[{"audio_id": "9e9uFOxMlXM", "text": {"9e9uFOxMlXM-00000-00000028-00000353": "(upbeat country music)", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00001-00001088-00001284": "- [Narrator] To remove the loin portion of the carcass,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00002-00001284-00001481": "commonly referred to as the backstrap,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00003-00001481-00001755": "begin by locating the hip bone on the deer.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00004-00001755-00002003": "The loin lies in an L-shaped crevasse created", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00005-00002003-00002140": "along the length of the spine.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00006-00002140-00002349": "Insert the knife just in front of the hip bone", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00007-00002349-00002540": "and make a cut across the loin.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00008-00002540-00002752": "Then insert the knife next to the spine", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00009-00002752-00002999": "and cut along the vertebrae down the length of the spine,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00010-00002999-00003130": "almost to the head,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00011-00003130-00003359": "freeing the loin from the spinal processes,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00012-00003359-00003567": "the bones that stick up on the vertebrae.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00013-00003567-00003846": "If you haven't already, remove both front shoulders", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00014-00003846-00004085": "to allow better access to the upper portions.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00015-00004085-00004305": "Then carefully begin cutting away the loin", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00016-00004305-00004480": "from the vertebrae by the hip bone,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00017-00004480-00004677": "slowly working your way down to the section", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00018-00004677-00004838": "of the loin above the rib cage.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00019-00004838-00005103": "And then onto that portion along the neck.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00020-00005103-00005386": "Once you get it started, the loin comes out fairly easily.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00021-00005386-00005711": "(upbeat country music)", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00022-00006743-00007019": "Remove the loin from the other side the same way.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00023-00007019-00007344": "(upbeat country music)", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00024-00010206-00010313": "Now you can see the anatomy", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00025-00010313-00010538": "of the spine with the loin muscle removed", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00026-00010538-00010829": "and exactly how those muscles laid against the spine.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00027-00010829-00010983": "Once the loin is removed,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00028-00010983-00011120": "you may want to trim the little bit", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00029-00011120-00011381": "of meat that lies along the lower part of the ribs.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00030-00011381-00011527": "Depending on the size of the deer,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00031-00011527-00011768": "there can be a little bit of meat that would be good to add", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00032-00011768-00012075": "to the scrap pile that is later ground into hamburger.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00033-00012075-00012379": "Also, meat from between the ribs can be easily cut out", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00034-00012379-00012518": "and ground into hamburger,", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00035-00012518-00012802": "but be careful to avoid rib meat that is bloodshot.", "9e9uFOxMlXM-00036-00012909-00013234": "(upbeat country music)"}}, {"audio_id": "9ehgLyiz7L4", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "9eiXKC0mFMM", "text": {"9eiXKC0mFMM-00000-00001071-00001429": "Crystal Bay is slightly east of the California/Nevada border", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00001-00001429-00001751": "on the north side of Lake Tahoe near Stateline Point.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00002-00001775-00002181": "In the 1920s, construction developer Norman Blitz began developing", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00003-00002181-00002605": "the small peninsula projecting from the northern shore of Lake Tahoe.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00004-00002635-00002987": "The building he constructed started as a land sales office", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00005-00002987-00003613": "and became the Ta-Neva-Ho in 1927, the first Crystal Bay casino.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00006-00003649-00004123": "Crystal Bay had a significant tourist draw by the time the '60s came", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00007-00004123-00004445": "bringing high-end celebrities to the area like Frank Sinatra", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00008-00004445-00004907": "who purchased the Cal Neva Resort in 1960.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00009-00004989-00005267": "Formerly known as the Crystal Bay Club,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00010-00005267-00005693": "the Crystal Bay Casino offers table games, slot machines, and a sports book,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00011-00005697-00006061": "in addition to frequent live entertainment, the Steak & Lobster House,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00012-00006061-00006429": "and the Border House Hotel next door.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00013-00006623-00007083": "The Tahoe Biltmore opened in 1946 to residents and tourists,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00014-00007083-00007247": "known as the Nevada Lodge,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00015-00007247-00007417": "then the Cal-Neva Biltmore,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00016-00007417-00007769": "before settling on its final name in the '80s.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00017-00007841-00008207": "The Crystal Bay Cove condominiums mark the halfway point between", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00018-00008207-00008483": "the bay and Incline Village just down the highway.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00019-00008511-00008879": "Crystal Bay residents have easy access to many of the same entertainment", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00020-00008879-00009243": "and amenities as residents of Incline Village.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00021-00009279-00009529": "The Incline Village Recreation Center", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00022-00009529-00009990": "is a 37,000 square foot complex with group fitness classes,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00023-00009990-00010739": "a cardio room, weight room, pool, sauna, massage therapy, and a Pro Shop.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00024-00010875-00011437": "The Incline Village Tennis Center provides ten tennis courts and eight pickleball courts.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00025-00011437-00012085": "It is conveniently located next to the recreation center and is open from May to October.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00026-00012205-00012511": "Incline Park sits directly behind the middle school", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00027-00012511-00012945": "with three softball and baseball fields only available through reservation.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00028-00012945-00013285": "Incline Skate Park is in the northern part of the park", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00029-00013285-00013505": "near Tahoe Boulevard.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00030-00013505-00013847": "South of the tennis center is the Incline Bike Park,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00031-00013847-00014195": "a closed loop dirt track designed for all skill levels and ages", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00032-00014195-00014571": "aiming to bring the community together through biking.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00033-00014571-00015031": "Crystal Bay residents can also choose from two 18-hole golf courses in", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00034-00015033-00015161": "the neighboring city.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00035-00015213-00015423": "Incline Village Mountain Golf Course", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00036-00015423-00015703": "and Incline Village Championship Golf Course", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00037-00015703-00015913": "are only two and a half miles apart", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00038-00015913-00016339": "providing golfers with incredible views of Lake Tahoe.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00039-00016573-00016987": "Sand Harbor State Park is roughly 15 minutes from Crystal Bay,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00040-00016987-00017341": "with unique rock  structures lining its beaches.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00041-00017459-00017681": "The park is also home to the annual", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00042-00017681-00017991": "Lake Tahoe Shakespeare Festival every summer.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00043-00018203-00018649": "Students in Crystal Bay again head to Incline Village for education from", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00044-00018649-00018861": "the Washoe County School District.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00045-00018957-00019241": "Students begin at Incline Elementary School,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00046-00019242-00019439": "then graduate to Incline Middle School", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00047-00019439-00019775": "just south of the elementary school, next to Incline Park.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00048-00019983-00020239": "Incline High School, home of the Highlanders,", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00049-00020239-00020463": "educates the teens of Crystal Bay.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00050-00020535-00021073": "All schools are within a 10-minute drive of the peninsula city.", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00051-00021429-00021803": "For more information about homes in this and other neighborhoods", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00052-00021803-00022059": "visit our website NevadaRealEstateGroup.com", "9eiXKC0mFMM-00053-00022059-00022585": "or call us (775) 750-1700"}}, {"audio_id": "9etbFp3vxnU", "text": {"9etbFp3vxnU-00000-00000501-00000718": "APRIL IS MONTH OF THE MILITARY CHILD.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00001-00000718-00001150": "SAILORS AND THEIR FAMILIES RECOGNIZE THE ROLE CHILDREN PLAY IN THE NAVY COMMUNITY.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00002-00001150-00001613": "THIS OBSERVANCE HONORS THE CHALLENGES FACED BY SEPARATION FROM MILITARY PARENTS, MOVES,", "9etbFp3vxnU-00003-00001613-00001789": "AND SCHOOL CHANGES.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00004-00001789-00002264": "RECOGNITION FOR MILITARY CHILDREN BEGAN IN 1986, WHEN FORMER DEFENSE SECRETARY CASPAR", "9etbFp3vxnU-00005-00002264-00002564": "WEINBERGER CHOSE APRIL TO HONOR THEM.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00006-00002564-00002823": "APRIL IS ALSO CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION MONTH.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00007-00002823-00003297": "VISIT HEALTH.MIL FOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND RESOURCES THAT HELP RAISE AWARENESS AND", "9etbFp3vxnU-00008-00003297-00003521": "FIGHT CHILD ABUSE.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00009-00003521-00003897": "THE NAVY IS LOOKING FOR WOMEN'S OPINIONS ON JOINING THE SUBMARINE FORCE.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00010-00003897-00004252": "THE VOLUNTARY ONLINE SURVEY TAKES ABOUT 15 MINUTES.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00011-00004252-00004646": "NAVY LEADERSHIP WILL USE THE RESULTS TO HELP GUIDE ONGOING PLANNING EFFORTS WITHIN THE", "9etbFp3vxnU-00012-00004646-00004809": "SUBMARINE COMMUNITY.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00013-00004809-00005232": "TAKE THE SURVEY ON THE NAVY STANDARD INTEGRATED PERSONNEL SYSTEM WEBSITE AT WWW.NSIPS.NMCI.NAVY.MIL.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00014-00005232-00005444": "READ MORE ABOUT THESE STORIES AT NAVY.MIL.", "9etbFp3vxnU-00015-00005444-00005629": "FROM ALL HANDS UPDATE, THANKS FOR WATCHING."}}, {"audio_id": "9f78Hj47tdA", "text": {"9f78Hj47tdA-00000-00002246-00002285": "MAKE FACE"}}, {"audio_id": "9fHIP3LicD8", "text": {"9fHIP3LicD8-00000-00000513-00000959": "THE FIRST U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY CLASS TO INLCUDE WOMEN GRADUATED MAY 28TH, 1980.", "9fHIP3LicD8-00001-00000959-00001478": "IN OCTOBER 1975, PRESIDENT GERALD FORD SIGNED A BILL STATING THE UNITED STATES MILITARY", "9fHIP3LicD8-00002-00001478-00001884": "ACADEMIES WOULD BEGIN ADMITTING WOMEN IN THE FALL OF 1976.", "9fHIP3LicD8-00003-00001884-00002282": "THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY DETERMINED THE NUMBER OF FEMALE MIDSHIPMEN BASED ON THE NUMBER OF", "9fHIP3LicD8-00004-00002282-00002504": "WOMEN NEEDED IN THE NAVY AND MARINE CORPS.", "9fHIP3LicD8-00005-00002504-00003095": "WHEN THE ACADEMY'S CLASS OF 1980 WAS INDUCTED IN 1976, IT INCLUDED 81 FEMALE MIDSHIPMEN.", "9fHIP3LicD8-00006-00003095-00003518": "MIDSHIPMEN JANIE MINES WAS AMONG THE FIRST GROUP OF WOMEN, AND THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN", "9fHIP3LicD8-00007-00003518-00003764": "WOMAN, TO GRADUATE FROM THE ACADEMY IN 1980.", "9fHIP3LicD8-00008-00003764-00004284": "TODAY, WOMEN COMPRISE NEARLY 20 PERCENT OF ENTERING PLEBES, OR FRESHMEN, AT THE ACADEMY", "9fHIP3LicD8-00009-00004284-00004717": "AND THEY PURSUE THE SAME ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AS THEIR MALE CLASSMATES.", "9fHIP3LicD8-00010-00004717-00005061": "FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY, VISIT THEIR WEBSITE.", "9fHIP3LicD8-00011-00005061-00005306": "FROM THE DEFENSE MEDIA ACTIVITY, I'M PETTY OFFICER TONY ROSA."}}, {"audio_id": "9fXsIl24Zcu", "text": {"9fXsIl24Zcu-00000-00000024-00000532": "Hello Charles from American Life 365.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00001-00000547-00001062": "In thisvideo i will share with you how i cleared", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00002-00001062-00001824": "the bmw error code p0420 for bank 1 and p0430 for bank2,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00003-00001824-00002418": "which is a catalytic converter efficiency below threshold.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00004-00002418-00002882": "Its severity is 2 out of 3", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00005-00002882-00003165": "and needs tobe repaired immediately.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00006-00003165-00003711": "BMW service engine soon lights was on", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00007-00003711-00004176": "and the engine power was reduced", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00008-00004176-00004751": "I used my INPA software to find the error codes in detail.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00009-00004751-00004981": "I got seven error codes.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00010-00004981-00005336": "The explanationis in German.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00011-00005336-00005724": "The first one is 278F", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00012-00005724-00006120": "which is an IBS communication error .", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00013-00006120-00006634": "This is an error of theintelligent battery system.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00014-00006634-00006816": "This is irrelevant.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00015-00006959-00007544": "Then P0420 catalytic system efficiency", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00016-00007544-00007936": "is lower than the threshold in bank 1.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00017-00008048-00008664": "and then error P0430 in bank 2.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00018-00008664-00009544": "Thenfollowing the error CDBD, 25B7 and P1636", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00019-00009672-00010036": "throttle value control circuit.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00020-00010036-00010400": "Someof these errors may be fault errors", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00021-00010560-00011535": "First,  clear the catalytic error code p0420 and p0430.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00022-00011535-00011749": "Let's do it.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00023-00011749-00012223": "in order to better understand the catalytic errors,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00024-00012223-00012784": "let's talkabout the basic concept of catalytic converter.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00025-00012880-00013342": "The name of the catalytic converter speaks for itself.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00026-00013342-00013544": "What is catalytic converter?", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00027-00013696-00014240": "Catalysis refers to theacceleration of chemical reactions", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00028-00014328-00014638": "that is to decompose something", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00029-00014638-00015052": "into other things through something.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00030-00015072-00015590": "This is the principle that catalytic converter burns", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00031-00015590-00015944": "the exhaust gas into harmless air", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00032-00015944-00016201": "through high temperature.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00033-00016201-00016608": "Basicallycatalytic converter accumulates the heat of", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00034-00016696-00017062": "the exhaust from engine", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00035-00017062-00017368": "to burn the exhaustgas itself.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00036-00017368-00017958": "If a cat is working it should have a very high temperature.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00037-00017958-00018283": "over 700 degree fahrenheit", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00038-00018283-00018609": "to burn these exhaust gas.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00039-00018731-00019019": "By comparing the values", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00040-00019019-00019225": "from upstream o2 sensor", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00041-00019225-00019458": "which is before cat", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00042-00019458-00019919": "anddownstream o2 sensor which is after cat ,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00043-00019919-00020620": "the car engine computer can adjust the fuel", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00044-00020620-00021118": "entering theengine for combustion to maintain engine power.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00045-00021168-00021453": "From the above how cat works,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00046-00021453-00021925": "it provides us withclue on how to check", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00047-00021925-00022104": "whether a cat is working", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00048-00022304-00022660": "We can check whether the cat's body is", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00049-00022660-00022800": "in a high temperature state.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00050-00022920-00023352": "If the cat is in a high temperaturestate,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00051-00023352-00023905": "it means the cat has not been physically damaged", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00052-00023905-00024134": "or malfunction.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00053-00024134-00024387": "Itworks.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00054-00024387-00024688": "Maybe just the efficiency below threshold.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00055-00024904-00025111": "On the other hand.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00056-00025111-00025445": "we can check thedownstream o2 sensor.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00057-00025445-00025779": "It should maintain a certain value", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00058-00025779-00026366": "to keep the efficiency of catalyticconverter stable.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00059-00026366-00027170": "If it shows a very fluctuating value similar to the upstream o2 sensor,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00060-00027170-00027738": "it meansthe catalytic converter is damaged.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00061-00027738-00028184": "Since the structure of catalytic converter is similar to", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00062-00028184-00028394": "a honeycomb or sponge ,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00063-00028492-00028769": "It will eventually", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00064-00028769-00029230": "be clogged with smoke particles debris or waste.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00065-00029230-00029760": "Its efficiency will slowly decrease", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00066-00029783-00030156": "i think this is the most commonhappenings", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00067-00030156-00030280": "in catalytic converter.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00068-00030504-00031005": "Using paint thinner to clean catalytic converter", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00069-00031005-00031216": "is indeed effective.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00070-00031456-00032027": "Whether paint thinner can clean the catalytic converter", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00071-00032027-00032563": "to eliminate error code P0420 or P0430", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00072-00032563-00032857": "is controversial.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00073-00032857-00033144": "Somepeople said works.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00074-00033144-00033344": "Well,  others said", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00075-00033416-00033691": "never do this.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00076-00033691-00033975": "After i havedone some research,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00077-00033975-00034144": "I believe", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00078-00034144-00034596": "using paint thinner to clean catalytic converter", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00079-00034596-00035184": "should be safe, effective and cost less.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00080-00035448-00035859": "Okay, let me show you how i cleared out", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00081-00035859-00036584": "error code P0420 and P0430 by paint thinner.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00082-00036720-00036827": "At first ,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00083-00036827-00037363": "I have to check whether the efficiency of this catalytic converter", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00084-00037363-00037536": "belows threshold", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00085-00037688-00037968": "was caused by physical damage or not.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00086-00038143-00038870": "So ibought the infrared thermometer for 30 bucks.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00087-00038870-00039368": "I started the car and let it run for more than 15 minutes.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00088-00039368-00039843": "then i checked the temperature at the cat body.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00089-00039843-00040436": "The temperature was more than 500 degree fahrenheit.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00090-00040436-00040816": "So the inside should be more than 700", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00091-00040872-00041216": "more than 1000 degrees fahrenheit.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00092-00041216-00041648": "Since thiscar has four cats,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00093-00041648-00041976": "i only checked the two", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00094-00042064-00042296": "prime cats.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00095-00042296-00042758": "So the temperatures was more than 500", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00096-00042758-00043443": "degrees fahrenheit on both cats.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00097-00044160-00044804": "Now let me use INPA software to check downstream o2 sensor", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00098-00044804-00045016": "to see if its value", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00099-00045112-00045344": "is fluctuating", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00100-00045472-00045888": "It shows the lambda which is the o2 sensor.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00101-00046176-00046763": "The bottom two bars are downstream o2 sensors", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00102-00046763-00046941": "for bank 1 and bank 2.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00103-00046941-00047309": "So pretty stable.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00104-00047376-00047552": "This  further confirmed", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00105-00047680-00048175": "that efficiency below threshold was caused by", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00106-00048175-00048677": "clog and the cat's converter need to be cleaned.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00107-00048872-00049326": "Next , i used the 1.5 gallon paint thinner", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00108-00049326-00049640": "to pour it into the fuel tank.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00109-00049856-00050329": "There was 60 % gas  in the fuel tank.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00110-00050329-00050851": "Becausemy BMW has four catalytic converters", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00111-00050864-00051391": "i used more thinner insteadof one gallon suggested.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00112-00051479-00051828": "I inserted a steel bar", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00113-00051828-00052215": "to keep this fuel tankopen widely.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00114-00052215-00053384": "So I can pour the thinner into easily.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00115-00056232-00056760": "Next,  drove the 50 miles in the highway.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00116-00057072-00057679": "I was worried but it turned out", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00117-00057679-00058561": "pretty good and nothing abnormal.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00118-00058648-00058808": "After driving,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00119-00058808-00059163": "the service soon light disappeared", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00120-00059328-00060384": "I noticed some black stuff from cats exhaust pipe.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00121-00061360-00061696": "It means catalytic converters", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00122-00061696-00062032": "were washed over and cleaned.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00123-00062544-00062853": "That is all for this video.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00124-00062853-00063137": "A simpleway to clear out errors", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00125-00063137-00063424": "without spending", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00126-00063424-00063969": "thousands thousands dollars.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00127-00064191-00064489": "We have hundreds of videos", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00128-00064489-00064726": "in many aspectsof american life.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00129-00064738-00064971": "if you like our video,", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00130-00064971-00065293": "please click the logo to subscribe our channel", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00131-00065309-00065586": "and share with your friends.", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00132-00065586-00065831": "Your effort to help us", "9fXsIl24Zcu-00133-00065831-00066248": "encourages us to make more videos.  Thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "9g1oOSG0YGu", "text": {"9g1oOSG0YGu-00000-00000700-00000900": "Hi and welcome to my channel.", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00001-00000900-00001401": "My name is Barbara. I´m an adventure and solitude loving woman in my fifties", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00002-00001401-00001800": "the early fifties! And I am right about to start", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00003-00001800-00002200": "a thru-hike attempt on the Continental Divide Trail", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00004-00002500-00002801": "The trail leads for 5000 km from the Mexican border", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00005-00002801-00003001": "all the way up thru the American Rocky Mountains,", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00006-00003001-00003400": "thru five states and ends on the Canadian border.", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00007-00003500-00003700": "The Continental Divide Trail is the second", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00008-00003700-00004100": "long-distance hiking trail I am entering. 2018 I have", "9g1oOSG0YGu-00009-00004100-00004501": "been finishing the thru-hike of the Pacific Crest Trail."}}, {"audio_id": "9g639Oh9IlE", "text": {"9g639Oh9IlE-00000-00000000-00000387": "hi my name is Alex Bawell well librarian", "9g639Oh9IlE-00001-00000387-00000558": "for St. Petersburg College and today I", "9g639Oh9IlE-00002-00000558-00000710": "want to talk to you a little bit about", "9g639Oh9IlE-00003-00000710-00000911": "how to find sources to support your", "9g639Oh9IlE-00004-00000911-00001151": "current event needs discussion post", "9g639Oh9IlE-00005-00001151-00001325": "assignment. Now believe it or not", "9g639Oh9IlE-00006-00001325-00001557": "Wikipedia is a good place to come to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00007-00001557-00001757": "start your research. It can give you a", "9g639Oh9IlE-00008-00001757-00001943": "jumpstart on your research and i'll show", "9g639Oh9IlE-00009-00001943-00002106": "you what I'm talking about here in a", "9g639Oh9IlE-00010-00002106-00002430": "minute. However Wikipedia is not a good source", "9g639Oh9IlE-00011-00002430-00002678": "to cite or including your bibliography", "9g639Oh9IlE-00012-00002678-00002946": "or references section, because Wikipedia", "9g639Oh9IlE-00013-00002946-00003110": "has certain users that can update", "9g639Oh9IlE-00014-00003110-00003314": "articles, they can change the information", "9g639Oh9IlE-00015-00003314-00003554": "in them or add references so it's a", "9g639Oh9IlE-00016-00003554-00003738": "dynamic source of information,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00017-00003738-00003957": "meaning it could change in the future. So", "9g639Oh9IlE-00018-00003957-00004119": "we wouldn't want to rely on a Wikipedia", "9g639Oh9IlE-00019-00004119-00004350": "article to base our argument off of,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00020-00004350-00004542": "because it could change in the future.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00021-00004542-00004728": "However, Wikipedia does provide a good", "9g639Oh9IlE-00022-00004728-00004923": "advantage in jump-starting a research", "9g639Oh9IlE-00023-00004923-00005160": "because there are certain sources", "9g639Oh9IlE-00024-00005160-00005334": "already cited in these wikipedia", "9g639Oh9IlE-00025-00005334-00005457": "articles and I'll show you what I'm", "9g639Oh9IlE-00026-00005457-00005657": "talking about here. So I'm going to pull", "9g639Oh9IlE-00027-00005657-00005892": "up the Ford Motor Company article on", "9g639Oh9IlE-00028-00005892-00006117": "Wikipedia and here we can see that this", "9g639Oh9IlE-00029-00006117-00006330": "article is divided into certain sections", "9g639Oh9IlE-00030-00006330-00006525": "talks about the history the corporate", "9g639Oh9IlE-00031-00006525-00006722": "affairs operations products and services", "9g639Oh9IlE-00032-00006722-00006998": "motorsport environmental initiatives and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00033-00006998-00007304": "so on, but what we're really interested", "9g639Oh9IlE-00034-00007304-00007653": "in is the notes or references section. So", "9g639Oh9IlE-00035-00007653-00007829": "if you scroll all the way down in the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00036-00007829-00008090": "wikipedia article you'll find the notes", "9g639Oh9IlE-00037-00008090-00008250": "or references section that looks like", "9g639Oh9IlE-00038-00008250-00008592": "this. So this is a list of all the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00039-00008592-00008838": "sources cited in this wikipedia article.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00040-00008838-00009099": "So all the claims made in this wikipedia", "9g639Oh9IlE-00041-00009099-00009272": "article are backed up by these sources.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00042-00009272-00009522": "So here we have a list of about a", "9g639Oh9IlE-00043-00009522-00009668": "hundred and twenty two different sources", "9g639Oh9IlE-00044-00009668-00009947": "that week may consider using in our own", "9g639Oh9IlE-00045-00009947-00010038": "research", "9g639Oh9IlE-00046-00010038-00010347": "so this is a good list to go through to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00047-00010347-00010547": "evaluate to consider if you might want", "9g639Oh9IlE-00048-00010547-00010743": "to use that in your own research and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00049-00010743-00010932": "you'll want to evaluate those sources by", "9g639Oh9IlE-00050-00010932-00011124": "the credibility of the author, the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00051-00011124-00011279": "validity of the research, and the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00052-00011279-00011424": "relevance of the articles and websites", "9g639Oh9IlE-00053-00011424-00011631": "to your topic. And I believe you have", "9g639Oh9IlE-00054-00011631-00011871": "more information about how to evaluate", "9g639Oh9IlE-00055-00011871-00012071": "sources in your course materials folder.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00056-00012071-00012329": "So if you need further clarification on", "9g639Oh9IlE-00057-00012329-00012543": "how to evaluate sources,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00058-00012543-00012909": "go ahead and consult your folder in your", "9g639Oh9IlE-00059-00012909-00013086": "course materials on how to evaluate", "9g639Oh9IlE-00060-00013086-00013208": "sources.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00061-00013208-00013490": "So this list would jump start your", "9g639Oh9IlE-00062-00013490-00013666": "research you would have a bunch of", "9g639Oh9IlE-00063-00013666-00013888": "sources to sift through and see if you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00064-00013888-00014015": "may want to include those in your own", "9g639Oh9IlE-00065-00014015-00014204": "research and now i'm going to show you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00066-00014204-00014429": "how to look up some sources using the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00067-00014429-00014738": "library databases. So the easiest way to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00068-00014738-00014941": "get to the library databases, is from the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00069-00014941-00015140": "angel homepage. And if you follow the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00070-00015140-00015359": "library resources and services link on", "9g639Oh9IlE-00071-00015359-00015533": "the right, under institutional resources, it", "9g639Oh9IlE-00072-00015533-00015833": "will direct you to the st. petersburg", "9g639Oh9IlE-00073-00015833-00016037": "college library search page. From here", "9g639Oh9IlE-00074-00016037-00016229": "you can search the entire library for", "9g639Oh9IlE-00075-00016229-00016493": "print or electronic sources, you can also", "9g639Oh9IlE-00076-00016493-00016721": "pop in your research question here and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00077-00016721-00016877": "this ask a librarian widget, if you're", "9g639Oh9IlE-00078-00016877-00017066": "feeling really lazy. It's a pretty cool", "9g639Oh9IlE-00079-00017066-00017279": "service so its staff with librarians in", "9g639Oh9IlE-00080-00017279-00017414": "the state of Florida that are there to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00081-00017414-00017615": "help you to answer your research", "9g639Oh9IlE-00082-00017615-00017807": "question help you with your research at", "9g639Oh9IlE-00083-00017807-00017918": "your point of need.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00084-00017918-00018047": "I kind of wish I had that when I was", "9g639Oh9IlE-00085-00018047-00018233": "going to college, so take advantage of it.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00086-00018233-00018419": "But to get to the databases we can", "9g639Oh9IlE-00087-00018419-00018635": "either click databases A to Z or", "9g639Oh9IlE-00088-00018635-00018836": "databases by subject. I'm gonna go ahead", "9g639Oh9IlE-00089-00018836-00019055": "and follow databases by subject link and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00090-00019055-00019319": "expand the business category here. So", "9g639Oh9IlE-00091-00019319-00019484": "here we can see we have about 20", "9g639Oh9IlE-00092-00019484-00019700": "different databases that all pertain to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00093-00019700-00019925": "business. Each database has its own", "9g639Oh9IlE-00094-00019925-00020138": "specialization. So we'll start out", "9g639Oh9IlE-00095-00020138-00020384": "searching for current events and news", "9g639Oh9IlE-00096-00020384-00020636": "sources in the abi/inform complete", "9g639Oh9IlE-00097-00020636-00020920": "ProQuest database. To get to the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00098-00020920-00021056": "database you just need to follow the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00099-00021056-00021470": "link and a new tab will open and you can", "9g639Oh9IlE-00100-00021470-00021590": "see my last search already and that's", "9g639Oh9IlE-00101-00021590-00021719": "what we'll be searching for this time", "9g639Oh9IlE-00102-00021719-00021898": "too. However i'm going to use the advanced", "9g639Oh9IlE-00103-00021898-00022226": "search feature here in ABI so go ahead", "9g639Oh9IlE-00104-00022226-00022463": "and click on advanced search and now", "9g639Oh9IlE-00105-00022463-00022826": "when I'm going to type in ford motor and I put", "9g639Oh9IlE-00106-00022826-00023042": "ford motor in quotation marks because", "9g639Oh9IlE-00107-00023042-00023222": "i'm looking for the exact phrase Ford", "9g639Oh9IlE-00108-00023222-00023363": "Motor I'm not just looking for forward", "9g639Oh9IlE-00109-00023363-00023606": "or just looking for motor, I'm looking for", "9g639Oh9IlE-00110-00023606-00023918": "Ford Motor, ford motor company, so that's", "9g639Oh9IlE-00111-00023918-00024140": "why I'm putting that in quotation marks", "9g639Oh9IlE-00112-00024140-00024407": "because i'm doing a phrase search on", "9g639Oh9IlE-00113-00024407-00024659": "ford motor and I'm gonna use another", "9g639Oh9IlE-00114-00024659-00025467": "keyword here sustainability. Alright so i have my two keywords i put", "9g639Oh9IlE-00115-00025467-00025515": "in", "9g639Oh9IlE-00116-00025515-00025773": "i'm looking for full text articles and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00117-00025773-00025956": "now understand you have certain", "9g639Oh9IlE-00118-00025956-00026132": "limitations for your current event needs,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00119-00026132-00026412": "so we could narrow down the publication", "9g639Oh9IlE-00120-00026412-00026708": "date to the last three months and so", "9g639Oh9IlE-00121-00026708-00026856": "anything that's been published the last", "9g639Oh9IlE-00122-00026856-00027008": "three months will show up in the result", "9g639Oh9IlE-00123-00027008-00027288": "and anything older will be omitted and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00124-00027288-00027545": "here you can go down and select your", "9g639Oh9IlE-00125-00027545-00027960": "source type, so we will want to select", "9g639Oh9IlE-00126-00027960-00028283": "magazines newspapers other sources", "9g639Oh9IlE-00127-00028283-00028860": "scholarly journals trade journals wire", "9g639Oh9IlE-00128-00028860-00029264": "feeds and we can also select document", "9g639Oh9IlE-00129-00029264-00029610": "types so we're looking for articles", "9g639Oh9IlE-00130-00029610-00029852": "let's see what else we have that we can", "9g639Oh9IlE-00131-00029852-00030399": "select, a case study, a business case,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00132-00030399-00031002": "basically we're looking for current", "9g639Oh9IlE-00133-00031002-00031266": "event articles and so I want to select", "9g639Oh9IlE-00134-00031266-00031431": "all the document types that could apply", "9g639Oh9IlE-00135-00031431-00032462": "to that category", "9g639Oh9IlE-00136-00032462-00032677": "so we could do a market report, and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00137-00032677-00033535": "market research, news,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00138-00033535-00034003": "and website language by default is", "9g639Oh9IlE-00139-00034003-00034354": "English I'm not going to touch that and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00140-00034354-00034477": "looks like i'm ready to go ahead and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00141-00034477-00034612": "start my search so i'm going to click on", "9g639Oh9IlE-00142-00034612-00034825": "search and this should yield some", "9g639Oh9IlE-00143-00034825-00035068": "relevant results so we have 26 different", "9g639Oh9IlE-00144-00035068-00035221": "results that have been published in the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00145-00035221-00035374": "last three months about ford motor", "9g639Oh9IlE-00146-00035374-00035536": "company and sustainability", "9g639Oh9IlE-00147-00035536-00036079": "so the first result here looks like a", "9g639Oh9IlE-00148-00036079-00036367": "good source we could use for talking", "9g639Oh9IlE-00149-00036367-00036703": "about sustainability the third one looks", "9g639Oh9IlE-00150-00036703-00036955": "really good too, us forward to install EV", "9g639Oh9IlE-00151-00036955-00037231": "charging station at its facilities so", "9g639Oh9IlE-00152-00037231-00037366": "I'm going to follow the link to that", "9g639Oh9IlE-00153-00037366-00037648": "article and that will take me to the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00154-00037648-00037852": "full text of that article so i can", "9g639Oh9IlE-00155-00037852-00038029": "review the article here and I have certain", "9g639Oh9IlE-00156-00038029-00038401": "tools that i can use I can export this", "9g639Oh9IlE-00157-00038401-00038653": "citation information to refworks to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00158-00038653-00038863": "create a bibliography or I could just", "9g639Oh9IlE-00159-00038863-00039136": "copy it directly from here and paste it", "9g639Oh9IlE-00160-00039136-00039457": "into my section and i can email and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00161-00039457-00039727": "print this article to other people or", "9g639Oh9IlE-00162-00039727-00040057": "myself so this is how you would look up", "9g639Oh9IlE-00163-00040057-00040252": "a current event article in The", "9g639Oh9IlE-00164-00040252-00040708": "abi/inform database. Moving on, i'm going", "9g639Oh9IlE-00165-00040708-00040933": "to show you another database i'm going", "9g639Oh9IlE-00166-00040933-00041107": "to show you the tampa bay business", "9g639Oh9IlE-00167-00041107-00041452": "journal. Now if you scroll down to the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00168-00041452-00041602": "bottom here it's folly tampa bay", "9g639Oh9IlE-00169-00041602-00041845": "business journal link the tampa bay", "9g639Oh9IlE-00170-00041845-00042049": "business journal belongs to the business", "9g639Oh9IlE-00171-00042049-00042310": "journals which is a big group of 40 or", "9g639Oh9IlE-00172-00042310-00042526": "so publications of major local business", "9g639Oh9IlE-00173-00042526-00042688": "journals which offer a wide range of", "9g639Oh9IlE-00174-00042688-00042895": "coverage of local trade and business", "9g639Oh9IlE-00175-00042895-00043234": "news & Sales Lead information. So the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00176-00043234-00043504": "best way I find to search the tampa bay", "9g639Oh9IlE-00177-00043504-00043672": "business journal is searching the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00178-00043672-00043909": "National Archives so i'm going to enter", "9g639Oh9IlE-00179-00043909-00044059": "the same keywords i had here", "9g639Oh9IlE-00180-00044059-00044341": "sustainability Ford Motor Company in", "9g639Oh9IlE-00181-00044341-00044932": "quotation marks and sustainability and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00182-00044932-00045133": "i'm going to search and it's not only", "9g639Oh9IlE-00183-00045133-00045253": "going to search through tampa bay", "9g639Oh9IlE-00184-00045253-00045454": "business journal but it's going to also", "9g639Oh9IlE-00185-00045454-00045616": "searched through those 40 or so other", "9g639Oh9IlE-00186-00045616-00045803": "business journals", "9g639Oh9IlE-00187-00045803-00046013": "so here the first article looks like it", "9g639Oh9IlE-00188-00046013-00046190": "would be relevant to our topic georgia", "9g639Oh9IlE-00189-00046190-00046322": "tech working on solar charging", "9g639Oh9IlE-00190-00046322-00046625": "technology for ford motor company so if", "9g639Oh9IlE-00191-00046625-00046739": "you follow the link it will take you to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00192-00046739-00047135": "that article and will display the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00193-00047135-00047489": "article here at full text so here you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00194-00047489-00047753": "can review the article and read it", "9g639Oh9IlE-00195-00047753-00048107": "however the tampa bay business journal", "9g639Oh9IlE-00196-00048107-00048323": "does not provide any citation tools or", "9g639Oh9IlE-00197-00048323-00048542": "export tool so you'll need to manually", "9g639Oh9IlE-00198-00048542-00048758": "create a citation for the source if you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00199-00048758-00049085": "choose to use it in your research.", "9g639Oh9IlE-00200-00049085-00049367": "Moving on, I'm going to show you the wall", "9g639Oh9IlE-00201-00049367-00049601": "street journal it's right under the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00202-00049601-00049778": "tampa bay business journal so if you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00203-00049778-00049964": "click on the wall street journal it will", "9g639Oh9IlE-00204-00049964-00050138": "take you to the wall street journal has", "9g639Oh9IlE-00205-00050138-00050402": "the same kind of interface looks", "9g639Oh9IlE-00206-00050402-00050474": "familiar", "9g639Oh9IlE-00207-00050474-00050618": "so I'm going to click on advanced search", "9g639Oh9IlE-00208-00050618-00050981": "again and here we have ford motor and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00209-00050981-00051239": "sustainability we're limiting it to full", "9g639Oh9IlE-00210-00051239-00051590": "text and will want to select magazines", "9g639Oh9IlE-00211-00051590-00052040": "and newspapers and we're going to go", "9g639Oh9IlE-00212-00052040-00052298": "ahead and select the document types that", "9g639Oh9IlE-00213-00052298-00052400": "we're looking for", "9g639Oh9IlE-00214-00052400-00052790": "so we're looking for articles blogs are", "9g639Oh9IlE-00215-00052790-00053039": "kinda iffy if you have a blog you'll", "9g639Oh9IlE-00216-00053039-00053369": "really want to make sure that the author", "9g639Oh9IlE-00217-00053369-00053609": "is credible and that the research is", "9g639Oh9IlE-00218-00053609-00053798": "valid in the blog like Guy Kawasaki", "9g639Oh9IlE-00219-00053798-00054077": "would be an example of a authoritative", "9g639Oh9IlE-00220-00054077-00054341": "blog to cite but you want to be really", "9g639Oh9IlE-00221-00054341-00054536": "critical with blogs so I'm not even going", "9g639Oh9IlE-00222-00054536-00054941": "to search for blogs here. Scrolling", "9g639Oh9IlE-00223-00054941-00055244": "down, we can select other document types", "9g639Oh9IlE-00224-00055244-00055433": "general information,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00225-00055433-00056237": "market research, news, you select an interview", "9g639Oh9IlE-00226-00056237-00056398": "too", "9g639Oh9IlE-00227-00056398-00057080": "report,", "9g639Oh9IlE-00228-00057080-00057329": "and that looks good so it looks like", "9g639Oh9IlE-00229-00057329-00057452": "we're ready to go ahead and click search", "9g639Oh9IlE-00230-00057452-00057827": "and we should get some good results we", "9g639Oh9IlE-00231-00057827-00058277": "have 63 results and I can see the first", "9g639Oh9IlE-00232-00058277-00058473": "result here is published on january", "9g639Oh9IlE-00233-00058473-00058686": "third and I believe that would be older", "9g639Oh9IlE-00234-00058686-00058892": "than 60 days which is the limitation for", "9g639Oh9IlE-00235-00058892-00059567": "your current event article so and we", "9g639Oh9IlE-00236-00059567-00059745": "already have it sorted as the most", "9g639Oh9IlE-00237-00059745-00060096": "recent first may want to check that so", "9g639Oh9IlE-00238-00060096-00060252": "looks like these articles may be a bit", "9g639Oh9IlE-00239-00060252-00060723": "dated to use in your research from wall", "9g639Oh9IlE-00240-00060723-00061047": "street journal now while we're logged", "9g639Oh9IlE-00241-00061047-00061208": "into the library databases i'm going to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00242-00061208-00061494": "show you a little trick here and it's", "9g639Oh9IlE-00243-00061494-00061754": "with google scholar so keep your window", "9g639Oh9IlE-00244-00061754-00061991": "open for your library databases and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00245-00061991-00062148": "where you're logged into the library and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00246-00062148-00062424": "just open a new tab or window and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00247-00062424-00062552": "navigate to google scholar", "9g639Oh9IlE-00248-00062552-00063021": "scholar.google.com now Google is very", "9g639Oh9IlE-00249-00063021-00063242": "smart google knows that we're currently", "9g639Oh9IlE-00250-00063242-00063504": "logged into the spc library databases", "9g639Oh9IlE-00251-00063504-00063804": "and it's going to show us where we can", "9g639Oh9IlE-00252-00063804-00064200": "get access via our library databases and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00253-00064200-00064425": "the google search results i'll show you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00254-00064425-00064497": "what i mean by that", "9g639Oh9IlE-00255-00064497-00064829": "so i'm going to type in ford motor and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00256-00064829-00065196": "sustainability and I'm gonna hit search", "9g639Oh9IlE-00257-00065196-00066522": "now i got about 14,00 results and you don't have to worry because google scholar only present you with peer reviewed source, it only", "9g639Oh9IlE-00258-00066522-00066678": "gives you credible sources it's a good", "9g639Oh9IlE-00259-00066678-00066840": "place to look if you're looking for", "9g639Oh9IlE-00260-00066840-00067197": "peer-reviewed sources and notice in some", "9g639Oh9IlE-00261-00067197-00067380": "of the results to the right of them it", "9g639Oh9IlE-00262-00067380-00067794": "says find it at spc now usually this", "9g639Oh9IlE-00263-00067794-00067980": "access will be restricted or you'd have", "9g639Oh9IlE-00264-00067980-00068316": "to pay to access the journal here but we", "9g639Oh9IlE-00265-00068316-00068538": "have access to it we have the SBC", "9g639Oh9IlE-00266-00068538-00068766": "libraries and Google like i mentioned", "9g639Oh9IlE-00267-00068766-00068955": "knows that we're currently logged in and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00268-00068955-00069219": "it's offering this fine an SBC link so", "9g639Oh9IlE-00269-00069219-00069363": "if you follow that link it will take you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00270-00069363-00069765": "to the databases that offer this", "9g639Oh9IlE-00271-00069765-00069948": "full-text so it looks like this is", "9g639Oh9IlE-00272-00069948-00070195": "sciencedirect and we can get the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00273-00070195-00071616": "full text article right here", "9g639Oh9IlE-00274-00071616-00071831": "google also has a cool feature you can", "9g639Oh9IlE-00275-00071831-00072393": "cite the articles you can either copy", "9g639Oh9IlE-00276-00072393-00072750": "the citation here or you can import it", "9g639Oh9IlE-00277-00072750-00073125": "to refworks as well and what I really", "9g639Oh9IlE-00278-00073125-00073358": "like about it is that it searches", "9g639Oh9IlE-00279-00073358-00073550": "through multiple databases so you're not", "9g639Oh9IlE-00280-00073550-00073692": "just searching through one databases", "9g639Oh9IlE-00281-00073692-00073812": "like we just did", "9g639Oh9IlE-00282-00073812-00073958": "it's going to look at all the databases", "9g639Oh9IlE-00283-00073958-00074339": "and provide us results in addition to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00284-00074339-00074505": "those databases other results from other", "9g639Oh9IlE-00285-00074505-00074783": "sources like this one from Colorado", "9g639Oh9IlE-00286-00074783-00075468": "State", "9g639Oh9IlE-00287-00075468-00075672": "now I noticed that some of the sources", "9g639Oh9IlE-00288-00075672-00076064": "here are kind of dated so we'll want to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00289-00076064-00076338": "look for more recent sources and it's", "9g639Oh9IlE-00290-00076338-00076557": "really easy to do that in google we can", "9g639Oh9IlE-00291-00076557-00076929": "just click on since 2014 and that will", "9g639Oh9IlE-00292-00076929-00077091": "omit all the articles that have been", "9g639Oh9IlE-00293-00077091-00077823": "published prior to that date so here's", "9g639Oh9IlE-00294-00077823-00078020": "an article from the journal of business", "9g639Oh9IlE-00295-00078020-00078201": "ethics that talks about the leadership", "9g639Oh9IlE-00296-00078201-00078504": "of corporate sustainability also ford", "9g639Oh9IlE-00297-00078504-00078702": "motor company so that might be a good", "9g639Oh9IlE-00298-00078702-00079008": "source to include in your research and", "9g639Oh9IlE-00299-00079008-00079133": "you can just go ahead and follow the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00300-00079133-00079419": "fine at spc link will take you to the", "9g639Oh9IlE-00301-00079419-00079767": "databases with this one wasn't found", "9g639Oh9IlE-00302-00079767-00080183": "so let's go to try another one let's try", "9g639Oh9IlE-00303-00080183-00081032": "this one here", "9g639Oh9IlE-00304-00081032-00081230": "here we go so here we have the full text", "9g639Oh9IlE-00305-00081230-00081986": "via google scholar and our databases so", "9g639Oh9IlE-00306-00081986-00082116": "hopefully this has been helpful to you", "9g639Oh9IlE-00307-00082116-00082473": "and if you have any questions or need", "9g639Oh9IlE-00308-00082473-00082757": "any further research help feel free to", "9g639Oh9IlE-00309-00082757-00083097": "email me at bawell.alex@spcollege.edu", "9g639Oh9IlE-00310-00083097-00083594": "that's b a w e l l . a le x @ SP college", "9g639Oh9IlE-00311-00083594-00084329": "dot edu thanks and have a good day"}}, {"audio_id": "9g6FvbC5S0y", "text": {"9g6FvbC5S0y-00000-00000000-00000522": "that's right we're gonna be doing a mental health review of a channel that", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00001-00000522-00001959": "does philosophy reviews of shows like Rick and Morty how many is that what is", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00002-00001959-00002322": "up everybody this is Chris from the rewired so where we talk about the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00003-00002322-00002702": "problem but focus on the solution and if you're new to my channel my channel is", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00004-00002702-00003011": "all about mental health and what I like to do is pull different topics from the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00005-00003011-00003347": "YouTube community to try to teach you how to improve your mental and emotional", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00006-00003347-00003702": "well-being so the end of that stuff make sure you subscribe and bring that", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00007-00003702-00004227": "notification bell so I was watching a wisecrack video which actually saw a", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00008-00004227-00004598": "long time ago and it just popped into my mind again and I wanted to kind of", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00009-00004598-00004955": "discuss it in the mental health aspect but basically the video was would you", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00010-00004955-00005394": "rather be a Rick or a Jerry and that video was actually sponsored by better", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00011-00005394-00005676": "health so those of you who don't know what better help is better help is the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00012-00005676-00006042": "online therapy platform I use it my beautiful girlfriend Tristan she has", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00013-00006042-00006422": "used it and I'm gonna be doing a full review of it pretty soon probably before", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00014-00006422-00006722": "I go out of town this week anyways if you're looking for affordable online", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00015-00006722-00007145": "therapy like if you don't have insurance or it's just gonna be cheaper to use it", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00016-00007145-00007476": "just go ahead and check out the link down below it is an affiliate link so", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00017-00007476-00007815": "what that means it helps out the channel and you get some affordable online", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00018-00007815-00008447": "therapy but anyways in this video that wise pack did about would you rather be", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00019-00008447-00009065": "a rip or a Jerry they discuss-- like does intelligence equal depression right", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00020-00009065-00009465": "and by the way those of you who don't know a wisecrack is my channel is", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00021-00009465-00009990": "somewhat inspired by wisecrack wisecrack takes something that I'm very fascinated", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00022-00009990-00010361": "with which is philosophy and philosophy and mental health really tie in together", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00023-00010361-00010814": "because it helps just kind of like get your wheels turning and get maybe a new", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00024-00010814-00011184": "perspective on the world and our reality and all those things so I absolutely", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00025-00011184-00011610": "love philosophy but some old timey philosophy is pretty boring so a", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00026-00011610-00012003": "wisecrack does is they pull pop culture to try to teach people about philosophy", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00027-00012003-00012456": "kind of like what I do here where I take you know youtubers or TV or movies or", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00028-00012456-00012831": "whatever it is and I try to teach you about mental health so this one in", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00029-00012831-00013222": "particular they were talking about would you rather be a Rick or a Joey Matt", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00030-00013222-00013547": "these what they're talking about is Jerry is", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00031-00013547-00014062": "constantly happy right he's always happy and it's because of his ignorance or its", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00032-00014062-00014566": "idiocy if you will right and then you have Rick who is the smartest man in the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00033-00014566-00015048": "universe but he's depressed right he is depressed there is no doubt about that", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00034-00015048-00015613": "you know what I mean so they try to you know talk about philosophy and even you", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00035-00015613-00015894": "know psychology and things like that like is this true", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00036-00015894-00016431": "and they actually mike did they pulled a Mensa study Mensa for those of you who", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00037-00016431-00016765": "don't know it's like this elite club we're super smart people join it like I", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00038-00016765-00017404": "think you meet an IQ of 130 or plus or above and basically like one-third of", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00039-00017404-00017944": "people in Mensa out of the people surveyed self-reported feeling depressed", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00040-00017944-00018495": "right and that is way above average for just regular people right now they do", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00041-00018495-00018934": "mention that this is self-reported so during self-reported studies that means", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00042-00018934-00019267": "that a person is just like yeah I feel depressed yeah I feel like just fine you", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00043-00019267-00019588": "know what I mean like a doctor did not diagnose them so it's important to kind", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00044-00019588-00020125": "of like set that record straight right but anyways what they talk about in that", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00045-00020125-00020557": "video is that there was a psychologist who who actually did a study on this", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00046-00020557-00020935": "many many years before where he found that a lot of his colleagues who were", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00047-00020935-00021435": "very intelligent struggled with what he called hyper brain okay so a lot of", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00048-00021435-00021829": "intelligent people they have hyper brain like they are constantly looking at the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00049-00021829-00022240": "world for like what it is is seeing all of the problems whatever it may be like", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00050-00022240-00022920": "the threat of nuclear war or global warm warmth global warming or just like", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00051-00022920-00023239": "tragedy going on in our country or different countries or whatever it is", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00052-00023239-00023626": "they're constantly thinking about this whereas somebody with a lower IQ they're", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00053-00023626-00024123": "not really worried about that stuff right and I want to talk about this", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00054-00024123-00024426": "because I think this popped in our mind because this is something I could", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00055-00024426-00024801": "definitely relate to and I want to talk to all of you about this as well because", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00056-00024801-00025366": "this is so so so so true for so many of us and I just want to kind of share a", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00057-00025366-00025837": "little bit of how I got into the solution of it so for many years of my", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00058-00025837-00026064": "life I was extremely angry I was extremely", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00059-00026064-00026552": "depressed and I blamed a lot of it on you know my intelligence if you will", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00060-00026552-00026925": "and like part of my depression I don't know if you can relate to this maybe so", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00061-00026925-00027192": "I don't feel insane I'm alone leave a comment down below if you", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00062-00027192-00027480": "struggle with this as well but I remember looking at people I'm just like", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00063-00027480-00027993": "how can you be so happy do not understand how terrible this world and", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00064-00027993-00028401": "its people are what is wrong with you people right like I looked at people who", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00065-00028401-00028833": "were happy as just like dumb or ignorant or they just didn't know any better like", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00066-00028833-00029136": "they clearly didn't see the world for what it was they're just walking around", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00067-00029136-00029595": "with these rose-colored goggles and I wish I I could do that but I couldn't", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00068-00029595-00029898": "because I knew how much pain and suffering is actually in this world", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00069-00029898-00030389": "personally because I had a traumatic childhood you know what I mean so I I", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00070-00030389-00030858": "constantly thought about this and as I got older when I started to turn to", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00071-00030858-00031220": "drugs and alcohol like I often looked at other people I'm", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00072-00031220-00031743": "like oh my god like I needed I needed substances to just quiet this thing down", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00073-00031743-00032120": "because I was constantly thinking about problem after problem after problem by", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00074-00032120-00032499": "the way this is something very common in people who have anxiety now you can use", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00075-00032499-00032964": "that to a benefit because people with anxiety they've done studies and many of", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00076-00032964-00033336": "them are natural problem solvers right because people with anxiety they're able", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00077-00033336-00033804": "to spot problems faster than anybody else I forgot what the exact timing was", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00078-00033804-00034263": "but it's like like like I don't know almost a full second before the average", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00079-00034263-00034755": "person they can spot danger anyways I have a generalized anxiety disorder as", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00080-00034755-00035172": "well and that might be part of the reason why I spot so many problems but I", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00081-00035172-00035631": "turn to substance abuse which then as you know for addicts and alcoholics it", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00082-00035631-00036189": "causes even more problems and the part the the part of this that I think makes", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00083-00036189-00036549": "a lot of people depressed is because I talk to you that's all the time about", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00084-00036549-00036924": "how you know in order to kind of you know work on our depression we need to", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00085-00036924-00037272": "feel connected but it's hard to be connected with other people when your", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00086-00037272-00037659": "ego is inflating you and you constantly think that you're just smarter than", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00087-00037659-00038115": "everybody else how could I possibly hang out with you simpletons if I'm just", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00088-00038115-00038787": "smarter than all of you right so I felt like alone in my ungodly genius you know", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00089-00038787-00039345": "what I'm saying so my brain and my ego and my intelligence was separating me", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00090-00039345-00039965": "from everybody else but the fact was the was that other people were a whole lot", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00091-00039965-00040376": "happier than I was and they weren't turning to drugs and alcohol in order to", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00092-00040376-00040931": "numb the pain right so they had figured something out that I hadn't right and", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00093-00040931-00041252": "this is why I like I don't even like talking about intelligence I don't even", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00094-00041252-00041663": "like talking about IQ because like we're talking about in this video some of the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00095-00041663-00042229": "most intelligent people can be the most miserable people I am a fan of BQ okay", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00096-00042229-00042888": "emotional intelligence alright I would take emotional intelligence any day over", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00097-00042888-00043469": "IQ you know what I mean but anyways when it was time to get better to get well to", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00098-00043469-00043865": "start improving my mental health to you know try to beat my addiction and in", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00099-00043865-00044312": "turn save my life I remember just thinking nobody can help me nobody can", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00100-00044312-00044675": "help me like how are you supposed to help me how is anybody supposed to help", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00101-00044675-00045059": "me or give me advice when at any given moment I'm the smartest person in the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00102-00045059-00045668": "room you can't tell me or teach me anything right and I'll never forget", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00103-00045668-00046103": "this I'll never forget this and although the said in a room of a 12-step meeting", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00104-00046103-00046547": "I want you to see how this might relate to your life are you ready I heard", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00105-00046547-00047252": "someone say there is nobody to stupid to get this program but there's a lot of", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00106-00047252-00047843": "people too smart right let's think about that do you think do you think that", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00107-00047843-00048344": "maybe maybe your intelligence your over analyzing everything is holding you back", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00108-00048344-00048841": "like that was my issue even to this day it can be an issue like I'm the type of", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00109-00048841-00049121": "person where I want facts and I want studies like that's when I talk about", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00110-00049121-00049588": "study and science and neuroscience all the time like it took me years to quit", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00111-00049588-00050066": "being a stubborn a hole and try meditating because I needed science to", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00112-00050066-00050552": "back it but when I had that gift of desperation I was ready to improve my", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00113-00050552-00050947": "mental health I just stopped asking why I quit asking", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00114-00050947-00051374": "so many damn questions I just had to have what people might", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00115-00051374-00051869": "call a little bit of faith I just knew that these people were happier than I", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00116-00051869-00052408": "was and maybe just maybe they had a solution for me right so I just shut up", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00117-00052408-00052991": "for a little while okay I had to humble myself and just say you teach me", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00118-00052991-00053474": "you teach me right because they had something that I wanted right and slowly", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00119-00053474-00054054": "but surely my life got better now I didn't just dumb myself down like I", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00120-00054054-00054467": "still overanalyze everything I read books and studies and I'm a big nerd", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00121-00054467-00054983": "about all sorts of stuff right but at a certain point I just have to humble", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00122-00054983-00055410": "myself and a lot of this comes in the form of reaching out and asking people", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00123-00055410-00055751": "for advice reaching out and asking people for suggestions and support", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00124-00055751-00056154": "because a lot of people who are too intelligent don't do this", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00125-00056154-00056606": "Wow like the idea is why would I reach out and ask anybody for support but I am", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00126-00056606-00057182": "clearly smarter than they were right like I remember when I first got clean", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00127-00057182-00057629": "six and a half years ago I remember meeting homeless people who were waste", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00128-00057629-00058175": "way way way happier than I was right and like I'm sitting I'm like what like I am", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00129-00058175-00058694": "doing something wrong right so I want you to sit there and ask yourself is is", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00130-00058694-00059192": "your belief that you're just the most intelligent person and your ego is that", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00131-00059192-00059697": "holding your mental health back because that doesn't have to be the case okay we", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00132-00059697-00060188": "have to humble ourselves ask for help and know like even though somebody might", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00133-00060188-00060573": "not know as much as you in the thing that you are just extremely intelligent", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00134-00060573-00061004": "in maybe somebody else know something more than you in that aspect of their", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00135-00061004-00061386": "life like I had to take a StrengthsFinder test for work a couple", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00136-00061386-00061826": "years ago and my my biggest strength was being a learner and I was just", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00137-00061826-00062154": "absolutely fascinated by that because for many years it would have been", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00138-00062154-00062393": "something else because I thought you can't teach me anything", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00139-00062393-00062927": "I am capped out at my knowledge I can't learn anything now I just love learning", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00140-00062927-00063423": "and I know I will never ever ever ever in a million years know everything and", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00141-00063423-00063822": "it's actually an exciting because every day I get to wake up and see what new", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00142-00063822-00064250": "thing I can learn that can possibly not only improve my mental and emotional", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00143-00064250-00064670": "well-being but maybe I could take that information and give it to all of you", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00144-00064670-00065051": "which may in turn help you as well all right so let's have a conversation down", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00145-00065051-00065375": "below let me know do you think your intelligence hold your mental health", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00146-00065375-00065741": "back or let me know if I'm alone in this thing alright but again if you need", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00147-00065741-00066113": "online therapy like go ahead and check out the affiliate link to better help", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00148-00066113-00066498": "down below if not can you need therapy maybe a therapist knows a", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00149-00066498-00066921": "little bit more about how to live your life than YouTube okay so talk to your", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00150-00066921-00067272": "doctor see if they can refer you to anybody call your insurance company see", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00151-00067272-00067590": "if they can refer you to any therapist talk to your friends family members see", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00152-00067590-00067893": "if they have a therapist that they can recommend all right anyways that's all I", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00153-00067893-00068187": "got for this video if you like this video please give it a thumbs up if", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00154-00068187-00068520": "you're new make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell because I", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00155-00068520-00068829": "make a ton of videos and a huge huge thank you to everybody supporting the", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00156-00068829-00069090": "channel over on patreon you are all amazing and if you would like to get", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00157-00069090-00069594": "access to exclusive content free books all sorts of stuff click the top right", "9g6FvbC5S0y-00158-00069594-00070100": "there alright thanks so much for watching I'll see you next time"}}, {"audio_id": "9gkY_67Fvw4", "text": {"9gkY_67Fvw4-00000-00000000-00000200": "The animation studio ffeeCo", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00001-00000200-00000400": "creates animation clips", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00002-00000400-00000600": "and videos in the Adobe    Animate program.", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00003-00000600-00000800": "This video is a mix of small clips", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00004-00000800-00001000": "from various animated    videos", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00005-00001000-00001200": "created by the animation studio ffeeCo", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00006-00001200-00001400": "Happy viewing.", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00007-00001400-00001600": "You can order a similar animation", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00008-00001600-00001800": "for a music video", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00009-00001800-00002000": "story, teaching,    explanation,", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00010-00002000-00002200": "promotion or congratulation in our animation studio ffeeCo", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00011-00002200-00002400": "on    an international platform", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00012-00002400-00002600": "Please take the information", "9gkY_67Fvw4-00013-00002600-00002800": "in the description for the video. Thanks."}}, {"audio_id": "9gnxaiVJneo", "text": {"9gnxaiVJneo-00000-00000016-00000496": "I accept this nomination for President of the United States of America.", "9gnxaiVJneo-00001-00000496-00000880": "Democrats just hosted the first ever virtual national convention", "9gnxaiVJneo-00002-00000880-00001255": "to nominate Joe Biden and Kamala Harris for President and VP.", "9gnxaiVJneo-00003-00001255-00001575": "The goal of the four-day event was to unify the party's moderates and", "9gnxaiVJneo-00004-00001575-00001952": "progressives by focusing on Trump's moral and political failings.", "9gnxaiVJneo-00005-00001952-00002272": "For close to four years now he has shown no interest", "9gnxaiVJneo-00006-00002272-00002600": "in using the awesome power of his office to help", "9gnxaiVJneo-00007-00002600-00003064": "anyone but himself and his friends. But despite all the talk of change it was", "9gnxaiVJneo-00008-00003064-00003392": "clear that after four years of rising walls spiraling debt", "9gnxaiVJneo-00009-00003392-00003744": "and rule by executive order the democrats are resolved to stay the", "9gnxaiVJneo-00010-00003744-00003968": "course and continue expanding the size and", "9gnxaiVJneo-00011-00003968-00004416": "scope of the federal government have a national mandate to wear a mask", "9gnxaiVJneo-00012-00004416-00004760": "not as a burden but as a patriotic duty to protect one another", "9gnxaiVJneo-00013-00004760-00005128": "bynan blasted the trump administration for its disastrous response to the", "9gnxaiVJneo-00014-00005128-00005496": "coronavirus pandemic and pledged to institute a national mass", "9gnxaiVJneo-00015-00005496-00005807": "mandate though the rest of his plan was short on specifics", "9gnxaiVJneo-00016-00005807-00006455": "he will tell the truth and trust science he will make smart plans and manage a", "9gnxaiVJneo-00017-00006455-00006847": "good team and with joe as president these", "9gnxaiVJneo-00018-00006847-00007200": "classrooms will ring out with laughter and possibility", "9gnxaiVJneo-00019-00007200-00007504": "once again new york governor andrew cuomo whose", "9gnxaiVJneo-00020-00007504-00007911": "decision to return elderly people infected with covet 19 to nursing homes", "9gnxaiVJneo-00021-00007911-00008192": "led to thousands of deaths was summoned to provide the party's", "9gnxaiVJneo-00022-00008192-00008664": "vision for responsible leadership americans learned a critical lesson how", "9gnxaiVJneo-00023-00008664-00009024": "vulnerable we are when we are divided and how many", "9gnxaiVJneo-00024-00009024-00009368": "lives can be lost when our government is incompetent", "9gnxaiVJneo-00025-00009368-00009856": "our nation is in crisis and in many ways covet is just a metaphor", "9gnxaiVJneo-00026-00009856-00010256": "the democrats sought to exploit the coronavirus to justify bigger government", "9gnxaiVJneo-00027-00010256-00010639": "or what they call bold federal action we need to do more to address the", "9gnxaiVJneo-00028-00010639-00011015": "epidemic of gun violence they pledge strong gun control measures", "9gnxaiVJneo-00029-00011015-00011264": "despite the fact that the gun homicide rate today", "9gnxaiVJneo-00030-00011264-00011615": "is half what it was in the early 90s there is no", "9gnxaiVJneo-00031-00011615-00012104": "vaccine for racism they promised that a biden harris administration would", "9gnxaiVJneo-00032-00012104-00012464": "address systemic racial bias and reform the criminal justice system", "9gnxaiVJneo-00033-00012464-00012760": "that ironically biden played a lead role in creating", "9gnxaiVJneo-00034-00012760-00013072": "kamala harris is the vice president we need right now", "9gnxaiVJneo-00035-00013072-00013519": "committed to our constitution she's relentless in the pursuit of justice and", "9gnxaiVJneo-00036-00013519-00013816": "equity she fights to end mass incarceration but", "9gnxaiVJneo-00037-00013816-00014176": "the speeches were short on specifics about what a biden administration would", "9gnxaiVJneo-00038-00014176-00014608": "actually do to reverse the impact of laws like the 1994 crime bill which he", "9gnxaiVJneo-00039-00014608-00014936": "defended all the way up until the beginning of his presidential campaign", "9gnxaiVJneo-00040-00014936-00015344": "last year most cops are are good but the fact is", "9gnxaiVJneo-00041-00015344-00015872": "the bad ones have to be identified and prosecuted and out the party did offer", "9gnxaiVJneo-00042-00015872-00016208": "numerous proposals for new government mandates and increased spending on", "9gnxaiVJneo-00043-00016208-00016487": "social programs to fight racial and wealth inequality", "9gnxaiVJneo-00044-00016487-00016792": "joe supports raising the minimum wage to 15", "9gnxaiVJneo-00045-00016792-00017472": "an hour create 12 weeks of paid family leave fund universal pre-k", "9gnxaiVJneo-00046-00017472-00017831": "plans to increase social security benefits cancel", "9gnxaiVJneo-00047-00017831-00018280": "billions in student loan debt they also tied social justice issues to biden's", "9gnxaiVJneo-00048-00018280-00018544": "two trillion dollar plan to address climate change", "9gnxaiVJneo-00049-00018544-00018912": "which he's selling as a form of economic stimulus even though the federal debt", "9gnxaiVJneo-00050-00018912-00019280": "has already climbed above 100 percent of gross domestic product", "9gnxaiVJneo-00051-00019280-00019615": "when i think about climate change the word i think of is", "9gnxaiVJneo-00052-00019615-00020080": "jobs plans to bring back union jobs in manufacturing and create", "9gnxaiVJneo-00053-00020080-00020440": "new union jobs in clean energy similar to trump", "9gnxaiVJneo-00054-00020440-00020872": "biden promises to move jobs back to the u.s and though former president bill", "9gnxaiVJneo-00055-00020872-00021095": "clinton attacked trump's tariffs on china", "9gnxaiVJneo-00056-00021095-00021415": "joe biden wants to build an economy better for farmers tired of being", "9gnxaiVJneo-00057-00021415-00021768": "collateral damage in trade wars biden hasn't committed to repealing", "9gnxaiVJneo-00058-00021768-00022328": "those tariffs if elected donald trump hasn't grown into the job", "9gnxaiVJneo-00059-00022328-00022656": "because he can't a major theme was trump's incompetence", "9gnxaiVJneo-00060-00022656-00023000": "divisiveness and general inability to rise to the challenges he's been", "9gnxaiVJneo-00061-00023000-00023320": "confronted with convention organizers sought to convince", "9gnxaiVJneo-00062-00023320-00023568": "voters that joe biden would bring back decency", "9gnxaiVJneo-00063-00023568-00024176": "and the pre-trump normal this is not normal and we must never treat it", "9gnxaiVJneo-00064-00024176-00024672": "like it is tulsi gabbard the democrats most visible critic of our endless wars", "9gnxaiVJneo-00065-00024672-00025064": "wasn't invited but colin powell who alongside biden helped make the case for", "9gnxaiVJneo-00066-00025064-00025320": "the iraq war was he argued that a biden", "9gnxaiVJneo-00067-00025320-00025679": "administration would bring back the glory days of america projecting its", "9gnxaiVJneo-00068-00025679-00025983": "power around the globe he'll be a president who knows that america is", "9gnxaiVJneo-00069-00025983-00026375": "strongest when as he has said we lead both by the power", "9gnxaiVJneo-00070-00026375-00026744": "of our example and the example of our power norway put", "9gnxaiVJneo-00071-00026744-00027216": "up with foreign interference on our most sacred democratic exercise voting", "9gnxaiVJneo-00072-00027216-00027616": "hillary clinton called trump's concerns about vote by mail fraud a conspiracy", "9gnxaiVJneo-00073-00027616-00027832": "theory and then repeated one of her own", "9gnxaiVJneo-00074-00027832-00028088": "claiming that it wasn't her fault she lost the election", "9gnxaiVJneo-00075-00028088-00028472": "russia stole it away vote for honest elections", "9gnxaiVJneo-00076-00028472-00029152": "so we not a foreign adversary choose our president look this can't be", "9gnxaiVJneo-00077-00029152-00029552": "another woulda coulda shoulda election even if you're disaffected with", "9gnxaiVJneo-00078-00029552-00029895": "two-party politics as normal even if you find the major candidates", "9gnxaiVJneo-00079-00029895-00030352": "unacceptable election after election the 2020 democratic national convention was", "9gnxaiVJneo-00080-00030352-00030719": "designed to convince you that you can create change at the polls this time", "9gnxaiVJneo-00081-00030719-00031088": "for real and that voting is not just your right but your responsibility", "9gnxaiVJneo-00082-00031088-00031400": "just as long as you vote for joe biden and kamala harris", "9gnxaiVJneo-00083-00031400-00031760": "this is not the time to withhold our votes", "9gnxaiVJneo-00084-00031760-00032112": "in protest or play games with candidates who have no", "9gnxaiVJneo-00085-00032112-00032527": "chance of winning when we vote things change", "9gnxaiVJneo-00086-00032527-00033016": "when we vote things get better history be able to say", "9gnxaiVJneo-00087-00033016-00033552": "that the end of this chapter of american darkness began here", "9gnxaiVJneo-00088-00033684-00034152": "tonight you"}}, {"audio_id": "9g_mzB2_STY", "text": {"9g_mzB2_STY-00000-00000000-00000200": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00001-00000200-00000400": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00002-00000400-00000600": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00003-00000600-00000800": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00009-00001800-00002000": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00014-00002800-00003000": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00019-00003800-00004000": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00026-00005200-00005400": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00027-00005400-00005600": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00028-00005600-00006000": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00036-00005850-00005900": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070", "9g_mzB2_STY-00039-00005950-00006000": "i9 10850K | Nemesis Race Against The Pandemic | RTX 2070"}}, {"audio_id": "9gXL1CDpJ6g", "text": {"9gXL1CDpJ6g-00000-00000000-00000261": "Craig Chavis Jr.: Was up, Lauren, there was a pleasure", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00001-00000261-00000624": "working with you. And I'm really curious on how was your", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00002-00000624-00000951": "experience going through this program these these 10", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00003-00000975-00001308": "consultations with this program? How did it help you how to help", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00004-00001308-00001488": "your business? What was your experience like?", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00005-00001400-00001811": "Lauryn Symone: Okay, well, my experience with this", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00006-00001895-00002492": "consultation, it was very well, very easy. And it taught me how", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00007-00002492-00003071": "to clarify my business because when I first started, I was all", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00008-00003071-00003506": "over the place, and it helped me define exactly what I want. And", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00009-00003511-00003947": "it took me from being like, you know, hustler mentality to now", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00010-00003947-00004535": "just a business mentality. And now I can use the tools to like", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00011-00004535-00005225": "better, smooth my business and over time, I can go back like", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00012-00005228-00005777": "quarterly and visit the paperwork and see if things", "9gXL1CDpJ6g-00013-00005777-00005876": "change over time."}}, {"audio_id": "9hXTeG3pYCc", "text": {"9hXTeG3pYCc-00000-00000000-00000050": "Follow New Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y71TvM3wzE", "9hXTeG3pYCc-00001-00000050-00000100": "Follow New Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y71TvM3wzE"}}, {"audio_id": "9i84qaPcwdY", "text": {"9i84qaPcwdY-00000-00000467-00000903": "Thank you so much for all of you for being here tonight, let's have some fun first.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00001-00000903-00001327": "I have a poem for all of you all, in particular my friend Andrew at the very back.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00002-00001340-00001821": "This is a poem that takes place right here in Arizona, Tempe-Phoenix area,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00003-00001822-00002206": "and it's called \"The Penis Couch in the Middle of Phoenix, Arizona.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00004-00002444-00002697": "\"The Penis Couch in the Middle of Phoenix, Arizona.