the clock on the device showed me it was already 7 p.m.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00049-00016113-00016299": "It was going to be dark soon.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00050-00016299-00016594": "I answered the call, and sat in front of the camera.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00051-00016594-00016922": "“Hey Sophie, you forgot to call me,” my friend chided me.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00052-00016922-00017129": "“I know, and I’m sorry.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00053-00017129-00017353": "I was just eager to get writing.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00054-00017353-00017471": "You know how it is.”", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00055-00017471-00017650": "“So how is the place?", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00056-00017650-00018118": "I still can’t believe you got it for that cheap, and all weekend at that.”", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00057-00018118-00018231": "“It’s pretty nice.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00058-00018231-00018442": "But you know I’m not here for the amenities, I -”", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00059-00018442-00018658": "“Sophie, hold on a second.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00060-00018658-00018909": "You didn’t tell me you were bringing someone.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00061-00018909-00019042": "Who is it?", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00062-00019042-00019142": "Is it Tom?”", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00063-00019142-00019242": "“What?", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00064-00019242-00019413": "I’m alone,” I replied confused.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00065-00019413-00019712": "“Someone just walked past that mirror behind you.”", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00066-00019712-00019905": "“Listen Lara, there’s no one here.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00067-00019905-00020229": "I’m al-”, and that’s when the connection broke off.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00068-00020229-00020581": "Thinking back to that moment, I should’ve packed my stuff and ran.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00069-00020581-00021142": "But like I told you, I don’t freak out easily and I was sure Lara only saw my reflection", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00070-00021142-00021303": "moving in the mirror.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00071-00021303-00021622": "What follows is my recollection of what happened after that.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00072-00021622-00022069": "I was desperately trying to get my laptop to connect back to the wi-fi, but it was a", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00073-00022069-00022215": "lost cause.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00074-00022215-00022650": "I decided to leave it alone for the night, and try to locate the owner in town in the", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00075-00022650-00022750": "morning.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00076-00022750-00022999": "There had to have been an outage or something.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00077-00022999-00023417": "My phone hadn’t had reception since I arrived, so that was no help.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00078-00023417-00023907": "I was a bit frustrated with the situation, but I was here to write and not surf the internet", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00079-00023907-00024081": "or chat with my friends.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00080-00024081-00024474": "I went to bed a couple hours later, and sleep came fast.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00081-00024474-00024834": "But it only lasted until I was awoken by high pitched screaming.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00082-00024834-00025238": "In fact, it was so loud I cried out from the pain in my ears.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00083-00025238-00025656": "I jumped out of bed and turned on the lights in the bedroom, grabbing my phone from the", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00084-00025656-00025756": "nightstand.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00085-00025756-00026168": "I had forgotten I had no signal, so I couldn’t call anyone for help.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00086-00026168-00026516": "I carefully walked to the bedroom door and quietly opened it.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00087-00026516-00026950": "I couldn’t see or hear anything out of the ordinary, so at that point I was questioning", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00088-00026950-00027137": "whether that scream had been real at all.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00089-00027137-00027637": "I headed to the kitchen, passing my work area on the way when I stepped into a shard of", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00090-00027637-00027737": "glass.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00091-00027737-00028097": "Now, it was my turn to scream because it hurt like hell.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00092-00028097-00028447": "I dragged myself to the desk chair to look at the damage.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00093-00028447-00028569": "It wasn’t that bad.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00094-00028569-00029058": "It was really only a sliver of a piece of glass, but it felt like a lot more.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00095-00029058-00029487": "As I pulled it out, I turned around to gaze at the spot where it had happened.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00096-00029487-00029708": "The entire floor was covered in glass shards.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00097-00029708-00030227": "They had fallen from the smashed mirror that was now hanging askew on the wall.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00098-00030227-00030670": "As I was sitting there, trying to figure out what to do, a cold breeze suddenly brushed", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00099-00030670-00030799": "past me.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00100-00030799-00031039": "With it came the stench of rot and decay.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00101-00031039-00031508": "I was about to run back into the bedroom and lock the door behind me, when a voice whispered", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00102-00031508-00031708": "into my ear: “Run.”", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00103-00031708-00032164": "I scrambled off the chair and tripped over my own feet, feeling a tearing sensation in", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00104-00032164-00032277": "my ankle.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00105-00032277-00032605": "Breathing sounds enveloped me and I started to panik.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00106-00032605-00033102": "I tried to crawl away from the spot, but an invisible force grabbed my pony tail and held", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00107-00033102-00033202": "me back.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00108-00033202-00033611": "The last thing I saw was a shard of glass coming straight for my throat.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00109-00033611-00034093": "Lara must have gotten worried after the video call disconnected and called the police.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00110-00034093-00034529": "They found me a few inside the cabin barely clinging on to life.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00111-00034529-00034819": "I can only thank my friend for being alive today.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00112-00034819-00035274": "I tried to find out if any crime had ever been committed inside of the cabin, or if", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00113-00035274-00035596": "it was just an angry spirit haunting the place.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00114-00035596-00036037": "The problem is that the asylum has a very strict no internet policy.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00115-00036037-00036526": "Whenever I try to tell them I am fine and need to leave, they simply show me to a mirror.", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00116-00036526-00037009": "That’s when I start screaming again, as a ghostly white face stares back at me, slitting", "cM-8DKBDoZc-00117-00037009-00037105": "its own throat."}}, {"audio_id": "cNd5Mxvm1vM", "text": {"cNd5Mxvm1vM-00000-00002509-00002609": "Blessed is the man,", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00001-00002609-00002845": "who remains steadfastunder try.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00002-00003000-00003200": "So, how's the house come along.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00003-00003200-00003321": "Is been hard.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00004-00003358-00003445": "Cooper.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00005-00003462-00003713": "Certain places have personalities,", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00006-00003713-00003924": "and sometimes they're rocking.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00007-00003993-00004185": "Hey has a little kicker done.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00008-00004185-00004336": "Say hi daddy.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00009-00004367-00004663": "It takes a real strong hand to turn them around again.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00010-00006748-00006936": "This house has a history.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00011-00006961-00007163": "Bringing out the worst in people.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00012-00007351-00007489": "Certainly creepy.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00013-00007755-00007835": "Promise me.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00014-00007835-00008071": "Youwon't say a word unless about last night.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00015-00008088-00008242": "You need to get out of it.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00016-00008720-00008940": "I hate what you've done with the place.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00017-00010007-00010111": "You wanna help me?", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00018-00010111-00010225": "Nope.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00019-00010522-00010679": "Proudowner of,", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00020-00010840-00010955": "former house of.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00021-00010955-00011075": "ill-repute.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00022-00011137-00011384": "You know when a woman doesn't like to be fussed with too much.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00023-00011384-00011582": "How mass you here ever again?", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00024-00011582-00011795": "Houses aren't that different I guess.", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00025-00012994-00013126": "You want my advice?", "cNd5Mxvm1vM-00026-00013200-00013526": "Get your husband and your baby far away from that house."}}, {"audio_id": "cpk6WXG3QnQ", "text": {"cpk6WXG3QnQ-00000-00000056-00000560": "have you ever wondered how do you make money online even if you have zero budget", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00001-00000560-00001472": "i mean zero, nil, nada, no money, without spending money. well this is what i'm going to share with", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00002-00001472-00002096": "you today, especially if you are a parent of an autist.  hi guys my name is Hery Zo and", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00003-00002096-00002816": "i'm here to share with you tips for starting or running online business as a parent of an artist", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00004-00002816-00003536": "so last time i spoke with one parent of an autist on facebook and we were we were both recognizing", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00005-00003536-00004128": "that we are broke, or at least it's really difficult to start some side hustle if", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00006-00004128-00004800": "if you don't have any extra budget for doing so.  so this makes this made me wonder how do i help", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00007-00004800-00005560": "my targeted community,   parent of an autist,  start an online", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00008-00005560-00006264": "business or start the side hustle even if you don't have any extra budget.", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00009-00006320-00007000": "so today let's talk about the three ones that i have so the first one let's tap into amazon", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00010-00007120-00007808": "you amazon is the biggest  marketplace on earth. and there are the first two", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00011-00007808-00008608": "things is about amazon. so the first one is merch. so merch is the kind of print on demand where,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00012-00008608-00009424": "if you have some graphic abilities then you can design some nice pictures, nice fonts,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00013-00009424-00010264": "or nice quotes  or maybe just some symbols or maybe some  temporary logos .you cannot use", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00014-00010264-00011104": "official logos but maybe the trendy words. you can put", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00015-00011104-00011896": "it on merch and with amazon merch you just have to open an account on amazon merch and then you have", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00016-00011896-00012944": "to design your let's say logo or words or quotes and then upload it on amazon merch. and then it", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00017-00012944-00013728": "can be on a print on demand : which means that you can put it on t-shirts, on hoodies,on sports bags,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00018-00013808-00014696": "on a lot of things. and the good thing about amazon merch is that there's no stoc.", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00019-00014696-00015408": "then there's no inventory, because all you have to do is upload it with the specifications that", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00020-00015408-00016096": "amazon will give you. once it's uploaded then it's available on your store and people who are looking", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00021-00016096-00016760": "or searching for the quotes that you have may have chances to stumble upon your", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00022-00016816-00017688": "design .and then when people order it, it's only then that amazon will print it,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00023-00017808-00018472": "ship it and send it to the customer wherever he is.so you have a lot of amazon", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00024-00018552-00019392": "stores whether US, UK, Japan, France, ... so you can do it from wherever you are in the world. i've", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00025-00019392-00020064": "used it for example.i'm based in madagascar and at some point of time we had our national", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00026-00020128-00020944": "football club that went into you higher than usual stage of the african football", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00027-00020944-00021736": "competition. so based on that  engagement that fans of our national football", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00028-00021736-00022688": "team had, i just created a simple design just put in my country's name on my design", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00029-00022688-00023408": "and then the flag of madagascar and upload it on my  amazon .and i've had people from the", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00030-00023408-00024160": "US, from germany buy a few of those t-shirts i uploaded on amazon. so", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00031-00024160-00024968": "this can be a nice you side hustle without any budget because you have nothing", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00032-00025024-00025720": "to pay for. you just design.it so let's assume that you have ways to connect to the internet", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00033-00025720-00026232": "and then you can have a computer for designing things. but even though if you don't have", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00034-00026232-00026976": "the design skills, you can go to places like creative fabrica where you can buy", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00035-00026976-00027656": "some pre-made designs that  you can upload or eventually adapt a bit so that", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00036-00027656-00028183": "it can have some unique sense.and then you can upload it on amazon merch.so that's the first", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00037-00028239-00029088": "option for having a side hustle without a budget. the second option is still on amazon", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00038-00029088-00029800": "but then  let's go back to books. so you may wonder, hey Hery Zo, i'm not an author", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00039-00029800-00030583": "and i have nothing to say. but there is a very great niche on amazon", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00040-00030583-00031216": "when it comes to books. and it's called the low content book. what are those low content books?", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00041-00031216-00031912": "low content books are journals, log books, diaries and all those things,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00042-00032008-00032720": "those notebooks also.so those are low content books.because all you have to", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00043-00032848-00033456": "design, if we can say so, is just some templates where people can take notes.", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00044-00033456-00034096": "let's say for example that they are interested into keeping a gratitude journal or maybe", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00045-00034096-00034792": "they want to have some coloring books for their kids or even for adults, or maybe they have to keep", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00046-00034792-00035544": "some log books for things that they do on a daily basis. so those are books that are doing pretty", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00047-00035544-00036552": "well on amazon. and here again it's kind of a print on demand system where you have to use what they", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00048-00036552-00037528": "call the kindle direct publishing platform (kdp) .and here again you can open a free account on kdp on", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00049-00037528-00038624": "amazon and then upload the front page and then upload also the", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00050-00038624-00039536": "interior pages as pdf files. and once you  have designed those, you can upload it on amazon,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00051-00039536-00040224": "make some great titles, choose an author name and then put some keywords on this so that people", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00052-00040224-00041128": "can discover your work. and once again amazon will only print it once people have ordered your book.", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00053-00041200-00041880": "and this is a this is also a great side hustle that you can run with zero budget upfront", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00054-00041880-00042752": "budget because amazon will pay some royalties on your designs each time of their books", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00055-00042824-00043520": "get sold on the amazon platform. so here again you may wonder hey, i don't know", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00056-00043520-00044200": "how to design it.so you have templates that are available for free i think on canvas.com", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00057-00044200-00044808": "you can eventually use creative fabrica  i think they have as of today a", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00058-00044912-00045712": "one dollar  trial for one month . and then it's 19 per month dollars but even with the one dollar", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00059-00045712-00046480": "trial you can already download a lot of templates that you can use later on for creating your low", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00060-00046480-00047192": "content book. so this can also be a great  tool for starting a side hustle without any upfront", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00061-00047192-00047992": "budget. so  i invite you to try and test this. there's a lot of content on on youtube and i will", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00062-00047992-00048680": "also give some more details on some other videos. and then let's go back to the third one", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00063-00048680-00049368": "one is my preferred one because it's called affiliate marketing.so affiliate marketing you", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00064-00049368-00050056": "have a lot of options. so for those who don't know it, affiliate marketing is: you partner", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00065-00050056-00050528": "with a product owner, they have some product, they have some softwares ,they have some", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00066-00050528-00051184": "services, they may have some  supplemental nutrients or all those things.", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00067-00051255-00051800": "and you promote it. they give you a link that is special to you and as long as people that", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00068-00051800-00052479": "you recommend use that link for buying that product you get commission. so you have some,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00069-00052479-00053032": "let's say, marketplace where  you can find those products like clickbank", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00070-00053032-00053944": "you have jvzoo or all those things.and  you can start it for free. i personally i'm using", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00071-00053944-00054608": "a paid version because i'm partnering with a guy who is already a successful online entrepreneur. that gives", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00072-00054608-00055312": "me a monthly recurring income. but even though you don't go with my preferred  paid version", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00073-00055312-00056096": "of this affiliate marketing program, there are options where you can start it for free and", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00074-00056096-00056744": "just head to sites like clickbank .and then you can see what are the products that people are", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00075-00056744-00057528": "selling. you may have courses ,you may  most of the time softwares or all of those things.", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00076-00057528-00057976": "and the good thing for example with softwares is that it's a recurring.  most of the time", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00077-00057976-00058608": "you can have some recurring revenue because people keep on using that software and just", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00078-00058608-00059232": "look atthe ones that you are using right now. if you look at their websites you may have", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00079-00059304-00059688": "most of the time at the footer side of the website : you have a link called", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00080-00059688-00060160": "affiliates. and they will tell you how to become an affiliate.most of the time it's free", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00081-00060296-00060704": "and what are the percentages in terms of commissions that you can get.", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00082-00060704-00061264": "for example on the paid version that i have which is the partner with anthony morrison", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00083-00061264-00061960": "program i can get  50% commission on sales and it's a monthly recurring commission", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00084-00061960-00062655": "and also there's because it's an ecosystem then even if the person buys something else", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00085-00062736-00063432": "behind on the back side or the back office then i still get some commissions on that sale. so those", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00086-00063432-00064240": "are the three ideas of side hustles that you can start and run without any upfront budget so", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00087-00064240-00064840": "it brings me back to the conversation that i had with one of the parents. when we say we are broke,", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00088-00064840-00065472": "well in fact we are not that broke,  we just don't have extra money to invest. so if you don't", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00089-00065472-00066312": "have this extra money you can start those kind of side hustle passive income or whether it", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00090-00066312-00067104": "is  amazon merch or amazon kdp with low content book or you can go", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00091-00067104-00067808": "the affiliate marketing way. so that's the sharing for today guys. feel free to comment if you have", "cpk6WXG3QnQ-00092-00067808-00068440": "already tried it, what are the struggles that you have implementing it and let's discuss bye"}}, {"audio_id": "cpkTRHpwyLI", "text": {"cpkTRHpwyLI-00001-00000404-00000808": "I was told that I was not fit to", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00002-00000810-00001212": "do the civilian job that I had done before I left", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00003-00001214-00001627": "for overseas. I was also", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00004-00001629-00002047": "told that due to my PTSD I only had about", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00005-00002049-00002453": "a forty-percent chance of actually maintaining", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00006-00002455-00002866": "a long-term career. Me as a soldier that was", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00007-00002868-00003286": "not acceptable. I was lost,", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00008-00003288-00003692": "my confidence was low, and the thought of being", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00009-00003694-00004099": "successful was even lower. The support network at", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00010-00004101-00004509": "NWTC played an important role in me", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00011-00004511-00004925": "actually being able to get through the stresses of college life", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00012-00004927-00005331": "on top of raising a family and my military duties.", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00013-00005333-00005741": "I got here because of the team at NWTC.", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00014-00005743-00006157": "I am not one to speak on my accomplishments", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00015-00006159-00006576": "because they are a team effort. The recognition belongs", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00016-00006578-00006983": "to NWTC and how they shape their students", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00017-00006984-00007390": "into successful, confident leaders that can take", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00018-00007392-00007802": "the employment world by storm with the values,", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00019-00007804-00008222": "skills, and real-life experiences in the field of", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00020-00008224-00008630": "their study. This is what NWTC is all about.", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00021-00008632-00009035": "This is their culutre, their beliefs, and", "cpkTRHpwyLI-00022-00009037-00009163": "their goal."}}, {"audio_id": "cpm9XupKub4", "text": {"cpm9XupKub4-00000-00000000-00000102": "So, in total five stones?", "cpm9XupKub4-00001-00000110-00000518": "5 stones but the stones don't represent the five Preah Ang", "cpm9XupKub4-00002-00000528-00000866": "They represent her five daughters", "cpm9XupKub4-00003-00000869-00001508": "This is why us, Khmer, say we love our children like diamonds Peach Chornay", "cpm9XupKub4-00004-00001524-00002130": "Hence, it means that Her Majesty always kept her daughters in her spirit", "cpm9XupKub4-00005-00002152-00002654": "for her to protect the Kingdom", "cpm9XupKub4-00006-00002654-00003406": "However, our Kingdom will soon get back to prosperity", "cpm9XupKub4-00007-00003434-00003938": "and the distance from one mountain to another, there is a plain", "cpm9XupKub4-00008-00003938-00004216": "called Veal Ksach Sor, but we can't see it", "cpm9XupKub4-00009-00004216-00004422": "we have to pass the mountain", "cpm9XupKub4-00010-00004432-00004682": "you have to go that way to see Veal Ksach Sor", "cpm9XupKub4-00011-00004682-00005028": "There is no tree there until now, only sand", "cpm9XupKub4-00012-00005120-00005448": "after you pass Veal Ksach Sor,", "cpm9XupKub4-00013-00005448-00005822": "then, you arrive to Prasat Trassor 100, oh sorry, Prasat Trassor 1", "cpm9XupKub4-00014-00005822-00006008": "called Prasat Trassor Veach", "cpm9XupKub4-00015-00006008-00006608": "Oh, do you know about the history of the temple, which was just uncovered", "cpm9XupKub4-00016-00006618-00006980": "which is buried underground?", "cpm9XupKub4-00017-00007000-00007272": "Yes, it's underneath this mountain", "cpm9XupKub4-00018-00007272-00007528": "There is a total of 60 temples", "cpm9XupKub4-00019-00007528-00007681": "underneath this mountain here", "cpm9XupKub4-00020-00007712-00008062": "yes, and the entrance is very secret!", "cpm9XupKub4-00021-00008062-00008338": "Nobody can go into the place", "cpm9XupKub4-00022-00008666-00008846": "Do you know if this statue", "cpm9XupKub4-00023-00008868-00009188": "was directly carved into a rock or else?", "cpm9XupKub4-00024-00009202-00009892": "Yes, during ancient time, meaning during the 5th century until nowadays", "cpm9XupKub4-00025-00009906-00010212": "now we are in the 21st century", "cpm9XupKub4-00026-00010212-00010432": "meaning 1600 years ago", "cpm9XupKub4-00027-00010496-00010860": "At that time, it means that underneath", "cpm9XupKub4-00028-00010868-00011092": "underneath, there was sand", "cpm9XupKub4-00029-00011144-00011726": "The rocks were lying on the ground", "cpm9XupKub4-00030-00011726-00011928": "but this rock was the highest", "cpm9XupKub4-00031-00011962-00012226": "And so, Her Princess had this rock carved", "cpm9XupKub4-00032-00012242-00012532": "as an offering to Preah Mae Macha until nowadays", "cpm9XupKub4-00033-00012632-00012996": "This rock exists since ancient time", "cpm9XupKub4-00034-00012996-00013280": "it exists since the creation of our territory", "cpm9XupKub4-00035-00013280-00013569": "The rock was not moved , nobody moved it in here", "cpm9XupKub4-00036-00013590-00013816": "What does the song Mohaory mean?", "cpm9XupKub4-00037-00013840-00014108": "Yes, the song Mohaory is a song, which is played", "cpm9XupKub4-00038-00014124-00014552": "as an offering to Preah Kao Neak Komono Pothisat", "cpm9XupKub4-00039-00014552-00014858": "to ask Her Majesty to give us for victory,", "cpm9XupKub4-00040-00014858-00015182": "for meals, food, dishes to use,", "cpm9XupKub4-00041-00015196-00015504": "for a place to live,", "cpm9XupKub4-00042-00015512-00015726": "for our happiness, our development", "cpm9XupKub4-00043-00015732-00016060": "In there, there is the technique for us to organize Krom Paly,", "cpm9XupKub4-00044-00016076-00016548": "also called Lokta Mchas Toek, Mchas Dey", "cpm9XupKub4-00045-00016560-00016882": "And Mohaory, Mohaory word, if we translate it,", "cpm9XupKub4-00046-00016882-00017040": "Mohao, Mohao", "cpm9XupKub4-00047-00017056-00017184": "means a lot", "cpm9XupKub4-00048-00017184-00017436": "Ry, Ryeak means dumb", "cpm9XupKub4-00049-00017486-00017688": "So, all Khmer descendants", "cpm9XupKub4-00050-00017688-00017926": "all Khmer citizens", "cpm9XupKub4-00051-00017926-00018558": "are all Riyeak, meaning they're all dumb, innocent  and naive", "cpm9XupKub4-00052-00018574-00019112": "Only music Mohaory and all cake, fruits, food", "cpm9XupKub4-00053-00019142-00019478": "to offer Preah Kao Neak Komono Pothisat", "cpm9XupKub4-00054-00019478-00019856": "and all Preah Neang who deceased here", "cpm9XupKub4-00055-00019856-00020296": "to ask for their descendants to get successful with farming and in agriculture", "cpm9XupKub4-00056-00020330-00020636": "people to do business marketing", "cpm9XupKub4-00057-00020636-00020976": "other people to do other things", "cpm9XupKub4-00058-00020978-00021246": "for them to receive the food in sufficient quantity", "cpm9XupKub4-00059-00021248-00021472": "for them to have a place to live", "cpm9XupKub4-00060-00021488-00021764": "for the country to prosper", "cpm9XupKub4-00061-00021786-00023946": "This is why we have this prayer:..............", "cpm9XupKub4-00062-00023950-00024428": "Yes, we still have this prayer until nowadays. Thank you!", "cpm9XupKub4-00063-00024662-00024954": "See the marks left on the rock up there. In the past, it was sand", "cpm9XupKub4-00064-00024966-00025136": "then , progressively,", "cpm9XupKub4-00065-00025156-00025348": "that's why they could carve that high", "cpm9XupKub4-00066-00025372-00025548": "at that time, the ground was there", "cpm9XupKub4-00067-00025548-00025856": "Oh, it wasn't that high?", "cpm9XupKub4-00068-00025888-00026162": "This rock was in the ground", "cpm9XupKub4-00069-00026174-00026468": "The sand progressively disappeared", "cpm9XupKub4-00070-00026468-00026662": "and the rock remained like this", "cpm9XupKub4-00071-00026680-00027064": "Pheum, Pheum in Khmer language means house or home or residence", "cpm9XupKub4-00072-00027064-00027454": "like Kulen, Kulen in Khmer language means Pheum", "cpm9XupKub4-00073-00027482-00027812": "and nowadays, we use this word Kulen", "cpm9XupKub4-00074-00027814-00028039": "as Kulen Athan", "cpm9XupKub4-00075-00028058-00028280": "not as Kulen fruit", "cpm9XupKub4-00076-00028295-00028574": "In Paley language, Kulen means rock", "cpm9XupKub4-00077-00028574-00028870": "rock which can be used for housing", "cpm9XupKub4-00078-00028892-00029133": "Here come to see here", "cpm9XupKub4-00079-00029145-00029398": "I used to be a monk here", "cpm9XupKub4-00080-00029477-00029888": "in this rock here", "cpm9XupKub4-00081-00029942-00030220": "this was only rearranged recently", "cpm9XupKub4-00082-00030260-00030470": "And so, the word Len comes from where?", "cpm9XupKub4-00083-00030483-00030832": "The word Len means rock: Kulen", "cpm9XupKub4-00084-00030926-00031282": "Rock where you live underneath", "cpm9XupKub4-00085-00031606-00031898": "It doesn't come from the name of Kulen fruit", "cpm9XupKub4-00086-00031898-00032092": "but from Kulen Athan, you see", "cpm9XupKub4-00087-00032092-00032644": "translated to house to protect life and where we live", "cpm9XupKub4-00088-00033106-00033468": "Here, we talk about the history of Lokta Essey Akinet a bit", "cpm9XupKub4-00089-00033532-00033802": "Lokta Essey Akinet, in ancient time,", "cpm9XupKub4-00090-00033802-00034120": "during the reign of Preah Bat Tereak Nontreak", "cpm9XupKub4-00091-00034152-00034410": "was Preah Obiyou Reach", "cpm9XupKub4-00092-00034464-00034796": "During the reign of Preah Bat Tereak Nontreak,", "cpm9XupKub4-00093-00035042-00035299": "he was holding the title of Obiyou Reach", "cpm9XupKub4-00094-00035352-00035614": "Obiyou Reach #1 was named", "cpm9XupKub4-00095-00035726-00035886": "Essey Akinet", "cpm9XupKub4-00096-00035978-00036208": "Obiyou Reach #2 was named", "cpm9XupKub4-00097-00036208-00036542": "Preah Essey Rokamuol", "cpm9XupKub4-00098-00036572-00036966": "So, these two persons, at the time Her Majesty was still alive,", "cpm9XupKub4-00099-00036988-00037632": "were leading the country as Obiyou Reach", "cpm9XupKub4-00100-00037660-00037908": "but Preah Sereameatrey was very skilled", "cpm9XupKub4-00101-00037908-00038160": "when Preah Ang reach awakening and became Preah", "cpm9XupKub4-00102-00038266-00038774": "Preah Ang recited a prayer called ChoupTep", "cpm9XupKub4-00103-00038848-00039252": "for these two to become Preah Mony Essey", "cpm9XupKub4-00104-00039288-00039575": "So, until now, Preah Mony Essey Akinet is", "cpm9XupKub4-00105-00039575-00039864": "more than 1000 years old", "cpm9XupKub4-00106-00039884-00040192": "and Preah Mony Essey Rokamuol", "cpm9XupKub4-00107-00040192-00040442": "is around 1000 years old", "cpm9XupKub4-00108-00040442-00040744": "Nowadays, Preah Mony Essey Akinet", "cpm9XupKub4-00109-00040744-00040948": "lives in Boeung Trassor Veach", "cpm9XupKub4-00110-00040974-00041350": "To go to Boeung Trassor Veach is far", "cpm9XupKub4-00111-00041368-00041732": "You have to pass Veal Ksach Sor but it's very dangerous", "cpm9XupKub4-00112-00041776-00042071": "As I was little, Lokta brought me there", "cpm9XupKub4-00113-00042072-00042252": "he used to recite Tray Sot", "cpm9XupKub4-00114-00042268-00042450": "he was able to destroy the jungle in the mountain", "cpm9XupKub4-00115-00042450-00042700": "and the called cannibals", "cpm9XupKub4-00116-00042700-00043076": "then, we get into the fire of the forest", "cpm9XupKub4-00117-00043115-00043416": "The thing that eat man is very cruel, as we walk nearby", "cpm9XupKub4-00118-00043468-00043858": "all animals or elephants or tiger, in summary, any living creature", "cpm9XupKub4-00119-00043898-00044236": "would devour us entirely as we go in that forest", "cpm9XupKub4-00120-00044236-00044602": "and it would eat all the meat, leaving only bones behind", "cpm9XupKub4-00121-00044602-00044784": "under the tree", "cpm9XupKub4-00122-00044812-00045053": "Nobody dare going near there", "cpm9XupKub4-00123-00045053-00045394": "In Boeung Trassor Veach, there is a big temple", "cpm9XupKub4-00124-00045402-00045693": "and there are four bridges in all directions", "cpm9XupKub4-00125-00045693-00045891": "So, huge columns", "cpm9XupKub4-00126-00045936-00046144": "which were put in this Boeung", "cpm9XupKub4-00127-00046144-00046416": "and they built the temple", "cpm9XupKub4-00128-00046416-00046712": "and there are four bridges to enter in", "cpm9XupKub4-00129-00046752-00047000": "and underneath, there are only diamonds", "cpm9XupKub4-00130-00047044-00047438": "They took diamonds, I don't know from where, to put them there", "cpm9XupKub4-00131-00047454-00047722": "Rare are the people who could go there", "cpm9XupKub4-00132-00047722-00047832": "because", "cpm9XupKub4-00133-00047832-00048296": "if Lokta Essey Rokamuol and Lokta Essey Akinet don't bring you there,", "cpm9XupKub4-00134-00048316-00048690": "you just can't enter in that area, otherwise you die", "cpm9XupKub4-00135-00048690-00049074": "Before arriving there, you will find a golden cart", "cpm9XupKub4-00136-00049146-00049426": "Grand-pa have you ever seen a golden cart?", "cpm9XupKub4-00137-00049426-00049644": "He daren't go there", "cpm9XupKub4-00138-00049644-00050046": "this is near Lokta Essey Akinet", "cpm9XupKub4-00139-00050134-00050486": "the golden cart has remained beautiful", "cpm9XupKub4-00140-00050486-00050714": "all in pure gold", "cpm9XupKub4-00141-00050714-00051208": "We are told not to hold the cart, otherwise, the tiger", "cpm9XupKub4-00142-00051228-00051528": "which is invisible and protects that cart since long ago", "cpm9XupKub4-00143-00051528-00051764": "will come to bite us and take us", "cpm9XupKub4-00144-00051764-00052016": "its meal", "cpm9XupKub4-00145-00052016-00052278": "Nobody dare help you as this tiger is so big", "cpm9XupKub4-00146-00052320-00052488": "this tiger is as big as a bull", "cpm9XupKub4-00147-00052679-00052872": "it remains there", "cpm9XupKub4-00148-00052934-00053254": "we don't know how old is this tiger", "cpm9XupKub4-00149-00053286-00053748": "So, if we want to meet with Preah Mony Essey Akinet, nowadays,", "cpm9XupKub4-00150-00053748-00054005": "you have to go to Boeung Trassor Veach", "cpm9XupKub4-00151-00054055-00054314": "Preah Ang lives in that temple there", "cpm9XupKub4-00152-00054352-00054503": "Thank you!"