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00005-00002768-00002988": "If I was ordering room service right now,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00006-00002989-00003543": "I'd definitely get the lobster ravioli and a glass of Vino Verde, which is pretty good for hotel food,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00007-00003544-00004041": "but not good enough for a last meal on Earth.  And it's strange to think about Henry Hargreaves", "9i84qaPcwdY-00008-00004072-00004686": "photographing death row criminals' final meals. The finale of their food journeys on this planet. The artist's", "9i84qaPcwdY-00009-00004721-00005352": "recreation. John Wayne Gacy's order of original recipe, KFC, and fries, and fried shrimp, and strawberries,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00010-00005353-00005398": "and yes", "9i84qaPcwdY-00011-00005398-00006114": "that's really the way to live. Only, no. And what about Victor Feuger's request of a single olive with pit in sight.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00012-00006121-00006822": "Hope of the olive tree growing in the body. A peace offering if he was even trying to make a statement. And Aileen Wuornos.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00013-00006907-00007188": "Aileen Wuornos who only requested a cup of black coffee", "9i84qaPcwdY-00014-00007202-00007590": "probably thinking, \"What the hell I won't be needing any cream and sugar on the other side.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00015-00007613-00008199": "Unlike Timothy McVeigh, and his two pints of mint chocolate chip ice cream because hey, deep down", "9i84qaPcwdY-00016-00008199-00008442": "we all really want to eat what we want. The way", "9i84qaPcwdY-00017-00008456-00009039": "Ronnie Lee Gardner ordered lobster tails, steak, and apple pie a la mode, with a movie marathon. And can anyone", "9i84qaPcwdY-00018-00009077-00009724": "really let go of the ending the start of beautiful friendships. The rain falling as lovers reunite.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00019-00009742-00010536": "Lassie returns home. Frank Sinatra settles down. The cast sings the closing number in this Golden Age of Hollywood tenor. The lion roars joyous.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00020-00010577-00010932": "Spectacle of life take off your gold top head. And one night in Phoenix,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00021-00010932-00011421": "my friend Andrew and I, spend what feels like hours looking for this underground", "9i84qaPcwdY-00022-00011438-00011811": "speakeasy that projects images from criminals wives on to the circular", "9i84qaPcwdY-00023-00011842-00012186": "lantern above the circular bar. A secret restaurant inside and", "9i84qaPcwdY-00024-00012206-00012997": "wanted posters and memorabilia, and before entering through the back alley a couple of steps back before the night actually begins, we encounter a", "9i84qaPcwdY-00025-00013039-00013314": "penis shaped couch right in the middle of the quiet city.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00026-00013315-00013866": "And I think, \"Oh, this spectacle of life is saying good morning to you right in front of me.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00027-00013866-00014122": "And if I had a couple of thousand dollars to spare,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00028-00014122-00014715": "I'd bring that baby right home, because it's art that makes me stop. Because don't worry, honey,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00029-00014715-00015321": "I put it in the living room and we'll feast like there's no tomorrow. Two Bourbons neat, and caviar, and pâté, and we'll talk about", "9i84qaPcwdY-00030-00015322-00015912": "it all until the sun rises. Until it rises and sets again, rises and sets again. And damn you look good.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00031-00016570-00017073": "Thank you again all for being here tonight. Thank you again, Elliot, for that beautiful introduction.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00032-00017073-00017658": "It's very great meeting you tonight, and I'm honestly really flattered with your analysis of my work. So, thank you.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00033-00017740-00017873": "Thank you to all of you.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00034-00017873-00018642": "Thank you in particular to ASU Piper center and ASU English for hosting me and Dana. Dana. Another round of applause for Dana first.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00035-00018763-00019305": "Dana, it's such an honor to read with you and like reunite after a couple of years of Ike not seeing each other. And", "9i84qaPcwdY-00036-00019351-00019420": "also", "9i84qaPcwdY-00037-00019420-00019956": "thank you in particular to Justin at the very back. Round of applause for Justin for", "9i84qaPcwdY-00038-00020003-00020259": "having us hosting us, making this event.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00039-00020266-00020769": "Very, very special to Kalani and Angie at the Piper house. To Tara.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00040-00020800-00021366": "Sally, our faculty. And of course, I have to have a special thank you to my poetry [inaudible] Norman Dubie.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00041-00021366-00021566": "Thank you for always believing in me.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00042-00021784-00022218": "Okay, here's a couple of new poems from the new book, \"Revenge of the Asian Woman.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00043-00022328-00022545": "\"Triple Sonnet for Asian Girls Eating Gelato\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00044-00022612-00022887": "My parents want me to marry a nice Chinese boy.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00045-00022887-00023406": "And I just want to be pushed against the wall outside the gallery of a five-star hotel. And oh, what a", "9i84qaPcwdY-00046-00023447-00023528": "compromising position,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00047-00023528-00024189": "in black winged liner and red glossed up lips. And who doesn't think kissing is the greatest thing on Earth other than", "9i84qaPcwdY-00048-00024200-00024573": "eating? Or maybe it's the other way around. And sure I'll settle for", "9i84qaPcwdY-00049-00024598-00025254": "the rosemary potatoes, and lobster wellington after the sex. And really whatever happened to raw appeal, and", "9i84qaPcwdY-00050-00025276-00025956": "romance novel passion. And put me on the cover now, breasts exposed. a hand reaching down my blouse. The stuff of dreams of", "9i84qaPcwdY-00051-00025972-00026655": "middle of the night cravings. Like when I look at plates of gelato, those beautiful messes of the biscotti thrown into marzipan", "9i84qaPcwdY-00052-00026695-00026940": "Italian ice cream, and those beautiful messes", "9i84qaPcwdY-00053-00026993-00027351": "strawberry, and those beautiful messes drizzled on strawberry cream.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00054-00027352-00027913": "And yes, yes, a little messy is always a good thing. Like getting lipstick all over a guy's face.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00055-00027913-00028548": "The way chocolates are named after public displays of affection. And my parents want me to marry a nice Chinese boy.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00056-00028556-00028761": "But what's the fun in arrangement?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00057-00028762-00029229": "And sometimes, I do wonder if there's a hidden guy for me somewhere in Hong Kong,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00058-00029261-00029889": "my parents waiting to debut at family dinner and that thought is just a little scary. Where's the passion?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00059-00029906-00030088": "Where's the [inaudible] book cover?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00060-00030088-00030696": "Where's the middle of the night fridge raids, of ice cubes on his chest, and honey on your knees, feeding each other cherries?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00061-00030697-00031129": "And it's sexy when things are a surprise: a present, a lavender macaroon", "9i84qaPcwdY-00062-00031160-00031504": "wrapped up in a tiny box, or the way a lover smiles at you", "9i84qaPcwdY-00063-00031504-00032151": "so tenderly once the act is over. And you wonder and it's sexy when things are a surprise.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00064-00032186-00032913": "Like learning each other's favorite foods, or fantasizing in bed about what you'll both eat next, the spicy ramen and rare burgers", "9i84qaPcwdY-00065-00032913-00033648": "and oh, those messy piles of gelato mix with soft kisses. Never stop feeding me, baby. I'm hungry already, already, already.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00066-00034409-00035079": "So, one of my favorite movies is St. Elmo's Fire, how many of you have seen that ?Maybe ok, perfect there's not too much.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00067-00035080-00035335": "Ok, so in that movie my favorite", "9i84qaPcwdY-00068-00035387-00036031": "character is Andrew McCarthy's character because he plays Kevin the writer. I remember he's the guy who keeps saying", "9i84qaPcwdY-00069-00036031-00036205": "\"Oh, what's like the meaning of life?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00070-00036205-00036643": "What's the point of life?\" And I just admire him so, so much because he's like the only", "9i84qaPcwdY-00071-00036680-00037335": "fuckable writer in history because he actually makes money and he lands on the front page of a newspaper on his first try. So he's", "9i84qaPcwdY-00072-00037349-00037878": "timeless so this is for him. \"Ode to Andrew McCarthy and Your Hand on My Thigh.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00073-00037925-00038310": "\"If I won a gameshow, I'd adopt a panda,\" is the best pickup line", "9i84qaPcwdY-00074-00038311-00038459": "I've heard in my life because", "9i84qaPcwdY-00075-00038459-00039097": "it's not a line or a joke or a story recounted at a party where they're out of chips, and who even makes punch for", "9i84qaPcwdY-00076-00039097-00039798": "parties anymore, except in the movies- and if moves are the guide to life, where we learn how to kiss, how to smoke a cigar,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00077-00039818-00040215": "how to tempt a lover in a Red Corvette: LA, 3AM,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00078-00040253-00040907": "the wind in your hair, down to your breasts, braless under a low v-dress, stroking the driver who's also your lover,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00079-00040926-00041614": "he relents, stops the car, the motorcycles circling around you because this is young love and everyone, everyone", "9i84qaPcwdY-00080-00041664-00042277": "must make way, and there's so many lights, and maybe we're not listening to the movies enough because we're not in a", "9i84qaPcwdY-00081-00042285-00042995": "convertible in LA, a young Andrew McCarthy stroking my thing, no, it's Christmas morning, not thinking about what comes next,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00082-00043050-00043439": "speaking of which, I'd marry that man who said, \"If I won a gameshow,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00083-00043439-00044218": "I'd adopt a panda,\" no hesitation, travel to Chengdu with him or Ocean Park Amusement Park, Hong Kong home to Ying Ying and Le Le,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00084-00044244-00044929": "and tourists and locals supply then with an endless count of cardboard to rip, which is like a gameshow: the grocery cart runs-", "9i84qaPcwdY-00085-00044930-00045006": "you win a", "9i84qaPcwdY-00086-00045006-00045635": "lifetime supply of Blue Moon Ice Cream or hot dogs, and say hello to wiener bits and mac and cheese for lunch for the", "9i84qaPcwdY-00087-00045635-00046379": "whole next year, and what about those babes in sparkly dresses, the glitz and glamour of spinning the wheel, letting it determine your entire", "9i84qaPcwdY-00088-00046389-00046741": "fate, hoping it'll and on the boat or the trip to Paris,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00089-00046776-00047410": "letting it determine your fate, and maybe what I want isn't the real-life pandas, but the things I really cannot have,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00090-00047529-00047711": "the things out of this world,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00091-00047711-00048329": "no not UFOs or the chocolate martinis on Mars, but that feeling, like how one night in Tallahassee", "9i84qaPcwdY-00092-00048329-00048525": "I chant my dead dog's name:", "9i84qaPcwdY-00093-00048525-00049072": "Buzzie, Buzzie, Buzzie, over and over, and I feel him sleeping next to me on the bed,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00094-00049072-00049417": "and you've got to admit: some creatures are really irreplaceable,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00095-00049446-00049985": "and once-in-a-blue-moon-nightly visits aren't enough, and I think about Andrew McCarthy in", "9i84qaPcwdY-00096-00050019-00050758": "Mannequin, how Kim Cattrall just comes to life for his eyes only, and he wants to keep holding on to every moment, and maybe we", "9i84qaPcwdY-00097-00050759-00051211": "do spend more hours of the day looking at someone than we listening to them,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00098-00051225-00051803": "but what's the point if we can't feel their soft skin on our hands every day, and can I just keep holding on?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00099-00052260-00052669": "As I mentioned earlier at the Piper Center-- thank you for all of you who attended--", "9i84qaPcwdY-00100-00052698-00053308": "I write a lot about my heritage. And a big part of my heritage that's a really fun part is the Chinese zodiac.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00101-00053330-00053591": "I let the Chinese zodiac guide me, and of course", "9i84qaPcwdY-00102-00053591-00054238": "I take it with a grain of salt, but ever since I was a little girl growing up in Allentown, Pennsylvania, I'd have like", "9i84qaPcwdY-00103-00054305-00054961": "holiday trips and summer like weekend trips to the Chinatown's in both New York City and Philadelphia. And", "9i84qaPcwdY-00104-00055032-00055553": "during the New Year ,my dad and I would always go to the bookstore and he'd buy his annual", "9i84qaPcwdY-00105-00055578-00056125": "fortune-telling books and he'd always read them to me. And I'm the year of the snake so I reflect a lot on that.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00106-00056259-00056494": "\"The Chinese Zodiac Snake Cocktail\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00107-00056613-00056772": "According to Chinese Zodiac,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00108-00056772-00056986": "Snake and Rate meet at a bar, and she", "9i84qaPcwdY-00109-00057015-00057781": "slithers away sipping something a little smoky, a little sexy, a little jalapeño mixed with tequila, because \"Light my fire, baby, light my fire,\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00110-00057798-00058306": "she's thinking, ready to devour the Rat Man whole, and the Snake Woman's a seductress- fire", "9i84qaPcwdY-00111-00058329-00059041": "embodied, the face and body that launched a million ships into the night, that oversexed little human who really means no harm,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00112-00059079-00059377": "unlike Eve's serpent of the candied apple", "9i84qaPcwdY-00113-00059378-00059989": "but really, who wouldn't have been seduced by that creature so long and graceful, so long and graceful", "9i84qaPcwdY-00114-00060048-00060574": "baristas had to name a coffee after her. The Snake in the Grass made of mint and mocha and a shot of espresso--", "9i84qaPcwdY-00115-00060621-00060919": "\"Ice me, baby, ice me,\" and what about the cocktail", "9i84qaPcwdY-00116-00060929-00061330": "gin and vermouth and lemon and ice, and let her sneak up on you, and why", "9i84qaPcwdY-00117-00061353-00061717": "don't you imagine you're stuck in the sheets, a boa constrictor", "9i84qaPcwdY-00118-00061773-00062227": "slithering up your way, and would you brush her off? You've got to admit that even if you're", "9i84qaPcwdY-00119-00062253-00062804": "terrified, you're at least turned on, and the Snake Woman is a seductress ready to swallow", "9i84qaPcwdY-00120-00062823-00063511": "the Rat Man whole, and he loves how she's wise, good with money, a little arrogant, and in Chinese culture, if you're called a snake,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00121-00063512-00063902": "it's a real compliment- a good eye, the cunning to succeed,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00122-00063939-00064577": "almond eyes, and I learn this when I'm six, stunned, facing a yellow snake caged up in a pet store in Pennsylvania,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00123-00064577-00064973": "and when I go home, my father reads me a fortune, tells me I'm a snake,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00124-00065025-00065240": "and when I'm fourteen, losing my temper,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00125-00065255-00065746": "my mother tells me about the family fortune teller visits before I was born, how", "9i84qaPcwdY-00126-00065763-00066242": "he warned my parents about my temper: if I lost it too often, too much,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00127-00066242-00066670": "I'd end up a housewife with two children and in that moment, at fourteen,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00128-00066671-00067085": "I want to cry at my kitchen table, but my mother tells me in every case,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00129-00067085-00067442": "I marry a handsome man live happily ever after, and I'm not romantic,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00130-00067496-00068186": "but that fairytale's carried me through adulthood, the way I think about the animals of the zodiac, and the Snake Woman's seductress,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00131-00068202-00068873": "ready to eat the rat whole, and she's compatible with roosters and oxen, but rabbits are too much sex for too little time,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00132-00068877-00069467": "but there's just something about a snake and a rat playing cat and mouse at a bar-- how she slithers away,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00133-00069467-00069682": "he's intrigued-- she's hard to read,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00134-00069683-00070109": "she swallows him whole, and they forget about everyone and everything in the world, in this scene of", "9i84qaPcwdY-00135-00070125-00070793": "tension you could cut with a knife, and it's sexy the way she wraps herself around him, and the rest is history,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00136-00070818-00071182": "and if the fortune teller's right, I can hardly wait to swallow my Rat whole.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00137-00071841-00072242": "Here's the opening poem of \"Attack of the Fifty-Food Centerfold.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00138-00072318-00072518": "A little bit more family history.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00139-00072582-00072805": "\"My Father is the Son of a Concubine.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00140-00072948-00073153": "My father is the son of the concubine.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00141-00073254-00073486": "It's crazy how much cleavage the", "9i84qaPcwdY-00142-00073494-00074132": "concubines on the hot, new Hong Kong soap are showing. My mother hates it, but what's not to love: gorgeous women of whatever", "9i84qaPcwdY-00143-00074145-00074465": "century Imperial China sporting dragonfly patterns on silk", "9i84qaPcwdY-00144-00074480-00075073": "while they brush their hair-- their transfer of bedroom politics into the Let's-Play-Dirty-scheme-in-corture-", "9i84qaPcwdY-00145-00075074-00075467": "take-over-the-mainland-eat-up-our-husbands-and-their-wives all in one episode.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00146-00075483-00076105": "And if life is made up of episodes, then what about the one when my friend tells me that I was a concubine in a past life?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00147-00076107-00076661": "I'm sure I was at the top of the food chain, racking up bills, bills, bills on an emperor's tycoon credit card,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00148-00076680-00077155": "forming alliances with the right women, only to knock one out each week, clawing my way to the top,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00149-00077178-00077618": "stabbing him in the back and making myself the world, Empress of everyone's hearts,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00150-00077673-00078082": "and with the word, concubine, I think of my father, born to a concubine--", "9i84qaPcwdY-00151-00078083-00078777": "No, not a royal one, more like a second wife to a grandfather I've only met once. At six, I ask Dad", "9i84qaPcwdY-00152-00078777-00078977": "why he has a half-brother and half-sister.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00153-00079018-00079413": "Mom interrupts, telling me my grandparents divorced early.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00154-00079413-00079570": "But I don't believe her.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00155-00079570-00080261": "Because at nine, Dad is driving us from Allentown to New York- what's the emperor doing in Flushing?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00156-00080299-00080832": "It's Chinese New Year, and for once, we're celebrating with my Dad's side, where in the restaurant", "9i84qaPcwdY-00157-00080832-00081477": "we sit farthest away from my grandfather, who three-quarters of the way into dinner, gives me a red envelope.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00158-00081490-00081735": "And on the drive home mom opens it.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00159-00081823-00082620": "\"Dorothy got 50.\" \"That's not bad,\" Dad says. \"Her cousin's got 700.\" He keeps driving and I never see this grandfather again.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00160-00082831-00083256": "More family history. \"My Parents' Love Story: The Dinner Special\".", "9i84qaPcwdY-00161-00083398-00083598": "The roasted pig's head of Kowloon", "9i84qaPcwdY-00162-00083623-00083895": "Market stares back at me mouth wide open as my", "9i84qaPcwdY-00163-00083905-00084369": "grandmother picks us some fat ass pork for dinner. And I swing the bag of cherries and", "9i84qaPcwdY-00164-00084369-00085026": "[UNKNOWN] grandma says. \"No, not that piece. That one.\" And I love how she's such a boss; letting the world know", "9i84qaPcwdY-00165-00085026-00085063": "what a", "9i84qaPcwdY-00166-00085063-00085752": "carnivore she is as I look at the women across the street and tight red dresses and stilettos handing of beer flyers, or the parallel", "9i84qaPcwdY-00167-00085752-00086531": "universe next door of beauties and skimpy green Santa suits passing out sake ads as they gesture to the winding staircases", "9i84qaPcwdY-00168-00086584-00087107": "upstairs in the apartments above. And I want to shield my grandmother from such a sight, but who am I kidding?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00169-00087160-00087848": "She's already seen it all. And she moves on to duck gizzards as the butcher handles this beauty of the long necked goose.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00170-00087849-00088344": "And yes, grandma's seen it all from old-school Hong Kong of businessmen meeting", "9i84qaPcwdY-00171-00088344-00088719": "their paid dates at dessert shops during after hours of children rushing home.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00172-00088726-00089186": "So their parents waiting on the boring streets snore steps to the day", "9i84qaPcwdY-00173-00089187-00089595": "she realized my 18 year old mother was in love of my father, 32.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00174-00089701-00090209": "Their family's perpetual dinner guests two years widowed chowing down a bowl of grandfather's noodles.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00175-00090210-00090465": "My mom barely eating staring at my dad.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00176-00090493-00091223": "And what girl hits the jackpot and marries her teenage crush? And what girl actually hits the jackpot and marries her teenage crush?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00177-00091276-00091481": "He's not invited to dinner the next night,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00178-00091482-00092052": "so mom sneaks out to grab a Big Mac with him and they share french fries dipping them in soft serve. The", "9i84qaPcwdY-00179-00092057-00092735": "people the next booth staring because of the food, because of the chemistry and the rest is history and me.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00180-00094261-00094718": "I write a lot about food. My buzzwords are food and sex. So here's another one.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00181-00094798-00095099": "Ode to All My Flings Who Hated Dim Sum", "9i84qaPcwdY-00182-00095250-00095874": "Ode to all my flings who have hated dim sum. And they're missing out every time I order a sample platter of har gow, shumai", "9i84qaPcwdY-00183-00095874-00096548": "chrysanthemum jelly and the Chinese version of ravioli, because the Italians stole all their recipes from East Asia,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00184-00096549-00096912": "goddamn you, Marco Polo, and I'm sure non of these guys get it-", "9i84qaPcwdY-00185-00096912-00097460": "they've called man an adventurous eater as I spit out the bones from my chicken's feet bathing in porridge though", "9i84qaPcwdY-00186-00097461-00097516": "my grandmother", "9i84qaPcwdY-00187-00097516-00098258": "orders the same dish every morning in Kowloon -and these men can't handle the truth that this isn't Bizarre Foods for me, and my father", "9i84qaPcwdY-00188-00098259-00098628": "who's given me everything, grew up eating moldy bread as he looked out the window,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00189-00098644-00099110": "writing down the license plates of the cars that drove past, and made a boat that floated out", "9i84qaPcwdY-00190-00099124-00099729": "cardboard that sailed him to the U.S., or what about my mother who only dreamed of dolls with glass eyes, and", "9i84qaPcwdY-00191-00099757-00100314": "yogurt in her fridge while her sisters saved up their coins for the snack stand outside their family apartment?", "9i84qaPcwdY-00192-00100360-00101055": "All my mother ever wanted was a pair of Levi's light-washed, and red stockings for fancy nights, and no, white boy,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00193-00101055-00101462": "you can't handle my food, you can't handle me, and I'm not your Asian cupcake,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00194-00101463-00101873": "your Chinese wet dream in a slit red slip and pink kimono,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00195-00101889-00102429": "I'm not your stuffed panda that dances when you poke my button, though you say I have the softest skin in the world-", "9i84qaPcwdY-00196-00102444-00102734": "well, it's sandpaper once I open my mouth.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00197-00103119-00103520": "A bit of a transition here, so I'm going to move to the middle section of my book", "9i84qaPcwdY-00198-00103520-00104216": "which is a whole sonnet sequence called Chinatown Sonnets, which is also my chap book with New Delta Review and", "9i84qaPcwdY-00199-00104329-00104696": "continuing on this food theme and also a family history lesson,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00200-00104697-00105158": "here's sonnet number four, which is titled \"At the Seafood Market.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00201-00105340-00105896": "In this fish head soup sonnet, I help my mom pick out a fatty fish at the market: Big-scary-fish", "9i84qaPcwdY-00202-00105897-00106452": "sleave-head purses his lips, giving me red eye glare- the bloody stare reminds me that I hate", "9i84qaPcwdY-00203-00106480-00107006": "contact, as the sexy eels out dare each other to touch his hunchback of the market fish,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00204-00107034-00107448": "squirming his head is the size of six patties grease together squished,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00205-00107503-00108119": "seafood nightmare feel. He's king of the dead fish, but my mom finds him perfect. Put him in soup.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00206-00108120-00108258": "We'll use his head for broth.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00207-00108258-00108920": "We'll add in some scallops, and clams, some frog legs on the side ,and shrimps with heads we go by him.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00208-00108921-00109121": "I won't touch his head.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00209-00109461-00109661": "And another one.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00210-00109852-00110222": "\"Number Nine: The Times Square of Asia.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00211-00110350-00110759": "My cousin and I search for the best street food. She's obsessed with", "9i84qaPcwdY-00212-00110811-00111480": "American waffles, egg-shaped [UNKNOWN] made in a griddle. Hong-Kong snack that is round and not checkered.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00213-00111481-00111896": "We wait in a line as long as a mile. They're the craze that's never going away.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00214-00111940-00112617": "Along with the curried fish balls on a skewer with curried squid or mini sausages, and how cute you are Hong Kong.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00215-00112617-00113171": "Just how special, I think as we get our waffles walk through Mongkok, the time score of East Asia.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00216-00113172-00113766": "I want to adopt all the puppies in the windows, by all these cheap clothes counterfeiting European runways.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00217-00113938-00114064": "\"Ten:", "9i84qaPcwdY-00218-00114064-00114264": "Vintage Shopping With Grandpa\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00219-00114340-00114918": "Grandpa knows European fashion. He bargains for Louie Vuitton at a vintage store, a white belt", "9i84qaPcwdY-00220-00114918-00115041": "I've been eyeing for years.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00221-00115041-00115448": "His haggling brings me back to childhood age for when he picked me up from school.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00222-00115483-00116199": "Take me shopping at a dollar store, buy me a toy turtle aquarium, a snowman painting, then some snacks, off to groceries. Unwrapping", "9i84qaPcwdY-00223-00116269-00116660": "snowball ice creams on a tray, coconut flakes covering dipped in jelly.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00224-00116740-00117006": "Grandpa stalks his fridge with coca-cola for me,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00225-00117058-00117461": "oranges for the ancestors. He hasn't been to Dim sum in years.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00226-00117520-00117734": "Everything he wants is right by his Barcalounger.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00227-00118301-00119029": "\"Fifteen: Hong Kong Rococo,\" which has an epigraph from Casablanca, \"We'll always have Paris.\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00228-00119201-00119977": "My uncle tries his best take on Paris, his apartment with fake crystals and cases, clouds on the ceiling with", "9i84qaPcwdY-00229-00119999-00120210": "chandelier, Rococo rotary phone,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00230-00120263-00120565": "elegant 18th century in the middle of Hong Kong,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00231-00120632-00121153": "the couch is a French blue, I sit there eating corn on the cob and cheese bread gazing at the clouds,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00232-00121166-00121605": "this Asian obsession with France, take the Japanese with Paris syndrome,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00233-00121616-00121830": "the couple wants the Rose of Versailles,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00234-00121858-00122406": "Marie Antoinette's cottage and castle, but they're entering our century, a gritty France,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00235-00122444-00123154": "they return home sad, it's not the fancy Paris scene in ads, the Japanese Embassy steps in.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00236-00123197-00123640": "And that is a real thing in that a lot of Japanese tourists who go to France", "9i84qaPcwdY-00237-00123679-00124020": "become very disappointed because it's not the thing of their fantasies.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00238-00124304-00124620": "Another transition but kind of just as kitschy, I'm gonna", "9i84qaPcwdY-00239-00124757-00125107": "read a poem that is related to the cover image of my book.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00240-00125107-00125704": "It's actually the title poem of the book. And during my MFA here at Arizona State,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00241-00125730-00126066": "I took a persona poem class with the wonderful Jenny Savard and", "9i84qaPcwdY-00242-00126101-00126519": "she introduced me to the persona poem, and I had a lot of fun with it.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00243-00126520-00127035": "I remember the first class we were in, she told us to write about write in a persona", "9i84qaPcwdY-00244-00127035-00127671": "that isn't us. So, I chose the voices of Playboy centerfolds. Thought it'd be an interesting project", "9i84qaPcwdY-00245-00127672-00128041": "and here's one of the results of this, also the title poem.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00246-00128204-00128466": "\"Attack of the 50-foot Centerfold with the Killer Legs\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00247-00128629-00129003": "Attack of the centerfold in technicolor and again in 3D,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00248-00129029-00129594": "my long legs challenging you boulevard by boulevard, smashing everything then eating a doughnut shop,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00249-00129655-00130311": "guzzling it all down with carrot juice then tequila muddled with blackberries because this is LA and women will have", "9i84qaPcwdY-00250-00130330-00130644": "it all, give me a thousand fish tacos and cupcakes,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00251-00130670-00131134": "and all the sushi hot dogs and hibachi filet, bring me a man,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00252-00131134-00131158": "no,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00253-00131158-00131900": "make it a hundred blond and ripped as West Hollywood gym bunnies eating bananas in front of me, making eye contact the entire time", "9i84qaPcwdY-00254-00131934-00132631": "because King Kong only needed Fay, but a woman like me needs 100 men while I take up an entire pool in bel-air,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00255-00132665-00133330": "and the butler takes the town car and buys me towels while I drink shots of champagne out of buckets, and my men run to Frederick's", "9i84qaPcwdY-00256-00133330-00133894": "to pick up the first-ever double D-double Z cup bra with matching black lace panties because", "9i84qaPcwdY-00257-00133938-00134254": "I've been nude this whole time and I know you love it", "9i84qaPcwdY-00258-00134254-00134373": "so stop looking,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00259-00134373-00134929": "while the rest of the men make me croque monsieurs because it's their turn to be in the kitchen, and I want my cheese", "9i84qaPcwdY-00260-00134937-00135583": "melted and Swiss, so what does this centerfold have left to do, Godzilla needed a building, but I'll take a billboard,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00261-00135584-00135692": "knock it down,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00262-00135692-00136327": "let some cars roller coaster down my legs then return home, sit for a royal portrait by the pool as the", "9i84qaPcwdY-00263-00136341-00136741": "photographer tells me to take the double Z off, and he freezes and", "9i84qaPcwdY-00264-00136809-00137407": "my men come by with buckets, pour the champagne down my body and I dare 10 of them to lick me,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00265-00137415-00138046": "but they freeze that my womanhood so much that I'll just have to share myself with the world as the cars stop and stare", "9i84qaPcwdY-00266-00138104-00138502": "me down Hollywood Boulevard, as the cops stop and stare at", "9i84qaPcwdY-00267-00138522-00139052": "me down whole Hollywood Boulevard all the way to the beach if there even is still a beach.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00268-00139449-00139747": "\"Nude Christmas in Italian Restaurant Fantasy\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00269-00139833-00140206": "It's the holidays and I'm sending nude photos to a guy who's talking about", "9i84qaPcwdY-00270-00140229-00140740": "fantasies-- how in a restaurant, he'd throw a bottle of Pinot right on the floor, make love to me on the table,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00271-00140769-00141197": "pulling that party trick, grabbing the tablecloth from underneath as onlookers watch,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00272-00141230-00141949": "taking photos, applauding like we're in some kind of experimental art display museum-goers paid $10 to watch at the MoMA,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00273-00141992-00142486": "clapping again at the end because is there any other way to react to art? You could cry,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00274-00142503-00142963": "fan your face, wipe that tear off, laugh, pretend you give a damn about this", "9i84qaPcwdY-00275-00142998-00143666": "culmination of cinema, our scene a beauty that's Citizen Kane worthy and its frankness and I told him this is all swell", "9i84qaPcwdY-00276-00143666-00144001": "but in the next scene, let's move to the floor because as things shatter,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00277-00144002-00144191": "we won't feel because we're invincible,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00278-00144191-00144808": "and I'm still hoping it's you and me in the end, and I'm still hoping it's you and me in the end,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00279-00144825-00145040": "and I don't care if Alfredo gets in my hair,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00280-00145040-00145385": "we're not in some cheesy-rom-com-Pina-Colada-getaway-of-castaways", "9i84qaPcwdY-00281-00145396-00146006": "fantasy a man and woman who find each other sexy, because there's no one else, even though a day ago female lead said.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00282-00146007-00146559": "\"I wouldn't marry him if he were the last man on earth.\" And I told this guy, as he pages through my breasts that in this", "9i84qaPcwdY-00283-00146572-00146644": "fantasy,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00284-00146644-00147116": "the waiter will deliver our breadsticks on the floor because food is sexier when you're craving,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00285-00147157-00147842": "take Splash when Daryl Hannah's at the 5-star with Tom Hanks and she munches down that lobster, shell", "9i84qaPcwdY-00286-00147855-00148388": "included and his jaw drops because he's wondering \"Where has this woman been all my life?\" or after an", "9i84qaPcwdY-00287-00148420-00149034": "argument, like in The Flintstones, when Fred and Wilma suck on ribs, groaning at each other in the restaurant, and then some lady", "9i84qaPcwdY-00288-00149047-00149215": "licking her spumoni order", "9i84qaPcwdY-00289-00149215-00149885": "tiramisu for us, trying to join. But her hairs too comic-book-red, and this table is reserved for two. I take her tiramisu,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00290-00149886-00150086": "throw it at his chest, lick it off.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00291-00150337-00150848": "\"Ode to Nurses, Love Hotels, and Marilyns on the Covers of Playboy\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00292-00151138-00151892": "I see two nurses kissing at the gay club, their latex dresses and Florence Nightingale caps  and white heels straight out of my childhood dreams", "9i84qaPcwdY-00293-00151912-00152676": "of being like Hello Nurse from Animaniacs, that blonde bombshell sex goddess cartoon with cleavage stacked like bookshelves and red lips even", "9i84qaPcwdY-00294-00152698-00153008": "tastier than the pizza she nibbled on in that scene", "9i84qaPcwdY-00295-00153009-00153491": "when Yakko and Wakko sing about her 160+ IQ and multiple PhDs,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00296-00153491-00154169": "but you know what they were really drooling over, leaving seven-year-old me to wonder what a place a little Asian girl has in", "9i84qaPcwdY-00297-00154189-00154916": "this world of '90s Marilyn Monroes running in slo-mo on the beach wearing red swimsuits, their nipples perking up on primetime, of", "9i84qaPcwdY-00298-00154960-00155610": "fair-skinned sex kittens on the covers of Playboy, Hustler, and whatever men read \"for the articles,\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00299-00155647-00156356": "girls-next-door with baby faces and bare bums, while 25 year old me thinks about getting a guy who can do both,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00300-00156424-00157026": "because kissing nurses are two blond pretty boys with just enough muscle, and oh, how every time I'm", "9i84qaPcwdY-00301-00157033-00157413": "attracted to a man, I think about what he'll look like in a dress, because I", "9i84qaPcwdY-00302-00157440-00158162": "refuse to be the only one with feminine wiles, and it's funny how we're turned on by the simplest things, how love hotels", "9i84qaPcwdY-00303-00158190-00158916": "in Japan have under-the-sea themed rooms, and what woman wouldn't want to get fucked dressed as a mermaid and in the space station, a", "9i84qaPcwdY-00304-00158947-00159252": "70s James Bond romp in the golden sack, then", "9i84qaPcwdY-00305-00159252-00159947": "of course, the Victorian rooms and the hot tub surrounded by Roman pillars, and the red bird cages for a little midnight dance,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00306-00159967-00160439": "but what if I'd rather play doctor than nurse, or teacher rather than schoolgirl, or", "9i84qaPcwdY-00307-00160459-00161057": "fly you rather than ride you? Or why can't we just have a go on the carousel in the middle of the funhouse,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00308-00161146-00161616": "surrounded by carnival mirrors, because I like you a little scared wrapped in my arms.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00309-00162247-00162492": "And my final poem,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00310-00162640-00163040": "\"Where Are All the Hot Pilots: Thank You, Mrs. Guan\", cause I'm", "9i84qaPcwdY-00311-00163040-00163175": "flying out tomorrow so it's fitting.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00312-00163288-00163965": "I'm four years old, and a plane's flying above the Hong Kong playground when my teacher, Mrs. Swan, well, Mrs. Guan, but", "9i84qaPcwdY-00313-00163965-00164294": "I'll always think of her as a swan, also known as a creature", "9i84qaPcwdY-00314-00164295-00164488": "I fear the most in life,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00315-00164488-00165158": "because have you seen swans bully ducks at the zoo, or chase brides down the lake, eating their Vera Wang, and MTV", "9i84qaPcwdY-00316-00165166-00165773": "captures that moment, and I can't switch the channel fast enough, and maybe I've taken too many Renaissance art history classes:", "9i84qaPcwdY-00317-00165826-00166493": "Zeus as glitter, Zeus as a swan wrapping his neck around Leda's Rubenesque figure, like Bjork's", "9i84qaPcwdY-00318-00166530-00167264": "73rd Academy Awards evening wear, a beak that's ready to open, ready to feast, and Mrs. Guan's now beaming, pointing to the sky,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00319-00167265-00167474": "\"You're gonna be on that plane to America soon!\"", "9i84qaPcwdY-00320-00167475-00167979": "And she must have been so relieved, the way I'd stand up in the middle of class and stretch and eat crackers,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00321-00167992-00168677": "or write my name in Chinese too large, or four-year-old date the only European boy in school, and I still remember his name,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00322-00168691-00169013": "Anton, Anton, Anton, and maybe I was the creature Mrs.", "9i84qaPcwdY-00323-00169014-00169583": "Guan feared the most in life, the little girl who wreaked havoc in the Hong Kong classroom, and Mrs. Guan,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00324-00169584-00169880": "thank you for giving me my love of airports,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00325-00169880-00170002": "which beats that", "9i84qaPcwdY-00326-00170002-00170468": "Swarovski swan I gifted to you the day before I moved to Pennsylvania, and thank you", "9i84qaPcwdY-00327-00170479-00170967": "for the afternoon you pointed at the sky, because I knew just then at 4-- I needed to escape,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00328-00171064-00171812": "but airports aren't just about departures and destinations to Hawaii over the sunset like a tanning lotion ad, but", "9i84qaPcwdY-00329-00171844-00171955": "arrivals,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00330-00171955-00172232": "reminding me of that short-lived 80s style dramedy", "9i84qaPcwdY-00331-00172276-00172767": "featuring the woman who booked JFK Airport as her wedding venue-- flights canceled and delayed", "9i84qaPcwdY-00332-00172792-00173135": "and the unlimited energy, and time, and money,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00333-00173136-00173190": "and yes,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00334-00173190-00173817": "that's excessive and home sweet home is wherever I'm with the one I love her home sweet home, the ceramic", "9i84qaPcwdY-00335-00173845-00174149": "pineapple engraving my parents have hanging in there Vegas home,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00336-00174150-00174734": "and yes, Manhattans and double wild turkeys and dirty martinis at airports are overpriced,", "9i84qaPcwdY-00337-00174735-00175377": "but the more foreign question remains: why aren't there any hot pilots anymore? Thank you."}}, {"audio_id": "9iDE0F9cPV8", "text": {"9iDE0F9cPV8-00000-00000000-00000347": "King: Well once were done training I'm gonna move out of that closet, that's for sure", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00001-00000382-00000626": "King: Then I'm gonna ugly cry, HARD", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00002-00000630-00000836": "Luz: Have you told Eda about your decision to le-", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00003-00000837-00000909": "King: SHH", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00004-00001063-00001263": "King: I'm not sure how she'll react", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00005-00001311-00001420": "Eda: Sigh", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00006-00001437-00001692": "Eda: Everyone's leaving, huh? Even King", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00007-00001833-00002033": "Eda: Guess I'm no substitute for the real thing", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00008-00002033-00002270": "Eda: You have a family already, go back to them", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00009-00002296-00002573": "Eda: I was finally getting used to having people in the house", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00010-00002573-00002773": "Eda: Then WOOSH, rugs ripped out from underneath me", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00011-00002889-00003124": "Raine: Eda, do you have kids?", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00012-00003300-00003903": "Eda: Uh, they're not mine, mine. Ugh it doesn't matter. They both have real families to return to", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00013-00004619-00005091": "Raine: I don't know what your running from, but a great witch once told me:", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00014-00005094-00005732": "Past Eda: You can't run from your fears forever, which is why you have to get the jump on em, give em a whack right in the face", "9iDE0F9cPV8-00015-00005738-00006162": "Raine: Don't give up so easily, they probably need you more than you realize"}}, {"audio_id": "9iM7Ppf_ak0", "text": {"9iM7Ppf_ak0-00000-00000031-00000509": "hey good afternoon everybody what do you doing what are you doing what are you", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00001-00000509-00001088": "doing hey I am Here I am back please forgive me I've been going through some", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00002-00001088-00001701": "family issues and some really good friend issues helping some people out or", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00003-00001701-00002250": "feeling so great and anyway I won't get into all that let's talk about what I am", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00004-00002250-00002726": "talking about today so if you're here I would love to see where you're logging", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00005-00002726-00003092": "in from because right now I am in Southern California right at the moment", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00006-00003092-00003570": "at my friend's house and helping him out with some things and I would love to", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00007-00003570-00003936": "know where you're at so if you'll put your city and state or wherever where", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00008-00003936-00004478": "you are that would be super awesome so here we go are you ready for the answers", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00009-00004478-00005100": "to these questions so I'm gonna give away a Starbucks gift card to everyone", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00010-00005100-00005523": "who private messages me the answers to the three questions and I'm gonna give", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00011-00005523-00005828": "you the answers right now so you just have to listen oh my gosh like everybody", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00012-00005828-00006378": "coming on here very very cool so if you are selling something or if you are a", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00013-00006378-00006801": "business owner or an entrepreneur and you're out there networking and I know", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00014-00006801-00007445": "we all are right so I have some awesome business tips I have mastered the art of", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00015-00007445-00008072": "networking because those of you who know me know that I recently well in November", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00016-00008072-00008490": "I moved to Northern California where I did not know one person except my", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00017-00008490-00008922": "brand-new sister that I barely knew at the time then because I just met her on", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00018-00008922-00009554": "ancestry so I am actually in the process of writing a book on how to get noticed", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00019-00009554-00010185": "and known and recognized in a really quick amount of time if you go to a new", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00020-00010185-00010692": "area so I'm gonna give you three of my favorite tips I have quite a few oh", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00021-00010692-00011049": "my gosh look at everybody so put where you're coming from would you put your", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00022-00011049-00011493": "city and state where you're lacking in from I love love love to know that okay", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00023-00011493-00012089": "so here it is are you guys ready ready ready ready Monica oh my gosh I guess we", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00024-00012089-00012554": "gotta talk okay so here we go networking tips number one okay now", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00025-00012554-00013031": "remember you're gonna private message me with the answers and don't tell anybody", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00026-00013031-00013260": "on here because everybody's got I would watch it and", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00027-00013260-00013785": "then you're gonna be in a drawing to win a Starbucks gift card and also anybody", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00028-00013785-00014157": "that does that I would love to talk to you one-on-one and I'll give you some", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00029-00014157-00014550": "more tips okay and see how I can help you with your business okay so number", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00030-00014550-00015279": "one no one cares about how much you know they really don't they only care about", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00031-00015279-00015507": "one thing they don't care about how much you know", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00032-00015507-00015869": "now before I give you the answer I have to tell you that I there's a couple of", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00033-00015869-00016353": "people that I've talked to recently that we're telling me all about their new", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00034-00016353-00016836": "business and their product and they went on and on and on about all the details", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00035-00016836-00017184": "on how this products going to help this and fix this and do this and all that", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00036-00017184-00017565": "stuff in my eyes were like spinning in the back of my head and I was like okay", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00037-00017565-00018003": "this is way too much information nobody really cares about how much you know", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00038-00018003-00018846": "They don't. they only care about how much you care they only care how much you", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00039-00018846-00019536": "care about them okay in this world these days it is not about anything other than", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00040-00019536-00020019": "building relationships I have been speaking on this topic for a while I", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00041-00020019-00020472": "have a new presentation that I have been doing that is all about the power of", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00042-00020472-00020892": "building relationships and human connection I'm going to tell you", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00043-00020892-00021261": "something when I moved to Northern California and I didn't know a soul and", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00044-00021261-00021762": "my sister went off to work and I thought oh my gosh I know no one how am I gonna", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00045-00021762-00022125": "get clients how am I going to start my business what am I gonna do so I", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00046-00022125-00022620": "literally got my butt up early in the morning and found networking groups I", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00047-00022620-00023004": "found chamber mixers I found women's groups I found all kinds of meetups", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00048-00023004-00023426": "things like that where I could go and start building relationships with people", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00049-00023426-00023859": "and I love to tell you how I did that I'll do that on another Facebook live", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00050-00023859-00024402": "where we can meet and I can tell you but I literally spent the last several", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00051-00024402-00024789": "months building relationships with people not selling them anything not", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00052-00024789-00025110": "trying to tell them all this stuff about how much I know unless they're coming to", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00053-00025110-00025563": "listen to me speak but they only care how much you care so one of the things", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00054-00025563-00025938": "that I do is I send greeting cards I send thank-you cards I send", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00055-00025938-00026414": "nice to meet you cards I do this all the time the relationship marketing system I", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00056-00026414-00026913": "use it works it's it amazing and I highly highly recommend it", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00057-00026913-00027239": "so private message me no one cares how much you know this is", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00058-00027239-00027705": "number one people only care, No. I only care about how much you care number two", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00059-00027705-00028479": "oh my gosh this is a big one again I met someone today that was trying so hard to", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00060-00028479-00028992": "sell me CBD oil CBD products and gos you really need this you really need this", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00061-00028992-00029270": "it's gonna help your pain and it's gonna help you do this it's gonna help you you", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00062-00029270-00029850": "know feel better I'm like I have no pain I'm not your avatar not everyone is your", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00063-00029850-00030282": "avatar so what's an avatar if you know what an avatar is post out in your in", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00064-00030282-00030780": "the comments avatar you should know this is a chasm business owner an avatar is", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00065-00030780-00031479": "actually a representation of your ideal most profitable client okay your perfect", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00066-00031479-00031908": "client is your avatar that's the one person that if you could have a thousand", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00067-00031908-00032316": "of them or a hundred of them they that your business would be flourishing right", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00068-00032316-00032892": "not everyone is your avatar so one of the things that I talk about is just", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00069-00032892-00033375": "picture this and I don't have an illustration but up at the top is a", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00070-00033375-00033687": "contact so when you're out there networking and you're meeting people or", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00071-00033687-00034031": "just out in the public and you meet someone lying at Starbucks or whatever", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00072-00034031-00034590": "that person is a contact that person is going to fall into one of two buckets", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00073-00034590-00035100": "they're either gonna fall into this bucket over here as a prospect someone", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00074-00035100-00035571": "who really does want or need your product that could turn into a customer", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00075-00035571-00036087": "or that's just one person one person that could be a prospect turning into a", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00076-00036087-00036639": "customer what I love and I'm such a big connector is I'm building relationships", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00077-00036639-00037086": "with people who are not my avatar who are not my perfect client they might not", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00078-00037086-00037434": "need or want what they have what I'm selling or what I'm", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00079-00037434-00038136": "sharing so but if I care about them and I build a relationship with", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00080-00038136-00038493": "them they could be the best referral partner I could ever have in my life and", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00081-00038493-00039021": "they might tell the whole world and then all of those people that they tell that", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00082-00039021-00039408": "they refer to me because they know me like me trust me because I built a", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00083-00039408-00039863": "relationship with them they could give me a lot of customers right", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00084-00039863-00040319": "does that make sense so it's way better to go to networking events not trying to", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00085-00040319-00040757": "sell everybody your stuff not trying to tell them how much you know not trying", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00086-00040757-00041168": "to just overwhelm them with your knowledge but just build a relationship", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00087-00041168-00041825": "with them show them how much you care and then it's organic people will start", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00088-00041825-00042340": "telling the world about you right so the other day I did the craziest thing and I", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00089-00042340-00042902": "posted on Facebook too for everybody to post a picture of their favorite pet", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00090-00042902-00043496": "picture so I did that I went through I got everybody's I private message to", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00091-00043496-00043886": "everyone I got that I asked them for their mailing address I sent them a card", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00092-00043886-00044267": "an actual physical greeting card with the picture of their pet on the front", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00093-00044267-00044756": "and I literally got so many people thanking me and giving me testimonials", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00094-00044756-00045140": "and I've started building relationships with those people so it's all about that", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00095-00045140-00045671": "okay so number two was not everyone use your avatar your perfect client they", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00096-00045671-00046199": "might not even be your client at all okay and number three I'm sorry I just", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00097-00046199-00046706": "have to add this because this is such a pet peeve of mine especially since I", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00098-00046706-00047147": "moved up to Northern California and I want just so many networking events and", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00099-00047147-00047678": "Chamber mixers and I have literally thousands of business cards and you know", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00100-00047678-00048091": "what happens tell me this tell me if this happens to you I would die to know", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00101-00048091-00048527": "when you get a business card and it's just a bunch of words on it especially a", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00102-00048527-00048932": "little words that I can't read and there's no picture on it of the person", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00103-00048932-00049505": "whose business card it is I I am super visual I'm overly visual if I don't", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00104-00049505-00050060": "remember what that person looked like I I have so many I can't keep track if you", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00105-00050060-00050555": "put your picture on your business card that is the beginning of forming a", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00106-00050555-00050924": "relationship they can look in your eyes I can see what you look like and they", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00107-00050924-00051476": "will recognize you people do business with people they know like and trust but", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00108-00051476-00052030": "only if they remember you got it alright any questions anybody my gosh there's so", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00109-00052030-00052433": "many up people on here today thank you so much for joining me so let's go back", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00110-00052433-00052799": "over one more time and I want you to do private message me the answers and I'll", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00111-00052799-00053186": "put you in a drawing first Starbucks gift card so no one knows", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00112-00053186-00053741": "no one cares how much you know they only care about how much you care is the", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00113-00053741-00054245": "answer to number one number two not everyone is your avatar they are not", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00114-00054245-00054670": "your perfect ideal client which is an avatar and number three please put your", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00115-00054670-00055108": "picture on your business card please do that all right I love you guys thank you", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00116-00055108-00055441": "so much for being here and post in the comments where you're coming to me from", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00117-00055441-00055864": "I'd love to know what city and state you're in and by the way I'm in Southern", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00118-00055864-00056399": "California right in a moment and I'd love to meet the future all right I'll talk to", "9iM7Ppf_ak0-00119-00056399-00056860": "you guys later have an awesome and amazing day bye"}}, {"audio_id": "9iR4wYQwfUu", "text": {"9iR4wYQwfUu-00000-00001238-00001632": "Hey this is Andy Mandel with the Mandel Team at RE/MAX and I am super excited to show you", "9iR4wYQwfUu-00001-00001632-00001963": "my newest listing today in the Shadow Wood neighborhood of Coral Springs.", "9iR4wYQwfUu-00002-00001963-00002151": "This is on a quiet, tree lined street.", "9iR4wYQwfUu-00003-00002151-00002599": "It's a beautiful 4 bed, 2 and a half bath pool home on an oversized lot with vaulted", "9iR4wYQwfUu-00004-00002599-00002781": "ceilings and a gorgeous canal view.", "9iR4wYQwfUu-00005-00002781-00002948": "I'm super excited to show it to you.", "9iR4wYQwfUu-00006-00002948-00011482": "Come on in, lets take a look!"}}, {"audio_id": "9jyBHFCv7ic", "text": {"9jyBHFCv7ic-00000-00000010-00000470": "END OF JUNE IN 2020.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00001-00000470-00000563": ">>> FOR MANY, BLACK FRIDAY MEANS", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00002-00000563-00000570": ">>> FOR MANY, BLACK FRIDAY MEANS", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00003-00000570-00000673": ">>> FOR MANY, BLACK FRIDAY MEANS SPENDING.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00004-00000673-00000680": ">>> FOR MANY, BLACK FRIDAY MEANS SPENDING.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00005-00000680-00000810": ">>> FOR MANY, BLACK FRIDAY MEANS SPENDING. BUT FOR SOME PEOPLE IN BRAINERD,", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00006-00000810-00000817": "SPENDING. BUT FOR SOME PEOPLE IN BRAINERD,", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00007-00000817-00000924": "SPENDING. BUT FOR SOME PEOPLE IN BRAINERD, TODAY ALSO KICKED OFF THE SEASON", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00008-00000924-00000930": "BUT FOR SOME PEOPLE IN BRAINERD, TODAY ALSO KICKED OFF THE SEASON", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00009-00000930-00001037": "BUT FOR SOME PEOPLE IN BRAINERD, TODAY ALSO KICKED OFF THE SEASON OF GIVING.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00010-00001037-00001044": "TODAY ALSO KICKED OFF THE SEASON OF GIVING.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00011-00001044-00001164": "TODAY ALSO KICKED OFF THE SEASON OF GIVING. THE TOYS FOR KIDS TOY DRIVE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00012-00001164-00001171": "OF GIVING. THE TOYS FOR KIDS TOY DRIVE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00013-00001171-00001281": "OF GIVING. THE TOYS FOR KIDS TOY DRIVE KICKED OFF TODAY IN THE BRAINERD", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00014-00001281-00001287": "THE TOYS FOR KIDS TOY DRIVE KICKED OFF TODAY IN THE BRAINERD", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00015-00001287-00001404": "THE TOYS FOR KIDS TOY DRIVE KICKED OFF TODAY IN THE BRAINERD LAKES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00016-00001404-00001411": "KICKED OFF TODAY IN THE BRAINERD LAKES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00017-00001411-00001531": "KICKED OFF TODAY IN THE BRAINERD LAKES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE PARKING LOT.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00018-00001531-00001538": "LAKES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE PARKING LOT.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00019-00001538-00001661": "LAKES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE PARKING LOT. PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00020-00001661-00001668": "PARKING LOT. PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00021-00001668-00001775": "PARKING LOT. PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE BRAINERD LAKES AREA STOPPED BY", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00022-00001775-00001781": "PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE BRAINERD LAKES AREA STOPPED BY", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00023-00001781-00001915": "PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE BRAINERD LAKES AREA STOPPED BY BETWEEN 8:00 A.M. AND 4:00 P.M.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00024-00001915-00001921": "BRAINERD LAKES AREA STOPPED BY BETWEEN 8:00 A.M. AND 4:00 P.M.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00025-00001921-00002045": "BRAINERD LAKES AREA STOPPED BY BETWEEN 8:00 A.M. AND 4:00 P.M. TO DONATE TOYS FOR THE DRIVE,", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00026-00002045-00002052": "BETWEEN 8:00 A.M. AND 4:00 P.M. TO DONATE TOYS FOR THE DRIVE,", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00027-00002052-00002185": "BETWEEN 8:00 A.M. AND 4:00 P.M. TO DONATE TOYS FOR THE DRIVE, WHICH ALSO INCLUDED APPEARANCES", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00028-00002185-00002192": "TO DONATE TOYS FOR THE DRIVE, WHICH ALSO INCLUDED APPEARANCES", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00029-00002192-00002318": "TO DONATE TOYS FOR THE DRIVE, WHICH ALSO INCLUDED APPEARANCES BY THE BRAINERD POLICE AND FIRE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00030-00002318-00002325": "WHICH ALSO INCLUDED APPEARANCES BY THE BRAINERD POLICE AND FIRE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00031-00002325-00002439": "WHICH ALSO INCLUDED APPEARANCES BY THE BRAINERD POLICE AND FIRE DEPARTMENTS, AS WELL AS THE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00032-00002439-00002445": "BY THE BRAINERD POLICE AND FIRE DEPARTMENTS, AS WELL AS THE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00033-00002445-00003019": "BY THE BRAINERD POLICE AND FIRE DEPARTMENTS, AS WELL AS THE MARINES.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00034-00003019-00003483": ">> WE SERVE KIDS FROM AGES FROM", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00035-00003483-00003490": ">> WE SERVE KIDS FROM AGES FROM", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00036-00003490-00003923": ">> WE SERVE KIDS FROM AGES FROM BABY THROUGH AGE 15 IN SOUTHERN", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00037-00003923-00003930": ">> WE SERVE KIDS FROM AGES FROM BABY THROUGH AGE 15 IN SOUTHERN", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00038-00003930-00004067": ">> WE SERVE KIDS FROM AGES FROM BABY THROUGH AGE 15 IN SOUTHERN CROW WING COUNTY EVERY CHRISTMAS", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00039-00004067-00004074": "BABY THROUGH AGE 15 IN SOUTHERN CROW WING COUNTY EVERY CHRISTMAS", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00040-00004074-00004260": "BABY THROUGH AGE 15 IN SOUTHERN CROW WING COUNTY EVERY CHRISTMAS FOR THE NEEDY ONES THAT WOULDN'T", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00041-00004260-00004267": "CROW WING COUNTY EVERY CHRISTMAS FOR THE NEEDY ONES THAT WOULDN'T", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00042-00004267-00004411": "CROW WING COUNTY EVERY CHRISTMAS FOR THE NEEDY ONES THAT WOULDN'T PROBABLY HAVE A CHRISTMAS", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00043-00004411-00004417": "FOR THE NEEDY ONES THAT WOULDN'T PROBABLY HAVE A CHRISTMAS", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00044-00004417-00004457": "FOR THE NEEDY ONES THAT WOULDN'T PROBABLY HAVE A CHRISTMAS OTHERWISE.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00045-00004457-00004464": "PROBABLY HAVE A CHRISTMAS OTHERWISE.", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00046-00004464-00004544": "PROBABLY HAVE A CHRISTMAS OTHERWISE. >>Sarah:  THE DRIVE WILL", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00047-00004544-00004551": "OTHERWISE. >>Sarah:  THE DRIVE WILL", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00048-00004551-00004694": "OTHERWISE. >>Sarah:  THE DRIVE WILL CONTINUE AT 50 DIFFERENT", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00049-00004694-00004701": ">>Sarah:  THE DRIVE WILL CONTINUE AT 50 DIFFERENT", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00050-00004701-00004848": ">>Sarah:  THE DRIVE WILL CONTINUE AT 50 DIFFERENT DROP-OFF LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00051-00004848-00004854": "CONTINUE AT 50 DIFFERENT DROP-OFF LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00052-00004854-00004978": "CONTINUE AT 50 DIFFERENT DROP-OFF LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT THE AREA AND DONATIONS WILL BE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00053-00004978-00004984": "DROP-OFF LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT THE AREA AND DONATIONS WILL BE", "9jyBHFCv7ic-00054-00004984-00005031": "DROP-OFF LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT THE AREA AND DONATIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED THROUGH"}}, {"audio_id": "9jC06v5oSQQ", "text": {"9jC06v5oSQQ-00000-00000034-00000234": "Like & subscribe"}}, {"audio_id": "9jC4gPwHKP8", "text": {"9jC4gPwHKP8-00000-00000152-00000621": "hi folks Serdar here I'm gonna be", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00001-00000495-00000861": "showing you today project that I've been", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00002-00000621-00000986": "working on on and off for about the past", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00003-00000861-00001236": "nine to ten months", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00004-00000986-00001517": "it's a compiler for a very simple", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00005-00001236-00001800": "programming language the compiler is", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00006-00001517-00002106": "written entirely in Python using the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00007-00001800-00002285": "llvmlite library so all of the non", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00008-00002106-00002517": "performance intensive parts of the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00009-00002285-00002768": "compiler are handled in python making it", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00010-00002517-00003006": "easy to work with and understand and all", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00011-00002768-00003371": "the actual heavy lifting is done by way", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00012-00003006-00003585": "of LLVM through the llvmlite library", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00013-00003371-00003846": "the reason i decided to try this", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00014-00003585-00004187": "approach was one i was really curious", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00015-00003846-00004416": "about the capacities of LLVM in general", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00016-00004187-00004623": "and what sorts of things that could", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00017-00004416-00004782": "unlock in terms of highly specialized", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00018-00004623-00005139": "compilers for highly specialized", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00019-00004782-00005294": "languages and too I wanted to use Python", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00020-00005139-00005442": "as a way to unlock all that because it's", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00021-00005294-00005784": "a very easy programming language to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00022-00005442-00006069": "develop in and I felt that the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00023-00005784-00006305": "trade-offs in Python where a certain", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00024-00006069-00006533": "amount of performance is sacrificed for", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00025-00006305-00006822": "a great deal of ease of use and", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00026-00006533-00007134": "flexibility wouldn't be a big problem", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00027-00006822-00007338": "for a program like this if it ever got", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00028-00007134-00007650": "to the point where this became a", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00029-00007338-00007904": "production thing then I could rewrite", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00030-00007650-00008165": "the more sensitive performance sensitive", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00031-00007904-00008436": "parts of the of the compiler in another", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00032-00008165-00008700": "language or work the whole thing to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00033-00008436-00008949": "another language like the language that", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00034-00008700-00009021": "I'm trying to develop itself you know", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00035-00008949-00009261": "basically means other things", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00036-00009021-00009438": "self-hosting but all of that is so far", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00037-00009261-00009536": "down the road that I'm not even thinking", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00038-00009438-00009771": "about it right now I'm just trying to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00039-00009536-00010085": "put together what amounts to a basic", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00040-00009771-00010335": "proof-of-concept with a couple of demos", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00041-00010085-00010713": "right now the language is very very", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00042-00010335-00010953": "primitive it's not even it's not even as", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00043-00010713-00011427": "functional as C there's a lot of stuff", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00044-00010953-00011582": "missing and a lot of a lot of the things", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00045-00011427-00011775": "that would that would allow really", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00046-00011582-00011915": "robust programming in general are still", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00047-00011775-00012164": "a long way down the road but you can get", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00048-00011915-00012300": "some basic demos going with it and one", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00049-00012164-00012521": "of the things that I wanted to do was", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00050-00012300-00012792": "bundle a few of these demos with the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00051-00012521-00012930": "compiler in its repository so you can", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00052-00012792-00013094": "fire it up and you can see for yourself", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00053-00012930-00013230": "how certain things are done by the way", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00054-00013094-00013338": "if you are watching this windowed I", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00055-00013230-00013479": "would strongly recommend", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00056-00013338-00013608": "that you zoom to full screen because", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00057-00013479-00013938": "some of this stuff is not going to be", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00058-00013608-00014169": "easy to see on a window what I've got in", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00059-00013938-00014586": "front of me right now is Visual Studio", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00060-00014169-00014856": "code and you know in the left-hand pane", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00061-00014586-00015204": "so to speak in this area right here we", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00062-00014856-00015354": "have an example program written in Aki", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00063-00015204-00015483": "which you can't see the whole thing but", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00064-00015354-00015638": "you can see enough of it to get an idea", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00065-00015483-00016146": "this is this is an implementation of", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00066-00015638-00016404": "Conway's Game of Life and there is a", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00067-00016146-00016566": "very basic C like syntax to this", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00068-00016404-00016926": "language it's not intended to be", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00069-00016566-00017082": "terrifically sophisticated I wanted to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00070-00016926-00017334": "keep things basic both to be easy to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00071-00017082-00017595": "parse and to be conceptually", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00072-00017334-00017838": "straightforward so what I'm going to do", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00073-00017595-00018141": "here is I'm going to file up fire up the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00074-00017838-00018683": "compiler which has an interactive prompt", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00075-00018141-00019473": "it has an REPL so we can do very basic", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00076-00018683-00019719": "math with it for instance oops as you", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00077-00019473-00019953": "can see it's full of bugs this thing", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00078-00019719-00020154": "doesn't doesn't understand that the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00079-00019953-00020316": "REPL needs to return a value that is", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00080-00020154-00020457": "commensurate with what's actually being", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00081-00020316-00020742": "computed everything comes back as an", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00082-00020457-00020937": "unsigned 32-bit integer still working on", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00083-00020742-00021288": "that part of it so let me reset the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00084-00020937-00021708": "REPL and let me load in the life", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00085-00021288-00022107": "program and run that directly in the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00086-00021708-00022532": "console as you can see this runs very", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00087-00022107-00022986": "nicely and if I hit the R key that will", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00088-00022532-00023268": "cause cost of randomized oh it's going", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00089-00022986-00023655": "on it going bananas so I'll let that run", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00090-00023268-00024276": "for a little bit and I hit Q program", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00091-00023655-00024405": "quits reset give you an idea of the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00092-00024276-00024798": "basic command lines that are available", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00093-00024405-00024948": "from it so right now what we have is", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00094-00024798-00025167": "really not sophisticated at all it's", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00095-00024948-00025356": "just just for some very very simple", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00096-00025167-00025548": "demos but I've already started to build", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00097-00025356-00025895": "in facilities that I hope will make it", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00098-00025548-00026232": "useful as a production thing let's", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00099-00025895-00026597": "reload that demo program and compile it", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00100-00026232-00026708": "to a standalone executable so if we go", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00101-00026597-00027333": "here", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00102-00026708-00028101": "yeah I go to the Aki subdirectory and I", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00103-00027333-00028502": "go to output and output Exe we have a", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00104-00028101-00028644": "standalone executable of exactly what we", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00105-00028502-00029033": "were running before running on win three", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00106-00028644-00029382": "four bit windows as you can see it's a", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00107-00029033-00029648": "whopping twelve kilobytes with a three", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00108-00029382-00030057": "kilobyte object file in the the actual", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00109-00029648-00030320": "LLVM code is output along with it for", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00110-00030057-00030651": "the sake of comparison if you're curious", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00111-00030320-00030797": "this is not very well optimised at this", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00112-00030651-00031038": "point I haven't really started to dig", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00113-00030797-00031401": "into the optimizations I performed like", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00114-00031038-00031658": "really basic optimization so far you", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00115-00031401-00031935": "know things like constant folding and", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00116-00031658-00032127": "we're eliminating redundant code paths", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00117-00031935-00032280": "things like that as you can see there", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00118-00032127-00032452": "there are some there's a lot of stuff", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00119-00032280-00032901": "that's been very heavily in line here", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00120-00032452-00033021": "for the sake of optimization but we are", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00121-00032901-00033247": "now talking about anything that is", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00122-00033021-00033450": "there's gonna be competition for rust", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00123-00033247-00033606": "it's not any time soon but the whole", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00124-00033450-00033750": "point of this was not really to create", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00125-00033606-00033951": "something that was going to compete with", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00126-00033750-00034299": "anything this is really at this point a", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00127-00033951-00034764": "toy project language and a toy project", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00128-00034299-00034974": "compiler for to get my mind around the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00129-00034764-00035303": "basic concepts involved and to create", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00130-00034974-00035451": "something that was that was that would", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00131-00035303-00035619": "be easy for somebody else to get up to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00132-00035451-00035859": "speed with in terms of understanding how", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00133-00035619-00035961": "all this stuff works in time I would", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00134-00035859-00036096": "love to be able to push it to the point", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00135-00035961-00036249": "where could be used for production work", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00136-00036096-00036855": "but right now I'm just I'm just getting", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00137-00036249-00037287": "my head around the concepts so at this", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00138-00036855-00037608": "point I don't really have a lot of", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00139-00037287-00037857": "hugely ambitious plans other than just", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00140-00037608-00038133": "to implement the very basics of what you", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00141-00037857-00038424": "would need to create programs along the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00142-00038133-00038547": "level of you know simple C programs but", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00143-00038424-00038741": "I eventually want to make it that much", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00144-00038547-00038849": "more sophisticated and that much easier", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00145-00038741-00039197": "to work with", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00146-00038849-00039581": "for instance automatic memory management", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00147-00039197-00039795": "disposal but without a garbage collector", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00148-00039581-00039932": "or if there is a garbage collector it", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00149-00039795-00040244": "would be an option rather than", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00150-00039932-00040433": "acquirement have a lot of that the more", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00151-00040244-00040628": "fiddly memory management details", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00152-00040433-00040790": "handled in a relatively automatic way so", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00153-00040628-00041174": "you wouldn't have to constantly think", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00154-00040790-00041315": "about them and a number of other little", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00155-00041174-00041471": "things that would be that would be", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00156-00041315-00041660": "friendly to somebody who just wants to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00157-00041471-00041990": "throw a script together like right now", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00158-00041660-00042251": "we still require a main function as per", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00159-00041990-00042509": "as per C and eventually what i'd like to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00160-00042251-00042680": "do is is to remove that so we could", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00161-00042509-00042821": "instead of saying def main here and then", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00162-00042680-00043100": "you know all of this stuff we could just", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00163-00042821-00043256": "take all this out and put this at the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00164-00043100-00043451": "top level of the program and it would", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00165-00043256-00043646": "just run you know very much in the same", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00166-00043451-00043786": "manner as something in python right now", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00167-00043646-00044141": "though we can't do that", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00168-00043786-00044324": "so my long-term ambitions are actually", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00169-00044141-00044471": "fairly modest i'm not i'm not looking to", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00170-00044324-00044708": "replace anything i'm just looking to get", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00171-00044471-00045215": "my legs with this into and to understand", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00172-00044708-00045467": "the concepts from the inside out so next", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00173-00045215-00045815": "time around i'm going to see if i can", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00174-00045467-00046084": "show some of the more intriguing things", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00175-00045815-00046300": "that i've been working on but for now", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00176-00046084-00046589": "feel free to check out the the", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00177-00046300-00046832": "repository it only works on windows 32", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00178-00046589-00046991": "i'm sorry 64-bit windows right now I", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00179-00046832-00047252": "don't have a Linux version yet but I've", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00180-00046991-00047528": "been I've been building the project out", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00181-00047252-00047684": "in such a way that support for other", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00182-00047528-00047966": "platforms shouldn't be too hard", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00183-00047684-00048221": "basically any platform where LLVM light", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00184-00047966-00048350": "is running and has binder is built for", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00185-00048221-00048625": "it you should be able to run this with", "9jC4gPwHKP8-00186-00048350-00048625": "relatively little work"}}, {"audio_id": "9jLuGIQKQIc", "text": {"9jLuGIQKQIc-00000-00000000-00015904": "© Warxul. My Version Of Drums (T.O.R.N.A.P.A.R.T.)"