}}, {"audio_id": "cpyVVb4c1tk", "text": {"cpyVVb4c1tk-00000-00000056-00000648": "welcome to access reading class my name is mrs eldridge and i'm going to be your teacher", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00001-00000648-00001304": "this year i just wanted to welcome you real quick to our class where hopefully i can get", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00002-00001304-00001848": "you to enjoy reading we're going to do a lot of cool stuff in here look at different stories look", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00003-00001848-00002328": "at different books and i promise you i'm going to help you find something that you're interested in", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00004-00002400-00002992": "i wanted to share with you quickly a little bit about myself i have a quote that i like to live", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00005-00002992-00003608": "by it doesn't pay to get discouraged keeping busy and making optimism a way of life can restore", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00006-00003608-00004112": "your faith in yourself and that was said by lucille ball this year i want us to be resilient", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00007-00004168-00004688": "i don't want us to get discouraged i want us to keep moving forward um i've got a", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00008-00004688-00005208": "bunch of different clickable links here i just wanted to share with you the one about myself", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00009-00005512-00006080": "so a little bit about me and i posted some pictures that you can take a look at", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00010-00006144-00006895": "um pictures of me my best friends my parents um a little niece over here so", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00011-00006895-00007320": "i was raised right here in california i actually went to stockton high school", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00012-00007423-00007959": "i really love my job i do i think it's great watch out i do get a little excited sometimes", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00013-00008023-00008888": "i really like camping and cooking and crafting and of course my favorite types of tv shows are", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00014-00009008-00009488": "british period pieces right now i'm currently watching mr selfridge", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00015-00009584-00010328": "the living in the dead and i have probably watched downton abbey two or three times definitely", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00016-00010328-00010944": "like music and i love true crime i'm obsessed with true crime podcasts right now", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00017-00011032-00011536": "so i just wanted to share a little bit about myself and i am really looking forward to our", "cpyVVb4c1tk-00018-00011536-00012104": "class this year and i'm looking forward to meeting you and having fun reading"}}, {"audio_id": "cpeDnxw6N8Y", "text": {"cpeDnxw6N8Y-00000-00000587-00001350": "[OSEN=한용섭 기자] 6년 만에 복귀한 이대호(롯데)가", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00001-00001368-00001977": "골든글러브 1루수 부문을 수상했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00002-00001994-00002757": "13일 서울 코엑스 오디토리움에서 열린 2017 타이어뱅크", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00003-00002775-00003560": "KBO 골든글러브 시상식에서 1루수 부문에서는 외국인 선수들을", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00004-00003577-00004153": "제치고 황금 장갑을 수상했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00005-00004171-00004934": "2011년 이후 해외에 진출한 이대호는 복귀 첫 해 1루수", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00006-00004951-00005483": "골든글러브를 수상했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00007-00005500-00006197": "이대호는 수상 직후 '이 상을 주셔서 감사하다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00008-00006215-00006978": "솔직히 받을 줄 몰랐다. 축하해 주려고 왔는데...받을 줄", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00009-00006995-00007758": "알았았다면 나비 넥타이를 메고 올 걸, 후회된다'고 웃으며", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00010-00007776-00008220": "말했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00011-00008237-00008945": "그는 '5년 동안 외국에 있다가 한국이 그리웠다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00012-00008962-00009725": "이 상을 받으니 한국 오니 잘 했다 생각한다'며 '복귀하게", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00013-00009743-00010550": "도와준 롯데 관계자, 감독님, 코치님, 팬 여러분에게 감사하다'고", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00014-00010567-00011033": "고마워했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00015-00011050-00011758": "1루수 부문은 후보들이 쟁쟁해 격전지로 예상됐다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00016-00011776-00012550": "거포들의 성적이 화려했다. 오재일(두산)을 제외하곤 네 명의", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00017-00012567-00013241": "후보가 3할-30홈런-100타점은 기본이다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00018-00013259-00014022": "네 명의 수비율은 .989에서 .992로 별 차이가 없다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00019-00014040-00014836": "이대호(롯데)는 142경기에서 타율 3할2푼 173안타 34홈런", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00020-00014853-00015484": "111타점 OPS .924를 기록했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00021-00015502-00016265": "로사리오(한화)는 119경기에서 타율 3할3푼9리 37홈런", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00022-00016282-00016935": "111타점 OPS 1.075를 기록했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00023-00016953-00017760": "러프(삼성)는 134경기에서 타율 3할1푼5리 31홈런 124타점", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00024-00017777-00018298": "OPS .965이다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00025-00018316-00019079": "타점왕 타이틀도 차지했다. 스크럭스(NC)는 115경기에서", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00026-00019096-00019815": "타율 3할 35홈런 111타점 OPS .997이다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00027-00019833-00020607": "이대호가 타율, 홈런, 타점에서 고른 활약을 했으나 객관적인", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00028-00020624-00021244": "기록에선 로사리오의 파워가 돋보였다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00029-00021261-00022090": "로사리오는 홈런이 가장 많고, 장타율은 .661로 유일하게 6할대다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00030-00022107-00022793": "OPS가 1.075로 경쟁자들을 크게 앞선다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00031-00022810-00023485": "WAR은 5.25로 1루수 중 가장 높았다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00032-00023503-00024266": "롯데 프랜차이즈 스타인 이대호가 표심에선 외국인 타자들보다", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00033-00024283-00025068": "유리해 보였고, 투표인단은 객관적인 성적보다는 주관적인 표심을", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00034-00025086-00025541": "행사했다.", "cpeDnxw6N8Y-00035-00025558-00026123": "이대호는 154표를 얻어 로"}}, {"audio_id": "cpPJp58Fjoc", "text": {"cpPJp58Fjoc-00000-00001318-00001540": "Shit", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00001-00001564-00001722": "Let’s do it again", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00002-00003109-00003309": "Yahoo. Here we are in Venice.", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00003-00003436-00003902": "Going to pass through this bridge and show you all of the gondola streets  of this city", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00004-00004412-00004612": "The view is really amazing. Well, let’s go!", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00005-00004738-00004998": "Shit, these steps are really unbearable. Why the hell are they even here?", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00006-00005944-00006216": "Here I go through the beautiful streets of Venice", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00007-00006246-00006545": "a city of masks, canals and gondolas", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00008-00006573-00006752": "*’gondola’ sounds like ‘condom’ in Russian", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00009-00006802-00007218": "Venice.. Such a romantic place.. everything is wonderful", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00010-00007326-00007914": "But one thing really has me upset. It’s the abundant amount of people, tourists, who wander here and there", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00011-00008246-00008446": "Yeah there are plenty of tourists..", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00012-00008498-00008766": "It has this sensation like you are in the shopping mall during the sales", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00013-00008918-00009354": "Anyways we really enjoyed it here despite  the large crowd", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00014-00009760-00010318": "Daamn I really love all these narrow streets, tiny canals and awesome atmosphere", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00015-00010518-00010808": "I suggest  you to get your ass over here at least once in your lifetime", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00016-00011296-00012066": "After a  little tour of the city, I went to talk to people and ask them the most important questions, of course", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00017-00015172-00015836": "All  Italians were very  impressed by my perfect Italian, despite the fact that some of them were Spanish", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00018-00016170-00016370": "Let’s go to the youngsters", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00019-00018360-00018642": "Finally! We’ve  found real coglioni pieni in Venice", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00020-00020932-00021208": "There are 2 cheerful gondoliers behind my back", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00021-00021264-00021838": "We will now go to them and ask them a couple of questions in Spanish..in Italian", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00022-00023612-00023786": "Can I take? Thanks", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00023-00023880-00024348": "Marco, tell us please, do you have your own gondola?", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00024-00024560-00024760": "How many gondolas do you operate?", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00025-00025190-00025390": "When was the first time you rowed a gondola?", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00026-00025578-00025777": "10 years ago", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00027-00025860-00025974": "You are such…", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00028-00026044-00026414": "Marco, how often do you rotate through and get a new Gondola?", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00029-00026538-00026738": "Only once in 20 years", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00030-00026824-00026951": "Can you imagine…", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00031-00027864-00028064": "Well let’s finish our lovely conversation in a cheery note,", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00032-00028176-00028466": "That Marco changes his gondola twice in 20 years", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00033-00028594-00028948": "After talking with these wonderful gondoliers, we learned a lot of interesting things,", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00034-00028986-00029583": "including the fact that they change their gondolas once in 20 years,  some practical guys, huh?", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00035-00029762-00030162": "Surprisingly there are a lot of dogs and they are not homeless.", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00036-00030258-00030836": "They just.. while I’ve been walking..  Three had already passed by.. and there goes another one", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00037-00030948-00031232": "Here as you can see are two Lapdogs,", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00038-00031289-00031339": "a Poodle,", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00039-00031560-00031658": "and Pekingese", "cpPJp58Fjoc-00040-00037508-00038266": "I’ll tell you a little secret.. what I just shouted means ‘full balls’, ‘coglioni pieni’  in Italian, it’s when you’re sick of everything, you have full balls…"}}, {"audio_id": "cpServBsWqo", "text": {"cpServBsWqo-00000-00001091-00001562": "welcome back to dare to call him friend and here's part two of the two-part", "cpServBsWqo-00001-00001562-00002334": "series and the title today is flipping the coin a little bit I can't or I'm too", "cpServBsWqo-00002-00002334-00002799": "afraid I love reading Old Testament heroic", "cpServBsWqo-00003-00002799-00003365": "tales because they usually highlight God's ability to use less than perfect", "cpServBsWqo-00004-00003365-00004019": "people at their point of commissioning God encourages his recruits with a", "cpServBsWqo-00005-00004019-00004973": "wonderful promise do not fear the Lord your God goes before you even cynical", "cpServBsWqo-00006-00004973-00006012": "Gideon understood the message God could if Gideon would I long to be used by", "cpServBsWqo-00007-00006012-00006555": "God to make a positive impact on the world around me and yet all too often I", "cpServBsWqo-00008-00006555-00007143": "find the following words coming out of my mouth I can't help you I can't help", "cpServBsWqo-00009-00007143-00008028": "myself I can't do that I couldn't possibly even consider I can't even", "cpServBsWqo-00010-00008028-00008786": "dream that I'd ever I'm afraid that if I help you'll not have time for myself and", "cpServBsWqo-00011-00008786-00009417": "yet God is my strength I choose to step out in faith and trust him to give me", "cpServBsWqo-00012-00009417-00010029": "wisdom in budgeting my time so I have the energy to do all that God would ask", "cpServBsWqo-00013-00010029-00010626": "of me I'll trust that my cup will never run dry as I give to others from his", "cpServBsWqo-00014-00010626-00011244": "abundance I'm afraid that I'll never conquer this reoccurring sin in my life", "cpServBsWqo-00015-00011244-00012143": "and yet I choose to believe that in my weakness I am made strong through him", "cpServBsWqo-00016-00012143-00012672": "I'm afraid that if I make a stand for Jesus", "cpServBsWqo-00017-00012672-00013332": "I will be ridiculed and yet Jesus was mocked and humiliated for speaking the truth", "cpServBsWqo-00018-00013332-00013624": "I'll take the risk of being seen a fool", "cpServBsWqo-00019-00013624-00014452": "for the sake of his gospel I'm afraid that if I lay down my own plans", "cpServBsWqo-00020-00014452-00015028": "and agendas then I'll not have a firm foundation on which to stand and yet", "cpServBsWqo-00021-00015028-00015793": "Christ is my firm foundation I'll trust him to lead me when I follow him even if", "cpServBsWqo-00022-00015793-00016819": "he leads me in unknown territory I'm afraid to dream again so many of my", "cpServBsWqo-00023-00016819-00017523": "dreams have been crushed and yet I serve the God of the second and third chances", "cpServBsWqo-00024-00017523-00018241": "I serve the God of Abraham and Moses I am the friend of the God who encourages", "cpServBsWqo-00025-00018241-00019177": "me to dream big and works with me to see those dreams come true so today let the", "cpServBsWqo-00026-00019177-00020191": "words of your mouth reflect the condition of your heart because that is", "cpServBsWqo-00027-00020191-00021262": "a precise place that God can begin to do mighty works in your life and through", "cpServBsWqo-00028-00021262-00021762": "your life", "cpServBsWqo-00029-00022031-00022237": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "cpWFriTDwP4", "text": {"cpWFriTDwP4-00000-00000000-00001827": "beautylacehair.com"}}, {"audio_id": "cpZFNlbzBE8", "text": {"cpZFNlbzBE8-00000-00000072-00000172": "Interviewer: Hi, sir.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00001-00000172-00000272": "What is your name?", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00002-00000272-00000388": "Larry: My name is Larry Shine [SP].", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00003-00000388-00000542": "Interviewer: All right, Larry.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00004-00000542-00001262": "Today is May 29, 2013, and you're at Arkansas Spinal Care and Neuropathy Treatment Center.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00005-00001262-00001868": "Why don't we start off by having you tell me why you came to this clinic?", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00006-00001868-00002291": "Larry: One of my classmates, number one, gave me a phone call one day and said \"Larry, have", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00007-00002291-00002468": "you seen this ad?", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00008-00002468-00002960": "I've been seeing something on TV, a Doctor [inaudible 00:00:26] over in Conway, Arkansas,", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00009-00002960-00003436": "that supposedly can do something to help you with your neuropathy problem.\"", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00010-00003436-00003676": "So she called me back and gave me the phone number.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00011-00003676-00004264": "So I immediately made a phone call, and the people at the doctor's office sent me a package", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00012-00004264-00004489": "in the mail [inaudible 00:00:44].", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00013-00004489-00004744": "I received it within two or three days.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00014-00004744-00005375": "I went over the information, and then I immediately made a phone call back and made an appointment", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00015-00005375-00005896": "to come by to see what they could probably do for me.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00016-00005896-00006412": "The good news is that my cousin and I came over and I had the opportunity to meet Doctor", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00017-00006412-00006547": "Curry [SP].", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00018-00006547-00007123": "We discussed my situation, that I've been suffering with neuropathy for a little bit", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00019-00007123-00007737": "over a year and a half because of cancer that I had, which was Stage 4 cancer, and I'm a", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00020-00007737-00008342": "diabetic, which caused my sugar level to rise, which resulted in me having neuropathy.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00021-00008342-00008823": "And some of the symptoms of my problem are feet, my lower leg, and my hands.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00022-00008823-00009519": "I can tell you this, today is my second day of treatment.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00023-00009519-00010206": "I could tell, believe it or not, last night, the first day back home, I saw some positive", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00024-00010206-00010521": "results of the treatment that I had on Tuesday.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00025-00010521-00010672": "It's amazing.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00026-00010672-00010948": "Number one, I'm walking better.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00027-00010948-00011382": "I forgot to use my cane yesterday and last night by the way.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00028-00011382-00011620": "I'm getting too much confidence I guess.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00029-00011620-00012073": "But anyway, I'm very proud of the fact...and some of the things that I'm feeling in my", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00030-00012073-00012739": "feet and my legs last night when I was asleep, I think are positive signs that maybe blood", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00031-00012739-00013291": "circulation is prevalent, is gonna happen, is imminent rather.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00032-00013291-00013868": "And I've got a feeling that after a few more treatments, it's very possible that you will", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00033-00013868-00014412": "see, I will see, a tremendous amount of improvement in my condition.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00034-00014412-00014631": "But I'm very pleased with the staff here.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00035-00014631-00014806": "I'm very pleased with the doctor.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00036-00014806-00015128": "You've got some very capable, professional people here.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00037-00015128-00015481": "I couldn't ask for a better service than what I'm getting now.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00038-00015481-00015937": "I mean, it's like family; it's a family affair.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00039-00015937-00016322": "And when you come over here, and I will highly recommend that if you're thinking about getting", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00040-00016322-00016758": "some type of a service and treatment, and you want a doctor, you want a staff that's", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00041-00016758-00017174": "really concerned about you and treats you like family, this is the place to go, right", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00042-00017174-00017278": "here in Conway, Arkansas.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00043-00017278-00017396": "Interviewer: Thank you, Larry.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00044-00017396-00017537": "That is awesome.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00045-00017537-00017676": "I mean, really.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00046-00017676-00017776": "Wow!", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00047-00017776-00017876": "Thank you.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00048-00017876-00018522": "The one thing that I wanted to talk about for sure is, so many of the patients who have", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00049-00018522-00019156": "neuropathy, they come in here and they talk about their sense of balance and the fact", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00050-00019156-00019667": "that they fall, or they stumble a lot, or they don't have sure footing, or they trip", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00051-00019667-00019767": "a lot.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00052-00019767-00020117": "All those kinds of things go with neuropathy because they don't have the correct sensation", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00053-00020117-00020313": "down in their feet.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00054-00020313-00020550": "It can make them feel like they don't have good balance.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00055-00020550-00020993": "Would you go over what you told me a little while ago about that, even after your first", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00056-00020993-00021093": "treatment?", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00057-00021093-00021193": "Larry: Right.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00058-00021193-00021379": "My equilibrium has improved as of yesterday.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00059-00021379-00021998": "Like I said earlier, I'm walking now really without the cane.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00060-00021998-00022176": "I feel a very good sense of balance.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00061-00022176-00022826": "Normally, when I get out of bed in the morning, I takes me like a minute and a half before", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00062-00022826-00023245": "I can really get my balance, before I can walk maybe into the kitchen and get my coffee", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00063-00023245-00023486": "ready or whatever the case may be.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00064-00023486-00023945": "This morning when I got up, I got up this morning, by the way, around 4:30, and I didn't", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00065-00023945-00024545": "have to stand up more than 30 seconds before I went and ventured on and made my coffee", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00066-00024545-00024787": "and then set my bath water and all that type of thing.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00067-00024787-00025626": "So I have seen, in other words, a big reduction in time as it relates to when I get out of", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00068-00025626-00025726": "bed.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00069-00025726-00026191": "Because normally, when you lie down, that's when I normally have problems with my feet", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00070-00026191-00026487": "and my legs, where I would get cramps at night.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00071-00026487-00026823": "And I would get up in the morning and it took me a little while just to get going.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00072-00026823-00027212": "But I think after that first treatment, and I think I mentioned that to the doctor first", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00073-00027212-00027880": "thing this morning, I did see some positive changes regarding the down-time as it relates", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00074-00027880-00028100": "to me being able to walk.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00075-00028100-00028965": "And I expect even better information forthcoming as related to my situation, because I can", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00076-00028965-00029065": "see it already.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00077-00029065-00029356": "I can't wait, when I leave here today...matter of fact, I'll go hit the golf ball today.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00078-00029356-00030023": "I'm gonna play some golf and I'm gonna see how my balance is today on the golf course,", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00079-00030023-00030393": "and see how that goes.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00080-00030393-00030604": "I can see a big improvement, doctor, in my balance.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00081-00030604-00030751": "Interviewer: Thank you.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00082-00030751-00031456": "Yeah, you actually mentioned on your first day here that you've played golf extensively.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00083-00031456-00031680": "I mean, you're like a big-time golfer.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00084-00031680-00031780": "Larry: Yeah.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00085-00031780-00032083": "Interviewer: Will you tell a little bit about your golf history and background?", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00086-00032083-00032358": "Larry: Well, I've been playing golf since 1972.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00087-00032358-00032778": "I started playing golf in Farmington, Connecticut.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00088-00032778-00033397": "I was district manager for General Motors in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00089-00033397-00033941": "A lot of the dealers there introduced me to the golf game.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00090-00033941-00034534": "Working for GM for 30 years and for Buick division of GM, I got a chance to meet Tiger", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00091-00034534-00034847": "Woods, and Tiger and I are pretty good friends.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00092-00034847-00035781": "I played golf with John Daly, Bob Tway, Alan Doyle, Payne Stewart.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00093-00035781-00036310": "I played golf with about seven different pros when I was area manager in New York.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00094-00036310-00036979": "I was area manager in Long Island, Brooklyn, and Queens, New York in the '90s, 1993 to", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00095-00036979-00037079": "1997.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00096-00037079-00037553": "And therefore, being the area manager, of course, I got a chance to play in the Pro-Ams.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00097-00037553-00038071": "So I got a chance to build a really good rapport with guys like Tiger and Davis Love III and", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00098-00038071-00038171": "those guys.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00099-00038171-00038271": "They know me.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00100-00038271-00038497": "Steve Elkington and all those guys.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00101-00038497-00038981": "They're all good people, they're all hooked up with a lot of automobile agencies and things", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00102-00038981-00039113": "like that.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00103-00039113-00039562": "Ben Crenshaw, he carried the Buick bag for a long time.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00104-00039562-00039778": "So anyway, I got a chance to meet a lot of those guys.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00105-00039778-00040422": "So that's where I got a passion for the game, and I live on a golf course in [inaudible", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00106-00040422-00040522": "00:06:43].", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00107-00040522-00040664": "So when I leave here today, that's where I'll go.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00108-00040664-00040922": "Get the little white ball; I call it the little fella.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00109-00040922-00041169": "I got to hit the little fella today some time.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00110-00041169-00041496": "Interviewer: Yeah, well, then here you are.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00111-00041496-00041706": "Today is your second day of treatment.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00112-00041706-00042142": "You walked in the clinic without your cane this morning, without the use of your cane,", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00113-00042142-00042408": "and then here you're going to hit golf balls this afternoon.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00114-00042408-00042508": "Larry: Right.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00115-00042508-00042608": "Interviewer: Awesome, man.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00116-00042608-00042740": "Well, thanks for doing this.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00117-00042740-00043015": "It's gonna help a lot of people, and we really appreciate your testimony.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00118-00043015-00043475": "Larry: I want to thank you and your staff for the conscientious effort that you guys", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00119-00043475-00043727": "are putting forth for all of the patients, not just myself.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00120-00043727-00043839": "And I can see it.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00121-00043839-00044403": "By the way, I also had a chance to meet a lot of the other patients, and we have a good", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00122-00044403-00044556": "rapport going on right here.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00123-00044556-00044952": "People see me now, they come over, we start talking, we start talking about our conditions,", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00124-00044952-00045052": "etc.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00125-00045052-00045488": "We try to talk about various symptoms that we may be experiencing that are common.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00126-00045488-00045919": "So those are the kind of rapport that you develop when you have a place like this.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00127-00045919-00046083": "Like I said earlier, it's like a family.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00128-00046083-00046183": "Interviewer: Thank you.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00129-00046183-00046283": "Larry: I appreciate it.", "cpZFNlbzBE8-00130-00046283-00046384": "Interviewer: Thank you so much."}}, {"audio_id": "cOj4kpr3UA0", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "cOEPD8a3yQY", "text": {"cOEPD8a3yQY-00000-00000002-00000175": "Hey guys. This is Kevin.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00001-00000177-00000460": "This video is add-on to the previous video.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00002-00000490-00000712": "I told you, if you have a clog", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00003-00000747-00001440": "try to use Epson's built-in function to unclog it at least 9 to 10 times.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00004-00001459-00001644": "Do not give up in the middle.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00005-00001669-00002100": "This is because Epson's self-cleaning is not that effective.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00006-00002199-00002645": "Maybe your clog is not that bad. It's just Epson's not efficient.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00007-00002647-00002944": "The reason that  Epson's printer cleaning", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00008-00002946-00003150": "is not really effective is", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00009-00003153-00003545": "it doesn't have a real ink pump to suck it.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00010-00003613-00003736": "Let me show you.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00011-00003738-00004160": "This has a run of rubber that seals the bottom of the printhead.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00012-00004205-00004777": "Underneath that, there are two tubes that are connected", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00013-00004799-00005212": "to this with a pump  that sucks ink out of the printhead.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00014-00005302-00005577": "The problem is that  this is not a real pump.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00015-00005641-00006173": "If you look inside, it use a gear to wind this tube.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00016-00006194-00006405": "When the tube is unflattened,", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00017-00006425-00006901": "it creates a little bit of suction to suck the ink out of the printhead.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00018-00007108-00007502": "The whole force is generated by this tube.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00019-00007515-00007864": "You can see, the suction is  really, really weak.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00020-00007935-00008203": "I calculated,  you probably get a good suction", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00021-00008205-00008514": "every third time you clean the printhead.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00022-00008600-00009016": "There are lots of people that do the cleaning once or twice", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00023-00009018-00009246": "and then just give up.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00024-00009323-00009453": "When they give up,", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00025-00009480-00009949": "they put the printer on  Facebook Marketplace or eBay.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00026-00009968-00010213": "That's the time you are going to strike.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00027-00010326-00010848": "I got this EcoTank from eBay for next to nothing.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00028-00010857-00011293": "I did pay for the shipping, but the printer itself is almost free", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00029-00011304-00011814": "and the printer's owner said that the printer is for parts", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00030-00011816-00011994": "because it's clogged.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00031-00012076-00012522": "The owner said, \"Hey, I'm clogged multiple times, at least five times.\"", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00032-00012591-00013142": "I decided to get it  so I can show that you can fix it", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00033-00013164-00013401": "just by repeatedly clean it.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00034-00013434-00013840": "To clean it, you just go left and right to go to maintenance", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00035-00013876-00014270": "and go to head cleaning", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00036-00014291-00014980": "and click \"OK\" and it's going to print out this cleaning page.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00037-00015032-00015369": "The big surprise to me is", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00038-00015394-00015766": "this seller already printed 18,000 pages.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00039-00015786-00016178": "I was worried that this is not  because of clogging.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00040-00016180-00016451": "It's because the print has clogged out and burned out.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00041-00016542-00016714": "I start cleaning.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00042-00016716-00016919": "Every time,  this number increased one page.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00043-00016921-00017184": "You can see  there's the first cleaning,", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00044-00017248-00017602": "second, third.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00045-00017919-00018212": "Also, you can see at the third cleaning,", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00046-00018284-00018764": "the cyan got more color, but the yellow is missing again.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00047-00018766-00019051": "This actually is a good sign. What I found is", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00048-00019070-00019430": "if it's really consistent,  exactly the same thing all the time,", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00049-00019432-00019534": "that's not a good thing.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00050-00019548-00019983": "If it come back and forth, you're more likely to unclog it.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00051-00020015-00020430": "Fourth one, you can see all the color, completely gone.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00052-00020468-00020935": "The owner probably put it  on the eBay after fifth cleaning.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00053-00021095-00021663": "Now, it's look like the cold color  completely gone.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00054-00021695-00022191": "Six and I got yellow back.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00055-00022204-00022558": "I almost gave up by then because I thought", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00056-00022565-00022953": "maybe put this printer away and start with the parts.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00057-00022960-00023115": "I really need a space.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00058-00023130-00023502": "I think let's do  one or two more times", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00059-00023509-00023766": "because I normally stop at nine.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00060-00023793-00024167": "Seven,", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00061-00024311-00024725": "the magenta is coming back. I got a perfect other three colors.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00062-00024734-00024902": "I'm excited.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00063-00025301-00025522": "This is number eight.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00064-00025761-00026070": "Perfect, perfect, perfect, perfect.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00065-00026141-00026651": "The take-home message is run the head cleaning nine times", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00066-00026676-00027164": "before you try some  more aggressive methods to unclog it.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00067-00027312-00027488": "I hope you enjoyed this video.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00068-00027526-00028000": "Visit us at www.bchtechnologies.com", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00069-00028025-00028359": "or locally  at Greensboro, North Carolina.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00070-00028361-00028462": "Cheers.", "cOEPD8a3yQY-00071-00028480-00029168": "[music]"}}, {"audio_id": "cOMjBAZT3QQ", "text": {"cOMjBAZT3QQ-00000-00000099-00000279": "Mark: Welcome to the Endless Knot podcast", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00001-00000297-00000410": "Aven: where the more we know", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00002-00000438-00000573": "Mark: the more we want to find out", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00003-00000597-00000845": "Aven: Tracing serendipitous connections through our lives", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00004-00000854-00000986": "Mark: and across disciplines.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00005-00001581-00001663": "Aven: Hi, I'm Aven", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00006-00001689-00001749": "Mark: and I'm Mark.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00007-00001779-00002307": "Aven: And today we're talking about widows and widowers and India and Pakistan.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00008-00002318-00002363": "Indeed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00009-00002395-00002440": "A lot.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00010-00002440-00002575": "We're talking about a lot today.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00011-00002677-00003013": "To start off very quickly, we wanna say thank you to our newest Patreon", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00012-00003013-00003499": "supporter, Graham, and to remind everyone that we are always extremely", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00013-00003499-00003958": "grateful to everyone who supports us from month to month, even and especially", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00014-00003961-00004369": "those who've been around for the last six years or however long we've had a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00015-00004369-00004855": "Patreon and to remind you that you can join them at patreon.com/theendlessknot.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00016-00005000-00005042": "Woohoo!", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00017-00005165-00005627": "Now widows means our cocktails are widow themed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00018-00005685-00006003": "Which is more entertaining than one might think  given the topic.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00019-00006216-00006429": "We've chosen two different cocktails because there were two", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00020-00006429-00006540": "that were equally appropriate.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00021-00006612-00006927": "So mark is drinking the Merry Widow or Merry Widower.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00022-00007005-00007080": "It is both.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00023-00007148-00007277": "Mark: And I have no idea what's in this.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00024-00007280-00007307": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00025-00007307-00007382": "So taste it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00026-00007430-00007607": "Tell me what you think and then I'll tell you what's in it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00027-00007711-00007970": "Well, I know you put extra dry vermouth in it, so.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00028-00008081-00008094": "Aven: Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00029-00008094-00008199": "Cuz I asked you where it was.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00030-00008199-00008227": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00031-00008299-00008395": "Mark: Beyond that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00032-00008446-00008608": "Aven: Ooh, I didn't know I was making this into a test.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00033-00008608-00008650": "I like it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00034-00008753-00008843": "Mark: is it gin?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00035-00008849-00008882": "Yep.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00036-00008910-00008964": "And.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00037-00008982-00009141": "Where's the what's the pink from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00038-00009151-00009413": "Aven: The pink is from Peychaud's, just a dash of Peychaud's.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00039-00009433-00009437": "Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00040-00009439-00009760": "It's also got a dash of it's supposed to be absinthe, but I've put Pernod.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00041-00009760-00009837": "Pernod oh.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00042-00009862-00010171": "And then it has 10 mil of Benedictine Benedictine.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00043-00010216-00010237": "Mark: Oh, wow.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00044-00010243-00010264": "Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00045-00010264-00010348": "There's a lot going on there.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00046-00010376-00010589": "Aven: it seemed like you're kind of drink mm-hmm  is it good?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00047-00010622-00010649": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00048-00010682-00010715": "It's nice.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00049-00010757-00010922": "It's like a fancy up martini, basically.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00050-00010923-00011120": "Mm-hmm  but it's an equal parts, gin and vermouth.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00051-00011120-00011365": "So it's quite vermouthy All right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00052-00011365-00011462": "So that's the Merry Widow.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00053-00011472-00011547": "And then.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00054-00011571-00011766": "I am having a Black Widow", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00055-00011787-00011928": "Mark: with a very fancy garnish", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00056-00012004-00012568": "Aven: So the Black Widow, mmm, that's tasty is a couple of blackberries muddled", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00057-00012568-00013021": "with a bit of basil leaves and then tequila, lime juice and agave nectar.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00058-00013051-00013384": "And it's garnished with a basil leaf and a Blackberry, which I spiked on a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00059-00013384-00014010": "little cocktail skewer thingy, and it's a lovely, deep red, almost blood red color,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00060-00014022-00014376": "which happens to by complete coincidence match the dress I'm wearing today.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00061-00014451-00014556": "So, mm.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00062-00014595-00014649": "You wanna taste it?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00063-00014652-00014921": "Yeah, it's very juicy and tequila.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00064-00014941-00015090": "it's like a margarita really.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00065-00015105-00015192": "Blackberry margarita.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00066-00015226-00015238": "Mark: Oh yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00067-00015238-00015408": "But the, basil is quite mm-hmm", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00068-00015427-00015487": "Aven: it comes through.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00069-00015551-00015737": "Both nice cocktails actually, I would say.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00070-00015860-00016145": "So I'll put links to both of those in the show notes as always, if", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00071-00016145-00016546": "you're interested and now that we are fortified with widow-themed cocktails,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00072-00016627-00017083": "we can get going and you can talk about why we're talking about this.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00073-00017086-00017248": "So we're going with a video.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00074-00017272-00017344": "This is a video.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00075-00017399-00017423": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00076-00017471-00017985": "Mark: So this year, which is 2022, for those of you listening in the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00077-00017985-00018716": "future, is the 75th anniversary of the independence of India and Pakistan.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00078-00018716-00019054": "As well as partition, which happened at the same time.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00079-00019059-00019593": "And it is also at around very close to that time within just a few days,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00080-00019597-00020172": "the six year anniversary of my father passing away and thus leaving my", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00081-00020172-00020472": "mother a widow, hence the, theme.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00082-00020524-00020813": "So my father of course was from India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00083-00020814-00021417": "And he had always wanted me to cover the expression \"grass widow\",", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00084-00021432-00021624": "specifically, on my channel.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00085-00021656-00021779": "And he kept recommending it to me.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00086-00021779-00021950": "He said, it's this interesting term.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00087-00021980-00022295": "And it comes from India and it's connected to golf.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00088-00022295-00022516": "And he was really an avid golfer.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00089-00022568-00022856": "and so, you know, he kept recommending this to me and I", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00090-00022856-00022988": "thought, oh yeah, maybe I'll do it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00091-00022988-00023033": "I don't know.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00092-00023063-00023237": "And I never got around to doing it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00093-00023249-00023765": "And after he passed away, I thought, well, this, this would be a way of honoring him", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00094-00023772-00024201": "and doing a video that connected to him in a lot of different ways, because it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00095-00024201-00024713": "was both about the word widow as my mother was a widow after he had passed away", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00096-00024713-00025262": "and about this term grass widow that he, he was so interested in and about India", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00097-00025262-00025548": "and India's partition and independence.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00098-00025555-00026020": "And so you know, it kind of reflected on him in a lot of different ways.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00099-00026025-00026250": "Aven: So you put this out the year after his", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00100-00026256-00026409": "Mark: passing the year after his passing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00101-00026409-00026430": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00102-00026433-00026873": "So this is the five year anniversary of the video  and of course he grew up,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00103-00026876-00027277": "you know, being of the generation that he was, he grew up during this time of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00104-00027302-00027896": "independence and partition So this was very much a part of his, his early life.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00105-00027901-00028422": "And he was also very interested in the sort of political situation with", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00106-00028422-00029007": "the British Raj and, Gandhi, and this whole period, quite fascinated him.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00107-00029015-00029328": "so this is dedicated to him and to my mother.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00108-00029333-00029817": "And I'd also like to thank my sister for some help and input on the script.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00109-00029837-00030227": "And so that being said, let's listen to the audio of the video.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00110-00030483-00030854": "The word widow comes ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root that means", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00111-00030854-00031212": "“to divide or separate”, the notion being that a widow is a woman who is", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00112-00031212-00031380": "divided from her husband by death.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00113-00031407-00031727": "We get widow through the Germanic branch of languages from Old English", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00114-00031731-00032160": "wuduwe, but that Proto-Indo-European root also gives us the words divide,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00115-00032168-00032672": "devise, and device, from the Latin verb dividere literally “to divide apart”.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00116-00032700-00032951": "The word divide will become important again a little later.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00117-00032972-00033351": "The sense of devise comes about through the notion of “to dispose in portions", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00118-00033354-00033797": "or arrange a division” and thus “arrange, plan, contrive”, and I guess", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00119-00033797-00034130": "there’s still an echo of the original sense in the expression “to devise a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00120-00034130-00034319": "will”, which brings us back to widows.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00121-00034396-00034692": "In western cultures we typically think of widows wearing black to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00122-00034692-00035000": "show they’re in mourning, but this colour association isn’t universal.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00123-00035026-00035419": "For instance in India, according to Hindu tradition, a widow wears white,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00124-00035423-00035811": "but the idea is similar: to avoid wearing colourful clothing and adornments.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00125-00035860-00036220": "As we’ll see, this example of Indian custom isn’t just a random digression.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00126-00036266-00036615": "By the 20th century the expression grass widow meant“a married woman whose", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00127-00036615-00037030": "husband is away often or for a prolonged period”, for instance on business trips,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00128-00037032-00037201": "or because he’s away playing golf a lot.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00129-00037222-00037534": "However, when the expression was first used by Sir Thomas More in the early", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00130-00037534-00037907": "16th century it had quite a different meaning, referring to a “discarded", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00131-00037907-00038241": "mistress” or “unmarried woman who has cohabited with one or more men”.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00132-00038278-00038568": "This original sense might have something to do with the discarded", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00133-00038568-00039040": "mistress being “put out to grass” as it were, or more likely it might suggest", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00134-00039040-00039448": "something of the same notion as does the etymology of the word bastard.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00135-00039489-00039824": "Bastard comes from the Latin term bastum meaning “pack saddle” and the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00136-00039824-00040279": "pejorative suffix -ard, and mirrors the Old French expression fils de", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00137-00040279-00040420": "bast, literally “packsaddle son”.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00138-00040471-00040865": "The idea is that a bastard is the product of an impromptu sexual encounter with", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00139-00040865-00041206": "only a packsaddle as a make-shift pillow instead of the proper marital bed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00140-00041254-00041657": "So in a similar way, grass widow probably reflects the notion of a roll", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00141-00041657-00042073": "in the hay, a one-off sexual encounter out in the fields or in a barn, the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00142-00042073-00042275": "mistress afterwards being abandoned.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00143-00042314-00042682": "That Latin word bastum, by the way, ultimately comes from the Greek word", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00144-00042687-00043161": "bastazein “to carry”, hence its use for packsaddle, and this root also", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00145-00043164-00043606": "gives us the word batman — no not the superhero Batman, but the term", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00146-00043606-00043782": "for a military officer’s servant.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00147-00043808-00044092": "The term was originally applied to a cavalry officer’s servant who", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00148-00044092-00044441": "was in charge of the bat-horse, in other words the pack horse, and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00149-00044441-00044813": "its load, before being broadened to refer to any officer’s servant.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00150-00044832-00045187": "The term batman came to be replaced by the word orderly, but earlier in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00151-00045187-00045523": "the British army, as in the days of the British Raj or British rule in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00152-00045523-00045719": "India, batman was the usual term.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00153-00045753-00046125": "And I bring up India again, because it’s there, during the British Raj,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00154-00046131-00046432": "that grass widow, to get back to that expression again, may have", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00155-00046434-00046795": "gained its more modern sense of a married woman whose husband is away.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00156-00046820-00047182": "You see the wives of the officers were sent off to the cooler [and greener]", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00157-00047182-00047519": "hill stations during the hot summer months while their husbands had to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00158-00047519-00047704": "remain on duty in the hotter plains.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00159-00047768-00048123": "In addition to grass widow often referring to the wife of a man who is engaged in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00160-00048162-00048496": "obsessional activities such as golf, we have the more specific term golf", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00161-00048496-00048909": "widow, and as it turns out, the game of golf is also connected to our story.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00162-00048924-00049363": "It’s often popularly assumed that the game of golf was invented in medieval Scotland,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00163-00049372-00049785": "but as shown by the name’s probable origin in Dutch kolf meaning “club”,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00164-00049792-00049965": "the game seems to have deeper roots.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00165-00049973-00050348": "The Dutch game of kolven, played on an indoor court, involves hitting a ball", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00166-00050350-00050693": "back and forth to a post and being the first to return to the starting point.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00167-00050737-00051111": "Some have tried to connect golf back further to various ancient Greek and Roman", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00168-00051111-00051479": "ball-and-stick games [though many sound more like field hockey than golf], and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00169-00051479-00051928": "in particular the Roman paganica in which players used a bent wooden stick to strike", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00170-00051928-00052320": "a stuffed leather ball in an attempt to hit a target such as a rock or a tree.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00171-00052349-00052778": "Another suggestion is that golf came from a Chinese ball-and-stick game called", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00172-00052818-00053236": "chuiwan in which players used a set of up to 10 different clubs to knock balls into", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00173-00053237-00053648": "holes, though how this Ming Dynasty game made it to Europe is a little uncertain.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00174-00053700-00054055": "However a more likely suggestion arises from the similarity between", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00175-00054055-00054489": "golf and an old French cross-country game called chicane in which a ball", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00176-00054489-00054856": "is to be driven in the fewest possible strokes to a church or garden door.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00177-00054888-00055300": "Chicane is a variation of a game known variously as jeu de mail or chole,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00178-00055358-00055536": "which is an ancestor of croquet.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00179-00055570-00055908": "Due to the similarity in name, chicane may in turn be derived from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00180-00055908-00056295": "the Persian game called chaugán, which is also the forerunner of polo.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00181-00056306-00056775": "The word chaugán again refers to the bent mallet or stick the game is played with.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00182-00056799-00057167": "If all this is true, this would make golf and polo distant relatives.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00183-00057204-00057617": "And if the word chicane [or chicane] sounds familiar, it’s also used to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00184-00057618-00057953": "refer to the barrier used to create sharp turns in motorsport, and in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00185-00057953-00058333": "the form chicanery means “deception or trickery” by way of metaphor.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00186-00058360-00058522": "Etymology is a tricky game!", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00187-00058578-00059003": "A deeper etymology of the name chaugán is suggested in the great 19th century", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00188-00059005-00059229": "Anglo-Indian dictionary Hobson-Jobson.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00189-00059258-00059557": "It might come from the Indian Prakrit language with the sense", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00190-00059596-00059885": "“fourfold or four corners” in reference to the playing field.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00191-00059921-00060173": "And this once again brings us back to British India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00192-00060185-00060473": "Because it’s in that Anglo-Indian dictionary that we first find the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00193-00060473-00060795": "notion that grass widow gains its modern sense from those officers’", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00194-00060795-00060951": "wives up in the hill stations.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00195-00060984-00061373": "Hobson-Jobson notes of the earlier ‘discarded mistress’ sense that “no", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00196-00061373-00061822": "such opprobrious meanings attach to the Indian use” though “this slang phrase", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00197-00061824-00062207": "is applied in India, with a shade of malignity, to ladies living apart from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00198-00062207-00062620": "their husbands, especially as recreating at the Hill stations, whilst the husbands", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00199-00062623-00062792": "are at their duties in the plains”.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00200-00062843-00063327": "What that “shade of malignity” implies is not entirely clear, but may perhaps", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00201-00063328-00063744": "suggest some sort of extra-marital affairs going on in those hill stations.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00202-00063783-00064110": "And speaking of Hobson-Jobson, the dictionary is dedicated to collecting", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00203-00064110-00064481": "colloquial words and phrases that came into English duringBritish rule in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00204-00064523-00064908": "Many of these words come from one of the numerous languages spoken in the Indian", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00205-00064908-00065304": "subcontinent, and the dictionary contains many detailed etymological discussions.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00206-00065337-00065572": "You’d be forgiven for thinking the dictionary was written by", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00207-00065574-00065953": "lexicographers named Hobson and Jobson, but in fact the authors are", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00208-00065953-00066129": "Henry Yule and Arthur Coke Burnell.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00209-00066213-00066501": "The name comes about from an item in the dictionary itself.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00210-00066511-00066803": "It’s the Anglicized form of the repeated cries of “Yā Hasan!", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00211-00066806-00067187": "Yā Husayn!” of Muslims as they beat their breasts in the Muharram procession,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00212-00067197-00067604": "and from this referring to the festival itself or more broadly any festival.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00213-00067659-00068152": "This phonological shift to Hosseen Gosseen, Hossy Gossy, Hossein Jossen", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00214-00068159-00068490": "and, ultimately, Hobson-Jobson, eventually also gives rise to the Law", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00215-00068491-00068847": "of Hobson-Jobson describing the process of adapting a foreign word to the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00216-00068847-00069030": "sound-system of the adopting language.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00217-00069066-00069362": "Yule and Burnell chose the title as emblematic of the dictionary as", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00218-00069362-00069762": "a whole, and in a sense we can see this adoption and adaption process as", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00219-00069762-00069947": "emblematic of the British Raj itself.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00220-00069997-00070302": "You see India, and the wealth it represented, was crucial to Britain’s", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00221-00070302-00070599": "imperialist project, and it’s not surprising that the country was", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00222-00070600-00070778": "referred to as the “jewel in the crown”.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00223-00070808-00071025": "So it was important for Britain to hold on to India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00224-00071060-00071354": "Initially India was under the control of the the British East India", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00225-00071354-00071705": "Company, a trade monopoly set up for conducting business with the far east.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00226-00071745-00072217": "But after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00227-00072217-00072546": "British government took direct control over the administration of India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00228-00072579-00072846": "The Sepoys were the Indian soldiers used by the East India", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00229-00072846-00073004": "Company to control their holdings.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00230-00073040-00073400": "The causes of the mutiny are many and complex, but include the necessity of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00231-00073400-00073799": "biting open paper gun cartridges to load their rifles — unfortunately these", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00232-00073799-00074159": "cartridges may have been greased with tallow or cow fat, thus offensive to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00233-00074160-00074669": "Hindus, or pork fat, thus offensive to Muslims; another, particularly relevant", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00234-00074672-00075108": "to this story, was the abolition of the sati, the ritual in which a widow", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00235-00075114-00075530": "immolates herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre; and in general Company", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00236-00075530-00075903": "policies that didn’t take into account problems related to the caste system", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00237-00075903-00076312": "in India, for instance soldiers sent overseas potentially losing their caste.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00238-00076348-00076678": "These sorts of culturally insensitive policies lay behind the growing", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00239-00076678-00077062": "tensions in India at the time, and particularly among the Sepoy soldiers.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00240-00077113-00077489": "After Britain took direct control over India new policies were put in place", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00241-00077492-00077895": "that instead manipulated Indian customs for the benefit of imperial control.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00242-00077935-00078282": "And when they took control, Britain went back to another of those words from the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00243-00078360-00078886": "PIE root for ‘to separate’ and adopted a policy of divide and rule during the Raj.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00244-00078945-00079251": "This political strategy, often expressed with the Latin tag divide", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00245-00079251-00079819": "et impera--impera being the root of empire, by the way--goes back a long way.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00246-00079843-00080223": "The idea is that a ruling power can maintain control better by breaking up", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00247-00080225-00080612": "larger groups within a population so that there are no large concentrations of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00248-00080612-00081030": "power to challenge the ruler or rulers, and furthermore to foment rivalries and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00249-00081030-00081405": "discord among the population to reduce the chances of unified opposition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00250-00081437-00081799": "This political philosophy has been linked with such figures as Philip of Macedon,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00251-00081874-00082105": "Julius Caesar, Machiavelli, and Napoleon.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00252-00082147-00082479": "Well this principle was explicitly adopted by the British authorities in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00253-00082480-00082897": "India — as expressed in several official memos and letters: “Our endeavor should", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00254-00082898-00083424": "be to uphold in full force the [fortunate for us] separation which exists between", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00255-00083426-00083765": "different religions and races, and not to endeavor to amalgamate them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00256-00083781-00084186": "Divide et impera should be the principle of Indian Government.” So", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00257-00084186-00084529": "in order to forestall any further army mutinies, regiments were", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00258-00084529-00084940": "organized along racial and religious lines, Hindu, Muslim, and so forth.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00259-00084973-00085273": "And in elections, divisions were maintained along religious lines", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00260-00085273-00085443": "as well, with separate electorates.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00261-00085480-00085718": "And all these groups were played off against each other.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00262-00085743-00085983": "Religious groups became politicized categories.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00263-00086029-00086419": "However, after WWII, the incoming Labour government adopted a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00264-00086419-00086584": "policy of an independent India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00265-00086606-00086918": "In part this was due to what they saw as a high probability of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00266-00086918-00087258": "rebellion or civil war, not wanting it to happen on Britain’s watch.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00267-00087283-00087633": "But in light of the growing Cold War, they also favoured the idea of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00268-00087633-00087882": "a unified India with a unified army.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00269-00087905-00088231": "However, the divisions they had sown during the Raj made the partition", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00270-00088231-00088567": "of India the final poisoned gift of a retreating colonial power.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00271-00088600-00089001": "Lord Mountbatten, a naval officer, grandson of Queen Victoria, uncle", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00272-00089001-00089289": "of Prince Philip and second cousin once removed of Queen Elizabeth", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00273-00089289-00089658": "II, was appointed Viceroy of India to oversee independence.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00274-00089676-00090088": "And though he and Indian leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00275-00090088-00090534": "favoured a unified India, Muslim leaders such as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, as well", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00276-00090534-00090913": "as Hindu fundamentalists, wanted a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00277-00090933-00091319": "This was in keeping with the longstanding British mentality of divide and rule.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00278-00091360-00091796": "Partition in 1947 became the largest peacetime movement in history: some", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00279-00091796-00092190": "17 million people moved to be on the “right” side of the border.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00280-00092208-00092579": "Perhaps 1 million were killed in the chaos and violence that resulted.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00281-00092628-00093011": "As for Mountbatten, as India was then still a dominion of the Commonwealth,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00282-00093020-00093420": "he stayed on briefly as the new Dominion of India’s first Governor General,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00283-00093424-00093578": "to Nehru’s first prime minister.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00284-00093603-00093989": "He made a similar offer to stay on as Pakistan’s governor general but was turned", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00285-00093989-00094161": "down, with Jinnah filling that role.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00286-00094210-00094680": "As it happens, Mountbatten was also an aficionado of polo, a sport he picked up", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00287-00094685-00095206": "in an earlier trip to India as part of a royal tour in the winter of 1921-1922.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00288-00095266-00095575": "The sport became a passion for him and he went on to not only write", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00289-00095575-00095901": "a book on the subject, but also receive a patent for a polo stick.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00290-00095947-00096262": "Along with polo, the other thing Mountbatten picked up on that royal tour", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00291-00096262-00096770": "in 1921 was a wife, Edwina, née Ashley, remembered for her efforts at mitigating", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00292-00096770-00096966": "the post-partition violence and suffering.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00293-00097001-00097308": "Their marriage was an open one, with each having acknowledged affairs.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00294-00097326-00097692": "I suppose we could call her something of a grass widow [though I hesitate to use", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00295-00097692-00098055": "the term with any “shade of malignity”], as it was Louis Mountbatten’s devotion", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00296-00098055-00098417": "to the navy [though one wonders about the polo as well] which took him away from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00297-00098417-00098632": "married life and led to Edwina’s affairs.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00298-00098649-00098915": "Purportedly she had a very close relationship with India’s", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00299-00098915-00099024": "first prime minister Nehru.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00300-00099089-00099587": "The ironic coda to all of this is that Mountbatten was assassinated in 1979 by", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00301-00099587-00100065": "the IRA, the product of another example of British divide and rule colonial policies,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00302-00100074-00100461": "who planted an explosive in his fishing boat, ironic because he worked against", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00303-00100463-00100687": "the partition in India [to no avail].", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00304-00100731-00101126": "However, this didn’t leave Edwina Mountbatten a widow as she had predeceased", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00305-00101126-00101625": "him in 1960, leaving Lord Mountbatten a widower, in this case the masculine", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00306-00101625-00101981": "form of widow, not something that makes a woman into a widow, though there", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00307-00101982-00102462": "is a rarely used word widower to mean widow-maker—which etymologically, I", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00308-00102462-00102942": "suppose, means “a division-maker”, just what the British Raj had been, and what", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00309-00102942-00103224": "Mountbatten tried, and failed, not to be.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00310-00103692-00103987": "Aven: So I just have one little thing to add before we come back", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00311-00103987-00104323": "to the India part, which I think is what we're gonna focus on.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00312-00104341-00104466": "Mm-hmm  for a fair amount of it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00313-00104483-00104928": "Right near the beginning you talk about widows wearing black and white as two", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00314-00104928-00105270": "cultural expressions of what are known as widows weeds, which you don't,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00315-00105272-00105594": "talk about that particular term, but that's the, that's an old English word.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00316-00105603-00105635": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00317-00105635-00105771": "For just clothing I clothing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00318-00105792-00105813": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00319-00105831-00105850": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00320-00105850-00106341": "So I thought as my, as a little contribution, my get in the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00321-00106341-00106768": "ancient world contribution, I would look at what Roman widows wore.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00322-00106781-00107022": "The only problem is they don't seem to have worn anything in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00323-00107022-00107275": "particular  or anything special.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00324-00107275-00107347": "That is, they were naked.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00325-00107521-00107608": "that would be impressive.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00326-00107615-00107974": "Not exactly, but there is some work has been done on it in particular,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00327-00107980-00108287": "one of my friends and colleagues, Kelly Olson at Western, has", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00328-00108287-00108476": "written about what widows wore.