}}, {"audio_id": "9l3D75ROqCM", "text": {"9l3D75ROqCM-00000-00003779-00004430": "Welcome to today’s lecture on the effects digitalization has on the way we do science.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00001-00004430-00004798": "So digitalization affects many aspects of our modern life.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00002-00004798-00005251": "It changes the way businesses work and revolutionizes governmental administration.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00003-00005251-00005904": "It modernizes democracy and among these, one of aspect that I am very excited about is", "9l3D75ROqCM-00004-00005904-00006241": "personally it also changes the way we do science.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00005-00006241-00006833": "That’s not surprising because science is a process that is almost completely based", "9l3D75ROqCM-00006-00006833-00007438": "on information and communications or digitalization of information communication surely changes", "9l3D75ROqCM-00007-00007438-00007984": "the way we do some things and you know that yourself if you do research if research for", "9l3D75ROqCM-00008-00007984-00008846": "a ticket online or for a book to read or for a song or for some kind of other assignment.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00009-00008846-00009389": "Digitalization surely completely changes it, changes the process compared to how it was", "9l3D75ROqCM-00010-00009389-00009595": "only a few years ago.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00011-00009595-00009875": "So that’s what we will talk about today.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00012-00009875-00010391": "As specific asked how does digitalization help us to understand society.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00013-00010391-00011086": "Because we do social science here so that’s the focus what we will zoom in on.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00014-00011086-00011733": "The scientific method is based on two equally important legs an empirical leg and a theoretical", "9l3D75ROqCM-00015-00011733-00011839": "leg.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00016-00011839-00012216": "Empirical means we observe the world as it is.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00017-00012216-00012813": "We collect data about the world and then analyze this data this observation in order to obtain", "9l3D75ROqCM-00018-00012813-00013231": "some more fundamental truth about how it might work.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00019-00013231-00013751": "The official name for this process is called induction inductive reasoning and the other", "9l3D75ROqCM-00020-00013751-00014372": "way around if you start with the theoretical side of thing what we do there is, we, without", "9l3D75ROqCM-00021-00014372-00014637": "any explicit or obvious use of data.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00022-00014637-00015086": "Of course we always have some observations in mind but we usually start from first principles", "9l3D75ROqCM-00023-00015086-00015649": "from axioms and from these axioms we derive how it should and must work, like they are", "9l3D75ROqCM-00024-00015649-00015905": "more of a logical conclusion.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00025-00015905-00016392": "For example, of the example of one very famous scientist, Charles Darwin, he started with", "9l3D75ROqCM-00026-00016392-00016589": "empirical sites of things.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00027-00016589-00017121": "So for five years from eighteen thirty-one to eighteen thirty-six he was traveling around", "9l3D75ROqCM-00028-00017121-00017543": "the world especially in Latin American on a ship, the famous beagle.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00029-00017543-00018124": "For example, he stopped at the Galapagos island and he observed the finches and he started", "9l3D75ROqCM-00030-00018124-00018638": "to understand finches on one island had longer beaks than on the other island.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00031-00018638-00019231": "So he asked why could that be, why do finches on one island have longer beaks than the other.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00032-00019231-00019943": "He collected a vast impressive amount of empirical observation of data.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00033-00019943-00020252": "Then nothing really happened a lot for the general public.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00034-00020252-00020482": "For thirty years he was thinking about these conclusions.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00035-00020482-00020670": "He thought maybe I am wrong.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00036-00020670-00021203": "Are these beaks really long because the finches adapted to the environment and these different?", "9l3D75ROqCM-00037-00021203-00021315": "How could that work?", "9l3D75ROqCM-00038-00021315-00021417": "How does evolution work?", "9l3D75ROqCM-00039-00021417-00021653": "How do finches adapt overtime?", "9l3D75ROqCM-00040-00021653-00022253": "And he developed his theory of natural selection and it was not until thirty years later that", "9l3D75ROqCM-00041-00022253-00022609": "he dares to also really publish the Origin of Species.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00042-00022609-00023186": "And not until much later until forty years later that the standoff man where he then", "9l3D75ROqCM-00043-00023186-00023648": "had a theoretical explanation derive from this empirical data.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00044-00023648-00024352": "So it is a classical process of induction, is induced from the day of his theory of natural", "9l3D75ROqCM-00045-00024352-00024517": "selection.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00046-00024517-00025034": "Another example the other way around is this guy here, Albert Einstein.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00047-00025034-00025616": "He was not necessarily very much interested in making observations.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00048-00025616-00025750": "He was not an imp empiricist.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00049-00025750-00025850": "He wasn’t a theorist.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00050-00025850-00026481": "Back in these days, nineteen hundreds of the century there was a big hypothesis that the", "9l3D75ROqCM-00051-00026481-00026719": "speed of light is constant.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00052-00026719-00027287": "So the speed of light is the speed which light travels faster speed with which information", "9l3D75ROqCM-00053-00027287-00027508": "can travel in our universe.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00054-00027508-00028141": "And Einstein said if you guys are really serious with that claimed the speed of light is constant.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00055-00028141-00028818": "And speed is for example miles per hour and we had miles it has nothing to do with space", "9l3D75ROqCM-00056-00028818-00029025": "and hour has nothing to do with time.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00057-00029025-00029443": "And if you say that is constant and something must happen to space and time.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00058-00029443-00030093": "So he just took this existing claim and he wrote in through like on a train.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00059-00030093-00030400": "It didn’t take hostages he just said well if you guys are seriously with that then this", "9l3D75ROqCM-00060-00030400-00030656": "must follow this must follow this must follow.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00061-00030656-00030814": "Space and time must curve.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00062-00030814-00031290": "Time must be actually another dimensional space, nothing else times the fourth dimension", "9l3D75ROqCM-00063-00031290-00031469": "of a three-dimensional space that we have.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00064-00031469-00031793": "Your and so forth and so forth but was just really deductions.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00065-00031793-00032452": "It reduced from some first principles from this claim and it was not like Einstein published", "9l3D75ROqCM-00066-00032452-00033188": "his theory of relativity, in 1905 or in 19050 and in a general theory and he was instantly", "9l3D75ROqCM-00067-00033188-00033288": "world-famous.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00068-00033288-00034099": "No, people said what a crazy idea that is not necessary has something to do with reality.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00069-00034099-00034847": "The math is pretty but this reality and there was not until later until 1919, the empiricist", "9l3D75ROqCM-00070-00034847-00035316": "made tests in West Africa and in Brazil and Latin American.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00071-00035316-00035833": "They observed the position of the stars as they as they pass by the sun and it showed", "9l3D75ROqCM-00072-00035833-00036227": "that Einstein’s theory of relativity must be correct.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00073-00036227-00036559": "Only then he immediately became world famous.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00074-00036559-00037137": "But before it was just the theoretical construct and that is the difference between arts and", "9l3D75ROqCM-00075-00037137-00037618": "science so arts might as well be fix with theoretical work.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00076-00037618-00038025": "It is very similar to fiction.The theoretical works and very creative work and it's just", "9l3D75ROqCM-00077-00038025-00038250": "become of this hypothesis.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00078-00038250-00038711": "If you look at some of the philosophical works and humanities it is often very difficult", "9l3D75ROqCM-00079-00038711-00038811": "to distinguish.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00080-00038811-00038911": "Hard to distinguish.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00081-00038911-00039011": "Is it fiction?", "9l3D75ROqCM-00082-00039011-00039200": "Is it poetry?", "9l3D75ROqCM-00083-00039200-00039341": "Is it art?", "9l3D75ROqCM-00084-00039341-00039771": "Or is it really aiming at trying to explain reality.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00085-00039771-00040136": "It become science once we also test it.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00086-00040136-00040609": "Once we test these theory empirically, Einstein himself, he made suggestions on how to test", "9l3D75ROqCM-00087-00040609-00040709": "it.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00088-00040709-00040809": "He was a real scientist.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00089-00040809-00041047": "He was not just saying, well, I imaging…", "9l3D75ROqCM-00090-00041047-00041147": "NO.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00091-00041147-00041686": "This is my theory and tested these three ways.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00092-00041686-00042097": "If any of them fails, the theory must be completely wrong.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00093-00042097-00042234": "Forget my theory.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00094-00042234-00042334": "Forget about me.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00095-00042334-00042488": "It is completely wrong.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00096-00042488-00043184": "He also shaped his theory in order, could be tested.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00097-00043184-00043346": "Science always has these two legs.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00098-00043346-00043927": "It has a theoretical leg where we think about, how we derive things from first principles.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00099-00043927-00044140": "Often Deduction or Abduction.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00100-00044140-00044553": "And we have the hypothesis, very often in social science and we test them empirically", "9l3D75ROqCM-00101-00044553-00044731": "so that’s the empirical work.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00102-00044731-00045658": "In some elder sciences, physics, there is also clear division of works, theoretical", "9l3D75ROqCM-00103-00045658-00045758": "and empirical.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00104-00045758-00046200": "And they don’t often get along and there are discussion…", "9l3D75ROqCM-00105-00046200-00046927": "Sitcom, Big Bang Theory.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00106-00046927-00047440": "These are two different legs but one completely depends on each other.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00107-00047440-00048125": "And that is what we are going to talk about.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00108-00048125-00049075": "The  big revolution of digitalization in regards", "9l3D75ROqCM-00109-00049075-00050308": "to empirical works, often goes under the catch phrase, big data.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00110-00050308-00050946": "We analyze this digital footprint and we can analyze what happened in the past because", "9l3D75ROqCM-00111-00050946-00051730": "people act a certain way and we can analyze what happened in the past and derive theory", "9l3D75ROqCM-00112-00051730-00051887": "models and so forth.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00113-00051887-00052839": "And theoretical work is very much impacted by digitalization through computer simulations.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00114-00052839-00053788": "It is very important in the social science; they are notoriously not stationary.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00115-00053788-00054401": "For example, in physics, the sun has been rising for the last several billion years", "9l3D75ROqCM-00116-00054401-00054926": "and was rising two hundred years ago and we will pretty sure it will be rising tomorrow.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00117-00054926-00055462": "So started what happened two hundred years ago gives us some very likely insite into", "9l3D75ROqCM-00118-00055462-00055562": "tomorrow.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00119-00055562-00055780": "This is a stationary process.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00120-00055780-00056199": "In the social science, if you studied society how it was two hundred years ago, it might", "9l3D75ROqCM-00121-00056199-00056550": "not tell you how it will act tomorrow.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00122-00056550-00056986": "Just because, two hundred years ago society looked very different.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00123-00056986-00057529": "There is an inherent non-stationarity in social process.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00124-00057529-00058101": "But computer simulations theoretical work can help us to think about what might happen", "9l3D75ROqCM-00125-00058101-00058377": "tomorrow in theory.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00126-00058377-00059069": "We don't have the data because tomorrow never happened but in theory, we can deduce specific", "9l3D75ROqCM-00127-00059069-00059523": "future theoretical scenarios from computer simulations.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00128-00059523-00059739": "That is what we them for.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00129-00059739-00060960": "Sometimes, I call the big data, the crystal ball, because it tells us how the future will", "9l3D75ROqCM-00130-00060960-00061731": "happen, under the assumption that it is very similar to past history.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00131-00061731-00062788": "The digital magic wand allows us to change the course of history by changing the magic", "9l3D75ROqCM-00132-00062788-00062888": "wand.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00133-00062888-00063592": "Now the intersection between the empirical and the theoretical leg of the scientific", "9l3D75ROqCM-00134-00063592-00064017": "method, that is where the holy grail is.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00135-00064017-00064454": "Why happened, what happened.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00136-00064454-00065052": "And all the scientist actually, at the end, go to that.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00137-00065052-00065542": "At the end of this lecture, I will go back to lecture with very disappointing news so", "9l3D75ROqCM-00138-00065542-00065730": "please sit down.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00139-00065730-00066450": "There are very severe limitation to the scientific method and unfortunately, I will explain to", "9l3D75ROqCM-00140-00066450-00067131": "you why we will never be able to really find out why things happen.", "9l3D75ROqCM-00141-00067131-00067683": "why, what happened so there is severe limitations to it so we will get back to the very dissapointing", "9l3D75ROqCM-00142-00067683-00067787": "news at the end of the lecture."}}, {"audio_id": "9l_w7HdN8xI", "text": {"9l_w7HdN8xI-00000-00000000-00000090": "when we're alone", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00001-00000106-00000276": "it's easy to feel like we're disconnected", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00002-00000276-00000356": "from the world", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00003-00000376-00000486": "like we don't matter", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00004-00000540-00000650": "but the truth is", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00005-00000676-00000896": "being alone can be a beautiful thing", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00006-00000919-00001173": "it's an opportunity to reconnect with ourselves", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00007-00001200-00001370": "to rediscover our passions", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00008-00001386-00001566": "and define the strength within us", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00009-00001593-00001843": "instead of looking at being alone as a negative thing", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00010-00001863-00002106": "try to reframe it as a positive experience", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00011-00002150-00002300": "take the time to meditate", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00012-00002310-00002536": "reflect and do things that you enjoy", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00013-00002593-00002723": "whether it's reading a book", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00014-00002736-00002849": "writing in a journal", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00015-00002856-00003009": "or exploring a new hobby", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00016-00003040-00003343": "use Your Alone Time to Nurture Your Mind and soul", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00017-00003379-00003673": "remember being alone doesn't mean you're not important", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00018-00003710-00003956": "it means you have the space to focus on yourself", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00019-00003956-00004043": "and your growth", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00020-00004076-00004233": "it's a chance to develop a deeper", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00021-00004233-00004506": "understanding of who you are and what you want in life", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00022-00004540-00004676": "so if you're feeling alone", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00023-00004696-00004859": "don't be afraid to embrace it", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00024-00004880-00005063": "find the beauty in solitude", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00025-00005066-00005299": "and use it as an opportunity to grow stronger", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00026-00005346-00005466": "believe in yourself", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00027-00005483-00005726": "and know that you are capable of achieving greatness", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00028-00005730-00005843": "even on your own", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00029-00005886-00006049": "remember to believe in yourself", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00030-00006060-00006163": "stay positive", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00031-00006170-00006310": "and keep moving forward", "9l_w7HdN8xI-00032-00006340-00006433": "you got this"}}, {"audio_id": "9lHRHiQcOyy", "text": {"9lHRHiQcOyy-00000-00000200-00000900": "I found a love for me", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00001-00000900-00001301": "darling, just dive right in", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00002-00001301-00001601": "and follow my lead", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00003-00001701-00002002": "I found a boy", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00004-00002102-00002402": "wonderfull and sweet", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00005-00002402-00002802": "I never knew you were the someone", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00006-00002802-00003103": "waiting for me", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00007-00003103-00003600": "'cause we were just kids when we fell in love", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00008-00003600-00003900": "not knowing what it was", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00009-00003900-00004601": "I will not give you up this time", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00010-00004701-00005001": "darling, just kiss me slow", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00011-00005101-00005402": "your heart is all I own", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00012-00005502-00006002": "and in your eyes, you're holding mine", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00013-00006102-00006403": "baby, i'm", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00014-00006503-00006743": "dancing in the dark", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00015-00006800-00007200": "with you between my arms", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00016-00007240-00007590": "barefoot on the grass", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00017-00007634-00007944": "listening to our favorite song", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00018-00007948-00008278": "when you said you looked a mess", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00019-00008278-00008632": "I whispered underneath my breath", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00020-00008632-00008908": "but you heard it", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00021-00008908-00009359": "darling, you look perfect tonight", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00022-00009973-00010233": "I found a man", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00023-00010333-00010724": "stronger than anyone I know", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00024-00010724-00011464": "he shares my dreams, i hope that someday I'll share him home", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00025-00011464-00011808": "I found a love", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00026-00011861-00012285": "to carry more than just me", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00027-00012285-00012849": "to carry love and family of our own", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00028-00012849-00013343": "we are still kids, but we're so in love", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00029-00013343-00013716": "fighting against all odds", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00030-00013716-00014447": "I know we'll be alright this time", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00031-00014447-00014815": "darling, just hold my hand", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00032-00014815-00015208": "i'll your girl and be my man", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00033-00015208-00015869": "I see my future in your eyes", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00034-00015869-00016159": "baby, i'm", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00035-00016239-00016593": "dancing in the dark", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00036-00016593-00016970": "with you between my arms", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00037-00016970-00017340": "barefoot on the grass", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00038-00017340-00017684": "oh, listening to our favorite song", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00039-00017684-00018031": "when I saw you in that dress", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00040-00018031-00018391": "I whispered underneath my breath", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00041-00018391-00018648": "but you heard it", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00042-00018648-00019115": "darling, you look perfect tonight", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00043-00020340-00020740": "baby, i'm", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00044-00020740-00021081": "dancing in the dark", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00045-00021081-00021494": "with you between my arms", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00046-00021494-00021825": "barefoot on the grass", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00047-00021825-00022192": "oh, listening to our favorite song", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00048-00022192-00022509": "I have faith in what I see", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00049-00022509-00023163": "now I know I have met an angel in person", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00050-00023163-00023526": "and he looks perfect", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00051-00023526-00023913": "I don't deserve this", "9lHRHiQcOyy-00052-00023913-00024407": "you look perfect tonight"}}, {"audio_id": "9lSzCm-3xqu", "text": {"9lSzCm-3xqu-00000-00000023-00000298": "(motor whirring)", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00001-00000581-00000926": "- [David] Hello everybody, David from GoldStar Tool.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00002-00000926-00001010": "How are you doing?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00003-00001010-00001193": "- [Jasmine] I'm doing good, how are you?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00004-00001193-00001276": "- [David] Good, Jasmine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00005-00001276-00001604": "So I hope everybody's doing well.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00006-00001604-00001861": "So I'm gonna show you guys a beautiful,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00007-00001861-00002326": "beautiful folding system for industrial sewing machines.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00008-00002587-00003052": "High shank, Juki, New Tech, Consew, any type", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00009-00003052-00003259": "of industrial sewing machine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00010-00003259-00003452": "And we're gonna do a,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00011-00003600-00003997": "we're gonna go over the binder folder, okay?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00012-00003997-00004136": "So this is what we're trying to do.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00013-00004136-00004599": "If you go close up, imagine this is your fabric, okay?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00014-00004599-00004793": "And we're gonna do a binding tape.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00015-00004909-00005174": "Okay now, this is what we call a clean binder,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00016-00005398-00005715": "meaning that both ends are folded, double-fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00017-00005715-00006124": "It fold once and twice, and then goes inside", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00018-00006124-00006404": "and it sews off.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00019-00006404-00006845": "Now this system called S60.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00020-00006845-00007031": "S like Sam, six zero.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00021-00007031-00007397": "And if you go on our website, there are many sizes.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00022-00007397-00007883": "So the fabric goes from here and the bias goes from here,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00023-00007883-00008176": "and it fold, and if you could see, if you close up,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00024-00008176-00008396": "right here you see this is 25 millimeters,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00025-00008396-00008499": "which is one inch.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00026-00008499-00008639": "Well this is 32 millimeters,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00027-00008639-00008906": "which is like one and one eighth.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00028-00008906-00009217": "Now, the problem with this one is it's very good.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00029-00009217-00009439": "You need its own dedicated sewing machine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00030-00009439-00009739": "When you put this on, it goes where the plate is,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00031-00009739-00010166": "and it comes with its own plate,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00032-00010300-00010569": "I mean foot, and a feed dog.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00033-00010569-00010711": "And stays there.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00034-00010711-00011190": "So whenever you wanna change in between the regular sewing", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00035-00011190-00011511": "and S60, you gotta change the whole thing.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00036-00011511-00011749": "That'll take you like 10, 15 minutes to change plate,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00037-00011749-00011989": "feed dog, put everything back on.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00038-00011989-00012323": "So it is very good, it's a good system.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00039-00012323-00012667": "You could adjust how, see?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00040-00012667-00012887": "When you wanna sew, let's say it's like this.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00041-00012887-00013387": "You have this handle right here that, if you look at here,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00042-00013538-00014033": "it will go close, back and forth.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00043-00014033-00014159": "It's very good.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00044-00014159-00014493": "But again, you gotta change the plate", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00045-00014493-00014676": "and feed dog whenever you wanna use this.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00046-00014676-00014906": "It's good, you can buy it on our website, S60.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00047-00014906-00015288": "Now, if you don't wanna use this, and by the way,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00048-00015288-00015526": "this one is only for industrial sewing machines.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00049-00015526-00015831": "Only and only and only for industrial sewing machine", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00050-00015831-00016209": "because of the shape of the plate right here.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00051-00016209-00016590": "Now, if you don't wanna use this, you have another option.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00052-00016590-00017090": "You have 100LS, that's diagram number, or 105 or 8LS.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00053-00017326-00017586": "Major difference.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00054-00017586-00018086": "This one is single-fold, and this is double-fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00055-00018144-00018299": "Now how do you say the difference", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00056-00018299-00018470": "between single and double-fold?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00057-00018470-00018970": "If you look closely, this is only folding right here.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00058-00018990-00019296": "The tape goes in and go fold from the other side.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00059-00019296-00019391": "I'm gonna show you.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00060-00019490-00019690": "I just, this is what I did.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00061-00019690-00019923": "That's why I tell you I'm gonna do the sewing.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00062-00019923-00020349": "I just did a pinking bias, so I did a bias.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00063-00020519-00020882": "Okay, and goes in there,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00064-00021146-00021526": "and when it come from the other side, see?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00065-00021622-00021716": "One fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00066-00021827-00021935": "Are we good, you see that?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00067-00021935-00022261": "One fold, and comes out.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00068-00022261-00022666": "Now this one is double-fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00069-00022767-00022911": "You see this crack right here?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00070-00022911-00023238": "This is not broken, it's meant to be.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00071-00023238-00023702": "It fold once here, and double-folds here, okay?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00072-00023702-00024169": "So if you put a one-inch in here, on the regular one,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00073-00024169-00024537": "it would be half an inch, because a single-fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00074-00024537-00025037": "But if you put it on here, it would be a quarter of an inch,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00075-00025083-00025335": "because it's double-fold, let me show you what I mean.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00076-00025335-00025476": "I'm gonna put this in here.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00077-00025752-00026069": "And are you with me Jasmine?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00078-00026069-00026202": "- [Jasmine] Yes.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00079-00026326-00026409": "- [David] Okay.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00080-00026494-00026723": "And usually this is not the way to do it.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00081-00026723-00026939": "You should really do a cut.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00082-00027864-00027985": "Let me get it on up.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00083-00028664-00029100": "Again, I should have cut it differently,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00084-00029100-00029600": "but I cut the edges with pinking shear,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00085-00029986-00030204": "and it's getting stuck.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00086-00030204-00030664": "So let me try the other side, maybe the other side is.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00087-00033064-00033195": "So let's go ahead and put it on pause.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00088-00033195-00033445": "Let me cut the edges, and then we come back.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00089-00033746-00033847": "So we're back.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00090-00033847-00034153": "So what I did is just, I went ahead and I cut the edges.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00091-00034344-00034626": "It was a little bit rough, because of for the pinking.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00092-00034626-00035033": "So when it comes out, you see how tiny it is?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00093-00035033-00035166": "And it's double-fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00094-00035261-00035411": "All right, it's double-fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00095-00035411-00035843": "So double-fold, single-fold right here.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00096-00035843-00036188": "And a good thing is that you could even put these", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00097-00036290-00036592": "on any type of sewing machine, okay?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00098-00036592-00037085": "You could go on a regular sewing machine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00099-00037085-00037537": "Juki industrial here, and you have the two screws,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00100-00037537-00037933": "right here, and you put the screws on, right?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00101-00038179-00038446": "(phone ringing)", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00102-00038604-00038815": "And, or.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00103-00039221-00039304": "Okay.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00104-00039604-00040008": "And it's good I told them to pick up the phone, right?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00105-00040008-00040118": "- [Jasmine] You did, yes.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00106-00040118-00040404": "- [David] Anyone is looking for, there is availabilities", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00107-00040404-00040892": "at goldstartool.com, Golden Cutting & Sewing Supplies,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00108-00040989-00041352": "1-800-868-4419, I mean it.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00109-00041352-00041549": "Okay, so.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00110-00042169-00042252": "Now.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00111-00042424-00042924": "There are foots available for this bias.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00112-00043032-00043500": "You could buy them, 601, 602, 603, or 604.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00113-00043500-00043819": "If you go on our website, it tells you the difference", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00114-00043819-00044026": "between all three, there are four different sizes.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00115-00044026-00044526": "Like 601 is for 3/4 up to half to 3/4, 3/4 to one inch.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00116-00044790-00045007": "For different one, if you take a look,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00117-00045007-00045201": "they're different sizes.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00118-00045201-00045701": "Both for 100LS or 508LS, you could use this type of guys.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00119-00045915-00046315": "I'm not even gonna use anything right now,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00120-00046315-00046530": "and I'm gonna use this very thick material.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00121-00046530-00046707": "I'm gonna just go underneath.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00122-00046707-00046944": "See, goes from here, you see that?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00123-00047039-00047210": "- [Jasmine] Mm-hm.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00124-00047210-00047415": "- [David] Gonna pick it up, put it down,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00125-00047415-00047616": "and I'm gonna go ahead and,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00126-00048132-00048458": "right here, I'm gonna put this right here.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00127-00048577-00048660": "All right.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00128-00049080-00049250": "And see how it's gonna be, so.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00129-00049250-00049608": "(sewing machine stitching)", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00130-00050348-00050431": "All right.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00131-00050524-00051024": "With less than half a minute, you see?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00132-00051129-00051237": "I just bound it.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00133-00051401-00051847": "Now you see this is, since I did pinking, obviously.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00134-00051847-00051930": "- [Jasmine] Mm-hmm.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00135-00051930-00052196": "- [David] Pinking, I cut it with pinking shear.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00136-00052286-00052512": "It's single-fold, right?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00137-00052512-00052689": "And this is, people tell me,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00138-00052689-00052914": "how heavy can we go with this thing?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00139-00052914-00053262": "This is two layers of blue jean denim,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00140-00053262-00053525": "very thick denim, right here.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00141-00053525-00053670": "And I was just running through it.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00142-00053670-00053836": "I didn't even change the foot.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00143-00053836-00054272": "I used the regular foot on it, but there are foot.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00144-00054272-00054486": "And the foot, if you look at the foot,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00145-00054486-00054845": "it's like a fork on the side, and the other one,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00146-00054845-00055148": "and the small, tiny pinky, right?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00147-00055148-00055266": "And they come different sizes.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00148-00055266-00055766": "Now the good thing about 508, or 508, 100LS,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00149-00055872-00056340": "which I'm using right now, or 508LS, which is a double-fold,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00150-00056340-00056647": "is that you could use it on a home sewing machine too.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00151-00056746-00056879": "You could use it even on this one.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00152-00056879-00057047": "You could show this one.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00153-00057047-00057179": "This is a New Tech.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00154-00057376-00057751": "You could use them on a New Tech walking foot machine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00155-00057751-00058007": "It sits right there, and the screws are right there.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00156-00058007-00058185": "Okay, you see?", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00157-00058185-00058460": "Now, these screws are for this part", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00158-00058460-00058716": "that you could screw this on.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00159-00058716-00059064": "Now even if you don't have a screw in here,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00160-00059064-00059412": "you're gonna go with the old trick that I showed you guys.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00161-00059412-00059535": "Use a masking tape.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00162-00059535-00059795": "Put a masking tape here, and use them.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00163-00059795-00060234": "So this is the simplest way to use a bias folder", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00164-00060495-00060707": "on your industrial or home sewing machine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00165-00060707-00061207": "100LS is a single-fold, 508LS is a double-fold clean.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00166-00061460-00061738": "That's how you put them on your sewing machine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00167-00061738-00062238": "The S60 is the one that comes with the extra feed dog", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00168-00062472-00062972": "and a feet, which is very hard to change.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00169-00062974-00063166": "It's not hard, it takes time.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00170-00063166-00063321": "Just go with 100LS.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00171-00063321-00063821": "Now, with this one, you need two thumb screws,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00172-00063842-00063966": "could adjust back and forth.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00173-00063966-00064139": "I am using the regular feet.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00174-00064262-00064567": "Did not change the feed dog, did not change the plate.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00175-00064567-00065067": "The same thing will be with the double-fold.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00176-00065174-00065447": "Same idea, same way you put it on, adjust,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00177-00065447-00065643": "you do a clean finish.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00178-00065643-00065770": "Thank you for watching.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00179-00065770-00066072": "This is also, again, a question that came up today", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00180-00066072-00066471": "in the forum, and I'm just making a video for people", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00181-00066471-00066822": "that need to know how to use a bias folder", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00182-00066822-00067113": "on an industrial or a home sewing machine.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00183-00067113-00067479": "Again, S60 is not for a home sewing machine,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00184-00067479-00067620": "only industrial.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00185-00067620-00068115": "508LS or 100LS, you could use on industrial,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00186-00068115-00068451": "home sewing machine, on a walking foot machine,", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00187-00068451-00068534": "and so forth.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00188-00068534-00068708": "Thank you so much for watching.", "9lSzCm-3xqu-00189-00069201-00069493": "(slow opera music)"}}, {"audio_id": "9lcQYdIN3gg", "text": {"9lcQYdIN3gg-00000-00000011-00000582": "[Mountain] I'm going to be showing you my diamond tools.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00001-00000582-00001155": "And what you're going to need- well, I'm going to show you my diamond pickax.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00002-00001155-00001603": "Very nice, very nice.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00003-00001603-00002189": "And I am going to be showing you- and here's my diamond sword.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00004-00002189-00002732": "And if you want to make these tools, I am- you are going to need some cardboard, and", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00005-00002732-00003359": "a knife, which I- I don't know where the knife is.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00006-00003359-00004120": "[Offscreen] I put it away [Mountain] a cardboard knife, and you're going to need some paint", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00007-00004120-00004702": "and then that's all.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00008-00004702-00005518": "And then first thing you're going to need- well then first you're going to do is get", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00009-00005518-00006378": "your cardboard, and then you're going to trace the lines, then you are going to put it like", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00010-00006378-00006933": "a pickax, or well actually first you're supposed to draw the squares, make them nicely with", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00011-00006933-00007540": "a white colored pencil and you draw- you trace it like a pick.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00012-00007540-00008194": "Then after that you're going to paint like a diamond pick, and after that you're going", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00013-00008194-00008354": "to cut it out.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00014-00008354-00008659": "And then you're going to do the back.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00015-00008659-00009061": "And then when that dries, then you will be done with your diamond pick.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00016-00009061-00009356": "Same thing with the sword.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00017-00009356-00009631": "Same thing.", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00018-00009631-00009813": "And that is how you do it!", "9lcQYdIN3gg-00019-00009813-00010497": "And I hope you enjoyed this video, and... goodbye!"}}, {"audio_id": "9m4TwFUhyPo", "text": {"9m4TwFUhyPo-00000-00000480-00000730": "We're visiting a series of countries in the region.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00001-00000730-00000980": "A region that's very important to us as Australians", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00002-00000980-00001420": "and we're here to demonstrate the humanitarian and disaster relief capability of our", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00003-00001420-00001720": "wonderful ship HMAS Adelaide and the task group", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00004-00001720-00002130": "and as part of that we're also doing some community projects in various places we visit.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00005-00002130-00002600": "We're here today in Subic Bay at a orphanage, The Amazing Grace orphanage.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00006-00002600-00002930": "We're here to spend some time with the children, play a bit of basketball", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00007-00002930-00003310": "to get to know them a bit and to explain to them a little bit of the", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00008-00003310-00003740": "Australian government's concern for this region and concern for the needs of this area.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00009-00004410-00004720": "The ship were overwhelmed by a number of people on the ship who wanted to come.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00010-00004720-00005007": "We can only bring the first twenty and those who have", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00011-00005007-00005328": "come today have had a wonderful day just getting to know some of the local kids", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00012-00005328-00005660": "and being able to share our our concern with them.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00013-00005920-00006480": "Because I wanted to do something different with my port visit and be able to connect with the locals", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00014-00006480-00006830": "so it was nice that we were given that opportunity so as soon as I heard about it", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00015-00006830-00007000": "I put my hand out straight away.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00016-00007309-00007759": "It was just really good going out there and see all the little kids and as soon as they", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00017-00007759-00008134": "got there that was so excited and like so was I was so excited to come this", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00018-00008134-00008330": "morning and I'm so happy I did it.", "9m4TwFUhyPo-00019-00008880-00009140": "It's just nice to be able to give back to the people."}}, {"audio_id": "9mj3MItux7c", "text": {"9mj3MItux7c-00000-00000010-00000143": "LEGISLATION THAT IMPOSED A FEE", "9mj3MItux7c-00001-00000143-00000150": "LEGISLATION THAT IMPOSED A FEE", "9mj3MItux7c-00002-00000150-00000286": "LEGISLATION THAT IMPOSED A FEE FOR MISTREATMENT PROGRAMS LIKE", "9mj3MItux7c-00003-00000286-00000293": "LEGISLATION THAT IMPOSED A FEE FOR MISTREATMENT PROGRAMS LIKE", "9mj3MItux7c-00004-00000293-00000493": "LEGISLATION THAT IMPOSED A FEE FOR MISTREATMENT PROGRAMS LIKE THE WELLNESS CORE.", "9mj3MItux7c-00005-00000493-00000500": "FOR MISTREATMENT PROGRAMS LIKE THE WELLNESS CORE.", "9mj3MItux7c-00006-00000500-00000557": "FOR MISTREATMENT PROGRAMS LIKE THE WELLNESS CORE. THE STATES HUMAN SERVICES", "9mj3MItux7c-00007-00000557-00000563": "THE WELLNESS CORE. THE STATES HUMAN SERVICES", "9mj3MItux7c-00008-00000563-00000630": "THE WELLNESS CORE. THE STATES HUMAN SERVICES COMMISSIONER SAYS A PSYCHIATRIC", "9mj3MItux7c-00009-00000630-00000637": "THE STATES HUMAN SERVICES COMMISSIONER SAYS A PSYCHIATRIC", "9mj3MItux7c-00010-00000637-00000817": "THE STATES HUMAN SERVICES COMMISSIONER SAYS A PSYCHIATRIC CARE HOSPITAL IN BAXTER WOULD BE", "9mj3MItux7c-00011-00000817-00000824": "COMMISSIONER SAYS A PSYCHIATRIC CARE HOSPITAL IN BAXTER WOULD BE", "9mj3MItux7c-00012-00000824-00000960": "COMMISSIONER SAYS A PSYCHIATRIC CARE HOSPITAL IN BAXTER WOULD BE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED IF PROPOSED", "9mj3MItux7c-00013-00000960-00000967": "CARE HOSPITAL IN BAXTER WOULD BE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED IF PROPOSED", "9mj3MItux7c-00014-00000967-00001034": "CARE HOSPITAL IN BAXTER WOULD BE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED IF PROPOSED REPUBLICAN BUDGET CUTS BECOME", "9mj3MItux7c-00015-00001034-00001041": "NEGATIVELY IMPACTED IF PROPOSED REPUBLICAN BUDGET CUTS BECOME", "9mj3MItux7c-00016-00001041-00001354": "NEGATIVELY IMPACTED IF PROPOSED REPUBLICAN BUDGET CUTS BECOME REALITY.", "9mj3MItux7c-00017-00001354-00001361": "REPUBLICAN BUDGET CUTS BECOME REALITY.", "9mj3MItux7c-00018-00001361-00001538": "REPUBLICAN BUDGET CUTS BECOME REALITY. EMILY PIPER VISITED THE", "9mj3MItux7c-00019-00001538-00001544": "REALITY. EMILY PIPER VISITED THE", "9mj3MItux7c-00020-00001544-00001604": "REALITY. EMILY PIPER VISITED THE COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH", "9mj3MItux7c-00021-00001604-00001611": "EMILY PIPER VISITED THE COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH", "9mj3MItux7c-00022-00001611-00001684": "EMILY PIPER VISITED THE COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH HOSPITAL IN BAXTER YESTERDAY AND", "9mj3MItux7c-00023-00001684-00001691": "COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH HOSPITAL IN BAXTER YESTERDAY AND", "9mj3MItux7c-00024-00001691-00001758": "COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH HOSPITAL IN BAXTER YESTERDAY AND MET WITH AREA HEALTH LEADERS", "9mj3MItux7c-00025-00001758-00001764": "HOSPITAL IN BAXTER YESTERDAY AND MET WITH AREA HEALTH LEADERS", "9mj3MItux7c-00026-00001764-00002345": "HOSPITAL IN BAXTER YESTERDAY AND MET WITH AREA HEALTH LEADERS ABOUT THE SITUATION.", "9mj3MItux7c-00027-00002345-00002352": "MET WITH AREA HEALTH LEADERS ABOUT THE SITUATION.", "9mj3MItux7c-00028-00002352-00002405": "MET WITH AREA HEALTH LEADERS ABOUT THE SITUATION. PIPER SAYS THE PROPOSED", "9mj3MItux7c-00029-00002405-00002412": "ABOUT THE SITUATION. PIPER SAYS THE PROPOSED", "9mj3MItux7c-00030-00002412-00002492": "ABOUT THE SITUATION. PIPER SAYS THE PROPOSED 600-MILLION IN CUTS WOULD", "9mj3MItux7c-00031-00002492-00002499": "PIPER SAYS THE PROPOSED 600-MILLION IN CUTS WOULD", "9mj3MItux7c-00032-00002499-00002559": "PIPER SAYS THE PROPOSED 600-MILLION IN CUTS WOULD TRANSLATE TO THE LOSS OF 200", "9mj3MItux7c-00033-00002559-00002565": "600-MILLION IN CUTS WOULD TRANSLATE TO THE LOSS OF 200", "9mj3MItux7c-00034-00002565-00002625": "600-MILLION IN CUTS WOULD TRANSLATE TO THE LOSS OF 200 POSITIONS AT STATE OPERATED", "9mj3MItux7c-00035-00002625-00002632": "TRANSLATE TO THE LOSS OF 200 POSITIONS AT STATE OPERATED", "9mj3MItux7c-00036-00002632-00003096": "TRANSLATE TO THE LOSS OF 200 POSITIONS AT STATE OPERATED FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS.", "9mj3MItux7c-00037-00003096-00003103": "POSITIONS AT STATE OPERATED FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS.", "9mj3MItux7c-00038-00003103-00003163": "POSITIONS AT STATE OPERATED FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS. THAT WOULD AFFECT PLACES", "9mj3MItux7c-00039-00003163-00003169": "FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS. THAT WOULD AFFECT PLACES", "9mj3MItux7c-00040-00003169-00003229": "FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS. THAT WOULD AFFECT PLACES COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH", "9mj3MItux7c-00041-00003229-00003236": "THAT WOULD AFFECT PLACES COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH", "9mj3MItux7c-00042-00003236-00003333": "THAT WOULD AFFECT PLACES COMMUNITY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH HOSPITALS IN BAXTER AND IN"}}, {"audio_id": "9mjviXc0asU", "text": {"9mjviXc0asU-00000-00000035-00000239": "Professor Christine Hayes: One thing that kept", "9mjviXc0asU-00001-00000239-00000409": "cropping up , and it is something that crops", "9mjviXc0asU-00002-00000409-00000633": "up every time I teach this course, and I should always say", "9mjviXc0asU-00003-00000633-00000909": "something about it preemptively, is just a terminological issue.", "9mjviXc0asU-00004-00000909-00001234": "Israelites are not Israelis.", "9mjviXc0asU-00005-00001234-00001574": "The word \"Israeli,\" term \"Israeli,\" refers to a citizen", "9mjviXc0asU-00006-00001574-00001776": "of the modern state of Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00007-00001776-00002035": "So there are no Israelis before the year 1948.", "9mjviXc0asU-00008-00002035-00002326": "Okay. And we use Israelite to refer", "9mjviXc0asU-00009-00002326-00002705": "to the ancient inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00010-00002705-00002904": "So that is an important distinction.", "9mjviXc0asU-00011-00002904-00003161": "I know you hear \"Israelis\" and so that is just a term that", "9mjviXc0asU-00012-00003161-00003419": "people thought would apply to anyone who inhabited a place", "9mjviXc0asU-00013-00003419-00003634": "called Israel. But Israeli and Israelite are", "9mjviXc0asU-00014-00003634-00003904": "used precisely in order to make that distinction between the", "9mjviXc0asU-00015-00003904-00004042": "ancient and the modern period.", "9mjviXc0asU-00016-00004042-00004183": "Okay. So we are talking about", "9mjviXc0asU-00017-00004183-00004316": "Israelites. And while we are on the", "9mjviXc0asU-00018-00004316-00004464": "subject, we are not talking about Jews yet,", "9mjviXc0asU-00019-00004464-00004611": "either. We cannot really use the term", "9mjviXc0asU-00020-00004611-00004791": "\"Jew.\" It is not historically accurate", "9mjviXc0asU-00021-00004791-00005088": "for the period that we have been dealing with in the Bible.", "9mjviXc0asU-00022-00005088-00005420": "When we get towards the very end of the biblical period,", "9mjviXc0asU-00023-00005420-00005765": "we'll see that when Persia conquers and reconstitutes this", "9mjviXc0asU-00024-00005765-00006058": "area, or designates as a province,", "9mjviXc0asU-00025-00006058-00006517": "this area as Yehud (so the Persians are going to be the", "9mjviXc0asU-00026-00006517-00006984": "ones to create a province called Yehud in this area,", "9mjviXc0asU-00027-00006984-00007261": "including Jerusalem) they will allow the Israelites who are in", "9mjviXc0asU-00028-00007261-00007654": "exile to go back and live there, and they will become Yehudites.", "9mjviXc0asU-00029-00007654-00007837": "And this is going to be where the word Jew comes from.", "9mjviXc0asU-00030-00007837-00008212": "But that is not going to be historically accurate before the", "9mjviXc0asU-00031-00008212-00008384": "end of the sixth century.", "9mjviXc0asU-00032-00008384-00008656": "And even then it is still a technical term having to do with", "9mjviXc0asU-00033-00008656-00008813": "living in the Province of Yehud.", "9mjviXc0asU-00034-00008813-00009062": "It is not an ethnic term.", "9mjviXc0asU-00035-00009062-00009285": "The word \"Yehud\" or \"Jew\" does not become an ethnic term for", "9mjviXc0asU-00036-00009285-00009504": "quite some time. So \"Israelites\" is the correct", "9mjviXc0asU-00037-00009504-00009754": "term for the group that we are dealing with here.", "9mjviXc0asU-00038-00009754-00009946": "Hebrew is not bad, either, it basically is a", "9mjviXc0asU-00039-00009946-00010201": "linguistic term that refers to people who speak Hebrew.", "9mjviXc0asU-00040-00010201-00010535": "And so the Hebrews--it is something of a social-ethnic", "9mjviXc0asU-00041-00010535-00010907": "term, but based mainly on the linguistic feature of speaking", "9mjviXc0asU-00042-00010907-00011031": "Hebrew. Okay.", "9mjviXc0asU-00043-00011031-00011393": "So no Israelis, only Israelites.", "9mjviXc0asU-00044-00011393-00011588": "All right. We were reaching the end of", "9mjviXc0asU-00045-00011588-00011901": "Joshua, and we are going to be moving on to Judges today.", "9mjviXc0asU-00046-00011901-00012338": "And the Bible describes the early Israelite socio-political", "9mjviXc0asU-00047-00012338-00012490": "unit as the tribe.", "9mjviXc0asU-00048-00012490-00012744": "And this is what is going to be featured in the last part of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00049-00012744-00012977": "Book of Joshua. We are going to see that tribes", "9mjviXc0asU-00050-00012977-00013100": "are territorial units.", "9mjviXc0asU-00051-00013100-00013296": "A tribe is attached to a territory.", "9mjviXc0asU-00052-00013296-00013619": "Within the tribe you have clan elders, and the clan elders are", "9mjviXc0asU-00053-00013619-00013787": "the ones who dispense justice.", "9mjviXc0asU-00054-00013787-00014138": "They make decisions regarding the general welfare of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00055-00014138-00014384": "tribe. So the second half of the Book", "9mjviXc0asU-00056-00014384-00014722": "of Joshua--so the first half recounts the conquest,", "9mjviXc0asU-00057-00014722-00015020": "and then the second half recounts the division of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00058-00015020-00015326": "land among the 12 tribes, who, it is claimed,", "9mjviXc0asU-00059-00015326-00015662": "were descended from the 12 sons of Jacob.", "9mjviXc0asU-00060-00015662-00015982": "We have a couple of different lists of the tribes in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00061-00015982-00016221": "Bible, so if you take a look some time,", "9mjviXc0asU-00062-00016221-00016608": "you might want to compare the list that is in Genesis 29 or", "9mjviXc0asU-00063-00016608-00016852": "30. It is pretty much the same list", "9mjviXc0asU-00064-00016852-00017009": "that is in Genesis 49.", "9mjviXc0asU-00065-00017009-00017253": "These are in blessings.", "9mjviXc0asU-00066-00017253-00017561": "Patriarchs will very often give blessings of all their children,", "9mjviXc0asU-00067-00017561-00017855": "so you look at the names of the children and you will see the", "9mjviXc0asU-00068-00017855-00018187": "list of twelve. You have the six sons of Leah.", "9mjviXc0asU-00069-00018187-00018424": "You have the four sons of the two concubines,", "9mjviXc0asU-00070-00018424-00018668": "Bilhah and Zilpah, and the two sons of Rachel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00071-00018668-00018797": "Joseph and Benjamin.", "9mjviXc0asU-00072-00018797-00019041": "And that is probably the oldest list that we have.", "9mjviXc0asU-00073-00019041-00019435": "But if you compare it to Numbers 26 and the list that is", "9mjviXc0asU-00074-00019435-00019765": "in Joshua with the distribution of the land,", "9mjviXc0asU-00075-00019765-00020089": "you will see that Levi or Levi is not included,", "9mjviXc0asU-00076-00020089-00020450": "presumably because the Levites, who were to function as a", "9mjviXc0asU-00077-00020450-00020731": "priestly class in Israel, they have no land allotment.", "9mjviXc0asU-00078-00020731-00021056": "They are supported through the cultic practices and the", "9mjviXc0asU-00079-00021056-00021321": "perquisites that come from the sacrifices.", "9mjviXc0asU-00080-00021321-00021836": "And so instead of the Levites, we find that there are tribes", "9mjviXc0asU-00081-00021836-00022141": "named for the two sons of Joseph.", "9mjviXc0asU-00082-00022141-00022371": "So there is no Joseph tribe per se.", "9mjviXc0asU-00083-00022371-00022633": "Joseph's two sons are Ephraim and Manasseh,", "9mjviXc0asU-00084-00022633-00022919": "and this is how we then reach the Number 12.", "9mjviXc0asU-00085-00022919-00023225": "So there is no Levi in the later lists, but the Joseph", "9mjviXc0asU-00086-00023225-00023519": "tribes have been split into Ephraim and Manasseh,", "9mjviXc0asU-00087-00023519-00023784": "if you will, who are said to be the two sons", "9mjviXc0asU-00088-00023784-00023977": "of Joseph. So the consensus is,", "9mjviXc0asU-00089-00023977-00024324": "the scholarly consensus is, that what you have in Canaan is", "9mjviXc0asU-00090-00024324-00024630": "an alliance of tribes, perhaps not precisely twelve,", "9mjviXc0asU-00091-00024630-00024826": "you know. At different times there might", "9mjviXc0asU-00092-00024826-00025044": "have been a different number and different groups that came", "9mjviXc0asU-00093-00025044-00025161": "together at different times.", "9mjviXc0asU-00094-00025161-00025492": "But you have these tribes who are worshiping Yahweh,", "9mjviXc0asU-00095-00025492-00025766": "perhaps not exclusively as we have seen.", "9mjviXc0asU-00096-00025766-00026069": "And they have some loose obligations of mutual defense in", "9mjviXc0asU-00097-00026069-00026220": "these different alliances.", "9mjviXc0asU-00098-00026220-00026635": "The Book of Joshua presents this very idealized portrait of", "9mjviXc0asU-00099-00026635-00026936": "these twelve tribes who are preexistent.", "9mjviXc0asU-00100-00026936-00027208": "They come into the Land of Canaan already formed basically", "9mjviXc0asU-00101-00027208-00027300": "as twelve tribes.", "9mjviXc0asU-00102-00027300-00027622": "They are united with one another by their covenant with", "9mjviXc0asU-00103-00027622-00027902": "Yahweh, and they conquer the land in concert.", "9mjviXc0asU-00104-00027902-00028155": "But there are other elements of the biblical narrative,", "9mjviXc0asU-00105-00028155-00028347": "as we have already begun to talk about,", "9mjviXc0asU-00106-00028347-00028655": "and will continue to talk about today as we move into Judges,", "9mjviXc0asU-00107-00028655-00028964": "which really suggest there was much more sporadic cooperation", "9mjviXc0asU-00108-00028964-00029072": "among the tribes.", "9mjviXc0asU-00109-00029072-00029354": "You never have more than one or two really acting in concert", "9mjviXc0asU-00110-00029354-00029560": "until the very end of the Book of Judges.", "9mjviXc0asU-00111-00029560-00029934": "And so this suggests that there really was no super-tribal", "9mjviXc0asU-00112-00029934-00030256": "government or coordination at this early stage.", "9mjviXc0asU-00113-00030256-00030641": "The Ark is said to have circulated among the different", "9mjviXc0asU-00114-00030641-00030997": "tribal territories, it did not rest permanently in", "9mjviXc0asU-00115-00030997-00031454": "the territory of one tribe until somewhat late in the period--it", "9mjviXc0asU-00116-00031454-00031730": "comes to rest at a place called Shiloh.", "9mjviXc0asU-00117-00031730-00032006": "Shiloh. And it seems that only in", "9mjviXc0asU-00118-00032006-00032415": "extraordinary cases would you have the tribes acting together,", "9mjviXc0asU-00119-00032415-00032711": "perhaps by decision of the tribal elders.", "9mjviXc0asU-00120-00032711-00033106": "But superimposed upon the authority of the elders is the", "9mjviXc0asU-00121-00033106-00033422": "authority of certain inspired individuals.", "9mjviXc0asU-00122-00033422-00033898": "And these are known as judges, and it is the exploits of these", "9mjviXc0asU-00123-00033898-00034319": "individuals that are recorded in the Book of Judges.", "9mjviXc0asU-00124-00034319-00034650": "And we will turn to the Book of Judges now.", "9mjviXc0asU-00125-00034650-00035107": "The Book of Judges is set in that transitional period between", "9mjviXc0asU-00126-00035107-00035526": "the death of Joshua and the establishment of a monarchic", "9mjviXc0asU-00127-00035526-00035844": "system. It is about a 200-year period,", "9mjviXc0asU-00128-00035844-00036086": "from about 1200 to 1000 or so.", "9mjviXc0asU-00129-00036086-00036454": "It is an imaginative and embellished reconstruction of", "9mjviXc0asU-00130-00036454-00036649": "that period of transition.", "9mjviXc0asU-00131-00036649-00036961": "We'll also see it is a very ideologically laden", "9mjviXc0asU-00132-00036961-00037311": "reconstruction. So the stories depict local", "9mjviXc0asU-00133-00037311-00037694": "tribal skirmishes, rather than confrontations", "9mjviXc0asU-00134-00037694-00038050": "between nations. You have pretty much skirmishes", "9mjviXc0asU-00135-00038050-00038248": "with groups around the country.", "9mjviXc0asU-00136-00038248-00038525": "And that makes a lot of sense for this 200-year period,", "9mjviXc0asU-00137-00038525-00038714": "when Canaan is making a transition.", "9mjviXc0asU-00138-00038714-00039096": "A transition from city-states in the Bronze Age to the", "9mjviXc0asU-00139-00039096-00039528": "emerging nation of what will be Israel, next to it Philistia,", "9mjviXc0asU-00140-00039528-00039723": "on the east side, Aram.", "9mjviXc0asU-00141-00039723-00039979": "So we have--nations are going to be coming into being by the", "9mjviXc0asU-00142-00039979-00040222": "end of this period, but there is this 200-year", "9mjviXc0asU-00143-00040222-00040549": "transitional period before you get the formation of these", "9mjviXc0asU-00144-00040549-00040677": "independent states.", "9mjviXc0asU-00145-00040677-00041012": "Like Joshua, the Book of Judges consists of", "9mjviXc0asU-00146-00041012-00041490": "various sources that were fused together in a Deuteronomistic", "9mjviXc0asU-00147-00041490-00041768": "framework. I will come back to that.", "9mjviXc0asU-00148-00041768-00042133": "In fact, it is really a collection of individual stories", "9mjviXc0asU-00149-00042133-00042451": "that center on local heroes, several of whom are,", "9mjviXc0asU-00150-00042451-00042743": "interestingly enough, socially marginal.", "9mjviXc0asU-00151-00042743-00042889": "These are pretty scrappy characters.", "9mjviXc0asU-00152-00042889-00043118": "You've got the illegitimate son of a prostitute.", "9mjviXc0asU-00153-00043118-00043261": "You've got a bandit.", "9mjviXc0asU-00154-00043261-00043583": "You've got very interesting, colorful, and as I say,", "9mjviXc0asU-00155-00043583-00043754": "socially marginal people.", "9mjviXc0asU-00156-00043754-00044076": "And these stories have a real folkloristic flavor to them.", "9mjviXc0asU-00157-00044076-00044392": "They're full of drama and a lot of local color,", "9mjviXc0asU-00158-00044392-00044742": "local references to places and customs and so on.", "9mjviXc0asU-00159-00044742-00045095": "So if you were to list the stories of the various judges,", "9mjviXc0asU-00160-00045095-00045467": "the major judges--we have six major and six minor judges;", "9mjviXc0asU-00161-00045467-00045708": "the minor judge is just simply a reference to the fact that", "9mjviXc0asU-00162-00045708-00045887": "they judged for a certain period of time.", "9mjviXc0asU-00163-00045887-00046242": "So there are 12 listed in all, I believe) and there are six", "9mjviXc0asU-00164-00046242-00046524": "major judges for whom there is a lengthy story,", "9mjviXc0asU-00165-00046524-00046751": "beginning with Ehud in chapter 3.", "9mjviXc0asU-00166-00046751-00047122": "It is a very funny story.", "9mjviXc0asU-00167-00047122-00047474": "Ehud leads the Israelites against the Moabites;", "9mjviXc0asU-00168-00047474-00047699": "a lot of sort of bathroom humor in that one.", "9mjviXc0asU-00169-00047699-00047943": "In chapters 4 and 5, you have Deborah,", "9mjviXc0asU-00170-00047943-00048334": "who helps the Israelites in battle against certain Canaanite", "9mjviXc0asU-00171-00048334-00048600": "groups. You have three chapters,", "9mjviXc0asU-00172-00048600-00048818": "four chapters, chapters 6-9,", "9mjviXc0asU-00173-00048818-00049125": "recording the adventures of Gideon.", "9mjviXc0asU-00174-00049125-00049461": "Gideon fights against the Midianites.", "9mjviXc0asU-00175-00049461-00049555": "Gideon is interesting.", "9mjviXc0asU-00176-00049555-00049872": "There are signs in his story that he is divinely chosen.", "9mjviXc0asU-00177-00049872-00050182": "There is some evidence of the annunciation of his birth,", "9mjviXc0asU-00178-00050182-00050436": "and some signal that he is divinely chosen.", "9mjviXc0asU-00179-00050436-00050746": "Then in 11 and into a little bit of chapter 12,", "9mjviXc0asU-00180-00050746-00051036": "you have the story of Yiftah or Jephthah,", "9mjviXc0asU-00181-00051036-00051384": "who fights against the Ammonites--very interesting and", "9mjviXc0asU-00182-00051384-00051905": "tragic story of his daughter, which echoes similar sorts of", "9mjviXc0asU-00183-00051905-00052178": "stories in Greek legend.", "9mjviXc0asU-00184-00052178-00052442": "You also have in chapters 13-16, Samson who,", "9mjviXc0asU-00185-00052442-00052712": "of course, fights against the Philistines.", "9mjviXc0asU-00186-00052712-00053084": "Samson is somewhat atypical.", "9mjviXc0asU-00187-00053084-00053353": "He also has a tremendous and fatal weakness for foreign", "9mjviXc0asU-00188-00053353-00053622": "women, and that is a strong theme throughout the Samson", "9mjviXc0asU-00189-00053622-00053821": "stories. We will come back to some of", "9mjviXc0asU-00190-00053821-00053972": "that. Then towards the end:", "9mjviXc0asU-00191-00053972-00054246": "you have some interesting chapters at the end.", "9mjviXc0asU-00192-00054246-00054584": "17 and 18 tell the story of Micah or Micah,", "9mjviXc0asU-00193-00054584-00054810": "and his idolatrous shrine.", "9mjviXc0asU-00194-00054810-00055066": "And then finally, the quite horrifying and", "9mjviXc0asU-00195-00055066-00055324": "gruesome tale, beginning in chapter 19,", "9mjviXc0asU-00196-00055324-00055729": "going on through 20 and 21-- the story of the Levite's", "9mjviXc0asU-00197-00055729-00055959": "concubine and the civil war.", "9mjviXc0asU-00198-00055959-00056148": "We will come back and talk about some of these in a little", "9mjviXc0asU-00199-00056148-00056342": "more detail. But that is just to give you a", "9mjviXc0asU-00200-00056342-00056587": "sense of the different units that are in the story,", "9mjviXc0asU-00201-00056587-00056704": "that are in the book.", "9mjviXc0asU-00202-00056704-00056985": "And these stories have then been embedded in a", "9mjviXc0asU-00203-00056985-00057160": "Deuteronomistic framework.", "9mjviXc0asU-00204-00057160-00057543": "This framework provides the editor's view and pronouncement", "9mjviXc0asU-00205-00057543-00057754": "on and judgment of the period.", "9mjviXc0asU-00206-00057754-00058129": "Some of the stories seem to have been left pretty much", "9mjviXc0asU-00207-00058129-00058271": "intact themselves.", "9mjviXc0asU-00208-00058271-00058641": "There isn't in many cases, a lot of interference inside", "9mjviXc0asU-00209-00058641-00058998": "the story, only a few interpolations that express the", "9mjviXc0asU-00210-00058998-00059225": "editor's theology of history.", "9mjviXc0asU-00211-00059225-00059484": "But the editor's theology of history is best seen in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00212-00059484-00059776": "preface to the book, which is why I sort of stuck", "9mjviXc0asU-00213-00059776-00060120": "these over to the side, this preface that frames the", "9mjviXc0asU-00214-00060120-00060389": "book. And chapter 1 gives a detailed", "9mjviXc0asU-00215-00060389-00060841": "summary of the situation at the end of Joshua's conquest--taking", "9mjviXc0asU-00216-00060841-00061105": "stock, listing the extensive areas", "9mjviXc0asU-00217-00061105-00061490": "that Joshua had failed to take from the Canaanites,", "9mjviXc0asU-00218-00061490-00061755": "despite the impression that is given by the Book of Joshua", "9mjviXc0asU-00219-00061755-00062038": "(certainly the first part of it) that they did everything they", "9mjviXc0asU-00220-00062038-00062312": "were supposed to have done and fulfilled the commandments to", "9mjviXc0asU-00221-00062312-00062544": "Moses and so on. But here, we get a list of all", "9mjviXc0asU-00222-00062544-00062759": "the places they failed to take from the Canaanites,", "9mjviXc0asU-00223-00062759-00062939": "starting in Judah and moving northward.", "9mjviXc0asU-00224-00062939-00063184": "They tend to always start in the southern area,", "9mjviXc0asU-00225-00063184-00063491": "in Judah, and then list things in a northward direction.", "9mjviXc0asU-00226-00063491-00063832": "Then in Judges 2:1-5, an angel appears before", "9mjviXc0asU-00227-00063832-00064164": "Joshua's death, and the angel recounts God's", "9mjviXc0asU-00228-00064164-00064612": "redemption of the Israelites from Egypt and then quotes God", "9mjviXc0asU-00229-00064612-00065069": "as follows: \"I will never break my covenant with you.", "9mjviXc0asU-00230-00065069-00065348": "And you, for your part, must make no covenant with the", "9mjviXc0asU-00231-00065348-00065611": "inhabitants of this land; you must tear down their", "9mjviXc0asU-00232-00065611-00065829": "altars.\" That is a phrase that is found", "9mjviXc0asU-00233-00065829-00066087": "in Deuteronomy 12: again, one of those phrases", "9mjviXc0asU-00234-00066087-00066420": "that makes us link Deuteronomy with all of these subsequent", "9mjviXc0asU-00235-00066420-00066604": "books, and we refer to it all as a", "9mjviXc0asU-00236-00066604-00066853": "school, the Deuteronomistic School, because we have these", "9mjviXc0asU-00237-00066853-00067119": "phrases from Deuteronomy that will be peppered throughout the", "9mjviXc0asU-00238-00067119-00067230": "rest of these books.", "9mjviXc0asU-00239-00067230-00067507": "God will be faithful to his covenant, in other words.", "9mjviXc0asU-00240-00067507-00067626": "But it is a two-way street.", "9mjviXc0asU-00241-00067626-00067888": "And if Israel does not do her part, she will be punished.", "9mjviXc0asU-00242-00067888-00068191": "The editor is setting us up with that expectation before we", "9mjviXc0asU-00243-00068191-00068441": "even begin to read an account of what happens.", "9mjviXc0asU-00244-00068441-00068757": "The angel then relates that Israel has already not been", "9mjviXc0asU-00245-00068757-00069031": "obedient, so God has resolved--this is a fait", "9mjviXc0asU-00246-00069031-00069376": "accompli at this point--God has resolved that He will no", "9mjviXc0asU-00247-00069376-00069726": "longer drive the Canaanites out before the Israelites.", "9mjviXc0asU-00248-00069726-00070181": "He will leave them as a snare and a trap to test their resolve", "9mjviXc0asU-00249-00070181-00070330": "and their loyalty.", "9mjviXc0asU-00250-00070330-00070626": "So it is a very far cry from the idealized portrait that we", "9mjviXc0asU-00251-00070626-00070860": "had in the first half of the Book of Joshua.", "9mjviXc0asU-00252-00070860-00071166": "So that opening announcement listing all of the ways in which", "9mjviXc0asU-00253-00071166-00071346": "they had failed to take the land,", "9mjviXc0asU-00254-00071346-00071706": "and the visit by the angel who tells them: you have already", "9mjviXc0asU-00255-00071706-00072062": "failed in so many ways, and so God is not even going to", "9mjviXc0asU-00256-00072062-00072445": "help you to rout the Canaanites any longer--that is followed", "9mjviXc0asU-00257-00072445-00072827": "then in a section from chapter 2:11 through chapter 3:6.", "9mjviXc0asU-00258-00072827-00073108": "And this is a kind of prospective summary,", "9mjviXc0asU-00259-00073108-00073471": "a summary before the fact of the nation's troubles.", "9mjviXc0asU-00260-00073471-00073928": "And this is a passage that expresses the editor's judgment", "9mjviXc0asU-00261-00073928-00074177": "on the nation of this period.", "9mjviXc0asU-00262-00074177-00074611": "\"Another generation arose after them, which had not experienced", "9mjviXc0asU-00263-00074611-00075002": "the Lord, or the deeds that He had wrought for Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00264-00075002-00075289": "And the Israelites did what was offensive to the Lord,\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00265-00075289-00075553": "literally what was evil in the eyes of the lord.", "9mjviXc0asU-00266-00075553-00075772": "An important phrase: what was evil in the eyes of", "9mjviXc0asU-00267-00075772-00075946": "the Lord. …They followed other", "9mjviXc0asU-00268-00075946-00076177": "gods, from among the gods of the peoples around them,", "9mjviXc0asU-00269-00076177-00076444": "and bowed down to them; they provoked the Lord….Then", "9mjviXc0asU-00270-00076444-00076761": "the Lord was incensed at Israel, and He handed them over to foes", "9mjviXc0asU-00271-00076761-00077083": "who plundered them…as the Lord had declared and as the Lord had", "9mjviXc0asU-00272-00077083-00077372": "sworn to them; and they were in great distress.", "9mjviXc0asU-00273-00077372-00077549": "Then the Lord raised up leaders [see note 1]", "9mjviXc0asU-00274-00077549-00077761": "who delivered them from those who plundered them.", "9mjviXc0asU-00275-00077761-00077969": "But they did not heed their leaders either;", "9mjviXc0asU-00276-00077969-00078199": "they went astray after other gods and bowed down to", "9mjviXc0asU-00277-00078199-00078429": "them… I am sort of skipping, right?", "9mjviXc0asU-00278-00078429-00078621": "I am condensing all of this.", "9mjviXc0asU-00279-00078621-00078851": "…When the Lord raised up leaders for them,", "9mjviXc0asU-00280-00078851-00079119": "the Lord would be with the leader and would save them from", "9mjviXc0asU-00281-00079119-00079339": "their enemies during the leader's lifetime;", "9mjviXc0asU-00282-00079339-00079644": "for the Lord would be moved to pity by their moanings because", "9mjviXc0asU-00283-00079644-00079857": "of those who oppressed and crushed them.", "9mjviXc0asU-00284-00079857-00080182": "But when the leader died, they would again act basely,", "9mjviXc0asU-00285-00080182-00080520": "even more than the preceding generation--following other", "9mjviXc0asU-00286-00080520-00080659": "gods, worshiping them,", "9mjviXc0asU-00287-00080659-00080947": "and bowing down to them; they omitted none of their", "9mjviXc0asU-00288-00080947-00081159": "practices and stubborn ways.", "9mjviXc0asU-00289-00081159-00081391": "So in short, it is the view of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00290-00081391-00081763": "Deuteronomistic historian expressed here in Judges,", "9mjviXc0asU-00291-00081763-00082179": "that Israel's crises are caused by her infidelity to Yahweh,", "9mjviXc0asU-00292-00082179-00082461": "through the worship of Canaanite gods,", "9mjviXc0asU-00293-00082461-00082782": "and for this sin, God sells the Israelites to", "9mjviXc0asU-00294-00082782-00083177": "their enemies and then, moved to pity when they cry out", "9mjviXc0asU-00295-00083177-00083606": "under the oppression, He raises leaders to deliver", "9mjviXc0asU-00296-00083606-00083808": "Israel. This pattern of sin,", "9mjviXc0asU-00297-00083808-00084178": "punishment, repentance and deliverance through leaders is", "9mjviXc0asU-00298-00084178-00084475": "the recurring pattern throughout the book.", "9mjviXc0asU-00299-00084475-00084892": "It punctuates the transition from each of these leaders that", "9mjviXc0asU-00300-00084892-00085034": "God will raise up.", "9mjviXc0asU-00301-00085034-00085213": "So it is this recurring pattern.", "9mjviXc0asU-00302-00085213-00085544": "This Deuteronomistic perspective, as well as", "9mjviXc0asU-00303-00085544-00085836": "Deuteronomistic ideology, generally,", "9mjviXc0asU-00304-00085836-00086179": "isn't always apparent within the individual stories", "9mjviXc0asU-00305-00086179-00086372": "themselves, as I stressed.", "9mjviXc0asU-00306-00086372-00086657": "Some of them seem to be pre-Deuteronomistic folktales", "9mjviXc0asU-00307-00086657-00086893": "about the exploits of these local heroes.", "9mjviXc0asU-00308-00086893-00087075": "They were popular stories.", "9mjviXc0asU-00309-00087075-00087405": "So Gideon, we'll see, builds an altar despite the", "9mjviXc0asU-00310-00087405-00087819": "fact that we know Deuteronomy insisted on centralized worship", "9mjviXc0asU-00311-00087819-00088191": "and prohibited outlying altars or multiple altars.", "9mjviXc0asU-00312-00088191-00088565": "He is also known, his other name,", "9mjviXc0asU-00313-00088565-00088891": "if you will, is Jerubbaal.", "9mjviXc0asU-00314-00088891-00089425": "It is a name that is made with Baal, meaning Baal will strive,", "9mjviXc0asU-00315-00089425-00089625": "or Baal will contend.", "9mjviXc0asU-00316-00089625-00089861": "So this is an alternate name for Gideon.", "9mjviXc0asU-00317-00089861-00090088": "He erects an idol.", "9mjviXc0asU-00318-00090088-00090410": "The people of Shechem, where he is--after his death", "9mjviXc0asU-00319-00090410-00090653": "they continue to worship Baal Berit,", "9mjviXc0asU-00320-00090653-00091029": "the Baal of the covenant, which is an interesting sort of", "9mjviXc0asU-00321-00091029-00091325": "merger of Baalism and covenantal religion.", "9mjviXc0asU-00322-00091325-00091681": "So you have a lot of these elements that presumably the", "9mjviXc0asU-00323-00091681-00091900": "Deuteronomist would disapprove.", "9mjviXc0asU-00324-00091900-00092200": "The story of Samson also appears to be largely", "9mjviXc0asU-00325-00092200-00092348": "pre-Deuteronomistic.", "9mjviXc0asU-00326-00092348-00092714": "It was again probably a very popular, entertaining folktale", "9mjviXc0asU-00327-00092714-00092911": "about a legendary strong man.", "9mjviXc0asU-00328-00092911-00093148": "You know, he can lift up the gates of the city.", "9mjviXc0asU-00329-00093148-00093638": "He can tie the tails of 300 foxes with torches and so on.", "9mjviXc0asU-00330-00093638-00093956": "But this great strong man is undone by his one weakness,", "9mjviXc0asU-00331-00093956-00094187": "which is a weakness for foreign women,", "9mjviXc0asU-00332-00094187-00094495": "particularly Philistine women (at least we think Delilah was", "9mjviXc0asU-00333-00094495-00094722": "Philistine). And that proves to be his", "9mjviXc0asU-00334-00094722-00094985": "downfall. So you can see in a way how", "9mjviXc0asU-00335-00094985-00095416": "these stories were fodder for the Deuteronomistic editor.", "9mjviXc0asU-00336-00095416-00095786": "The Deuteronomistic editor insists that foreign gods often", "9mjviXc0asU-00337-00095786-00096059": "accessed through marriage to foreign women,", "9mjviXc0asU-00338-00096059-00096345": "exercised a fatal attraction for Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00339-00096345-00096666": "And it was the inability to resist the snare of idolatry", "9mjviXc0asU-00340-00096666-00096883": "that would ultimately lead to ruin.", "9mjviXc0asU-00341-00096883-00097316": "You have to remember that the final editing of this narrative", "9mjviXc0asU-00342-00097316-00097548": "history is happening in exile.", "9mjviXc0asU-00343-00097548-00097784": "Right? It is happening for people for", "9mjviXc0asU-00344-00097784-00098117": "whom all of this is ultimately leading towards a tragedy.", "9mjviXc0asU-00345-00098117-00098509": "All right. So the leaders who are raised", "9mjviXc0asU-00346-00098509-00098732": "by God are called judges.", "9mjviXc0asU-00347-00098732-00099145": "That is the term that is used in other Semitic texts to refer", "9mjviXc0asU-00348-00099145-00099525": "to leaders in the second millennium, sometimes human and", "9mjviXc0asU-00349-00099525-00099670": "sometimes divine.", "9mjviXc0asU-00350-00099670-00099905": "So the term is used here in the biblical text.", "9mjviXc0asU-00351-00099905-00100225": "It refers always to a human leader, and one who exercises", "9mjviXc0asU-00352-00100225-00100557": "many different powers or functions, not merely judicial.", "9mjviXc0asU-00353-00100557-00100829": "We think of the word \"judge\" really in a judicial context,", "9mjviXc0asU-00354-00100829-00101112": "but that was not the extent of the function of the judge.", "9mjviXc0asU-00355-00101112-00101481": "The Israelite judge was actually primarily a military", "9mjviXc0asU-00356-00101481-00101772": "leader, commissioned with a specific task,", "9mjviXc0asU-00357-00101772-00102063": "and only in times of national crisis.", "9mjviXc0asU-00358-00102063-00102458": "The judge had a charismatic quality, which in several cases", "9mjviXc0asU-00359-00102458-00102833": "is expressed by the phrase, \"the spirit of the Lord came", "9mjviXc0asU-00360-00102833-00103198": "upon him.\" God would raise up the judge to", "9mjviXc0asU-00361-00103198-00103572": "deliver the people from a specific crisis.", "9mjviXc0asU-00362-00103572-00103902": "The judge might muster troops from two tribes,", "9mjviXc0asU-00363-00103902-00104254": "or three tribes, sometimes only a clan or two,", "9mjviXc0asU-00364-00104254-00104580": "which suggests that there was no real national entity at this", "9mjviXc0asU-00365-00104580-00104836": "particular time. We never see more than one or", "9mjviXc0asU-00366-00104836-00105125": "two tribes acting together or some clans of a tribe.", "9mjviXc0asU-00367-00105125-00105725": "But the institution of judges never created fixed political", "9mjviXc0asU-00368-00105725-00105965": "forms. And each judge differed from", "9mjviXc0asU-00369-00105965-00106250": "the last in background, in class, and even gender.", "9mjviXc0asU-00370-00106250-00106589": "We do have one female judge, Deborah, who did exercise", "9mjviXc0asU-00371-00106589-00106933": "judicial functions evidently, according to the text.", "9mjviXc0asU-00372-00106933-00107300": "The judges are not chosen necessarily for their virtue.", "9mjviXc0asU-00373-00107300-00107735": "Many of them seem to fall into the literary type of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00374-00107735-00107977": "trickster, a bit like Jacob.", "9mjviXc0asU-00375-00107977-00108177": "Some of them. They are crafty,", "9mjviXc0asU-00376-00108177-00108507": "tricky types. Gideon is explicitly chosen for", "9mjviXc0asU-00377-00108507-00108764": "his weakness, and not because of his", "9mjviXc0asU-00378-00108764-00109038": "strength. It turns out that he is quite a", "9mjviXc0asU-00379-00109038-00109319": "ruthless fighter, and he is clearly not a devout", "9mjviXc0asU-00380-00109319-00109649": "Yahwist. Jepthah is an outlaw.", "9mjviXc0asU-00381-00109649-00109994": "Samson is hardly a moral exemplar.", "9mjviXc0asU-00382-00109994-00110381": "So these are not meant to be idealized heroes,", "9mjviXc0asU-00383-00110381-00110561": "but popular heroes.", "9mjviXc0asU-00384-00110561-00110944": "There is a very interesting tension in the Book of Judges", "9mjviXc0asU-00385-00110944-00111278": "that will continue beyond into the Book of Samuel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00386-00111278-00111593": "as well, but a tension regarding kingship.", "9mjviXc0asU-00387-00111593-00112141": "The individual stories seem to suggest a very deep-seated", "9mjviXc0asU-00388-00112141-00112367": "distrust of kingship.", "9mjviXc0asU-00389-00112367-00112655": "So in Judges 8, the people ask one of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00390-00112655-00112986": "judges, Gideon at that time, to become king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00391-00112986-00113257": "And he responds this way: \"I shall not rule over you,", "9mjviXc0asU-00392-00113257-00113433": "nor shall my sons rule over you.", "9mjviXc0asU-00393-00113433-00113597": "Yahweh shall rule over you\".", "9mjviXc0asU-00394-00113597-00114017": "That is 8:23. And indeed, the short reign of", "9mjviXc0asU-00395-00114017-00114484": "Gideon's ruthless son Abimelekh, which means \"my father is king\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00396-00114484-00114766": "ironically, is a complete disaster.", "9mjviXc0asU-00397-00114766-00115016": "The position of judge is temporary.", "9mjviXc0asU-00398-00115016-00115307": "God was viewed as the permanent king in Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00399-00115307-00115682": "The temporary authority of the judge derived from the kingship", "9mjviXc0asU-00400-00115682-00115890": "of God. So the judge's position could", "9mjviXc0asU-00401-00115890-00116070": "not become absolute or permanent.", "9mjviXc0asU-00402-00116070-00116354": "That would be a rejection of God's leadership.", "9mjviXc0asU-00403-00116354-00116790": "The Book of Judges seems to be squarely against the notion of", "9mjviXc0asU-00404-00116790-00116943": "kingship in Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00405-00116943-00117365": "But the book as a whole seems to suggest a certain progression", "9mjviXc0asU-00406-00117365-00117715": "towards kingship, and this emerges from some of", "9mjviXc0asU-00407-00117715-00118039": "the editorial elements and interpolations.", "9mjviXc0asU-00408-00118039-00118483": "The final chapters of Judges document Israel's slow slide", "9mjviXc0asU-00409-00118483-00118848": "into disorder and ultimately into civil war.", "9mjviXc0asU-00410-00118848-00119261": "Chapter 18 opens with an ominous statement or phrase that", "9mjviXc0asU-00411-00119261-00119550": "recurs throughout the final chapters.", "9mjviXc0asU-00412-00119550-00119884": "\"In those days, there was no king in Israel.\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00413-00119884-00120419": "That happens again in chapter 19:1, chapter 21:25.", "9mjviXc0asU-00414-00120419-00120748": "\"And in addition it is said that everyone did as he pleased,", "9mjviXc0asU-00415-00120748-00121027": "or everyone did what was right in his own eyes.