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00329-00108491-00109025": "If you look in sort of general discussions of such things, they always mention in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00330-00109025-00109426": "passing that widows wore  a fringed shawl.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00331-00109470-00109593": "So I'll come back to that in a moment.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00332-00109621-00109855": "Initially at a funeral or right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00333-00109855-00110261": "when in active morning, like the first few weeks after somebody a husband", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00334-00110261-00110755": "or a brother or somebody important died, widows would wear dark clothing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00335-00110789-00111083": "So would the men in the family, everyone would wear gray or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00336-00111086-00111278": "black togas, tunics, clothing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00337-00111285-00111417": "They would tear their garments.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00338-00111417-00111558": "They would scratch their cheeks.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00339-00111563-00111850": "Men wouldn't cut their hair or shave.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00340-00111856-00112426": "They wouldn't bathe, they would actively throw dust on their hair and body", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00341-00112456-00112990": "and walk around looking dirty   and probably women did as well though we", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00342-00113031-00113224": "actually very rarely hear about that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00343-00113236-00113652": "Beyond the tearing at their cheeks with their fingernails, till they bleed", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00344-00113691-00114087": "and beating their breast till it's bruised and tearing open their garments", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00345-00114091-00114461": "which they would do in the procession, like at the actual death and over the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00346-00114461-00114608": "body and in the funeral procession.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00347-00114608-00114791": "So that's very focused on the funeral.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00348-00114827-00115132": "After that, the only thing that people seem to mention as like", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00349-00115132-00115409": "something that would set aside a widow is this fringed shawl.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00350-00115411-00115828": "But Kelly Olson takes issue with this because in fact, she says, there's", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00351-00115828-00116169": "very little discussion of this, it's sort of one or two mentions", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00352-00116169-00116280": "that have been turned into this.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00353-00116313-00116700": "It's something called a ricinium as a cloak of mourning for women.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00354-00116745-00117159": "But it's mentioned very, very briefly and in unclear situations,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00355-00117159-00117618": "it's unclear what its purpose was, how long they wore it, whether it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00356-00117618-00117819": "was actually only worn by widows.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00357-00117823-00118230": "A ricinium seems to be a four-sided mantle, sometimes worn, doubled.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00358-00118240-00118624": "Modern authors suggest it was fringed and a marker of a widow, but Kelly", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00359-00118624-00118813": "hasn't found any evidence for that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00360-00118831-00118963": "She doesn't actually think it's fringed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00361-00118963-00119305": "She has a whole article, a very interesting article about fringed", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00362-00119329-00119733": "garments in particular in the ancient world and says, there's really no", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00363-00119755-00119977": "evidence that it was a fringed garment.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00364-00119977-00120282": "And it comes from just a couple of sort of misread mentions.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00365-00120306-00120333": "Do we", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00366-00120333-00120536": "Mark: know what the etymology of ricinium is?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00367-00120540-00120558": "Aven: No.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00368-00120726-00121104": "Now, Kelly has also written an article called Insignia Lugentium,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00369-00121116-00121284": "which is the marks of mourning.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00370-00121374-00121904": "I can't get my hands on it because I no longer have access to, well, I have", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00371-00121905-00122292": "access to the Laurentian library, but it doesn't have the journal that this is in.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00372-00122370-00122742": "However, I did ask Kelly briefly about it just on social media.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00373-00122742-00123126": "And she said that really wasn't anything past the initial morning period,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00374-00123126-00123589": "that first sort of six weeks months where they would wear dark colors,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00375-00123589-00123901": "like everybody in the house would mm-hmm  there was no, there doesn't", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00376-00123901-00124045": "seem to be any marker of widowhood.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00377-00124117-00124612": "And I think that's interesting as a lack, because I think it actually reflects the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00378-00124664-00125125": "status of a widow in Roman life, which is that they were just now a marriageable", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00379-00125126-00125507": "woman  right, I mean, they continue to be a matrona so they like, they continue to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00380-00125507-00125969": "have the sort of markers of respectable woman, wifely, womanhood, so a stole", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00381-00125970-00126125": "and palla and the things like that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00382-00126146-00126602": "But they don't seem to have been set aside because there was no", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00383-00126602-00126768": "restrictions on marrying again.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00384-00126827-00127276": "Which is the main purpose of widow's clothing if you think about in both", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00385-00127279-00128024": "Victorian black and the Hindu white, it's meant to mark a woman as, having", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00386-00128024-00128336": "been married and no longer married and not eligible for marriage again.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00387-00128392-00128413": "Mark: Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00388-00128413-00128821": "So that was the question I was gonna ask is what kind of pressure was there on a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00389-00128821-00129347": "woman to remarry because in the middle ages that was like a really good position", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00390-00129347-00129719": "for a woman to it's the only good position for a woman to be in is to be widowed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00391-00129725-00129746": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00392-00129746-00129941": "Because she doesn't have to remarry", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00393-00129944-00130334": "And at that point she has legal power that, that she wouldn't have", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00394-00130335-00130442": "had otherwise, that an unmarried", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00395-00130443-00130571": "Aven: woman would never have.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00396-00130573-00130811": "And to some extent that's true in the Roman period as well.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00397-00130813-00130967": "It depends a lot on status.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00398-00130979-00131108": "Of course, if you're poor.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00399-00131129-00131453": "Legal, legal status means nothing because you have no property", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00400-00131454-00131633": "to own and no status to have.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00401-00131651-00131912": "So you'd have to remarry because otherwise you'd die on the street.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00402-00131933-00131948": "Mark: Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00403-00131951-00131969": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00404-00131970-00132173": "So medieval women could own property.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00405-00132176-00132182": "Oh", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00406-00132183-00132209": "Aven: no, no.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00407-00132210-00132281": "But as a widow.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00408-00132284-00132317": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00409-00132317-00132578": "But if you're poor, there's no property to own, that's my point.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00410-00132578-00132584": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00411-00132599-00133072": "Is the lower classes, you know,  women probably had, had to marry or find some", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00412-00133072-00133247": "other way of supporting themselves.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00413-00133277-00133472": "So the pressures on them would be the same as, at any other", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00414-00133472-00133592": "period in their life, really.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00415-00133634-00134213": "In the upper classes, widows did have a little bit more legal autonomy than", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00416-00134219-00134640": "unmarried women, but in the upper classes, especially in late Republican and Imperial", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00417-00134642-00134980": "Rome, women in the upper classes actually had quite a lot of legal autonomy,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00418-00134980-00135393": "even married now, not unmarried, not before they married, but that's because", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00419-00135393-00135540": "they weren't really considered adults.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00420-00135561-00135579": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00421-00135588-00136056": "So if they did, in fact, stay unmarried, past marriageable age, They might", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00422-00136056-00136365": "have that autonomy as well, but definitely once they were married,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00423-00136365-00136770": "even before they didn't have to be widowed or divorced, they had their", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00424-00136770-00136893": "own, they could own their own property.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00425-00136893-00137169": "Their property was, their dowry was kept separate from their husbands.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00426-00137202-00137490": "You know, they had a lot of those things, so they didn't really need to be widows", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00427-00137490-00137712": "to have that power in the same way.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00428-00137736-00138106": "They weren't as under their husband's control as later.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00429-00138139-00138675": "So widows do seem to have, had some status, but for those upper classes,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00430-00138675-00138915": "there was a lot of pressure on women to marry because of course,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00431-00138915-00139235": "in those upper classes, marriages were always political and economic.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00432-00139282-00139516": "So there'd be the pressure on them to marry that there had", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00433-00139516-00139639": "been on them to marry before.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00434-00139657-00140056": "Now, if they were old, quite old and not able to have children again, then", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00435-00140056-00140469": "there might not be much pressure on them, but yeah, It's a murky area.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00436-00140538-00140975": "A quick note from the future: the day after we recorded this episode, I was sent", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00437-00140978-00141132": "Kelly's article about widow's clothing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00438-00141157-00141529": "It confirmed most of what I said here, except that I was wrong about the lack", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00439-00141530-00141812": "of restrictions on remarriage for widows.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00440-00141812-00142069": "It seems that there were a few laws, some of which were passed or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00441-00142069-00142452": "updated by Augustus, that restricted marriage for one year, or possibly", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00442-00142460-00142721": "10 months, after a woman was widowed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00443-00142754-00143028": "This seems to have been mainly aimed at ensuring that she wasn't", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00444-00143030-00143425": "pregnant by her deceased husband, and to ensure that any child born", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00445-00143425-00143666": "to her  new husband was clearly his.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00446-00143753-00143890": "So in some cases it seems to have been permitted for a woman to marry as", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00447-00143890-00144328": "soon as she'd borne her child, if she was pregnant when her husband died.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00448-00144383-00144786": "Just wanted to add that in, since it updates some of what I said earlier.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00449-00144859-00145072": "So anyway, I just thought that was kind of interesting because it is the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00450-00145072-00145195": "sort of thing that we just assume.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00451-00145225-00145594": "Now colorwise, dark colors were the colors of mourning, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00452-00145594-00145927": "So from that perspective, the Romans were fairly similar to,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00453-00145969-00146304": "Mark: I wonder how much of this has to do with just the, simple", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00454-00146304-00146548": "ability of coloring textiles.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00455-00146548-00146571": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00456-00146571-00146790": "Like, how easy is it to produce black?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00457-00146829-00146850": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00458-00146851-00147130": "How were they in the, in the habit of bleaching.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00459-00147159-00147418": "So if you don't bleach, then you know, you're not gonna", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00460-00147418-00147666": "have white to be able to go to.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00461-00147690-00147723": "Well, and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00462-00147723-00148014": "Aven: the Romans wore white all the time, so the men wore white", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00463-00148035-00148215": "all the time, white and white wool.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00464-00148216-00148230": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00465-00148232-00148353": "Mm-hmm , which is white.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00466-00148407-00148638": "So their, white was already was already taken up.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00467-00148641-00148659": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00468-00148659-00148827": "It had a symbolic purpose on its own.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00469-00148844-00149054": "And therefore couldn't stand in as a,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00470-00149059-00149443": "Mark: and I guess if, if the point is to be unadorned  you do, whatever's the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00471-00149446-00149812": "Aven: opposite, the least work, that the cheapest garments and yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00472-00149836-00149857": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00473-00149873-00150182": "And also there seems to be some religious elements of making the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00474-00150182-00150390": "mourners, like a corpse, right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00475-00150392-00150802": "In some ways taking on a sort of death-like aspect for the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00476-00150802-00150947": "period of active mourning.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00477-00151018-00151325": "So that's all , you know, it's not very much, but I just thought I'd share that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00478-00151394-00151875": "Mark: Well, I wanna pick up in a little more detail about the British Raj.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00479-00151892-00152486": "So that term Raj referring to British rule in India comes from the Hindi", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00480-00152486-00153154": "word, Raj, which meant rule, dominion, kingdom which is related to the term Raja", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00481-00153154-00153438": "which means a king or prince in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00482-00153443-00153869": "So these words go back to the proto indo European route *reg-, which", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00483-00153869-00154362": "means to move in a, a straight line with derivatives meaning to direct in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00484-00154362-00154668": "straight lines and thus to lead or rule.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00485-00154707-00155508": "And so this root also leads to the Latin word regere to rule straighten guide and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00486-00155516-00156113": "regula which means a straight stick bar or ruler  and figuratively, therefore,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00487-00156113-00156823": "a pattern, a model and that comes, that becomes Old French riule and Norman reule.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00488-00156880-00157291": "And that means rule custom religious order.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00489-00157319-00157523": "And that gives us the English word rule.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00490-00157550-00158150": "Now, in the video, I quoted one British official about that specific divide", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00491-00158150-00158525": "and rule policy in India, but that was hardly a unique point of view.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00492-00158525-00158863": "I just used one, good, yeah, representative, one good quote.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00493-00158864-00159155": "But there's a whole bunch of discussion about this policy.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00494-00159155-00159383": "So it was a repeated refrain.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00495-00159421-00159871": "so here's a few other nice quotations that demonstrate, well, I say nice", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00496-00159943-00160289": "demonstrative examples of this that,  I think are worth reading out.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00497-00160339-00160768": "\"I am strongly of the opinion that Mussulmans should not be in the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00498-00160768-00161277": "same company or troop with Hindus or Sikhs and that the two latter", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00499-00161287-00161443": "should not be mingled together.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00500-00161481-00161910": "I would maintain even in the same regiment, all differences of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00501-00161910-00162136": "faith with the greatest of care.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00502-00162162-00162653": "There might be rivalry or even hatred between two companies or troops, the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00503-00162653-00163097": "discipline of a native regiment instead of being impaired would gain by it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00504-00163124-00163517": "as regards the greater question of obedience to the commanding officer.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00505-00163549-00164065": "The motto of the regimental commander and therefore of the commander in chief must", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00506-00164068-00164396": "for the future be 'Divide et Impera'.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00507-00164434-00164934": "That was from a Minute written by Major General Sir W.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00508-00164942-00164968": "R.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00509-00164968-00165211": "Mansfield in the 19th century.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00510-00165214-00165339": "I don't know the exact date.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00511-00165350-00165844": "Here's another one by Lord -- and I love this name -- Lord Elphinstone.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00512-00165889-00166521": "Well he said \"But suppose the whole native army to be formed into one grand army,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00513-00166542-00166962": "the component parts of each regiment being as heterogeneous as possible,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00514-00166980-00167511": "and suppose some cause of discontent to arise, which affects all castes alike, the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00515-00167511-00168056": "danger would be undoubtedly far greater than that, which overtook us last year.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00516-00168066-00168378": "And I think this is in reference to the Sepoy mutiny.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00517-00168386-00168929": "\"I have long considered this subject and I am convinced that the exact converse", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00518-00168941-00169412": "of this policy of assimilation is our only safe military policy in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00519-00169449-00169839": "' Divide et Impera' was the old Roman motto and it should be ours.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00520-00169903-00170395": "The safety of the great iron steamers, which are adding so much to our military", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00521-00170395-00170809": "power and which are probably destined to add still more to our commercial", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00522-00170809-00171283": "superiority is greatly increased by building them in compartments.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00523-00171313-00171685": "I would ensure the safety of our Indian empire by constructing our", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00524-00171685-00171910": "native army on the same principle.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00525-00171967-00172405": "For this part, I would avail myself of those diversities of language and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00526-00172405-00172669": "race, which we find ready to hand.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00527-00172715-00173150": "Aven: What's so upsetting about it is how genuinely logical and sensible it is.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00528-00173159-00173165": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00529-00173201-00173408": "As long as you are a moral vacuum.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00530-00173423-00173438": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00531-00173591-00173813": ",  Mark: you know, well, and it came to bite them in the butt.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00532-00173822-00173860": "Oh yeah,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00533-00173860-00173912": "Aven: absolutely.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00534-00173912-00173976": "Absolutely.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00535-00173978-00174168": "But only after a very long time, very long time.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00536-00174174-00174413": "And, and, and who's it biting in the butt worst?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00537-00174431-00174683": "Yeah, the British or the people of India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00538-00174683-00175035": "I mean it, everyone living, who are living with absolutely", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00539-00175035-00175236": "disastrous consequences of that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00540-00175239-00175395": "inflamed hatred.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00541-00175416-00175455": "Mm-hmm  so,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00542-00175504-00175943": "Mark: and I have one more by Major General John Hearsay  okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00543-00175943-00176360": "And so I assume this comment is not hearsay, but is the words of Hearsay", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00544-00176429-00176912": "\"Keep the armies as separate as possible as to tribes and grades in them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00545-00176932-00177288": "The system and organization may be the same, but I would", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00546-00177288-00177450": "rather have them distinct.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00547-00177463-00177614": "Divide et impera.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00548-00177650-00177890": "Never let them assimilate if possible\".", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00549-00177891-00178306": "Mm-hmm  so it was clearly a very conscious policy of divide and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00550-00178306-00178708": "rule, which laid the groundwork for the later divisiveness in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00551-00178714-00178978": "Aven: Mm-hmm  and I think it, I mean, I don't know how much you're gonna talk", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00552-00178978-00179454": "about this, but an important point to, really hammer home is that while these", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00553-00179454-00179877": "divisions certainly did exist, there were Hindus  and there were Sikhs and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00554-00179877-00180249": "there were Muslims and they did have different political aims and languages.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00555-00180249-00180441": "And, you know, mm-hmm , there were divisions in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00556-00180441-00180933": "India was not a, homogenous or political whole, the important point is that they", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00557-00180933-00181197": "weren't just taking advantage of them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00558-00181218-00181371": "Mm-hmm  they were fomenting them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00559-00181372-00181400": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00560-00181401-00181500": "They were creating them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00561-00181503-00181638": "They were exacerbating them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00562-00181638-00181926": "They were taking people who were used to living side by side,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00563-00181931-00182342": "under different religious rules, but within the same village and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00564-00182343-00182540": "saying, oh, no, you hate him now.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00565-00182540-00182832": "Now you hate your neighbor because I'm gonna give these", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00566-00182832-00182961": "privileges to these people.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00567-00182962-00183123": "And these privileges to these people.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00568-00183144-00183459": "And in this state, I'm gonna make it Hindu majority.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00569-00183459-00183528": "And we're gonna.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00570-00183531-00183807": "give the privileges to the Hindus and in this other state, we're gonna give", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00571-00183807-00184035": "the privileges to Muslims, et cetera.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00572-00184044-00184358": "I think that that's really important for those who don't know that history.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00573-00184399-00184725": "It's easy to look at India now and your other example of,  Ireland", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00574-00184725-00184851": "is an important one as well.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00575-00184852-00184880": "Yeah, mm-hmm  right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00576-00184882-00184938": "The same way.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00577-00184947-00185211": "Of course there were always, well, not always, but there were Catholics", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00578-00185211-00185554": "and Protestants in Ireland, it's easy to now look at it and say,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00579-00185554-00185836": "well, those people have hated each other for thousands of years.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00580-00185887-00186073": "obviously, first of all, no, they haven't.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00581-00186082-00186343": "Cuz there hasn't been thousands of years of Protestants and Catholics.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00582-00186372-00186675": "And second, there were very particular moments at which that", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00583-00186675-00186948": "hatred was stoked and created.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00584-00186957-00186969": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00585-00186996-00187329": "And it does not come naturally from the fact that two groups of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00586-00187329-00187810": "people have different languages or political or religious backgrounds.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00587-00187817-00187938": "I say this from as an outsider.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00588-00187938-00188025": "So who am I to say?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00589-00188025-00188416": "But I don't think it's talked about or understood well enough in India itself.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00590-00188416-00188653": "And I certainly don't think it's understood well enough outside", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00591-00188653-00189095": "of India, by people who see it as being sort of fundamental natural", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00592-00189095-00189410": "divide that everybody is gonna hate everybody else from these other groups.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00593-00189458-00189856": "It wasn't true when the East India company arrived, not the same way.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00594-00189870-00190352": "Mark: So well, and one point that I'm gonna get into later is that this", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00595-00190361-00191110": "divisiveness served both for the British and for the Indians themselves to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00596-00191116-00191828": "obscure other, perhaps more significant kinds of tensions and oppressions.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00597-00191828-00191846": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00598-00191849-00192260": "Well, and, divisions, mm-hmm, specifically class divisions, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00599-00192276-00192458": "Caste  and class, caste and class.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00600-00192461-00192476": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00601-00192500-00193050": "And so I'll get into it later, but you know, there were many both on", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00602-00193050-00193566": "the, Hindu side and the, and the Muslim side who benefited from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00603-00193605-00194153": "maintaining those hierarchical mm-hmm  divisions and sort of used", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00604-00194153-00194408": "Aven: it's, it's like the history of race division in America.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00605-00194411-00194468": "Mm-hmm  right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00606-00194468-00194486": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00607-00194522-00195020": "By, focusing on the division between white and black mm-hmm  you are able", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00608-00195020-00195528": "to obscure and divert attention from the important distinctions between", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00609-00195528-00196047": "rich and poor educated and uneducated, owners and renters, all the rest of it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00610-00196048-00196083": "So, yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00611-00196101-00196116": "So", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00612-00196116-00196419": "Mark: it's basically, you know, don't rebel against us rich", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00613-00196425-00196668": "landlords, rebel against those guys.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00614-00196668-00196810": "Aven: Cause they're another religion so", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00615-00196858-00196996": "Mark: that's an unfortunate, well,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00616-00196996-00197113": "Aven: it's, it's not unfortunate.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00617-00197113-00197248": "It's well, it's very calculated.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00618-00197249-00197260": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00619-00197263-00197357": "It it's not a bug.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00620-00197357-00197423": "It's a feature.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00621-00197429-00197435": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00622-00197435-00197507": "That's the point.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00623-00197508-00197525": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00624-00197525-00197715": "And I think that's the really important, it's very intentional to say.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00625-00197715-00197731": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00626-00197742-00198333": "Mark: But speaking of the administration in India, in this British Raj period", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00627-00198338-00198812": "those two lexicographers that I mentioned, Henry Yule and Arthur Coke Burnell", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00628-00198845-00199068": "Aven: hence forth to be known as Hobson and Jobson", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00629-00199070-00199425": "Mark: yes, who wrote the Hobson and Jobson, they had both been involved", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00630-00199425-00199692": "in the government of the British Raj so they were employed there.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00631-00199692-00199851": "Mm-hmm , that was their reason for being there.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00632-00199890-00200320": "So just a little bit of detail on the two of them: after attending the East", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00633-00200320-00200850": "India military college, Yule joined the Bengal engineer group and worked", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00634-00200850-00201054": "on various infrastructure projects.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00635-00201077-00201326": "And both of his brothers also worked in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00636-00201328-00201544": "One of them dying in the Sepoy mutiny.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00637-00201621-00202255": "As for Burnell he had worked in Madras for the Indian civil service.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00638-00202279-00202300": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00639-00202328-00202576": "So they were both, obviously it's, there was some reason why they're there, career", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00640-00202576-00202748": "Indian men, they were career Indian men.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00641-00202748-00203159": "The, lexicography was a sideline that was not their reason for being there.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00642-00203196-00203641": "Aven: Yeah, well, actually that brings me a little bit to the topic I wanted", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00643-00203641-00204228": "to discuss going back to some classical stuff and the British presence in India,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00644-00204246-00204677": "because you mentioned the East India company, military academy or college or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00645-00204678-00204926": "whatever it was called, and the training.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00646-00204932-00205331": "And also this idea of people who were there as civil servants or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00647-00205337-00205832": "military officers, but who also were lexicographers or linguists or all these", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00648-00205832-00206291": "other things, that overlap is actually very common because of who was being", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00649-00206291-00206420": "sent out and how they were trained.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00650-00206434-00206695": "And so what I wanna talk about a little bit is an article that I found,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00651-00206696-00207066": "it's called \"In the footsteps of the Macedonian conqueror: Alexander the Great", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00652-00207066-00207261": "and British India\" by Christopher A.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00653-00207261-00207477": "Hagerman, it's from 2009.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00654-00207477-00207645": "And I will of course, link it in the show notes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00655-00207676-00208113": "And this really, it focuses first of all, on the importance of a classical education", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00656-00208113-00208533": "in British governing and colonizing classes in the 17th to 19th century.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00657-00208558-00209014": "So there were for instance, in the East India Company in the exams, so there", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00658-00209014-00209406": "were official exams for the officials in the east India company that they had", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00659-00209406-00209593": "to write and they were classical exams.