\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00416-00121027-00121299": "It is in chapter 21:25.", "9mjviXc0asU-00417-00121299-00121673": "By the end of the book, the Israelites find themselves", "9mjviXc0asU-00418-00121673-00122090": "spiraling out of control in an orgy of violence and rape,", "9mjviXc0asU-00419-00122090-00122440": "and in the final chapter, all out civil war.", "9mjviXc0asU-00420-00122440-00123005": "A Levite's concubine is raped by a gang, murdered by the tribe", "9mjviXc0asU-00421-00123005-00123329": "of Benjamin. And this is an atrocity that is", "9mjviXc0asU-00422-00123329-00123574": "to be avenged by all the other tribes.", "9mjviXc0asU-00423-00123574-00123814": "The Levite takes her body, cuts it into 12 parts,", "9mjviXc0asU-00424-00123814-00124085": "sends a part to each of the tribes as a call to war,", "9mjviXc0asU-00425-00124085-00124626": "to join together in a war of extermination against Benjamin.", "9mjviXc0asU-00426-00124626-00124965": "And many scholars have observed that it is ironic and tragic", "9mjviXc0asU-00427-00124965-00125310": "that the one time the tribes do all act in concert is against", "9mjviXc0asU-00428-00125310-00125430": "one of their own.", "9mjviXc0asU-00429-00125430-00125806": "This is the only time all 12 tribes, or the other 11 tribes,", "9mjviXc0asU-00430-00125806-00126225": "come out against a common enemy and it is the tribe of Benjamin.", "9mjviXc0asU-00431-00126225-00126487": "At a certain point, however, they realize with some", "9mjviXc0asU-00432-00126487-00126775": "regret that the tribe of Benjamin is near extinction.", "9mjviXc0asU-00433-00126775-00127153": "This is not a good thing, so the other tribes then", "9mjviXc0asU-00434-00127153-00127546": "arrange to kidnap women from Shiloh as mates for the", "9mjviXc0asU-00435-00127546-00127754": "remaining Benjaminites.", "9mjviXc0asU-00436-00127754-00128215": "So as a final comment on this horrible symphony of barbarity,", "9mjviXc0asU-00437-00128215-00128481": "of rape, murder, civil war, kidnapping,", "9mjviXc0asU-00438-00128481-00128741": "forced marriage, the Deuteronomistic historian", "9mjviXc0asU-00439-00128741-00129007": "concludes the Book of Judges with this refrain:", "9mjviXc0asU-00440-00129007-00129284": "\"In those days there was no king in Israel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00441-00129284-00129498": "and every man did as he pleased.\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00442-00129498-00129936": "It is a wonderfully polysemic phrase, no king in Israel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00443-00129936-00130239": "no human king, perhaps also given their", "9mjviXc0asU-00444-00130239-00130463": "behavior no divine king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00445-00130463-00130740": "So again I see that as sort of an ominous refrain throughout.", "9mjviXc0asU-00446-00130740-00130854": "There was no king in Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00447-00130854-00131098": "Every man is doing as he pleases, and look at the", "9mjviXc0asU-00448-00131098-00131406": "situation we have reached by the end of the Book of Judges.", "9mjviXc0asU-00449-00131406-00131838": "The Deuteronomist's explanation for the moral and social", "9mjviXc0asU-00450-00131838-00132316": "bankruptcy of Israel at the end of the period of the judges at", "9mjviXc0asU-00451-00132316-00132539": "the dawn, or on the eve,", "9mjviXc0asU-00452-00132539-00132860": "of the monarchy, is Israel's continued", "9mjviXc0asU-00453-00132860-00133209": "infidelity. And the prescription for this", "9mjviXc0asU-00454-00133209-00133576": "situation at some level in the text is a king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00455-00133576-00134021": "This sits uneasily with an anti-monarchic trend in some of", "9mjviXc0asU-00456-00134021-00134248": "these stories. But according to the", "9mjviXc0asU-00457-00134248-00134536": "Deuteronomistic historian, the institutional structure of", "9mjviXc0asU-00458-00134536-00134845": "a kingdom of God--right, a sort of \"theocracy\" is how a", "9mjviXc0asU-00459-00134845-00135179": "later Jewish historian would describe this period--a kingdom", "9mjviXc0asU-00460-00135179-00135519": "in which God is the king and the community is led by inspired", "9mjviXc0asU-00461-00135519-00135785": "judges in times of crisis--that structure,", "9mjviXc0asU-00462-00135785-00136241": "that institutional structure failed to establish stability,", "9mjviXc0asU-00463-00136241-00136500": "a stable continuous government.", "9mjviXc0asU-00464-00136500-00136809": "It failed to provide leadership against Israel's enemies within", "9mjviXc0asU-00465-00136809-00137049": "and without. You have Ammon and Moab to the", "9mjviXc0asU-00466-00137049-00137266": "east. You have the Philistines to the", "9mjviXc0asU-00467-00137266-00137604": "west, and they soon manage to subjugate the entire land.", "9mjviXc0asU-00468-00137604-00137917": "So the tribes seem to be conscious of the need for a", "9mjviXc0asU-00469-00137917-00138236": "centralized authority, a strong central authority;", "9mjviXc0asU-00470-00138236-00138565": "and the demand for a king arises.", "9mjviXc0asU-00471-00138565-00138875": "In their search for a new political order,", "9mjviXc0asU-00472-00138875-00139178": "the people turn to the prophet Samuel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00473-00139178-00139801": "Samuel is the last in a line of prophet judges,", "9mjviXc0asU-00474-00139801-00140410": "and they ask him to anoint a king for them.", "9mjviXc0asU-00475-00140410-00140640": "So we are moving now into the Book of Samuel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00476-00140640-00141047": "And the Book of Samuel deals with the transition from the", "9mjviXc0asU-00477-00141047-00141432": "period of the judges to the period of the monarchy.", "9mjviXc0asU-00478-00141432-00141747": "In the first Book of Samuel, you have the opening chapters", "9mjviXc0asU-00479-00141747-00142050": "that record the birth and career of Israel's last judge,", "9mjviXc0asU-00480-00142050-00142334": "Samuel. So that is chapters 1-4.", "9mjviXc0asU-00481-00142334-00142659": "The next few chapters through chapter 7 deal with the", "9mjviXc0asU-00482-00142659-00142966": "Philistine crisis, and at this time the Ark of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00483-00142966-00143391": "Covenant itself is captured and taken into Philistine territory.", "9mjviXc0asU-00484-00143391-00143851": "Chapters 8-15 give us a story of Samuel and Saul,", "9mjviXc0asU-00485-00143851-00144176": "who will be Israel's first king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00486-00144176-00144607": "And then the last half of the book, 16 on to 31,", "9mjviXc0asU-00487-00144607-00145074": "are going to give us the story of Saul and David.", "9mjviXc0asU-00488-00145074-00145395": "So 1 Samuel opens with the story of Samuel's birth to", "9mjviXc0asU-00489-00145395-00145772": "Hannah, and her dedication of her son to the service of God at", "9mjviXc0asU-00490-00145772-00146058": "Shiloh, at the sanctuary at Shiloh.", "9mjviXc0asU-00491-00146058-00146428": "So Shiloh appears to have been the most important shrine in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00492-00146428-00146600": "period before the monarchy.", "9mjviXc0asU-00493-00146600-00146800": "The prophet, Jeremiah, is going to refer to", "9mjviXc0asU-00494-00146800-00147090": "Shiloh as the place where God first made his name to dwell.", "9mjviXc0asU-00495-00147090-00147313": "You remember the Deuteronomist is always speaking about", "9mjviXc0asU-00496-00147313-00147566": "centralization around a place where God will cause his name to", "9mjviXc0asU-00497-00147566-00147788": "dwell. At first that was Shiloh.", "9mjviXc0asU-00498-00147788-00148212": "It has been noted that after the birth of Samuel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00499-00148212-00148592": "the text conveys a sense of three crises,", "9mjviXc0asU-00500-00148592-00148874": "and I have listed them on the far side of the board over", "9mjviXc0asU-00501-00148874-00149174": "there. The first crisis is a religious", "9mjviXc0asU-00502-00149174-00149394": "crisis. The priest of the time,", "9mjviXc0asU-00503-00149394-00149799": "Eli--he is also described as a judge, but perhaps that is just", "9mjviXc0asU-00504-00149799-00150172": "to fit him literarily into the pattern of leadership that", "9mjviXc0asU-00505-00150172-00150558": "predominates in this section of the Bible--he is said to be", "9mjviXc0asU-00506-00150558-00150861": "aging, and his sons are quite corrupt.", "9mjviXc0asU-00507-00150861-00151031": "As a result, the text says,", "9mjviXc0asU-00508-00151031-00151325": "\"The word of Yahweh is rare in those days.\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00509-00151325-00151669": "So there is a crisis in religious leadership.", "9mjviXc0asU-00510-00151669-00151922": "There is also a crisis in political leadership,", "9mjviXc0asU-00511-00151922-00152148": "or political succession to some degree.", "9mjviXc0asU-00512-00152148-00152617": "Judges 2 tells us that Eli's two sons are clearly not worthy.", "9mjviXc0asU-00513-00152617-00152967": "They dishonor the sacrifices, and according to one reading", "9mjviXc0asU-00514-00152967-00153286": "they lie with the women at the door of the shrine.", "9mjviXc0asU-00515-00153286-00153688": "God says he will cut off the power of Eli's house.", "9mjviXc0asU-00516-00153688-00153914": "His two sons will die in one day.", "9mjviXc0asU-00517-00153914-00154144": "And God will find and raise up a faithful priest.", "9mjviXc0asU-00518-00154144-00154372": "But in the meantime, no leader is apparent.", "9mjviXc0asU-00519-00154372-00154643": "So we have a crisis in succession, if you will.", "9mjviXc0asU-00520-00154643-00154876": "The third crisis is a military crisis.", "9mjviXc0asU-00521-00154876-00155249": "In Judges 4-7, the Israelites suffer a defeat", "9mjviXc0asU-00522-00155249-00155538": "at the hands of the Philistines.", "9mjviXc0asU-00523-00155538-00155694": "I'm sorry, in 1 Samuel!", "9mjviXc0asU-00524-00155694-00155913": "They suffer defeat at the hands of the Philistines.", "9mjviXc0asU-00525-00155913-00156017": "The Ark is captured.", "9mjviXc0asU-00526-00156017-00156403": "Eli's two sons are killed and the news of all of this kills", "9mjviXc0asU-00527-00156403-00156731": "Eli, as well. So when we first meet Samuel we", "9mjviXc0asU-00528-00156731-00157165": "wonder: is he going to be the answer to all of these crises,", "9mjviXc0asU-00529-00157165-00157529": "these problems? Chapter 3 says that the word of", "9mjviXc0asU-00530-00157529-00157799": "God comes to Israel through Samuel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00531-00157799-00158020": "In contrast to the statement that the word of God was rare in", "9mjviXc0asU-00532-00158020-00158227": "those days, we hear that the word of God is now coming to", "9mjviXc0asU-00533-00158227-00158323": "Israel through Samuel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00534-00158323-00158484": "It raises some hope.", "9mjviXc0asU-00535-00158484-00158769": "In chapter 7, Samuel exhorts the people to", "9mjviXc0asU-00536-00158769-00159144": "stop serving alien gods and Ashteroth and to serve God,", "9mjviXc0asU-00537-00159144-00159422": "and only then will God deliver them.", "9mjviXc0asU-00538-00159422-00159767": "So the people do this, and Samuel leads them.", "9mjviXc0asU-00539-00159767-00160135": "He employs--his military tactics mostly include prayer", "9mjviXc0asU-00540-00160135-00160544": "and confession and sacrifice, but he manages to lead them to", "9mjviXc0asU-00541-00160544-00160774": "victory over the Philistines.", "9mjviXc0asU-00542-00160774-00161150": "God thunders and the Philistines flee in fear.", "9mjviXc0asU-00543-00161150-00161639": "So Samuel seems to be combining in one person several functions.", "9mjviXc0asU-00544-00161639-00161826": "He is a priest. He is in the shrine.", "9mjviXc0asU-00545-00161826-00161937": "He offers sacrifices.", "9mjviXc0asU-00546-00161937-00162085": "He builds altars.", "9mjviXc0asU-00547-00162085-00162294": "He is also a seer and a prophet.", "9mjviXc0asU-00548-00162294-00162604": "He receives the word of the Lord and, like a prophet,", "9mjviXc0asU-00549-00162604-00162777": "he will be anointing kings.", "9mjviXc0asU-00550-00162777-00163149": "And he is also a judge in the sense that he leads Israel to", "9mjviXc0asU-00551-00163149-00163271": "military victory.", "9mjviXc0asU-00552-00163271-00163701": "But he also travels a circuit acting as a judge in a judicial", "9mjviXc0asU-00553-00163701-00163952": "sense--it says throughout Israel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00554-00163952-00164197": "but really most of the places we hear about are within the", "9mjviXc0asU-00555-00164197-00164296": "confines of Benjamin.", "9mjviXc0asU-00556-00164296-00164635": "So this story seems to mostly be focused in the southern", "9mjviXc0asU-00557-00164635-00164846": "region in the tribe of Benjamin.", "9mjviXc0asU-00558-00164846-00165271": "But even he is unable to provide Israel with the kind of", "9mjviXc0asU-00559-00165271-00165643": "leadership that the text suggests is required.", "9mjviXc0asU-00560-00165643-00166011": "The Philistine threat is going to reemerge, and the crisis of", "9mjviXc0asU-00561-00166011-00166231": "succession will remain, obviously.", "9mjviXc0asU-00562-00166231-00166562": "And so the representatives of the twelve tribes come together", "9mjviXc0asU-00563-00166562-00166727": "to Samuel to ask for a king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00564-00166727-00167173": "Samuel is therefore a kind of a transition figure between", "9mjviXc0asU-00565-00167173-00167499": "Israel, the semi-democratic confederation,", "9mjviXc0asU-00566-00167499-00167817": "and Israel, the nation and monarchy.", "9mjviXc0asU-00567-00167817-00167993": "It is going to be a huge transformation,", "9mjviXc0asU-00568-00167993-00168239": "as we will see. But he is going to be the one", "9mjviXc0asU-00569-00168239-00168528": "to bridge the gap to this new kind of leadership.", "9mjviXc0asU-00570-00168528-00168871": "Now as in Judges, the historical account that we", "9mjviXc0asU-00571-00168871-00169221": "have in 1 Samuel contains many contradictions,", "9mjviXc0asU-00572-00169221-00169451": "many duplicates, so scholars take these as", "9mjviXc0asU-00573-00169451-00169783": "evidence of the existence of various conflicting sources and", "9mjviXc0asU-00574-00169783-00170149": "traditions that have been put together in a larger framework.", "9mjviXc0asU-00575-00170149-00170430": "So for example, we have three different", "9mjviXc0asU-00576-00170430-00170734": "accounts of the choice of Saul as king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00577-00170734-00171090": "We have two accounts of his being rejected ultimately by", "9mjviXc0asU-00578-00171090-00171297": "God. We have different accounts of", "9mjviXc0asU-00579-00171297-00171617": "how David came to know Saul and how David entered Saul's", "9mjviXc0asU-00580-00171617-00171850": "service. We have more than one account", "9mjviXc0asU-00581-00171850-00172102": "of David's escape into Philistine territory,", "9mjviXc0asU-00582-00172102-00172278": "of his sparing Saul's life.", "9mjviXc0asU-00583-00172278-00172365": "That happens twice.", "9mjviXc0asU-00584-00172365-00172530": "Twice he has the opportunity to kill him.", "9mjviXc0asU-00585-00172530-00172781": "Twice he spares his life, and so on.", "9mjviXc0asU-00586-00172781-00172979": "Goliath is killed twice.", "9mjviXc0asU-00587-00172979-00173225": "Only one of those occasions is by David.", "9mjviXc0asU-00588-00173225-00173523": "On the other occasion he is killed by some other hero.", "9mjviXc0asU-00589-00173523-00173926": "So most important for us, however, is the existence of", "9mjviXc0asU-00590-00173926-00174429": "sources that hold opposing views of the institution of kingship.", "9mjviXc0asU-00591-00174429-00174692": "This makes for an interesting and complicated structure in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00592-00174692-00174854": "book. Some of the passages are", "9mjviXc0asU-00593-00174854-00175176": "clearly anti-monarchic and some are clearly pro-monarchic.", "9mjviXc0asU-00594-00175176-00175577": "And I have put them up here, the anti-monarchic passages:", "9mjviXc0asU-00595-00175577-00175795": "1 Samuel 8. There is a passage in 10.", "9mjviXc0asU-00596-00175795-00175960": "There is a passage in 12.", "9mjviXc0asU-00597-00175960-00176329": "The pro-monarchic passages are sandwiched in between these,", "9mjviXc0asU-00598-00176329-00176463": "right, in 9 and 11.", "9mjviXc0asU-00599-00176463-00176725": "So you have this alternating sequence of anti,", "9mjviXc0asU-00600-00176725-00176858": "pro, anti, pro, anti.", "9mjviXc0asU-00601-00176858-00177358": "1 Samuel 8 is a classic example of the anti-monarchic", "9mjviXc0asU-00602-00177358-00177698": "perspective. Samuel is initially opposed to", "9mjviXc0asU-00603-00177698-00177953": "the whole idea. He apparently resents the", "9mjviXc0asU-00604-00177953-00178122": "usurpation of his own power.", "9mjviXc0asU-00605-00178122-00178425": "Until God says, Heed the demand of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00606-00178425-00178575": "people in everything they say to you.", "9mjviXc0asU-00607-00178575-00178775": "For it is not you they have rejected;", "9mjviXc0asU-00608-00178775-00179105": "it is Me they have rejected as their king… .Heed their", "9mjviXc0asU-00609-00179105-00179279": "demand; but warn them solemnly,", "9mjviXc0asU-00610-00179279-00179555": "and tell them about the practices of any king who will", "9mjviXc0asU-00611-00179555-00179753": "rule over them. [1 Sam 8:7-9]", "9mjviXc0asU-00612-00179753-00179858": "And so Samuel does that.", "9mjviXc0asU-00613-00179858-00180059": "He does that in verses 11-18.", "9mjviXc0asU-00614-00180059-00180381": "He warns of the tyranny of kings, the rapaciousness of", "9mjviXc0asU-00615-00180381-00180720": "kings, the service and the sacrifice they will require of", "9mjviXc0asU-00616-00180720-00181083": "the people in order to support their luxurious court life and", "9mjviXc0asU-00617-00181083-00181408": "their large harem, their bureaucracy and their", "9mjviXc0asU-00618-00181408-00181567": "army. \"The day will come\",", "9mjviXc0asU-00619-00181567-00181812": "Samuel warns, \"when you cry out because of", "9mjviXc0asU-00620-00181812-00182075": "the king whom you yourselves have chosen;", "9mjviXc0asU-00621-00182075-00182350": "and the Lord will not answer you on that day\"--a very", "9mjviXc0asU-00622-00182350-00182482": "anti-monarchic passage.", "9mjviXc0asU-00623-00182482-00182723": "The people won't listen to him, and they say quite", "9mjviXc0asU-00624-00182723-00182943": "significantly, \"No… We must have a king over", "9mjviXc0asU-00625-00182943-00183146": "us, that we may be like all the", "9mjviXc0asU-00626-00183146-00183414": "other nations: Let our king rule over us and", "9mjviXc0asU-00627-00183414-00183700": "go out at our head and fight our battles\" .", "9mjviXc0asU-00628-00183700-00183928": "So this is an explicit and ominous rejection,", "9mjviXc0asU-00629-00183928-00184187": "not only of Yahweh, but of Israel's distinctiveness", "9mjviXc0asU-00630-00184187-00184306": "from other nations.", "9mjviXc0asU-00631-00184306-00184586": "And what, after all, does it mean to be a holy", "9mjviXc0asU-00632-00184586-00184866": "nation, but to be a nation separated out from,", "9mjviXc0asU-00633-00184866-00185176": "observing different rules from, other nations.", "9mjviXc0asU-00634-00185176-00185394": "In Samuel 12, Samuel retires,", "9mjviXc0asU-00635-00185394-00185829": "and he says as he does so, \"See, it is the king who leads", "9mjviXc0asU-00636-00185829-00186074": "you now. I am old and gray\" .", "9mjviXc0asU-00637-00186074-00186394": "And he, again, outlines what is required of a", "9mjviXc0asU-00638-00186394-00186788": "good king, and then again chastises the people for even", "9mjviXc0asU-00639-00186788-00187182": "having asked for a king, warning that really God must be", "9mjviXc0asU-00640-00187182-00187324": "served wholeheartedly.", "9mjviXc0asU-00641-00187324-00187649": "A king should not interpose himself.", "9mjviXc0asU-00642-00187649-00187989": "Some have argued that the editors who compiled the text", "9mjviXc0asU-00643-00187989-00188360": "preserved the pro-monarchic perspective of their sources,", "9mjviXc0asU-00644-00188360-00188716": "but they chose to frame the pro-monarchic passages with", "9mjviXc0asU-00645-00188716-00188952": "their own anti-monarchic passages,", "9mjviXc0asU-00646-00188952-00189283": "with the result that the anti-monarchic passages really", "9mjviXc0asU-00647-00189283-00189590": "provide a stronger interpretative framework and are", "9mjviXc0asU-00648-00189590-00189856": "dominant. The implication is that despite", "9mjviXc0asU-00649-00189856-00190175": "positive contemporary evaluations of Israel's kings,", "9mjviXc0asU-00650-00190175-00190377": "from the perspective of the later period,", "9mjviXc0asU-00651-00190377-00190639": "from the perspective of the editors and perhaps those", "9mjviXc0asU-00652-00190639-00190991": "sitting in exile, the institution of kingship was", "9mjviXc0asU-00653-00190991-00191174": "a disaster for Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00654-00191174-00191446": "And that negative assessment is introduced by the", "9mjviXc0asU-00655-00191446-00191793": "Deuteronomistic redactor into his account of the origin of the", "9mjviXc0asU-00656-00191793-00192069": "institution: that God, himself, warned at the time", "9mjviXc0asU-00657-00192069-00192359": "that this transition was being made and this request was being", "9mjviXc0asU-00658-00192359-00192648": "made--God himself, warned that this had the", "9mjviXc0asU-00659-00192648-00192917": "potential to be quite disastrous.", "9mjviXc0asU-00660-00192917-00193216": "Others feel that the pro-monarchic and anti-monarchic", "9mjviXc0asU-00661-00193216-00193480": "views were contemporaneous and both ancient,", "9mjviXc0asU-00662-00193480-00193745": "and we see that simply reflected in these dueling", "9mjviXc0asU-00663-00193745-00194010": "sources. So whether one view is older", "9mjviXc0asU-00664-00194010-00194386": "and one more recent, whether both are ancient views", "9mjviXc0asU-00665-00194386-00194665": "or both are recent or later views,", "9mjviXc0asU-00666-00194665-00194892": "the end result is a very complex narrative.", "9mjviXc0asU-00667-00194892-00195175": "As you read it you feel thrown back and forth between these", "9mjviXc0asU-00668-00195175-00195410": "positive and negative assessments of kingship.", "9mjviXc0asU-00669-00195410-00195679": "And we feel these, and see these very different", "9mjviXc0asU-00670-00195679-00195900": "views of monarchy in ancient Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00671-00195900-00196222": "So these views really defy categorization in the end.", "9mjviXc0asU-00672-00196222-00196560": "They are one of the things that give the book such complexity", "9mjviXc0asU-00673-00196560-00196678": "and sophistication.", "9mjviXc0asU-00674-00196678-00197034": "Not only is there ambivalence, however, about the institution", "9mjviXc0asU-00675-00197034-00197333": "of kingship or monarchy, there is also a great deal of", "9mjviXc0asU-00676-00197333-00197603": "ambivalence about the first inhabitant of the office,", "9mjviXc0asU-00677-00197603-00197914": "the first king, King Saul, himself.", "9mjviXc0asU-00678-00197914-00198384": "Judges has three different accounts of Saul's appointment", "9mjviXc0asU-00679-00198384-00198693": "as king. In chapter 9,1 Samuel 9,", "9mjviXc0asU-00680-00198693-00198917": "it is a private affair.", "9mjviXc0asU-00681-00198917-00199200": "It is just between Saul and the prophet Samuel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00682-00199200-00199668": "Samuel anoints Saul as king with oil in a kind of a private", "9mjviXc0asU-00683-00199668-00199973": "encounter. The anointing of kings is also", "9mjviXc0asU-00684-00199973-00200284": "found among other ancient Near Eastern groups,", "9mjviXc0asU-00685-00200284-00200484": "the Hittites, for example.", "9mjviXc0asU-00686-00200484-00200791": "In Israel, it seems to be a rite of dedication or", "9mjviXc0asU-00687-00200791-00201008": "consecration, making sacred to God,", "9mjviXc0asU-00688-00201008-00201244": "(\"con-secration,\" making sacred).", "9mjviXc0asU-00689-00201244-00201407": "And it is done not just for kings.", "9mjviXc0asU-00690-00201407-00201576": "It is also done for high priests.", "9mjviXc0asU-00691-00201576-00201882": "They are also anointed with sacred oil.", "9mjviXc0asU-00692-00201882-00202249": "Then in 1 Samuel 10, you have Saul's appointment", "9mjviXc0asU-00693-00202249-00202600": "represented as being effected by a lottery.", "9mjviXc0asU-00694-00202600-00202859": "It is a lottery that is presided over by Samuel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00695-00202859-00203183": "but there is a lottery system and the lot falls to Samuel to", "9mjviXc0asU-00696-00203183-00203303": "be appointed king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00697-00203303-00203537": "In the next chapter, in 1 Samuel 11,", "9mjviXc0asU-00698-00203537-00203936": "we have Saul victorious in a battle over the Ammonites and so", "9mjviXc0asU-00699-00203936-00204270": "he is elected by popular acclaim, if you will.", "9mjviXc0asU-00700-00204270-00204643": "These could all be complementary ways of his slowly", "9mjviXc0asU-00701-00204643-00204823": "securing the position.", "9mjviXc0asU-00702-00204823-00205151": "They could be seen as competing accounts.", "9mjviXc0asU-00703-00205151-00205530": "But he is an important and a striking figure.", "9mjviXc0asU-00704-00205530-00205866": "Nevertheless there seems to have been some controversy about", "9mjviXc0asU-00705-00205866-00206128": "Saul and it is preserved within our sources.", "9mjviXc0asU-00706-00206128-00206326": "On the one hand, he is described in very", "9mjviXc0asU-00707-00206326-00206466": "positive terms. He is tall.", "9mjviXc0asU-00708-00206466-00206648": "He is handsome. He is winning.", "9mjviXc0asU-00709-00206648-00206744": "He is charismatic.", "9mjviXc0asU-00710-00206744-00207051": "In fact, he is associated with ecstatic prophecy:", "9mjviXc0asU-00711-00207051-00207430": "the spirit of the Lord comes upon him and he prophesies in a", "9mjviXc0asU-00712-00207430-00207744": "sort of raving and dancing and ecstatic mode.", "9mjviXc0asU-00713-00207744-00207894": "He defends his own tribe.", "9mjviXc0asU-00714-00207894-00208192": "He is from the tribe of Benjamin, and he defends them", "9mjviXc0asU-00715-00208192-00208319": "from Ammonite raids.", "9mjviXc0asU-00716-00208319-00208748": "And he is hailed by the tribes as a leader in time of war.", "9mjviXc0asU-00717-00208748-00209111": "As king he did enjoy some initial military victories.", "9mjviXc0asU-00718-00209111-00209378": "He drove the Philistines from their garrisons,", "9mjviXc0asU-00719-00209378-00209759": "and he was such a popular and natural leader that even Samuel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00720-00209759-00210148": "who at first resented Saul and resented the idea of a king,", "9mjviXc0asU-00721-00210148-00210542": "came to appreciate him and was said to really grieve for him", "9mjviXc0asU-00722-00210542-00210823": "upon his death. But once David enters the", "9mjviXc0asU-00723-00210823-00211173": "story, which is about halfway through the Book of 1 Samuel", "9mjviXc0asU-00724-00211173-00211494": "(it's 1 Samuel 16), then we begin to see clearly", "9mjviXc0asU-00725-00211494-00211868": "negative assessments of Saul, perhaps because the sources", "9mjviXc0asU-00726-00211868-00212269": "about David stem from circles that were loyal to the House of", "9mjviXc0asU-00727-00212269-00212515": "David, and David is going to succeed", "9mjviXc0asU-00728-00212515-00212794": "Saul, obviously, as the second king of Israel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00729-00212794-00213165": "Perhaps the negative assessment is because of Saul's ultimate", "9mjviXc0asU-00730-00213165-00213301": "failure and suicide.", "9mjviXc0asU-00731-00213301-00213732": "That had to be accounted for by identifying some fatal flaw in", "9mjviXc0asU-00732-00213732-00214009": "him. So now his ecstatic prophecies", "9mjviXc0asU-00733-00214009-00214398": "are presented as irrational fits of mad behavior.", "9mjviXc0asU-00734-00214398-00214796": "So where once the spirit of the Lord was said to come upon him,", "9mjviXc0asU-00735-00214796-00215169": "now he is said to be seized by an evil spirit from the Lord", "9mjviXc0asU-00736-00215169-00215521": "that rushes upon him suddenly causing him to rave in his", "9mjviXc0asU-00737-00215521-00215886": "house. Elsewhere he commits errors.", "9mjviXc0asU-00738-00215886-00216157": "He doesn't obey Samuel's instructions to the letter,", "9mjviXc0asU-00739-00216157-00216444": "and that is going to cost him the support of Samuel and", "9mjviXc0asU-00740-00216444-00216724": "ultimately God. We have two stories of", "9mjviXc0asU-00741-00216724-00217001": "disobedience related in 1 Samuel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00742-00217001-00217211": "One is in chapter 13.", "9mjviXc0asU-00743-00217211-00217613": "He sees that the morale of his men is sagging and so to rally", "9mjviXc0asU-00744-00217613-00217915": "them together he officiates at a sacrifice.", "9mjviXc0asU-00745-00217915-00218246": "He was supposed to wait for Samuel to arrive and do it,", "9mjviXc0asU-00746-00218246-00218613": "but he sees that it needs to happen now, and so he officiates", "9mjviXc0asU-00747-00218613-00218790": "at the sacrifice himself.", "9mjviXc0asU-00748-00218790-00219108": "And this appropriation of a priestly function enrages", "9mjviXc0asU-00749-00219108-00219414": "Samuel, and this is Samuel's first pronouncement or", "9mjviXc0asU-00750-00219414-00219762": "prediction that God will not establish Saul's dynasty over", "9mjviXc0asU-00751-00219762-00219925": "Israel, despite the fact,", "9mjviXc0asU-00752-00219925-00220229": "by the way, that other kings at other times will sacrifice with", "9mjviXc0asU-00753-00220229-00220427": "impunity. So it is interesting because", "9mjviXc0asU-00754-00220427-00220716": "David and others will sacrifice and it doesn't seem to be a", "9mjviXc0asU-00755-00220716-00220909": "problem. But here it is given as the", "9mjviXc0asU-00756-00220909-00221228": "occasion for Samuel's fury and his first pronouncement that the", "9mjviXc0asU-00757-00221228-00221450": "dynasty of Saul will not be established.", "9mjviXc0asU-00758-00221450-00221717": "In chapter 15, we have a second instance of", "9mjviXc0asU-00759-00221717-00222017": "disobedience that earns Samuel's disapproval.", "9mjviXc0asU-00760-00222017-00222414": "Again, against Samuel's order, he spares the life of an enemy", "9mjviXc0asU-00761-00222414-00222646": "king. This is King Agag.", "9mjviXc0asU-00762-00222646-00223011": "He spares his life and otherwise violates the terms of", "9mjviXc0asU-00763-00223011-00223238": "herem: this notion of total", "9mjviXc0asU-00764-00223238-00223679": "destruction or devotion of booty and enemies to God through total", "9mjviXc0asU-00765-00223679-00223986": "destruction. And, again, when he violates", "9mjviXc0asU-00766-00223986-00224359": "the order of herem, Samuel again announces that God", "9mjviXc0asU-00767-00224359-00224575": "regrets having made Saul king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00768-00224575-00224892": "\"The Lord has this day torn the kingship over Israel away from", "9mjviXc0asU-00769-00224892-00225204": "you and has given it to another who is worthier than you.\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00770-00225204-00225467": "That is chapter 15:28.", "9mjviXc0asU-00771-00225467-00225787": "In any event, with his support eroding,", "9mjviXc0asU-00772-00225787-00226265": "Saul seems to sink into a deep depression and paranoia.", "9mjviXc0asU-00773-00226265-00226584": "And toward the end of his life, he is depicted as being", "9mjviXc0asU-00774-00226584-00226943": "completely obsessed with David and the threat that David poses", "9mjviXc0asU-00775-00226943-00227259": "to Saul himself, but also his dynasty.", "9mjviXc0asU-00776-00227259-00227605": "Saul is angry that his own son, Jonathan, who presumably should", "9mjviXc0asU-00777-00227605-00227930": "succeed him to the throne, has a deep friendship with", "9mjviXc0asU-00778-00227930-00228222": "David and, in fact, throws his support over to", "9mjviXc0asU-00779-00228222-00228403": "David instead of himself.", "9mjviXc0asU-00780-00228403-00228886": "In several jealous rages Saul attempts to kill David or to", "9mjviXc0asU-00781-00228886-00229200": "have him and his supporters killed.", "9mjviXc0asU-00782-00229200-00229630": "In one particularly violent incident he kills 85 priests", "9mjviXc0asU-00783-00229630-00230029": "whom he believes have given shelter to David and his", "9mjviXc0asU-00784-00230029-00230391": "supporters. So in these encounters between", "9mjviXc0asU-00785-00230391-00230732": "Saul and David, the sources portray Saul as", "9mjviXc0asU-00786-00230732-00231050": "this raving, obsessed paranoid person,", "9mjviXc0asU-00787-00231050-00231409": "and David is seen as a sort of innocent victim,", "9mjviXc0asU-00788-00231409-00231846": "and he protests his loyalty and his support for Saul.", "9mjviXc0asU-00789-00231846-00232184": "He does not seem to understand why Saul should view him as a", "9mjviXc0asU-00790-00232184-00232414": "threat. And twice he passes up the", "9mjviXc0asU-00791-00232414-00232703": "opportunity to do away with Saul himself.", "9mjviXc0asU-00792-00232703-00233049": "He says, I will not raise my hand against the Lord's", "9mjviXc0asU-00793-00233049-00233315": "anointed. So the portrayal of Saul as a", "9mjviXc0asU-00794-00233315-00233699": "raving and paranoid man who is obsessed with David probably", "9mjviXc0asU-00795-00233699-00234083": "reflects the views of later writers who were apologists for", "9mjviXc0asU-00796-00234083-00234242": "the House of David.", "9mjviXc0asU-00797-00234242-00234546": "Positive views of Saul's character weren't entirely", "9mjviXc0asU-00798-00234546-00234778": "extinguished by the biblical writer.", "9mjviXc0asU-00799-00234778-00235204": "David's own lament, when he hears of Saul's death", "9mjviXc0asU-00800-00235204-00235710": "by suicide, and Jonathan's death, also, may reflect Saul's", "9mjviXc0asU-00801-00235710-00235942": "tremendous popularity.", "9mjviXc0asU-00802-00235942-00236389": "David orders the Judahites to sing what is called the Song of", "9mjviXc0asU-00803-00236389-00236598": "the Bow in praise of Saul.", "9mjviXc0asU-00804-00236598-00236908": "Your glory, O Israel, Lies slain on your heights;", "9mjviXc0asU-00805-00236908-00237028": "How have the mighty fallen!", "9mjviXc0asU-00806-00237028-00237236": "... Saul and Jonathan,", "9mjviXc0asU-00807-00237236-00237423": "Beloved and cherished, Never parted", "9mjviXc0asU-00808-00237423-00237584": "In life or in death!", "9mjviXc0asU-00809-00237584-00237958": "They were swifter than eagles, They were stronger than lions!", "9mjviXc0asU-00810-00237958-00238176": "Daughters of Israel, Weep over Saul,", "9mjviXc0asU-00811-00238176-00238386": "Who clothed you in crimson and finery,", "9mjviXc0asU-00812-00238386-00238642": "Who decked your robes with jewels of gold.", "9mjviXc0asU-00813-00238642-00238923": "How have the mighty fallen In the thick of battle--", "9mjviXc0asU-00814-00238923-00239121": "Jonathan, slain on your heights!", "9mjviXc0asU-00815-00239121-00239308": "I grieve for you, My brother Jonathan,", "9mjviXc0asU-00816-00239308-00239454": "You were most dear to me.", "9mjviXc0asU-00817-00239454-00239791": "Your love was wonderful to me More than the love of women.", "9mjviXc0asU-00818-00239791-00240080": "How have the mighty fallen, The weapons of war perished!", "9mjviXc0asU-00819-00240080-00240379": "[2 Sam 1:19,23-27] Of course, representing David", "9mjviXc0asU-00820-00240379-00240656": "as bewailing Saul and Jonathan in these terms,", "9mjviXc0asU-00821-00240656-00240982": "would have served an apologetic function, as well.", "9mjviXc0asU-00822-00240982-00241439": "And David is cleared of any part in or even desire for the", "9mjviXc0asU-00823-00241439-00241760": "death of Saul. So half way through the Book of", "9mjviXc0asU-00824-00241760-00242126": "Samuel then, is the first part of the story of David and his", "9mjviXc0asU-00825-00242126-00242474": "encounters with Saul, running through to the end of 1", "9mjviXc0asU-00826-00242474-00242802": "Samuel and the first few chapters of 2 Samuel--about", "9mjviXc0asU-00827-00242802-00243089": "Second Samuel 5. And this whole section,", "9mjviXc0asU-00828-00243089-00243483": "this first part of the story of David, has the feel of a", "9mjviXc0asU-00829-00243483-00243726": "historical novel, or narrative.", "9mjviXc0asU-00830-00243726-00244007": "There is a lot of direct speech and lots of dialogue.", "9mjviXc0asU-00831-00244007-00244276": "So it has the feel of fiction, of a novel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00832-00244276-00244776": "Given that the ruling family in Judah was referred to as the", "9mjviXc0asU-00833-00244776-00245105": "House of David for several centuries,", "9mjviXc0asU-00834-00245105-00245451": "and given a wonderful archaeological find dating from", "9mjviXc0asU-00835-00245451-00245862": "the ninth century--it's a Syrian inscription that refers to the", "9mjviXc0asU-00836-00245862-00246241": "House of David dating to the ninth century--so given those", "9mjviXc0asU-00837-00246241-00246653": "two pieces of evidence, I think most scholars would see", "9mjviXc0asU-00838-00246653-00246823": "David as a real person.", "9mjviXc0asU-00839-00246823-00247171": "None of the details of the biblical account can really be", "9mjviXc0asU-00840-00247171-00247476": "confirmed, of course, but I think the consensus is", "9mjviXc0asU-00841-00247476-00247682": "that David was a real person.", "9mjviXc0asU-00842-00247682-00248115": "There are obviously some who do not hold that and believe this", "9mjviXc0asU-00843-00248115-00248336": "is a much later retrojection.", "9mjviXc0asU-00844-00248336-00248625": "But David is, surprisingly enough,", "9mjviXc0asU-00845-00248625-00248853": "presented as very human.", "9mjviXc0asU-00846-00248853-00249228": "He is not a divine character, and he is certainly not even a", "9mjviXc0asU-00847-00249228-00249407": "highly virtuous character.", "9mjviXc0asU-00848-00249407-00249756": "The first installment of his story through about 2 Samuel 5,", "9mjviXc0asU-00849-00249756-00250094": "is clearly sympathetic to David and favorable to David.", "9mjviXc0asU-00850-00250094-00250385": "But it is not entirely obsequious or flattering,", "9mjviXc0asU-00851-00250385-00250776": "which is the sort of genre that we very often have coming out of", "9mjviXc0asU-00852-00250776-00251098": "ancient Near Eastern texts dealing with royalty.", "9mjviXc0asU-00853-00251098-00251403": "This part of the story may be an apology for David,", "9mjviXc0asU-00854-00251403-00251646": "but it is also subtly critical of him.", "9mjviXc0asU-00855-00251646-00251913": "Certainly David is a hero, but if you read between the", "9mjviXc0asU-00856-00251913-00252089": "lines, he is also an opportunist.", "9mjviXc0asU-00857-00252089-00252370": "He is an outlaw. He serves as a mercenary for", "9mjviXc0asU-00858-00252370-00252722": "the Philistines for some of the time, and he can act pretty", "9mjviXc0asU-00859-00252722-00253038": "unscrupulously. So this isn't royal propaganda", "9mjviXc0asU-00860-00253038-00253377": "in the simple sense, even though to some degree it", "9mjviXc0asU-00861-00253377-00253590": "may be an apology for David.", "9mjviXc0asU-00862-00253590-00253920": "As we are going to see in a minute, David will fare much,", "9mjviXc0asU-00863-00253920-00254226": "much worse in the second installment of his story,", "9mjviXc0asU-00864-00254226-00254561": "and this is the story that takes up the bulk of 2 Samuel.", "9mjviXc0asU-00865-00254561-00255283": "So moving now into the Book of 2 Samuel and the latter part of", "9mjviXc0asU-00866-00255283-00255584": "David's story. Actually, no, I lied!", "9mjviXc0asU-00867-00255584-00255885": "We are going to back up for one minute just to talk about the", "9mjviXc0asU-00868-00255885-00256181": "different accounts of David's emergence--the three different", "9mjviXc0asU-00869-00256181-00256319": "stories, if you will,", "9mjviXc0asU-00870-00256319-00256592": "of David's discovery, because in the first,", "9mjviXc0asU-00871-00256592-00256865": "Samuel, again, secretly anoints him king of", "9mjviXc0asU-00872-00256865-00257161": "Judah. So it is a private affair.", "9mjviXc0asU-00873-00257161-00257520": "He anoints him as the king of Judah, which is just the", "9mjviXc0asU-00874-00257520-00257923": "southern region. He does this in Saul's lifetime.", "9mjviXc0asU-00875-00257923-00258190": "David is the youngest of his father's sons,", "9mjviXc0asU-00876-00258190-00258559": "so this anointment is another reversal of primogeniture,", "9mjviXc0asU-00877-00258559-00258955": "the exaltation of the lowly that we see so often in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00878-00258955-00259193": "Bible. In the second account we first", "9mjviXc0asU-00879-00259193-00259545": "meet David when he is summoned to play music for a disturbed", "9mjviXc0asU-00880-00259545-00259782": "Saul who, of course, is suffering from", "9mjviXc0asU-00881-00259782-00259917": "these irrational fits.", "9mjviXc0asU-00882-00259917-00260349": "And then in the third account, David is introduced as the", "9mjviXc0asU-00883-00260349-00260773": "98-pound weakling who takes on the legendary Goliath.", "9mjviXc0asU-00884-00260773-00261188": "Later, after the death of Saul, David will be anointed king in", "9mjviXc0asU-00885-00261188-00261426": "Hebron over his own tribe, Judah.", "9mjviXc0asU-00886-00261426-00261765": "He then manages to either win over or kill off the rest of", "9mjviXc0asU-00887-00261765-00262071": "Saul's household, anyone else who could make a", "9mjviXc0asU-00888-00262071-00262463": "dynastic claim to the throne based on descent from Saul,", "9mjviXc0asU-00889-00262463-00262837": "anyone who might be a threat to his claim to kingship in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00890-00262837-00262984": "more northern region.", "9mjviXc0asU-00891-00262984-00263330": "And eventually the northern tribes will also elect him king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00892-00263330-00263840": "And so the united kingship of the northern parts of Israel and", "9mjviXc0asU-00893-00263840-00264167": "the Tribe of Judah is finally formed.", "9mjviXc0asU-00894-00264167-00264537": "Once his reign seems secure, and the nation is consolidated", "9mjviXc0asU-00895-00264537-00264927": "behind him, David then captures Jerusalem and launches attacks", "9mjviXc0asU-00896-00264927-00265126": "against Israel's neighbors.", "9mjviXc0asU-00897-00265126-00265440": "And the text says that the Lord gives him victory.", "9mjviXc0asU-00898-00265440-00265805": "This is in 2 Samuel 8 now, verses 6 and 14.", "9mjviXc0asU-00899-00265805-00265990": "God gives him victory.", "9mjviXc0asU-00900-00265990-00266378": "The biblical narrative depicts him as the master of a huge", "9mjviXc0asU-00901-00266378-00266726": "empire that stretches from the desert to the sea.", "9mjviXc0asU-00902-00266726-00267117": "There is very little evidence that Israel actually established", "9mjviXc0asU-00903-00267117-00267476": "lasting control over all of the states in this region.", "9mjviXc0asU-00904-00267476-00267798": "It's likely that David was able to take advantage of a power", "9mjviXc0asU-00905-00267798-00268080": "vacuum. Egypt's hold on Canaan was", "9mjviXc0asU-00906-00268080-00268365": "crumbling. Again, the migration of these", "9mjviXc0asU-00907-00268365-00268756": "\"peoples of the seas\" throughout this region and other peoples", "9mjviXc0asU-00908-00268756-00269122": "pressing in from the desert had really upset the two major", "9mjviXc0asU-00909-00269122-00269378": "powers in Mesopotamia and in Egypt,", "9mjviXc0asU-00910-00269378-00269578": "and they really had lost control of the central region.", "9mjviXc0asU-00911-00269578-00269834": "And so David was--and the Israelites were able to take", "9mjviXc0asU-00912-00269834-00270100": "advantage of this and establish an independent state.", "9mjviXc0asU-00913-00270100-00270369": "And David's independent state was probably able to dominate", "9mjviXc0asU-00914-00270369-00270648": "the area for a little while, ending the Philistine threat,", "9mjviXc0asU-00915-00270648-00270840": "for example, and possibly even collecting", "9mjviXc0asU-00916-00270840-00271081": "tribute from some of the surrounding or neighboring", "9mjviXc0asU-00917-00271081-00271440": "states, Ammon and Moab and Edom.", "9mjviXc0asU-00918-00271440-00271968": "But it is the prophet Nathan, who transmits God's promise to", "9mjviXc0asU-00919-00271968-00272469": "David, a promise that will become the basis for the faith", "9mjviXc0asU-00920-00272469-00272853": "in the eternity of the Davidic kingdom.", "9mjviXc0asU-00921-00272853-00273215": "And that happens in 2 Samuel, chapter 7:8-17,", "9mjviXc0asU-00922-00273215-00273619": "a very important passage and very important in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00923-00273619-00274088": "construction of what we will see is a royal ideology;", "9mjviXc0asU-00924-00274088-00274531": "a royal ideology that comes to contest some of the basic", "9mjviXc0asU-00925-00274531-00274733": "ideology of the nation.", "9mjviXc0asU-00926-00274733-00274880": "\"Thus says the Lord of hosts.\"", "9mjviXc0asU-00927-00274880-00275203": "This is Nathan speaking now, quoting God:", "9mjviXc0asU-00928-00275203-00275481": "\"Thus says the Lord of hosts, I took you from the", "9mjviXc0asU-00929-00275481-00275667": "pasture, from following the sheep,", "9mjviXc0asU-00930-00275667-00275918": "that you should be prince over my people Israel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00931-00275918-00276208": "and I have been with you wherever you went and have cut", "9mjviXc0asU-00932-00276208-00276428": "off all your enemies from before you,", "9mjviXc0asU-00933-00276428-00276758": "and I will make for you a great name like the name of the great", "9mjviXc0asU-00934-00276758-00276865": "ones of the earth.", "9mjviXc0asU-00935-00276865-00277108": "And I will appoint a place for my people Israel,", "9mjviXc0asU-00936-00277108-00277357": "and will plant them, that they may dwell in their", "9mjviXc0asU-00937-00277357-00277565": "own place, and be disturbed no more;", "9mjviXc0asU-00938-00277565-00277788": "and violent men shall afflict them no more,", "9mjviXc0asU-00939-00277788-00278013": "as formerly, from the time that I appointed", "9mjviXc0asU-00940-00278013-00278366": "judges over my people Israel; and I will give you rest from", "9mjviXc0asU-00941-00278366-00278476": "all your enemies.", "9mjviXc0asU-00942-00278476-00278726": "Moreover the Lord declares to you that the Lord will make you", "9mjviXc0asU-00943-00278726-00278953": "a house.\" [meaning here dynasty]", "9mjviXc0asU-00944-00278953-00279175": "\"When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your", "9mjviXc0asU-00945-00279175-00279384": "fathers, I will raise up your offspring after you,", "9mjviXc0asU-00946-00279384-00279713": "who shall come forth from your body, and I will establish his", "9mjviXc0asU-00947-00279713-00279963": "kingdom. He shall build a house [meaning", "9mjviXc0asU-00948-00279963-00280121": "now a temple] for my name,", "9mjviXc0asU-00949-00280121-00280486": "and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever.", "9mjviXc0asU-00950-00280486-00280767": "I will be his father, and he shall be my son.", "9mjviXc0asU-00951-00280767-00281096": "When he commits iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod", "9mjviXc0asU-00952-00281096-00281367": "of men, with the stripes of the sons of men;", "9mjviXc0asU-00953-00281367-00281602": "but I will not take my steadfast love from him,", "9mjviXc0asU-00954-00281602-00281857": "as I took it from Saul, whom I put away from before", "9mjviXc0asU-00955-00281857-00282124": "you. And your house and your kingdom", "9mjviXc0asU-00956-00282124-00282401": "shall be made sure forever before me;", "9mjviXc0asU-00957-00282401-00282696": "your throne shall be established forever.", "9mjviXc0asU-00958-00282696-00282919": "In accordance with all these words, and in accordance with", "9mjviXc0asU-00959-00282919-00283096": "all this vision, Nathan spoke to David.\" [RSV;", "9mjviXc0asU-00960-00283096-00283323": "see note 3] It's a very important passage,", "9mjviXc0asU-00961-00283323-00283621": "and it's with this passage that you have the idea of an eternal", "9mjviXc0asU-00962-00283621-00283881": "and unconditional covenant between God and the House of", "9mjviXc0asU-00963-00283881-00284134": "David, or the dynasty of David.", "9mjviXc0asU-00964-00284134-00284372": "And this is now the fourth covenant that we have met:", "9mjviXc0asU-00965-00284372-00284605": "the Noahide covenant, the patriarchical Covenant,", "9mjviXc0asU-00966-00284605-00285023": "the Sinaitic Covenant, and now the Davidic covenant.", "9mjviXc0asU-00967-00285023-00285310": "Note that God says that David and his descendants may be", "9mjviXc0asU-00968-00285310-00285409": "punished for sin.", "9mjviXc0asU-00969-00285409-00285752": "They certainly will be punished for sin, but he will not take", "9mjviXc0asU-00970-00285752-00286032": "the kingdom away from them as he did from Saul.", "9mjviXc0asU-00971-00286032-00286362": "So God's oath to preserve the Davidic dynasty and,", "9mjviXc0asU-00972-00286362-00286598": "by implication we will see later,", "9mjviXc0asU-00973-00286598-00286986": "next time, Jerusalem as well, would lead eventually to a", "9mjviXc0asU-00974-00286986-00287376": "popular belief in the invincibility of the Holy City.", "9mjviXc0asU-00975-00287376-00287746": "In addition, the belief in Israel's ultimate", "9mjviXc0asU-00976-00287746-00288246": "deliverance from enemies became bound up with David and his", "9mjviXc0asU-00977-00288246-00288535": "dynasty. David was idealized by later", "9mjviXc0asU-00978-00288535-00288873": "biblical and post-biblical tradition, and became the", "9mjviXc0asU-00979-00288873-00289013": "paradigmatic king.", "9mjviXc0asU-00980-00289013-00289379": "So even when the kingdom fell finally to the Babylonians in", "9mjviXc0asU-00981-00289379-00289701": "586, the promise to David's House was believed to be", "9mjviXc0asU-00982-00289701-00289941": "eternal. The community looked to the", "9mjviXc0asU-00983-00289941-00290305": "future for a restoration of the Davidic line or Davidic king,", "9mjviXc0asU-00984-00290305-00290558": "or a messiah. Now the Hebrew word", "9mjviXc0asU-00985-00290558-00290944": "messiah simply means anointed, one who is", "9mjviXc0asU-00986-00290944-00291363": "\"meshiach\" is anointed with the holy oil.", "9mjviXc0asU-00987-00291363-00291739": "That is a reference to the fact that the king was initiated into", "9mjviXc0asU-00988-00291739-00292067": "office by means of holy oil being poured on his head.", "9mjviXc0asU-00989-00292067-00292600": "So King David was the messiah of God, the king anointed by or", "9mjviXc0asU-00990-00292600-00292781": "to God. And in the exile,", "9mjviXc0asU-00991-00292781-00293027": "Israelites would pray for another messiah,", "9mjviXc0asU-00992-00293027-00293369": "meaning another king from the House of David appointed and", "9mjviXc0asU-00993-00293369-00293716": "anointed by God to rescue them from enemies and reestablish", "9mjviXc0asU-00994-00293716-00294105": "them as a nation at peace in their land as David had done.", "9mjviXc0asU-00995-00294105-00294367": "So the Jewish hope for a messiah, speaking now in the", "9mjviXc0asU-00996-00294367-00294619": "post-biblical where it is correct to say Jewish,", "9mjviXc0asU-00997-00294619-00294939": "the Jewish hope for a messiah was thus always political and", "9mjviXc0asU-00998-00294939-00295223": "national. It involved the restoration of", "9mjviXc0asU-00999-00295223-00295559": "the nation in its land under a Davidic king.", "9mjviXc0asU-01000-00295559-00295893": "We are going to talk next time about the royal ideology that", "9mjviXc0asU-01001-00295893-00296188": "begins to emerge and challenge the older Sinaitic and", "9mjviXc0asU-01002-00296188-00296323": "covenantal ideology.", "9mjviXc0asU-01003-00296323-00296492": "But that is too much to get into now.", "9mjviXc0asU-01004-00296492-00296807": "So we will deal with that on Wednesday and then move on", "9mjviXc0asU-01005-00296807-00297100": "through the rest of the Deuteronomistic history."}}, {"audio_id": "9my4vTiT020", "text": {"9my4vTiT020-00000-00000000-00000200": "smooth"}}, {"audio_id": "9m_HRytLvPQ", "text": {"9m_HRytLvPQ-00000-00001707-00001907": "tunnel #86", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00001-00002860-00003060": "tunnel #87", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00002-00003811-00004011": "tunnel #88", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00003-00004304-00004504": "tunnel #89", 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"9m_HRytLvPQ-00022-00023748-00023948": "tunnel #105", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00023-00024520-00024720": "tunnel #106", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00024-00024924-00025076": "tunnel #107", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00025-00025316-00025436": "tunnel #108", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00026-00025456-00025532": "tunnel #109", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00027-00026195-00026395": "tunnel #110", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00028-00028568-00029112": "železnicka stanica Banja Stijena", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00029-00029783-00029983": "tunnel #111", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00030-00030739-00030939": "tunnel #112", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00031-00031672-00031848": "tunnel #113", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00032-00036564-00036736": "tunnel #114", "9m_HRytLvPQ-00033-00038120-00038468": "Hrenovica"}}, {"audio_id": "9mD5UQ938H8", "text": {"9mD5UQ938H8-00000-00000006-00000426": "Here are the picks for the top 10 best action movies of 2021 so far", "9mD5UQ938H8-00001-00001170-00002118": "man's wife's bodyguard release date June 16 2021 we need guns we need both we need them are you", "9mD5UQ938H8-00002-00002118-00002880": "ready to get your freak on that camera roll not together with us God also came out wrong", "9mD5UQ938H8-00003-00002880-00003461": "hitman's wife's bodyguard is an American action comedy film directed by Patrick Hughes it is a", "9mD5UQ938H8-00004-00003461-00004212": "sequel to the 2017 film The hitman's Bodyguard the film stars Ryan Reynolds Salma Hayek and Samuel L", "9mD5UQ938H8-00005-00004212-00004716": "Jackson we just acknowledge that not only are we safe this really feels like a new beginning", "9mD5UQ938H8-00006-00005076-00005880": "number nine Infinite release date June 10th 2021 is this", "9mD5UQ938H8-00007-00006462-00006918": "infinite is an American Science Fiction action film directed by", "9mD5UQ938H8-00008-00006918-00007373": "Antoine Fuqua and based on the 2009 novel the reincarnationist papers", "9mD5UQ938H8-00009-00007428-00008004": "the film stars Mark Wahlberg she would tell ejo4 Sophie cookson and Dylan O'Brien", "9mD5UQ938H8-00010-00008634-00008814": "there's still time time", "9mD5UQ938H8-00011-00009018-00009696": "number eight without remorse release date April 30th 2021. hey but I hope he doesn't survive", "9mD5UQ938H8-00012-00009828-00010410": "what's that he is more dangerous and effective than any man we have in the field without", "9mD5UQ938H8-00013-00010410-00010926": "remorse as an American action thriller film directed by Stefano salima and based on the", "9mD5UQ938H8-00014-00010926-00011580": "1993 novel of the same name the film stars Michael B Jordan Jamie Bell and Lauren London", "9mD5UQ938H8-00015-00012402-00012863": "give me a name he was supposed to be dead number seven boss level release", "9mD5UQ938H8-00016-00012863-00013247": "date March 5th 2021 the only woman I've ever loved", "9mD5UQ938H8-00017-00013247-00013866": "and who can stop this is still alive I have to get killed over and over again", "9mD5UQ938H8-00018-00014010-00014669": "boss level is an American Science Fiction action film directed by Joe Carnahan", "9mD5UQ938H8-00019-00014669-00015168": "the film stars Frank Grillo Mel Gibson Naomi Watts and Michelle yeoh", "9mD5UQ938H8-00020-00016008-00016542": "exactly number six nobody release date March 26 2021", "9mD5UQ938H8-00021-00016668-00016932": "old man", "9mD5UQ938H8-00022-00017232-00017664": "nobody is an American action thriller film directed by Ilya nationaler and", "9mD5UQ938H8-00023-00017664-00018138": "written by Derek Colston the film stars Bob Odenkirk Connie Nielsen", "9mD5UQ938H8-00024-00018138-00018684": "and Alexei cerebriacon for 12 years I worked for some very dangerous people", "9mD5UQ938H8-00025-00019026-00020010": "basement what is happening call 911 number five Wrath of man release date May 7 2021", "9mD5UQ938H8-00026-00020400-00020508": "you were in an accident", "9mD5UQ938H8-00027-00020856-00021210": "he didn't make it Wrath of man is an American action thriller film", "9mD5UQ938H8-00028-00021210-00021648": "starring Jason Statham and directed by Guy Richie it is Loosely based", "9mD5UQ938H8-00029-00021648-00022146": "on the 2004 French film cash truck by Nicholas bucrave just do what he says", "9mD5UQ938H8-00030-00023172-00023664": "number four Mortal Kombat release date April 23 2021", "9mD5UQ938H8-00031-00024294-00024786": "oh combat is an American martial arts action film directed by Simon McCoy and", "9mD5UQ938H8-00032-00024786-00025404": "based on the video game franchise of the same name the film stars Lewis tan Jessica McNamee", "9mD5UQ938H8-00033-00025404-00026130": "Joe taslum Josh Lawson to denoba asano Mecca Brooks hiroyuki Sonata and Ludy Lin", "9mD5UQ938H8-00034-00027000-00027660": "number three Zack Snyder's Justice League release date March 18 2021", "9mD5UQ938H8-00035-00028836-00029436": "Zack Snyder's Justice League is the 2021 director's cut of the 2017 Justice League film", "9mD5UQ938H8-00036-00029489-00030114": "it is the fifth film of the DC extended universe and the sequel to dawn of Justice 2016.", "9mD5UQ938H8-00037-00030114-00030780": "the film stars Ben Affleck Henry Cavill Gal Gadot Ray Fisher Jason Momoa and Ezra Miller", "9mD5UQ938H8-00038-00031704-00032532": "number two Godzilla vs Kong release date March 31 2021 and this child", "9mD5UQ938H8-00039-00032670-00033240": "she's the only one who'll communicate with Godzilla vs Kong is an American monster action", "9mD5UQ938H8-00040-00033240-00033780": "film directed by Adam Wenger it is the 36th film in the Godzilla franchise and the 12th", "9mD5UQ938H8-00041-00033780-00034428": "film in the King Kong franchise a sequel to Godzilla 2019 in Kong 2017. the film", "9mD5UQ938H8-00042-00034428-00035094": "stars Alexander Skarsgard Rebecca Hall Millie Bobby Brown Kyle Chandler and Brian Tyree Henry", "9mD5UQ938H8-00043-00035454-00035538": "let's go to", "9mD5UQ938H8-00044-00036294-00036828": "before going to number one here are some honorable mentions and don't forget to subscribe the channel", "9mD5UQ938H8-00045-00037002-00037656": "one F9 release date June 25th 2021 Little Brian have a gift for you", "9mD5UQ938H8-00046-00037764-00038514": "your daddy gave me this no I'm gonna give it to you it's very special F9 is an American action", "9mD5UQ938H8-00047-00038514-00039132": "film directed by Justin Lin it is the sequel to f8 2017 and the ninth main installment in", "9mD5UQ938H8-00048-00039132-00039858": "the Fast and Furious franchise the film stars Vin Diesel John Cena Michelle Rodriguez Tyrese", "9mD5UQ938H8-00049-00039858-00040494": "Gibson Chris Bridges Jordana Brewster sung Kong Natalie Emanuel and Charlize Theron", "9mD5UQ938H8-00050-00040830-00041130": "crank it all the way up with a soldiers", "9mD5UQ938H8-00051-00042432-00042720": "we're coming just hang on", "9mD5UQ938H8-00052-00044766-00045048": "where are you", "9mD5UQ938H8-00053-00045342-00045672": "kid is my wife all right", "9mD5UQ938H8-00054-00045930-00045980": "foreign", "9mD5UQ938H8-00055-00049260-00049380": "thank you", "9mD5UQ938H8-00056-00050052-00050102": "thank you"}}, {"audio_id": "9mEZ_2rvml0", "text": {"9mEZ_2rvml0-00000-00000261-00000654": "I am Thorsten Fengels, and I manage a dairy farm in the lower Rhine area.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00001-00000654-00000891": "We have 330 cows with their offspring.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00002-00000891-00001557": "I looked for an easy to use product in order to rear my calves well and effectively whilst saving costs.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00003-00001557-00002041": "Then, I discovered Globigen Dia Stop,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00004-00002041-00002451": "because it is a product  that I do not need to keep on record,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00005-00002451-00002700": "which I can use  without asking the veterinarian before using it,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00006-00002700-00002893": "- because I can simply feed it.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00007-00002893-00003522": "We use it in the following way: from the 3rd day on we add the product during the colostrum phase", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00008-00003534-00003796": "and administer 25 grams per feeding", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00009-00003796-00004298": "during the dietary change from colostrum to milk replacer. Approximately on day 5 to 6", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00010-00004300-00004650": "- to put it simply: if the droppings look good -", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00011-00004650-00004750": "we stop feeding the product.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00012-00004750-00005200": "Then the change to milk replacer  is done successfully.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00013-00005220-00005820": "After calving, the calves are taken  to the veal crates.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00014-00005820-00006370": "There they stay until approximately day 8,  then they are moved to groups.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00015-00006400-00006800": "If there are abnormalities within the group,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00016-00006800-00007300": "regarding diarrhoea, physical condition, or the development of the calf,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00017-00007300-00008000": "I administer the product Dia Stop to the whole group again four times", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00018-00008000-00008620": "Then I wait until the group recovers and if the consistency of the feces improves,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00019-00008620-00008720": "I stop feeding it.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00020-00008720-00009050": "Before, it was problematic for me", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00021-00009050-00009603": "to use many different products together, with different recommendations,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00022-00009603-00009780": "with varying degrees of success ....", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00023-00009780-00010272": "Now, I only have to mix this powder with the milk replacer.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00024-00010272-00010495": "Mixing is easy, it is well accepted, and it is tasty.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00025-00010495-00010745": "- I also tasted it myself, so that I know what I am feeding to my calves.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00026-00010745-00011028": "And it functions....", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00027-00011028-00011362": "This was the decisive factor for me, and why I have used this product", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00028-00011362-00011545": "- now for two years.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00029-00011545-00011910": "And I enjoy my calf rearing work again.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00030-00011910-00012335": "We have 5 children,  therefore we do not have a lot of time.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00031-00012335-00012636": "If we then have to look after the calves  five times a day,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00032-00012636-00013044": "to check if, in case of diarrhoea, how the calves are, if they recovered, or not...?", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00033-00013044-00013431": "It may be necessary to separate one of them, to put it into a single box,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00034-00013431-00014012": "and then pay constant attention to the animal, probably use an antibiotic therapy,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00035-00014012-00014280": "which requires extensive documentation.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00036-00014280-00014519": "- this is not funny, this is not amusing for me.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00037-00014519-00014829": "Using this product on our farm", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00038-00014829-00015236": "we manage the 10 week suckling phase with success.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00039-00015236-00015380": "It functions very well.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00040-00015400-00016000": "Some are an exception but  usually have a history", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00041-00016000-00016297": "Sometimes a difficult birth", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00042-00016297-00016484": "or an insufficient intake of colostrum.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00043-00016484-00017100": "I, as farm manager and as worker on the farm can say", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00044-00017100-00017387": "Dia Stop is a product, which I can recommend,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00045-00017387-00017572": "because it is easy to use.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00046-00017572-00017989": "Concerning rearing of the yearlings, the male calves leave the farm at the age of 14 days.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00047-00017989-00018328": "The male calves also get   this product on our farm,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00048-00018328-00018700": "because for me, it is important  that the calf is healthy", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00049-00018700-00018817": "when it is taken away by the cattleman.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00050-00018817-00019280": "And if one is stunted, it will stay on the farm for an additional week.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00051-00019287-00019482": "That means, I also have the costs for an additional week.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00052-00019482-00019945": "But if I can give a good and healthy calf to the cattleman,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00053-00019945-00020480": "a calf, which has a good consistency of the feces,  which has developed well   during the first 14 days of life,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00054-00020500-00020989": "which managed the change from colostrum to powder well,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00055-00020989-00021130": "and we had no delays,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00056-00021130-00021570": "then I am satisfied to see that the cattleman is happy to buy the calf.", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00057-00021570-00021950": "Usually, in good times,  I will get 5 Euros more,", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00058-00021956-00022390": "and I will not get a complaint from him saying \"what did you sell me this time?", "9mEZ_2rvml0-00059-00022390-00022700": "The veal farmer who bought the calf, will not buy any more from you.\""}}, {"audio_id": "9mXDwbad93U", "text": {"9mXDwbad93U-00000-00000156-00000530": "One in eight children in the United States will experience", "9mXDwbad93U-00001-00000530-00000927": "severe and persistent child maltreatment.", "9mXDwbad93U-00002-00000927-00001314": "When we think about our own population in Kaiser Permanente,", "9mXDwbad93U-00003-00001314-00001951": "we care for 776,000 children under the age of 18.", "9mXDwbad93U-00004-00001951-00002355": "Approximately 96,000 of those children are likely", "9mXDwbad93U-00005-00002355-00002722": "to experience severe child abuse or maltreatment.", "9mXDwbad93U-00006-00003269-00003550": "Often these kids will act out in school.", "9mXDwbad93U-00007-00003550-00003847": "And so instead of being perceived as this is a child", "9mXDwbad93U-00008-00003847-00004167": "who's being abused, it's this is a bad child who needs to be", "9mXDwbad93U-00009-00004167-00004270": "controlled or expelled.", "9mXDwbad93U-00010-00004270-00004698": "We have robust studies that show that child maltreatment and", "9mXDwbad93U-00011-00004698-00005011": "other adverse experiences in childhood can have", "9mXDwbad93U-00012-00005011-00005352": "profound effects into adulthood.", "9mXDwbad93U-00013-00005352-00005612": "It can lead to depression,", "9mXDwbad93U-00014-00005612-00005772": "anxiety disorders,", "9mXDwbad93U-00015-00005772-00005992": "aggressive disorders,", "9mXDwbad93U-00016-00005992-00006249": "higher incidence of chronic disease like heart disease,", "9mXDwbad93U-00017-00006249-00006473": "higher incidence of suicide attempts.", "9mXDwbad93U-00018-00006473-00006740": "There are studies that indicate that a large proportion", "9mXDwbad93U-00019-00006740-00007080": "of people in prisons were abused as children.", "9mXDwbad93U-00020-00007080-00007384": "So the impact on communities is profound.", "9mXDwbad93U-00021-00007384-00007684": "There are many, many stories of children coming to our", "9mXDwbad93U-00022-00007684-00008204": "doorsteps for care and really needing to have", "9mXDwbad93U-00023-00008204-00008698": "a physician recognize that they're in an unsafe situation.", "9mXDwbad93U-00024-00008698-00009349": "The health care system is a vital player in the prevention,", "9mXDwbad93U-00025-00009349-00009803": "recognition and response to child abuse and neglect.", "9mXDwbad93U-00026-00009803-00010230": "We created the Child Abuse Services and Prevention program,", "9mXDwbad93U-00027-00010230-00010423": "which is also called CASP.", "9mXDwbad93U-00028-00010423-00010837": "CASP has increased the awareness of child abuse.", "9mXDwbad93U-00029-00010837-00011287": "It has also equipped our providers with the tools needed", "9mXDwbad93U-00030-00011287-00011584": "to recognize injuries.", "9mXDwbad93U-00031-00011584-00011965": "Not only are we bringing our medical expertise to the", "9mXDwbad93U-00032-00011965-00012382": "evaluation of individual children in collaboration with", "9mXDwbad93U-00033-00012382-00012672": "law enforcement and Child Protective Services,", "9mXDwbad93U-00034-00012672-00013039": "but our investment in the advocacy organizations", "9mXDwbad93U-00035-00013039-00013330": "and the identification and support of teachers", "9mXDwbad93U-00036-00013330-00013737": "in the schools, of the other community agencies that help", "9mXDwbad93U-00037-00013737-00013957": "support vulnerable families.", "9mXDwbad93U-00038-00013957-00014264": "The Child Abuse Prevention Center cannot applaud", "9mXDwbad93U-00039-00014264-00014461": "Kaiser Permanente enough.", "9mXDwbad93U-00040-00014461-00014724": "Abuse isn't something that only happens to children,", "9mXDwbad93U-00041-00014724-00015061": "nor is it something that only happens to, you know, elderly.", "9mXDwbad93U-00042-00015061-00015302": "It really ranges across the span.", "9mXDwbad93U-00043-00015302-00015602": "The way to help people get out of abuse is to recognize it", "9mXDwbad93U-00044-00015602-00015742": "and to offer them help.", "9mXDwbad93U-00045-00015742-00016106": "What we do now for our children will have such", "9mXDwbad93U-00046-00016106-00016599": "long-term benefits for them, their lives and their children", "9mXDwbad93U-00047-00016599-00016800": "and grandchildren."}}, {"audio_id": "9mZBR8-7yZE", "text": {"9mZBR8-7yZE-00000-00000019-00000587": "Venn Diagram Today we are going to take a look at how to", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00001-00000588-00000946": "complete a Venn Diagram.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00002-00000946-00001366": "Within the Venn Diagram you have two circles.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00003-00001366-00001707": "And, each circle has a name.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00004-00001707-00002294": "The names represent what we are comparing and contrasting.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00005-00002295-00002801": "The name can be at the top or bottom of the circle.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00006-00002801-00003574": "For our demonstration today, we are going to compare and contrast Makiko with Yuki.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00007-00003574-00004160": "The way that we complete a Venn Diagram is as follows:", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00008-00004160-00004875": "On the right side, where it says Makiko, we’re going to write the things that make Makiko", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00009-00004875-00005118": "different from Yuki.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00010-00005118-00005851": "On the left side, we're going to write the things that make Yuki different from Makiko.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00011-00005851-00006462": "In the middle, we’re going to write what things they have in common, or what things", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00012-00006462-00006720": "make them the same.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00013-00006720-00007645": "To review: On this right side, we list the things that make Makiko different from Yuki.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00014-00007645-00008281": "On the left, we list the things that make Yuki different from Makiko.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00015-00008281-00009164": "And, in the middle we list the things that they have in common (are the same about them).", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00016-00009164-00009864": "Some things that Makiko and Yuki have in common is that they are both Japanese.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00017-00009864-00010082": "and like ice skating.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00018-00010082-00010468": "So I would write these things here in the middle.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00019-00010468-00010824": "Now, what is different about them?", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00020-00010824-00011166": "Let’s start with Makiko first.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00021-00011166-00011427": "What is different about her?", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00022-00011428-00012048": "Well, Makiko comes from Okinawa, so that is a difference.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00023-00012048-00012610": "She also long hair and wears it in a ponytail often.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00024-00012610-00013019": "These are things that are different about Makiko.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00025-00013134-00013447": "Now, let’s talk about Yuki.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00026-00013490-00014138": "Well, Yuki is from Tokyo. She has short hair and wears glasses.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00027-00014138-00014862": "These are things that are different about Yuki and we can write them on the left.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00028-00014863-00015607": "To review: On this right side, we listed the things that make Makiko different from Yuki.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00029-00015607-00016593": "We wrote: She is from Okinawa; she has long hair; she wears her hair in a ponytail.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00030-00016593-00017192": "On the left, we listed the things that make Yuki different from Makiko.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00031-00017192-00018018": "We wrote: She is from Tokyo; she has short hair; she wears glasses.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00032-00018018-00018684": "And, in the middle, we listed the things that they have in common or are the same about", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00033-00018684-00018784": "them.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00034-00018784-00019420": "We wrote: They are both Japanese; they like ice skating.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00035-00019420-00019945": "This is an example of how you would fill out a Venn Diagram.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00036-00019945-00020651": "Remember you can use these to find out what is the same or different about two people,", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00037-00020651-00020898": "places, or things.", "9mZBR8-7yZE-00038-00020898-00021500": "If you have questions, you can watch this video again or ask your teacher."}}, {"audio_id": "9n16na79as8", "text": {"9n16na79as8-00000-00000024-00000440": "all right so today we're going to use maxwell denoiser on a frosted glass material", "9n16na79as8-00001-00000520-00001208": "now about glass back in 2015 on june 25th when tony published his game-changing tutorial", "9n16na79as8-00002-00001208-00001816": "about creating a perfect glass in maxwell render everyone on this planet started using glass", "9n16na79as8-00003-00001816-00002408": "materials so here's our material look like as you can see there's a glass in the bubbles and because", "9n16na79as8-00004-00002408-00003064": "you know everything is better with the bubbles it's quite noisy as you can see the render took me", "9n16na79as8-00005-00003064-00003736": "about 9 minutes and 55 seconds it's not didn't hit the 10 minutes mark and it reached simpler level", "9n16na79as8-00006-00003736-00004488": "of 10. now before we start applying the denoiser i want to show you how the scene was set up okay so", "9n16na79as8-00007-00004488-00005192": "um here's our scene as you can see it's pretty much the same as it was um with the godzilla", "9n16na79as8-00008-00005192-00006024": "same plane same camera with the same camera settings our object is on the same uh position so", "9n16na79as8-00009-00006024-00006784": "we have uh same light panels so there's our key light there's our details light this is our um", "9n16na79as8-00010-00006784-00007704": "rim light uh and i've added another extra light just for the refractions now in terms of the image", "9n16na79as8-00011-00007704-00008448": "based lighting i'm using different hdr as you can see it's a little bit darker a little bit just", "9n16na79as8-00012-00008448-00008952": "a little bit different i can see there's a guy here so it's some sort of like office environment", "9n16na79as8-00013-00009072-00009920": "material wise i'm using a same material for the table it's my lazy material with a bunch of", "9n16na79as8-00014-00009920-00010592": "diffuse options this time it's not wood it's ash so that's what gives me this this gray", "9n16na79as8-00015-00010592-00011488": "kind of marble stone type of look and same gloss layer for the roughness here's our glass material", "9n16na79as8-00016-00011488-00012056": "as you can see it's pretty um straightforward in fact i've used the material assistant for", "9n16na79as8-00017-00012056-00012424": "the base and then converted to advanced material or layered material", "9n16na79as8-00018-00012488-00013191": "and just tweaked it the main thing that i tweaked is was the attenuation distance or well yeah and", "9n16na79as8-00019-00013191-00013791": "transmittance color because i wanted to have this uh green look since the object is pretty small", "9n16na79as8-00020-00013847-00014432": "i had to reduce the attenuation distance so that we would pick up some of the beautiful green", "9n16na79as8-00021-00014496-00015160": "shade as you can see the roughness here is a 16 percent which gives us pretty frosty look now", "9n16na79as8-00022-00015160-00015840": "bubbles here beside being pretty cool thing they actually serve a purpose here it gives us the", "9n16na79as8-00023-00015904-00016408": "the sharp element because everything else would be quite smooth once we start denoising it", "9n16na79as8-00024-00016408-00017080": "but we want to have um sharp areas in our render so that it's not everything is just smoothed out", "9n16na79as8-00025-00017160-00017728": "right so and see we have this some bubbles that are closer to them to this to the surface to the", "9n16na79as8-00026-00017728-00018384": "side of the cat they are a little bit sharper than those that are deeper inside of the cat", "9n16na79as8-00027-00018568-00019064": "anyway so that's our material everything else is pretty much the same the camera settings", "9n16na79as8-00028-00019144-00019664": "are the same as they were in the previous scene now for the bubble material as you can see there's", "9n16na79as8-00029-00019664-00020184": "a i have this cat and bubbles and this is a master upper mesh system i made these bubbles in my using", "9n16na79as8-00030-00020184-00021016": "mesh uh it's quite a lot of bubbles here a little less than 600 in order to do this bubbles inside", "9n16na79as8-00031-00021016-00021776": "of the glass in a correct way we have to use nested priority or nasa dielectrics as you know it", "9n16na79as8-00032-00021776-00022600": "and in our case obviously the nested priority of the glass would be lower than the nested priority", "9n16na79as8-00033-00022600-00023136": "of the bubbles the higher the number of your nested priority the lower it's in priority queue", "9n16na79as8-00034-00023136-00023736": "here's the bubble material you can see that the master priority is zero so bubbles they", "9n16na79as8-00035-00023736-00024408": "practically cut out a little spheres inside of the glass material and that's what creates this effect", "9n16na79as8-00036-00024408-00024944": "otherwise the their their index of refractions would be mixed and overwritten by the material", "9n16na79as8-00037-00024944-00025552": "that is on top which is not correct so as you can see this is the very simple um material for", "9n16na79as8-00038-00025552-00026095": "bubbles i didn't want to have like too much of the refraction and even a reflection and", "9n16na79as8-00039-00026152-00026880": "yeah it has a little roughness here um very very very straightforward it's two different glass", "9n16na79as8-00040-00026880-00027504": "materials one is just lower index of refraction so uh this is the default settings and this is", "9n16na79as8-00041-00027504-00028424": "how it looks by default as you can see in general it is not like very bad it's okay", "9n16na79as8-00042-00028512-00029224": "it's uh it's smooth things out maybe too much but that's the default settings and", "9n16na79as8-00043-00029224-00029616": "we knew from the previous video that default settings they sometimes they could be a little", "9n16na79as8-00044-00029616-00030320": "bit overkill so let's then um do a screen grab of this so this is the original render that came", "9n16na79as8-00045-00030320-00030983": "out of maxwell without any denoising or anything whatsoever i can't say it's very noisy it has this", "9n16na79as8-00046-00031080-00031592": "definitely has some grains and some some noise especially like in this darker areas and then", "9n16na79as8-00047-00031592-00032176": "where the blurring is occurring right okay and as you can see i've laid them out here and", "9n16na79as8-00048-00032176-00032760": "put them then the naming um which layer so we would know what we looking at", "9n16na79as8-00049-00032840-00033744": "so now this one is um what default settings gives you uh which is not bad in general it it smooths", "9n16na79as8-00050-00033744-00034464": "things out and in some cases you probably want to do that um like for example like in this area", "9n16na79as8-00051-00034520-00035184": "which is out of focus or should be smooth should not be grainy it doesn't have much of a sharp", "9n16na79as8-00052-00035184-00035728": "details that we want to focus on and we definitely have some wings and everything but that's not", "9n16na79as8-00053-00035728-00036352": "what we're here for so that's the default settings right then i reduced the feature influence", "9n16na79as8-00054-00036504-00037312": "to half and that's what we see here and if we compare from um you know default", "9n16na79as8-00055-00037312-00038096": "settings which is feature influence 0.6 to 0.3 you can see it doesn't do much of the uh", "9n16na79as8-00056-00038280-00038920": "change it changes something but not much i mean it does make things a little bit", "9n16na79as8-00057-00038920-00039576": "sharper on the edges especially when they just some features um let's see here i'm unchecking", "9n16na79as8-00058-00039632-00040592": "and checking back in so it does gives us some change but not a drastic one now what i did next", "9n16na79as8-00059-00040592-00041600": "is i've reduced the feature influence even more to 0.15 which is a quarter of the default settings", "9n16na79as8-00060-00041704-00042208": "and now as you can see that gives us i mean we're going to compare it to the default settings", "9n16na79as8-00061-00042304-00043104": "that gives us a little bit more of the visible result now definitely things are becoming sharper", "9n16na79as8-00062-00043208-00043584": "while we're losing the noise but things are getting sharper", "9n16na79as8-00063-00043840-00044296": "um especially in the areas where a lot of things are going on like like like this head", "9n16na79as8-00064-00044608-00045464": "yeah you see how the how the highlights here reflections so that's the default settings", "9n16na79as8-00065-00045464-00046256": "and this is the reduced feature influence while we're still kind of staying out of the noise", "9n16na79as8-00066-00046360-00046880": "so that's good now what i did next is i kept the feature", "9n16na79as8-00067-00046880-00047496": "influence parameter at the same range but i also reduced the color influence to 0.2", "9n16na79as8-00068-00047680-00048376": "and that's what it does as you can see it it does very interesting um", "9n16na79as8-00069-00048496-00049488": "thing in our case it it actually helps with sharpness um on some of the very subtle very", "9n16na79as8-00070-00049552-00050304": "very small details uh so that's what we're comparing to um the original value or the full", "9n16na79as8-00071-00050304-00051128": "value of color influence with the reduced value of color and fluids and if we compare this new", "9n16na79as8-00072-00051391-00051816": "what you call this version of denoising parameters with the original denoiser", "9n16na79as8-00073-00051816-00052704": "parameters you can see how this um just enhances everything of course it all depends on the on", "9n16na79as8-00074-00052704-00053272": "your situation on your model and your amount of details the textures on the lines and everything", "9n16na79as8-00075-00053408-00053928": "but in my case it actually brings some brings back some of the sharpness and some of the", "9n16na79as8-00076-00053928-00054624": "detail and surface definition without bringing too much of the noise it does starts to", "9n16na79as8-00077-00054704-00055288": "bring a little bit of this irregularities which are not part of the surface because there is no", "9n16na79as8-00078-00055288-00056064": "bump texture or roughness texture or anything like that so it's just a pure geometry so this should", "9n16na79as8-00079-00056064-00056648": "not be too noisy but it starts to bring some of them you see it feels like it's almost like a", "9n16na79as8-00080-00056816-00057320": "like a bump or something which is i'm fine with because it doesn't look like noise", "9n16na79as8-00081-00057320-00057896": "but it looks like a regular surface which is acceptable so i've kept the feature influence", "9n16na79as8-00082-00057896-00058784": "at 0.15 and color influence at 0.2 and i would use the final pass from 0.45 to 0.2", "9n16na79as8-00083-00058879-00059336": "almost twice and you can see how that generally reduces the", "9n16na79as8-00084-00059560-00060120": "amount of denoiser applied so in some cases we started to see some of the original rendering", "9n16na79as8-00085-00060248-00060432": "uh pieces", "9n16na79as8-00086-00060712-00061208": "and things they do get a little bit sharper in general", "9n16na79as8-00087-00061479-00061784": "not really much but", "9n16na79as8-00088-00062120-00063040": "right so that's what it does but um that's that's final pass okay now then the other", "9n16na79as8-00089-00063040-00063991": "thing what i did is i put all parameters at the 0.15 all of them um and that's what it did", "9n16na79as8-00090-00064128-00064728": "let's see i can see you can see the noise and some artifacts they started to appear here", "9n16na79as8-00091-00064824-00066008": "um it definitely brings some sharpness for sure um and the surface not on the edges but um that's", "9n16na79as8-00092-00066008-00066728": "that's the drawback of reducing the denoiser and going back to uh original rendering uh", "9n16na79as8-00093-00066728-00067592": "original rendering here uh but see we went quite far and i mean personally that that's my um that's", "9n16na79as8-00094-00067592-00068240": "my view of things so i'm okay with some some amount of grain some amount of noise because that", "9n16na79as8-00095-00068240-00068888": "is very natural that happens everywhere in the film on the photo video so that's that's normal", "9n16na79as8-00096-00068888-00069360": "and that's it in fact that's essential for us to have some of the noise in the shadows or in some", "9n16na79as8-00097-00069432-00070120": "halftones so i'm fine with that okay and then the other thing what i did is um", "9n16na79as8-00098-00070120-00070928": "so i use the same parameters um values as 0.15 but i also reduce the filter radius in half so", "9n16na79as8-00099-00070928-00071616": "the default settings for the filter radius are 10. um in our case i reduce it to 5 to see how", "9n16na79as8-00100-00071616-00072248": "how that would affect the smoothness of of the denoiser procedure itself", "9n16na79as8-00101-00072480-00072792": "and you can see how it really starts to break it", "9n16na79as8-00102-00072952-00073496": "especially right here you see the the the the reflection the highlights here are becoming a", "9n16na79as8-00103-00073496-00073864": "little bit i don't know if you guys can see it in the video but it becomes a little bit", "9n16na79as8-00104-00073864-00074784": "um like choppy like spotty instead of having the the nice and smooth um like even reflection", "9n16na79as8-00105-00074840-00075544": "it becomes a little bit of um like a like more for spots and areas rather than one big", "9n16na79as8-00106-00075600-00076456": "smooth reflection so that's what i thought not really really good i think i'll stick with them", "9n16na79as8-00107-00076640-00077480": "with with this version of the parameters where the feature influences zero point um 150 and color", "9n16na79as8-00108-00077480-00078336": "influence is at 200 0.200 just because it has the right balance between the the the sharpness", "9n16na79as8-00109-00078336-00079144": "and the smoothness and in the next video we'll work with the textured materials so we'll see", "9n16na79as8-00110-00079144-00080104": "how the noise it performs on something that have fine little details and i'll see you there cheers"}}, {"audio_id": "9nqdtBXx3Q4", "text": {"9nqdtBXx3Q4-00000-00000000-00000735": "nope. nope. nope. nope. nope. nuh uh. no way. never gonna happen. I'm planning", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00001-00000735-00001250": "on living forever, so don't worry. I'm sticking around. But just in case, I", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00002-00001250-00001880": "really do want to plan for it because accidents happen and things happen and", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00003-00001880-00002343": "life doesn't always end up the way you expect. So today I'm gonna get a little", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00004-00002343-00002801": "bit uncomfortable and talk about what happens if I die. I'll be talking more", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00005-00002801-00003189": "about like budgeting and personal finance not the fact that Mauricio is", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00006-00003189-00003657": "off celebrating. Ding dong the witch is dead. Which old witch? The wicked witch.", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00007-00003657-00004362": "Did I just sing for YouTube? because thats embarassing. No, actually he'll be very very sad really", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00008-00004362-00004837": "really sad. Why? Because it's number one on the things to do when I die list.", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00009-00004838-00005718": "#1 Be very very very sad.   #2 Keep being very very very sad.", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00010-00005718-00005932": "Can you tell I make jokes when I'm uncomfortable.", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00011-00006630-00007120": "Hey guys it's Wendy Valencia my husband Mauricio and my seven year old Melina", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00012-00007120-00007661": "and I are on the debt free journey of our lives we are going to pay off over", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00013-00007661-00008152": "$300,000 worth of debt and we're right about to cross two thirds of the way", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00014-00008152-00008677": "done I am like so incredibly psyched so today I'm gonna be answering a question", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00015-00008677-00009319": "from Chris who left me this message on one of my organization videos I pay all", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00016-00009319-00009721": "of the bills organize the banking all automated transfers all investments", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00017-00009721-00010255": "everything around the house how do I make it so others my husband kids", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00018-00010255-00010732": "guardians would understand what is going on should something happen to me so", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00019-00010732-00011296": "today I'm going to tell you what I have done being that I am definitely the", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00020-00011296-00012217": "budgeting nerd in this family and yeah Mauricio prefers to you know be the tell", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00021-00012217-00012619": "me how much money I can spend and I'll spend it kind of person while I say this", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00022-00012619-00013168": "you have to keep in mind that I am like crazy person organized literally every", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00023-00013168-00013729": "single thing in my life has a system and a method there's just yeah I'm I'm kind", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00024-00013729-00014079": "of ridiculous about it so if you're looking for like over-the-top", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00025-00014079-00014638": "organization of your finances and what you're gonna need to do then you know", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00026-00014638-00015325": "you have come to the right place so Chris what I did is that I we years ago", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00027-00015325-00015844": "before we went to Mexico we purchased a fire safe in the safe it has a lock on", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00028-00015844-00016402": "it and I have put the keys Mauricio knows exactly where the key used to the", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00029-00016402-00017077": "lock where the keys to our storage unit all of that I quiz him regularly not", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00030-00017077-00017653": "even joking that is his one task to remember should I die is where are the", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00031-00017653-00018190": "keys and he thus far has passed every quiz he does know where they are so I", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00032-00018190-00018775": "don't you know expect him to remember a lot but I do hope that he remembers that", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00033-00018775-00019369": "one little thing once he gets into the fire safe there are actually written der", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00034-00019369-00020257": "Shinzon how I budget what is auto drafted all of the links to every single", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00035-00020257-00020725": "account we use and its associated password and I'm not talking just like", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00036-00020725-00021211": "budgeting stuff I'm talking like my youtube channel everything if he wanted", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00037-00021211-00021805": "to get on anything it is there in the fire safe also in there is our will", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00038-00021805-00022291": "although it is somewhat out of date we do need to update our will our will a", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00039-00022291-00022714": "copy of our will is in there but the people that are directly impacted by the", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00040-00022714-00023323": "will are also in in possession of the most current copy with the exception of", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00041-00023323-00023566": "milena she's obviously directly impacted it and", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00042-00023566-00024067": "has no copy her Guardians have a copy of our will my parents have a copy of our", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00043-00024067-00024544": "will so should there be an issue there are multiple copies around but there is", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00044-00024544-00024901": "a copy of the will in the fire safe and there's also a copy with our returns so", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00045-00024901-00025549": "there are online wills you can use but I have seen so many people do them wrong", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00046-00025549-00026020": "and not in accordance with their state and then their stuff ends up in probate", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00047-00026020-00026701": "that I actually recommend forking out the money for an attorney to draft it it", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00048-00026701-00027469": "is not cheap but it is worth it for your your heirs and the people that you'd be", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00049-00027469-00027952": "leaving money because you don't want them to have to stress and worry about", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00050-00027952-00028324": "something like that should something happen to you you want them to be taken", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00051-00028324-00028926": "care of and so one of the first steps to taking care of them is to do your will", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00052-00028926-00029587": "correctly and make sure it's legal and make sure everything is okay and really", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00053-00029587-00030193": "think about it and and you know if you want to get super specific great if you", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00054-00030193-00030544": "don't if you only have one kids like we do then", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00055-00030544-00030949": "you know it doesn't have to be super specific so this part of the video is", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00056-00030949-00031432": "where it gets a little morbid and I'll be perfectly honest with you in our fire", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00057-00031432-00032016": "safe are some letters that I drafted to Mauricio I haven't made Mauricio do the", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00058-00032016-00032502": "same letters but I'm planning on it I just haven't just", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00059-00032502-00032925": "them with him yet so hey Mauricio guess what you're gonna be doing in the future", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00060-00032925-00033357": "cuz I know he watches all my videos in the fighter safe there are some letters", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00061-00033357-00033954": "there's a letter to Mauricio for me and it's just aside from the directions the", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00062-00033954-00034458": "directions are separate it's an basically like how much I love him", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00063-00034458-00034797": "letter additionally there are letters to Molina", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00064-00034797-00035385": "in there and these letters would be for major milestones in her life that I", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00065-00035385-00036156": "might miss and the greatest joy and my life is tearing up one of those letters", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00066-00036156-00036888": "because I've seen the milestone so yeah it's it it was horrible to write those", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00067-00036888-00037494": "letters truly truly truly horrible but I wrote her letters for all of her major", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00068-00037494-00038025": "milestones the next one is like her teens when she turns 13 and becomes a", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00069-00038025-00038436": "teenager she has a letter and then there's another one for when she", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00070-00038436-00038912": "graduates from high school and another one when she graduates from college and", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00071-00038912-00039495": "another one when she starts dating which would obviously be before graduation", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00072-00039495-00039912": "from high school in college probably well not if Mauricio has anything to say", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00073-00039912-00040341": "about it she'll be like 40 when she starts dating it has anything to say", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00074-00040341-00040743": "about it when when she gets married and then one when she has children and", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00075-00040743-00041169": "should none of these events happen in her life should she choose never to get", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00076-00041169-00041684": "married or have kids that's okay I just these these are things that I", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00077-00041684-00042381": "have information that I wanted to pass on to her and tell her how much I love", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00078-00042381-00042878": "her and support her it's a really morbid thing to think about but it's super", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00079-00042878-00043608": "important that you leave something for your family for when you're gone and let", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00080-00043608-00044112": "them know that you love them let them know that they were important to you so", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00081-00044112-00044817": "it's not just about knowing how to clean out the lines on the on the ice maker", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00082-00044817-00045252": "it's not just about knowing how to do the laundry", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00083-00045252-00045597": "Mauricio already knows how to do laundry so thank goodness I don't have to leave", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00084-00045597-00046087": "that note but you know there's there's things that he that I do", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00085-00046087-00046531": "that he doesn't know how to do and and so those are things that are important", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00086-00046531-00047167": "to but not only that it's important that he knows and Molina knows that they", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00087-00047167-00047548": "mattered to me and that they were the most important things in my life so I'll", "9nqdtBXx3Q4-00088-00047548-00048117": "see you in the next one see ya wrap"}}, {"audio_id": "9nsQWaegBqY", "text": {"9nsQWaegBqY-00000-00000072-00000172": "Hi!", "9nsQWaegBqY-00001-00000172-00000762": "I wanted to show you the benefits of a little, 2-ounce hammer in getting prints off of your", "9nsQWaegBqY-00002-00000762-00000936": "printer.", "9nsQWaegBqY-00003-00000936-00001396": "So what I've done here as you can see I've printed out a little box on my printer, and", "9nsQWaegBqY-00004-00001396-00001975": "it has a pretty large, flat part that's stuck to the bed really tightly.", "9nsQWaegBqY-00005-00001975-00002466": "And you can see here I can try to get this off with the spatula, and I can push all day", "9nsQWaegBqY-00006-00002466-00002974": "and really, kind of risk gouging up the bed of the printer, so.", "9nsQWaegBqY-00007-00002974-00003446": "What I'm going to do is use this little 2-ounce hammer that I got, and just give it a few", "9nsQWaegBqY-00008-00003446-00004167": "taps, and that'll get the (hammering) spatula started under that.", "9nsQWaegBqY-00009-00004167-00004548": "And you can see I'm not using much force at all here.", "9nsQWaegBqY-00010-00004548-00005242": "Now the spatula is underneath the box, and from there it's really easy to bring it off.", "9nsQWaegBqY-00011-00005242-00005869": "And so now I have my box off my printer, no damage to the print bed, and everybody's happy!"}}, {"audio_id": "ao2kbhrKhh4", "text": {"ao2kbhrKhh4-00000-00000024-00000528": "we made an update to an existing tool it's the neural network wave prediction", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00001-00000594-00001536": "a web application generally it looks the same as it used to but we're doing more work on it", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00002-00001638-00002202": "When you train the network it will.. so this graph now instead of auto-scaling", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00003-00002202-00002670": "just going from 0 to 15 it is staying 0 to 15 no matter what", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00004-00002724-00003108": "This led here, yeah no it doesn't look like an LED but when it turns blue it's", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00005-00003108-00003444": "on and white is off, at the moment let me know if you wanted to change the colors", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00006-00003444-00003804": "but the point is that the the minimum error", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00007-00003804-00004728": "for this many iterations - 2500 iterations was 0.39 and it gave this weird looking result", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00008-00004812-00005238": "Another weird result: maximum was 31, minimum is 4.2", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00009-00005238-00005766": "the \"goal reached\" LED didn't go on because the error the minimum", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00010-00005766-00006216": "error was too high and it went up to 2500 iterations and then essentially gave up", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00011-00006294-00006744": "let's try this again a bit better something that looks a bit more reasonable", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00012-00006744-00007122": "the minimum error is still pretty high 4.2 again went up to 2500", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00013-00007122-00007523": "iterations the goal was not reached even though it doesn't look that bad", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00014-00007656-00008081": "let's try it again in this case again looks like a good result but the minimum error is 0.7", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00015-00008142-00008406": "I don't know there will be some sort of minimal number..", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00016-00008406-00008874": "and actually it went it was lower and then started going up again", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00017-00008874-00009120": "in this case yeah very high air but I don't know what the", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00018-00009120-00009414": "problem is it actually looks uh looks quite legit", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00019-00009414-00009888": "but the algorithm says no goal reached so essentially the algorithm is estimating", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00020-00009888-00010422": "its own result as being no good even though I've seen much worse with a much lower error indication", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00021-00010422-00011076": "this case a bit better 3.7 yeah in this case the minimum is much lower but the results..", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00022-00011076-00011358": "it's it's getting more confident in the result but then saying that", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00023-00011418-00011958": "this will be flat lining so essentially if it was uh you know a price of a share", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00024-00011958-00012438": "or something it would have they made the big boo-boo", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00025-00012438-00012966": "if you put this higher results not necessarily better yeah again made a mistake here", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00026-00013032-00013266": "it was essentially ignoring all these data points making", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00027-00013266-00013584": "a prediction of flatlining but it's not very confident", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00028-00013704-00014280": "in here it actually looks much better I think it just missed the mark for reaching the goal but", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00029-00014280-00014886": "if you have less data it's highly confident that this what would happen so in just 40 iterations", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00030-00014886-00015690": "it's reaching a very small error and saying flat line and uh it's not clear why wouldn't it", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00031-00015690-00016524": "say continue up or do something else sometimes it does this oscillation business - like here", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00032-00016524-00016806": "and again it's highly confident in its prediction so just gave it", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00033-00016890-00017580": "seven data points, it made a prediction, highly confident that this what the signal would look", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00034-00017580-00017994": "like obviously yeah it's obviously up to you to decide how accurate or inaccurate that is", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00035-00018054-00018360": "this thing don't seem to make much difference", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00036-00018486-00019032": "have to look in in more details how it was implemented and there is some sort of like", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00037-00019032-00019446": "sweet spot that where it's getting like wrong results like half of the time okay", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00038-00019446-00019866": "here for example I don't know what happened there this looks like a change of mind, you know, I'm", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00039-00019866-00020436": "predicting this but then I'm predicting something else but it's extremely confident in that answer", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00040-00020634-00020958": "this is a bit better, again the prediction looks more consistent", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00041-00020958-00021348": "in here I don't know what the difference but it didn't reach the goal even though", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00042-00021348-00021540": "the minimum error is quite low - it's quite good", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00043-00021618-00022020": "and here it did because it.. I don't know what's the threshold for this maybe it's 0.1 or something", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00044-00022110-00022590": "and it took six just over 600 iterations to reach that goal", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00045-00022860-00023412": "so this thing is running online I had to change the name of the HTML because I had troubles with", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00046-00023412-00023922": "the original original thing originally didn't have the underscore 3 but just yeah seemed to work,", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00047-00023922-00024588": "originally it wad called ... but stopped running for unknown to me reason I don't", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00048-00024588-00025032": "know do you have one no so that's when you don't have a web app at that the address I", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00049-00025032-00025494": "think you have something under two not just the same thing with displaying less results", "ao2kbhrKhh4-00050-00025494-00025872": "thank you for watching I'll see you next door and don't forget to subscribe to my channel"}}, {"audio_id": "aopoAOddN8u", "text": {"aopoAOddN8u-00000-00000019-00000119": "Guys.", "aopoAOddN8u-00001-00000119-00000777": "I have just removed a comment that my teacher left, even though it was already pinned.", "aopoAOddN8u-00002-00000777-00001718": "That was because it was just for a test, and it was because it never got any likes or something.", "aopoAOddN8u-00003-00001718-00001904": "The… and I don’t care."}}, {"audio_id": "aoxr1OFw9iy", "text": {"aoxr1OFw9iy-00000-00000000-00000200": "Like and subscribe my channel"}}, {"audio_id": "aoDNBDyo0KI", "text": {"aoDNBDyo0KI-00000-00000095-00000258": "Hi, it's Alex!", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00001-00000258-00000614": "Today I want to talk about the limitations", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00002-00000614-00000900": "of understanding other peoples' experience", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00003-00000900-00001084": "through our own experience,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00004-00001084-00001172": "and how to deal with that,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00005-00001173-00001595": "or at least one way I found of dealing with that.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00006-00001595-00001817": "Often, when I'm talking to someone,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00007-00001817-00002058": "and they're describing what's going on in their life,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00008-00002058-00002363": "I try to understand their experience, by like", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00009-00002363-00002637": "\"putting myself in their shoes\".", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00010-00002637-00002908": "I was often taught when I was growing up, to do this,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00011-00002908-00003115": "like it seems to come naturally to me,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00012-00003115-00003389": "it's not something that I feel like I need to be taught,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00013-00003389-00003614": "but I was also taught it a lot, like", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00014-00003614-00003928": "when I would do things that impacted other people,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00015-00003928-00004117": "people would ask me the question of:", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00016-00004117-00004457": "\"Well, how would you feel if someone did that to you?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00017-00004457-00004653": "and they'd say things like that.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00018-00004653-00005050": "One thing though, that I don't think was emphasized very much to me,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00019-00005051-00005165": "when I was younger,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00020-00005165-00005451": "and that I think I had to realize as an adult,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00021-00005451-00005672": "was that people can be really different,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00022-00005672-00005945": "and people can have really different experiences,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00023-00005945-00006454": "and people don't always respond to things the same way I do.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00024-00006454-00006773": "An example of this came up recently.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00025-00006773-00006950": "I was talking to one of my friends,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00026-00006950-00007180": "and she was expressing being upset", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00027-00007181-00007438": "about something that happened in her work.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00028-00007438-00007722": "She had planned a vacation over the weekend,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00029-00007722-00007968": "in which she was going to go home and visit her family", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00030-00007968-00008146": "and do a bunch of things,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00031-00008146-00008361": "and a bunch of things came up at work", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00032-00008361-00008872": "that demanded that she complete them in a certain time frame,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00033-00008872-00009157": "and she needed to stay at work over the weekend", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00034-00009157-00009317": "and cancel her trip.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00035-00009317-00009499": "She was upset about this.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00036-00009499-00009811": "And, mentally, when I started trying to understand", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00037-00009811-00009993": "what she was going through,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00038-00009993-00010478": "I thought of how I would feel if I were put in that circumstance.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00039-00010478-00010809": "And I would be really upset about that,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00040-00010809-00011139": "probably to the point of wanting to quit the job.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00041-00011139-00011414": "And I think it's because it's really important for me", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00042-00011414-00011836": "to have a boundary between work and personal life", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00043-00011836-00012077": "and if I'm planning something in advance", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00044-00012077-00012429": "and it's not something where there is human life at stake,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00045-00012429-00012929": "I'm not going to come in over the weekend to work at a job.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00046-00012929-00013113": "That would just sort of like cross a boundary for me.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00047-00013113-00013429": "But other people work differently from how I do,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00048-00013429-00013687": "and, talking to my friend about this,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00049-00013687-00014054": "it became apparent that she wasn't anywhere near as upset,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00050-00014054-00014157": "even though she was upset,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00051-00014157-00014657": "she wasn't anywhere near as upset as I would be in a similar situation.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00052-00014658-00015002": "I think this illustrates, kind of,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00053-00015003-00015222": "something that's very likely to happen", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00054-00015222-00015459": "when you're trying to understand another person", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00055-00015459-00015643": "by puttiing yourself in their shoes,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00056-00015643-00016191": "which is that people don't necessarily feel as passionately about things.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00057-00016191-00016618": "In some cases, someone might be a lot more upset about something,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00058-00016618-00016859": "and in some cases they might be a lot less upset,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00059-00016859-00017129": "even if it's something that everyone would be upset about.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00060-00017129-00017418": "And similarly, for things that you get excited about,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00061-00017418-00017814": "like some people just get really excited and happy about things", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00062-00017814-00017985": "more than other people,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00063-00017985-00018296": "like different people care different amounts about different things.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00064-00018296-00018530": "I think it's important to be aware of that.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00065-00018530-00018742": "One problem that I've seen,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00066-00018743-00019004": "and I've kind of been on both ends of this,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00067-00019004-00019350": "is if there's a conversation in which one person expresses", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00068-00019350-00019535": "that something is bothering them,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00069-00019535-00019681": "the other person might overreact,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00070-00019681-00019829": "like maybe I'm like:", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00071-00019829-00020060": "\"Oh, someone said this thing, and I found it,\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00072-00020060-00020210": "\"kind of, a little bit off-putting.\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00073-00020210-00020356": "And they're like: \"OH MY GOD!\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00074-00020356-00020594": "\"That's such a horribly rude thing!\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00075-00020595-00020811": "\"Like, I can't believe they'd ever do that!\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00076-00020811-00020990": "And then I'm thinking to myself like:", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00077-00020990-00021242": "\"No, it wasn't really horribly rude,\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00078-00021242-00021484": "\"it was just like slightly off-putting.\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00079-00021484-00021643": "and like: \"Why is this person overreacting?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00080-00021643-00022145": "But maybe they genuinely would find that particular remark", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00081-00022145-00022235": "horribly rude.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00082-00022235-00022370": "And I think that's okay.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00083-00022370-00022660": "It's okay for people to have different reactions,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00084-00022660-00022972": "different levels of extremeness", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00085-00022973-00023184": "of how they respond to things,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00086-00023184-00023612": "different relative levels from like one particular circumstance to the other.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00087-00023612-00023984": "So, what have I gained, like what kind of insight have I gained,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00088-00023984-00024268": "how have I changed my behavior or my way of thinking,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00089-00024268-00024498": "with this knowledge?", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00090-00024498-00024779": "I think one thing that I've tried to do,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00091-00024779-00025012": "when I'm talking to another person,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00092-00025012-00025309": "is to gain conscious awareness", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00093-00025309-00025767": "of when I am trying to understand their experience", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00094-00025768-00025976": "through my own experience,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00095-00025976-00026279": "so not just do that like automatically,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00096-00026279-00026617": "and to not assume that the other person", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00097-00026617-00026977": "is experiencing the emotions that I'm experiencing.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00098-00026977-00027395": "Like, to say, \"Okay. This person did that.\" and to think:", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00099-00027395-00027947": "\"If I were in this circumstance, I would be feeling this way.\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00100-00027947-00028147": "It's possible that they're feeling that way,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00101-00028147-00028472": "but it's also possible that they are not feeling that way.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00102-00028472-00028707": "They might be feeling stronger or less strong,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00103-00028707-00029101": "or they might have a completely different qualitative reaction", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00104-00029101-00029245": "from the reaction I had.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00105-00029245-00029505": "I think having that conscious awareness,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00106-00029505-00029904": "and constantly reminding yourself of that possibility,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00107-00029904-00030133": "is really helpful, really useful,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00108-00030133-00030470": "for like actually understanding what people are experiencing,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00109-00030470-00030817": "and not just what we think they might be experiencing", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00110-00030817-00031079": "based on our own experience.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00111-00031079-00031385": "The other thing that I find really helpful is,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00112-00031385-00031529": "in situations like this,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00113-00031529-00031943": "is to focus on what people are actually saying,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00114-00031943-00032176": "and to kind of like calm down your mind,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00115-00032176-00032591": "and like, almost try to turn off or tune out that,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00116-00032591-00032714": "it's almost like a form of empathy,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00117-00032714-00032933": "but like to tune that out a little bit,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00118-00032933-00033192": "to just say, \"Okay, what did the person actually say?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00119-00033192-00033560": "\"Did the person express being upset or stressed out?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00120-00033560-00033972": "\"Did the person express being really excited or enthusiastic?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00121-00033972-00034161": "\"What words did they use?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00122-00034161-00034764": "\"Did they use words that express or connote a very strong reaction?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00123-00034764-00035156": "\"or did it connote like a more mild reaction?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00124-00035156-00035320": "And if you're talking to them in person, like,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00125-00035320-00035427": "\"What is their body language?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00126-00035427-00035544": "\"What is their tone of voice?\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00127-00035544-00035776": "Try to like, keep these things in check,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00128-00035776-00035957": "so that you're really like", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00129-00035957-00036284": "focusing on what the other person's reaction is,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00130-00036284-00036596": "rather than getting lost in your own head.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00131-00036596-00036876": "I think it's definitely useful to empathize with people", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00132-00036876-00037276": "and to sort of put yourself in their shoes sometimes,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00133-00037276-00037410": "like sometimes you could say:", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00134-00037410-00037658": "\"Oh, yeah,\" like \"I really relate to that.\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00135-00037658-00037994": "\"If that happened to me, I would feel similarly.\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00136-00037994-00038178": "That can be really useful to do.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00137-00038178-00038490": "But you don't want to like let that way of thinking", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00138-00038490-00038684": "or that sort of neural machinery", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00139-00038684-00038896": "dominate your interaction with that person.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00140-00038896-00039146": "Like, you want to focus mostly on", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00141-00039146-00039333": "what the person is actually saying,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00142-00039333-00039603": "what the person is actually expressing to you.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00143-00039603-00039828": "So, I hope that you find this helpful.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00144-00039828-00040210": "I know for me this is something that I need to continually remind myself of.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00145-00040210-00040620": "And I think it's in part because I wasn't really emphasized it", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00146-00040620-00040717": "very much as a kid,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00147-00040717-00040902": "I was kind of taught the opposite, like:", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00148-00040902-00041128": "\"Oh, put yourself in other people's shoes.\"", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00149-00041128-00041512": "I wasn't really told that there are limitations of that,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00150-00041512-00041652": "I had to sort of find that out.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00151-00041652-00041932": "So it's like, I have yet to integrate that fully", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00152-00041932-00042183": "into my way of thinking and way of living.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00153-00042183-00042470": "So I'd also like to call on people to,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00154-00042470-00042623": "when they're raising children", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00155-00042623-00042927": "and talking about these issues with children,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00156-00042927-00043094": "to help them to be aware", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00157-00043094-00043259": "that there are limitations", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00158-00043259-00043500": "of putting yourself in another person's shoes,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00159-00043500-00043680": "that that's not something that you want to do", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00160-00043680-00043816": "sort of boundlessly,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00161-00043816-00043936": "and that in the end,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00162-00043936-00044202": "it's actually more important to listen to people", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00163-00044202-00044518": "and to focus on what they're actually saying and expressing,", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00164-00044518-00044717": "and that that putting yourself in their shoes", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00165-00044717-00045070": "is kind of secondary to actually listening to the person.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00166-00045070-00045252": "So I hope you found this useful.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00167-00045252-00045560": "I'd love to hear from you if you have anything to add, as always.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00168-00045560-00045752": "And I really love when people share my videos", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00169-00045752-00045904": "and subscribe to my channel.", "aoDNBDyo0KI-00170-00045904-00046016": "Thank you!"}}, {"audio_id": "aoM1wzooWry", "text": {"aoM1wzooWry-00000-00000000-00000116": "Where you are right now", "aoM1wzooWry-00001-00000116-00000221": "doesn't have to determine", "aoM1wzooWry-00002-00000221-00000329": "where you'll end up", "aoM1wzooWry-00003-00000329-00000517": "No one's written your destiny for you", "aoM1wzooWry-00004-00000538-00000729": "But whatever you resolve to do", "aoM1wzooWry-00005-00000729-00000855": "i want you to commit to it", "aoM1wzooWry-00006-00000871-00001009": "i want you to really work at it", "aoM1wzooWry-00007-00001026-00001184": "i know that sometimes you get that sense", "aoM1wzooWry-00008-00001184-00001301": "from tv that you can be", "aoM1wzooWry-00009-00001301-00001430": "rich and successful", "aoM1wzooWry-00010-00001430-00001551": "without any hard work", "aoM1wzooWry-00011-00001593-00001764": "that your ticket to success is through", "aoM1wzooWry-00012-00001764-00001968": "rapping or basketball", "aoM1wzooWry-00013-00002002-00002231": "or being a reality tv star", "aoM1wzooWry-00014-00002260-00002389": "Chances are you're not going to be", "aoM1wzooWry-00015-00002389-00002510": "any of those things", "aoM1wzooWry-00016-00002519-00002635": "The truth is", "aoM1wzooWry-00017-00002648-00002844": "being successful is hard", "aoM1wzooWry-00018-00002844-00002977": "and you won't necessarily", "aoM1wzooWry-00019-00002977-00003119": "succeed at everything", "aoM1wzooWry-00020-00003148-00003286": "the first time you try", "aoM1wzooWry-00021-00003395-00003474": "that's okay"}}, {"audio_id": "a0AVePD3nWg", "text": {"a0AVePD3nWg-00000-00000704-00001160": "there's an ongoing global revolution in the anatomical research field profoundly changing", "a0AVePD3nWg-00001-00001160-00001807": "the way we look at the human body the way of thinking our anatomy and body of course is", "a0AVePD3nWg-00002-00001807-00002432": "changing the reason fascia a network of connective tissue wrapped around every part of the body while", "a0AVePD3nWg-00003-00002432-00002992": "until recently being considered unimportant fascia is since 2017 acknowledged as the biggest organ", "a0AVePD3nWg-00004-00002992-00003552": "in the body and perhaps the most important one so fascists say almost one third of our biomechanics", "a0AVePD3nWg-00005-00003624-00004088": "fascia research has sparked a wildfire of new insights that are challenging conventional belief", "a0AVePD3nWg-00006-00004088-00004792": "about how the body works you know when the patient comes in to the position and says i think i have a", "a0AVePD3nWg-00007-00004792-00005304": "problem in my fascia they'll be like they'll look it up on google and they'll find us", "a0AVePD3nWg-00008-00005584-00005896": "at the congress new perspectives and explanations to symptoms and", "a0AVePD3nWg-00009-00005896-00006352": "diseases like lower back pain obesity diabetes and even cancer was presented", "a0AVePD3nWg-00010-00006440-00007184": "and maybe this is how we'll get new answers by looking at the body in a completely new way", "a0AVePD3nWg-00011-00007544-00007552": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "a0EsijpLnpU", "text": {"a0EsijpLnpU-00000-00000006-00000786": "chess friends the new 4050 Lo rated engine Alpha zero is a fantastic chess computer he is good at", "a0EsijpLnpU-00001-00000786-00001296": "attacks and whenever he gets white pieces he shows his outstanding performance on the board so he", "a0EsijpLnpU-00002-00001296-00001872": "have black pieces and today Alpha zero played with Magnus Carlson who is the best tactical player and", "a0EsijpLnpU-00003-00001872-00002814": "World Champion let's go Magnus started with D4 we have E6 Queen's Pawn variation you have D5 C5 and", "a0EsijpLnpU-00004-00002814-00003779": "G6 Bishop here or Knight F6 Knight C6 line we have C4 D5 by Alpha Knight F3 Knight F6 in this", "a0EsijpLnpU-00005-00003779-00004470": "position Magnus could play Bishop here to pin the Knight or Knight to C3 but he choose to play G3", "a0EsijpLnpU-00006-00004470-00005064": "you can call it King Indian defense with Queen's Gambit decline if you think the sea Pawn gets", "a0EsijpLnpU-00007-00005064-00005646": "unguarded black could take it and win a pawn but if you take the pawn then white will just develop", "a0EsijpLnpU-00008-00005646-00006318": "his pieces I am showing alternative moves Bishop here castle and queen queen C2 to Target this Pawn", "a0EsijpLnpU-00009-00006318-00007008": "if you play B5 to protect it then A4 targeting the pawn and pressuring on this Pawn Knight can come", "a0EsijpLnpU-00010-00007008-00007620": "here to Target the rook and you will face some light Square weakness that's the idea of behind", "a0EsijpLnpU-00011-00007620-00008550": "the take C4 it's not just a free porn so Alpha Play Bishop E7 Bishop G2 castle by Magnus Pawn", "a0EsijpLnpU-00012-00008550-00009252": "takes Knight goes to E5 to Target this innocent guy you cannot play 200 Lo move B5 to protect", "a0EsijpLnpU-00013-00009252-00009876": "this Pawn because of Bishop takes Rook so Alpha moved up his Knight Knight takes Pawn takes porn", "a0EsijpLnpU-00014-00009876-00010650": "Bishop takes C6 Rook V8 Knight C3 Bishop to B7 Magnus could take the bishop but he played", "a0EsijpLnpU-00015-00010650-00011340": "Bishop to be five to Target this C Pawn we have Queen up to D6 he want to play some normal moves", "a0EsijpLnpU-00016-00011340-00012042": "like A6 E5 or Knight here if Knight takes Knight happened then Queen takes to Checkmate Magnus so", "a0EsijpLnpU-00017-00012042-00012792": "F3 by him you want to play E4 so Rook to d8 Bishop takes we have C5 you cannot take the", "a0EsijpLnpU-00018-00012792-00013476": "pawn if you do let me show the variation it's not Queen takes its Queen takes Pawn check the d file", "a0EsijpLnpU-00019-00013476-00014112": "gets open and you will lose your queen as well so back to the position here we have E3 try to", "a0EsijpLnpU-00020-00014112-00014718": "stabilize the structure so the queen cannot come to the diagonal and give some irritating checks in", "a0EsijpLnpU-00021-00014718-00015288": "chess you shouldn't think like a human you should think like a computer I mean while playing chess", "a0EsijpLnpU-00022-00015288-00015774": "you should think if stockfish or Alpha Zero have this position then what they will play", "a0EsijpLnpU-00023-00015840-00016338": "you always think it while you are playing chess let me show you a practical example", "a0EsijpLnpU-00024-00016338-00016956": "here you cannot go for the porn he will take the pawn and there will not advantages so he", "a0EsijpLnpU-00025-00016956-00017562": "played H4 very aggressive move because he is a stockfish subscriber White's King pawns are too", "a0EsijpLnpU-00026-00017562-00018174": "committed so he will play H4 to open the position let me show you the position if you play again the", "a0EsijpLnpU-00027-00018174-00019110": "human looking move Rook B1 then H4 Pawn takes then Pawn takes takes and queen to C7 to Target this so", "a0EsijpLnpU-00028-00019110-00019794": "Bishop backs and Rook takes D4 and that's it black have plus 4.8 advantages he is targeting the pawn", "a0EsijpLnpU-00029-00019794-00020394": "then the H2 Pawn will be a target for white Bishop here to check the white king position is cramped", "a0EsijpLnpU-00030-00020394-00021054": "Knight here Knight F4 getting the square as well and the position will be literally bad for you", "a0EsijpLnpU-00031-00021054-00021636": "when you are losing a chess game then the time will against you so back to the position here", "a0EsijpLnpU-00032-00021636-00022368": "Magnus played B3 you want to Play Bishop here to pressure on this Pawn so Alpha takes the pawn we", "a0EsijpLnpU-00033-00022368-00022986": "have he takes D4 Bishop is coming to protect the pawn we have E5 you cannot take the pawn because", "a0EsijpLnpU-00034-00022986-00023640": "of the queen check the same tactic you will lose your queen so Magnus played Knight to E2 try to", "a0EsijpLnpU-00035-00023640-00024366": "protect the pawn but in this position best move is to play D5 let me show you the variation if it", "a0EsijpLnpU-00036-00024366-00025104": "happened then Queen check King UPS Knight takes Pawn Knight takes takes takes and takes Queen", "a0EsijpLnpU-00037-00025104-00025895": "here and Rook d8 Bishop here Queen to A5 Rook F2 everything is fine with the family this position", "a0EsijpLnpU-00038-00025895-00026514": "is quite good for white but in this position Magnus played Knight to E2 try to protect the", "a0EsijpLnpU-00039-00026514-00027204": "pawn pawn takes Queen to D3 he couldn't take the pawn because of Queen takes takes and Rook takes", "a0EsijpLnpU-00040-00027204-00028170": "you would lose a piece so Knight to D7 Bishop F4 Queen to F6 Rook on D1 Alpha played G5 because he", "a0EsijpLnpU-00041-00028170-00028704": "is a stockfish subscriber and chess friends if you want to play like Alpha zero then you can", "a0EsijpLnpU-00042-00028704-00029268": "like And subscribe to my YouTube channel to get more episodes this targeting on this bishop and", "a0EsijpLnpU-00043-00029268-00029933": "if you try to save the bishop by playing Bishop C1 then Knight E5 Queen backs Knight takes Knight", "a0EsijpLnpU-00044-00029933-00030444": "takes check with the supporting of the bishop the king cannot go there because of the bishop check", "a0EsijpLnpU-00045-00030444-00031032": "and at the same time King can't come here because of Knight takes with discover check so after Rook", "a0EsijpLnpU-00046-00031032-00031602": "takes and queen takes Rook Knight here to prevent the checkmating Square from the queen so Queen", "a0EsijpLnpU-00047-00031602-00032310": "check King here takes backs Queen check there is Checkmate in few moves let me show you the", "a0EsijpLnpU-00048-00032310-00033072": "variation here check backs takes check here Queen check blocks check here and after few more more it", "a0EsijpLnpU-00049-00033072-00033690": "will be Checkmate on Queen G2 with the bishop and The Rook so back to the position you cannot move", "a0EsijpLnpU-00050-00033690-00034416": "your Bishop on C1 or C7 the exact same tactic so Magnus pushed his King Side Pawn because he is a", "a0EsijpLnpU-00051-00034416-00035220": "stockfish subscriber too porn takes Bishop Knight takes 95 Queen backs this Pawn is targeted by the", "a0EsijpLnpU-00052-00035220-00035946": "two pieces and it is protected by the two pieces so Rook E8 threatening Bishop C5 then move the", "a0EsijpLnpU-00053-00035946-00036738": "pawn to check the king so in this position Magnus played Bishop D3 Bishop to C5 you might think this", "a0EsijpLnpU-00054-00036738-00037362": "Pawn is unguarded why not Magnus is taking the pawn but if you take the pawn then Queen to H6", "a0EsijpLnpU-00055-00037362-00038022": "targeting this Knight so Knight backs then there is Knight takes F3 check this is a discover attack", "a0EsijpLnpU-00056-00038022-00038670": "to the queen and this Knight is protected by the bishop so here we have Queen to G2 Knight takes D3", "a0EsijpLnpU-00057-00038670-00039402": "Magnus played Knight takes Knight we have Bishop back to D6 Rook to E3 is coming so Rook C1 Queen", "a0EsijpLnpU-00058-00039402-00040308": "here Rook here Rook E3 targeting this Pawn with three pieces so G4 by Magnus Queen backs Rook here", "a0EsijpLnpU-00059-00040308-00041118": "Rook takes Rook F2 Rook takes Queen takes Rook Queen slides Queen comes to F5 Queen to check", "a0EsijpLnpU-00060-00041118-00041748": "King here Bishop here targeting the Knight and the queen with the bishop so Queen check Queen", "a0EsijpLnpU-00061-00041748-00042426": "takes takes Bishop takes check and Alpha have three pieces against one Magnus resigned the game", "a0EsijpLnpU-00062-00042486-00043056": "wait I have a beautiful piano music for you enjoy the game with my piano music", "a0EsijpLnpU-00063-00044030-00044130": "[Music]", "a0EsijpLnpU-00064-00044130-00045036": "wish you all the best thanks for watching subscribe for more bye bye take care see you soon"}}, {"audio_id": "a0HKi-238wg", "text": {"a0HKi-238wg-00000-00000754-00001022": "This is NOUN Statement.tv", "a0HKi-238wg-00001-00001907-00002302": "Noun by the pen and that what they write per with", "a0HKi-238wg-00002-00003302-00003646": "Bismillah Al Rahman Al Rahim", "a0HKi-238wg-00003-00003690-00003988": "Al salat wa salam ala raswal Allah", "a0HKi-238wg-00004-00004010-00004276": "Wa ala cafe elmomneen ( upon all believers)", "a0HKi-238wg-00005-00004370-00004570": "Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh", "a0HKi-238wg-00006-00004622-00004910": "Welcome to the brief answer series", "a0HKi-238wg-00007-00004910-00005274": "In which I will deliver to you insha' Allah", "a0HKi-238wg-00008-00005274-00005660": "The brief answers from the Awaited Mahdi", "a0HKi-238wg-00009-00005692-00005986": "Imam Nasser Mohammad Al-Yamani", "a0HKi-238wg-00010-00005992-00006306": "True statement of the Holy Quran", "a0HKi-238wg-00011-00006380-00006604": "Today question is:", "a0HKi-238wg-00012-00006738-00006966": "is stoning part of Islamic sharia", "a0HKi-238wg-00013-00007059-00007262": "And the clear answer is NO", "a0HKi-238wg-00014-00007270-00007512": "There is no stoning in Islam", "a0HKi-238wg-00015-00007580-00008000": "There is no punishment law of stoning to death", "a0HKi-238wg-00016-00008022-00008262": "In the Islamic sharia", "a0HKi-238wg-00017-00008326-00008526": "And Mohammad The Messenger of Allah", "a0HKi-238wg-00018-00008567-00008857": "Prayers be upon him and his family", "a0HKi-238wg-00019-00008933-00009483": "Has never violated the laws of Allah nor stoned anyone", "a0HKi-238wg-00020-00009547-00010134": "Then what is the proof that there is no stoning in Islam", "a0HKi-238wg-00021-00010186-00010496": "And What is the correct punishment law", "a0HKi-238wg-00022-00010524-00010800": "Of adultery in Islam?", "a0HKi-238wg-00023-00011440-00011862": "From Sura [Al-Noor] 24: verse  number 2", "a0HKi-238wg-00024-00011916-00012080": "Allah the Most High said:", "a0HKi-238wg-00025-00012110-00012400": "Those who commit adultery men or woman,", "a0HKi-238wg-00026-00012424-00012676": "Flog each of them a hundred lashes", "a0HKi-238wg-00027-00012757-00012949": "Truthful Allah the great", "a0HKi-238wg-00028-00012949-00013290": "So Allah restricted the punishment law against them", "a0HKi-238wg-00029-00013290-00013562": "To a hundred lashes equally for all", "a0HKi-238wg-00030-00013618-00013890": "Whether they were married or single", "a0HKi-238wg-00031-00013910-00014288": "It is the same and the clear proof to nullify the", "a0HKi-238wg-00032-00014332-00014582": "Stoning to death for the married adulteress", "a0HKi-238wg-00033-00014596-00014956": "And adulterer is in sura [Al-Nesã´]", "a0HKi-238wg-00034-00015002-00015272": "Sura number 4 verse number 25", "a0HKi-238wg-00035-00015331-00015496": "Allah the Most High said:", "a0HKi-238wg-00036-00015496-00015952": "Then if they are guilty of adultery when they are taken", "a0HKi-238wg-00037-00015966-00016286": "In marriage they shall suffer half of", "a0HKi-238wg-00038-00016346-00016630": "Punishment for free married woman", "a0HKi-238wg-00039-00016630-00016796": "Truthful Allah the Great", "a0HKi-238wg-00040-00016796-00017192": "and this verse talks about the adulteress slave female", "a0HKi-238wg-00041-00017251-00017583": "And her punishment is the half of the punishment", "a0HKi-238wg-00042-00017583-00017763": "For the free married woman", "a0HKi-238wg-00043-00017812-00018030": "Which is 50 lashes;", "a0HKi-238wg-00044-00018079-00018452": "As the correct punishment law of the adultery in Islam", "a0HKi-238wg-00045-00018452-00018704": "is clearly a hundred lashes", "a0HKi-238wg-00046-00019440-00019723": "Now some would say that there's", "a0HKi-238wg-00047-00019788-00020086": "a confirmed sunna hadith that the messenger of Allah", "a0HKi-238wg-00048-00020151-00020510": "Mohammad prayers be upon him and his family", "a0HKi-238wg-00049-00020510-00020920": "has stoned the woman who came and confessed that", "a0HKi-238wg-00050-00020922-00021374": "She committed adultery and fully repented to Allah", "a0HKi-238wg-00051-00021426-00021856": "then you must know that this is a false hadith", "a0HKi-238wg-00052-00021856-00022012": "to distort Islam", "a0HKi-238wg-00053-00022092-00022275": "as true Sunnah hadith", "a0HKi-238wg-00054-00022275-00022726": "Cannot be in contrary with the Quran and if we return", "a0HKi-238wg-00055-00022726-00023033": "to the Holy Quran we'll find that", "a0HKi-238wg-00056-00023078-00023460": "there is no punishment for those who repented", "a0HKi-238wg-00057-00023514-00023826": "before being caught and overpowered.", "a0HKi-238wg-00058-00023864-00024050": "From Sura [Al-Mã´edah]", "a0HKi-238wg-00059-00024050-00024422": "Sura number 5 verse number 34", "a0HKi-238wg-00060-00024422-00024640": "Allah the Most High said:", "a0HKi-238wg-00061-00024699-00025198": "Except those who repent before you overpower them;", "a0HKi-238wg-00062-00025198-00025499": "So know that Allah is forgiving, merciful.", "a0HKi-238wg-00063-00025572-00025749": "Truthful Allah the Great", "a0HKi-238wg-00064-00025750-00026214": "Then the messenger of Allah - prayers be upon him", "a0HKi-238wg-00065-00026233-00026539": "Would never violate the command of Allah", "a0HKi-238wg-00066-00026586-00026876": "And punish her after her repentance", "a0HKi-238wg-00067-00026912-00027350": "Then it's clear that there is no stoning in Islam", "a0HKi-238wg-00068-00027350-00027582": "Peace be upon you", "a0HKi-238wg-00069-00027608-00027944": "Wa Alhamdulillah Rabb Al alamin"}}, {"audio_id": "a16863hXVQy", "text": {"a16863hXVQy-00000-00000378-00000756": "Youtubers Beware of Google Adwords", "a16863hXVQy-00001-00001130-00001356": "This video I'm doing", "a16863hXVQy-00002-00001356-00001639": "Especially for Youtubers in general", "a16863hXVQy-00003-00001639-00001942": "Both large channels such as small channels", "a16863hXVQy-00004-00001942-00002002": "Hum", "a16863hXVQy-00005-00002002-00002200": "And the video is about the following subject", "a16863hXVQy-00006-00002200-00002278": "Hum", "a16863hXVQy-00007-00002278-00002682": "I was promoting my videos", "a16863hXVQy-00008-00002682-00002944": "advertising on Google Adwords", "a16863hXVQy-00009-00002944-00003270": "And I I came to a ...... a", "a16863hXVQy-00010-00003270-00003529": "I do not know if it's a new discovery", "a16863hXVQy-00011-00003529-00003702": "But a conclusion", "a16863hXVQy-00012-00003786-00003882": "Hum", "a16863hXVQy-00013-00003882-00004092": "When you advertise something on Google Adwords", "a16863hXVQy-00014-00004092-00004292": "You are being deceived", "a16863hXVQy-00015-00004292-00004466": "Technically being deceived", "a16863hXVQy-00016-00004558-00004794": "Because, what happens?", "a16863hXVQy-00017-00004936-00005256": "You advertise the video and pay a value x", "a16863hXVQy-00018-00005256-00005876": "and this value is deducted from the views of your video during campaign time", "a16863hXVQy-00019-00005876-00006218": "And what happens? The following occurs:", "a16863hXVQy-00020-00006218-00006842": "If you are a small canal and is wanting your videos, bonbs (error), your videos explode.", "a16863hXVQy-00021-00006842-00007164": "Besides promoting Google Adwords you will share", "a16863hXVQy-00022-00007226-00007704": "So what happens? All video views, coming from shares made by you on social networks", "a16863hXVQy-00023-00007856-00007906": "And", "a16863hXVQy-00024-00007906-00008284": "They are recorded as video views to be paid", "a16863hXVQy-00025-00008284-00008722": "and you pay for them even if they have not been generated on Google Adwords", "a16863hXVQy-00026-00008722-00008970": "The same happens with the big channels", "a16863hXVQy-00027-00008970-00009244": "The major channels have many subscribers.", "a16863hXVQy-00028-00009244-00009736": "And all the video views, which are related to subscribers of your channel and already belong to you", "a16863hXVQy-00029-00009736-00010182": "Will be registered on Google Adwords during the advertising time of this video", "a16863hXVQy-00030-00010182-00010422": "And you will pay for views of your video", "a16863hXVQy-00031-00010602-00011004": "So what I advise; It is that you do not advertise their videos on Google Adwords", "a16863hXVQy-00032-00011004-00011378": "You are being literally cheated", "a16863hXVQy-00033-00011378-00011514": "being deceived", "a16863hXVQy-00034-00011514-00012050": "Why of course! You can even have some audience over video,", "a16863hXVQy-00035-00012050-00012464": "and will have the approach that Google will give.", "a16863hXVQy-00036-00012464-00012818": "By the visibility that your video will have in advertisements", "a16863hXVQy-00037-00012818-00013578": "However ... the entire audience of the video you have of your subscribers, especially the big channels", "a16863hXVQy-00038-00013590-00014013": "which already has an average amount of audience", "a16863hXVQy-00039-00014018-00014218": "they are registered there (Google Adwords)", "a16863hXVQy-00040-00014218-00014397": "and you pay for them", "a16863hXVQy-00041-00014668-00015296": "Because I noticed that .... were billed payments of a video that had little audience", "a16863hXVQy-00042-00015296-00015536": "X number in audience", "a16863hXVQy-00043-00015536-00016197": "But most of the audience of this video, it was precisely the audience of my relatives, my friends,", "a16863hXVQy-00044-00016197-00016492": "and a minimum of subscribers that have the channel", "a16863hXVQy-00045-00016492-00016830": "Who watched the videos of my shares on my social networks", "a16863hXVQy-00046-00016912-00017112": "So I was paying what?", "a16863hXVQy-00047-00017112-00017224": "I was ..... I I was a fool!", "a16863hXVQy-00048-00017224-00017592": "I was paying ........................ to Google Adwords", "a16863hXVQy-00049-00017592-00017870": "By the audience of the video, I even did generate", "a16863hXVQy-00050-00017876-00018170": "So, be aware of it! Are well aware of this!", "a16863hXVQy-00051-00018170-00018246": "All Youtubers", "a16863hXVQy-00052-00018246-00018492": "Be careful! And anyone who is making announcements ....", "a16863hXVQy-00054-00018542-00018664": "On the Web", "a16863hXVQy-00055-00018664-00019044": "Because even when you advertise something on the internet if you want to have audience,", "a16863hXVQy-00056-00019044-00019194": "you also end up sharing it", "a16863hXVQy-00057-00019238-00019912": "And then the mechanism records the audience of the product. Will record the audience you shared about it", "a16863hXVQy-00058-00019912-00020526": "And you will end up paying this audience of the product you even did generate", "a16863hXVQy-00059-00020526-00020726": "Become more aware of it!", "a16863hXVQy-00060-00020764-00021532": "It is my message in this short video for you to pay attention to how the Internet business is done", "a16863hXVQy-00061-00021842-00022530": "Also, if by chance I'm wrong. Google Adwords is give a ruling in self-defense.", "a16863hXVQy-00062-00022530-00022748": "Until then from what I could ascertain", "a16863hXVQy-00063-00022748-00023076": "In Google Adwords panel, I was making the announcement of my video", "a16863hXVQy-00064-00023076-00023238": "what I understood, was that", "a16863hXVQy-00065-00023284-00023762": "They record the audience of something and if you already have an average audience", "a16863hXVQy-00066-00023762-00023904": "At least the major channels", "a16863hXVQy-00067-00023904-00024042": "or you do advertise your small canal", "a16863hXVQy-00068-00024044-00024512": "And that audience of the video that you generated at the share on social networks, you are also paying!", "a16863hXVQy-00069-00024610-00024880": "I want to see what Google Adwords has to say about it!", "a16863hXVQy-00070-00025010-00025550": "If you liked the tip, subscribe to my channel, share and give it like!", "a16863hXVQy-00071-00025550-00025730": "Alright then! See you!", "a16863hXVQy-00072-00025730-00025889": "Good night!", "a16863hXVQy-00073-00025983-00027224": "Pictured: There is partiality by Youtube for with main channels! Youtube is censoring resources in videos due reinidicação of Intellectual Rights. But in the claimants are not the legitimate owners of Intellectual Rights"}}, {"audio_id": "a1xrgNpmHPM", "text": {"a1xrgNpmHPM-00000-00000050-00016300": "Cooking time: 30 min. Beautiful salad, made in the form of a birch trunk. Salad turns out very nourishing and tasty. He certainly will not go unnoticed at the holiday table. Preparation description: Preparation: Grind chicken fillet. Put the prunes in a bowl and cover with warm water. Let it soften. Cut mushrooms and cucumbers. Finely chop the onion. Heat the vegetable oil in a frying pan, add the mushrooms and onions and fry until golden brown. Grate the eggs. Decorate the salad with strips of prunes and greens, imitating the trunk of a birch. Ingredients: Boiled eggs - 3 pcs. Mushrooms - 100 gr. Marinated cucumbers - 2 pcs. Onion - 1 pc. Boiled chicken - 200 gr. Mayonnaise - 100 gr. Salt, black pepper - to taste Greens - to taste Prunes - 1-2 pcs. Servings: 4 How to cook: 1. Onion cut into small cubes. 2. Grate the cucumber. So it will be juicier and more pleasant to eat, unlike if you just chop cucumbers. 3. I take frozen champignons, but you can take fresh ones. Cut them arbitrarily. 4. Pass the onion in the pan. 5. Add the mushrooms and fry all together. 6. Chop the chicken meat and place in a salad bowl. Layer water with mayonnaise. 7. Place the next layer of shredded cucumber. Layer water with mayonnaise. 8. The next layer - fried mushrooms with onions. Layer water with mayonnaise. 9. Separate the whites from the yolks. Protein grate and lay the next layer. Brush with mayonnaise. Grate the yolks into a fine grater. Gently lay them on top. 10. From mayonnaise on top of the yolks, draw two or three trunks of birch trees with twigs. Chop the greens and make some kind of branches and grass. 11. From prunes make dash on trunks. Let the salad soak for about 1 hour in the fridge and serve to the table."}}, {"audio_id": "a1IHO9fGXjc", "text": {"a1IHO9fGXjc-00000-00000192-00000310": "Hello", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00001-00000346-00000612": "Hello, everybody! Welcome to the kinaesthetic channel", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00002-00000626-00001146": "My name is Kinga and if you don't know I'm a pharmacist and a cosmetologist at the same time", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00003-00001146-00001866": "and today I thought I would show you how  I do (make) a facial toner at home", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00004-00001918-00001986": "Let's go~", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00005-00002026-00002420": "Why I decided to make a facial toner at home?", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00006-00002472-00003016": "Simply because I have been searching for something  at drugstores", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00007-00003160-00003729": "and I couldn't find anything that would suit my needs like fully", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00008-00003729-00004234": "I am a picky girl, I admit that but", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00009-00004420-00004968": "I've got quite sensitive skin, it's rather dry  and gets red easily", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00010-00004968-00005456": "I wanted something that would be soothing and calming and of course moisturizing", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00011-00005456-00005656": "Then I thought that... come on", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00012-00005688-00006072": "You've got the degrees, you can do it, on your own", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00013-00006072-00006473": "So I bought the ingredients that I wanted specifically", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00014-00006481-00006798": "and the recipe is right here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00015-00006876-00007072": "As you can see the formula is quite simple", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00016-00007073-00007886": "But it includes two of my Holy Grails, like two key ingredients: aloe juice and d-panthenol", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00017-00007894-00008148": "The formula includes lavender water", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00018-00008298-00008580": "And this is where we start", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00019-00008664-00009106": "I'm gonna do (MAKE) that water myself, right here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00020-00009106-00009372": "and you can see I even got a lab coat", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00021-00009468-00009590": "For a show", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00022-00009746-00010104": "Let's get into the smart mode now", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00023-00010806-00010940": "doesn't work", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00024-00010982-00011262": "Wow all the lights are in my glasses", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00025-00011312-00011642": "Great production, home production. Okay!", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00026-00011660-00012314": "To make the lavender water on my own I  searched my notes", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00027-00012891-00013436": "I found a recipe for aromatic water with mint essential oil", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00028-00013436-00013666": "and I'm gonna modify it a little bit", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00029-00013666-00014112": "There's one thing I want to mention. When you design a cosmetic formulation", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00030-00014112-00014296": "It applies to pharmacy as well", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00031-00014346-00014588": "you make it in grams", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00032-00014600-00015018": "So forget about mililiters and stuff like that,  every ingredient that you have", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00033-00015026-00015463": "whether it's liquid or solid, you just weigh it in grams", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00034-00015463-00016038": "and for cosmetics it's usually planned for 100 grams", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00035-00016038-00016218": "so it's like percents", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00036-00016218-00016516": "You get a percentage of each ingredient", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00037-00016516-00016734": "Since it's a cosmetic product", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00038-00016764-00017278": "we don't have to be as exact as for a pharmaceutical product", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00039-00017350-00017704": "And the proportions are here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00040-00017704-00018108": "I'm going to make it twice as much", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00041-00018180-00018666": "And my recipe is like this.  I want to make it double so", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00042-00018746-00019190": "the amount of ingredients will be doubled", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00043-00019190-00019270": "Easy", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00044-00019350-00019412": "Smart", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00045-00019462-00019778": "How do we go about the aromatic water", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00046-00019850-00020050": "We will need this", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00047-00020106-00020306": "Enough of this, smartypants", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00048-00020332-00020854": "I've got two grams of talc weighed out already, so this is no problem", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00049-00020914-00021324": "The problem is here with the essential oil", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00050-00021362-00021938": "How on earth do we get 0.2 grams at home?", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00051-00022090-00022402": "We don't have laboratory scale, very precise one, right?", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00052-00022402-00022864": "So it is quite simple actually, because we can just count it", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00053-00022902-00023550": "It is estimated that one drop of essential oil is about 0,02 grams", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00054-00023550-00024082": "so to get 0,2 we just get 10 drops of essential oil", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00055-00024082-00024210": "Easy? EASY", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00056-00024600-00024730": "We get it here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00057-00024888-00025210": "And counting drops one, two...", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00058-00025810-00025936": "...and ten, thank you!", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00059-00026068-00026268": "And here we go", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00060-00026539-00026754": "I'm gonna mix it for", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00061-00026872-00027270": "just... I know, some time, a few minutes", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00062-00027406-00027582": "Should be enough", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00063-00027695-00028204": "We just want the talc to absorb the essential oil", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00064-00028464-00028695": "The smell is real good here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00065-00029188-00029670": "I must admit nobody does it this way in  pharmacies anymore", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00066-00029733-00030130": "This is something historic rather", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00067-00030176-00030676": "I feel like doing it on my own, the each step", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00068-00030760-00031136": "it gives a product a special feeling like", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00069-00031145-00031412": "I MADE IT", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00070-00031422-00031770": "This is how pharmacy looks, by the way", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00071-00031818-00031933": "We've got it", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00072-00032020-00032890": "So now, I will transfer the talc mixed with  essential oil to this bottle", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00073-00033168-00033260": "Carefully", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00074-00034060-00034260": "Everything smells like lavender", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00075-00035138-00035242": "All done!", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00076-00035536-00035976": "I will transfer 200 milliliters of water", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00077-00035980-00036722": "that has been previously boiled and then  cooled down to like 40°C", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00078-00036722-00036912": "Why do we do it?", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00079-00036924-00037450": "After boiling we get rid of oxygen that could possibly harm our product", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00080-00037482-00037790": "and we want it to last as long as possible, right?", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00081-00037836-00037892": "Right", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00082-00037912-00038316": "It has to be cooled down because if the  temperature is too high", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00083-00038316-00038614": "the essential oil will evaporate", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00084-00038664-00038946": "This is what we want to avoid as well", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00085-00039260-00039806": "I've got the water here. It's cooled down nicely.  I'm just gonna do it", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00086-00040682-00040762": "Perfect!", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00087-00041142-00041790": "And now you become a human shaker  for about ten minutes", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00088-00042764-00042964": "This is what is, pharmacy", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00089-00043028-00043344": "So, explanation time. Why do we do that?", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00090-00043468-00043898": "We want oil that is on the talc", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00091-00044032-00044366": "to get into water as much as possible", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00092-00044366-00044760": "I could as well put it (away) like for a day or two", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00093-00044956-00045190": "and wait, but... why?", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00094-00045190-00045390": "Why wait, I can shake it", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00095-00045534-00045674": "Let's get the music", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00096-00046774-00046924": "Thank goodness", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00097-00047490-00048162": "Of course, talc is not included in our recipe,  we have to get rid of it", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00098-00048198-00048298": "That's why...", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00099-00048430-00048630": "we have another bottle", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00100-00048766-00048898": "And this baby", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00101-00049102-00049304": "And now we have to filter", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00102-00049328-00049740": "I don't have a typical, like, lab filter here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00103-00049740-00050034": "So for this purpose", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00104-00050232-00050602": "Good old-fashioned cotton wool should be just fine", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00105-00050614-00051316": "I tried it before, one layer like this was okay,  so the water came out clear", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00106-00051429-00051752": "And it didn't take an eternity", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00107-00052078-00052226": "It will sure take some time", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00108-00052252-00052708": "I will just let it drop down a bit", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00109-00053158-00053432": "Lavender, this is lavender!", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00110-00054482-00054670": "See? It's dropping down", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00111-00055586-00056194": "It's coming clear, without talc", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00112-00056632-00056922": "Okay, would say it looks fine to me", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00113-00057638-00057862": "This much should be enough", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00114-00058000-00058322": "As you can see, it's much clearer", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00115-00058446-00058646": "Slightly opalizing but", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00116-00058767-00058910": "that's the way it should be", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00117-00058926-00059394": "Like this the trickiest part of the whole process is over", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00118-00059440-00059922": "Congratulations if you've made your first aromatic water", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00119-00059978-00060478": "So now, the easy part which is mixing the  active ingredients", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00120-00060478-00060762": "We've got d-panthenol, 10 grams", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00121-00060784-00061176": "Glycerine, 10 grams. Niacinamide, 6 grams  and aloe juice", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00122-00061290-00061350": "54", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00123-00061476-00061574": "54 grams", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00124-00061588-00061962": "Each of the ingredients is absolutely needed", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00125-00061994-00062540": "D-panthenol, as I said, it's for skin's  soothing, regeneration", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00126-00062605-00062862": "it also helps with moisture", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00127-00062900-00063532": "Holy Grail, favorite list, great ingredient.  It could be every cosmetic if you asked me", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00128-00063598-00064274": "Glycerin, this is a humectant so it will keep the water on your skin", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00129-00064274-00064614": "Niacinamide, great for hyperpigmentation", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00130-00064614-00065217": "although it's much milder than acids and vitamin A,   aka retinol", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00131-00065217-00065536": "It really worked on me before", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00132-00065578-00065916": "when I had acne hyperpigmentations", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00133-00065972-00066540": "Good job, very mild for the skin  and aloe juice", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00134-00066540-00066740": "What can I say, it is aloe juice", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00135-00066882-00066966": "I love it", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00136-00067146-00067346": "I will use this beautiful", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00137-00067534-00067590": "pot", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00138-00067730-00067832": "Pot or whatever", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00139-00067852-00068486": "Here in the bottle I've weighed 120 grams  of my lavender water", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00140-00068582-00068986": "And let me tell you, it really smells like lavender", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00141-00068986-00069040": "It's like", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00142-00069242-00069358": "Very", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00143-00069446-00069582": "nice smell", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00144-00069798-00069952": "Okay, let's go", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00145-00070384-00070962": "I want to see how well everything dissolves I will start from the niacinamide", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00146-00071002-00071342": "6 grams, it will give me 3%", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00147-00071466-00071618": "in a solution", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00148-00071700-00071888": "going right here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00149-00072002-00072408": "You have to remember, with this kind of essence", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00150-00072460-00072688": "that is water-based, of course", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00151-00072782-00073220": "you can only use ingredients that are water-soluble", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00152-00073378-00073488": "Like that", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00153-00074558-00074758": "It's enough to mix it like this", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00154-00075002-00075558": "Yep! Done, it's solution now", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00155-00075630-00075758": "d-panthenol", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00156-00076336-00076676": "It's quite thick, as you can see", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00157-00076840-00077086": "Just let's mix it in", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00158-00077358-00077524": "something's left here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00159-00077804-00077962": "Now glycerine", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00160-00078080-00078206": "going right in", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00161-00078500-00078570": "Mix", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00162-00079180-00079380": "Hehe it got my fingers", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00163-00080118-00080480": "And the final step, aloe juice", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00164-00080860-00081046": "So complicated, you know", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00165-00081374-00081532": "Believe it or not", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00166-00081602-00082100": "Our facial essence is ready right here", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00167-00082100-00082300": "Right into the bottle", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00168-00083676-00083784": "We did it!", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00169-00083960-00084232": "The facial essence is ready to use", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00170-00084422-00084622": "Listen to me a little more", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00171-00084632-00085316": "Because this essence has no preservants, I assume you don't have it at home like that", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00172-00085444-00085954": "It should be stored in the fridge so it can last", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00173-00086044-00086182": "let's say, a month", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00174-00086188-00086904": "It's a very simple formula but all the ingredients were chosen especially for moi", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00175-00086926-00087414": "You can change the essential oil to some  other that you like", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00176-00087414-00088044": "It gives the smell, it's an active ingredient  on its own as well", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00177-00088892-00089132": "It was definitely fun to do it at home", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00178-00089132-00089732": "I've never really prepared a full product at home because I did it on university, of course", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00179-00089796-00090202": "We had a lab that was properly equipped", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00180-00090274-00090474": "And let me tell you", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00181-00090484-00090782": "over the five-year course on cosmetology", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00182-00090818-00091166": "that was my favorite subject", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00183-00091192-00091530": "If you'd like to see something more about", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00184-00091544-00092138": "cosmetic ingredients or formulations  let me know, I will try to prepare that for you", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00185-00092202-00092504": "Thank you for being here and see you again", "a1IHO9fGXjc-00186-00092648-00092730": "Bye~"}}, {"audio_id": "a2dDrG6i-7Q", "text": {"a2dDrG6i-7Q-00000-00000819-00001250": "Over the last couple of weeks HMAS Hobart has been conducting First of Class trials", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00001-00001250-00001600": "which is an important component of the Operational Test and Evaluation Period.", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00002-00001600-00001930": "It is one step but an important step of getting our ship", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00003-00001930-00002300": "ready for operations which is Initial Operating Capability.", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00004-00002400-00003117": "First of Class Trials are about setting the baseline for a new class of ship and finding out its true", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00005-00003117-00003600": "capabilities and limitations and then saying this is how we do this particular", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00006-00003600-00003929": "evolution for the entire class of the ship.", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00007-00004350-00004746": "We've done a whole gamut of different activities everything from seamanship", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00008-00004746-00005184": "through to getting the radar signature measured of the ship.", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00009-00005184-00005760": "We've done the first launch of the shipboard torpedoes from a DDG", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00010-00006020-00006647": "and particularly the CWIS firing in a surface mode. It's the first time we've ever used that", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00011-00006647-00006959": "weapon against a surface target in the RAN.", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00012-00006959-00007190": "We're always learning and what we've been able to do is", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00013-00007190-00007431": "increase our knowledge of the capability which I think", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00014-00007431-00007700": "will stand us in well for our upcoming workups and our", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00015-00007700-00007890": "subsequent deployment to the US for", "a2dDrG6i-7Q-00016-00007890-00008200": "Combat System Ship Qualification Trials."}}, {"audio_id": "a29ugO0bUpo", "text": {"a29ugO0bUpo-00000-00000010-00000256": "AGAINST BAHL.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00001-00000256-00000263": "AGAINST BAHL.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00002-00000263-00000387": "AGAINST BAHL. >>> A 21-YEAR-OLD BOWLUS MAN IS", "a29ugO0bUpo-00003-00000387-00000393": "AGAINST BAHL. >>> A 21-YEAR-OLD BOWLUS MAN IS", "a29ugO0bUpo-00004-00000393-00000557": "AGAINST BAHL. >>> A 21-YEAR-OLD BOWLUS MAN IS DEAD AFTER A ONE-VEHICLE", "a29ugO0bUpo-00005-00000557-00000563": ">>> A 21-YEAR-OLD BOWLUS MAN IS DEAD AFTER A ONE-VEHICLE", "a29ugO0bUpo-00006-00000563-00000690": ">>> A 21-YEAR-OLD BOWLUS MAN IS DEAD AFTER A ONE-VEHICLE ACCIDENT NEAR UPSALA.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00007-00000690-00000697": "DEAD AFTER A ONE-VEHICLE ACCIDENT NEAR UPSALA.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00008-00000697-00000914": "DEAD AFTER A ONE-VEHICLE ACCIDENT NEAR UPSALA. THE MORRISON COUNTY SHERIFF'S", "a29ugO0bUpo-00009-00000914-00000920": "ACCIDENT NEAR UPSALA. THE MORRISON COUNTY SHERIFF'S", "a29ugO0bUpo-00010-00000920-00001034": "ACCIDENT NEAR UPSALA. THE MORRISON COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT SAYS CODY BABINEAU'S", "a29ugO0bUpo-00011-00001034-00001041": "THE MORRISON COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT SAYS CODY BABINEAU'S", "a29ugO0bUpo-00012-00001041-00001171": "THE MORRISON COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT SAYS CODY BABINEAU'S TRUCK WENT OFF A ROAD AND ROLLED", "a29ugO0bUpo-00013-00001171-00001177": "DEPARTMENT SAYS CODY BABINEAU'S TRUCK WENT OFF A ROAD AND ROLLED", "a29ugO0bUpo-00014-00001177-00001324": "DEPARTMENT SAYS CODY BABINEAU'S TRUCK WENT OFF A ROAD AND ROLLED INTO A DITCH.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00015-00001324-00001331": "TRUCK WENT OFF A ROAD AND ROLLED INTO A DITCH.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00016-00001331-00001464": "TRUCK WENT OFF A ROAD AND ROLLED INTO A DITCH. BABINEAU WAS EJECTED FROM THE", "a29ugO0bUpo-00017-00001464-00001471": "INTO A DITCH. BABINEAU WAS EJECTED FROM THE", "a29ugO0bUpo-00018-00001471-00001598": "INTO A DITCH. BABINEAU WAS EJECTED FROM THE VEHICLE AND PRONOUNCED DEAD AT", "a29ugO0bUpo-00019-00001598-00001604": "BABINEAU WAS EJECTED FROM THE VEHICLE AND PRONOUNCED DEAD AT", "a29ugO0bUpo-00020-00001604-00001714": "BABINEAU WAS EJECTED FROM THE VEHICLE AND PRONOUNCED DEAD AT THE SCENE.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00021-00001714-00001721": "VEHICLE AND PRONOUNCED DEAD AT THE SCENE.", "a29ugO0bUpo-00022-00001721-00001781": "VEHICLE AND PRONOUNCED DEAD AT THE SCENE. THE CRASH WAS REPORTED JUST"}}, {"audio_id": "a2m9eRvexoI", "text": {"a2m9eRvexoI-00000-00000072-00000552": "Kia ora PK men of New Zealand I'm Ants Puki thank you for joining me.", "a2m9eRvexoI-00001-00000612-00001242": "I come from a background of a joiner, I come from where someone spoke into my life in a negative way", "a2m9eRvexoI-00002-00001296-00001734": "and I turned that negative into a positive. The answer was Jesus Christ.", "a2m9eRvexoI-00003-00001812-00002484": "I came into Christianity probably 25 26 years ago and today my heart is still on fire.", "a2m9eRvexoI-00004-00002538-00003108": "Men of this nation stand up and know who your God is. My faith is built on such a strong foundation,", "a2m9eRvexoI-00005-00003108-00003732": "not on sand but on rock. I'm married to the most beautiful woman in Lower Hutt oh sorry New", "a2m9eRvexoI-00006-00003732-00004296": "Zealand and I have three gorgeous daughters. I'm Ants Puki and thank you for watching."}}, {"audio_id": "a2oBk7AQVZy", "text": {"a2oBk7AQVZy-00000-00000294-00000444": "We've learned a few different things", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00001-00000444-00000667": "about APSA format.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00002-00000667-00000921": "We've learned how to create citations", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00003-00000921-00001181": "and we also know how to list those citations", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00004-00001181-00001385": "in a reference list.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00005-00001385-00001592": "However, this isn't the only time", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00006-00001592-00001827": "that you are going to cite information.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00007-00001827-00002255": "As you're writing, we also need to create in-text citations.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00008-00002255-00002657": "These are smaller, simpler citations inside your sentences", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00009-00002657-00002971": "that point to a full citation in your reference list.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00010-00003108-00003385": "In-text citations are relatively simple.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00011-00003385-00003697": "They're made up of the author or author's last names,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00012-00003697-00003939": "the publication year, and the page number", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00013-00003939-00004166": "where that information came from.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00014-00004166-00004345": "All of this information comes directly", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00015-00004345-00004642": "from the big citation in our reference list.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00016-00004801-00005033": "You use in-text citations any time", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00017-00005033-00005247": "that you list or use information", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00018-00005247-00005508": "that you learned from one of your sources.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00019-00005508-00005823": "These citations go at the end of a sentence,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00020-00005823-00006242": "inside parenthesis and before the last period.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00021-00006242-00006505": "However, if you use the name of the author", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00022-00006505-00006698": "inside the same sentence,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00023-00006698-00006988": "move the in-text citation next to the names.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00024-00007227-00007416": "Page numbers aren't required", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00025-00007416-00007708": "when you use information in your own words,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00026-00007708-00007931": "but it can still be helpful to the reader.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00027-00007931-00008143": "So for example, in this sentence,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00028-00008143-00008407": "all you need is the author's last name", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00029-00008407-00008592": "and the year inside parenthesis", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00030-00008592-00008839": "and before the final period.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00031-00008839-00009076": "However, in-text citations aren't the only", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00032-00009076-00009210": "extra piece of information", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00033-00009210-00009446": "that might go inside your manuscript.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00034-00009446-00009748": "You may also have need for footnotes.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00035-00009748-00009967": "These are notes that provide extra context", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00036-00009967-00010174": "or reference for research.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00037-00010174-00010453": "However, these are not citations.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00038-00010453-00010643": "This is only to help the reader", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00039-00010643-00010887": "get an extra understanding of whatever it is", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00040-00010887-00011192": "you've said inside your manuscript.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00041-00011192-00011391": "When it comes to using footnotes,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00042-00011391-00011621": "the way this works is when you have a sentence", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00043-00011621-00011887": "that you need to provide extra context for,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00044-00011887-00012142": "you will use a superscript number,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00045-00012142-00012372": "and list that number at the bottom", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00046-00012372-00012661": "of the same page with the extra information", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00047-00012661-00012955": "that you want to reveal to the readers.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00048-00012955-00013083": "The easiest way to do this", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00049-00013083-00013437": "is to use your software's footnote program.