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00660-00209627-00209940": "I mean, this was true of almost all education at the time, whatever your", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00661-00209940-00210282": "actual ostensible topic was, you had to write Greek and Latin exams anyway.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00662-00210288-00210699": "And so they had to write classical history and Greek and Latin exams to become", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00663-00210699-00210822": "officials in the East India Company.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00664-00210870-00211361": "So, you know, there's a de facto level of classical knowledge and at least", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00665-00211361-00211565": "potential interest in that class.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00666-00211583-00211979": "And then the article spends a fair amount of time explaining how and why Alexander", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00667-00211985-00212393": "was a particularly famous and important figure in, I mean, of course we know", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00668-00212393-00212893": "he's famous, but why he specifically was very important in the 18th and 19th", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00669-00212893-00213295": "centuries in particular,  in English and European literature, history and political", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00670-00213295-00213421": "thought, and it goes into detail.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00671-00213421-00213761": "I don't need to talk about all of it, but we do have a lot of evidence", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00672-00213761-00214258": "of how British officials saw India through the eyes of Alexander.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00673-00214279-00214633": "Or more accurately, since we have nothing from Alexander, of the ancients", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00674-00214633-00214774": "historians who wrote about him.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00675-00214774-00215046": "So that's Plutarch, and Arrian and Lacus Curtius.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00676-00215128-00215437": "And this is important because if you don't know this, Alexander,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00677-00215437-00215608": "the great did go to India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00678-00215624-00215881": "He went through Afghanistan and into India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00679-00215912-00216394": "And not only do we have, good historical reason to believe that's actually true.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00680-00216405-00216468": "And he did.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00681-00216474-00216882": "There's also this huge medieval story, we talked about this where", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00682-00216882-00217135": "we talked about Alexander the Great, about his time in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00683-00217153-00217486": "Now this article anyway, was concentrating on the classical sources,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00684-00217486-00217849": "even the late classical sources, not on that medieval wonders tradition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00685-00217874-00218216": "So we're talking more about the sort of historical Plutarch and Arrian", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00686-00218218-00218382": "in particular, and Lacus Curtius.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00687-00218399-00218810": "And what we see is for instance, British officials who were posted to Afghanistan", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00688-00218811-00219177": "and India doing tourism to sites that were mentioned in the ancient sources.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00689-00219212-00219626": "So trying to find those places, either places that everyone knows where it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00690-00219626-00220052": "was, or trying to find the sites of battles, for instance, and wandering", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00691-00220052-00220406": "up and down rivers, trying to figure out where Alexander crossed them, or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00692-00220406-00220529": "if this is the right river or not.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00693-00220529-00220925": "Because of course our sources for Alexander, especially for that part", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00694-00220925-00221201": "of its life are Hm, not always great.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00695-00221226-00221763": "And what's interesting is the article really gives a set of good examples", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00696-00221763-00222141": "of people who took the ancient and Greek and Latin descriptions of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00697-00222141-00222687": "India as A) more factual and B) more reliable than actual Indian sources", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00698-00222708-00222930": "and their own experience in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00699-00222930-00223027": "Mm-hmm  right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00700-00223038-00223329": "And this is not surprising to anyone who understands the sort of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00701-00223329-00223722": "power of the classical model for this period of, European thought.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00702-00223747-00224113": "So they could go to India and they saw whatever they saw there, but", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00703-00224123-00224360": "whatever they saw was less real.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00704-00224411-00224666": "Than what Plutarch said Alexander said, or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00705-00224666-00224856": "Mark: interpreted through the lens of Plutarch,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00706-00224858-00225068": "Aven: but also like even directly contradicted.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00707-00225086-00225095": "Right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00708-00225095-00225386": "So for instance, so there's two different ways that they kind of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00709-00225392-00225572": "reconciled what they actually saw.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00710-00225598-00225789": "One is they saw them as very similar.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00711-00225825-00226125": "So they took the ancient descriptions and they looked at the current conditions", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00712-00226125-00226314": "and they saw them as being the same.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00713-00226347-00226524": "So they interpreted them as being the same.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00714-00226578-00227073": "And when they did that, this fed into the orientalist trope of the unchanging east.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00715-00227091-00227094": "Mm.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00716-00227115-00227319": "The timeless unchanging east.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00717-00227319-00227340": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00718-00227340-00227457": "Which is a very important,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00719-00227458-00227580": "Mark: as opposed to Western progress,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00720-00227581-00227658": "Aven: Western progress.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00721-00227658-00228172": "Exactly the \"stagnant culture\"  that needed English progress to get it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00722-00228176-00228507": "kicked up and going, look, they've been the same for 3000 years.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00723-00228518-00228713": "We need to come and get them moving.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00724-00228765-00229224": "Others on the other hand, looked at what they saw and did not see the great", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00725-00229224-00229686": "kingdoms that Alexander had encountered, but instead villages and tribes or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00726-00229686-00229953": "whatever, I mean, they're all seeing different parts of India at different", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00727-00229953-00230091": "times and different circumstances.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00728-00230127-00230541": "But when they, for others, they saw what they saw did not match", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00729-00230541-00230895": "the great sort of marvels that were talked about in the ancient sources.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00730-00230895-00231264": "So now they thought there had been a golden age of culture that had", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00731-00231264-00231769": "been at the time of Alexander, but now there has been a degeneracy", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00732-00231769-00231961": "from that golden age in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00733-00232009-00232321": "So now of course you need English help to regain past glory.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00734-00232369-00232471": "It doesn't matter which way, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00735-00232519-00232621": "There's no winning.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00736-00232651-00232900": "Either it's a stagnant east that needs to be kicked in the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00737-00232901-00233086": "butt by the English progress.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00738-00233092-00233767": "Or it has reverted to some barbarian state from the golden age of the past.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00739-00233873-00234193": "So all of this is about how their engagement with Alexander really", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00740-00234194-00234577": "framed the way they saw India and the English and British mission in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00741-00234613-00234874": "And this is during the East India Company and during the Raj, right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00742-00234899-00235244": "It crosses over really in many ways, there's not much difference in terms", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00743-00235244-00235379": "of the way people thought about things.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00744-00235421-00235879": "They also framed Alexander himself as having had a civilizing Imperial mission.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00745-00235879-00236250": "And of course that was, a way that even the Greeks themselves saw Alexander", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00746-00236250-00236640": "as civilizing the east . So, you know, the orientalist tropes that the Greeks", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00747-00236640-00237174": "themselves put onto Alexander mapped perfectly onto what Britain wanted to see.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00748-00237174-00237498": "So Alexander was trying to civilize the east and turn it Greek.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00749-00237523-00238075": "Now it is time for the British officials to become the heirs of Alexander, which", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00750-00238076-00238444": "they already thought of themselves as being anyway, and to come and civilize the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00751-00238444-00238657": "east just as the Greeks had done before.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00752-00238683-00238989": "But the flip side of that is the other narrative that was often told", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00753-00238989-00239416": "about Alexander as he moved east, was that he  declined in his morals and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00754-00239416-00239818": "habits, as he took on the Eastern, you know, he started dressing like a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00755-00239818-00240234": "Persian and eating like Persians and, and becoming Easternized in his own.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00756-00240235-00240330": "And he declined.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00757-00240358-00240867": "So that then becomes an exemplum of Asiatic corruption that could threaten", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00758-00240867-00241236": "British officials, which is something that the British officials in, in the Indian", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00759-00241236-00241605": "company and under the Raj were always very worried, about people going native, right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00760-00241617-00241732": "That terrible phrase.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00761-00241734-00241951": "That they might be corrupted by contact with India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00762-00241951-00242320": "So Alexander was both an example of the civilizing influence, but also the example", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00763-00242320-00242591": "of the dangers  of Indian existence.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00764-00242591-00242880": "There's a quote that I think is fairly good here.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00765-00242905-00243163": "\"It was partly a matter of identification with Alexander as", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00766-00243163-00243369": "conqueror, explorer, and civilizer.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00767-00243403-00243700": "For those drawn to Imperial service by thoughts of grand military", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00768-00243700-00244006": "adventure and personal glory, there was no better point of identification", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00769-00244006-00244150": "or emulation than Alexander.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00770-00244238-00244601": "Even those whose interests ran to matter scientific anthropology,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00771-00244631-00245018": "linguistics, geography found much to identify within his career.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00772-00245041-00245347": "Likewise, those who brought a sense of higher purpose or mission to their", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00773-00245348-00245554": "involvement in Britain's Indian empire.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00774-00245608-00245966": "So really no matter what, one of those kinds of approaches you were taking,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00775-00245966-00246291": "Alexander could be that for you.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00776-00246314-00246713": "The connections between Alexander and Afghanistan and India, and he", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00777-00246714-00247088": "of course, had had mythological precedence for his Greek conquest.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00778-00247115-00247295": "So he had Dionysus, right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00779-00247308-00247582": "Who had conquered the east, conquered India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00780-00247585-00247877": "So there's a mythological story of Dionysus going to the east conquering", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00781-00247879-00248065": "India and coming back to Greece.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00782-00248089-00248376": "And of course the Trojan war was the Greek conquest of Persia.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00783-00248450-00248661": "And so he had these mythological precedents.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00784-00248700-00249027": "Now the British people could look at Alexander and at", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00785-00249027-00249174": "his mythological precedents.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00786-00249210-00249871": "And so now the British were retracing his footsteps and getting a \"justification\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00787-00249872-00250306": "for European \"dominance\" of Asia for Europe--a lot of quotation marks going", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00788-00250306-00250780": "on here, people--for \"European\" dominance of \"Asia\" that stretch back into the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00789-00250781-00251140": "farthest reaches of antiquity past Alexander himself into the far past.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00790-00251167-00251636": "So his model and, and in particular, the article talks about some particular lives", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00791-00251636-00252023": "of Alexander that were published in this 18th and 19th century that, you know set", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00792-00252029-00252466": "a lot of this in, in a particular form in English and English speaking world.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00793-00252476-00252866": "But Alexander as a general rule had this really profound effect", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00794-00252871-00253250": "on people in India, even in the parts of India, he never reached.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00795-00253278-00253671": "Very specifically in Northern India and Afghanistan, where people were", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00796-00253671-00254232": "like trying to find, Greek spears on the riverside , but for anyone who was", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00797-00254232-00254620": "going, not even just India, of course, this was something for the whole British", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00798-00254620-00255007": "empire, but certainly for those going to India, they, they modeled themselves on", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00799-00255007-00255256": "and could see themselves in Alexander.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00800-00255313-00255880": "And that is, you know, one of these many legacies of my field and discipline", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00801-00255901-00256144": "that is not particularly wonderful", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00802-00256310-00256488": "Mark: well, and that, that just reminded me of something.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00803-00256490-00256890": "I suspect one of these British civil servants that your article", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00804-00256890-00257044": "may be talking about yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00805-00257044-00257236": "Aven: They talked about lots of people by name and that I didn't", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00806-00257236-00257545": "Mark: Warren Hastings is probably one of them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00807-00257563-00258025": "He was the defacto first governor general of India in a sense.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00808-00258031-00258354": "But this is before the British Raj, this is during the East", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00809-00258354-00258511": "India, East India Company period.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00810-00258514-00259001": "And he adopted this policy of trying to base the British", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00811-00259008-00259326": "law in India on local law.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00812-00259333-00259824": "And so this is part of the \"going native\", people who were there did kind", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00813-00259824-00260247": "of gain a lot of respect for this culture that they were in, and they thought", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00814-00260247-00260477": "it was really cool and Hastings, some", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00815-00260486-00260625": "Aven: of them, some of, there were very", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00816-00260625-00260650": "Mark: different.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00817-00260650-00260711": "There were very different approaches.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00818-00260711-00260727": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00819-00260727-00260836": "But Hastings was one of them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00820-00260836-00261360": "And so he brought in  Sir William Jones,  he's the guy who came up with", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00821-00261360-00261792": "the whole proto Indo European theory and as a, linguistic expert who could", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00822-00261792-00262329": "then go and read the Sanskrit, interpret the Sanskrit because otherwise they", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00823-00262329-00262872": "would have to depend entirely on the interpretation of the locals, the pundits,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00824-00262890-00263025": "Aven: the educated class of the locals.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00825-00263025-00263133": "And they didn't necessarily trust them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00826-00263136-00263157": "Mark: Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00827-00263157-00263470": "So they wanted to have their own guy in there who, but again, William", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00828-00263470-00263876": "Jones became, he thought the Sanskrit language was the most perfect language", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00829-00263876-00264089": "and it was better than Greek and yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00830-00264098-00264248": "Aven: Well, and this is part of the problem, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00831-00264248-00264494": "I mean, I, I touched on that with the different ways of thinking", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00832-00264494-00265000": "about India, is that kind of veneration, it also has its problems.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00833-00265000-00265232": "It's orient its Orientalism in its own way.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00834-00265232-00265259": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00835-00265259-00265869": "And so, I mean, I think in general, one would rather be venerated than despised.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00836-00265869-00265875": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00837-00265875-00266360": "To some extent I do think it's less harmful, but it, it still, leads", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00838-00266360-00266624": "to not taking people as people.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00839-00266642-00266900": "And so it, it still leads to problematic policies.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00840-00266900-00266904": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00841-00266948-00267236": "But you know, the individuals are not necessarily evil because", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00842-00267236-00267353": "he liked Sanskrit, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00843-00267353-00267359": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00844-00267359-00267566": "Like that's but yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00845-00267596-00267887": "And, and that's the thing, you know, if you train a whole bunch of people", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00846-00267888-00268223": "in classics and then you set them loose in India, they are going to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00847-00268223-00268656": "notice things like languages and laws and stuff like that because they've", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00848-00268656-00268808": "been trained to be philologists.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00849-00268816-00269164": "So it's not really surprising that you have this odd, odd, what might seem", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00850-00269164-00269545": "like an odd overlap mm-hmm  between these military and civil service people", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00851-00269545-00269692": "and, and a lot of linguistic stuff.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00852-00269695-00269716": "Mark: Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00853-00269737-00270205": "Well they, and those two Hastings and Jones started the Asiatic society, which", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00854-00270206-00270535": "was an academic society and had a journal and did all kinds of scholarly worked.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00855-00270543-00270729": "It didn't end up very well for Hastings.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00856-00270729-00271237": "Unfortunately, he was sort of blamed for the economic and administrative", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00857-00271242-00271642": "bungling of the situation.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00858-00271642-00272171": "And so, when the British government took direct control, he was accused", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00859-00272171-00272342": "of corruption and impeached.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00860-00272342-00272626": "And I think he did eventually get acquitted, but it ended", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00861-00272626-00272725": "his career, ended his career.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00862-00272755-00273166": "So now I want to turn to partition itself.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00863-00273172-00273529": "So as I mentioned, the British wanted to keep India whole because they", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00864-00273530-00274067": "wanted the whole Indian army as an important force during the cold war,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00865-00274071-00274272": "having this big standing army block.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00866-00274272-00274293": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00867-00274341-00274556": "Right there would be useful.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00868-00274556-00274932": "And indeed there was some discussion even once they accepted that", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00869-00274932-00275137": "independence is gonna have to happen.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00870-00275137-00275452": "But when they were, trying to decide what the terms of this would be, there was", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00871-00275452-00276021": "some discussion of, maybe giving some degree of autonomy for the Muslim states", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00872-00276024-00276349": "within a unified, but independent India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00873-00276350-00276625": "And so that was the initial kind of goal.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00874-00276629-00276867": "But basically all sides.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00875-00276873-00277557": "decided to accept, the sort of communalism of factions, the different breaking", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00876-00277557-00278141": "up into factions as the lesser evil in comparison, basically to social revolution", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00877-00278189-00278366": "and so, you know, the closer it got,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00878-00278366-00278498": "Aven: and again, there's what you're talking about.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00879-00278498-00278963": "Leaders who, are less interested in a complete rejection of capitalism", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00880-00278963-00279161": "and re revision of the hierarchies.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00881-00279172-00279463": "and more interested in holding onto that power and yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00882-00279473-00279732": "I'll take a smaller kingdom if it means I get the kingdom.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00883-00279767-00280156": "Mark: And so the closer it got to power the INC, the Indian National Congress,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00884-00280156-00280730": "which was the sort of big, force behind independence it became more conservative,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00885-00280733-00281056": "whereas before it had, supported strikes and things, and, you know,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00886-00281059-00281203": "Aven: well, and you look at Gandhi, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00887-00281203-00281733": "I mean, he's an absolute radical in term, you know, in his originally, well,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00888-00281755-00281949": "like, well, when he starts off yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00889-00281954-00282168": "he's a, an economic and social radical.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00890-00282168-00282592": "And then by the time they actually go for independence, things have become moderated", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00891-00282592-00282718": "in all sorts of interesting ways.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00892-00282753-00282777": "Mark: Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00893-00282777-00283299": "So the  no longer called for united mass protests because, don't let them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00894-00283345-00283585": "Aven: start protesting, getting to getting together and realizing", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00895-00283585-00283690": "how much you have in common.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00896-00283690-00283696": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00897-00283696-00284029": "And how much you in fact have one very obvious, specific target.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00898-00284041-00284081": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00899-00284082-00284407": "Mark: So they, decided to protect capitalist interests and social hierarchy", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00900-00284411-00284741": "and thus embrace the two state theory.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00901-00284789-00284962": "As the, you know, it's two state solution.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00902-00284962-00284971": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00903-00284974-00285271": "Two state solution  and even Gandhi who, you know, his,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00904-00285275-00285475": "financing came from capitalists.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00905-00285484-00285513": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00906-00285550-00285748": "And he himself was trained as a lawyer.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00907-00285748-00286205": "He was, you know, educated in, in Britain  and he had, earlier, not", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00908-00286205-00286476": "even just, close to Partition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00909-00286500-00286938": "He had earlier said \"in India, we want no political strikes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00910-00286938-00287343": "We must gain control over all the unruly and disturbing elements.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00911-00287364-00287775": "We seek not to destroy capital or capitalists, but to regulate the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00912-00287775-00288333": "relations between capital and labor, we want to harness capital to our side.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00913-00288354-00288636": "It would be folly to encourage sympathetic strikes.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00914-00288664-00288912": "Aven: which he had earlier.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00915-00288921-00288945": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00916-00288945-00289231": "I mean, the Salt March and things like that, but they were about taking", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00917-00289231-00289384": "control of capital for Indians.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00918-00289399-00289462": "I suppose.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00919-00289479-00289734": "Mark: That's the thing, the salt strikes were, you know, this is", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00920-00289734-00289938": "British owned, so it was, okay, fine.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00921-00289962-00290272": "It's one thing to protest the British ownership.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00922-00290294-00290693": "Aven: It's another thing to say entirely to, to protest ownership say, yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00923-00290717-00290735": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00924-00290747-00291200": "Mark: And the other major political player at the time was", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00925-00291200-00291365": "the communist party of India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00926-00291374-00291749": "And you would think that they would push for, you know, communism more.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00927-00291749-00291776": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00928-00291782-00292091": "Aven: Communism and I mean, it's, I feel like it's in the name there", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00929-00292181-00292465": "Mark: and for more, to be a unifying force, but they failed", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00930-00292465-00292645": "to act as unifying force.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00931-00292656-00293044": "As it sort of the party downplayed the national ideas", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00932-00293071-00293269": "in favor of Soviet interests.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00933-00293269-00293706": "They were so dedicated to Soviet interests, right, that  they failed", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00934-00293706-00293943": "to take the opportunity to, fight", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00935-00293948-00294011": "Aven: against class", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00936-00294012-00294159": "Mark: divisions against class divisions.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00937-00294159-00294733": "And so by the time of partition the CPI was also in favor of the two state theory.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00938-00294785-00295254": "They also totally were fully in favor of that, right, as the model to go with.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00939-00295271-00295804": "So on Independence Day when it was declared and I think it was the 15th", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00940-00295810-00296419": "the details of partition had not been announced, so they knew there was", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00941-00296419-00296620": "gonna be partition, but the, where", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00942-00296620-00296758": "Aven: the border, where the border was gonna be.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00943-00296758-00296853": "I know, I mean, it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00944-00296909-00297207": "It's so appalling to imagine living through that, like", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00945-00297224-00297527": "wondering, cause everyone knew approximately where it was gonna be.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00946-00297527-00297848": "It's not like if you were in south India, you expected it to be down your street,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00947-00297848-00298310": "but, those who were in the region just like wondering where do I live tomorrow", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00948-00298400-00298490": "just, oh my goodness.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00949-00298491-00298954": "Mark: And so they were celebrating independence, but also deeply", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00950-00298954-00299313": "uncertain and anxious about partition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00951-00299320-00299811": "And so, there were killings in Bengal but they were, mostly quelled by", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00952-00299811-00300357": "Gandhi who threatened to fast himself to death to stop the killings, but", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00953-00300357-00300537": "in other places, he didn't have", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00954-00300564-00300720": "Aven: that same power, power.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00955-00300726-00301302": "And, you know, I know that he was remarkably supported even by non Hindus.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00956-00301303-00301311": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00957-00301311-00301659": "But, but he didn't have the same amount of sort of.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00958-00301671-00301854": "Power over other peoples Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00959-00301864-00302206": "Mark: So in Punjab, there were mass killings and extermination", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00960-00302206-00302697": "campaigns, and that led to mass migrations in both directions.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00961-00302727-00303344": "And so in, Eastern Punjab and so here's a quote from an article by Sam Ashman,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00962-00303344-00303784": "\"India, imperialism, partition, and resistance\":  \" In the Eastern Punjab,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00963-00303786-00304359": "exhausted Muslim migrants walked to their new Homeland of Pakistan laden", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00964-00304359-00304785": "down with everything they possessed, were massacred by bands of Sikhs.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00965-00304857-00305280": "Refugee trains that crossed into the Punjab would sometimes", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00966-00305280-00305529": "arrive carrying only dead bodies.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00967-00305535-00305816": "And horrible atrocities were committed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00968-00305864-00306323": "In the Muslim parts of Punjab the violence was, the other way.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00969-00306329-00306345": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00970-00306346-00306854": "And so as Ashman  writes, \"in other parts of the Punjab where Muslims were", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00971-00306854-00307310": "in a majority like Lahore it was Sikhs and Hindus that were driven out.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00972-00307390-00307829": "In Delhi this kind of violence reached Delhi as well, even though it was", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00973-00307829-00308167": "further away from those provinces.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00974-00308168-00308443": "So here's another quote from Ashman.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00975-00308448-00309136": "\"Then in September 1947, the killing spread back to Delhi where Sikhs", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00976-00309138-00309353": "and Hindus murdered Muslims.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00977-00309478-00309608": "Just as a reminder.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00978-00309614-00310200": "So what all of this meant essentially is that with partition the provinces", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00979-00310200-00310606": "of what had been India under British rule, the provinces that were", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00980-00310612-00311254": "majority Muslim in the north, in the, in the northwest and the east.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00981-00311254-00311840": "And I'll talk about that in a minute, would be a separate nation independent", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00982-00311840-00312149": "nation, given its own independence, given its own independence and referred to as", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00983-00312149-00312388": "Pakistan, and the rest of it would be", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00984-00312391-00312772": "Aven: India and would be secular would, would be theoretically,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00985-00312772-00312928": "but, defacto Hindu majority, but", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00986-00312928-00313030": "Mark: defacto Hindu majority.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00987-00313051-00313075": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00988-00313075-00313080": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00989-00313080-00313693": "So this, new Pakistan was, in a sense at a disadvantage because they were,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00990-00313705-00314144": "Pakistan was economically backwards since, because of the way that it broke down.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00991-00314144-00314665": "They only inherited a tiny proportion of the industry that had developed across", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00992-00314665-00314845": "the sub continent before partition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00993-00314854-00314872": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00994-00314902-00315187": "Aven: Just because of where those Muslim majority areas were.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00995-00315187-00315628": "But also because of presumably some of the backroom dealing about which", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00996-00315637-00315802": "parts were given to which country.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00997-00315832-00315871": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00998-00315955-00316379": "It ended up being not, I mean, it's not an even division by space, but", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-00999-00316379-00316553": "it's also wasn't by economic, by", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01000-00316631-00316709": "Mark: economic power.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01001-00316725-00317038": "And that, that reality has not changed, changed really.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01002-00317071-00317510": "And of course, as you say, the structure was untenable because Pakistan was made", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01003-00317510-00317874": "up of a separate Northwestern region.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01004-00317874-00318437": "What is now known as Pakistan and Eastern regions with India in between.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01005-00318437-00318623": "So they were not contiguous, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01006-00318638-00319217": "west Pakistan and east Pakistan were separate, separate apart quite far apart.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01007-00319217-00319235": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01008-00319259-00319262": "A", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01009-00319262-00319520": "Aven: lot of India in between, nothing like a little strip or something.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01010-00319520-00319547": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01011-00319634-00319853": "and, and somehow they were supposed to be one country.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01012-00319862-00319883": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01013-00319925-00320030": "And that didn't last.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01014-00320030-00320039": "And", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01015-00320039-00320446": "Mark: of course they then therefore immediately broke into factions for each", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01016-00320446-00321104": "part and eventually what is now Bangladesh broke away from Pakistan in 1971", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01017-00321122-00321263": "Aven: and not terribly peacefully.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01018-00321290-00321305": "No.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01019-00321325-00321646": "again, more violence created by these divisions.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01020-00321654-00322079": "Mark: And one of the things that I thought was kind of, interesting talking about", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01021-00322079-00322720": "this story now,  in particular, is that in popular Western specifically I'd put that", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01022-00322720-00322924": "Aven: in British and north America, British and American,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01023-00322924-00323032": "let's just be straight forward,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01024-00323041-00323214": "Mark: Popular media.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01025-00323220-00323496": "There has been an interest in the story of partition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01026-00323501-00324017": "And so I'm specifically thinking about its presentation in the Ms.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01027-00324018-00324626": "Marvel series, the Disney plus MCU TV series which just", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01028-00324626-00324758": "finished airing, finished airing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01029-00324842-00325256": "Aven: We won't give spoilers necessarily, other just than to say, we'll talk", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01030-00325256-00325382": "about the Pakistan part of it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01031-00325453-00325963": "Mark: And a few years ago in 2018, there was a Doctor Who episode called", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01032-00325969-00326463": "demons of the Punjab, which again took place on during this period basically.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01033-00326463-00326496": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01034-00326543-00326805": "And depicted people doing that migration", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01035-00326832-00327027": "Aven: and people on the border specifically.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01036-00327027-00327357": "that one was very much about that, we've lived together peacefully and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01037-00327357-00327498": "suddenly we don't, suddenly we don't.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01038-00327507-00327531": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01039-00327531-00327639": "Suddenly we are enemies.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01040-00327639-00327783": "And what does that mean?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01041-00327783-00327976": "And do I live in Pakistan or India now?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01042-00327994-00328009": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01043-00328048-00328522": "And it had a little Romeo and Juliet story about a Muslim Hindu marriage.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01044-00328534-00328543": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01045-00328570-00328797": "Mark: And so I, just think that this recent interest.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01046-00328812-00328949": "I mean, it's an untapped story.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01047-00328978-00329415": "Because I don't think a lot of people in north America and Britain, north", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01048-00329415-00329788": "America in particular, north America in particular,  know this story very much.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01049-00329788-00330061": "And so  I guess the writers have, you know, realized this.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01050-00330061-00330067": "So", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01051-00330073-00330337": "Aven: here's my theory about why, cuz you were talking about this when we watched", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01052-00330337-00330727": "Ms Marvel and I will just say, I mean, the Doctor Who story is a very good story,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01053-00330753-00330873": "that one is a particularly good story.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01054-00330873-00331161": "Even if you don't watch, frankly, even if you don't watch Doctor Who", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01055-00331162-00331368": "and don't really care much about Doctor Who, well, that one, you,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01056-00331368-00331500": "it's a pretty standalone story.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01057-00331500-00331740": "I mean, it's got some aliens and stuff, but you can watch", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01058-00331740-00331905": "it and not know anything else.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01059-00331908-00332056": "And it's a good story.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01060-00332056-00332242": "And the Ms Marvel series was very good.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01061-00332248-00332364": "We enjoyed it very much.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01062-00332378-00332782": "And in particular, the Pakistan element, I mean, there's a lot to say.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01063-00332783-00332899": "I think about that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01064-00332900-00333037": "I think maybe it would be better.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01065-00333064-00333376": "I'm sure there are lots of people talking about the Pakistani  and the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01066-00333376-00333550": "diaspora stories and all the rest of it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01067-00333631-00334063": "But particularly the stuff set on partition, like right around the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01068-00334063-00334360": "date of, and it's one whole episode that's very much around that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01069-00334360-00334936": "And it's extraordinarily moving and wrenching and the whole storyline like", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01070-00334936-00335450": "really digs into not the reasons for partition, but the effect it had on", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01071-00335450-00335816": "people, very early on in the first episode or something somebody says every,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01072-00335861-00336348": "every Pakistan America has a story about partition and none of them are good.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01073-00336384-00336402": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01074-00336426-00336843": "So you, you said like, why, why is this suddenly such a big thing?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01075-00336843-00337194": "And so my theory, it's not actually a very exciting theory or very surprising,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01076-00337202-00337833": "but, as we are finally starting to see a number of writers in particular who are", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01077-00337840-00338426": "not white and not Anglo American, what did we see a million stories about when", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01078-00338426-00338594": "it was white, Anglo Americans writing?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01079-00338622-00338763": "World War II, right, right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01080-00338767-00339186": "World war I, world war II, the great traumas of the century, the great", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01081-00339186-00339619": "traumas, but also the times of heroism, the thing that every single family has", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01082-00339619-00340051": "a story that connects or did for a very long time, you know, some connection", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01083-00340052-00340345": "to world war II, some connection to world war I, and especially in north", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01084-00340345-00340695": "America, you know, in Britain because they lived through it in north America", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01085-00340695-00340881": "because of the immigrant experience.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01086-00340881-00340890": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01087-00340893-00341201": "Of so many people displaced who came, because of world war I,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01088-00341201-00341297": "or came because of world war II.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01089-00341342-00341710": "So stories again and again, and again, and again, and again even", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01090-00341718-00341997": "sci-fi, was all world war stories.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01091-00342031-00342358": "And I think it's probably always, I, I wouldn't be surprised if it's", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01092-00342361-00342931": "always been true since 1947, that within an Indian or a Pakistani", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01093-00342933-00343367": "community, the big sort of almost too obvious to even mention touchstone", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01094-00343367-00343577": "story has always been  partition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01095-00343600-00343939": "And now finally that we're actually seeing some of those stories move out of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01096-00343939-00344189": "those communities into mainstream media.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01097-00344214-00344442": "It's gonna come up again and again and again, because it's the great", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01098-00344442-00344937": "trauma, it's the great shaping force of that, of that community.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01099-00344955-00345355": "And it's gonna have, it has enough distance in the same way that the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01100-00345355-00345742": "world wars have had for, you know, the last 20 years of storytelling enough", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01101-00345742-00346102": "distance that you can tell, whatever story you want really around it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01102-00346102-00346381": "Like you can put any other story into it but also enough sort", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01103-00346381-00346519": "of commonality of experience.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01104-00346519-00346651": "Everybody knows what you're talking about.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01105-00346690-00346840": "We may not, you know, Ms.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01106-00346840-00347089": "Marvel did a very clear job of explaining it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01107-00347089-00347111": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01108-00347113-00347533": "Because they clearly did not expect their audience to know the details of it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01109-00347533-00347735": "or what it meant or anything about it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01110-00347735-00347834": "So they, set it up.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01111-00347852-00348167": "But you could tell that the people, I think you could tell the people writing,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01112-00348167-00348634": "it were writing in part, at least for the community who did know, right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01113-00348634-00348878": "Like they were explaining it for the people who didn't know it,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01114-00348894-00348999": "but there was a lot in there.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01115-00348999-00349294": "I'm pretty sure, there's stuff I missed that was written for people who.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01116-00349339-00349561": "Who have those common experiences and stories.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01117-00349591-00349998": "So I think it's just, it's a wonderful example of what happens when you", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01118-00349998-00350396": "finally move who's telling the stories to a slightly wider group", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01119-00350396-00350729": "of people you find out that not everyone has the same touchstones.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01120-00350759-00351032": "Like in India I know that there are people who fought in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01121-00351032-00351176": "world war II and world war I.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01122-00351176-00351665": "And I know of course those made their marks on people, but surely world war", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01123-00351677-00352175": "II can't have been nearly as world shattering as partition  and independence.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01124-00352223-00352622": "I mean,  just, just no way it didn't affect nearly as many", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01125-00352622-00352742": "people and nearly as much.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01126-00352748-00353137": "So that story is going to be the story that, shaped generations.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01127-00353163-00353493": "Mark: I don't remember exactly the exact details of it, but I remember one", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01128-00353496-00354099": "quote that I read in which an Indian official, describing the, migrations", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01129-00354099-00354514": "said that he didn't see even in, the battle of the Somme, I think was the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01130-00354514-00354827": "example he used, it was, worse than that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01131-00354827-00354860": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01132-00354868-00355358": "That, even world War II paled by comparison to, the violence of,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01133-00355427-00355754": "Aven: and, and whether, you know, it doesn't matter whether that's literally", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01134-00355754-00355916": "true or not, that's irrelevant.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01135-00355916-00356194": "And how do you compare destruction that way?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01136-00356230-00356365": "What's important is for people", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01137-00356365-00356620": "Mark: involved people involved, it was more way more", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01138-00356662-00357019": "Aven: immediate and meaningful and, and disastrous than, than anything", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01139-00357019-00357325": "that could have been happening in Europe or , Japan or whatever.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01140-00357367-00357864": "and the other thing is, unfortunately in the same way that world war II keeps", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01141-00357864-00358421": "forcing itself into European and American consciousness because of the revisiting", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01142-00358421-00359016": "of the rise of fascism and antisemitism and the darknesses that, were involved", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01143-00359016-00359490": "in world war II are, you know, coming back to us with right wing nationalism", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01144-00359490-00359967": "and all the rest, unfortunately, exactly the same thing is happening in India and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01145-00359968-00360498": "in the, you know, wider Indian community as well with a re you know, not that it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01146-00360498-00361268": "ever went away, but a, a resurgence of the factional and racial and religious", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01147-00361268-00361546": "tensions that, erupted during partition.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01148-00361564-00361750": "So it becomes newly relevant.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01149-00361777-00362086": "You know, it's an old story that has modern relevance in very much", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01150-00362086-00362230": "the same way that world war II did.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01151-00362290-00362422": "So as I said, I don't think this is.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01152-00362471-00362819": "It's not some particularly brilliant insight, but that parallel seems to me", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01153-00362819-00363242": "to make a lot of sense as to why, you know, why is this coming up well, because", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01154-00363242-00363572": "this is a group of people who are finally getting a chance to tell their stories", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01155-00363572-00364002": "to a wider audience, and where are they going to most likely go with their", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01156-00364002-00364500": "stories, to the great formative trauma of their of their culture, you know?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01157-00364522-00365020": "And so  I imagine we will see it again in, in other contexts and,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01158-00365032-00365251": "you know, sci-fi is a place where, of course this sort of thing turns", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01159-00365251-00365635": "up because you can, in the same way that world war II turned up in Dr.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01160-00365635-00365827": "Who again and again, and again, and again and again.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01161-00365836-00365857": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01162-00365893-00366259": "Like so yeah, anyway, that was my thought when, when you asked that", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01163-00366259-00366460": "question and I think it, it sort of fits.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01164-00366502-00366514": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01165-00366580-00366703": "Also, if you haven't watched Ms.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01166-00366703-00366978": "Marvel, even if you're not into superhero stories, I really,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01167-00366978-00367107": "really, really do recommend it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01168-00367107-00367158": "It's excellent.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01169-00367164-00367170": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01170-00367170-00367461": "Like genuinely, even if you don't really care about superhero stuff,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01171-00367518-00368130": "The superhero stuff is surprisingly minimal  frankly, you know, there's", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01172-00368130-00368292": "whole, episodes that barely have it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01173-00368409-00368616": "And the rest of the story is just marvelous.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01174-00368682-00368742": "Marvelous.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01175-00368805-00368865": "didn't even mean", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01176-00368866-00368877": "Mark: it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01177-00369261-00369702": "Well to continue in a, a slightly lighter tone.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01178-00369711-00369720": "Aven: Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01179-00369771-00369891": "Let's move away from massacres.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01180-00369891-00369927": "Shall we?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01181-00369936-00370407": "Mark: There's a few points that I wanted to sort of just expand on a little bit.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01182-00370415-00370682": "So first of all, is this term grass widow.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01183-00370742-00371206": "So just a little bit more lexicographical background to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01184-00371209-00371417": "where this expression comes from.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01185-00371419-00372081": "We saw in the main video that it went from meaning a discarded mistress to a married", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01186-00372081-00372313": "woman who is away from her husband.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01187-00372325-00372673": "And we saw that there was speculation that the shift in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01188-00372673-00372895": "meaning happened in Anglo India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01189-00372943-00372973": "Right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01190-00373000-00373642": "Well, one of the problems with this idea is that the earliest citations that the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01191-00373642-00374218": "Oxford English dictionary has in that newer sense are not from India, right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01192-00374222-00374739": "But from American and Australian English, interestingly enough first", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01193-00374739-00375339": "in a story published in 1845 by American humorist Johnson, H Hooper.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01194-00375387-00376161": "And then in 1853 Ellen Clacy writes in \"A lady's visit to the gold diggings", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01195-00376164-00376788": "of Australia\", \"the absence of so many of the lords of creation in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01196-00376788-00377301": "pursuit of what they value more than all the women in the world: nuggets.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01197-00377415-00377511": "the wives.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01198-00377517-00377559": "Gold.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01199-00377560-00377572": "Gold.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01200-00377574-00377601": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01201-00377602-00377712": "Yeah, not chicken, not chicken nuggets.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01202-00377763-00377832": "gold nuggets.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01203-00377839-00378454": "\"The wives thus left in town to deplore their husband's infatuation are termed", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01204-00378475-00378790": "grass, widows, a mining expression.\"", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01205-00378973-00379396": "So she takes it as a mining term,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01206-00379414-00379513": "Aven: but she explains it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01207-00379519-00379771": "She explains it, which shows that it's not, it's either not", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01208-00379771-00379987": "very widespread or it's new.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01209-00379999-00380020": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01210-00380023-00380038": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01211-00380093-00380768": "Mark: And it's not until 1859, so that's what, six years later, that we have an", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01212-00380768-00381351": "Anglo Indian example from John Lang's \"Wanderings in India\" in which he writes", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01213-00381357-00381819": "\"grass widows in the Hills are always writing to their husbands when you drop", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01214-00381819-00382280": "in upon them \" So all these citations they're from around the same time.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01215-00382280-00382661": "I mean, they're all, you know, 1840s, 1850s.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01216-00382706-00382862": "They're not far apart.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01217-00382862-00383096": "And so who knows, just, what happens to get written", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01218-00383096-00383207": "Aven: down it's yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01219-00383207-00383504": "It's the kind of slang that doesn't necessarily get written down when yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01220-00383510-00383534": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01221-00383537-00383990": "Mark: And perhaps someone will, antedate the, term finding an", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01222-00383990-00384183": "even earlier example in India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01223-00384235-00384279": "Who knows.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01224-00384287-00384722": "But that's one little problem with this theory that it is, that's", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01225-00384722-00384857": "where it comes from, that it's definitely where it comes from.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01226-00384899-00385040": "We don't know for sure.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01227-00385092-00385663": "Now another important widow expression is the phrase widows and orphans,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01228-00385754-00386099": "which originally referred to the vulnerable members of society", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01229-00386099-00386284": "most in need of charitable help.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01230-00386339-00386754": "But also with a couple of important figurative senses.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01231-00386818-00387289": "So there's the financial sense, \"designating, a safe, low risk", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01232-00387289-00387760": "investment deemed suitable for those considered as vulnerable or having", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01233-00387760-00388264": "limited knowledge of investing such as originally widows or orphans\".", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01234-00388276-00388303": "Aven: Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01235-00388315-00388546": "So a safe bet kind of investment yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01236-00388551-00389030": "Mark: Then there's the typesetting term, widows and orphans, which refers", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01237-00389031-00389718": "to a paragraph ending line that falls at the beginning of a page, a widow, or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01238-00389720-00390200": "a paragraph opening line that appears at the bottom of a page, an orphan.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01239-00390221-00390544": "Aven: And Word, curse its little heart, hates them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01240-00390547-00390568": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01241-00390583-00390898": "And will not, unless you like uncheck a whole bunch of boxes and change, a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01242-00390898-00391220": "whole bunch of settings will do its damnedest not to allow widows and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01243-00391220-00391740": "orphans, meaning that you'll get like 12 lines of blank space on the bottom of a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01244-00391740-00392157": "page because it's oh no, can't start a can't end a paragraph on the next page.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01245-00392157-00392748": "Gotta skip a whole paragraph down, which is like, occasionally matters.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01246-00392757-00393054": "But most of the time, doesn't matter when you're say writing", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01247-00393057-00393223": "a,  essay or something like that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01248-00393235-00393382": "It's such a ridiculous thing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01249-00393388-00393415": "Sorry.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01250-00393433-00393559": "So thank you type setters.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01251-00393559-00393917": "So if you wanna know why your word program does that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01252-00393920-00393950": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01253-00393956-00394292": "Go and look for widows and orphans in the dropdown menu.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01254-00394292-00394616": "That's the terminology you have to look for for the record.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01255-00394663-00394777": "Mark: I mean, the idea is that they look", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01256-00394777-00394828": "Aven: messy in book.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01257-00394831-00394942": "Oh no, the text.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01258-00394942-00395218": "I, I understand that if you're doing, if you're doing a book yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01259-00395221-00395788": "Laying out a book or a, a newspaper but I mean, why does word think", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01260-00395789-00396109": "I'm writing a book or a newspaper I'm never writing a book or a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01261-00396116-00396169": "Mark: newspaper.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01262-00396169-00396505": "If you follow the rule slavishly without thinking about it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01263-00396515-00396632": "Aven: Well, and why default to it?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01264-00396639-00396668": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01265-00396668-00396724": "Why default to it?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01266-00396740-00397018": "I, I understand having it as something I could add, because I", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01267-00397018-00397484": "might sometimes care about it, but like We're writing in digital space.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01268-00397487-00397745": "Like it's ludicrous doesn't make any sense at all.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01269-00397784-00398108": "Anyway, you've now been treated to a tiny, tiny fraction of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01270-00398109-00398264": "my rant about Microsoft word", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01271-00398443-00398781": ".  Mark: So I thought I might as well give the etymology of the term orphan", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01272-00398781-00398905": "since we've done widow over here.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01273-00398962-00399143": "Aven: So we've done that in some other video I'm sure, but", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01274-00399161-00399320": "Mark: it's actually quite an interesting one.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01275-00399328-00399938": "It comes through Greek, orphanos and Latin orphanus meaning bereft from proto", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01276-00399938-00400619": "Indo European *orbho- , meaning bereft of father, deprived of free status, from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01277-00400619-00401108": "the root *orbh- , meaning to turn with derivatives in a number of languages,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01278-00401108-00401621": "referring to change of allegiance or the passage from one state to another.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01279-00401636-00401775": "Aven: So it's change of status.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01280-00401775-00401801": "Really?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01281-00401801-00401921": "Is the key element", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01282-00401921-00401937": "Mark: there.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01283-00401937-00401993": "That's the key element there.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01284-00402027-00402465": "So etymologically speaking, an orphan has turned from the status of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01285-00402465-00402723": "having parents to not having them.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01286-00402741-00403209": "In other words, turning from one sphere of belonging to another.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01287-00403245-00403623": "Aven: And there's a real sense there probably of worsening.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01288-00403645-00403705": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01289-00403720-00404074": "in that sort of way you put it like turning from free to not free", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01290-00404074-00404241": "is another meaning of it, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01291-00404280-00404309": "Mark: Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01292-00404312-00404666": "and this would explain the various derivatives of this route that", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01293-00404666-00405149": "have to do with inheritance and slavery as in the Slavic languages.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01294-00405149-00406025": "So as old church Slavonic rabota, servitude, and rabu, slave,  and from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01295-00406025-00406452": "those Slavic words, we get the word robot.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01296-00406553-00406604": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01297-00406643-00406919": "So robot and orphan etymologically related", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01298-00406937-00407123": "Aven: that one's gotta go in a tweet someday, Mark.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01299-00407171-00407261": "Mark: I think it already is.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01300-00407261-00407566": "I'm not sure, I've written too many.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01301-00407625-00408006": "So robot originally meant slave before it was borrowed into English", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01302-00408009-00408511": "from Czech, specifically, referring to a more mechanical kind of servant", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01303-00408514-00409326": "in his 1923 play R U R, which stands for Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01304-00409414-00409462": "I'm sorry.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01305-00409462-00409474": "I", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01306-00409475-00409792": "Aven: don't, I do not believe that you just pronounced Czech correctly.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01307-00409792-00409978": "I'm just gonna, I'm going on a limb there, but", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01308-00410044-00410410": "Mark: which nicely translates into Rossum's universal robots also", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01309-00410410-00410860": "preserving the acronym, right, the Czech playwright Karel Čapek uses the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01310-00410860-00411364": "word roboti to refer to artificially created servants, which eventually rebel.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01311-00411400-00411801": "And when translated into English, this play gives us the word robot.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01312-00411822-00412425": "Another word that descends from this root in its base sense of turn is orbit, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01313-00412452-00412578": "Of course Orb, orbit.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01314-00412599-00412626": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01315-00412627-00412641": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01316-00412642-00412995": "Coming from Latin orbita meaning wheel track.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01317-00413021-00413048": "Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01318-00413056-00413587": "Like a wheel rut, basically with the original English sense of eye socket.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01319-00413659-00413806": "So you think they were, yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01320-00413812-00414233": "Before being applied to other round or spherical things such as the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01321-00414233-00414878": "astronomical sense, which was first used in English, in the 1690s.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01322-00414897-00414927": "Aven: Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01323-00414962-00415289": "Mark: And I will come back to this point in a minute, but I want to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01324-00415296-00415521": "change directions, change our orbit", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01325-00415671-00415788": "Aven: I just rolled my orbs", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01326-00415974-00416258": "Mark: to golf and other sports, because that was another", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01327-00416258-00416354": "thing that I talked about.