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00050-00013437-00013626": "For example, in Google Documents,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00051-00013626-00013778": "I just want to click at the end", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00052-00013778-00014074": "of whatever sentence I want to add a note to.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00053-00014074-00014444": "I will go Insert and Footnote.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00054-00014444-00014665": "So it'll add a number to that sentence.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00055-00014665-00014874": "And at the bottom, I can begin typing", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00056-00014874-00015015": "the extra information.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00057-00015294-00015444": "This concludes our tutorial", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00058-00015444-00015796": "on APSA in-text citations and footnotes.", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00059-00015796-00016253": "For more help visit us online at library.ycp.edu,", "a2oBk7AQVZy-00060-00016253-00016502": "or visit us in the library for more support."}}, {"audio_id": "a2J87WD_kMc", "text": {"a2J87WD_kMc-00000-00000120-00001208": "In Section 4.2 we review the natural logarithm. Again this is an algebra review section.", "a2J87WD_kMc-00001-00001272-00002192": "Calculus with the natural logarithm is something that we'll discuss just a little later."}}, {"audio_id": "a2LvXK5FQoQ", "text": {"a2LvXK5FQoQ-00000-00000054-00000738": "anyway, what we have today, is I'm sorry, but I have to hit my iPad", "a2LvXK5FQoQ-00001-00000738-00001410": "because of the zoom resetting itself just after I was doing back now. uh,", "a2LvXK5FQoQ-00002-00001494-00002226": "I'll be able to zoom back out, because it would reset the zoom to whatever they did it, and since", "a2LvXK5FQoQ-00003-00002226-00002982": "they paid right after his problem occurred, then it loaded it was zoomed in slightly, and", "a2LvXK5FQoQ-00004-00002982-00003828": "if it resets more than three times in a row, I hit my iPad because that's too much. seriously."}}, {"audio_id": "a3dvdT_kw4U", "text": {"a3dvdT_kw4U-00000-00000000-00000200": "Hi everyone", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00001-00000200-00000400": "Silver Micro 5 Minute chart", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00002-00000400-00001154": "Get Automatic Calls from this chart on daily Basis", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00003-00001154-00002336": "Just watch Chart & get calls", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00004-00002336-00003668": "Sell call so Red color candle opens", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00005-00003668-00005590": "color represent Trend its Fixed from open point", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00006-00005590-00007074": "u can trade with by just using This Market Trend", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00007-00007074-00008939": "it will supporting tool for Intraday Trading", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00008-00009027-00011539": "Always maintain Stoploss for Long term Successful trading", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00009-00011539-00012541": "Daily basis it will analyze like this Automatically", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00010-00012541-00015446": "In 50 Minute Target range Breakout", "a3dvdT_kw4U-00011-00015446-00017957": "WhatsApp - 9488462166 for subscription"}}, {"audio_id": "a30zatvGsi8", "text": {"a30zatvGsi8-00000-00000004-00000548": "Sometimes you ask how to cleanse your stones and your pendulums.", "a30zatvGsi8-00001-00000596-00000984": "Now I am going to show you one method. Let's say you have a bowl.", "a30zatvGsi8-00002-00000992-00001528": "Take it and slowly get it to vibrate.", "a30zatvGsi8-00003-00001556-00001855": "As you get it to vibrate, the water inside the bowl", "a30zatvGsi8-00004-00001864-00002124": "will start to effervesce like this.", "a30zatvGsi8-00005-00002152-00002648": "And with the frequency of the music, the water inside will actually revitalize", "a30zatvGsi8-00006-00002668-00003215": "and become a highly useful cleanser with nanoclusters.", "a30zatvGsi8-00007-00003224-00003772": "Now when this intensifies, I will just dip it in and take it out.", "a30zatvGsi8-00008-00004032-00004268": "I dipped it and took it out, it's done.", "a30zatvGsi8-00009-00004348-00004624": "How come this procedure cleanses it?", "a30zatvGsi8-00010-00004648-00004868": "Now I will explain its mechanism as well.", "a30zatvGsi8-00011-00004916-00005032": "Here it is:", "a30zatvGsi8-00012-00005080-00005404": "Actually, everything in life is in motion", "a30zatvGsi8-00013-00005500-00005732": "and every movement has a vibration.", "a30zatvGsi8-00014-00005740-00006048": "But it is very important that these movements", "a30zatvGsi8-00015-00006100-00006612": "be rhythmic and harmonious, and that they are in harmony in a beautiful and", "a30zatvGsi8-00016-00006620-00006959": "useful way with the vibrations of the universe.", "a30zatvGsi8-00017-00007252-00007372": "Yes.", "a30zatvGsi8-00018-00007795-00008248": "Yes, just at this moment of foaming, I dip it and take it out.", "a30zatvGsi8-00019-00008264-00008516": "Surely, there is this fact that you can cleanse it", "a30zatvGsi8-00020-00008524-00008712": "simply by the power of the mind.", "a30zatvGsi8-00021-00008720-00009228": "You can hold it and cleanse it with just a command.", "a30zatvGsi8-00022-00009268-00009828": "There are many methods but I wanted to show you a different technique.", "a30zatvGsi8-00023-00009856-00010364": "Sometimes, if your bowl is small, you can put a stick or something", "a30zatvGsi8-00024-00010392-00010760": "in the middle of it and do it that way.", "a30zatvGsi8-00025-00010768-00011152": "Because this one is a little heavy, the movement is-- yes.", "a30zatvGsi8-00026-00011248-00011496": "It is even better with a larger one.", "a30zatvGsi8-00027-00012556-00012792": "Let's spread around some water.", "a30zatvGsi8-00028-00013076-00013163": "Yes.", "a30zatvGsi8-00029-00013380-00013832": "It's also possible to cleanse stones, pendulums, and crystals", "a30zatvGsi8-00030-00013840-00014140": "in the sun or in the ground as some people do.", "a30zatvGsi8-00031-00014147-00014528": "Whichever way your heart desires; whatever way you command your stones,", "a30zatvGsi8-00032-00014536-00014796": "pendulums, and crystals to cleanse.", "a30zatvGsi8-00033-00014819-00015332": "The choice is yours. It's you who are the master of the stones.", "a30zatvGsi8-00034-00015388-00015508": "Hope to see you again."}}, {"audio_id": "a3gLoE86da0", "text": {"a3gLoE86da0-00000-00000590-00000744": "SUBSCRIBE"}}, {"audio_id": "a3JQZEPLAQc", "text": {"a3JQZEPLAQc-00000-00000040-00000864": "in the last six hours i have been getting 40 of my traffic just from the one video. and i'm", "a3JQZEPLAQc-00001-00000864-00001584": "not even kidding. this happened because it was speeding up, and it's also one of only", "a3JQZEPLAQc-00002-00001584-00002200": "three promotions to experience this, and that's the reason why it's making so many views today.", "a3JQZEPLAQc-00003-00002264-00002848": "i can end up with up to 5 000 views from that video, and assuming that only seven views aren't", "a3JQZEPLAQc-00004-00002848-00003728": "being counted, it could be a 99.9 percent. this is unlikely, although there is a chance it can happen."}}, {"audio_id": "a3SAtBgERGI", "text": {"a3SAtBgERGI-00000-00000000-00000410": "Deoxys, a fantastic Pokémon that everyone knows", "a3SAtBgERGI-00001-00000410-00000703": "What if I grab it?", "a3SAtBgERGI-00002-00000715-00000918": "It says it's a legend", "a3SAtBgERGI-00003-00000932-00001133": "Let's catch Mew this time", "a3SAtBgERGI-00004-00001145-00001386": "Same.", "a3SAtBgERGI-00005-00001411-00001716": "Conclusion: It's an error"}}, {"audio_id": "a3cRN3e5vhE", "text": {"a3cRN3e5vhE-00000-00000170-00000318": "Okay new theory.", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00001-00000318-00000736": "Maybe we should play so quietly, no one can hear us.", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00002-00000736-00001261": "Well maybe we wouldn't sound so bad if some people didn't try to play with...", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00003-00001261-00001462": "Big meaty claws", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00004-00001462-00001686": "What did you say punk!?", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00005-00001686-00001766": "BIG", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00006-00001770-00001876": "MEATY", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00007-00001876-00002022": "CLAWS!", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00008-00002022-00002350": "Well these claws ain't for just attracting mates!", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00009-00002372-00002604": "Bring it on old man! Bring it on!!", "a3cRN3e5vhE-00010-00002604-00003063": "No people. Let's be smart and bring it off..."}}, {"audio_id": "a4mPxt6CMso", "text": {"a4mPxt6CMso-00000-00000000-00000300": "Hi", "a4mPxt6CMso-00001-00000300-00000600": "I am back!", "a4mPxt6CMso-00002-00000600-00000900": "Check the description"}}, {"audio_id": "a4nx7WwBt08", "text": {"a4nx7WwBt08-00000-00000175-00000369": "Dr. Tyra Wolfsberg: Good morning everyone and welcome to today's", "a4nx7WwBt08-00001-00000369-00000624": "lecture, the ninth in this Current Topics Series.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00002-00000624-00001161": "Our speaker this morning is Dr. Howard McLeod, who's the director of the Institute for Pharmacogenomics", "a4nx7WwBt08-00003-00001161-00001409": "and Individualized Therapy at the University of North Carolina.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00004-00001409-00002003": "Dr. McLeod is a leader in the field of pharmacogenomics, a relatively new discipline that explores", "a4nx7WwBt08-00005-00002003-00002377": "how genetic information influences our response to drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00006-00002377-00002953": "Dr. McLeod's institute is working to create targeted therapies and treatment options for", "a4nx7WwBt08-00007-00002953-00003394": "individual patients suffering from a wide range of conditions, initially focusing on", "a4nx7WwBt08-00008-00003394-00003871": "cancer therapy but later branching out into other medical conditions as well.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00009-00003871-00004246": "His research has already had several effects on FDA policies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00010-00004246-00004642": "For example, he and others have shown that SNPs and other genetic variants play a role", "a4nx7WwBt08-00011-00004642-00005053": "in patients' responses to Warfarin, a blood thinner that's prescribed to more than two", "a4nx7WwBt08-00012-00005053-00005407": "million patients in the U.S. every year.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00013-00005407-00005848": "Based on these analyses, the FDA has issued new dosing guidelines based on the genotyping", "a4nx7WwBt08-00014-00005848-00005955": "of two different genes.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00015-00005955-00006481": "During this morning's lecture, Dr. McLeod will be expanding on this story and also telling", "a4nx7WwBt08-00016-00006481-00006725": "us about other developments in the field of pharmacogenomics.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00017-00006725-00007113": "Please join me in welcoming Dr. McLeod to NIH.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00018-00007113-00007213": "[applause]", "a4nx7WwBt08-00019-00007213-00007569": "Dr. Howard McLeod: Well, thank you.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00020-00007569-00007953": "It's a pleasure to be back here and to talk about this subject.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00021-00007953-00008369": "It's also great to see many of the folks in the audience who know a lot about this subject", "a4nx7WwBt08-00022-00008369-00008904": "and could easily have given this same lecture, except things sound better when it's someone", "a4nx7WwBt08-00023-00008904-00009103": "outside your own institution.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00024-00009103-00009720": "So, some of the experts in the room will be following this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00025-00009720-00010190": "If you would like to look at their work, they're doing excellent stuff as well.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00026-00010190-00010853": "So, I want to talk a little bit about pharmacogenomics but framed not so much in a genetics and genomics", "a4nx7WwBt08-00027-00010853-00011114": "context, but in a clinical practice context.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00028-00011114-00011675": "And we're going to dig in to some, I was going to say basic research, some fundamental research,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00029-00011675-00011970": "but with the eye on where this is all going.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00030-00011970-00012338": "And at the very end I'll come back to some of the practicalities that we're completely", "a4nx7WwBt08-00031-00012338-00012792": "ignoring, or almost completely ignoring, that are keeping us from driving things into practice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00032-00012792-00013243": "You know, often we say, \"Well, why hasn't this science led to a changes in practice", "a4nx7WwBt08-00033-00013243-00013409": "in a more rapid fashion?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00034-00013409-00013962": "Often, it's because we haven't planned for it to do so, and if you don't do the kind", "a4nx7WwBt08-00035-00013962-00014431": "of studies that will drive things forward in practice, why in the world would you expect", "a4nx7WwBt08-00036-00014431-00014586": "it to ever be useful?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00037-00014586-00015140": "And so we need to turn the glass around and look at ourselves a little more closely, speaking", "a4nx7WwBt08-00038-00015140-00015854": "to myself, in terms of the kinds of science we're doing; making sure we do good fundamental", "a4nx7WwBt08-00039-00015854-00016434": "science, but making sure that it can lead to some improvements in health.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00040-00016434-00017005": "Now, I like to start off almost every lecture I give with the, well I guess with the disclosures.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00041-00017005-00017504": "Two consulting disclosures to disclose, nothing directly related to the content of the talk", "a4nx7WwBt08-00042-00017504-00017744": "but in the general field of personalized medicine.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00043-00017744-00018309": "I like to start off with this quote, and that is \"A surgeon who uses the wrong side of the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00044-00018309-00018709": "scalpel cuts their own fingers and not the patient; if the same applied to drugs, they", "a4nx7WwBt08-00045-00018709-00019005": "would have been investigated very carefully a long time ago.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00046-00019005-00019376": "This quote is supposedly from 1849, I don't read this particular journal.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00047-00019376-00019944": "But it's very true today that none of the drugs that are approved by the FDA have a", "a4nx7WwBt08-00048-00019944-00020165": "known mechanism of action.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00049-00020165-00020577": "Now, you remember when you took exams that there was a mechanism of action for every", "a4nx7WwBt08-00050-00020577-00020677": "one of these drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00051-00020677-00020884": "You know, COX-2 inhibitors hit COX-2.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00052-00020884-00021394": "Topoisomerase one inhibitors hit topoisomerase one.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00053-00021394-00021619": "But what else do they hit?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00054-00021619-00021856": "COX-2 inhibitors have activity in COX-2 knock out mice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00055-00021856-00022211": "It's kind of a little bit of a clue that there may be something else going on.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00056-00022211-00022498": "And so, we know something about drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00057-00022498-00022954": "We know enough about drugs to make them useful for some people, but we really don't know", "a4nx7WwBt08-00058-00022954-00023094": "a lot about drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00059-00023094-00023831": "We don't approach drugs in a way that allows us to understand completely how they work.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00060-00023831-00024258": "And so it's no surprise that when you give a group of people a drug, your favorite drug", "a4nx7WwBt08-00061-00024258-00024665": "for your favorite disease, that there will be some folks that will get great benefit,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00062-00024665-00025220": "some that will get no benefit, some that will get no benefit and severe toxicity and whatever", "a4nx7WwBt08-00063-00025220-00025451": "other iteration you want to put in there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00064-00025451-00025770": "And so we have a lot to learn in terms of drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00065-00025770-00026255": "We've kind of ignored them because of the convenient labels we've put on them and there's", "a4nx7WwBt08-00066-00026255-00026536": "a lot of work still, going forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00067-00026536-00027033": "Now the clinical problem in 2012 is a wonderful problem to have.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00068-00027033-00027563": "I realize this gets put out on YouTube and lots of different folks watch it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00069-00027563-00028127": "But in the audience here, there's a lot of folks here that are rather young in age, or", "a4nx7WwBt08-00070-00028127-00028267": "at least you look like you're young.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00071-00028267-00028439": "Take that as a compliment.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00072-00028439-00029058": "And you won't remember that it didn't used to be the way it is now in terms of drug therapy", "a4nx7WwBt08-00073-00029058-00029222": "for most common diseases.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00074-00029222-00029714": "We have a wonderful problem, and that is there are multiple active therapies for most diseases.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00075-00029714-00030280": "So cancer, where I spend a lot of my energy, it used to be that, for about 40 years, the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00076-00030280-00030549": "treatment for colon cancer was 5-fluorouracil.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00077-00030549-00030927": "The big question was bolus versus infusion administration.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00078-00030927-00031464": "Now there are six set of toxics, two biologics, a lot more coming, in terms of the treatment", "a4nx7WwBt08-00079-00031464-00031636": "of just that one disease.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00080-00031636-00032247": "It wasn't that long ago that treatment of kidney cancer was limited to one therapy,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00081-00032247-00032475": "placebo, also called IL-2.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00082-00032475-00032764": "Yeah I know, some of you in the audience work on that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00083-00032764-00033411": "But now there are many different tyrosine-kinase inhibitors with active influence on survival", "a4nx7WwBt08-00084-00033411-00033588": "in that terrible disease.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00085-00033588-00034023": "And so many diseases, not just in cancer, in any areas, there are a lot of different", "a4nx7WwBt08-00086-00034023-00034123": "therapies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00087-00034123-00034672": "If you take a common illness like high blood pressure, hypertension, there are over 100", "a4nx7WwBt08-00088-00034672-00035174": "FDA-approved drugs and drug combinations for the treatment of that one area.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00089-00035174-00035274": "So what do you pick?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00090-00035274-00035663": "If a patient's sitting in front of you and they have high blood pressure, what do you", "a4nx7WwBt08-00091-00035663-00035977": "pick to treat them?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00092-00035977-00036269": "You pick the one you know how to spell.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00093-00036269-00036614": "It's almost like that, it's not quite, there's a little bit more that goes into it, but the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00094-00036614-00037122": "concept that we treat with what we're familiar with or what we think might work instead of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00095-00037122-00037566": "what we know might work, is one that we've come to accept and we need to start weaning", "a4nx7WwBt08-00096-00037566-00037922": "ourselves away as we try to pick the best therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00097-00037922-00038703": "The medical decision most often nowadays is choosing from amongst equal options, not awesome", "a4nx7WwBt08-00098-00038703-00038966": "therapy and terrible therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00099-00038966-00039558": "And so, amongst equals, you need just a little bit of data to influence those choices because", "a4nx7WwBt08-00100-00039558-00039794": "either way it's a good choice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00101-00039794-00040178": "And so we need to start reframing the way we think about the clinical problem because", "a4nx7WwBt08-00102-00040178-00040368": "it's not an all or none approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00103-00040368-00040566": "It's a buffet approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00104-00040566-00041059": "If you go to whatever your favorite local buffet is, there's 20 great entrees, and if", "a4nx7WwBt08-00105-00041059-00041452": "one of them is missing that day, there are 19 great entrees.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00106-00041452-00041816": "There are a lot of options for the treatment of most diseases, but yet we still approach", "a4nx7WwBt08-00107-00041816-00042128": "it in a very old-fashioned way.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00108-00042128-00042575": "The variation in response is also something we've come to expect.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00109-00042575-00043163": "With the exception of bone and mineral disease and bacterial infection, the average response", "a4nx7WwBt08-00110-00043163-00043709": "to the therapies that we use across all the other therapeutic areas is around 50 percent.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00111-00043709-00044250": "Now I know you can find some exception somewhere to that, but looking across the general areas.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00112-00044250-00044563": "And that means that the first time we get it right half the time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00113-00044563-00044927": "The second time we might get it right half the time, so now we're up to 75 percent of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00114-00044927-00045027": "patients getting options.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00115-00045027-00045253": "The third time we get another chunk of that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00116-00045253-00045688": "And so often we have to have iterations of the first therapy, second therapy, third therapy,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00117-00045688-00045968": "to try to treat the disease of interest.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00118-00045968-00046572": "And that variation of response is something that we expect, we anticipate, and we do nothing", "a4nx7WwBt08-00119-00046572-00046910": "about except use another iteration.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00120-00046910-00047390": "So trying to again reframe how we think about treating disease is important.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00121-00047390-00047997": "In some areas, like cancer and many viral diseases, getting it wrong the first time", "a4nx7WwBt08-00122-00047997-00048327": "means you have a very poor chance the second time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00123-00048327-00048805": "And so, second line therapy -- first line therapy for advanced colon cancer you get", "a4nx7WwBt08-00124-00048805-00049188": "about a 50 percent response rate, second line therapy, it's about a 10 percent response", "a4nx7WwBt08-00125-00049188-00049288": "rate.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00126-00049288-00049755": "It's not just a, you know, oops I'll try it again; you lose something in that process.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00127-00049755-00050294": "And so we need to be more aggressive in terms of not tolerating variation in response, but", "a4nx7WwBt08-00128-00050294-00050433": "rather trying to push forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00129-00050433-00050894": "And if you look at the amount of science that's devoted to this problem, it's a very small", "a4nx7WwBt08-00130-00050894-00051416": "amount compared to the amount of science that's devoted to the basic biology of disease, et", "a4nx7WwBt08-00131-00051416-00051516": "cetera.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00132-00051516-00051708": "And so we need to at least consider that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00133-00051708-00051955": "And I'm not saying let's all get more grants.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00134-00051955-00052216": "It's a clinical problem we need to push on.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00135-00052216-00052524": "The other issue is unpredictable toxicity.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00136-00052524-00053002": "Toxicity is also something, you know, from that slide I showed you about the surgeon", "a4nx7WwBt08-00137-00053002-00053423": "cutting themselves and not the patient, toxicity is something that happens to the patient and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00138-00053423-00053607": "not the prescriber.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00139-00053607-00054072": "If you look at toxicity, when I go to the data centers for the studies that I'm sharing", "a4nx7WwBt08-00140-00054072-00054604": "in the NCI Cooperative Group, when I go to the data center I just ask them for the extreme", "a4nx7WwBt08-00141-00054604-00054791": "toxicities.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00142-00054791-00055246": "Toxicity in the NCI system is rated from zero, meaning none, up to five, meaning the patient", "a4nx7WwBt08-00143-00055246-00055401": "was killed by the toxicity.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00144-00055401-00055660": "And usually, thankfully, there's not a lot of grade five.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00145-00055660-00056038": "We'll ask for just the grade three or grade four toxicity; just the severe stuff.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00146-00056038-00056387": "Don't bother me with the trivial grade one-two toxicities.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00147-00056387-00056883": "Well, I can tell you, if I was receiving chemotherapy and had grade one diarrhea right now, I'd", "a4nx7WwBt08-00148-00056883-00057351": "be talking to you from the little room across the hall there that says \"M-E-N\" on the door.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00149-00057351-00057588": "Hopefully by audio and not video.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00150-00057588-00058276": "It is a -- grade one toxicity means nothing to investigators in terms of its analysis,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00151-00058276-00058464": "but it means a lot to the patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00152-00058464-00059049": "My father was treated for cancer about a year ago and I learned a lot of lessons from that", "a4nx7WwBt08-00153-00059049-00059158": "experience.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00154-00059158-00059426": "One of them is, grade zero toxicity can matter.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00155-00059426-00059775": "And I just told you grade zero means no toxicity.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00156-00059775-00060114": "But he wasn't getting out to walking in the mall and he wasn't going and playing with", "a4nx7WwBt08-00157-00060114-00060720": "his grandkids because he was concerned he might get some diarrhea from the chemotherapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00158-00060720-00060864": "He was told it was possible.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00159-00060864-00061038": "He didn't want to be caught out.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00160-00061038-00061541": "And so the idea of toxicity was keeping him from activities of daily living, from trying", "a4nx7WwBt08-00161-00061541-00061877": "to do things that would be good for his health, both physically and mentally.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00162-00061877-00062246": "And so, toxicity matters a lot to the patient.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00163-00062246-00062595": "It is the thing that keeps them from following our direction.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00164-00062595-00063330": "It is the thing that influences their outcome more than most other aspects.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00165-00063330-00063788": "And so we have to start reframing the way we look at that and we're seeing that now.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00166-00063788-00064580": "The NCI recently issued some studies on -- basic fundamental studies around peripheral neuropathy", "a4nx7WwBt08-00167-00064580-00064892": "from chemotherapy, and we'll come back to that point a few slides.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00168-00064892-00065458": "But the idea of trying to look at animal models and other mechanistic studies around nerve", "a4nx7WwBt08-00169-00065458-00066049": "toxicity from chemo is an important step towards understanding what is a very debilitating", "a4nx7WwBt08-00170-00066049-00066243": "problem in this context.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00171-00066243-00066982": "So toxicity does matter even if us academics have overlooked it for decades.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00172-00066982-00067626": "The other issue is something we don't like to think about in academics, and that is that", "a4nx7WwBt08-00173-00067626-00067871": "these drugs actually cost money.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00174-00067871-00068079": "I mean, who knew?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00175-00068079-00068302": "We just give them and see what happens.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00176-00068302-00068710": "Well, it starts becoming a really important issue, not just because of the economy in", "a4nx7WwBt08-00177-00068710-00069302": "its current state, but we're now getting therapies that are highly active in a very small fraction", "a4nx7WwBt08-00178-00069302-00069457": "of patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00179-00069457-00070037": "And so we look at therapies that, if you give them to all patients with non-small cell lung", "a4nx7WwBt08-00180-00070037-00070586": "cancer, you'll get about a 10 percent response rate from those patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00181-00070586-00071391": "And spending money on a therapy that costs $20,000 a month for a one in 10 return is", "a4nx7WwBt08-00182-00071391-00071619": "not a great return on investment.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00183-00071619-00072089": "And you say, \"Well, I've read about studies that looked at tumor markers and tried to", "a4nx7WwBt08-00184-00072089-00072407": "use those to guide who gets the individual therapy.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00185-00072407-00072585": "And that is a great step forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00186-00072585-00073076": "It enriches it to the point where we now get 30 to 40 percent response rates in most of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00187-00073076-00073191": "the real world studies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00188-00073191-00073382": "In clinical trials we were getting higher than that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00189-00073382-00073639": "We look at the real data; it's not quite as high.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00190-00073639-00074013": "And so we're still getting to the point where even with enrichment with tumor markers, just", "a4nx7WwBt08-00191-00074013-00074651": "the ones we looked at so far, we're still spending a lot of money for less than a coin", "a4nx7WwBt08-00192-00074651-00075142": "flip's worth of odds of data of achieving a successful response.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00193-00075142-00075674": "And so we need to be doing better there, partly because we have a lot of patients in this", "a4nx7WwBt08-00194-00075674-00076285": "country that are choosing not to get modern therapy because of the low return on investment.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00195-00076285-00076733": "If you want someone to mortgage their house because they have good insurance but not great", "a4nx7WwBt08-00196-00076733-00077531": "insurance, then they better be getting more than just a coin flip of return of benefit.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00197-00077531-00078038": "And that's often the situation patients are placed in; that they have to spend a lot of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00198-00078038-00078706": "money in order to get modern therapy with not a lot of direct evidence that they will", "a4nx7WwBt08-00199-00078706-00078961": "benefit from this therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00200-00078961-00079654": "And so this is an area that we've, with exception to some AHRQ work, that we really try to completely", "a4nx7WwBt08-00201-00079654-00079754": "ignore.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00202-00079754-00080277": "I want to find out what shrinks tumors and what prevents nerves from frying.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00203-00080277-00080758": "I don't really want to dabble in all this economic mumbo jumbo, but if we don't, then", "a4nx7WwBt08-00204-00080758-00080964": "we will not be helping patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00205-00080964-00081631": "All we will do is get great screen savers from our PET scans and a few less people using", "a4nx7WwBt08-00206-00081631-00081995": "walkers, which is a very important thing, but we will not be able to have the wholesale", "a4nx7WwBt08-00207-00081995-00082226": "change if we ignore that part of it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00208-00082226-00082681": "And I know that's a terrible thing to say because that means I have to start doing it", "a4nx7WwBt08-00209-00082681-00082781": "myself.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00210-00082781-00083717": "But the idea that we can just approach personalized medicine from the drug target or the drug", "a4nx7WwBt08-00211-00083717-00083963": "metabolism gene is insufficient.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00212-00083963-00084581": "Now, I don't mean that all of you have to suddenly stop doing phenomenal biology and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00213-00084581-00084994": "extraordinary pharmacology and become health economists.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00214-00084994-00085410": "But rather what I mean is, as we push this forward through the trial system, we need", "a4nx7WwBt08-00215-00085410-00086013": "to be taking that into account so we can look at studies that are powered to demonstrate", "a4nx7WwBt08-00216-00086013-00086167": "good return on investment.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00217-00086167-00086556": "You know, we talked about risk-benefit ratio, but all we look at is benefit.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00218-00086556-00086802": "We look at tumor shrinkage and that's it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00219-00086802-00087246": "We don't really look at a true risk-benefit ratio, even from a toxicity standpoint, much", "a4nx7WwBt08-00220-00087246-00087412": "less an economic standpoint.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00221-00087412-00087912": "So there's a lot of work that we're going to do and I know that that's painful because", "a4nx7WwBt08-00222-00087912-00088388": "if you ever spent much time with health economists, it is an hour lost.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00223-00088388-00088889": "But we have to learn how to converse with these other elements and I'll come back to", "a4nx7WwBt08-00224-00088889-00089055": "that point shortly.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00225-00089055-00089576": "Now, when we talk about pharmacogenetics or pharmacogenomics, I have -- this slide happens", "a4nx7WwBt08-00226-00089576-00090141": "to say pharmacogenetics, I should have gone in there and changed it, but I use the terms", "a4nx7WwBt08-00227-00090141-00090655": "interchangeably, and that is really the interaction between the genome and drug therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00228-00090655-00091011": "And pharmacogenetics was the term that had been used for a long time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00229-00091011-00091806": "It was coined back in the 1950s and really has been used more for small, more focused", "a4nx7WwBt08-00230-00091806-00091906": "studies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00231-00091906-00092339": "So studies where you might look at one single nucleotide polymorphism and its interaction", "a4nx7WwBt08-00232-00092339-00092692": "with therapy as opposed to looking at the entire genome.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00233-00092692-00093083": "So pharmacogenomics is more the entire genome type of approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00234-00093083-00093488": "Some have said that pharmacogenetics are for those that are over 40 and pharmacogenomics", "a4nx7WwBt08-00235-00093488-00093702": "for those who are under 40 years of age.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00236-00093702-00093884": "There are other ways of cutting it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00237-00093884-00094342": "But the bottom line is that either way you say it, it's trying to look at the influence", "a4nx7WwBt08-00238-00094342-00094583": "of genomics on drug therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00239-00094583-00095073": "And we see, if you look at the NIH portfolio of studies that are currently funded, we see", "a4nx7WwBt08-00240-00095073-00095369": "a lot of work in the discovery aspects.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00241-00095369-00095935": "And so you look at patients or just subjects and sequence them, look at the frequency of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00242-00095935-00096355": "variants in genes known to be important for drug therapy and find that there might be", "a4nx7WwBt08-00243-00096355-00096837": "a certain polymorphism, this happens to be a pyrogram from a pyrosequencer showing some", "a4nx7WwBt08-00244-00096837-00096975": "sort of variant that's there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00245-00096975-00097439": "And so there's a lot of discovery type work that is just cataloging the variants that", "a4nx7WwBt08-00246-00097439-00097539": "are out there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00247-00097539-00097983": "We have studies looking at phenotype, this might be blood level, or some other pharmacodynamic", "a4nx7WwBt08-00248-00097983-00098389": "effect, or looking at the variation that's there, trying to explain that variation with", "a4nx7WwBt08-00249-00098389-00098576": "a genetic analysis.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00250-00098576-00099142": "Other studies are trying to find out why that one-in-100 patient is having some extraordinary", "a4nx7WwBt08-00251-00099142-00099242": "event.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00252-00099242-00099576": "So maybe you treat your group of patients, someone gets Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or", "a4nx7WwBt08-00253-00099576-00099977": "some other severe toxicity, you go and try and figure out, well why did that person get", "a4nx7WwBt08-00254-00099977-00100185": "that when everyone else did not?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00255-00100185-00100668": "And so a lot of work, very exciting work happening in this space.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00256-00100668-00101429": "We see a lot now in the pharmaceutical industry and some in academia of studies that are using", "a4nx7WwBt08-00257-00101429-00101904": "pharmacogenetics as an inclusion or exclusion trial.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00258-00101904-00102151": "Most of the early pharma trials are now doing this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00259-00102151-00102524": "It's starting to get into academics a little bit where we might do a study initially only", "a4nx7WwBt08-00260-00102524-00103009": "in the extensive metabolizers, excluding the poor metabolizers, see where the drug works", "a4nx7WwBt08-00261-00103009-00103360": "in this context where it's optimized for benefit.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00262-00103360-00103738": "If it does work here, then look at comers and try and see what it would be in a general", "a4nx7WwBt08-00263-00103738-00103864": "population.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00264-00103864-00104453": "So it may end up being a drug label that would be only available to a certain group of patients", "a4nx7WwBt08-00265-00104453-00105017": "defined by genetics, or it may be just some initial data for proof of principle, you know,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00266-00105017-00105498": "why invest $100 million on a clinical trial when you can do -- spend several million to", "a4nx7WwBt08-00267-00105498-00105869": "do a smaller focused study and see what your odds are of benefit.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00268-00105869-00106603": "And so we're seeing that happen a lot in drug trials, mainly those sponsored by the pharmaceutical", "a4nx7WwBt08-00269-00106603-00106703": "industry.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00270-00106703-00107135": "And then clinical practice is something that is now being pushed on, and we'll come back", "a4nx7WwBt08-00271-00107135-00107333": "to that towards the end.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00272-00107333-00107814": "But we're starting to see a lot of efforts where hospitals, health systems are starting", "a4nx7WwBt08-00273-00107814-00108308": "to integrate pharmacogenetics into their routine practice setting.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00274-00108308-00108874": "We're starting to see groups like NHGRI put out requests for applications or other funding", "a4nx7WwBt08-00275-00108874-00109233": "mechanisms around these kind of genomic medicine approaches.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00276-00109233-00109826": "And so the idea that one can start driving this into practice and look at the process", "a4nx7WwBt08-00277-00109826-00110099": "of doing that is now becoming activity.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00278-00110099-00110514": "And there are other areas, as we'll come to, but a lot of different aspects come under", "a4nx7WwBt08-00279-00110514-00110991": "the term pharmacogenetics or pharmacogenomics.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00280-00110991-00111438": "Now when you look at the examples that are out there, and this is relatively up to date.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00281-00111438-00111892": "There's at least one drug that's missing from this, but it's relatively up to date.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00282-00111892-00112600": "This is an example of places where the FDA have changed the package insert labels in", "a4nx7WwBt08-00283-00112600-00113038": "the dosing and administration section to reflect pharmacogenetic information.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00284-00113038-00113473": "Now, the reason that I worded it that way is that if you look throughout the drug label,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00285-00113473-00113908": "the prescribing recommendations that are -- that come -- you know, when you get a medicine,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00286-00113908-00114125": "it's a little pad of paper you throw away.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00287-00114125-00114521": "But in that, if you ever were to open that, I know that's crazy talk, but if you were", "a4nx7WwBt08-00288-00114521-00115019": "ever to actually open that and read it, what happens is there's a bunch of different sections", "a4nx7WwBt08-00289-00115019-00115478": "there, including dosing and administration section, clinical pharmacology section, all", "a4nx7WwBt08-00290-00115478-00115591": "sorts of different sections.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00291-00115591-00116143": "Now, if you look at through the entire package insert, there are just over 150 drugs now", "a4nx7WwBt08-00292-00116143-00116694": "that have pharmacogenetics somewhere in the label, mainly the clinical pharmacology section.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00293-00116694-00117117": "But there are smaller lists, the one I show you here, where the dosing and administration", "a4nx7WwBt08-00294-00117117-00117401": "section has included pharmacogenetic data.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00295-00117401-00117776": "And the reason that's important is that's the section that is supposed to be read by", "a4nx7WwBt08-00296-00117776-00118270": "prescribers, and it is the one that's read by the folks that created the PDA programs", "a4nx7WwBt08-00297-00118270-00118684": "that most clinicians use to help them, their peripheral brain.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00298-00118684-00119170": "It is also read by the insurance companies in terms of reimbursement activities.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00299-00119170-00119427": "And then of course it's also read by litigators.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00300-00119427-00119642": "And so -- unfortunately, it's read by them.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00301-00119642-00119875": "Who knew they could read, but there we go.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00302-00119875-00120441": "And so we do see activities in those three areas of trying to push this forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00303-00120441-00120967": "And so you see some examples where it's a cancer marker, a mutation or copy number change", "a4nx7WwBt08-00304-00120967-00121259": "in the tumor itself and not in the normal tissue.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00305-00121259-00121826": "And then a lot of examples of germ-line changes in areas like cancer, blood thinners, HIV", "a4nx7WwBt08-00306-00121826-00122342": "drugs, carbamazepines for seizures, manic depression, chronic pain, copidogrel for heart", "a4nx7WwBt08-00307-00122342-00122879": "disease, interferon for hepatitis c is the main change, but also used in other areas.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00308-00122879-00123459": "And then a number of different drugs used to prevent nausea and vomiting, anti-depressants,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00309-00123459-00123603": "ADHD drugs, et cetera.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00310-00123603-00123833": "So there are examples.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00311-00123833-00124349": "It's just one slide, it's still a pretty big font, it's not exactly a huge list but we", "a4nx7WwBt08-00312-00124349-00124696": "do have examples where genetics have made it into the package insert.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00313-00124696-00125271": "Now, of these, there's only one example where it's malpractice not to do the test, and that's", "a4nx7WwBt08-00314-00125271-00125483": "the example for the abacavir.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00315-00125483-00126083": "Anybody that's managing HIV that's using the drug abacavir and doesn't look at the HLA-B*5701", "a4nx7WwBt08-00316-00126083-00126419": "is just begging to be shut down.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00317-00126419-00126876": "And so, that's the one area -- there's been prospective intervention studies published", "a4nx7WwBt08-00318-00126876-00127008": "in New England Journal.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00319-00127008-00127478": "If you're in the HIV area and you miss that, you really should consider retiring.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00320-00127478-00127910": "And so, that is the one example where it is malpractice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00321-00127910-00128280": "The rest of them are not mandatory.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00322-00128280-00128930": "Now, the IL28B genotype for using interferon has become a very common test in a very short", "a4nx7WwBt08-00323-00128930-00129527": "amount of time mainly because the new protease inhibitors use that data in terms of selecting", "a4nx7WwBt08-00324-00129527-00129777": "the length of therapy that one would get.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00325-00129777-00130607": "And so we see some tests like IL28B that were first published in -- just a few years ago", "a4nx7WwBt08-00326-00130607-00131061": "and then rapidly made it into the package insert and into routine practice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00327-00131061-00131709": "The lifecycle from publication to practice was less than five years, so it's an extraordinary", "a4nx7WwBt08-00328-00131709-00131809": "example.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00329-00131809-00132311": "But these various examples we start seeing them in practice, but none of them is required", "a4nx7WwBt08-00330-00132311-00132604": "with the exception, as I mentioned, of abacavir.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00331-00132604-00132804": "But we are seeing examples.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00332-00132804-00133146": "And we also are seeing some fascinating phenomena in terms of adoption.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00333-00133146-00133327": "I'll come back to that point.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00334-00133327-00133847": "Because we are now seeing centers, for example with clopidogrel used in acute coronary syndrome", "a4nx7WwBt08-00335-00133847-00134335": "and other areas, we see some centers where every single patient gets genetically tested", "a4nx7WwBt08-00336-00134335-00134782": "when they are on their way into the cath lab, and there are other centers that think it's", "a4nx7WwBt08-00337-00134782-00135032": "not ready for primetime and don't do it on any patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00338-00135032-00135694": "And so you see this really interesting phenomena at the start of this discipline where some", "a4nx7WwBt08-00339-00135694-00136350": "places have just, you know, found the gospel and are believers, and other places are still,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00340-00136350-00136898": "are not there yet, and so there's a lot of differences out there in practice in terms", "a4nx7WwBt08-00341-00136898-00137049": "of what's happening.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00342-00137049-00137310": "And the irony, because I didn't put in a slide for this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00343-00137310-00137686": "We've done some surveys of community practice versus academic practice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00344-00137686-00138311": "And we've seen that the diffusion of this, many of these, within two years after the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00345-00138311-00138884": "data is out, we see right around 40 percent of community sites are using the testing,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00346-00138884-00139159": "whereas it's about three percent of the academic sites.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00347-00139159-00139562": "And so, don't focus so much on the number, but the idea that the academic sites are the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00348-00139562-00140048": "slow adopters for personalized medicine has been a phenomenon that we've seen now with", "a4nx7WwBt08-00349-00140048-00140190": "multiple different examples.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00350-00140190-00140782": "And it's just been fascinating; it could be that the community folks are blindly adopting", "a4nx7WwBt08-00351-00140782-00140953": "what should not be adopted.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00352-00140953-00141377": "Or it could be that we're so interested in that next trial that we haven't bothered to", "a4nx7WwBt08-00353-00141377-00141724": "thing about whether something should be applied and applied now.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00354-00141724-00142235": "And so there's some work that needs to be done to make sure that academia and the community", "a4nx7WwBt08-00355-00142235-00142860": "practice where most people are seen are more in sync, and certainly from an academic standpoint,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00356-00142860-00143319": "I hate the idea that we're following and not leading, and we need to be doing better work", "a4nx7WwBt08-00357-00143319-00143490": "in that area.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00358-00143490-00144119": "Now, if you look at the applications of pharmacogenetics practically, they come down to a few areas.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00359-00144119-00144374": "One is the explanation of a untoward event.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00360-00144374-00144952": "So you have examples of genes where someone gets the drug and falls down, and you want", "a4nx7WwBt08-00361-00144952-00145487": "to know why, and you can do a test to figure out why did that person have extreme toxicity", "a4nx7WwBt08-00362-00145487-00145954": "from 5-fluorouracil for colon cancer and do a test to see whether this was the explanation", "a4nx7WwBt08-00363-00145954-00146062": "for that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00364-00146062-00146287": "There are some which are required for insurance coverage.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00365-00146287-00146739": "So if you are going to treat a patient with certain classes of drugs, epidermal growth", "a4nx7WwBt08-00366-00146739-00147136": "factor receptor antagonist for example, you need to know the KRAS or EGFR depending on", "a4nx7WwBt08-00367-00147136-00147648": "the tumor type before the insurance company will reimburse that drug.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00368-00147648-00147892": "And so it's a required test that way.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00369-00147892-00148083": "You have some where it'll identify low utility.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00370-00148083-00148604": "So if you have colon cancer and you have a mutation in KRAS, and it's the right mutation,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00371-00148604-00149117": "your chance of benefit from an epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist is really zero,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00372-00149117-00149420": "you know, zero or less than one percent anyway.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00373-00149420-00149903": "And so it's a very low utility and rules out that therapy for the patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00374-00149903-00150465": "Dose selections, you can use genetics to dose Warfarin, to dose clopidogrel, as well as", "a4nx7WwBt08-00375-00150465-00150984": "select a different drug in terms of therapy selection in that context, and so it's being", "a4nx7WwBt08-00376-00150984-00151116": "applied in that way.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00377-00151116-00151465": "And then in terms of preemptive prediction, so I mentioned the abacavir example.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00378-00151465-00152004": "If you did this test -- so for example, at our HIV center at University of North Carolina,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00379-00152004-00152572": "every patient that comes in, every new patient with HIV gets this test as a part of a panel", "a4nx7WwBt08-00380-00152572-00152785": "of tests that are done from the start.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00381-00152785-00153264": "Not because they are going to prescribe abacavir today, but they want the data preloaded so", "a4nx7WwBt08-00382-00153264-00153591": "that when they are ready to prescribe it, they know whether the patient is going to", "a4nx7WwBt08-00383-00153591-00154117": "have a risk of severe hypersensitivity reaction or whether they're going to be fine.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00384-00154117-00154465": "And as most of you are aware, the New England Journal paper that looked at this found that", "a4nx7WwBt08-00385-00154465-00154940": "by doing this testing, you can completely eliminate the risk of hypersensitivity reaction,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00386-00154940-00155065": "not just reduce it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00387-00155065-00155522": "And so it's a way of making that drug either one that's useful, or one that should be avoided.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00388-00155522-00156112": "In the same way one might approach a penicillin allergy or some other status like that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00389-00156112-00156558": "So those are some of the ways that we're seeing application happening out in practice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00390-00156558-00157079": "Now I'm going to walk through three different areas, one more fundamental nature in terms", "a4nx7WwBt08-00391-00157079-00157447": "of some discovery approaches that need to be done or are being one.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00392-00157447-00158024": "One around the types of validation that is needed in terms of making sure that we're", "a4nx7WwBt08-00393-00158024-00158167": "finding something real.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00394-00158167-00158454": "And then, lastly, the application.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00395-00158454-00158869": "With application, not only talk about some of the ways we would apply things here in", "a4nx7WwBt08-00396-00158869-00159303": "the U.S., but also talk a little bit about some of the global health efforts where we're", "a4nx7WwBt08-00397-00159303-00159947": "trying to use genetics as a useful way of managing therapy in countries that don't even", "a4nx7WwBt08-00398-00159947-00160373": "have electricity 24 hours a day, and may not even have clean water.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00399-00160373-00160733": "Something that could be considered quite a frivolous exercise; hopefully I'll convince", "a4nx7WwBt08-00400-00160733-00161034": "you it's not.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00401-00161034-00161729": "So when we look at drug therapy -- okay, the arrows aren't appearing on my screen but they're", "a4nx7WwBt08-00402-00161729-00161829": "up there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00403-00161829-00162276": "When we look at drugs, often we create these kinds of pictures and we look at it, and this", "a4nx7WwBt08-00404-00162276-00162497": "is an [unintelligible] cancer drug; had this slide handy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00405-00162497-00162909": "You know, here's this drug and it goes into the cell and it's pumped out by active transport,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00406-00162909-00163399": "and it's inactivated by these B450s in the liver and it's activated by these [unintelligible],", "a4nx7WwBt08-00407-00163399-00163879": "so this metabolite, which is pumped out, which is inactivated, which hits this other target,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00408-00163879-00164108": "kills down these death pathways.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00409-00164108-00164208": "We're geniuses.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00410-00164208-00164317": "I mean, look at that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00411-00164317-00164616": "And if I had a good graphic artist, I'd be even smarter.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00412-00164616-00164989": "I mean, you see that kind of stuff and you're like, \"Wow, we are so smart.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00413-00164989-00165140": "Well here's the real plot.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00414-00165140-00165621": "Especially in the area of pharmacodynamics, but even in the area of pharmacokinetics,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00415-00165621-00165875": "we do Yogi Berra pharmacology.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00416-00165875-00166108": "We know what we know, but we don't know what we don't know.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00417-00166108-00166621": "It's one of those things where someone has looked at this protein because it's one of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00418-00166621-00167099": "their favorites, but really hasn't stood back and said, \"Well, what are the right genes?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00419-00167099-00167413": "in terms of the influence on this drug.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00420-00167413-00168021": "And so what we see is a need to really step back and look at animal models, family studies,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00421-00168021-00168402": "I'll talk a little bit about some of this in a slide or two, large population studies,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00422-00168402-00168561": "and we'll come back to this point.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00423-00168561-00168988": "Trying to understand what are the genes that are important, because as I mentioned at the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00424-00168988-00169490": "start, we know something about drugs because they were designed to hit a certain target", "a4nx7WwBt08-00425-00169490-00169750": "and indeed usually do hit that target.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00426-00169750-00170082": "But then there's all sorts of other approaches that are out there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00427-00170082-00170542": "I mean, we look at the example of Sorafenib, a drug that was developed at a RAF inhibitor,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00428-00170542-00170666": "hence the Sorafenib.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00429-00170666-00171271": "Well it turns out it does hit RAF, but it's really a VEGF inhibitor, a vascular endothelial", "a4nx7WwBt08-00430-00171271-00171502": "growth factor inhibitor, in terms of its mechanism of action.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00431-00171502-00171961": "And so it's unfortunate that they found that out after they chose the name, because, you", "a4nx7WwBt08-00432-00171961-00172342": "know, they would have called it something else than Sorafenib.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00433-00172342-00172815": "But the concept that we know something but not everything is something we quickly forget", "a4nx7WwBt08-00434-00172815-00173043": "as the drugs start being applied.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00435-00173043-00173440": "We see approaches like the Collaborative Cross that some of you are familiar with where hundreds", "a4nx7WwBt08-00436-00173440-00174010": "of new inbred strains have been developed and can now be tested for all sorts of different", "a4nx7WwBt08-00437-00174010-00174449": "biology reasons, but also pharmacologic phenotypes, and so we see some exciting data coming out", "a4nx7WwBt08-00438-00174449-00175092": "of that, people looking at drug effects in a mouse system but it now has a as much or", "a4nx7WwBt08-00439-00175092-00175557": "a greater amount of genetic heterogeneity as is seen in people.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00440-00175557-00176227": "And so this concept that one can go and phenotype a group of a large number of inbred strain", "a4nx7WwBt08-00441-00176227-00176752": "where the genetics is already done and do that analysis rather rapidly is a very attractive", "a4nx7WwBt08-00442-00176752-00176852": "approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00443-00176852-00177075": "We're seeing some exciting data come from that work.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00444-00177075-00177715": "Now, when we look at the -- sorry, I put another slide in here, but it ended up being so large", "a4nx7WwBt08-00445-00177715-00177869": "I couldn't email it out.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00446-00177869-00178191": "And this was the NHGRI GWAS page.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00447-00178191-00178702": "For some reason the way that I saved it ended up being too big of a jpeg or too big of an", "a4nx7WwBt08-00448-00178702-00178802": "image.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00449-00178802-00179319": "But, if you look at the NHGRI's GWAS catalog, you know, it has all those different, at least", "a4nx7WwBt08-00450-00179319-00180092": "as of a few days ago, there were 1,196 genome-wide association studies that were listed on that", "a4nx7WwBt08-00451-00180092-00180208": "website.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00452-00180208-00180925": "And so if you go through all of the different example that are there, among the almost 1,200,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00453-00180925-00181426": "actually by today it probably is 1,200, but as of that day it was just under 1,200 different", "a4nx7WwBt08-00454-00181426-00181526": "examples.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00455-00181526-00182007": "We find is that there were 50 that were a drug-related phenotype.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00456-00182007-00182329": "Some of them were hypersensitivity reactions, some of them were dose, some of them were", "a4nx7WwBt08-00457-00182329-00182529": "toxicity from a drug.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00458-00182529-00183119": "But looking, casting a wide net going through each of those examples, we found that there", "a4nx7WwBt08-00459-00183119-00183532": "are -- about 4 percent are genome wide association studies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00460-00183532-00184046": "So the good news is there are some discovery approaches that are being done, but there", "a4nx7WwBt08-00461-00184046-00184321": "are more than 50 studies in diabetes alone.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00462-00184321-00184554": "There are way more than that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00463-00184554-00184833": "There are more studies than that for height.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00464-00184833-00185380": "I mean, there are a lot of phenotypes that are interesting phenotypes, important phenotypes,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00465-00185380-00185999": "where there have been more studies done than looking at the entire catalog of drug-related", "a4nx7WwBt08-00466-00185999-00186163": "genome-wide association studies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00467-00186163-00186599": "So 50 is a good start, but one of the things I noticed, and you wonder, \"Well, why don't", "a4nx7WwBt08-00468-00186599-00186703": "we have more examples?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00469-00186703-00186823": "Well, we haven't tried.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00470-00186823-00187152": "You know, at some point in time, we need to try.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00471-00187152-00187844": "Now, only 10 of the 50 had more than 500 patients in the case category.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00472-00187844-00188138": "And so if you know anything about genome-wide association studies, which if you showed up", "a4nx7WwBt08-00473-00188138-00188826": "last week you do, because another Tarheel talked last week about that approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00474-00188826-00189048": "We know that size matters.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00475-00189048-00189715": "We need large studies in order to be able to have power to detect robust signals for", "a4nx7WwBt08-00476-00189715-00189877": "a given phenotype.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00477-00189877-00190499": "And yet only a small number, only 10 studies had a large enough -- have even 500 cases;", "a4nx7WwBt08-00478-00190499-00190920": "and I didn't do a statistical analysis to see whether 500 was even enough to detect", "a4nx7WwBt08-00479-00190920-00191020": "a phenotype.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00480-00191020-00191723": "So the point is that very few attempts have been made.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00481-00191723-00192245": "Fifteen of these found no significant hits at all, so whether that's under power or there", "a4nx7WwBt08-00482-00192245-00192741": "just aren't any genome hits, just you remember, genetics is not the answer to everything.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00483-00192741-00193251": "I didn't put this slide in this time, but I always like to remind myself that, you know,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00484-00193251-00193614": "there's the old saying that if you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00485-00193614-00193935": "Well, we fall into that trap with genomics big time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00486-00193935-00194416": "We have a next-gen sequencer, therefore the answer is DNA.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00487-00194416-00194847": "And I don't care whether all of the data, all of the evidence says that it's environment,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00488-00194847-00195298": "diet, exercise, or whatever, I'm going to sequence the heck out of these patients and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00489-00195298-00195542": "find all the variants and find all the answers.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00490-00195542-00195912": "And I think, you know, part of the strategy needs to be, you know, what is known clinically,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00491-00195912-00196388": "how do we add that in, is genetics likely to be the case and be useful?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00492-00196388-00196603": "And we'll come back to that point in a few slides.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00493-00196603-00197046": "Twenty-nine of the 50 studies had a replication cohort.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00494-00197046-00197776": "So again, relatively few had what is now a normal part of doing genomic-wide analysis.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00495-00197776-00198074": "And so I think what we're seeing, and I'm not trying to be an apologist for the field,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00496-00198074-00198748": "but I think what we are seeing is some pretty weak attempts at doing discovery in the context", "a4nx7WwBt08-00497-00198748-00199128": "of pharmacogenetics and we need to go and do some proper studies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00498-00199128-00199566": "You know, it's no surprise that we're not finding that much when we haven't tried, and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00499-00199566-00200051": "when we have tried, we've done a relatively poor job because of using underpowered studies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00500-00200051-00200479": "And so it's time, and you'll hear a little bit about this, to do some properly-powered", "a4nx7WwBt08-00501-00200479-00200690": "studies in that approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00502-00200690-00201440": "Now, out of these 50 examples, eight of them got -- created data that contributed to changes", "a4nx7WwBt08-00503-00201440-00201617": "in the FDA package insert.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00504-00201617-00202097": "I mean, you could argue that, you know, eight out of 10, but all of them weren't in this", "a4nx7WwBt08-00505-00202097-00202803": "category, but -- so from a hit rate standpoint in terms of implementation, changing regulatory", "a4nx7WwBt08-00506-00202803-00203339": "evidence, it's been a phenomenal success because eight out of the 50 examples, and I can tell", "a4nx7WwBt08-00507-00203339-00203865": "you that that is not the hit rate, the success rate that other disease areas have had.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00508-00203865-00204349": "And part of that is that some of these studies have found the, what you'd term the low-hanging", "a4nx7WwBt08-00509-00204349-00204449": "fruit.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00510-00204449-00204762": "When you look at some of the hypersensitivity reactions, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, which", "a4nx7WwBt08-00511-00204762-00205419": "is an immune reaction to the drug which basically the cells, the immune cells start eating the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00512-00205419-00205638": "drug, but also start eating the skin.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00513-00205638-00206042": "And these patients have been admitted to the burn unit, there's about a 30 percent mortality,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00514-00206042-00206219": "it's a bad thing to have.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00515-00206219-00206973": "And so when you look at those, many of those studies have had odds ratios of over 1,000.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00516-00206973-00207555": "One of them had an odds ratio 2,500 for the HOA marker that was associated with the effect.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00517-00207555-00207687": "And they did bad calculations.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00518-00207687-00208283": "They only needed nine cases to have statistical power to find that because it was so strong.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00519-00208283-00208817": "And so some of these are cheating because they're just so powerful, the markers are", "a4nx7WwBt08-00520-00208817-00209355": "so powerful that you almost couldn't do anything but trip over them and find them.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00521-00209355-00209854": "But there are other examples where, like the IL28B example, where a genome-wide scan was", "a4nx7WwBt08-00522-00209854-00210126": "done in the context of interferon therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00523-00210126-00210719": "I was in the room as a part of the analysis group, I was not an author on the paper but", "a4nx7WwBt08-00524-00210719-00211284": "I was one of the external folks when that data was released, and there was nobody in", "a4nx7WwBt08-00525-00211284-00211861": "that room that expected IL28B to be a hit in terms of interferon therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00526-00211861-00212269": "Now, everybody that left the room knew that of course that was going to be the hit and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00527-00212269-00212455": "had a great explanation for it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00528-00212455-00212790": "But going into the room, no one had that as the hit.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00529-00212790-00213414": "And so some of these examples have been true discovery that has led to changes in practice", "a4nx7WwBt08-00530-00213414-00213573": "in a very rapid time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00531-00213573-00213704": "So there's a lot to be done.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00532-00213704-00214298": "And I think pharmacogenomics offers a promising area in that the phenotypes are a little bit", "a4nx7WwBt08-00533-00214298-00214764": "less complex in at least some the cases that have been found compared to something like", "a4nx7WwBt08-00534-00214764-00215614": "height, or diabetes, or many of the other diseases that are such a mixture of gene environment", "a4nx7WwBt08-00535-00215614-00215988": "polygenic effects, et cetera.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00536-00215988-00216267": "Now one of the things that we started off doing, I'm not going to spend a lot of time", "a4nx7WwBt08-00537-00216267-00216946": "with this because we published a lot already on this, is trying to ask the question, \"Is", "a4nx7WwBt08-00538-00216946-00217581": "a pharmacogenetic end point even heritable?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00539-00217581-00218123": "And it seems kind of crazy, but no one had really asked that question.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00540-00218123-00218553": "So if you're going to spend a couple million dollars on a genome scan, wouldn't you like", "a4nx7WwBt08-00541-00218553-00219054": "to know whether the odds are high or low that genetics is even involved at all?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00542-00219054-00219565": "It kind of seems obvious now in retrospect, but the time, you know, we had the machine,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00543-00219565-00220044": "we had the chips, we had to use them before they expired, we had the clinical cohort,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00544-00220044-00220552": "we had the DNA from that clinical cohort, why would we not do a genome-wide association", "a4nx7WwBt08-00545-00220552-00220861": "study or a next-gen sequencing study, or some other approach?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00546-00220861-00221267": "Well the reason why is that it might be stupid.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00547-00221267-00221846": "And we need to ask the question, \"Is it likely that genomics is an important factor?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00548-00221846-00222577": "Now, I'm sure that I have some genetic influence with the adipose that I have around there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00549-00222577-00222936": "But I can tell you that genetics is not the main factor to why it's there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00550-00222936-00223386": "It's the lack of exercise and the high intake that are the problem.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00551-00223386-00223992": "And so I can scan my genome all I want, but my answer is going to be in my hand as I put", "a4nx7WwBt08-00552-00223992-00224406": "it into my mouth, and in my shoes, not in my genes.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00553-00224406-00224714": "And so we need to be looking a little more carefully about when do we do this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00554-00224714-00225092": "And so we took the example of the cell lines that many of you are familiar with from the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00555-00225092-00225435": "Human Genome Project, from other gene mapping studies that have been done.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00556-00225435-00225821": "These are part of the HapMap project, part of the 1000 Genomes project, and so you can", "a4nx7WwBt08-00557-00225821-00226288": "get these multi-generation families that, where cell lines are available.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00558-00226288-00226494": "And one can go and do high throughput studies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00559-00226494-00227002": "I show you here a 96 well plate, you have increasing drug concentrations, you have two", "a4nx7WwBt08-00560-00227002-00227340": "different drugs on this plate, we do this in three to four well plates but it's a whole", "a4nx7WwBt08-00561-00227340-00227885": "lot prettier on a 96 well plate, so I stuck that picture in for your visual pleasure.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00562-00227885-00228704": "And with increasing killing, you get less pink, and you put this into a highly accurate", "a4nx7WwBt08-00563-00228704-00229061": "florescence analysis and come up with kill curves.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00564-00229061-00229541": "And so these are two separate cell lines where we have increasing drug concentration for", "a4nx7WwBt08-00565-00229541-00229963": "a chemotherapy drug, Docetaxel, and you have viability on this axis here.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00566-00229963-00230242": "So you see, and these are three separate replicates.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00567-00230242-00230796": "So, each of these lines is in quadruplicate and then there are three separate experiments", "a4nx7WwBt08-00568-00230796-00230976": "performed that are shown here.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00569-00230976-00231492": "So each color is a different experiment, each line represents four replicates.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00570-00231492-00231994": "And so you can see that some cells are killed very rapidly, and others, even in high concentration,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00571-00231994-00232225": "don't even get down to a 50 percent kill rate.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00572-00232225-00232569": "And so you can see a lot of variation amongst these cells.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00573-00232569-00233042": "And so one can go in and take, for example, some of these families and look at a bunch", "a4nx7WwBt08-00574-00233042-00233530": "of the FDA-approved drugs and come up with these sorts of plots where I'm showing you", "a4nx7WwBt08-00575-00233530-00234230": "on the Y axis the heritability, so basically what is the inheritance of the cytotoxicity", "a4nx7WwBt08-00576-00234230-00234585": "in these families, and a whole bunch of different drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00577-00234585-00234944": "And there's a publication you can go to if you actually want to read this X axis.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00578-00234944-00235296": "What we have is corrected or uncorrected for cell growth.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00579-00235296-00235555": "It didn't make a big difference in this context.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00580-00235555-00236021": "And what we can see is that some of the drugs had about 60 percent heritability, very high", "a4nx7WwBt08-00581-00236021-00236455": "degree of heritability, and there were others that were, I don't go down to very low, there", "a4nx7WwBt08-00582-00236455-00236939": "were others that were basically at similar level as the controls.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00583-00236939-00237387": "And so some of these drugs, it's not a really great idea, at least based on our data, to", "a4nx7WwBt08-00584-00237387-00237865": "do a genome-wide association study, or next-gen study, or whatever, at least in this context,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00585-00237865-00238288": "in cell line context, because we're able to show that the heritability is very similar", "a4nx7WwBt08-00586-00238288-00238459": "to just the drug vehicle.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00587-00238459-00239050": "There's not a lot of heritability there and I know that you have plenty of phenomena that", "a4nx7WwBt08-00588-00239050-00239540": "have low heritability and yet have a genomic basis.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00589-00239540-00239907": "There are genes that influence whether you have one arm or two.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00590-00239907-00240319": "And yet, there's not a lot of variability among people.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00591-00240319-00240777": "You know, most people, not everyone, but most people have two arms or two legs, even though", "a4nx7WwBt08-00592-00240777-00241226": "genomics was, genetics was a part of influencing that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00593-00241226-00241563": "So heritability is not everything, but it is something.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00594-00241563-00242084": "And so you can get this sort of data that gives you some hints at where we should go.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00595-00242084-00242530": "Now the reason we did this in cell lines is that you can't do it in people.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00596-00242530-00242931": "And so there are a lot of examples out there where you can't do the study, the drugs are", "a4nx7WwBt08-00597-00242931-00243596": "a little bit too toxic to look at normal volunteers, the patients, even if you have familial cancer,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00598-00243596-00244256": "or familial some other disease, it's not that everyone gets it on March 21.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00599-00244256-00244673": "It's rather that everyone gets it age 30, or whatever it might be.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00600-00244673-00245221": "And so you don't tend to have families receiving the same therapy at the same time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00601-00245221-00245615": "And so trying to look at heritability and those aspects is something you really can't", "a4nx7WwBt08-00602-00245615-00246225": "do in vivo for drugs that are toxic, some of the antivirals, some of the chemo drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00603-00246225-00246369": "And so you need to do that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00604-00246369-00246833": "The other thing and I'll get to in a couple of slides, is that replication is critical", "a4nx7WwBt08-00605-00246833-00246996": "in this field.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00606-00246996-00247531": "And when a clinical trial is performed, especially in the area of cancer, typically one trial", "a4nx7WwBt08-00607-00247531-00247631": "is performed.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00608-00247631-00248232": "Now, if that trial is positive, it goes on to have another, you know, the winner from", "a4nx7WwBt08-00609-00248232-00248528": "that trial then competes with the next best idea.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00610-00248528-00248871": "And the winner from that competes with the next -- and that's the way the trial program", "a4nx7WwBt08-00611-00248871-00248971": "goes.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00612-00248971-00249446": "So you often don't have an easily available replication set.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00613-00249446-00249873": "If you happen to use a clinical trial cohort for discovery, it may be five to seven years", "a4nx7WwBt08-00614-00249873-00250238": "before you'll have a replication set that's available to you.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00615-00250238-00250759": "And so we've been stepping back into the laboratory and looking at ex vivo systems like these", "a4nx7WwBt08-00616-00250759-00251180": "cell line systems to try to help us do discovery.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00617-00251180-00251660": "And what's shown also on this paper, but I didn't put the slides in there is that we", "a4nx7WwBt08-00618-00251660-00252235": "can do discovery in terms of finding quantitative trade loci across the genome that are associated", "a4nx7WwBt08-00619-00252235-00252804": "with the toxicity of this drug, including loci that are found in all of the family members,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00620-00252804-00253151": "the chemical family members of these different chemo drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00621-00253151-00253588": "And so we can find some very brief produce able hits that are found in all of the anthracyclines", "a4nx7WwBt08-00622-00253588-00254353": "or all the fluoropyrimidines, et cetera, and use those as a way of taking discovery from", "a4nx7WwBt08-00623-00254353-00254725": "the laboratory into a clinical trial setting.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00624-00254725-00255166": "One of the things we've also done, and this is a paper that's just been submitted, and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00625-00255166-00255323": "I know this will go on YouTube.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00626-00255323-00255607": "Hopefully reviewers will still be kind to us, I took a risk.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00627-00255607-00255821": "But this paper has been submitted.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00628-00255821-00256214": "We then went into an in vitro genome-wide association study.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00629-00256214-00256898": "So we took cell lines from 563 unrelated individuals and we repeated that experiment.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00630-00256898-00257380": "Now, if -- you can't read this but the top hit here, you can see over here, Temozolomide,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00631-00257380-00258056": "a drug for brain -- for glioblastoma multiformity -- is the top hit in terms of heritability.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00632-00258056-00258669": "So we looked at that drug in a collection of 563 unrelated individuals, in this case", "a4nx7WwBt08-00633-00258669-00258811": "they were all Caucasians.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00634-00258811-00259589": "We're also doing this study in a group from Taiwan and also in an African-American cohort", "a4nx7WwBt08-00635-00259589-00260154": "that all have -- the Taiwanese set has 9,000 cell lines, the African-American set has just", "a4nx7WwBt08-00636-00260154-00260889": "about 1,500 cell lines, and yes, the technicians that run this are extraordinary in their ability", "a4nx7WwBt08-00637-00260889-00261216": "to complete this stuff in a reproduce able fashion.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00638-00261216-00261592": "Thank goodness for robotics and bar coding is all I can say.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00639-00261592-00262108": "So, when we did a genome-wide association study for Temozolomide, when you scan across", "a4nx7WwBt08-00640-00262108-00262613": "the genome, I think you are probably familiar with this, you scan across the various chromosomes.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00641-00262613-00263046": "Even without these green lines you can see a big peak that's scanning out here.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00642-00263046-00263488": "There's only one peak that goes up above, and here's a blowup of that area here.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00643-00263488-00264089": "Only one peak that goes above the 10 to the minus 8 statistical size, and you could argue", "a4nx7WwBt08-00644-00264089-00264833": "that 563 is a small number, and it is, but there aren't a lot of large cell line collections", "a4nx7WwBt08-00645-00264833-00265517": "out there, and the ones that are out there are almost EBB transformed B cells, lymphocytes.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00646-00265517-00265918": "And so there is a restriction in terms of this approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00647-00265918-00266125": "So we see this hit that's there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00648-00266125-00267030": "Well it turns out that this particular hit, the SNPs in here, are in a MGMT that had already", "a4nx7WwBt08-00649-00267030-00267817": "been known from its biology to be involved in the repair of the alkylated DNA from Temozolomide.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00650-00267817-00268336": "So using this system, the bad news is we've found something that was already known.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00651-00268336-00268761": "The good news is we've found something that was already known and now have genetic variation", "a4nx7WwBt08-00652-00268761-00269201": "there that was associated at least in vitro with cytotoxicity, something that had not", "a4nx7WwBt08-00653-00269201-00269417": "been done before.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00654-00269417-00270103": "These SNPs also were not only associated with viability, but also associated with gene expression", "a4nx7WwBt08-00655-00270103-00270252": "in these same cell lines.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00656-00270252-00270971": "And so we can now take this data and look at these SNPs in the context of clinical trial", "a4nx7WwBt08-00657-00270971-00271656": "material to ask the question, are these variants predictive, these in vitro discovered variants", "a4nx7WwBt08-00658-00271656-00272268": "predictive of either toxicity or advocacy in the context of patients with glioblastoma", "a4nx7WwBt08-00659-00272268-00272368": "multiformity.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00660-00272368-00272731": "Now, these drugs are one of the few active drugs for that disease.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00661-00272731-00272914": "There are not a lot of alternates.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00662-00272914-00273210": "But these drugs are not extraordinarily active.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00663-00273210-00273443": "They're just active in that disease.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00664-00273443-00273931": "And so if you can identify a patient who's going to have extreme toxicity, and you may", "a4nx7WwBt08-00665-00273931-00274534": "want to put them on a promising new clinical trial as opposed to give them a drug that's", "a4nx7WwBt08-00666-00274534-00275077": "going to decrease their quality of life over the remaining time that they have.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00667-00275077-00275418": "And so there are decisions that can be made even though there aren't a lot of alternate", "a4nx7WwBt08-00668-00275418-00276097": "therapies out there in this context, but the idea of using in vitro discovery approach", "a4nx7WwBt08-00669-00276097-00276825": "is one that we're working on to try to understand what can we get out of the lab-based systems", "a4nx7WwBt08-00670-00276825-00277250": "that will help us ask smarter questions in the clinical material because there's so little", "a4nx7WwBt08-00671-00277250-00277656": "of it and it's so precious in that way.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00672-00277656-00278050": "This sort of thing is now being completed for the other drugs that we've been working", "a4nx7WwBt08-00673-00278050-00278230": "on, the replication's going on.