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01328-00416357-00416384": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01329-00416384-00416393": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01330-00416419-00416861": "And so to bring it all back to golf, my father's initial interest , you may have", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01331-00416861-00417311": "heard the claim that golf is an acronym.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01332-00417338-00417371": "Aven: Oh God.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01333-00417371-00417407": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01334-00417513-00417769": "I'd forgotten that one.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01335-00417862-00418168": "Mark: for \"Gentlemen Only Ladies Forbidden\".", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01336-00418180-00418528": "As with all such claims of acronym etymologies before", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01337-00418528-00418654": "the 20th century this and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01338-00418695-00419005": "Aven: before simply not true before world war II, basically.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01339-00419011-00419032": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01340-00419032-00419033": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01341-00419068-00419247": "Mark: So that is not where it comes from.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01342-00419259-00419544": "I gave you the right etymology in, in the, and it never", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01343-00419544-00419749": "Aven: has meant that it never has meant that, it's a backronym.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01344-00419754-00419769": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01345-00419783-00420521": "Mark: But to bring in the Gulf topic back to our discussion of orbits,  in 2006,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01346-00420532-00421155": "as a publicity, stunt, Russian, Cosmonaut Mikhail Tyurin  hit a golf ball into", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01347-00421155-00421386": "orbit off the international space station.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01348-00421400-00421445": "Aven: Oh, there you go.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01349-00421608-00421893": "Mark: So there were different estimates as to how long that golf", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01350-00421893-00422277": "ball stayed in orbit before burning up in the atmosphere ranging from", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01351-00422277-00422469": "three days to three and a half years.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01352-00422553-00422877": "But for a time there was a golf ball period of time.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01353-00422877-00423039": "There was a golf ball, in orbit around the earth.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01354-00423066-00423129": "So there you go.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01355-00423144-00423159": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01356-00423228-00423855": "So speaking of golf or rather its distant relative polo   and the polo obsessed Lord", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01357-00423860-00424254": "Mountbatten This is all just a segue to get back to Mountbatten, I have to admit.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01358-00424255-00424956": "His name is an Anglicization of the original German surname Battenberg,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01359-00424960-00425212": "Berg of course meaning mountain or hill.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01360-00425233-00425731": "The family adopted the English translation of their name around world war I due to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01361-00425731-00426210": "well, obvious reasons,  the anti-German sentiment in Britain at the time.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01362-00426215-00426737": "At first glance, the Batten element of the name, the, the first element of the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01363-00426737-00427132": "German version Battenberg but the second element of Mountbatten, the Anglicized", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01364-00427134-00427695": "version, might seem to be a possible instance of that root in bastard.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01365-00427748-00427790": "Oh, yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01366-00427790-00427822": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01367-00427822-00428461": "From Greek bastazein meaning to carry as indeed the word Batten, as in", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01368-00428461-00429129": "Batten down the hatches as a kind of stick or staff is related to Baton,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01369-00429180-00429612": "which comes ultimately from Baston meaning support from bastazein.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01370-00429639-00430030": "So there is a word batten that is connected, that is connected to that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01371-00430030-00430391": "And for a moment, I thought, oh my God, this is an excellent connection.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01372-00430393-00430708": "Before I did a bit of digging into the name.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01373-00430715-00431216": "But it's more likely to have come from a Germanic root, meaning to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01374-00431240-00431522": "improve, related to the word better.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01375-00431554-00431584": "Aven: Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01376-00431584-00431644": "So like better", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01377-00431644-00431686": "Mark: mountain.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01378-00431707-00431743": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01379-00431763-00432089": "So probably not, but I was excited for a moment", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01380-00432089-00432495": "Aven: there now, before you move on, I do have to bring in for those who", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01381-00432495-00432938": "are currently screaming at the podcast App that we have to mention this.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01382-00432938-00433085": "Do you know about the Battenberg cake?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01383-00433120-00433132": "No.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01384-00433183-00433207": "Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01385-00433207-00433500": "The Battenberg cake for the great British bake off fans among", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01386-00433500-00433910": "you is a very traditional well is a traditional British cake.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01387-00433910-00434205": "Very traditional in that a lot of things aren't that traditional.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01388-00434223-00434709": "The first time it appeared in print is 1903 as Battenberg cake, but it", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01389-00434709-00435289": "was first baked in 1884 purportedly in honor of Princess Victoria,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01390-00435300-00435648": "her marriage to Prince Louis of Battenberg cause of course they're", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01391-00435648-00435774": "all married, you know, related, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01392-00435774-00435780": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01393-00435792-00436109": "In 1884 the name refers to the German town of Battenberg Hesse,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01394-00436133-00436456": "there's a whole complicated story about why that name goes to the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01395-00436456-00436601": "Battenberg and then the Mountbattens.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01396-00436603-00437097": "It's a cake where you take two colors of cake, or apparently the early ones", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01397-00437098-00437427": "it was more, many more than two colors, but now it's two colors of cake, pink", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01398-00437427-00437871": "and yellow are very common, but other colors too, and you bake them and then", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01399-00437871-00438232": "you assemble them in sort of two logs.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01400-00438232-00438720": "So like one long rectangle of pink beside one long rectangle of yellow", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01401-00438720-00439215": "joined with a bit of jam and then jam on top and one yellow and then one pink.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01402-00439215-00439469": "So you've got four in a sort of checkerboard thing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01403-00439472-00439757": "If you look end on you see the checkboard, then you wrap that whole", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01404-00439757-00440037": "thing in Icing and, and fondant, I think.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01405-00440074-00440560": "And so then when you slice it, so you get this log, this square rectangular log,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01406-00440571-00440751": "and that's all just encased in icing.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01407-00440751-00441149": "And then when you slice it, you get the four, this little checkerboard pattern.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01408-00441180-00441551": "And it's now manufactured as a mass market cake.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01409-00441615-00442083": "But it also turns up unsurprisingly in these baking shows because it's", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01410-00442084-00442515": "quite finicky to do, you know, it's, you have to do quite perfectly to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01411-00442515-00442714": "make it and it's all very pretty.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01412-00442756-00442875": "Mark: I think you have to make one now", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01413-00442926-00443028": "Aven: I'll put it on the list.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01414-00443208-00443548": "Presentation is not my strong suit when it comes to these things and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01415-00443572-00443851": "you know, exact precision, but, well, I'll keep that in mind.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01416-00443881-00444279": "Anyway, it is connected because the Battenberg it's the same family, right?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01417-00444419-00444836": "Mark: Well, there's another interesting lawn sport connected with India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01418-00444838-00445188": "Sticking in the realm of sports,  badminton is said to", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01419-00445188-00445356": "have developed in British India.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01420-00445407-00445439": "Oh yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01421-00445439-00445825": "So though there were various racket and shuttle cock games around,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01422-00445843-00446338": "badminton, as we know it now seems to have been developed in the city Poona", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01423-00446342-00446820": "where there was a British Garrison and the game used to be called poona.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01424-00446834-00447372": "It gained its current name from Badminton House, the name of the Gloucestershire", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01425-00447374-00447865": "estate of the Duke of Beaufort, where the game was first played in England", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01426-00447868-00448361": "mid 19th century, having been brought over from India by British officers.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01427-00448449-00448827": "Again, I was, you know, briefly hoping that the bad in badminton", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01428-00448827-00448977": "might be related, related.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01429-00448977-00449016": "It's not.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01430-00449020-00449559": "Badminton is a place name that appeared in the Domesday Book as", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01431-00449564-00449906": "Madmintune,  with an M well, that's", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01432-00449906-00449966": "Aven: much better.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01433-00450121-00450287": "what if we all played the game of Madmintune", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01434-00450287-00450358": "Mark: Madminton.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01435-00450365-00450575": "Yeah, but that M is probably a mistake.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01436-00450579-00451068": "It is also mentioned earlier in during the Old English period as  Badimyncgtun", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01437-00451128-00451623": "which seems to mean \"estate associated with a man called Baduhelm\".", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01438-00451644-00451869": "So  it would be Badim-ing-tun.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01439-00451967-00452381": "So Badim, Baduhelm ing is relating to the people of, yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01440-00452381-00452401": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01441-00452402-00452645": "The people of badim, and tune, town.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01442-00452654-00452666": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01443-00452666-00453162": "So the, town or settlement or estate associated with the people of baduhelm.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01444-00453206-00453221": "Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01445-00453225-00453656": "But on a personal note, my father taught my sister and myself to play badminton.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01446-00453656-00453789": "And he was quite quite fond of it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01447-00453789-00453801": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01448-00453801-00453884": "Quite fond of the sport.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01449-00453884-00454118": "And it was one that he wanted to do with his kids.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01450-00454118-00454265": "And so we learned that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01451-00454274-00454522": "He was also a great fan of tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01452-00454522-00455095": "Speaking of rocket sports, an avid avid watcher of professional tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01453-00455117-00455139": "Aven: Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01454-00455143-00455164": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01455-00455164-00455194": "Indeed.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01456-00455323-00455641": "Always said you looked just like Roger Federer.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01457-00455641-00455650": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01458-00455704-00456109": "And so he was a big fan of Roger Federer because he looked like you,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01459-00456109-00456469": "which was to be honest, one of the sweetest things about him, I've", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01460-00456469-00456685": "gotta say, I always loved that fact.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01461-00456687-00456921": "Mark: So yeah, so, so I think this connection to India would", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01462-00456921-00457059": "also have pleased him to know.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01463-00457059-00457167": "Aven: Yes, absolutely.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01464-00457194-00457398": "Mark: So therefore, I'm gonna talk a little bit about tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01465-00457542-00458097": "Tennis the game and tennis the word both seem to date back to medieval France.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01466-00458098-00458524": "So there was a 12th century game played in an enclosed court.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01467-00458526-00459060": "So with walls inside and originally played without rockets.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01468-00459060-00459132": "So you used your", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01469-00459132-00459421": "Aven: hand, which is of course still a sport actually.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01470-00459477-00459495": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01471-00459497-00459959": "Mark: Hence the original French name, jeu de palme, game of the palm", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01472-00459983-00460167": "Aven: Not jeu de pomme, which would be apple game.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01473-00460176-00460191": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01474-00460214-00460235": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01475-00460258-00460694": "Mark: So the rackets came into use in the 16th century and the name tennis comes", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01476-00460694-00461069": "from the Norman exclamation \" tenetz\".", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01477-00461127-00461474": "Or tenez as it would be in modern French, but oh, okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01478-00461478-00461750": "in Norman you would've pronounced it tenetz, hence tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01479-00461754-00461956": "Which means \"hold receive, take\".", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01480-00461977-00462016": "Aven: Oh, okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01481-00462016-00462068": "So tenir.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01482-00462094-00462330": "So like when you're about to serve or something.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01483-00462336-00462363": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01484-00462369-00462580": "So like be ready, be ready to receive it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01485-00462597-00462623": "Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01486-00462623-00462995": "Mark: So that would be shouted out by the server to the opponent.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01487-00463000-00463257": "So tenetz from Old French tenez, the imperative form of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01488-00463257-00463506": "tenir, to hold, receive, take.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01489-00463513-00463971": "This game still exists and is now known as real tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01490-00464010-00464213": "Aven: Oh,  by those who play it, clearly.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01491-00464213-00464229": "Yes.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01492-00464229-00464257": "By those", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01493-00464257-00464293": "Mark: who play it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01494-00464308-00464337": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01495-00464380-00465029": "What we now call tennis is a shortening of the name, lawn tennis,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01496-00465059-00465092": "Aven: right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01497-00465105-00465128": "Which", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01498-00465128-00465316": "Mark: I have definitely heard that, lawn tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01499-00465317-00465322": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01500-00465329-00465404": "It should be called.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01501-00465404-00465841": "And it's an offshoot of the game, as well as an offshoot of other", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01502-00465841-00466199": "racket games, such as a Basque game.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01503-00466259-00466304": "Really?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01504-00466310-00466487": "You didn't think Basque was gonna come into this?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01505-00466494-00466553": "Aven: No, no.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01506-00466561-00466638": "I'll, give you that.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01507-00466638-00466876": "Mark: A Basque game called pelota Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01508-00466894-00466982": "it is complicated.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01509-00466982-00467372": "There's two separate developments and probably they merged or something.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01510-00467378-00468260": "But first between 1859 and 1865 in Birmingham, England, Major Harry Gem, a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01511-00468261-00468975": "solicitor and his friend Augurio Perera, a Spanish merchant, combined elements of the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01512-00468975-00469768": "game of rackets and that Basque pelota and played it on a croquet lawn in Edgbaston.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01513-00469797-00470492": "In 1872, both men moved to Leamington Spa and in 1874, I", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01514-00470492-00470635": "love that name, Leamington Spa.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01515-00470657-00470681": "Great.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01516-00470741-00471032": "I've come across this place before, and it's just, I love that name.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01517-00471074-00471584": "And in 1874, with two doctors from the Warneford Hospital", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01518-00471608-00472070": "founded the world's first tennis club, the Lemington tennis club.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01519-00472096-00472250": "I'm sure they're very proud of this fact.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01520-00472252-00472258": "Oh,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01521-00472291-00472360": "Aven: I bet they are.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01522-00472438-00472582": "I bet there's blue plaques everywhere.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01523-00472663-00473408": "Mark: Then in the late 1860s Major Walter Clopton Wingfield who served in the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01524-00473408-00473732": "First Dragoon Guards in India no less.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01525-00473741-00473798": "There you go.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01526-00473913-00474366": "Was one of the persons experimenting with a lawn version of tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01527-00474370-00474820": "Vulcanized bouncing rubber balls offered an opportunity to develop", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01528-00474820-00475063": "from the indoor game of real tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01529-00475108-00475599": "And there were many who had the leisure time to pursue the sport", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01530-00475629-00475991": "and who owned croquet lawns that could be adapted for it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01531-00475997-00476012": "Aven: Right.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01532-00476033-00476165": "A whole bunch of upper class.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01533-00476171-00476180": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01534-00476190-00476248": "layabouts.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01535-00476387-00476462": "Nothing else to do.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01536-00476510-00477005": "Mark: So Wingfield patented \"a new and improved court for playing", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01537-00477020-00477191": "the ancient game of tennis\".", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01538-00477215-00477254": "Okay.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01539-00477258-00477911": "And began marketing his game in the spring of 1874, selling boxed sets that included", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01540-00477911-00478463": "rubber balls imported from Germany, as well as a net, poles, court markers,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01541-00478481-00478706": "rackets, and an instruction manual.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01542-00478763-00478781": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01543-00478847-00478952": "Aven: So tennis in a box.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01544-00478967-00478982": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01545-00479000-00479069": "Mark: Tennis in box.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01546-00479097-00479390": "And so that is the, brief history of tennis.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01547-00479390-00479441": "Aven: Very good.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01548-00479456-00479480": "Mark.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01549-00479480-00479597": "I'm impressed with your brevity.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01550-00479696-00479828": "not overall, you understand?", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01551-00479828-00479951": "But on that particular section", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01552-00480140-00480302": "Mark: well, I had lots of good names in it, so yeah,", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01553-00480323-00480374": "Aven: no, it's true.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01554-00480400-00480460": "Mark: And that is all", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01555-00480498-00480660": "Aven: I think we can leave it there for tonight.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01556-00480699-00481026": "And I think in, you know, it is unfortunate that you never were", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01557-00481026-00481451": "able to do that video for your father, but I do think it is a very", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01558-00481451-00481586": "fitting tribute to him and this", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01559-00481586-00481985": "Mark: podcast, which goes into even more yeah detail with all the tennis and stuff.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01560-00481988-00482009": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01561-00482054-00482364": "Aven: I do think it is very appropriate and I'm glad you were able to do it.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01562-00482420-00482737": "So we've released this on the anniversary of your father's death.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01563-00482758-00483214": "And that means that if you're listening to it, when it just came out, it is the", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01564-00483214-00483698": "75th anniversary of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in just", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01565-00483698-00483859": "a few days, five days in five days.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01566-00483859-00483865": "Yeah.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01567-00483913-00484516": "So we hope that this episode has been instructive in marking and", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01568-00484516-00484714": "commemorating both of those events.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01569-00484773-00485171": "Anyway, I guess, happy independence day though I do feel like it's a complicated", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01570-00485171-00485600": "anniversary for many people and of course one doesn't usually wish one, a", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01571-00485600-00486053": "happy anniversary of  death anniversary.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01572-00486053-00486260": "So yeah, commemoration of that, of", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01573-00486260-00486500": "Mark: that, of that day, I'll be thinking about my dad", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01574-00486546-00486645": "Aven: and thanks for listening.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01575-00486671-00486725": "Mark: Bye bye.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01576-00486851-00487145": "Aven: For more information on this podcast check out our website", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01577-00487162-00487688": "www.alliterative.net where you can find links to the videos blog posts sources", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01578-00487691-00487874": "and credits and all our contact info", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01579-00487915-00488158": "Mark: And please check out our Patreon where you can pledge to support", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01580-00488161-00488323": "this show and our video project.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01581-00488329-00488754": "You can go directly to the videos at youtube.com/alliterative", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01582-00488818-00489147": "Aven: Our email is on the website but the easiest way to get in touch with us is", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01583-00489147-00489624": "Twitter I'm @AvenSarah A V E N S A R A H", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01584-00489658-00489764": "Mark: And I'm @alliterative.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01585-00489810-00490097": "To keep up with the podcast subscribe on your favorite podcast", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01586-00490097-00490242": "app or to the feed on the website", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01587-00490287-00490647": "Aven: And if you've enjoyed it consider leaving us a review on apple podcasts or", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01588-00490647-00490821": "wherever you listen It helps us a lot.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01589-00490847-00491125": "We'll be back soon with more musings about the connections around us.", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01590-00491147-00491231": "Thanks for listening!", "cOMjBAZT3QQ-01591-00491262-00491294": "Mark: Bye"}}, {"audio_id": "cObufViClpM", "text": {"cObufViClpM-00001-00002406-00002658": "what is doing umpire at boundary ?", "cObufViClpM-00003-00005868-00006192": "stupid saeed ajmal . . . hehehee", "cObufViClpM-00004-00006912-00007134": "ohh . . . shit", "cObufViClpM-00005-00009356-00009588": "my foot", "cObufViClpM-00006-00011450-00011794": "clearly missing run out", "cObufViClpM-00007-00013897-00014268": "Khan sb ko $500 lenay ki ziyada jaldi hai . . . heheheee", "cObufViClpM-00008-00018214-00018590": "abbey ja SHOSHHO kar aa", "cObufViClpM-00009-00019416-00019724": "watch his fielding . . . heheee", "cObufViClpM-00010-00022230-00022598": "bey chari sharma gai"}}, {"audio_id": "cPdNIC3B0YY", "text": {"cPdNIC3B0YY-00000-00002606-00002790": "\"Who are you?\" I am Fabio Santin", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00001-00002792-00003316": "born in 1952 in between Trieste and the mountains of the Zoldo Valley (Dolomites)", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00002-00003331-00004032": "I grew up in the flatlands of Veneto: Rovigo, Mestre, Venice, etcetera...", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00003-00004034-00004362": "I am a graphic designer", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00004-00004364-00004874": "and I have been collaborating with various anarchist initiatives and experiences over the past 40 years", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00005-00004876-00005161": "for many years I have been a militant of the Makhno group in Marghera", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00006-00005163-00005436": "and of the Libertarian Collective in Mestre", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00007-00005472-00005637": "\"Involvement\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00008-00005640-00005995": "during \"Venice 1984\" I was 32 years old", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00009-00005998-00006613": "and as a designer I had an established collaboration with the anarchist movement", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00010-00006629-00007243": "in the 1980s, everything related to anarchist graphics", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00011-00007245-00007618": "banners, flyers, publications...", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00012-00007620-00008152": "would go either to Ferro Piludu in Rome or to me, Fabio Santin, in Venice", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00013-00008189-00008685": "I participated to the various anarchist events organized by the Centro Studi Libertari in Milan", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00014-00008688-00008888": "since 1980", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00015-00008965-00009433": "I took part and prepared the materials for the many conferences", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00016-00009436-00009753": "which used to take place in Venice on a more or less annual basis", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00017-00009764-00010207": "as a consequence", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00018-00010210-00010850": "I was heavily involved in the painstaking preparation of the 1984 conference and event", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00019-00010852-00011043": "since the initial stage", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00020-00011077-00011491": "I developed the entire graphic project for the event", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00021-00011495-00012339": "the logo, the banners, the signage etcetera...", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00022-00012378-00012680": "I also came up with the design of the exhibition venues", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00023-00012683-00013003": "of the two big exhibitions which took place in \"Venice 1984\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00024-00013006-00013526": "one in Campo San Polo and the other in Campo Santa Magherita where I find myself right now", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00025-00013528-00013896": "I also prepared the layout and image", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00026-00013898-00014153": "for the exhibition \"History and Geography of Anarchism\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00027-00014156-00014725": "so that Marianne (Enckell) and the other Swiss comrades could work at it remotely", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00028-00014849-00015219": "the same applies to the exhibition \"Art and Anarchy\" in San Polo", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00029-00015259-00015765": "which was made in collaboration with the comrades at the Studio A in Milan", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00030-00015777-00016047": "Cesare Vurchio and Franco Bunçuga", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00031-00016052-00016574": "for this exhibition I also liaised with the artists and the art critics involved in the event", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00032-00016580-00017326": "in particular Enrico Baj, Alik Cavaliere Arturo Schwarz", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00033-00017328-00017579": "(Benito) Recchilongo and Pietro Ferrua", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00034-00017616-00017723": "\"Memories\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00035-00017726-00017983": "I remember that I was involved in \"Venice 1984\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00036-00017985-00018511": "since the set-up stage including the transportation of the materials", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00037-00018517-00018855": "which in a city like Venice is quite challenging", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00038-00019149-00019754": "In my home in Mestre I hosted Luciano Lanza since the preliminary phases", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00039-00019756-00019933": "which is to say a few months before the event", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00040-00019942-00020550": "so he could set up the 'secretariat' of the event since I was one of the few with a landline", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00041-00020552-00020987": "this included liaising with local municipal authorities", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00042-00020989-00021458": "for the necessary bureaucracy and permits", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00043-00021502-00022062": "in the days immediately before \"Venice 1984\" I had some guests from Milan’s Studio A", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00044-00022065-00022685": "with whom we prepared and assembled the panels of the exhibition \"Art and Anarchy\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00045-00022778-00023296": "during the days of the event I welcomed as guests in my apartment two comrades", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00046-00023298-00023810": "one from Spain and the other from Poland, a member of Solidarność", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00047-00023813-00024004": "and later April Retter also joined", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00048-00024006-00024648": "together with Marina Padovese with whom I shared life and work until her death", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00049-00024680-00025180": "In the aftermath of \"Venice 1984\" I worked at the preparation of the book 'Ciao Anarchici'", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00050-00025344-00026052": "in collaboration with the Centro Studi Libertari and other European anarchist publishing houses", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00051-00026064-00026820": "I am responsible for the book’s graphics the selection of the images and the book’s layout", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00052-00026823-00027400": "this publication is to date the most involving and detailed testimony of \"Venice 1984\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00053-00027787-00028004": "a long lasing consequence of the event", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00054-00028006-00028767": "stemmed from the interest gathered around \"Art and Anarchy\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00055-00028787-00029429": "such strange pair of artistic expression and a revolutionary movement – the anarchist movement", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00056-00029466-00029820": "was new to the majority of people", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00057-00029822-00030381": "there had been publications on the theme also in the anarchist quarterly 'Volontà'", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00058-00030384-00031031": "but as a consequence of \"Venice 1984\" it gained new traction", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00059-00031092-00031843": "Marina and I participated to the \"Art and Anarchy\" event which took place in Turin", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00060-00031846-00032965": "and the eponymous exhibition prepared for Venice toured Italy together with a bespoke video", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00061-00033020-00033889": "the experience of \"Venice 1984\" and the renewed interest for the pair \"Art and Anarchy\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00062-00033896-00034398": "was instrumental to the birth, in 2000 of the magazine 'ApARTe°'", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00063-00034401-00034653": "\"irregular materials for a libertarian culture\"", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00064-00034656-00034916": "which is still being published 20 years down the line", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00065-00035106-00035892": "the magazine has established a network of comrades collaborations, libertarian sympathies", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00066-00035904-00036328": "from Florence to Rome, from Bologna to Trieste etcetera...", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00067-00036450-00036750": "this network gave birth", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00068-00036753-00037259": "to what to my knowledge is the only libertarian publication", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00069-00037261-00037476": "focusing on communication", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00070-00037486-00038123": "and various forms of artistic expression, music, literature, poetry, etcetera", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00071-00038179-00038751": "a true workshop of emotions", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00072-00038774-00039340": "which gave birth to four \"Biennali\" on \"Art and Anarchy\" in various locations in