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00674-00278230-00278639": "We'll see what happens in terms of the follow up from that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00675-00278639-00278963": "There are a lot of other interesting discovery approaches also happening.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00676-00278963-00279404": "I just mentioned that one because it's a little bit different from the usual approaches that", "a4nx7WwBt08-00677-00279404-00280057": "have been taken for other diseases, for example, because of the differences in being able to", "a4nx7WwBt08-00678-00280057-00280423": "administer drugs to only certain groups of patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00679-00280423-00280835": "Now the second area I want to talk about is the validation of robust data sets, and if", "a4nx7WwBt08-00680-00280835-00281320": "you look at cancer as an example, and I'm not trying to be exclusive with cancer, just", "a4nx7WwBt08-00681-00281320-00281547": "have the better examples in this area.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00682-00281547-00282327": "Here are the common types of cancer in terms of incident cases, and what we've done is", "a4nx7WwBt08-00683-00282327-00282847": "integrated blood sampling and possible tumor sampling throughout the cooperative groups.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00684-00282847-00283368": "Now the group that used to be called Cancer and Leukemia Group B, there's now been a merger", "a4nx7WwBt08-00685-00283368-00283828": "and it's called the alliance.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00686-00283828-00284021": "That group has been the most active.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00687-00284021-00284332": "We started doing this back in 2002.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00688-00284332-00284855": "But, if you've been involved in this setting, what happens is it takes two to three years", "a4nx7WwBt08-00689-00284855-00285041": "to develop a clinical trial.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00690-00285041-00285530": "It often can take five to seven years to conduct the clinical trial, and then three to five", "a4nx7WwBt08-00691-00285530-00285981": "years to wait for follow-up and analyze the clinical trial.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00692-00285981-00286375": "So you don't have to be a math major to figure out that you start these studies as an assistant", "a4nx7WwBt08-00693-00286375-00286843": "professor and finishing them up as an emeritus professor, yeah almost that bad.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00694-00286843-00287341": "It's something that you, you almost set them up for your kids because it takes so long.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00695-00287341-00287855": "Some of these studies were started before my kids were born and are just being finished.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00696-00287855-00288244": "So, while things are started a while ago, they just now start maturing.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00697-00288244-00288788": "And so over the last few years, we're now getting studies where we have over 4,000 breast", "a4nx7WwBt08-00698-00288788-00289336": "cancer patients from a prospective study looking at two different types of chemotherapy where", "a4nx7WwBt08-00699-00289336-00289860": "the toxicity and efficacy were all collected in a uniform matter prospectively where the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00700-00289860-00290303": "auditing was done both on imaging as well as the clinical data, so you have a robust", "a4nx7WwBt08-00701-00290303-00290723": "phenotype with large numbers and can do discovery.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00702-00290723-00291092": "And so I'll come back to that specific example in a few slides.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00703-00291092-00291725": "But the idea of one doing studies based on what's in your institution's tumor bank is", "a4nx7WwBt08-00704-00291725-00291922": "really something we need to get away from.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00705-00291922-00292266": "And we've been a big culprit of this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00706-00292266-00292872": "There are studies where you have your favorite oncologist you have tea with on Thursdays", "a4nx7WwBt08-00707-00292872-00293214": "and you say, you know, \"Hey, you got any samples?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00708-00293214-00293754": "And they have 46 breast cancer samples and you do your favorite SNP and your favorite", "a4nx7WwBt08-00709-00293754-00294317": "gene and those 46 samples, and both heterozygotes had toxicity and no one else did.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00710-00294317-00294625": "Therefore everyone should be tested, the end.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00711-00294625-00295207": "And there are steaming piles of literature along this line, including some of our own,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00712-00295207-00295428": "where people have gone and done this sort of study.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00713-00295428-00295858": "And it's great in terms of starting the field, getting people interested, seeing that there", "a4nx7WwBt08-00714-00295858-00296113": "might be something worth chasing.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00715-00296113-00296609": "But what happens is that very few of those studies have then gone on to do a well-powered", "a4nx7WwBt08-00716-00296609-00296888": "study much less replication.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00717-00296888-00297449": "And so the idea that you have 4,600 patients from 280 centers from across the U.S. and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00718-00297449-00297864": "Canada where you have real-world variability built in and even though it's the context", "a4nx7WwBt08-00719-00297864-00298522": "of a clinical trial, it gives you a much more powerful way of doing both discovery and validation.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00720-00298522-00299100": "So in these trials, the good news is we now have over 40,000 samples worth of clinical", "a4nx7WwBt08-00721-00299100-00299680": "trial material and growing by several hundred every month as we go forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00722-00299680-00300054": "Now obviously that's not one study, that's all a different types of studies, many of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00723-00300054-00300228": "them that are show on here.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00724-00300228-00300630": "The bad news is that replication is very difficult.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00725-00300630-00301025": "And so often what we can do is we can split a dataset and do self replication, you know,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00726-00301025-00301555": "look at half the patients and try to replicate the other half, but that's not real replication.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00727-00301555-00301986": "I mean, it is replication, but it's not a real validation.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00728-00301986-00302532": "And so the idea that we have a separate dataset in which to discover in is a big problem.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00729-00302532-00303018": "And so, there are none of the studies here where there is an easy replication set because", "a4nx7WwBt08-00730-00303018-00303369": "this was the study looking at this approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00731-00303369-00303839": "And if it's positive, we have another 12-year cycle of developing the study, conducting", "a4nx7WwBt08-00732-00303839-00304246": "the study, waiting for follow-up and analysis to go on through.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00733-00304246-00304811": "And so, you can see why we've gone to some of the in vitro and other model system type", "a4nx7WwBt08-00734-00304811-00304959": "work.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00735-00304959-00305555": "Now with these clinical trial samples, it's a very powerful way of trying to ask questions.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00736-00305555-00305773": "So one example is in ovarian cancer.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00737-00305773-00306544": "This is a study that was completed almost a decade ago and now has long follow-up in", "a4nx7WwBt08-00738-00306544-00306716": "which we can then go and do discovery.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00739-00306716-00307130": "And so, this is for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer, the patients receive Carboplatin,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00740-00307130-00307510": "it is a platinum drug and was identical in both arms.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00741-00307510-00307941": "And then one of the two taxane cousins, either Docetaxil or Paclitaxel.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00742-00307941-00308448": "And so not a big difference between these two arms, and indeed when you look at survival,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00743-00308448-00308795": "pressure free survival or overall survival, no statistical difference.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00744-00308795-00309427": "So this was a practice changing slash practice confirming study in that it really established", "a4nx7WwBt08-00745-00309427-00310290": "that either of these two arms were the equal therapy and are the first line therapy for", "a4nx7WwBt08-00746-00310290-00310530": "the treatment of ovarian cancer.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00747-00310530-00311035": "So that's great, but if any of you have been to an ovarian cancer clinic, what you see", "a4nx7WwBt08-00748-00311035-00311485": "is there's a lot of youngish women using walkers.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00749-00311485-00311906": "And you think, \"What a terrible bummer.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00750-00311906-00312287": "Here is a disabled person who got ovarian cancer.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00751-00312287-00312541": "I mean, what bad luck.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00752-00312541-00313126": "Well unfortunately, most of these women were fine when they walked in but the chemotherapies", "a4nx7WwBt08-00753-00313126-00313239": "fried their nerves.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00754-00313239-00313489": "It's caused them so they can't feel their feet.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00755-00313489-00313744": "They can't feel their fingers, they're pins and needles now.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00756-00313744-00314026": "They can't button their blouse, they can't do a lot of things.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00757-00314026-00314633": "And so the therapy is nearly killing the patient in order to kill the tumor.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00758-00314633-00315088": "And so this concept that we have to nearly kill the patient to kill the tumor is one", "a4nx7WwBt08-00759-00315088-00315448": "that many of us were taught during our training.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00760-00315448-00315780": "The younger oncologists are taught much better now because they know differently with some", "a4nx7WwBt08-00761-00315780-00315896": "of the new drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00762-00315896-00316310": "But the idea that that has to happen and that toxicity is just part of the price of doing", "a4nx7WwBt08-00763-00316310-00316595": "business is something that we really need to approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00764-00316595-00317107": "If we're going to do genetic discovery, we need to be tackling those kind of issues where", "a4nx7WwBt08-00765-00317107-00317464": "it's just frankly not confirmed to be true.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00766-00317464-00318225": "And so we ask the question, in this case, we did some initial broader discovery and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00767-00318225-00318790": "then honed down into some candidates that fit in to informatic buckets; biology nerve", "a4nx7WwBt08-00768-00318790-00319340": "function buckets, inherited neuropathy buckets, or drug action buckets, and did a separate", "a4nx7WwBt08-00769-00319340-00319850": "-- so this was data from the literature, from other screens, from animal screens, some early", "a4nx7WwBt08-00770-00319850-00319980": "clinical screens.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00771-00319980-00320746": "And so we ended up with a custom Illumina chip based on variants from these areas.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00772-00320746-00321520": "And so when we looked at it, out of the 1,261 SNPs that started off being valuable in terms", "a4nx7WwBt08-00773-00321520-00321919": "of, you know, they weren't monomorphic, it wasn't failures in some other way, we looked", "a4nx7WwBt08-00774-00321919-00322661": "at half of the patients, about 500 patients, and 69 of those SNPs came out as being positive.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00775-00322661-00323186": "We then looked at these 69 SNPs in the remaining half of the patients and found that five of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00776-00323186-00323476": "them were positive, but one was in the opposite direction.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00777-00323476-00323760": "Only four were confirmed to be true.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00778-00323760-00324357": "And when you look at these four SNPs, they're in some genes that make sense, you know, BCL2,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00779-00324357-00324653": "oh cell death -- so it doesn't matter what you're working on.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00780-00324653-00324971": "If you find something in a cell pathway it makes sense.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00781-00324971-00325349": "And so I remember hearing a story from one of the Stanford guys during their initial", "a4nx7WwBt08-00782-00325349-00325691": "discovery, during the study of using microarrays.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00783-00325691-00326177": "And the way I remember the story is they came in, they did their analysis of breast cancer", "a4nx7WwBt08-00784-00326177-00326630": "versus normal breast tissue, they come up with a group of genes that were differentially", "a4nx7WwBt08-00785-00326630-00327043": "expressed, and then they spent all the afternoon going through why that gene made sense, and", "a4nx7WwBt08-00786-00327043-00327185": "that gene made sense, and that gene.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00787-00327185-00327501": "And then the next morning, the statisticians came by and said, \"Actually, there was an", "a4nx7WwBt08-00788-00327501-00327790": "error in some of the coding, here's the list of genes.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00789-00327790-00328384": "So basically every gene in the genome makes sense in terms of why it's the right gene.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00790-00328384-00328686": "And so I think what we should do is eliminate names.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00791-00328686-00329120": "We should not be allowed to call genes by their names because it fools us into thinking", "a4nx7WwBt08-00792-00329120-00329628": "there might actually be something real and we need to prove that they're real as opposed", "a4nx7WwBt08-00793-00329628-00330019": "to saying, \"Well, BCL2, cell deaths, causing the death of a nerve.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00794-00330019-00330451": "So these genes can make some biologic sense, I mean, we selected genes that made biologic", "a4nx7WwBt08-00795-00330451-00330680": "sense, so they're all going to make sense.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00796-00330680-00331008": "And the odds ratios are somewhere between two and four, okay that's enough.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00797-00331008-00331447": "And when you add them up, the population triple the risk is about 85 percent, okay that sounds", "a4nx7WwBt08-00798-00331447-00331547": "good.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00799-00331547-00331806": "And you add them up, you get higher and higher risk.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00800-00331806-00332484": "And so that's great, the accumulation of these events causes a patient to be at higher risk", "a4nx7WwBt08-00801-00332484-00332867": "of nerve toxicity, you can see how you might apply that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00802-00332867-00333561": "Except, no one is going to be willing to take less therapy or a different therapy if their", "a4nx7WwBt08-00803-00333561-00333761": "chance of benefit is altered.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00804-00333761-00334134": "No one's going to allow modulation of these genes if it's going to affect their chance", "a4nx7WwBt08-00805-00334134-00334238": "of benefit.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00806-00334238-00334672": "And so we ask the simple question, looking at the accumulation of these genetic events,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00807-00334672-00335199": "do the people who have lots of these genetic lesions, as in three to four of them, have", "a4nx7WwBt08-00808-00335199-00335467": "a different survival then those who do not?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00809-00335467-00336021": "And so this is showing the people with zero to two of these variants or three to four", "a4nx7WwBt08-00810-00336021-00336121": "of these variants.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00811-00336121-00336661": "So it's basically these two groups versus the rest of these groups.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00812-00336661-00337177": "And what we've found is there is no difference in either progressive free survival or overall", "a4nx7WwBt08-00813-00337177-00337277": "survival.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00814-00337277-00337863": "So what this suggests for really for the first time, is that the toxicity, the nerve toxicity", "a4nx7WwBt08-00815-00337863-00338519": "that is being experienced by these women is not directly related to the survival benefit", "a4nx7WwBt08-00816-00338519-00338759": "that they might get from this therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00817-00338759-00339360": "And it at least supports the notion that one may be able to modulate these targets or in", "a4nx7WwBt08-00818-00339360-00339789": "some other way apply them to try to optimize therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00819-00339789-00340116": "Now there are alternate therapies from this that one could use.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00820-00340116-00340302": "It's usually reserved for second line therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00821-00340302-00340833": "If someone either didn't want the toxicity or had, I mean, there are patients that have", "a4nx7WwBt08-00822-00340833-00341315": "a platinum allergy, not very many thankfully, but it could be somebody that has that hypersensitivity", "a4nx7WwBt08-00823-00341315-00341555": "reaction, you would go on to a different therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00824-00341555-00342165": "But, so there are alternate therapies, but the idea that one can now look at either using", "a4nx7WwBt08-00825-00342165-00342610": "different dosing or different therapies based on genetic risk data is something we're now", "a4nx7WwBt08-00826-00342610-00342710": "exploring.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00827-00342710-00343462": "Now, this data is a first attempt, and we are now looking to validate it in a separate", "a4nx7WwBt08-00828-00343462-00343601": "dataset.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00829-00343601-00343993": "I'm not saying that this is the answer and these genes are important, but the concept", "a4nx7WwBt08-00830-00343993-00344523": "of trying to dissect out toxicity and efficacy; trying to find markers that will predict extreme", "a4nx7WwBt08-00831-00344523-00345065": "toxicity to have a real risk-benefit discussion is where a lot of pharmacogenomics is going", "a4nx7WwBt08-00832-00345065-00345180": "right now.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00833-00345180-00345903": "Using genetics to give quantitative decision making as opposed to looking back and saying,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00834-00345903-00346264": "\"Why did that person crash and burn when everyone else didn't?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00835-00346264-00346751": "Is really a lot of the effort that we're seeing happen in this particular area.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00836-00346751-00347107": "Also, these datasets allow for discovery.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00837-00347107-00347578": "And so we've completed now a number of genome-wide association studies where we had a pretty", "a4nx7WwBt08-00838-00347578-00347870": "sizeable power of patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00839-00347870-00348250": "Some of them a little bit on the smaller side, others quite large.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00840-00348250-00348655": "We've done one for peripheral neuropathy and one for neutropenia in the context of breast", "a4nx7WwBt08-00841-00348655-00348809": "cancer patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00842-00348809-00349273": "We also have an initial next-generation sequencing study being done in the context of a prostate", "a4nx7WwBt08-00843-00349273-00349815": "cancer chemotherapy trial.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00844-00349815-00350292": "There's colorectal cancer, pancreas cancer, and many more being planned.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00845-00350292-00350945": "And so the idea that one can go and have these data sets and do discovery is also an attractive", "a4nx7WwBt08-00846-00350945-00351045": "approach.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00847-00351045-00351641": "The other thing is that there is way more genomic capacity than there are quality phenotype", "a4nx7WwBt08-00848-00351641-00351773": "datasets.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00849-00351773-00352379": "And so in this example, some of these genome-wide association studies were hatched in the bar", "a4nx7WwBt08-00850-00352379-00353164": "at Cold Spring Harbor where Yasuki Nakamura from the Rican, soon to be University of Chicago,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00851-00353164-00353935": "was sitting there drinking something, and myself and Mark Ratain were having our cokes", "a4nx7WwBt08-00852-00353935-00354575": "and he was complaining he had all this genomic capacity and no good phenotypes and we were", "a4nx7WwBt08-00853-00354575-00354886": "complaining that we had all these good phenotypes and no genomic capacity.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00854-00354886-00355345": "And so we've done a collaboration now where many of these genome scans have been done", "a4nx7WwBt08-00855-00355345-00355493": "using the barter system.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00856-00355493-00356123": "So they've done what would have cost us around $25,000,000 worth of genome-wide association", "a4nx7WwBt08-00857-00356123-00356350": "studies as a collaboration.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00858-00356350-00356764": "Some of the other approaches are being done with U.S. based genome centers.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00859-00356764-00357273": "And so, there is a way of getting this done even -- some of these are funded to do.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00860-00357273-00357557": "Some of these are being done without any funding at all.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00861-00357557-00358104": "Because there's such an interest in trying to actually try to do these sorts of studies", "a4nx7WwBt08-00862-00358104-00358561": "as opposed to just the small candidate approaches that have been done to date.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00863-00358561-00359139": "So there's a lot more to be done, but the idea that one can get the datasets to do pharmacogenomic", "a4nx7WwBt08-00864-00359139-00359943": "discovery is, it takes a lot of planning but we are at a time where this can start happening.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00865-00359943-00360346": "Now I want to spend a little time on the last piece, that's actually applying the stuff.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00866-00360346-00360958": "And I'm going to put -- first I did a little more controversial study but try to show some", "a4nx7WwBt08-00867-00360958-00361360": "key points about application and then talk about some the ways we've applied across the", "a4nx7WwBt08-00868-00361360-00361508": "globe.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00869-00361508-00361975": "And application is something we all put in our grants, and we put in our papers, we put", "a4nx7WwBt08-00870-00361975-00362075": "everywhere.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00871-00362075-00362273": "But it's rare that we actually do it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00872-00362273-00362685": "And so there have been a number of different studies that have found interesting genetic", "a4nx7WwBt08-00873-00362685-00362928": "markers and even replicated them.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00874-00362928-00363154": "And then you see nothing else happen.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00875-00363154-00363497": "And so we decided, well, let's go for it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00876-00363497-00364061": "And so one example is here with Tamoxifen and you know, when I trained, Tamoxifen was", "a4nx7WwBt08-00877-00364061-00364655": "activated by these enzymes for 4-hydroxytamoxifen, which is an active blocker of the estrogen", "a4nx7WwBt08-00878-00364655-00365153": "receptor and therefore is useful in breast cancer, estrogen-receptive positive breast", "a4nx7WwBt08-00879-00365153-00365307": "cancer, the end.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00880-00365307-00365805": "Well, a couple of years ago, Vered Stearns, who was at Georgetown at the time, had a patient", "a4nx7WwBt08-00881-00365805-00366301": "that received Tamoxifen, was given the peri-menopausal syndrome that you get from that drug because", "a4nx7WwBt08-00882-00366301-00366407": "you're blocking estrogen.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00883-00366407-00366995": "She then needed some anti-depressants for depression, not related to the breast cancer,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00884-00366995-00367514": "and gave the anti-depressants, and the hot flashes went away in just a day or two.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00885-00367514-00368288": "Now, if it was me, I would have been ecstatic, because the hot flashes went away and in four", "a4nx7WwBt08-00886-00368288-00368709": "to six weeks the depression's probably going to go away, and anybody with Scottish blood", "a4nx7WwBt08-00887-00368709-00368886": "loves two for the price of one.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00888-00368886-00368986": "[laughter]", "a4nx7WwBt08-00889-00368986-00369213": "So, for a moment, well Vered's a little bit smarter than that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00890-00369213-00369392": "And so she said, \"Wait a minute.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00891-00369392-00369820": "And she and Dave Flockhart and some others dug into it and what they eventually found", "a4nx7WwBt08-00892-00369820-00370305": "was the anti-depressants that were given were blocking the step.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00893-00370305-00370877": "And so there were similar levels to here -- of this metabolite, but by blocking this step,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00894-00370877-00371347": "the formation of this metabolite here, this endoxifen they called it, was not happening.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00895-00371347-00371946": "It was much reduced, and at least in their studies, by giving the anti-depressants or", "a4nx7WwBt08-00896-00371946-00372614": "not, they were able to block hot flashes and show very decreased levels of this metabolite.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00897-00372614-00373345": "And so what's happened is the field of oncology has just stopped using certain anti-depressants", "a4nx7WwBt08-00898-00373345-00373710": "in conjunction with Tamoxifen.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00899-00373710-00374130": "Medco showed some great data where the prescribing of these drugs was relatively high, and then", "a4nx7WwBt08-00900-00374130-00374856": "after the presentation in June , I think it was 2008 or 2009, something like that, where", "a4nx7WwBt08-00901-00374856-00375226": "the data was presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting, just plummeted.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00902-00375226-00375673": "The drugs are just not used together because of this worry you're blocking the activation,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00903-00375673-00376046": "or at least one of the activation pathways of this drug.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00904-00376046-00376347": "And then Matt Getz [spelled phonetically] and others showed this kind of data, where", "a4nx7WwBt08-00905-00376347-00376759": "the extensive metabolizers for -- so I should mention one point.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00906-00376759-00377272": "So, this enzyme here, many of you know that this enzyme is polymorphic.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00907-00377272-00377484": "It has genetic polymorphism.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00908-00377484-00377840": "About 10 percent of you in the room, a little bit less than 10 percent of you are completely", "a4nx7WwBt08-00909-00377840-00378396": "missing this gene, either through deletion or through some major genetic variation.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00910-00378396-00378770": "And some of you might already know that, either literally or phenotypically.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00911-00378770-00379343": "So, those of you who have gone to the dentist and had a procedure, got some Tylenol with", "a4nx7WwBt08-00912-00379343-00379952": "codeine or some hydrocodone for that, and it didn't work, you still had pain, it didn't", "a4nx7WwBt08-00913-00379952-00380052": "work at all.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00914-00380052-00380368": "You went back to the dentist and they called you a wimp.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00915-00380368-00380740": "Well that drug's activated, those two drugs are activated by this enzyme.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00916-00380740-00381285": "And so 10 percent of you cannot activate that drug at all and have a genetic explanation", "a4nx7WwBt08-00917-00381285-00381461": "for why you're a wimp.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00918-00381461-00381804": "The rest of you are just wimps and need to get over it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00919-00381804-00381904": "[laughter]", "a4nx7WwBt08-00920-00381904-00382235": "But 10 percent of people just can't activate that, and it's the same with activating Tamoxifen", "a4nx7WwBt08-00921-00382235-00382407": "at least in this data.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00922-00382407-00382950": "And so you have the extensive metabolizers, who can activate fully, those who are missing", "a4nx7WwBt08-00923-00382950-00383091": "the step, and the intermediate folks.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00924-00383091-00383566": "And this is looking at years after start of a clinical trial, and this is a relapse-free", "a4nx7WwBt08-00925-00383566-00383977": "survival on the Y axis.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00926-00383977-00384469": "So every time you see a little bump here, somebody's breast cancer came back.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00927-00384469-00384864": "And you can see that you don't have to have any different color to see that this group,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00928-00384864-00385256": "it came back way more often than this group, or in this group.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00929-00385256-00385722": "Now the extensive metabolizers, those that have, at least from a genetic basis, the ability", "a4nx7WwBt08-00930-00385722-00385889": "to form this metabolite.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00931-00385889-00386267": "There are still folks that have breast cancer coming back.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00932-00386267-00386755": "So this isn't the answer to curing breast cancer, but there does seem to be, at least", "a4nx7WwBt08-00933-00386755-00387103": "in these studies, some differences that are there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00934-00387103-00387435": "Now if you look at the literature, and this isn't every study, it was every one that I", "a4nx7WwBt08-00935-00387435-00388007": "could find, you see a whole bunch of studies that found this same phenomena, that genetic", "a4nx7WwBt08-00936-00388007-00388478": "variation in CYP2D6 was associated with a reoccurrence of breast cancer in patients", "a4nx7WwBt08-00937-00388478-00388688": "treated with Tamoxifen.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00938-00388688-00389628": "But there also are studies that did not find this basis, including two that came out, were", "a4nx7WwBt08-00939-00389628-00389998": "released a couple weeks ago, early release, but came out in yesterday's Journal of National", "a4nx7WwBt08-00940-00389998-00390166": "Cancer Institute.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00941-00390166-00390809": "So, there are studies that, including, you know, Getz looked at a cohort in prevention", "a4nx7WwBt08-00942-00390809-00391199": "that didn't find any relationship, even though in his advanced disease patients there was", "a4nx7WwBt08-00943-00391199-00391299": "a relationship.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00944-00391299-00391736": "And so when you look at all these together it appears that the patients that are on a", "a4nx7WwBt08-00945-00391736-00392263": "monotherapy, on Tamoxifen as their only therapy, this is a more important phenomenon.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00946-00392263-00392809": "For those that are getting the 20 milligram dose, not a higher dose, 10 to 40 is the FDA-approved", "a4nx7WwBt08-00947-00392809-00393067": "dosing, although 20 is the normal U.S. dose.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00948-00393067-00393702": "A higher dose, like was seen in the Wegman studies, reduced the effect.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00949-00393702-00394392": "And the administration of additional chemotherapy seemed to change that so, as you can imagine,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00950-00394392-00395014": "mopping up some of the cells that are not going to be sensitive to Tamoxifen.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00951-00395014-00395295": "But we still don't know the exact answer for this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00952-00395295-00395422": "There's definitely a publication bias.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00953-00395422-00395907": "It's a whole lot easier to publish a positive study than a negative study, and so hopefully", "a4nx7WwBt08-00954-00395907-00396404": "we'll see more papers come out, because all I care about is whether it's useful or not.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00955-00396404-00396620": "And if it ends up being not useful, that's fine.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00956-00396620-00397084": "I'm not super happy about it, but it's fine, as long as we are definitive.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00957-00397084-00397580": "And that's what been missing often, is these studies are decently powered, but not definitive", "a4nx7WwBt08-00958-00397580-00397680": "in nature.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00959-00397680-00398272": "But we see that sort of thing -- so, oncologists started testing and if you have an extensive", "a4nx7WwBt08-00960-00398272-00398773": "metabolizer genotype, if you have a normal gene, you keep on the normal dose of Tamoxifen.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00961-00398773-00399250": "If you have -- are a poor metabolizer, you go to some other type of therapy and in premenopausal", "a4nx7WwBt08-00962-00399250-00399670": "women that's hard, because there aren't a lot of other therapies, post-menopausal there", "a4nx7WwBt08-00963-00399670-00399866": "are aromatase inhibitors, et cetera.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00964-00399866-00400296": "But this is -- this white line here, this intermediate group, is about 40 percent of", "a4nx7WwBt08-00965-00400296-00400455": "patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00966-00400455-00400818": "And so what we started doing, we started getting phone calls from oncologists saying \"Hey,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00967-00400818-00400976": "what do I do?", "a4nx7WwBt08-00968-00400976-00401597": "You know, I know based on this type of data they have a worse outcome, but what do I do?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00969-00401597-00401856": "And we didn't have a thing to tell them.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00970-00401856-00402265": "You know, we told them \"Hey, I could make stuff up if you want, but I don't have a clue.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-00971-00402265-00402653": "And after a few calls you kind of get tired of saying you don't have a clue and so we", "a4nx7WwBt08-00972-00402653-00403057": "decided to have a clue and do an intervention study.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00973-00403057-00403317": "And so what we did is something very simple.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00974-00403317-00403858": "We did -- we had it powered for an intermediate biomarker, active metabolite levels, and then", "a4nx7WwBt08-00975-00403858-00404191": "we also collected, and are collecting, survival data.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00976-00404191-00404628": "So this is a paper that came out late last year, the initial one, and we have -- we've", "a4nx7WwBt08-00977-00404628-00404805": "now completed a larger study.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00978-00404805-00404957": "I'll get to that in just a second.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00979-00404957-00405691": "So the people that have the extensive metabolizer genotype, we kept them on the 20 milligram", "a4nx7WwBt08-00980-00405691-00405791": "dose.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00981-00405791-00406153": "Now, what we saw at the start of the study is that there was a statistical difference", "a4nx7WwBt08-00982-00406153-00406655": "in active metabolite levels between the intermediate metabolizers and the extensive metabolizers.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00983-00406655-00407047": "And then over time there was a slight drop, which was really irritating, because it makes", "a4nx7WwBt08-00984-00407047-00407475": "the picture look bad, but that's what we found, and it could be adherence.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00985-00407475-00407942": "It could be -- who knows what it is, but there's no statistical difference in the purple folks", "a4nx7WwBt08-00986-00407942-00408541": "between now and then, but these were kept on the same dose of drug.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00987-00408541-00408984": "These folks that had the intermediate genotype, we did something really simple.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00988-00408984-00409113": "We did a blood sample, of course, and got the genotype.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00989-00409113-00409347": "We did that with all people.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00990-00409347-00409704": "We asked them to take two pills instead of one.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00991-00409704-00409825": "So no major surgery.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00992-00409825-00409925": "No major this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00993-00409925-00410025": "No major that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00994-00410025-00410217": "Just take two pills instead of one.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00995-00410217-00410677": "Still within the FDA-approved dosing, because remember it's 10 to 40, so instead of 20 milligrams", "a4nx7WwBt08-00996-00410677-00411067": "they got 40, so we didn't have to file a new IND or anything, and we just did that simple", "a4nx7WwBt08-00997-00411067-00411167": "intervention study.", "a4nx7WwBt08-00998-00411167-00411767": "And then four months later, which is two -- which is, because of the half-life of the drug,", "a4nx7WwBt08-00999-00411767-00412010": "well after the study state time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01000-00412010-00412589": "What we found is by doing that simple intervention we were able to normalize blood levels.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01001-00412589-00413109": "There was now no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of active metabolite", "a4nx7WwBt08-01002-00413109-00413209": "levels.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01003-00413209-00413792": "Now, this doesn't prove that normalizing blood levels equals better survival.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01004-00413792-00414367": "I'm not telling you that this group here now has this outcome because of our intervention,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01005-00414367-00414985": "but the concept of normalizing variability at the blood level is the concept that we", "a4nx7WwBt08-01006-00414985-00415468": "use for every aspect of our FDA drug dosing.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01007-00415468-00415952": "All of the changes that are recommended for organ dysfunction, for drug interactions,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01008-00415952-00416485": "for age, for whatever your favorite phenotype is, all of those are based on blood levels,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01009-00416485-00416914": "and trying to normalize blood levels, trying to reduce variability in blood levels.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01010-00416914-00417552": "And so at the level of what we practice with, we've now achieved that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01011-00417552-00418060": "Whether this ends up being --improving survival, we shall see, but at least we've got to that", "a4nx7WwBt08-01012-00418060-00418165": "far with this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01013-00418165-00418808": "Now, we ended up -- we thought we'd enroll 20 patients per year as a pilot study, and", "a4nx7WwBt08-01014-00418808-00419185": "we had it powered to need just over 100 patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01015-00419185-00420101": "And so we enrolled 119 patients in just a couple of months and we had people calling", "a4nx7WwBt08-01016-00420101-00420335": "us and trying to get involved with the study.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01017-00420335-00420680": "The very first patient we enrolled, talked to her, \"Do you want to be on the study?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-01018-00420680-00420972": "She was like, \"Yeah, you know, why wouldn't I want to be on the study?\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-01019-00420972-00421256": "And so we go and do that, and we were in a pilot phase.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01020-00421256-00421544": "We weren't telling anybody about it, we were just trying to make sure we had all the paperwork", "a4nx7WwBt08-01021-00421544-00421771": "right, et cetera, in terms of data collection and all that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01022-00421771-00422147": "So the next patient comes in and before we could say anything she says, \"I want to be", "a4nx7WwBt08-01023-00422147-00422407": "on the DNA study.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-01024-00422407-00422851": "And I was really irritated, because that's the thing that I say, so she stole my thing.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01025-00422851-00423183": "And I said, \"Well, how did you know about it, because we're not advertising it or anything.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-01026-00423183-00423488": "She said, \"Oh, a lady just came out and went around and told everybody in the waiting room", "a4nx7WwBt08-01027-00423488-00423667": "about the study.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-01028-00423667-00423839": "Patients want personalized medicine.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01029-00423839-00424046": "As a matter of fact, they think we do it now.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01030-00424046-00424255": "This is kind of the embarrassing part.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01031-00424255-00425003": "But they want to know that their characteristics are part of the decision in terms of how therapy", "a4nx7WwBt08-01032-00425003-00425264": "is managed and they're more than willing.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01033-00425264-00425885": "We ended up enrolling 500 patients in less than a year, and we enrolled them in 64 of", "a4nx7WwBt08-01034-00425885-00426163": "the 100 North Carolina counties.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01035-00426163-00426607": "So we can do all we want at our egghead academic centers, but you know the patients that get", "a4nx7WwBt08-01036-00426607-00427203": "to us are often extraordinary: they're young, they're more fit; they're not your normal", "a4nx7WwBt08-01037-00427203-00427303": "patients.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01038-00427303-00427513": "But we went out and involved the community sites.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01039-00427513-00427826": "You can see some of the stars of where they're located.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01040-00427826-00428234": "We're now affecting patients from all around, in this case, the state of North Carolina.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01041-00428234-00428855": "Our data is data that can be replicated in community-based sites, because it was derived", "a4nx7WwBt08-01042-00428855-00429038": "from community-based sites.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01043-00429038-00429218": "And so it was really encouraging us.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01044-00429218-00429364": "We're doing a lot of this now.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01045-00429364-00429867": "We're doing a lot of our straightforward intervention studies out in the community.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01046-00429867-00430465": "There's no reason someone needs to drive all the way across the state to Chapel Hill just", "a4nx7WwBt08-01047-00430465-00430788": "to do something that we could easily do in their own practice.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01048-00430788-00431288": "Now it means simplifying the toxicity measurements, making it so they're more amenable to practice,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01049-00431288-00431660": "but most of the data we collect in clinical trials is useless anyway.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01050-00431660-00432328": "We take the NCI clinical trials entire catalog and do it on every single patient.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01051-00432328-00432680": "In a drug that we have 30 years of experience, we kind of know what's going to happen and", "a4nx7WwBt08-01052-00432680-00433010": "can hone it down to the things that are a little bit more relevant.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01053-00433010-00433587": "And so this idea of going out and doing genetic intervention studies out in the community", "a4nx7WwBt08-01054-00433587-00433998": "is one that I would encourage you to get involved with, because, you know, you have it here.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01055-00433998-00434442": "You know, people that come to this building, come to the data -- the clinical trial center,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01056-00434442-00435084": "are extraordinary in many ways, but they are not normal in terms of what the average patients", "a4nx7WwBt08-01057-00435084-00435478": "look like for any of the diseases out in the community.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01058-00435478-00435984": "And so there's a lot that needs to be done, and I think we've -- we've really -- I would", "a4nx7WwBt08-01059-00435984-00436304": "say, what's a nice way of saying lazy?", "a4nx7WwBt08-01060-00436304-00436683": "We've been very convenient in the way we've recruited.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01061-00436683-00437067": "We've recruited patients that come to us because it's easier.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01062-00437067-00437434": "If we go out and get patients in situ it's a lot harder.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01063-00437434-00437796": "I can tell you, it's a lot harder to go down to these various sites.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01064-00437796-00437896": "This isn't to scale.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01065-00437896-00438318": "It's a lot more than -- a long drive to go to these places.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01066-00438318-00438589": "And so we go, and we have to teach them.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01067-00438589-00438877": "At one of the sites we had to buy them a centrifuge, because they didn't have one.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01068-00438877-00439071": "You know, there's -- there are things you have to do.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01069-00439071-00439693": "They're a lot more hassle, but the end result is we have examples that we can translate.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01070-00439693-00440125": "Now, our ideal is we get to a point where a patient before they ever get therapy, we", "a4nx7WwBt08-01071-00440125-00440565": "understand at least some of their toxicity risk, disease risk, infection risk, supportive", "a4nx7WwBt08-01072-00440565-00440857": "care issues prior to ever giving therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01073-00440857-00441293": "And we're a long way from that, but that's the ultimate goal of where we're heading,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01074-00441293-00441539": "and it's not so that we can use new science.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01075-00441539-00441942": "It's so that we can do management in a more efficient manner.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01076-00441942-00442354": "And I think a lot of us get excited about new science, but at some point in time we", "a4nx7WwBt08-01077-00442354-00443007": "need to turn it and say does this new science matter and can we make it so it's boring?", "a4nx7WwBt08-01078-00443007-00443365": "Because when it comes down to it, the things that we use on a regular basis that are known", "a4nx7WwBt08-01079-00443365-00443678": "to benefit people are no longer exciting.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01080-00443678-00443808": "They're boring.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01081-00443808-00444385": "And our goal should be that all of our research should eventually become boring, because it", "a4nx7WwBt08-01082-00444385-00444485": "is routine.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01083-00444485-00444585": "It is normal.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01084-00444585-00445071": "It is something that is used all the time and therefore is boring.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01085-00445071-00445576": "And I think there's a lot of ways that we can try to do that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01086-00445576-00445940": "Now in the last few minutes I want to mention a little bit about some of the efforts on", "a4nx7WwBt08-01087-00445940-00446084": "the public health level.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01088-00446084-00446512": "And we can go and try to include public health as part of the work.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01089-00446512-00446900": "And, you know, I think one of the things that we realized as we were working in different", "a4nx7WwBt08-01090-00446900-00447507": "countries is that one of the highest stakes endeavors that a ministry of health undertakes", "a4nx7WwBt08-01091-00447507-00448057": "is the selection of their national drug formulary.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01092-00448057-00448462": "The cost of people is not that high in most countries, but it's the cost of medicines", "a4nx7WwBt08-01093-00448462-00448675": "that is one of their biggest expenses.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01094-00448675-00449146": "And so when you're picking medicines for your country, again, how do you pick them?", "a4nx7WwBt08-01095-00449146-00449712": "You mainly go to the WHO essential medicines list, which is a wonderful robust list of", "a4nx7WwBt08-01096-00449712-00450317": "data across all the commonly -- or all the known disease areas, but it's almost exclusively", "a4nx7WwBt08-01097-00450317-00450467": "white data.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01098-00450467-00451193": "And so if you're making a selection of therapy for any part of the world, and use WHO data,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01099-00451193-00451755": "you're really using data from a population that is not your own.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01100-00451755-00452225": "And when you're looking at a patient population that's different from the clinical trials,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01101-00452225-00452502": "it's functionally experimental therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01102-00452502-00452997": "And so that's sort of -- because it's such a high stakes undertaking, because it's such", "a4nx7WwBt08-01103-00452997-00453478": "a big part of their health care expense, it's critical we do it right.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01104-00453478-00453870": "Now, if -- I don't know about your health plan, but in my health plan we have a whole", "a4nx7WwBt08-01105-00453870-00454077": "list of drugs that are on formulary.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01106-00454077-00454654": "And, you know, if you don't -- there's literally, I think there's 60-something anti-hypertensives", "a4nx7WwBt08-01107-00454654-00454798": "that are on formulary.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01108-00454798-00455273": "But if I want one of the drugs that is not on formulary, I have to write a little note", "a4nx7WwBt08-01109-00455273-00455682": "on the website and it goes to my doctor who writes a little note and it gets adjudicated", "a4nx7WwBt08-01110-00455682-00456108": "somewhere in New Jersey and comes back saying all right, but you have to pay a higher co-pay.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01111-00456108-00456331": "So I can get it, it's just not on there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01112-00456331-00456773": "In most countries, they can afford one or two drugs for every indication and there's", "a4nx7WwBt08-01113-00456773-00457064": "no other options, because they can't afford anything else.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01114-00457064-00457410": "So if you got cash, you go to Switzerland, but otherwise you're stuck with whatever the", "a4nx7WwBt08-01115-00457410-00457552": "national formulary is.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01116-00457552-00457865": "And so it's a high stakes endeavor.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01117-00457865-00458320": "Much more -- if we waste a dollar over here, we got another dollar, you know, we just borrow", "a4nx7WwBt08-01118-00458320-00458529": "another dollar from Beijing.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01119-00458529-00459059": "But in terms of many of these countries, they can't do that, and so they're stuck.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01120-00459059-00459416": "And so it's a much bigger deal for them.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01121-00459416-00459963": "The best option is we know your risk and my risk and make decisions based on that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01122-00459963-00460410": "The worst option is that we get data from one part of the world and infer it to the", "a4nx7WwBt08-01123-00460410-00460747": "rest of the world in the hopes that it might accidentally work.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01124-00460747-00461260": "And so it's no surprise that, you know, whatever country you're in or you're from, you can", "a4nx7WwBt08-01125-00461260-00461471": "get plenty of anecdotes or we can't use that dose.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01126-00461471-00461712": "We can't use that drug because of that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01127-00461712-00462187": "And so at intermediate is trying to look at groups within a population.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01128-00462187-00462416": "And the Voltaire saying is definitely part of it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01129-00462416-00462789": "We'd like to be best, but can we at least be good on our way to being best?", "a4nx7WwBt08-01130-00462789-00463087": "Now, this is some data from a chip.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01131-00463087-00463282": "I'm not advertising this chip.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01132-00463282-00463585": "AlphaMetrix has a drug metabolism and transport chip.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01133-00463585-00463793": "I don't work for them or any of that sort of stuff.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01134-00463793-00464413": "But if you -- it has just under 2,000 functional variants in drugs that metabolize or transport", "a4nx7WwBt08-01135-00464413-00464704": "-- I'm sorry, genes that metabolize or transport drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01136-00464704-00464991": "So this is the sort of thing -- many of you know Doug Figg and Doug Price in the group", "a4nx7WwBt08-01137-00464991-00465133": "there at the NCI.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01138-00465133-00465477": "They're doing this DMET plus chip on a lot of the patients at the clinical center, at", "a4nx7WwBt08-01139-00465477-00465756": "least that's what I -- or they're going to be, anyway.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01140-00465756-00466280": "So, when you look at these sort of work, these are only -- these are not tags.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01141-00466280-00466578": "These are the actual functional variants that cause a change.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01142-00466578-00467014": "So when you look at this data and you look at the HapMap populations, even this little", "a4nx7WwBt08-01143-00467014-00467407": "data separated out patients, separated out groups, rather, based on geography.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01144-00467407-00467684": "So here's the Japanese and the Chinese HapMap samples.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01145-00467684-00468488": "Here is the Caucasian Europeans from Utah HapMap samples, and the group in these green", "a4nx7WwBt08-01146-00468488-00468908": "circles, you can kind of see them there, are the Arubans from West Africa that are there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01147-00468908-00469251": "Now, we've also layered in some of our other African populations.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01148-00469251-00469691": "There's two different Ghanaian populations, and there's also a Kenyan population, and", "a4nx7WwBt08-01149-00469691-00469954": "they all clump here in the Africa group.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01150-00469954-00470079": "So it looks easy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01151-00470079-00470819": "We do one study in Africa and then whatever we find will translate across all of Africa.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01152-00470819-00470919": "Perfect.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01153-00470919-00471305": "Because look, if they're all clumped together, so, you know, one size fits all in terms -- at", "a4nx7WwBt08-01154-00471305-00471452": "the continent level.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01155-00471452-00471552": "So that sounds good.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01156-00471552-00471652": "So we looked a little further.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01157-00471652-00471883": "This is an example with thiopurine methyltransferase.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01158-00471883-00472134": "TPMT is the gene name.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01159-00472134-00472234": "It degrades.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01160-00472234-00472852": "It helps get rid of azathioprine and mercaptopurine, so drugs used for rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory", "a4nx7WwBt08-01161-00472852-00473537": "bowel disease, pemphigus, pemphigoid syndromes, acute childhood leukemia, et cetera.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01162-00473537-00474035": "And so there are genetic variants that have been found across the world to be -- to knock", "a4nx7WwBt08-01163-00474035-00474538": "out the elimination of this drug and give you a high risk of severe neutropenia.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01164-00474538-00474843": "And so you can look at the frequency -- I'm sorry, there's dosing as well.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01165-00474843-00475210": "So you look into frequency and the way we do these maps, green means your frequency", "a4nx7WwBt08-01166-00475210-00475687": "is the same as U.S. whites and the reason is not because I'm from the U.S. and white,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01167-00475687-00476330": "but rather because most of the initial dosing data is from normal volunteer studies in U.S.-based", "a4nx7WwBt08-01168-00476330-00476430": "white males.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01169-00476430-00476884": "Now, there's some U.K.-based white males and some Australian-based white males also used.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01170-00476884-00477108": "So, we have diversity.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01171-00477108-00477507": "But it's -- the main dosing is from those populations.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01172-00477507-00477768": "And you can see -- and if it's gray that means there's no data.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01173-00477768-00478310": "If it's light blue that means the risk, the frequency of the toxicity risk gene is half", "a4nx7WwBt08-01174-00478310-00478931": "or less, and you can see that yellow is here in Bulgaria and Ghana and Peru.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01175-00478931-00479205": "That means the frequency is double or more for this risk genotype.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01176-00479205-00479725": "And I have no clue what those three countries have in common, but that's there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01177-00479725-00480189": "So if you look in Ghana, you focus down in there, you can pop it out here.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01178-00480189-00480601": "Here are five of the most common tribes in Ghana and they all have around the 10 percent", "a4nx7WwBt08-01179-00480601-00480701": "risk.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01180-00480701-00481158": "So it's not like one of the tribes was really driving this thing in terms of this specific", "a4nx7WwBt08-01181-00481158-00481372": "example, but rather [unintelligible].", "a4nx7WwBt08-01182-00481372-00481577": "Now here's the Aruban data from Nigeria.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01183-00481577-00481952": "Now, if you're geographically challenged, you've got West Africa, you've got Ghana,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01184-00481952-00482353": "you've got Burkina Faso above, Cote d'Ivoire, or Ivory Coast on the one side.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01185-00482353-00482840": "You have Togo and Benin, two small little countries, and then you got Nigeria, a big", "a4nx7WwBt08-01186-00482840-00482963": "old country.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01187-00482963-00483264": "And so if you look at the Arubans from just one part of Nigeria, they're right next to", "a4nx7WwBt08-01188-00483264-00483364": "each other.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01189-00483364-00483700": "They're both former U.K. colonies.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01190-00483700-00484323": "They have a lot in common, except Ghana's soccer team is way better than Nigeria's.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01191-00484323-00484564": "And if any of you are from Nigeria, you can take that to the bank.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01192-00484564-00484782": "We'll talk about it later.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01193-00484782-00485362": "But, so you look -- so the frequency of the risk allele in the Aruban population is half", "a4nx7WwBt08-01194-00485362-00485462": "that seen in the Ghanaians.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01195-00485462-00485726": "As the matter of fact, it's almost identical to the U.K.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01196-00485726-00485826": "Caucasians.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01197-00485826-00486414": "And so, based on geography, we would've got this wrong in a big way, because the risk", "a4nx7WwBt08-01198-00486414-00486514": "is very high.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01199-00486514-00486918": "Now we've gone in pharmacovigilance studies and identified that indeed this is a very", "a4nx7WwBt08-01200-00486918-00487442": "-- this genetic risk also happens clinically, in terms of being clinical risk.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01201-00487442-00487734": "We can't do that for a lot of our examples, but we could for this one.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01202-00487734-00488412": "And so, even though that all the genes together clumped people together in Africa, when you", "a4nx7WwBt08-01203-00488412-00488914": "look at specific actionable events that would change formulary decisions or change individual", "a4nx7WwBt08-01204-00488914-00489263": "clinical decisions, we see differences based on geography.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01205-00489263-00489798": "Now this is really tough to read, but in this box here -- so this is CYP2C19, two different", "a4nx7WwBt08-01206-00489798-00490008": "alleles, star two and star three.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01207-00490008-00490681": "This is the gene that activates clopidogrel, Plavix, as one of its genes.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01208-00490681-00491010": "Also, many of the proton pump inhibitors and other drugs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01209-00491010-00491342": "So within this box, so these are different countries across the world.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01210-00491342-00491817": "Here's the Asians, because they're the few groups that have the star three allele, but", "a4nx7WwBt08-01211-00491817-00492104": "in this box are four different African populations.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01212-00492104-00492384": "And you can see one of these is quite high and one of these is quite low.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01213-00492384-00492638": "These are two different tribes within Ghana.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01214-00492638-00493471": "So even within a country, within groups that are somewhat similar in appearance and they're", "a4nx7WwBt08-01215-00493471-00493925": "different in language and other things, they're similar in geography within the country, but", "a4nx7WwBt08-01216-00493925-00494168": "have a very different frequency as a population.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01217-00494168-00494735": "And so as we're looking at this, in terms of identifying risk, we can now use this data", "a4nx7WwBt08-01218-00494735-00495321": "in order to try to make decisions in terms of what drugs are going to be best and for", "a4nx7WwBt08-01219-00495321-00495567": "which part of the country, in terms of its implementation.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01220-00495567-00495993": "Now, the ideal is that we know the individual patient's risk.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01221-00495993-00496145": "That is the ideal.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01222-00496145-00496422": "The worst is that we just ignore that there's an issue at all.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01223-00496422-00496801": "And so it's a really tough thing, because we don't want to be propagating this idea", "a4nx7WwBt08-01224-00496801-00497380": "that ethnicity and race matters, but on the other hand, if there are self-identified groups", "a4nx7WwBt08-01225-00497380-00497754": "that have a differential risk, we can't ignore that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01226-00497754-00498363": "We wouldn't ignore patients that are old and age as a factor for toxicity in many cases.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01227-00498363-00498762": "We don't ignore age just because it's not, you know, we don't want to be ageist, so we're", "a4nx7WwBt08-01228-00498762-00498988": "going to ignore toxicity risk in old people.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01229-00498988-00499241": "I mean, that's just not ethical.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01230-00499241-00499580": "So, the same thing is in terms of how we push this forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01231-00499580-00500062": "I'm going to skip through this in the interest of time to get to the last piece, and that", "a4nx7WwBt08-01232-00500062-00500571": "is I showed you some of the ways there applied, but there's also other aspects that are coming.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01233-00500571-00500791": "And all of these are boring.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01234-00500791-00501081": "They're things like the bundling of care.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01235-00501081-00501483": "You know, before if you got your hip replaced you had a separate bill from the surgeon,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01236-00501483-00501969": "from the device company, from the hospital, from the anesthesiologist, from the physical", "a4nx7WwBt08-01237-00501969-00502088": "therapist, et cetera.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01238-00502088-00502260": "Now it's all bundled into one cost.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01239-00502260-00502669": "This is the -- the hospital or the health system is paid one amount of money and then", "a4nx7WwBt08-01240-00502669-00502843": "they can sort out the details.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01241-00502843-00503297": "And so what we're finding now is that toxicity is expensive.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01242-00503297-00503418": "Bounce-backs.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01243-00503418-00504048": "Anybody who is readmitted within 30 days after discharge from the hospital for the same indication,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01244-00504048-00504492": "that second admission is not paid for in many cases, and so it's free.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01245-00504492-00504662": "You broke it, you buy it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01246-00504662-00505113": "And so this idea that suddenly, I mean I'm over-simplifying things, but that's where", "a4nx7WwBt08-01247-00505113-00505257": "we're headed.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01248-00505257-00505985": "This idea that expense is just something that's a pass through is starting to go away.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01249-00505985-00506420": "It used to be that adverse drug reactions were a cash cow for the hospital.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01250-00506420-00506960": "You know, Stevens-Johnson syndrome costs about $50,000 in our health system to manage.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01251-00506960-00507181": "That was $50,000 we got.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01252-00507181-00507503": "Now it's $50,000 we lose or is heading toward that.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01253-00507503-00508054": "And so this idea that toxicity matters is becoming really important because it now not", "a4nx7WwBt08-01254-00508054-00508535": "only matters to the patient and to the clinicians, but now it matters to the accountants and", "a4nx7WwBt08-01255-00508535-00508672": "the others that are involved there.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01256-00508672-00509342": "And so we're seeing a real push for genetics in the context of minimizing these different", "a4nx7WwBt08-01257-00509342-00509910": "elements, trying to make things more efficient and move forward, not just decreasing bleeding", "a4nx7WwBt08-01258-00509910-00510179": "in the head types of things that we thought we would.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01259-00510179-00510635": "The other element is we're great at discovering things and decent at validating them, but", "a4nx7WwBt08-01260-00510635-00510821": "there's a whole lot more to this.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01261-00510821-00511080": "We need to be able to look at all these different elements.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01262-00511080-00511783": "And so, one of my cousins is a family practitioner in New Mexico, uses a lot of Warfarin.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01263-00511783-00512335": "You know, sees this in the FDA package insert, reads my New England Journal papers, and says,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01264-00512335-00512559": "\"Hey, I'm going to order a test.\"", "a4nx7WwBt08-01265-00512559-00512938": "Orders the test, calls me up and says, is CYP2C9*3 good or bad?", "a4nx7WwBt08-01266-00512938-00513346": "I mean, he doesn't know anything about it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01267-00513346-00513627": "He slept through genetics just like the rest of us.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01268-00513627-00513838": "And so what does it mean?", "a4nx7WwBt08-01269-00513838-00514050": "So by -- and there's always other factors.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01270-00514050-00514563": "So by Brian Gage developing a website and by us developing our iWarfarin iPhone app,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01271-00514563-00514955": "it's free of charge, go ahead and download it, hours of fun.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01272-00514955-00515693": "And you now have a way to translate that stuff into a dose and to apply it in a way that's", "a4nx7WwBt08-01273-00515693-00515863": "a little bit more straightforward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01274-00515863-00516202": "And so there's a lot of work that has to be done with these types of things to really", "a4nx7WwBt08-01275-00516202-00516337": "push this forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01276-00516337-00516903": "So in closing, we need to still do good discovery and great validation, but we also have to", "a4nx7WwBt08-01277-00516903-00517042": "be working on this part of it.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01278-00517042-00517289": "And many of these aspects can be boring.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01279-00517289-00517798": "We need to be realizing that the patient part of it can be quite boring.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01280-00517798-00518363": "It's much less sexy than the early discovery piece, but if we get all the way to here and", "a4nx7WwBt08-01281-00518363-00518506": "stop, we've done nothing.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01282-00518506-00518898": "I don't know if any of you have ever seen half of a bridge and thought it was a beautiful", "a4nx7WwBt08-01283-00518898-00519239": "thing and useful, it's not.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01284-00519239-00519346": "We need the whole bridge.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01285-00519346-00519950": "And right now we're building and building and building great first halves and need to", "a4nx7WwBt08-01286-00519950-00520162": "do a lot more in taking it forward.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01287-00520162-00520575": "Otherwise, the genome will be a tool for us eggheads and not necessarily something else.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01288-00520575-00520721": "So I'm going to stop at this point in time.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01289-00520721-00520917": "I want to thank a whole bunch of people.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01290-00520917-00521401": "These are groups from around the world in my backyard having a barbecue as part of our", "a4nx7WwBt08-01291-00521401-00521918": "PGENI, or Pharmacogenetics for Every Nation Initiative, or PGENIUSES as we call them,", "a4nx7WwBt08-01292-00521918-00522363": "and I want to thank the folks at UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01293-00522363-00522463": "Thank you very much.", "a4nx7WwBt08-01294-00522463-00522484": "[applause]"}}, {"audio_id": "a4vXAW9xoWY", "text": {"a4vXAW9xoWY-00000-00000000-00001100": "Hello friends! Cook this recipe with me for your family !!!", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00001-00001100-00003036": "Stuff the chicken with slices of ham", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00002-00003036-00005526": "Then add a piece of cheese (I used provola)", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00003-00005526-00007553": "Then roll up the chicken slices and close them with a toothpick", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00004-00007553-00010540": "In this way", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00005-00010540-00011035": "Pour a drizzle of extra virgin olive oil into a pan", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00006-00011035-00012086": "And place the rolls", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00007-00012086-00013544": "Brown them for a few minutes and add aromatic herbs to your liking (I used sage and rosemary)", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00008-00013544-00014540": "Brown them on the other side as well", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00009-00014540-00015535": "Add 30 ml of lemon juice", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00010-00015535-00016029": "Add a pinch of salt", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00011-00016029-00017551": "Cook the rolls in the lemon juice until the juice has shrunk", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00012-00018550-00019540": "It's ready!!!", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00013-00019540-00020536": "Eat and enjoy!!!", "a4vXAW9xoWY-00014-00020536-00021536": "Please help me grow the channel, like and subscribe for new tasty recipes like this one !!!"}}, {"audio_id": "a4ZYTaIofGI", "text": {"a4ZYTaIofGI-00000-00004731-00004910": "Hello! I am Núria, from NUMON.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00001-00004936-00005160": "I love eating yoghurt with thin spoons.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00002-00005210-00005410": "The story begins when", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00003-00005460-00005660": "I finished the final project of my degree,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00004-00005662-00005750": "which was based  on cloth recycling.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00005-00005750-00005907": "Then, when I finished  my degree,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00006-00005957-00006248": "I didn’t find job, or I  didn't like the ones that I found.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00007-00006298-00006512": "One day my sister,  asked me to create a bag", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00008-00006515-00006745": "from an old bedspread  for one of her friends…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00009-00006743-00006919": "and this was the starting point.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00010-00006930-00007129": "After that, I met  my boyfriend Ramon,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00011-00007133-00007474": "who made paper wallets while he was living in Berlin…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00012-00007472-00007744": "And we decided to create  the NUMON brand: <i> \"NUria and RaMON </i>\"", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00013-00007829-00007968": "At the beginning, I don’t know…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00014-00007968-00008227": "start ups are the same for everyone,  aren’t they? Keep going…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00015-00008227-00008522": "First you buy a simple a sewing machine,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00016-00008525-00008982": "and you start making sacks,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00017-00008981-00009371": "then you showed it to your friends  and some of them like what you do,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00018-00009372-00009646": "and then you start;  you create a Facebook page…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00019-00009675-00010142": "As we had some products we decided to try to sell them in shops that we like.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00020-00011132-00011644": "I got the idea of creating Palens,  when I was traveling through India.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00021-00011645-00012133": "There I realized that they were trying to make wood sunglasses,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00022-00012133-00012312": "but they were just imitations.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00023-00012362-00012825": "I though that it could be a good idea to develop handmade wood sunglasses,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00024-00012991-00013452": "in my opinion it could be a quality product that people could enjoy.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00025-00014647-00014921": "So, I started the project in August '11, thinking that in one month and", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00026-00014923-00015318": "500 Euro investment the company could be launched.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00027-00015337-00015642": "I was wrong, and instead of one month the creation process took one year,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00028-00015639-00015852": "and the investment amount substantially increased.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00029-00015863-00016188": "No one before had made  handmade wood sunglasses,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00030-00016238-00016487": "so I was forced to be self-taught.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00031-00016750-00017100": "It was a difficult year, with some troubles and unforeseen circumstances,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00032-00017106-00017507": "but well… at least, when sunglasses were on the market", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00033-00017518-00017822": "the product was welcomed by the public, and we received a huge amount of orders.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00034-00017825-00018357": "So the effort was rewarded.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00035-00020078-00020278": "I’m Anna, and I’m Mysshide.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00036-00020301-00020577": "I love going to the beach, in winter.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00037-00020689-00021414": "Well, everything started with  a colleague from the patterns school,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00038-00021432-00021836": "both of us were doing some products, at this moment I was making some bum bags.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00039-00021841-00022086": "And since people liked what  we had sewn, we though:", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00040-00022136-00022422": "“<i>If our friends enjoys our  creations, others will too\".", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00041-00022576-00022804": "Then, we decided on the  brand name which was taken", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00042-00022829-00023093": "from the story of  Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00043-00023143-00023502": "We liked the concept of the  alter ego that appears sometimes,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00044-00023536-00023752": "and we decided to named our brand <i>Misshyde </i>", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00045-00024105-00024386": "You always start selling to  your friends, friends of friends…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00046-00024408-00024636": "After that, you start  going to craft shows.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00047-00024886-00025178": "We started looking for shops  to sell our creations,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00048-00025179-00025527": "some that follow our style…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00049-00025812-00026080": "It’s true that if you want to make  a name in the social networks", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00050-00026079-00026264": "you will have to be an active  member for a long time.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00051-00026264-00026512": "It’s a priority in my near future.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00052-00026936-00027233": "I really like recycling cloth;", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00053-00027283-00027686": "I also like wearing  second hand clothes…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00054-00027736-00028023": "I love old bedspreads...", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00055-00028024-00028273": "these were some of the reasons  because of I started with this project.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00056-00028286-00028467": "Well, we can also do", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00057-00028517-00028725": "really nice things", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00058-00028725-00028952": "without buying new clothes.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00059-00028962-00029492": "It’s really nice  to reuse old things.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00060-00029498-00029775": "We can do cool things  using on old objects.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00061-00029780-00029910": "Don’t know, I love it!", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00062-00029916-00030241": "One day a lady sent us  some kind of...", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00063-00030259-00030491": "of tablecloth made  by her grandmother.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00064-00030505-00030788": "When her grandmother died,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00065-00030814-00031038": "she asked me to make four  wallets with the tablecloth,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00066-00031045-00031199": "one for each granddaughter and one for her mum.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00067-00031209-00031409": "Now, this lady always tells me:", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00068-00031408-00031492": "“<i>Each time I open my wallet  I am reminded of my grandmother </i>”", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00069-00031492-00031726": "I also like this part of the story behing the objects.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00070-00031726-00031976": "It's goog, yes.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00071-00032142-00032319": "Hi! I’m Oscar Palencia.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00072-00032325-00032593": "If there is something that  makes me happy, a part", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00073-00032597-00032825": "from making sunglasses, is travelling around the world.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00074-00032832-00033035": "And I hate when someone", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00075-00033041-00033285": "tries to control me.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00076-00033436-00033720": "I’ve got a cool product,  handmade in Barcelona.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00077-00033729-00033949": "As I always say, craftsmen makes my product", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00078-00033955-00034330": "I mean for people who  knows how to work with wood.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00079-00034331-00034642": "So it was easy for us", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00080-00034655-00035054": "to do a video of the creation process of our sunglasses", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00081-00035066-00035278": "and upload it into social networks.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00082-00035280-00035556": "Once we had that, the video slowly started to become viral.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00083-00035555-00035845": "And more and more people started knowing us.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00084-00035895-00036126": "Currently, after 7 or 8  month after starting", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00085-00036126-00036450": "there are lots of people that know us,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00086-00036450-00036700": "and the wood sunglasses  made in Barcelona.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00087-00036704-00036964": "We have a good product,  and we are lucky", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00088-00036966-00037340": "because people trust us,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00089-00037342-00037551": "we have often appeared in mass media…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00090-00037555-00037801": "Our product has been well received, and people really like it.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00091-00037808-00038104": "And well, step by step,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00092-00038110-00038325": "shops have welcomed us with open arms wide open,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00093-00038328-00038549": "so we sell a new product,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00094-00038551-00038817": "with good turnover,  and high demand.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00095-00039074-00039267": "Nowadays, we are in more than", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00096-00039267-00039567": "70 points of sale around Spain.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00097-00039945-00040170": "We are small designers,  I mean,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00098-00040180-00040567": "we can make lots of garment,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00099-00040583-00040817": "but will always ship small.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00100-00040849-00040995": "There arrives a moment, in which", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00101-00041000-00041326": "you can’t live just off what you can produce,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00102-00041311-00041463": "there isn’t enough time.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00103-00041473-00041762": "Part of my production is made in", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00104-00041795-00042204": "a sewing workshop; because of this production is faster.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00105-00042208-00042519": "For this reason I can have time to design", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00106-00042523-00042808": "my own serigraphy,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00107-00042819-00043058": "thinking of new designs, doing patterns…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00108-00043060-00043232": "All of these things.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00109-00043798-00043967": "I started making bags", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00110-00043976-00044303": "that would be comfortable for me.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00111-00044353-00044657": "My sister was really annoying, and always suggesting me", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00112-00044659-00044875": "to do new products, and giving me new ideas.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00113-00044880-00045125": "She helps me a lot, and makes me “work hard”; she always tells me:", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00114-00045128-00045375": "“<i>You should do new designs,  you should change this or that…</i>”", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00115-00045375-00045658": "My bags are unique anyway,  so there is just 3 or 4 of each model.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00116-00045672-00045895": "I mean, maybe there is some  model of bag that has sold a lot,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00117-00045899-00046240": "but I sell one in New Zeeland,  another one in USA, and another one here.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00118-00046240-00046501": "So, the bags are with  really different persons.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00119-00050304-00050640": "<i>For sure,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00120-00050685-00051251": "<i>I made the bags are handmade, so they are unique.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00121-00051694-00052087": "People who want some of our sunglasses have to look for them,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00122-00052088-00052283": "because they are not sold everywhere.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00123-00052290-00052628": "You will just find them at our official distributors,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00124-00052649-00052852": "and they just have a few units some days", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00125-00052858-00053129": "because the product is sold as soon it arrives.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00126-00053132-00053379": "So, in this way, it's quite exclusive.