Italy", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00073-00039360-00039914": "as well as countless events in museums, anarchist venues, conferences and exhibitions", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00074-00039945-00040862": "hence the seeds that were sown in the extraordinary \"Venice 1984\" event", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00075-00040878-00041098": "were not lost in the wind", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00076-00042138-00042561": "of course, together with many other comrades", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00077-00042565-00043167": "I also contributed to the erection of the big top in Campo San Polo", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00078-00043169-00043363": "where I am standing right now", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00079-00043365-00043898": "here some presentations were hosted but most of all the two exhibitions", "cPdNIC3B0YY-00080-00043901-00044346": "\"History and Geography of Anarchism\" and \"Art and Anarchy\""}}, {"audio_id": "cPBoL369EHg", "text": {"cPBoL369EHg-00000-00000104-00000576": "hi and welcome to my talk. My name is Marc Aubreville and i'm a professor at", "cPBoL369EHg-00001-00000576-00001160": "THI Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt or in english the university of applied sciences in Ingolstadt,", "cPBoL369EHg-00002-00001160-00001928": "Germany. My talk today will be about large-scale data sets for AI, so for artificial intelligence,", "cPBoL369EHg-00003-00002000-00003016": "and the question of how to achieve quantity and quality. So let's get right into it: First of all", "cPBoL369EHg-00004-00003016-00003624": "let's have a look at the outline of my talk. First I will be answering the question why", "cPBoL369EHg-00005-00003696-00004288": "or if we have the need for large-scale data sets then we will follow up with the question of how", "cPBoL369EHg-00006-00004288-00004872": "to create those large-scale data sets and finally we will come to the question of how to", "cPBoL369EHg-00007-00004872-00005784": "use and also how to validate those large-scale data sets - so let's start right at the top.", "cPBoL369EHg-00008-00005848-00006631": "Now when we started with creating large-scale data sets for microscopy images, we", "cPBoL369EHg-00009-00006631-00007168": "had a very interesting discussion with our medical partners that was for instance Robert Klopfleisch", "cPBoL369EHg-00010-00007168-00007664": "from FU Berlin from the veterinary pathology there and he said: Well, you know, if we want to achieve", "cPBoL369EHg-00011-00007664-00008552": "some really good results - how much data do you need from us? And I told him: Well that depends on", "cPBoL369EHg-00012-00008552-00009096": "how good it needs to be and how complicated the problem is. So the question that we always have", "cPBoL369EHg-00013-00009096-00009584": "to answer is: How much data is actually enough and how does it relate to gains in performance?", "cPBoL369EHg-00014-00009656-00010168": "Second question is, of course, very related to that and is: How much time do we actually need", "cPBoL369EHg-00015-00010168-00010936": "to invest for that? And the third question is: Maybe can we even leverage unannotated data so", "cPBoL369EHg-00016-00010936-00011448": "maybe that's possible? Let's dive right into that and let's dive into the first question.", "cPBoL369EHg-00017-00011552-00012320": "So, in principle, there has been - I think - a large scientific consensus that it is actually", "cPBoL369EHg-00018-00012320-00013024": "very meaningful to have large-scale data sets, especially with those deep architectures that", "cPBoL369EHg-00019-00013024-00013776": "we are using nowadays. And now, just as a reference here if we have a look at the", "cPBoL369EHg-00020-00013776-00014408": "recognition performance (in this case the top one accuracy on the ImageNet dataset) and we compare", "cPBoL369EHg-00021-00014408-00014984": "this to the number of parameters (in millions), then we can see that: yes there is a relation", "cPBoL369EHg-00022-00015040-00015728": "between that and we can see that the performance scales with network capacity. And, of course,", "cPBoL369EHg-00023-00015728-00016368": "network capacity is at least for back-end solutions not a big problem anymore.", "cPBoL369EHg-00024-00016600-00017032": "Now, the question is: Does (using deep learning) performance also scale with data?", "cPBoL369EHg-00025-00017088-00017448": "And for that maybe we have to look for someplace else because the", "cPBoL369EHg-00026-00017448-00017904": "ImageNet dataset which is, actually, the de-facto standard the benchmark data set,", "cPBoL369EHg-00027-00018000-00019128": "containing roughly 14.2 million images of twenty thousand categories, but there's another data set", "cPBoL369EHg-00028-00019128-00019744": "that is (unfortunately) not publicly available, which is the JFT300 data set from Google,", "cPBoL369EHg-00029-00019744-00020840": "and this data set scales up and is featuring some 300 million data points or images of 18 000", "cPBoL369EHg-00030-00020840-00021568": "categories. Now that's of course a whole lot more and the question that the guys from Google try to", "cPBoL369EHg-00031-00021568-00022184": "answer with their paper is: Does the performance the recognition performance also scale up with", "cPBoL369EHg-00032-00022184-00022872": "that data set size? And they found yes in fact it does so, of course, this is no secret nowadays", "cPBoL369EHg-00033-00022872-00023408": "and it's also true not only for this domain. When we look a little bit further and look into", "cPBoL369EHg-00034-00023496-00024000": "text to image conversion, something which has become very popular in the recent days with the", "cPBoL369EHg-00035-00024000-00024616": "large diffusion diffusion models, we can see that, for example, we can now query a model something", "cPBoL369EHg-00036-00024616-00025328": "like vibrant portrait painting of Salvatore Dali with robotic half-face and we then get a picture", "cPBoL369EHg-00037-00025328-00026176": "like this. So, this is courtesy of DALL-E 2. Then, as another example, we could also say: a marble", "cPBoL369EHg-00038-00026176-00026768": "statue of a koala DJ in front of a marble statue of a turntable, the koala is wearing large marble", "cPBoL369EHg-00039-00026768-00027295": "headphones. And this is one of the prime examples of \"Imagen\" of the Google team. So, we can see", "cPBoL369EHg-00040-00027295-00027895": "that there's quite something happening here and all of this depends on large scale data sets,", "cPBoL369EHg-00041-00027960-00028568": "and as a fun fact: also all the drawings that I have in my presentation were generated by", "cPBoL369EHg-00042-00028568-00029088": "a really smaller version of DALL-E called DALL-E mini, which you can find on the internet nowadays.", "cPBoL369EHg-00043-00029200-00030224": "So even those - oops, those here, up here in the corner, those are also generated by this text", "cPBoL369EHg-00044-00030224-00030983": "to image engine. Now, the domain that I work in most of the time is the domain of histopathology", "cPBoL369EHg-00045-00031039-00031600": "and, in particular, we are and were in the past also mostly interested in mitotic figures. (So),", "cPBoL369EHg-00046-00031600-00032095": "mitotic figures are for example, in this image this here, so that's a cell that is dividing", "cPBoL369EHg-00047-00032095-00032704": "at the moment. Now, the problem is not only with detecting those, but also the", "cPBoL369EHg-00048-00032704-00033320": "problem for the pathologic (actually:diagnostic) process is that there is really so many of them", "cPBoL369EHg-00049-00033320-00034360": "in such a typical large microscopy image. Now you can see them all shown in green. So if that's a", "cPBoL369EHg-00050-00034360-00034800": "problem for the diagnostic process, basically, the question is where are those methodic figures,", "cPBoL369EHg-00051-00034800-00035240": "how many of them are there and what is their density which is that of course important in", "cPBoL369EHg-00052-00035240-00035736": "order to see well how much cell division is going on so how much is the tumor growing at the moment.", "cPBoL369EHg-00053-00035912-00036440": "And if we want to do this and detect this then, of course, we are back to the question: Now,", "cPBoL369EHg-00054-00036440-00037072": "how much time do we need to invest to annotate this? Well, luckily, I had a hard working bunch", "cPBoL369EHg-00055-00037072-00037568": "of people there, sitting in Berlin, who did a lot of annotations for us so we were able", "cPBoL369EHg-00056-00037568-00038456": "to find out how the detection performance scales with a data set size so going that back to that:", "cPBoL369EHg-00057-00038624-00039296": "So, what did we do different? In previous data sets only a fraction of the image was annotated.", "cPBoL369EHg-00058-00039408-00040152": "For instance, the fraction could look like this and the whole rest of the image was not annotated", "cPBoL369EHg-00059-00040232-00040832": "so we went through the pain of of doing that also doing that with the second annotator also with a", "cPBoL369EHg-00060-00040832-00041304": "third if they didn't agree also to aid that with some machine learning in order to find", "cPBoL369EHg-00061-00041304-00042056": "all the possible candidates and we then found um that, of course, well this of course scales up", "cPBoL369EHg-00062-00042144-00042688": "tremendously the effort that you put into the annotation. So in this case we scaled it up", "cPBoL369EHg-00063-00042688-00043280": "by around 60 to 80 percent. Well, luckily we really had some some crazy scientists", "cPBoL369EHg-00064-00043352-00043680": "sitting in Berlin who were keen on finding that out together with us,", "cPBoL369EHg-00065-00043856-00044464": "but we also found that the effect that this has (like: only the annotation size on such", "cPBoL369EHg-00066-00044464-00045144": "a microscopy slide) is also tremendous. When we first ran our experiments and we limited this", "cPBoL369EHg-00067-00045144-00045720": "like we limited what we trained our models upon to the usual size 10 high power fields - that is", "cPBoL369EHg-00068-00045720-00046296": "approximately two square millimeters - then we found that the recognition performance was very", "cPBoL369EHg-00069-00046296-00046792": "similar to what you can find as the state of the art like in literature so that was", "cPBoL369EHg-00070-00046792-00047352": "in this case so this was the highest score that we had previously seen on the largest previously", "cPBoL369EHg-00071-00047352-00048000": "available data set which was back then the TUPAC16 data set from Mitko Veta and his colleagues and,", "cPBoL369EHg-00072-00048176-00048880": "so what does that mean for our experiment? We, of course, tried to scale that also down:", "cPBoL369EHg-00073-00048968-00049376": "How much does the model deteriorate if we only have half of that size", "cPBoL369EHg-00074-00049472-00050112": "(in the same like hotspot regions of course) which we also carefully selected or if we have like five", "cPBoL369EHg-00075-00050112-00050800": "times the size or the complete slide and then we found out that this scales tremendously um up to", "cPBoL369EHg-00076-00050800-00051472": "a point where we have a F1 score of 0.82 (round about that depending a bit on the tumor type).", "cPBoL369EHg-00077-00051567-00052255": "So that made us very happy because as we later found out the human recognition performance", "cPBoL369EHg-00078-00052255-00052912": "is actually in the same range. So, the human recognition performance is actually also", "cPBoL369EHg-00079-00053000-00053655": "for good performing pathologists also in the range of 0.8.So: yes, we had some quite", "cPBoL369EHg-00080-00053655-00054328": "good job done with the big data set here. One thing that we also investigated is: How does", "cPBoL369EHg-00081-00054328-00054704": "that scale with the number of cases, which you can see here on the right hand side of the slide.", "cPBoL369EHg-00082-00054760-00055400": "So if you can see here: if we have three WSI if we have six WSI if we have 12 WSI", "cPBoL369EHg-00083-00055400-00056032": "so whole slide images or if we have all 21 it's not a lot but, i mean, 21 takes a lot to annotate", "cPBoL369EHg-00084-00056112-00056855": "then we'd see that the scaling really saturated more quickly so it was all about the area of", "cPBoL369EHg-00085-00056855-00057672": "annotation, also all about like having a different mixture of tissue qualities in there and also like", "cPBoL369EHg-00086-00057672-00058048": "necrosis and all of these kinds of things that make annotation really hard. So,", "cPBoL369EHg-00087-00058048-00058600": "to really show the full variability of that to the model that helped tremendously.", "cPBoL369EHg-00088-00058728-00059432": "All right, so let's summarize that briefly. First of all:yes more training data leads to", "cPBoL369EHg-00089-00059432-00060048": "better coverage of the input space. Right, so we can then run better models on that.", "cPBoL369EHg-00090-00060144-00060584": "Secondly, the saturation in performance depends on the data ambiguity", "cPBoL369EHg-00091-00060672-00061264": "so that means if we have data that is very easy and non-ambiguous then, of course,", "cPBoL369EHg-00092-00061264-00061679": "we do not need a lot of training data and the more diverse the data gets and the more", "cPBoL369EHg-00093-00061679-00062288": "ambiguous it also gets the more data we will have to have required for a good performance", "cPBoL369EHg-00094-00062360-00062944": "and finally with today's high capacity and deep learning models there isn't such a thing as too", "cPBoL369EHg-00095-00062944-00063824": "much data quite easy now let's move on and go to the interesting question of how to create", "cPBoL369EHg-00096-00063824-00064200": "those large-scale data sets and maybe also some things that we learned along the way", "cPBoL369EHg-00097-00064472-00065024": "so the interesting question that you ask yourself at first is how do i find the proper annotation", "cPBoL369EHg-00098-00065024-00065584": "tool now what we did is what maybe a lot of computer scientists will do they write their own", "cPBoL369EHg-00099-00065584-00066184": "annotation tools but you don't need to do that of course so there's plenty of annotation tools out", "cPBoL369EHg-00100-00066184-00066792": "there which i will come to in a minute the other question that you could ask yourself is can some", "cPBoL369EHg-00101-00066792-00067592": "student do the job well also that is of course a very yeah reasonable question because of course it", "cPBoL369EHg-00102-00067592-00068080": "tremendously scales the effort that you have to put into for your highly paid experts", "cPBoL369EHg-00103-00068184-00068992": "and finally well how many annotators do we then actually need to add that up can maybe an", "cPBoL369EHg-00104-00068992-00069736": "algorithm even help us in the annotation so let's dive into all of those four questions now starting", "cPBoL369EHg-00105-00069736-00070376": "off with how do i find the proper annotation tool as i said um we went through the effort", "cPBoL369EHg-00106-00070376-00071008": "of creating our own that was then specifically tailored to like single click annotations to", "cPBoL369EHg-00107-00071008-00071776": "um really efficiently annotate cells but as you can see here um in the on the slide there's so", "cPBoL369EHg-00108-00071776-00072528": "many different um um so many different annotation tools that all work well um of course we have", "cPBoL369EHg-00109-00072600-00073312": "local tools like ic qpas also our slide runner or web-based like cytomine or our exact tool", "cPBoL369EHg-00110-00073312-00073904": "and i think all of them they serve as a slightly different purpose best but all of them can be", "cPBoL369EHg-00111-00073904-00074416": "really applied for annotation in general well depends on the task that you're doing and then", "cPBoL369EHg-00112-00074416-00074888": "and and the annotation workflow that you have which one of the tools will really be the best one", "cPBoL369EHg-00113-00075048-00075768": "um also notably um nowadays we also have synchronization between local and web-based", "cPBoL369EHg-00114-00075768-00076336": "installations such as like for cider mine and ic there's eyesight on mine and also for the", "cPBoL369EHg-00115-00076336-00076904": "synchronization between slide runner and exact this is built in over a rest api interface that", "cPBoL369EHg-00116-00076904-00077504": "was designed for this okay so now that we have answered this question let's come to the next", "cPBoL369EHg-00117-00077504-00078232": "question which is maybe more tricky one so um the question is can't some students do the job", "cPBoL369EHg-00118-00078304-00079040": "well as i said it's a very reasonable question to ask this because i mean students are not stupid", "cPBoL369EHg-00119-00079040-00079592": "obviously they're students maybe they have not learned everything right now and they have a", "cPBoL369EHg-00120-00079592-00080112": "lack of experience in some domains but for certain tasks it's really reasonable to say", "cPBoL369EHg-00121-00080112-00080656": "maybe we can also train some students to do the job and maybe um it's much easier to", "cPBoL369EHg-00122-00080656-00081208": "scale the work with them right because they are looking for a student job or whatever else so", "cPBoL369EHg-00123-00081320-00082048": "i dug into the literature for that a little bit and found comparisons of like expert annotations", "cPBoL369EHg-00124-00082048-00082824": "um novice annotations so student annotations and intermediate which were usually residents and we", "cPBoL369EHg-00125-00082824-00083352": "found that for example for cytology cancer type there was a study by warren and colleagues in", "cPBoL369EHg-00126-00083352-00084024": "2019 which showed that actually there was little difference between novices and", "cPBoL369EHg-00127-00084024-00084720": "experts now moving to other tasks cytology cell identification was also fairly good in terms of", "cPBoL369EHg-00128-00084720-00085616": "quality we also have colon cancer type detection but we already saw a little drop off maybe that", "cPBoL369EHg-00129-00085616-00086200": "will also have to do with the study design um and then we also have um like more complicated", "cPBoL369EHg-00130-00086200-00086880": "tasks like writing a pathology report um or writing a complete breast cancer diagnosis", "cPBoL369EHg-00131-00086952-00087544": "so we can see that the more complicated the task gets the more experience is required and", "cPBoL369EHg-00132-00087544-00088128": "the less of course it can be done by something that somebody that has little experience in that", "cPBoL369EHg-00133-00088128-00089000": "job well so um coming to the next question so how many annotators do we need actually", "cPBoL369EHg-00134-00089064-00089712": "and of course medical experts are expensive and of course we are really fortunate that we are", "cPBoL369EHg-00135-00089712-00090128": "living in a world where we have so good research collaborators that they put all", "cPBoL369EHg-00136-00090128-00090800": "this effort into in it for free for us so that's quite fortunate for us but of course still um", "cPBoL369EHg-00137-00090800-00091560": "we know and we value their resources and so um we said um it's interesting to just see so how many", "cPBoL369EHg-00138-00091560-00092152": "experts do you actually need let's um and since we didn't want to do this experiment with our", "cPBoL369EHg-00139-00092152-00092672": "actual experts we run a little simulation and the simulation is that we have three raters um there", "cPBoL369EHg-00140-00092672-00093328": "is a ground truth for that for that experiment and all of those raters they deviate randomly from the", "cPBoL369EHg-00141-00093328-00094032": "ground truth by a certain percentage i think it was 10 or something like that initially and", "cPBoL369EHg-00142-00094032-00094768": "depending on that percentage also the raters in between will have a different kind of inter-rater", "cPBoL369EHg-00143-00094768-00095448": "disagreement so the integrated disagreement is typically measured using fly's copper value and so", "cPBoL369EHg-00144-00095512-00096096": "that means that we running this experiment we are in the and now able to set into context the fly's", "cPBoL369EHg-00145-00096096-00096672": "kappa value with the actual accuracy that we receive for the annotation so let's do that now", "cPBoL369EHg-00146-00096776-00097424": "as i said it's of course the simulation so of course we in this case we assumed the raters to", "cPBoL369EHg-00147-00097424-00097928": "be all independent or also independent from the case which is of course a non-realistic", "cPBoL369EHg-00148-00097984-00098608": "assumption but if we look into that then we can see that for a kappa value of", "cPBoL369EHg-00149-00098608-00099352": "above 0.6 which is considered or termed substantial agreement we are at an accuracy", "cPBoL369EHg-00150-00099352-00100344": "level of 0.94 now or a bit above 0.94 now you could say that 0.94 is already sufficient", "cPBoL369EHg-00151-00100344-00100752": "and that of course depends on the task again on the other hand you could also say that well", "cPBoL369EHg-00152-00100752-00101760": "for other tasks we will have to have a better agreement um so also the um accuracy that we get", "cPBoL369EHg-00153-00101832-00102136": "maybe this is one thing that i missed to say now the accuracy that we will get", "cPBoL369EHg-00154-00102208-00102832": "at a majority vote of the experts and that's depicted here um will then of course be better", "cPBoL369EHg-00155-00102976-00103704": "now we can in this ideal simulation world also include more of the annotators right", "cPBoL369EHg-00156-00103704-00104400": "so um luckily these simulated annotators are really affordable for us um they only consume", "cPBoL369EHg-00157-00104400-00105008": "like a couple of cpu cycles um and if we now do a majority vote of let's say not three but five", "cPBoL369EHg-00158-00105008-00105535": "of them we can see also the effect that this has so keeping constant the value of kappa", "cPBoL369EHg-00159-00105632-00106600": "um we can see um how that result relates to a different accuracy if we have a five person um", "cPBoL369EHg-00160-00106600-00107296": "majority vote so let's look into these results now which are now depicted in orange and we can see", "cPBoL369EHg-00161-00107296-00107840": "that we have a strong increase in accuracy well not surprisingly of course and now we", "cPBoL369EHg-00162-00107840-00108432": "have even for a kappa value of around about a bit above 0.6 so what is which is just", "cPBoL369EHg-00163-00108488-00109224": "in the order of substantial agreement um which we already have a accuracy of 0.98", "cPBoL369EHg-00164-00109304-00109904": "which is already a lot better right so the error has dropped and dropped by 50", "cPBoL369EHg-00165-00110080-00110783": "so um we have a higher accuracy for the same agreement level with this cool now", "cPBoL369EHg-00166-00110880-00111576": "the interesting question that we could um also ask here is something that um um yeah frequent", "cPBoL369EHg-00167-00111576-00112183": "one of my phd students looked into in more detail so the question that she asked is so how", "cPBoL369EHg-00168-00112183-00112552": "does this affect training of a deep learning model and we actually ran this experiment", "cPBoL369EHg-00169-00112632-00113559": "on some study data that we had and here we had 11 annotators and we were able to either randomly", "cPBoL369EHg-00170-00113559-00114176": "choose them which is here the pink color or we were able to choose the highest one with", "cPBoL369EHg-00171-00114176-00114856": "the highest agreement to our ground truth or the one with the lowest agreement to our ground true", "cPBoL369EHg-00172-00114959-00115624": "and we can see that if we only have one annotator of course that the lower agreement to the ground", "cPBoL369EHg-00173-00115624-00116408": "truth significantly impacts the f1 score on the model and once we add enhance that number to", "cPBoL369EHg-00174-00116408-00117064": "well three because two doesn't make sense for a majority vote in a kind of binary case right um so", "cPBoL369EHg-00175-00117064-00117535": "once we increase that number to three uh then we already see that the performance", "cPBoL369EHg-00176-00117535-00118232": "goes up quite significantly and we have no such strong effects following this thereafter so", "cPBoL369EHg-00177-00118232-00119183": "five and seven and nine does not improve the stability a lot of our trained deep learning model", "cPBoL369EHg-00178-00119311-00120296": "okay so um let's dig a little bit deeper into that and for that we did another experiment so we said", "cPBoL369EHg-00179-00120296-00120944": "now okay this was on mitotic figure annotation the task that i previously presented to you and", "cPBoL369EHg-00180-00120944-00121768": "we now ask ourselves so um well if we have those annotators like how easily can they be fooled by", "cPBoL369EHg-00181-00121768-00122608": "using um a prediction maybe in a computer-assisted annotation way that is biased and for that", "cPBoL369EHg-00182-00122696-00123216": "we said that we well most likely the following kind of errors occurred during some kind of", "cPBoL369EHg-00183-00123216-00123808": "annotation process first of all we have like wrong class assignment so we have maybe multiple classes", "cPBoL369EHg-00184-00123808-00124576": "and then we have actually um only um because of maybe a kind of error in the handling of", "cPBoL369EHg-00185-00124576-00125383": "the program or maybe just because of yeah a simple human error we have a wrong class assignment and", "cPBoL369EHg-00186-00125383-00125848": "then we also have missing annotations where just like such a bounding box is missing and we also", "cPBoL369EHg-00187-00125848-00126440": "have misaligned annotations where the bounding box is not completely right so let's disentangle those", "cPBoL369EHg-00188-00126440-00127111": "and with this we want to dig into the question of can an algorithm help us in the annotation so", "cPBoL369EHg-00189-00127264-00128096": "first things first so the wrong class assignment is well of course a source of actual disagreement", "cPBoL369EHg-00190-00128096-00128672": "and if we have some cells that are really a little bit more ambiguous then we will naturally have", "cPBoL369EHg-00191-00128672-00129296": "such a kind of disagreement there and this is really a case where we need multiple raters in", "cPBoL369EHg-00192-00129296-00130072": "order to reduce the error to a a level that is okay and then we have the missing and misaligned", "cPBoL369EHg-00193-00130072-00130568": "annotations and this is actually mainly a concentration issue from my point of view so", "cPBoL369EHg-00194-00130568-00131096": "this is something that you can clearly when you revisit those annotations see that there is an", "cPBoL369EHg-00195-00131096-00131648": "error in there so this can be really supported by some machine learning algorithm with actual low", "cPBoL369EHg-00196-00131648-00132256": "risk of really inducing a bias here because if we were to predict like a wrong box here that is not", "cPBoL369EHg-00197-00132256-00133112": "fitting then this is really easy to detect for the human annotator okay so we did some experiments", "cPBoL369EHg-00198-00133112-00133632": "here again and here i'm again citing a paper of ours which was published on mikhai in 2020", "cPBoL369EHg-00199-00133728-00134344": "and here we said okay let's let's try to to see how easily are our human experts fooled", "cPBoL369EHg-00200-00134440-00135096": "by um just well an annotation experiment where we said okay so we have here um an algorithm", "cPBoL369EHg-00201-00135096-00135664": "that produced those results and you need to check them so that was our our um research question that", "cPBoL369EHg-00202-00135664-00136280": "we posed to our participants and the participants were all pathology experts which all knew the task", "cPBoL369EHg-00203-00136280-00136952": "very well so in this case we were also saying okay please let us find mitotic figures and when we did", "cPBoL369EHg-00204-00136952-00137504": "that then we found that well for example if we have those three ground truth methodic figures", "cPBoL369EHg-00205-00137504-00138248": "and we showed them those those detections or like supposed to detections to our participants then", "cPBoL369EHg-00206-00138248-00138816": "actually most of them agreed so all of those icons are individual participants of the experiment that", "cPBoL369EHg-00207-00138816-00139776": "agreed to to this annotation and didn't change it in any other way however also if we chose to", "cPBoL369EHg-00208-00139776-00140432": "add cells that were non-mitotic figures but looked a little bit similar for example these ones here", "cPBoL369EHg-00209-00140488-00141440": "then also lots of our annotators agreed with that so we can see that the more closely the objects", "cPBoL369EHg-00210-00141440-00142224": "that we annotate are related to the real object the stronger we can induce some kind of bias", "cPBoL369EHg-00211-00142376-00142944": "now this also happens in the same case if we remove a ground truth annotation which was in", "cPBoL369EHg-00212-00142944-00143696": "this case here and here this meant that actually because we removed the annotation only a minority", "cPBoL369EHg-00213-00143696-00144440": "of the annotators re-added it well so we see that there's a significant risk of inducing bias in", "cPBoL369EHg-00214-00144440-00144792": "a kind of annotation experiment if the task is challenging enough", "cPBoL369EHg-00215-00144952-00145712": "now another thing that we visited there that we saw there actually is that if we so we didn't", "cPBoL369EHg-00216-00145712-00146424": "really remove those objects or add those like artificial objects uh by a total chance", "cPBoL369EHg-00217-00146424-00147088": "but we had three groups that we had so we had um groups with high similarity to the real objects", "cPBoL369EHg-00218-00147088-00147568": "and with low similarity to the real object so we used some kind of classification approach for that", "cPBoL369EHg-00219-00147568-00148312": "and we also found that the more similar those objects were to the real objects the more easily", "cPBoL369EHg-00220-00148312-00149128": "were people biased by our fake annotation or by our um or the other way around the the more", "cPBoL369EHg-00221-00149200-00149800": "dissimilar they were the easier it was um that people didn't add those annotations back again", "cPBoL369EHg-00222-00149800-00150632": "in the task yeah so that leads us to a proposed framework that we can actually now say with all", "cPBoL369EHg-00223-00150632-00151136": "the knowledge that we gained in these experiments this is how we would recommend to do it so", "cPBoL369EHg-00224-00151224-00151992": "first of all we see that actually finding those class indifferent bounding boxes of objects of", "cPBoL369EHg-00225-00151992-00152616": "cell objects on microscopy images is something where we can very easily aid with machine learning", "cPBoL369EHg-00226-00152616-00153136": "so that tremendously reduces the time that we need for annotation and then we take those", "cPBoL369EHg-00227-00153136-00153688": "cells that we now detected or maybe also a human expert helped us in finding them and we just ran", "cPBoL369EHg-00228-00153688-00154424": "again an experiment to find the missing ones then we can feed those to our experts so that", "cPBoL369EHg-00229-00154424-00155208": "cuts down on the cost of annotation while really not having a strong form of bias right so as i", "cPBoL369EHg-00230-00155208-00155912": "said the bias is really only the question um if we don't have any objects and by the way um we were", "cPBoL369EHg-00231-00155912-00156568": "also always feeding negative objects into that so not only the positive in this case the mitotic", "cPBoL369EHg-00232-00156568-00157016": "figures but also similarly up looking object but we also fed into the classification task", "cPBoL369EHg-00233-00157016-00157848": "or selection task for our experts so this splits up the whole annotation process into two parts and", "cPBoL369EHg-00234-00157848-00158520": "the one part can be really easily aided by machine learning and the other part from our point of view", "cPBoL369EHg-00235-00158520-00159080": "should be really dealt with a lot of care when using submachine learning to help here", "cPBoL369EHg-00236-00159272-00159912": "so we tried that also out and used that in the annotation of some of our data sets this one is", "cPBoL369EHg-00237-00159912-00160424": "from our paper where we relabeled the 2pac 16 dataset because we thought that there is some", "cPBoL369EHg-00238-00160424-00161056": "headroom in it in terms of label quality and where we showed that this actually then also increased", "cPBoL369EHg-00239-00161056-00161776": "the consistency of the data set by quite some bit so the idea is here that we will have an expert", "cPBoL369EHg-00240-00161776-00162352": "the expert screened the image for such cells so either mitotic figures or similar looking cells", "cPBoL369EHg-00241-00162416-00162848": "we also had a machine learning algorithm run on that to find more of those cells that would", "cPBoL369EHg-00242-00162848-00163568": "have been overly looked previously and then we would have these fed to two experts and", "cPBoL369EHg-00243-00163632-00164216": "in a blind way assigned classes if they agreed then it's fine and if not then you can either", "cPBoL369EHg-00244-00164216-00164808": "go for like a consensus of the those experts or you go for a third expert as the final vote", "cPBoL369EHg-00245-00164960-00165624": "so that leads me to a summary of this part of my talk so first of all the assessment of the", "cPBoL369EHg-00246-00165624-00166240": "integrator concordance is really essential we need to do that actually before running the experiment", "cPBoL369EHg-00247-00166320-00166888": "the annotation tasks can be split up to achieve higher quality labels so into things that can be", "cPBoL369EHg-00248-00166888-00167424": "aided by machine learning without inducing bias and those where we should restrain from doing", "cPBoL369EHg-00249-00167424-00168184": "that or at least do a proper quality check of the annotations in an unbiased way afterwards", "cPBoL369EHg-00250-00168296-00169024": "and of course not surprisingly the label quality affects the model quality well so that leads me", "cPBoL369EHg-00251-00169024-00169712": "to the third and final part of my presentation how do we validate on those large-scale data sets and", "cPBoL369EHg-00252-00169872-00169936": "coming to that", "cPBoL369EHg-00253-00170160-00170656": "We have to state that especially in medical recommended systems validation is a key to trust", "cPBoL369EHg-00254-00170656-00171256": "right so we need really a representative data set and without that we cannot really validate our", "cPBoL369EHg-00255-00171256-00172080": "systems so as i said the validation needs to be run on a representative holdout set which is else", "cPBoL369EHg-00256-00172080-00173000": "indispensable so um we know that having openly accessible data sets really fueled algorithm", "cPBoL369EHg-00257-00173000-00173800": "development this is true for imagenet this is also true for many biomedical tasks however", "cPBoL369EHg-00258-00173800-00174472": "this also means that these have to be dealt with a lot of caution when used for validation", "cPBoL369EHg-00259-00174744-00175344": "now let's have a look again to back to our imagenet dataset now of course the", "cPBoL369EHg-00260-00175344-00176008": "recognition of imagenet continued um over the years and if we compare that now up to the", "cPBoL369EHg-00261-00176008-00176504": "2020 um we can see that now here it's in this case top five accuracy depicted", "cPBoL369EHg-00262-00176576-00177008": "steadily increased up to let's say around 100 percent nowadays 99", "cPBoL369EHg-00263-00177112-00177768": "and we could really ask ourselves now um does that really mean that the models just became this good", "cPBoL369EHg-00264-00177768-00178416": "or does it mean that the availability of some kind of knowledge about the test set helped to", "cPBoL369EHg-00265-00178416-00179264": "well to fuel basically um a kind of yeah model competition where models were the top runners", "cPBoL369EHg-00266-00179328-00179864": "that were just very good at recognizing stuff from from this particularly data from this particular", "cPBoL369EHg-00267-00179864-00180600": "data set and not from a general use case so this is a thing that means openly accessible", "cPBoL369EHg-00268-00180600-00181280": "data sets really need to be treated with caution for the when they should be used for validation", "cPBoL369EHg-00269-00181400-00182040": "okay yeah because if they are available then they allow the fine tuning of hyper parameters", "cPBoL369EHg-00270-00182040-00182448": "on the test set and this is of course not a good thing in terms of being representative", "cPBoL369EHg-00271-00182608-00183112": "also they drive a survivorship bias towards actually lucky shots on the test set right so we", "cPBoL369EHg-00272-00183112-00183592": "don't we will never know which of those are real algorithmic advancements and which of those are", "cPBoL369EHg-00273-00183592-00184104": "just some kind of lucky shots which can also then happen even though we are on a really big data set", "cPBoL369EHg-00274-00184296-00185080": "now one thing that we propose and that we think could really help this in the biomedical sense", "cPBoL369EHg-00275-00185080-00185704": "is that we should aim together as a community for a study register for machine learning experiments", "cPBoL369EHg-00276-00185704-00186248": "and the reason for that is that the more often you can run an experiment on the test set", "cPBoL369EHg-00277-00186248-00186776": "the higher the chance of just doing a hyper parameter optimization on your test set", "cPBoL369EHg-00278-00186776-00187416": "and and which is actually then again an overfit on your test set so the idea is as follows", "cPBoL369EHg-00279-00187552-00188104": "typically our algorithm developers they built a data set right so they construct an algorithm but", "cPBoL369EHg-00280-00188104-00188608": "also as in many like biomedical challenges at least they write some kind of report or", "cPBoL369EHg-00281-00188608-00189456": "paper about it and this is in this kind of idea the precondition in order to run the algorithm", "cPBoL369EHg-00282-00189456-00189880": "on some kind of test set because you will have some kind of review committee", "cPBoL369EHg-00283-00190008-00190688": "not within depth like reviews but just to see if this is a sensible approach and if it's worth to", "cPBoL369EHg-00284-00190688-00191312": "be run on a set right so if it's just like okay we tried it again um with a with a kind of different", "cPBoL369EHg-00285-00191312-00191640": "hyper parameters or if it's really okay we have a different approach and this is the reason why", "cPBoL369EHg-00286-00191640-00192176": "we think that this approach will work better and this is why we want to evaluate now actually this", "cPBoL369EHg-00287-00192176-00192648": "is how you do it with every medical study right in order to get clearance for that you have to sign", "cPBoL369EHg-00288-00192648-00193160": "up to a study register where you describe what you do and why you do it and this is actually", "cPBoL369EHg-00289-00193160-00193800": "at the moment still foreign to machine learning to the machine learning community basically our test", "cPBoL369EHg-00290-00193800-00194544": "sets are oftentimes available like for automatic evaluation nowadays so we can run many many models", "cPBoL369EHg-00291-00194544-00195040": "and the best one does is not necessarily the really the best one for the task but just for this", "cPBoL369EHg-00292-00195040-00195728": "test set so in this scenario the review committee will then enable the evaluation on some kind of", "cPBoL369EHg-00293-00195808-00196512": "validation set and this will be also communicated very transparently to everyone so all of the", "cPBoL369EHg-00294-00196512-00197304": "approaches can be seen with full name of the authors and this will in my opinion also", "cPBoL369EHg-00295-00197408-00198032": "reduce the incentives for just trying to overfit on the test data all right", "cPBoL369EHg-00296-00198032-00198592": "so let's summarize that third point also briefly um so trust requires transparency", "cPBoL369EHg-00297-00198592-00198936": "in the evaluation of algorithms i think this is a very clear thing", "cPBoL369EHg-00298-00198936-00199440": "further the survivorship or publication bias is a severe problem at the moment in machine learning", "cPBoL369EHg-00299-00199440-00200008": "there's every now and then papers claiming yet we are again half a percentage point better that", "cPBoL369EHg-00300-00200008-00200448": "doesn't mean that they are actually better on the task that does just means that they were actually", "cPBoL369EHg-00301-00200448-00200920": "better on the test set and maybe they even had to test it in their own hands so maybe it was just a", "cPBoL369EHg-00302-00200920-00201504": "hyper parameter tuning that they did and third like a public registry for those experiments", "cPBoL369EHg-00303-00201504-00202224": "in machine learning would encourage hypothesis hypothesis driven testing all right so", "cPBoL369EHg-00304-00202224-00202896": "let's come to my summary and conclusion of this talk um we just asked the following so", "cPBoL369EHg-00305-00202896-00203520": "first of all large scale data sets are required for both training and validation of ai models", "cPBoL369EHg-00306-00203640-00204312": "second annotations can be done algorithm aided but they need to be really dealt with care when doing", "cPBoL369EHg-00307-00204312-00205119": "so so you have to have at least some kind of hold out validation set that you didn't do um in an", "cPBoL369EHg-00308-00205119-00205688": "in this like algorithm aided way because else you could just cannot find out about potential biases", "cPBoL369EHg-00309-00205688-00206408": "that you induced while running the algorithms in the annotation loop and finally i think that we", "cPBoL369EHg-00310-00206408-00207048": "have to work on like study registers for in order to achieve trustworthy algorithms in our field", "cPBoL369EHg-00311-00207136-00207576": "so that's my talk i hope you found it interesting thanks for your attention", "cPBoL369EHg-00312-00207576-00208128": "and as i said all of those nice little models have been generated also with a model", "cPBoL369EHg-00313-00208184-00208784": "in this case it was DALL-E mini so all props go to those guys for for doing this magnificent stuff", "cPBoL369EHg-00314-00208840-00209312": "and, now, yeah thanks for your attention and see you next time!"}}]