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00127-00053640-00053900": "From the first moment  I wanted to work", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00128-00053956-00054408": "with as many national providers as could be possible,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00129-00054416-00054523": "skipping form Chinese producers.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00130-00054535-00054990": "But well, step-by-step I get to know more providers", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00131-00054991-00055327": "and different types of wood, and I buy them.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00132-00055335-00055641": "For example, disabled persons have made this box on my right,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00133-00055657-00055850": "from a social foundation of Lleida.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00134-00056094-00056375": "To sum up, I ask that  our providers comply with", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00135-00056382-00056591": "some requirements and rules,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00136-00056595-00056841": "like using certified Ecological wood.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00137-00056845-00057050": "This way we can give this extra value", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00138-00057053-00057300": "to our products", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00139-00057350-00057707": "helping people in need,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00140-00057714-00057985": "and that's perfect!", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00141-00057986-00058235": "From Palens we support it.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00142-00058418-00058669": "Sometimes you see a piece of fabric and you say:", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00143-00058719-00058897": "”<i>look, I don’t know for what, buy I’m going to buy it </i>”", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00144-00058914-00059179": "And finally the same piece of fabric shows you", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00145-00059178-00059464": "waht to do with it.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00146-00059559-00059787": "From there, maybe you will sew a dress", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00147-00059790-00059872": "or something else.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00148-00059957-00060228": "Sometimes it’s something like “<i>pam! </i>”", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00149-00060247-00060478": "After that, you always have in mind", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00150-00060480-00060745": "“<i>I want to do this type of clothes,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00151-00060748-00060911": "<i>following this tend or that style…</i>”,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00152-00060916-00061072": "then you work... not improvising,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00153-00061073-00061312": "but spontaneously!", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00154-00061312-00061681": "Like “ <i>Wow! I’ll sew this or that...\"", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00155-00062750-00063184": "My idea is to work hard with the online shop,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00156-00063195-00063516": "so since I’m working at home it’s really simple for me.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00157-00063525-00063659": "Sure, I’ve no idea,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00158-00063664-00063909": "I always say to people that when you start with a project like that", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00159-00063908-00064189": "you become a small business person who makes a little bit of everything.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00160-00064209-00064579": "You keep doing it, getting as a reference what you see", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00161-00064584-00064733": "that other people have done, and you like it.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00162-00064740-00065008": "Probably someone more professional would do it better than me,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00163-00065009-00065389": "but I’m happy because the project is working.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00164-00065635-00066055": "In a close future, my idea, well OUR idea…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00165-00066064-00066519": "because I’ll start working with a partner,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00166-00066518-00066926": "We will try to create a  new collection of clothes;", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00167-00066926-00067064": "clothes and complements.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00168-00067076-00067419": "Well, regarding the sunglasses we want to improve them.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00169-00067421-00067682": "For example, now, after a couple of weeks,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00170-00067683-00067837": "the glasses could be used as prescription lenses.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00171-00067841-00068324": "They will be the first wood sunglasses with prescription lenses,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00172-00068453-00068723": "The design is made here,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00173-00068729-00068936": "the production is made here…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00174-00069227-00069712": "We would like people to appreciate that our company", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00175-00069762-00069962": "will be socially responsible.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00176-00070023-00070444": "We are investigating with various materials,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00177-00070445-00070884": "like iron, stone, coal, cork…", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00178-00070889-00071089": "Materials that anyone has used before,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00179-00071092-00071605": "we are investigating how to use it in a sunglass.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00180-00071614-00071945": "My idea, my project of future,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00181-00071951-00072185": "is create a social workshop.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00182-00072185-00072515": "There is a building in Reus that I'm in love with, it's an old fatory,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00183-00072515-00072765": "and I always say “<i>if one day I have lots of money, and everything does well,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00184-00072767-00073015": "<i>I would rent the factory and  I'd turn it into a social workshop ”.", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00185-00073016-00073363": "Oh well, I’ve got all my life to do it,", "a4ZYTaIofGI-00186-00073413-00073613": "currently my company is growing, so I’m really happy."}}, {"audio_id": "a56DevIz2Dk", "text": {"a56DevIz2Dk-00000-00000004-00000300": "(Music plays - a realistic XR environmentin a winter forrest is showm)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00001-00000367-00000625": "(the view pans from the sky to the ground, where a friendly looking wolf stands)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00002-00000663-00001000": "Introducing the Wolvic XR browser", "a56DevIz2Dk-00003-00001005-00001313": "(an immersive view of a circular XR awards stage in floating space is shown, with a glowing blue hand reaching out)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00004-00001313-00001532": "(the hand moves and turns, a right hand appears from out of view)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00005-00001532-00002264": "(An inverted cylinder of curved browser windows appears, with a laser pointing, a keyboard floats on the bottom as the laser points and the url bar autocompletes)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00006-00002264-00002464": "(The results of a Google search appears in the window and the pointer scrolls the page and activates YouTube)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00007-00002464-00002664": "(YouTube loads and the pointer scrolls the page)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00008-00002664-00002864": "(A fade dissolves to navigating between windows)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00009-00002864-00003017": "Wolvic enables rich, immersive WebXR experiences", "a56DevIz2Dk-00010-00003661-00003703": "A secure...", "a56DevIz2Dk-00011-00003703-00003928": "open-source 0:00:37.242,1193:02:47.295 (A private browser window is opened) Wolvic provides...", "a56DevIz2Dk-00012-00003928-00004128": "and accessible Web browser", "a56DevIz2Dk-00013-00004128-00004323": "The best of both the Web and XR", "a56DevIz2Dk-00014-00004420-00004523": "(the user opens a painting application, then a game, then switches windows)", "a56DevIz2Dk-00015-00004816-00004958": "Privacy mode", "a56DevIz2Dk-00016-00004958-00005158": "Voice search", "a56DevIz2Dk-00017-00005158-00005219": "Movie mode", "a56DevIz2Dk-00018-00005317-00005416": "Resize mode", "a56DevIz2Dk-00019-00005513-00005763": "and much more"}}, {"audio_id": "a5p1p_jr2ay", "text": {"a5p1p_jr2ay-00000-00000124-00000352": "hola vamos a ver como traducir un vídeo", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00001-00000352-00000783": "de youtube de un idioma a otro", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00002-00000792-00001149": "vamos al vídeo en cuestión y copiamos el", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00003-00001149-00001400": "enlace", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00004-00001450-00001744": "copiamos ahora vamos a ir a la siguiente", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00005-00001744-00002011": "página dejar el enlace en la descripción", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00006-00002011-00002361": "del vídeo esta página sirve para", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00007-00002361-00002574": "descargar los subtítulos", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00008-00002574-00002905": "antes que nada decir que hay que", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00009-00002905-00003303": "y desactiva el bloqueador de anuncios", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00010-00003303-00003734": "porque si no no nos va a dejar trabajar", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00011-00003989-00004380": "ahí está lo voy a pausar", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00012-00004951-00005194": "ahora se trata de copiar aquí el enlace", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00013-00005194-00005489": "del vídeo", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00014-00005603-00006019": "y le damos a descargar", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00015-00007161-00007404": "ahora vamos a", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00016-00007404-00007775": "vamos a hacer clic en srt", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00017-00007775-00008233": "es el formato que vamos a utilizar", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00018-00008412-00008781": "guardamos donde más interese claro", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00019-00008781-00009239": "y ahora vamos a ir a otra página", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00020-00009717-00009950": "y hacemos clic aquí o arrastramos el", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00021-00009950-00010318": "archivo como se prefiera", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00022-00010562-00010781": "el archivo me refiero el que hemos", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00023-00010781-00010983": "descargado antes", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00024-00010983-00011354": "en formato srt", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00025-00011794-00012088": "ya esto no detecta el idioma original", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00026-00012088-00012552": "automáticamente entonces ahora toca", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00027-00012552-00012797": "el idioma al cual queremos traducirlo", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00028-00012797-00013358": "it's in spanish let's search in english", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00029-00013662-00013922": "you will see that in this column", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00030-00013922-00014363": "He has not translated it into English", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00031-00014363-00014624": "in case we don't like any", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00032-00014624-00014858": "translation just click the button", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00033-00014858-00015125": "left mouse and we can", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00034-00015125-00015463": "modify our taste", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00035-00015852-00016085": "and everything is according to our taste", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00036-00016085-00016451": "we will continue", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00037-00016861-00017304": "and we download our modified srt", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00038-00017304-00017808": "we keep it where we are interested", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00039-00017816-00017960": "we are going to", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00040-00017960-00018292": "to modify our video", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00041-00018417-00018895": "let's go to details or subtitle", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00042-00019321-00019647": "add language", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00043-00019896-00020246": "we play english", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00044-00020850-00021150": "now we go here to subtitles and below", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00045-00021150-00021512": "we have the add tab", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00046-00021737-00021923": "upload to file", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00047-00021923-00022212": "with times", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00048-00022474-00022663": "the file we haven't downloaded before", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00049-00022663-00022873": "which was already translated from Spanish to", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00050-00022873-00023094": "English", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00051-00023165-00023376": "here again we have the option of", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00052-00023376-00023608": "rectify", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00053-00023608-00023910": "the translation", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00054-00024231-00024429": "and also the timeline well", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00055-00024429-00024663": "We can modify it although now we don't", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00056-00024663-00024881": "I'm going to explain why that gives for another", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00057-00024881-00025164": "tutorial and wanted to do this quick", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00058-00025164-00025311": "Okay", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00059-00025311-00025724": "and simply give public", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00060-00026001-00026295": "and now we can go to the video in", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00061-00026295-00026569": "question and you bought with the subtitles", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00062-00026569-00026877": "are published", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00063-00027055-00027607": "because they are going to check that they are in", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00064-00027607-00027757": "Spanish that were generated", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00065-00027757-00028027": "automatically and English which is the", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00066-00028027-00028488": "language that I enter to speak", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00067-00028524-00028727": "we are done if you liked it", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00068-00028727-00028958": "can you like me some comment", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00069-00028958-00029416": "Excuse me for asking almost whispering", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00070-00029416-00029577": "why", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00071-00029577-00029897": "i can't speak loud", "a5p1p_jr2ay-00072-00030149-00030430": "a greeting"}}, {"audio_id": "a5tMMIQk-W0", "text": {"a5tMMIQk-W0-00000-00000671-00000815": "- Good morning, everyone.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00001-00000815-00001023": "Thank you for being here.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00002-00001222-00001472": "It's been my privilege to host", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00003-00001482-00001841": "Korean Minister of National Defense, Han Min-goo here", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00004-00001841-00002183": "for what is the 48th US Republic of Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00005-00002223-00002473": "Security Consultative Meeting.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00006-00002518-00002712": "These meetings are valuable opportunities", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00007-00002712-00002930": "for our nations to come together", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00008-00002930-00003201": "to address shared security challenges.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00009-00003201-00003503": "I want to thank Minister Han for his continued leadership.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00010-00003503-00003803": "This is the 6th time that we've met.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00011-00003900-00004133": "I want to tha (audio cuts out) friendship.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00012-00004133-00004366": "I admire him for his steadiness", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00013-00004366-00004716": "as he and I have planned our response together", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00014-00004716-00005132": "during some difficult moments of North Korean provocation,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00015-00005136-00005394": "and while we sometimes need to be on the phone together", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00016-00005394-00005764": "in the middle of the night formulation our strong responses", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00017-00005764-00006051": "to North Korean provocations, it's a pleasure", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00018-00006051-00006413": "to see him in person for a longer and deeper discussion.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00019-00006413-00006604": "Always good to see you.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00020-00006701-00006965": "Today's productive discussions will help ensure", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00021-00006965-00007296": "the US-Korea Alliance remains the linchpin,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00022-00007296-00007587": "of regional security and stability.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00023-00007587-00007998": "For over 60 years, we've built this strategic alliance", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00024-00007998-00008414": "based on common values, shared interests, and mutual trust,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00025-00008591-00008976": "and we've stood together to ensure peace and prosperity", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00026-00008976-00009143": "in the Asia-Pacific.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00027-00009329-00009653": "But as that consequential and dynamic region changes", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00028-00009653-00010062": "and its threats evolve, so too does our alliance.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00029-00010069-00010325": "This week, we discussed how we can better address", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00030-00010325-00010742": "three issues: ensuring deterrence on the Korean Peninsula,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00031-00010855-00011272": "opening new frontiers of cooperation in our alliance,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00032-00011286-00011669": "and expanding the global role of our alliance.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00033-00011730-00012101": "First we discussed the continued threat from North Korea.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00034-00012101-00012281": "Indeed, North Korea's nuclear tests", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00035-00012281-00012471": "and ballistic missile launches,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00036-00012471-00012718": "like the one that failed last evening,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00037-00012718-00012931": "threatened the stability of the Korean Peninsula", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00038-00012931-00013231": "and the broader Asia-Pacific region.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00039-00013297-00013565": "As with previous tests, we strongly condemn", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00040-00013565-00013919": "last night's attempt, which even in failing", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00041-00013919-00014319": "violated several UN Security Council resolutions", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00042-00014367-00014612": "and affirmed that this latest provocation", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00043-00014612-00014885": "only strengthens our resolve to work together", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00044-00014885-00015160": "with our Republic of Korea allies", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00045-00015168-00015493": "to maintain stability on the peninsula.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00046-00015533-00015824": "Indeed, the United States remains committed", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00047-00015824-00016126": "to defending our allies against any threat", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00048-00016126-00016543": "with the full-spectrum of American military might.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00049-00016630-00016878": "That's why we're adapting our forced structure", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00050-00016878-00017144": "on the peninsula, most recently by agreeing", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00051-00017144-00017436": "as allies to deploy THAAD to defend", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00052-00017437-00017745": "against North Korean missile threats,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00053-00017790-00018001": "and that's why we're ensuring we remain ready", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00054-00018001-00018260": "to, as we say, \"fight tonight,\"", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00055-00018308-00018453": "and we're working together to achieve", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00056-00018453-00018870": "a conditions-based transfer of wartime operational control", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00057-00018991-00019313": "and that's why the United States is reaffirming", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00058-00019313-00019651": "it's iron-clad commitment to defend South Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00059-00019651-00020001": "with our extended deterrence capabilities.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00060-00020013-00020221": "We agreed yesterday to establish", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00061-00020221-00020638": "the Extended Deterrence Strategy and Consultation Group", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00062-00020640-00021057": "through which we will discuss further steps we can take.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00063-00021112-00021429": "Make no mistake, any attack on America", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00064-00021458-00021761": "or our allies will not only be defeated,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00065-00021761-00021989": "but any use of nuclear weapons will be met", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00066-00021989-00022356": "with an overwhelming and effective response.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00067-00022612-00022793": "Second, just as we've recommitted ourselves", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00068-00022793-00023067": "to ensuring peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00069-00023067-00023331": "and throughout the region, we're also capitalizing", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00070-00023331-00023690": "on new opportunities for cooperation at sea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00071-00023747-00024047": "and in new domains, like cyberspace.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00072-00024124-00024344": "We're examining ways that our two Navies", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00073-00024344-00024694": "can better cooperate on Maritime Security.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00074-00024827-00025167": "We're also pleased that the US-ROK Cyber Cooporation", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00075-00025167-00025466": "Working Group is helping us synchronize", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00076-00025466-00025849": "and enhance cyber efforts within our alliance.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00077-00025981-00026333": "And as I described at the Shangri-La Dialogue this spring", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00078-00026333-00026607": "and affirmed in San Diego last month,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00079-00026607-00026846": "we're working together with our allies and partners", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00080-00026846-00027160": "across the Asia-Pacific to continue to build", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00081-00027160-00027526": "a principled and inclusive security network,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00082-00027574-00027831": "and to undergird that network with a new phase", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00083-00027831-00028147": "of the US Rebalanced the Asia-Pacific.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00084-00028168-00028494": "Minister Han and the Republic of Korea are leading the way,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00085-00028494-00028707": "especially with the growing trilateral", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00086-00028707-00028968": "defense cooperation between the Republic of Korea,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00087-00028968-00029209": "Japan, and the United States.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00088-00029246-00029549": "Just last week, Chairman Dunford hosted his counterpart", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00089-00029549-00029774": "to discuss the North Korean threat", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00090-00029774-00030109": "and I'm certain that our trilateral cooperation", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00091-00030109-00030350": "will grow in the years ahead.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00092-00030462-00030664": "And third, beyond the Asia-Pacific,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00093-00030664-00030994": "we discussed how our alliance can make a better world.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00094-00030994-00031410": "I commend Korea's active contributions to global security,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00095-00031459-00031838": "including its financial assistance to Afghanistan,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00096-00031838-00032196": "it's support for peacekeeping in South Sudan,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00097-00032196-00032463": "and its contributions to the coalition campaign", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00098-00032463-00032838": "to deliver ISIL a certain and lasting defeat.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00099-00032891-00033157": "Time and again, the Republic of Korea has proven", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00100-00033157-00033573": "to be a reliable and capable provider of global security", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00101-00033675-00033903": "and we'll continue to work together in more ways", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00102-00033903-00034203": "and in more places around the world.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00103-00034231-00034404": "As we look to the future, we'll continue", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00104-00034404-00034712": "to count on this remarkable alliance.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00105-00034747-00035040": "We've fought together, we've rebuilt together,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00106-00035040-00035436": "and today we confront the North Korean threat together.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00107-00035436-00035642": "While we've been tested many times,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00108-00035642-00035858": "we've adapted to every challenge,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00109-00035858-00036126": "and as we've done so, we've ensured security", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00110-00036126-00036344": "and prosperity for our nations,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00111-00036344-00036611": "the region, and the wider world.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00112-00036773-00037058": "Many of you know the slogan of our alliance", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00113-00037058-00037229": "is (speaking in foreign language),", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00114-00037229-00037454": "which means we go together.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00115-00037588-00037842": "As we continue to partner together on defense,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00116-00037842-00038201": "we'll also go further together into new domains", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00117-00038201-00038618": "on new missions in the region and around the world.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00118-00038647-00038912": "Minister Han, it's been my pleasure", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00119-00038912-00039231": "to reaffirm our bond this week and discuss", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00120-00039231-00039648": "our great alliance's future because we go together", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00121-00039663-00039805": "today and always.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00122-00039913-00039996": "Thank you.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00123-00039996-00040079": "Please.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00124-00040552-00040902": "- First I'd like to thank Secretary Carter", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00125-00040910-00041084": "for his interest and attention towards", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00126-00041084-00041307": "the peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00127-00041307-00041641": "and the progress of the ROK-US Alliance.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00128-00042187-00042353": "This year's SCM was hosted under", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00129-00042353-00042646": "great security circumstances, one highlighted by", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00130-00042646-00042993": "an advancement of North Korea's nuclear missile capabilities", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00131-00042993-00043257": "and continued threats from the DPRK.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00132-00043257-00043641": "In this year's SCM, we have reviewed the accomplishments", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00133-00043641-00043853": "made by the United States Department of Defense", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00134-00043853-00044037": "and the Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00135-00044037-00044205": "within our bilateral relations", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00136-00044205-00044538": "and within our combined defense posture.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00137-00044574-00044840": "Also, a precious opportunity in which we identified", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00138-00044840-00045140": "the direction of future and purpose.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00139-00045750-00046011": "In this SCM Secretary Carter and I shared an understanding", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00140-00046011-00046202": "on the internal and external circumstances", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00141-00046202-00046449": "that North Korea's facing, and also shared", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00142-00046449-00046686": "an understanding on North Korea's prospects.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00143-00046686-00046975": "We have agreed to maintain a close cooperation posture", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00144-00046975-00047259": "with the United Nations (mumbles) Community", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00145-00047259-00047465": "while strengthening the momentum of applying pressure", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00146-00047465-00047611": "and sanctions to lead North Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00147-00047611-00047792": "to relinquish nuclear weapons.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00148-00047792-00047995": "Furthermore, we have assessed the stability", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00149-00047995-00048201": "of Kim Jong's regime, North Korea's nuclear", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00150-00048201-00048449": "and missile capabilities as continuously advancing", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00151-00048449-00048664": "at North Korea's conventional forces.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00152-00048664-00048896": "We have agreed to strengthen our (mumbles)", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00153-00048896-00049088": "combined defense posture so that we may respond", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00154-00049088-00049354": "to any North Korean provocation.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00155-00049528-00049689": "In this year alone, North Korea's conducted", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00156-00049689-00050024": "two nuclear tests and blatantly threatened", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00157-00050024-00050245": "their (mumbles) United States", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00158-00050245-00050364": "and the international community", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00159-00050364-00050676": "by saying they will weaponize it's nuclear capacity", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00160-00050676-00050914": "and conduct ICBm engine tests to strike", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00161-00050914-00051130": "continent of the United States.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00162-00051130-00051327": "Under such grave circumstances,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00163-00051327-00051661": "the United States' commitment towards the Republic of Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00164-00051661-00051871": "that ensure that any North Korean attack", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00165-00051871-00052133": "will be met with failure and that the United States", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00166-00052133-00052375": "will respond effectively and overwhelmingly", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00167-00052375-00052678": "to any North Korean usage of nuclear weapons", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00168-00052678-00053070": "and offered firm deterrence against North Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00169-00053085-00053298": "and strengthen the Korean people's trust", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00170-00053298-00053682": "towards the United States extended deterrence.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00171-00054740-00054959": "Secretary Carter and I, in order to respond", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00172-00054959-00055224": "to escalating North Korean nuclear WMD,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00173-00055224-00055495": "(mumbles) missile threats, have discussed", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00174-00055495-00055911": "various measures to promote effective execution capabilities", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00175-00055940-00056357": "of extended deterrent measures on the Korean Peninsula.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00176-00056518-00056732": "Regarding specific measures,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00177-00056732-00057032": "additional review will be conducted.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00178-00057223-00057464": "We have also agreed to further develop", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00179-00057464-00057665": "bilateral and naval cooperation to respond", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00180-00057665-00057998": "to maritime threats posed by North Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00181-00057999-00058232": "highlighted by (mumbles) BM test launches.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00182-00058232-00058599": "At this end, we will establish an integrated", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00183-00058632-00058885": "research team, which includes representatives", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00184-00058885-00059252": "from the Ministry of National Defense, JCS, and the Navy", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00185-00059252-00059668": "early next year to seek specific areas for cooperation.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00186-00059839-00060153": "The DOD and the MND have agreed to further strengthen", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00187-00060153-00060505": "defense cyber cooperation to effectively respond", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00188-00060505-00060864": "to North Korea's cyber attacks and threats.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00189-00060992-00061325": "To this end, we will operate a bilateral", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00190-00061409-00061767": "cyber working group task force from October", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00191-00061902-00062111": "to reach a specific measures", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00192-00062111-00062395": "for a bilateral cyber cooperation.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00193-00062598-00062915": "During this year in which North Korea,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00194-00063005-00063219": "in which North Korean nuclear missile threats", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00195-00063219-00063558": "have continued, we assess there are significant progress", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00196-00063558-00063765": "in trilateral cooperation between Korea,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00197-00063765-00063923": "United States, and (mumbles) and will continue", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00198-00063923-00064223": "to develop trilateral cooperation in 2017.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00199-00064223-00064459": "To this end, we will continue to conduct", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00200-00064459-00064774": "the missile warning exercise, research and rescue exercise,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00201-00064774-00065158": "maritime interdiction exercise that was hosted", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00202-00065166-00065393": "as part of this year's RIMPAC exercise,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00203-00065393-00065551": "in the coming year,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00204-00065752-00065950": "while also promoting a trilateral", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00205-00065950-00066145": "deterrence intelligence sharing.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00206-00066145-00066341": "By reaffirming the United States firm commitment", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00207-00066341-00066526": "towards the defense of the Republic of Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00208-00066526-00066879": "and towards extended deterrence while reviewing", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00209-00066879-00067288": "the alliances will and its response capabilities.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00210-00067511-00067790": "Based on a solid ROK-US combined defense posture,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00211-00067790-00068088": "I assess that this year's SCM, which was hosted", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00212-00068088-00068279": "under great security circumstances,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00213-00068279-00068464": "and serve as an opportunity to showcase", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00214-00068464-00068847": "the value of the alliance to the Korean people", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00215-00068895-00069063": "while building the trust the Korean people", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00216-00069063-00069280": "have towards our alliance.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00217-00069323-00069740": "It is also send a stern message to those in North Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00218-00069855-00070009": "that highlighted the ironclad nature", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00219-00070009-00070379": "of the ROK-US alliance to the international community.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00220-00070379-00070480": "I'd like to extend my gratitude", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00221-00070480-00070669": "to once again to Secretary Carter,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00222-00070669-00070875": "as he has offered, and the United States government", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00223-00070875-00070960": "and to the American people.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00224-00070960-00071193": "I also thank Secretary Carter and the DOD", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00225-00071193-00071316": "for their cooperation and support", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00226-00071316-00071501": "for the stability of the Korean Peninsula", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00227-00071501-00071719": "and to the involvement of the ROK-US alliance.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00228-00071719-00071935": "(speaking off mic)", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00229-00071935-00072235": "- Failed attempt, what does that tell you", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00230-00072235-00072637": "about the state of the Musudan program at this point", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00231-00072637-00072965": "and do you happen to, can you say whether Kim Jong-un", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00232-00072965-00073381": "was actually present for this launch, and may I also ask", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00233-00073418-00073760": "a question of Secretary Carter on Turkey?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00234-00073773-00074055": "The Turkish government says that it's planes", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00235-00074055-00074363": "and artillery attacked more than a dozen", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00236-00074363-00074672": "white PG positions in Northern Syria.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00237-00074793-00075006": "Given that you're gonna be visiting Turkey soon,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00238-00075006-00075250": "I wondered whether you can say whether you're concerned", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00239-00075250-00075553": "that the partnership with Turkey is unraveling", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00240-00075553-00075926": "in any sense as they escalate their actions against", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00241-00075926-00076251": "the US-aligned Kurdish forces in Syria?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00242-00076306-00076390": "Thank you.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00243-00076810-00077227": "- Yeah (speaking foreign language).", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00244-00081245-00081512": "I'll answer that question first.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00245-00085920-00086035": "I'll answer that question first.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00246-00086035-00086298": "When it comes to Musadan launch that failed yesterday,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00247-00086298-00086459": "- We were unable to get the translation.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00248-00086459-00086590": "If we could get the translation.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00249-00086590-00086745": "- [Man] It's on right now.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00250-00086745-00086941": "- I'll answer that question first.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00251-00086941-00087338": "Regarding North Korea's failed Musudan launch yesterday,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00252-00087338-00087746": "Musadan launches occurred since 2007 and they've,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00253-00087749-00087943": "operationally deployed there this asset", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00254-00087943-00088269": "without conducting sufficient tests before as such.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00255-00088269-00088486": "In other words, it has now been deployed", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00256-00088486-00088840": "without going through the necessary test phases", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00257-00088840-00089257": "and in one occasion, they failed five times consecutively", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00258-00089290-00089491": "and succeeded on the sixth time,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00259-00089491-00089723": "so for political purposes, they are conducting", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00260-00089723-00090123": "these Musudan launches and through these failed tests,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00261-00090123-00090278": "they've shown their limits.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00262-00090278-00090557": "I personally assessed Musudan launches will continue", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00263-00090557-00090870": "in the future, and although it has not been confirmed,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00264-00090870-00091053": "we assess there was a high possibility", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00265-00091053-00091470": "that Kim Jong-un was at the site when the launch occurred.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00266-00091652-00091738": "- Thank you.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00267-00091738-00092022": "And if I can just add something on", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00268-00092187-00092354": "as a general matter,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00269-00092591-00092733": "we work very hard", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00270-00093019-00093311": "to anticipate and stay ahead of any", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00271-00093452-00093762": "possible developments in the North Korean missile threat.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00272-00093762-00094153": "That's the reason for our deployments of missile defenses", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00273-00094153-00094428": "and taking other steps to protect", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00274-00094593-00094750": "the Korean Peninsula and the case", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00275-00094750-00094943": "of THAAD, the United States,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00276-00094943-00095301": "and the case of our other missile defenses.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00277-00095516-00095825": "Our missile defense and other efforts are intended", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00278-00095825-00096142": "to stay ahead of whatever might happen", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00279-00096188-00096513": "in the various North Korean missile (mumbles).", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00280-00096513-00096776": "With respect to Turkey, our partnership", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00281-00096776-00097143": "is very strong in the Counter-ISIL Campaign.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00282-00097160-00097576": "We're working with the Turks now very successfully", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00283-00097660-00097976": "to help them secure their border area.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00284-00098492-00098800": "We work with them in a number of ways", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00285-00098959-00099167": "on the Counter-ISIL Campaign.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00286-00099167-00099352": "They're strong partners in that.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00287-00099352-00099559": "I will have an opportunity to discuss that", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00288-00099559-00099888": "with our continuing counter-ISIL efforts", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00289-00099888-00100133": "and all the other things we do with Turkey", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00290-00100133-00100458": "as a strong and long-standing NATO ally", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00291-00100624-00101007": "when I see Minister Isik, which I expect to do", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00292-00101027-00101386": "a couple of times over the next week or so.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00293-00101432-00101716": "So our counter-ISIL efforts together are very strong", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00294-00101716-00101988": "and I can't, we're still gathering facts", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00295-00101988-00102177": "about this report to which you refer,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00296-00102177-00102535": "so I can't comment on that or confirm that.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00297-00102662-00103045": "But our partnership in general is very strong.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00298-00103160-00103472": "We've worked through issues as they arise.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00299-00103472-00103671": "We've managed to do that successfully", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00300-00103671-00103880": "and I expect that will continue,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00301-00103880-00104055": "and that will be one of the purposes of my meeting", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00302-00104055-00104380": "with my counterpart over the next week.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00303-00104454-00104632": "(speaking off mic)", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00304-00104632-00104979": "- (mumbles) Isn't there also a problem", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00305-00104979-00105162": "with the Turks in Iraq though with their forces", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00306-00105162-00105388": "which the Iraqi government doesn't want to be present.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00307-00105388-00105533": "Isn't that a problem for the coalition?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00308-00105533-00105841": "- Well, anybody who operates in Iraq,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00309-00105988-00106345": "it needs to do so with respect to Iraqi sovereignty.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00310-00106345-00106728": "We do that and we don't conduct any operations", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00311-00106756-00107114": "that are not cleared through the government", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00312-00107248-00107448": "of Prime Minister Abadi.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00313-00107469-00107665": "That's a principle for us in every way.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00314-00107665-00107846": "At the same time, Turkey is a member", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00315-00107846-00108048": "of the Counter-ISIL Coalition", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00316-00108048-00108398": "and so we'll be discussing with our Turkish counterparts", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00317-00108398-00108815": "and our Iraqi counterparts and all the other parties", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00318-00108867-00109263": "to ongoing operations which are very encouraging", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00319-00109263-00109405": "in terms of their", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00320-00109851-00110260": "the way in which the planned envelopment of Mosul", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00321-00110267-00110492": "step-by-step is proceeding,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00322-00110646-00110831": "and we continue to work with everyone", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00323-00110831-00111026": "who has a stake in the outcome of that,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00324-00111026-00111252": "which are all of the members of the Counter-ISIL Coalition", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00325-00111252-00111602": "and a number of different parties within Iraq.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00326-00111602-00111761": "This is a complicated situation.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00327-00111761-00112088": "One of our roles as a leader of the Counter-ISIL Coalition", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00328-00112088-00112460": "is to keep everybody focused on the central threat,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00329-00112460-00112577": "which is ISIL.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00330-00112646-00112938": "(speaking off mic)", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00331-00113813-00114146": "- I have two questions for Minister Han.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00332-00115169-00115343": "You just mentioned extended deterrence measures", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00333-00115343-00115571": "that were discussed in the meeting.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00334-00115571-00115988": "Can you tell us specifically what measures were discussed?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00335-00116058-00116275": "For Mister Secretary, you,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00336-00116449-00116732": "concerning the fifth nuclear test,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00337-00116834-00117176": "what is your assessment on the level of nuclear technology", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00338-00117176-00117593": "that North Korea's reach after it's fifth nuclear test?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00339-00117777-00118040": "And I know there are discussions of a preemptive strike", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00340-00118040-00118183": "in North Korea and some (mumbles).", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00341-00118183-00118599": "What is your take on such argumentative statements?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00342-00119073-00119490": "- Regarding special measures on extended deterrence,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00343-00120033-00120301": "I know there have been many measures", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00344-00120301-00120601": "that were mentioned across the press", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00345-00121218-00121568": "such as the deployment of strategic assets", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00346-00121749-00122033": "(mumbles) on the (mumbles) on a rotational basis.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00347-00122033-00122295": "I know many measures were discussed in the press,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00348-00122295-00122433": "but I'll give you further,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00349-00122433-00122841": "I'll give you further answer at a different time.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00350-00122965-00123271": "- Thank you, and if I can just repeat", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00351-00123271-00123562": "what the Minister said with respect to your first question.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00352-00123562-00123979": "We discussed a number of ways that extended deterrence", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00353-00124125-00124433": "can be further strengthened, recognizing", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00354-00124433-00124615": "that no one should have any doubt about this,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00355-00124615-00124865": "we have today the capabilities", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00356-00125063-00125217": "for extended deterrence.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00357-00125217-00125389": "We've had them for a long time", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00358-00125389-00125597": "and I emphasized that in my statement,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00359-00125597-00125907": "the full weight of our alliance capabilities,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00360-00125907-00126157": "including all US capabilities.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00361-00126315-00126612": "They are very strong, very robust, very ready.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00362-00126612-00126867": "We are, however, talking about a number of measures", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00363-00126867-00127225": "and you named one, to further enhance deterrence.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00364-00127225-00127584": "That's why we set up the working group that we set up.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00365-00127584-00127883": "And with respect to the conduct of the fifth nuclear test,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00366-00127883-00128208": "I can't comment on intelligence matters", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00367-00128315-00128532": "and the assessment of that", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00368-00128738-00129155": "so I can't add anything to your information on that.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00369-00129226-00129576": "I'll just say that it has led, once again,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00370-00129589-00129997": "to the further isolation and increasing pressure,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00371-00129997-00130408": "including through international sanctions on North Korea.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00372-00130408-00130716": "I think that that is very significant.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00373-00130716-00131060": "At the same time, it redoubles our resolve", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00374-00131060-00131468": "as an alliance to continue to strengthen deterrence,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00375-00131468-00131876": "not just extended deterrence, but our deterrence,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00376-00131950-00132165": "I mentioned OPCON Transfer and other things", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00377-00132165-00132274": "that we discussed today.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00378-00132274-00132599": "This is an alliance that grows stronger", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00379-00132616-00132954": "and continues to spread out in terms of the domains", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00380-00132954-00133321": "of warfare in which it exercises deterrence.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00381-00133564-00133856": "(speaking off mic)", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00382-00133862-00134095": "- Mr. Secretary and Mr. Minister, for both of you,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00383-00134095-00134314": "because you, Mr. Secretary, you've just spoken", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00384-00134314-00134524": "a couple of times about the full weight", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00385-00134524-00134904": "of US strategic deterrence to defend South Korea,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00386-00134904-00135232": "and because of your own expertise in nuclear matters,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00387-00135232-00135649": "I wanna ask you a question of policy, not politics.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00388-00135741-00136013": "Nonetheless, it was said last night", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00389-00136013-00136429": "that, and I wanna quote, to let me just finish the question,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00390-00136477-00136774": "Sir, if I might, that there are \"about four minutes", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00391-00136774-00137026": "between the order being given and people responsible", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00392-00137026-00137258": "for launching nuclear weapons to do so.\"", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00393-00137258-00137517": "I wanna ask you not about that.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00394-00137608-00137900": "I do wanna ask you is it classified", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00395-00137954-00138271": "to discuss nuclear launch time frames?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00396-00138413-00138669": "It's either classified or it's not.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00397-00138669-00138946": "And my second question to both of you is,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00398-00138946-00139333": "CIA Director John Brennan has now openly publicly talked", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00399-00139333-00139708": "on camera about his concerns that North Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00400-00139710-00140127": "could try some destabilizing move during the transition", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00401-00140141-00140493": "and power in the United States irrespective of who wins.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00402-00140493-00140688": "Secretary Brennan says it's something that", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00403-00140688-00140887": "the new team and the current team is looking at", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00404-00140887-00141253": "very closely and need to be able to address.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00405-00141263-00141588": "For both of you, what are your concerns", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00406-00141590-00141988": "that North Korea may attempt a destabilizing action", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00407-00141988-00142255": "during the US transfer of power?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00408-00142340-00142725": "- Well, if I can take that second part first, Barbara,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00409-00142725-00143015": "and I'm sorry, but I'm not gonna answer your first part", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00410-00143015-00143276": "because it is cast in terms of the ongoing", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00411-00143276-00143580": "presidential campaign and I said repeatedly", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00412-00143580-00143988": "I'm not going to answer questions in that context", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00413-00144019-00144319": "so I'm not gonna answer on that one.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00414-00144441-00144824": "With respect to provocations from North Korea,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00415-00145150-00145500": "I'll say it and then let Minister Han say.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00416-00145579-00145906": "We remain concerned about that as an alliance", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00417-00145906-00146256": "irrespective of where the United States is", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00418-00146265-00146448": "in its election cycle.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00419-00146672-00146871": "Kim Jung-un is unpredictable.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00420-00146871-00147280": "He is prone to provocations and one of the things", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00421-00147377-00147793": "we talked about today is our counter-provocation planning,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00422-00147976-00148195": "our counter-provocation consultation.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00423-00148195-00148402": "Every time that occurs, Barbara,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00424-00148402-00148639": "Minister Han and I are on the phone.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00425-00148639-00148907": "As necessary, our two Presidents are on the phone", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00426-00148907-00149238": "to coordinate our response, and I'll just close", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00427-00149238-00149655": "by saying that, I mentioned, this was the 48th SCM.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00428-00149834-00150189": "This is an alliance that's been going on for six decades", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00429-00150189-00150556": "and I expect it to go on for decades to come", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00430-00150674-00150903": "unless North Korea fundamentally changes", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00431-00150903-00151169": "its behavior in the circumstance", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00432-00151204-00151404": "on the Korean Peninsula changes.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00433-00151404-00151600": "You don't see any sign of that now", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00434-00151600-00151852": "and that's why the United States and South Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00435-00151852-00152038": "are redoubling their efforts.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00436-00152038-00152330": "- [Barbara] With respect to that concern, do you agree", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00437-00152330-00152655": "with the CIA director that there are concerns,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00438-00152655-00152940": "irrespective of who wins the election, that's not the issue,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00439-00152940-00153208": "that just simply during a transition of power", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00440-00153208-00153464": "in the United States during this time frame,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00441-00153464-00153766": "North Korea may attempt a destabilizing effort.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00442-00153766-00154157": "- Well, that may be, but the point I was making", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00443-00154212-00154343": "was even broader than that.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00444-00154343-00154615": "I think irrespective of where the United States is", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00445-00154615-00154908": "in its election cycle, we're very concerned", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00446-00154908-00155201": "about the possibility of North Korean provocations.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00447-00155201-00155405": "They've conducted them in the past.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00448-00155405-00155822": "We're constantly assessing the disposition of their forces", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00449-00155898-00156214": "and Minister Han and I are constantly,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00450-00156397-00156739": "in the last two days of meeting together,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00451-00156803-00157220": "discussed both our plans for that kind of circumstance", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00452-00157250-00157559": "and our close consultative mechanism,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00453-00157582-00157867": "which we've had to exercise a number of times, which,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00454-00157867-00158259": "in recent years, so this isn't a biding concern", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00455-00158315-00158489": "of the alliance, these provocations.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00456-00158489-00158572": "Minister.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00457-00159227-00159561": "- I think Secretary Carter should answer", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00458-00159610-00159863": "most of the questions, but of regarding", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00459-00159863-00160163": "your question regarding North Korea,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00460-00160304-00160704": "I'll give you a little position of our ministry.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00461-00160756-00160998": "North Korea, as you all know,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00462-00161122-00161297": "is a instable regime.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00463-00161515-00161631": "Its leadership", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00464-00162285-00162552": "acts upon suspicious situations.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00465-00162968-00163377": "Concerning North Korea's nuclear missile threats,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00466-00163487-00163728": "we believe we need to change the calculus", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00467-00163728-00164145": "of North Korea to respond to such aforementioned threats.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00468-00164332-00164749": "As an extension of applying pressure and sanctions,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00469-00165760-00165890": "through psychological operations,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00470-00165890-00166102": "we intend to expose North Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00471-00166102-00166419": "to the realities of the outside world.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00472-00167116-00167436": "- [Male] And our final question is from PBS.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00473-00167436-00167520": "Mr. Kim.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00474-00167563-00167855": "(speaking off mic)", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00475-00168101-00168326": "- Secretary Carter respond.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00476-00168444-00168545": "I know you've had a very busy meeting.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00477-00168545-00168870": "I'll have one question for each of you.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00478-00169210-00169627": "I know naval cooperation was a key point in your discussion.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00479-00169732-00169893": "I'd like to know the background in which", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00480-00169893-00170066": "the naval cooperation in particular", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00481-00170066-00170483": "of all the service (mumbles) were emphasized.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00482-00170938-00171123": "Although it's not confirmed, there are reports", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00483-00171123-00171331": "that North Korea has a submarine", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00484-00171331-00171581": "that could load multiple SLBMs", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00485-00171922-00172117": "and I just want to know if such developments", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00486-00172117-00172487": "have been reflected in emphasizing naval cooperation", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00487-00172487-00172637": "in this past year?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00488-00172981-00173231": "And for you, Secretary Carter,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00489-00173760-00174177": "(mumbles) naval cooperation, General Brooks in particular,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00490-00174213-00174516": "have emphasized a need for a maritime-based", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00491-00174516-00174807": "intercepting capabilities in Korea.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00492-00175093-00175272": "There are speculation as to whether Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00493-00175272-00175656": "will introduce (mumbles) SM3?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00494-00175861-00176075": "Now if THAAD deployed in Korea was very much", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00495-00176075-00176300": "a controversy domestically.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00496-00176802-00176971": "I foresee that SM3 might enjoy", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00497-00176971-00177255": "the same controversy domestically.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00498-00177442-00177750": "What are your thoughts on this issue?", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00499-00177855-00178084": "- For your first question concerning naval cooperation", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00500-00178084-00178401": "and the emphasis on naval cooperation,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00501-00178519-00178702": "as you've pointed out,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00502-00178885-00179260": "it's a response to North Korea, SLBM threats,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00503-00179264-00179488": "and this has raised a need for cooperation", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00504-00179488-00179671": "between our two navies", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00505-00179876-00180145": "and has addressed a need that this cooperation must", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00506-00180145-00180562": "be enhanced and advanced further more in the future.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00507-00180565-00180806": "Such background is the important reason in which", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00508-00180806-00181222": "stable cooperation is the key talking point in this SCM.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00509-00181353-00181662": "In regards to trilateral cooperation,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00510-00181893-00182310": "we believe this, too, must be strengthened in the future.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00511-00182483-00182817": "Concerning a new submarine that you mentioned,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00512-00182817-00183034": "it has not been confirmed,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00513-00183062-00183396": "but we're not ruling out the possibility", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00514-00183552-00183779": "and we're making preparations", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00515-00183779-00184179": "for any potential circumstance that we may face.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00516-00184449-00184624": "- Well, I concur with", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00517-00184908-00185037": "what Minister Han just said", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00518-00185037-00185171": "on naval upfront", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00519-00185364-00185556": "and I can add also that", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00520-00186169-00186460": "there are a number of ways in which", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00521-00186571-00186862": "naval cooperation can strengthen alliance,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00522-00186862-00187096": "the alliance in general and the ability", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00523-00187096-00187454": "to respond to provocations and to conflict,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00524-00187519-00187706": "so naval cooperation's very important", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00525-00187706-00188015": "even as we have great cooperation already", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00526-00188015-00188373": "in our navies, and in the air, and on land,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00527-00188407-00188791": "and as I mentioned expanding into cyber space.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00528-00188921-00189271": "With respect to missile defense and THAAD,", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00529-00189412-00189595": "the purpose there is very simple.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00530-00189595-00189835": "Everyone can see that North Korea", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00531-00189835-00190189": "is determined to try to expand its missile threat", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00532-00190189-00190602": "to the peninsula, to the region, and to the United States", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00533-00190602-00190794": "and our missile defenses are necessary", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00534-00190794-00190977": "to protect our people.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00535-00191072-00191379": "That's the purpose of THAAD and any other missile defenses", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00536-00191379-00191671": "that we develop or deploy together.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00537-00192035-00192419": "This is a threat we need to stay a step ahead of", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00538-00192419-00192777": "and that's why we're making the deployments", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00539-00192788-00193138": "we are doing as an alliance and that's why", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00540-00193147-00193564": "the alliance has taken the decision to deploy THAAD.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00541-00193577-00193692": "- [Narrator] Thank you, everybody.", "a5tMMIQk-W0-00542-00193692-00193859": "- Thanks, everybody."}}, {"audio_id": "a5-_0DuJpZ8", "text": {"a5-_0DuJpZ8-00000-00000897-00001010": "Hi! I'm Shawn McGivern", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00001-00001010-00001184": "with Kansas City Kansas Community College.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00002-00001184-00001412": "Today we're going to talk about a couple different water", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00003-00001412-00001798": "supply systems.  And the first one we're going to talk about is copper.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00004-00001798-00002151": "And what I've got here is everything you need to", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00005-00002151-00002620": "put or to assemble copper water lines.  Just a sample - we've got a", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00006-00002620-00002715": "half-inch", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00007-00002715-00003200": "copper water supply line right here, just a small sample of the copper water line", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00008-00003200-00003665": "And we got a couple fittings here too.  We've got the 90 degree elbow.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00009-00003665-00004030": "Both of them are ninety degree elbows for turning corners.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00010-00004030-00004478": "We got a couple couplers and the things you need to solder", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00011-00004478-00004950": "is you need a strip of emery cloth so you can clean the copper before you", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00012-00004950-00005012": "solder.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00013-00005012-00005332": "You have to clean the pipe really well before you solder.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00014-00005332-00005648": "A torch - auto torch", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00015-00005648-00006101": "with MAP gas.  MAP gas burns hotter than propane so to heat up the pipe a little", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00016-00006101-00006187": "bit faster", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00017-00006187-00006605": "so you can complete your project a little bit faster.  You also need flux", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00018-00006605-00007058": "and the flux brush.  This is going onto the pipe when you start to", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00019-00007058-00007125": "solder", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00020-00007125-00007553": "and the flux is a cleaner.  It helps clean the pipe as you solder and heat up.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00021-00007553-00007933": "Then also we have our", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00022-00007933-00008278": "solder right here.  It's lead-free solder and we", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00023-00008278-00008652": "will use this to actually assemble and put the copper lines together.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00024-00008652-00008862": "Okay now we're going to cut the copper line.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00025-00008862-00008988": "So, what I need to do is", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00026-00008988-00009423": "I need to set this piece of half-inch copper in between these two wheels here.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00027-00009423-00009748": "So I'm going to rest it right in-between those two wheels", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00028-00009748-00010259": "and then I'm going to slowly tighten the cutting wheel to the piece of pipe.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00029-00010259-00010773": "I'm going to get it firm and I start to circle it around the pipe and score it", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00030-00010773-00010853": "each time.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00031-00010853-00011200": "What I'm doing is, I'm slowly cutting the copper", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00032-00011200-00011592": "little by little.  I'm going to do a little turn. Cut.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00033-00011592-00012051": "Turn. Cut. And I'll keep doing this", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00034-00012051-00012409": "until the pipe is completely cut.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00035-00012532-00012656": "And, right.  Here it is.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00036-00012657-00013098": "We want to make sure when we're done, that we check our pipe and make sure it is a", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00037-00013098-00013219": "perfect circle", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00038-00013219-00013327": "with no dents.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00039-00013400-00013786": "Okay.  We just cut the pipes and now we're ready to solder.  What we have to do first", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00040-00013786-00014266": "is we have to clean the copper pipe with the emery cloth.  So what I'm going to do is", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00041-00014266-00014643": "I'm going to work around the pipe and I'm going to clean it", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00042-00014643-00015043": "with this emery cloth and I'm going to get off all the dirt", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00043-00015043-00015423": "and filth on this pipe so that when I solder", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00044-00015423-00015759": "I don't have soot moving into my joint.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00045-00015759-00016104": "Because if I have too much soot, it's not going to allow the solder to stick.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00046-00016104-00016537": "So, now this is clean.  I'm going to take my flux", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00047-00016660-00016946": "and I'm going to put it around the pipe where the fittings going to go.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00048-00017404-00017842": "All the way around the pipe because this is what actually what keeps this pipe clean", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00049-00017843-00017931": "as I'm going to solder.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00050-00018060-00018466": "So now I'm going to put my fitting on and this is a brass fitting that transitions", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00051-00018467-00018554": "from copper", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00052-00018554-00018871": "to PEX.  So I'm going to push that fitting on.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00053-00018871-00019176": "Make sure it's all the way embedded onto the pipe.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00054-00019236-00019440": "Then I'm going to grab my solder.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00055-00019622-00019790": "And I'm going to start to heat this pipe", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00056-00019832-00020127": "with the MAP gas.  And I'm going to heat it gently", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00057-00020127-00020275": "and then start to apply my solder.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00058-00020756-00021182": "And I'm moving up and down the pipe here a little bit so I don't burn", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00059-00021182-00021692": "the certain spot where I need to apply my solder.  I don't want that spot burned", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00060-00021692-00022026": "because if I do, the solder's not going to stick.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00061-00022116-00022352": "And you can see the pipe starting to heat up here.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00062-00022402-00022836": "And what you do is just kinda tap it there to make sure that is hot enough", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00063-00022996-00023248": "then you can turn your flame off", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00064-00023249-00023531": "and work your solder around your joint.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00065-00023846-00023992": "Knock your drips off.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00066-00024146-00024388": "It's a very good thing when you're done here,", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00067-00024388-00024734": "before you get too far, to cool the pipe off", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00068-00025028-00025090": "because", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00069-00025090-00025481": "what it takes is, it takes about 800 degrees Fahrenheit for this solder", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00070-00025481-00025960": "to melt around that fitting.  So make sure you cool this joint off", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00071-00025960-00026419": "before you get too far.  Okay now we're going to talk about PEX.  We just got done with copper", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00072-00026419-00026537": "and now we're talking about PEX.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00073-00026537-00026901": "Copper is very rigid.  It has no flex to it.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00074-00026901-00027332": "PEX does.  So that's the beauty of it.  You can actually have soft", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00075-00027332-00027683": "bends in your water lines when you're running or", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00076-00027683-00028139": "supplying water to a certain area.  So we have a sample of PEX here", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00077-00028139-00028479": "which is a plastic water line, which comes in white,", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00078-00028479-00028791": "red, and blues.  So", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00079-00028791-00029262": "blue for cold, red for hot, white for neutral - whatever you want to use it for.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00080-00029262-00029654": "There's a couple different fittings here that we've got.  We've got the", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00081-00029654-00030041": "female adapter.  We've got the male adapter.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00082-00030041-00030380": "And I'm going to show you these two because this is a brass", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00083-00030380-00030761": "PEX fitting for half-inch, and this is a copper", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00084-00030761-00031105": "PEX fitting for half-inch.  They do the same thing.  They're both", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00085-00031105-00031429": "elbows-- just one's brass, one's copper.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00086-00031429-00031985": "My preference is brass.  And we also need the rings.  These are the", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00087-00031985-00032377": "pinch rings that will actually connect the pipe to the fitting.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00088-00032377-00032818": "So what I'm going to do here is cut a piece of the pipe for you.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00089-00032818-00033202": "And these are cutters.  They just cut right through the plastic pipe", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00090-00033202-00033649": "You saw how I had to cut the copper.  Now I'm going to show you how you have to cut the PEX.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00091-00033649-00033781": "It's much easier.  I just", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00092-00033781-00034120": "take a bite and I cut the pipe off.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00093-00034120-00034431": "And it's that easy.  And I can make my cuts.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00094-00034431-00034885": "So now what I'm going to do is show you,  when we fasten this ,", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00095-00034885-00035204": "I'm going to do a transition and show you how to", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00096-00035204-00035734": "assemble the PEX but also how to transition from copper to PEX.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00097-00035734-00036069": "So we have copper here, which we just soldered this", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00098-00036069-00036447": "adapter on to go from copper to PEX.  Now what I'm going to do is,", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00099-00036447-00036855": "I have to put my ring on my pipe first.  Slide", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00100-00036855-00037170": "the pipe all the way into the fitting.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00101-00037170-00037484": "All the way up against - not off the fitting but", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00102-00037484-00037815": "all the way on.  And then I want my ring,", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00103-00037815-00038141": "when it's pinched, about an eighth of an inch away", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00104-00038141-00038461": "from the end if the pipe - about one and", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00105-00038461-00038841": "or 1/8 of an inch away from that and what that's going to do is allow", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00106-00038841-00038935": "the ring", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00107-00038935-00039296": "when it's all said and done - the ring", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00108-00039296-00039722": "is going to go over the two ridges right there on the fitting, and seal that pipe up.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00109-00039722-00040122": "So we have the ratchet tool or the", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00110-00040122-00040440": "pinch tool which is a ratechting tool for", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00111-00040440-00040783": "putting the ring on.  So I have to have my jaws all the way open.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00112-00040783-00041155": "I'm going to go bite the fitting", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00113-00041352-00041596": "and there's a small mouth to go bite", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00114-00041596-00041897": "right here.  There's a small mouth you have to go bite with the", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00115-00041897-00042484": "tool.  Make a good connection.  I got to maintain my eighth of an inch", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00116-00042484-00042806": "and I start to squeeze my", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00117-00042806-00043162": "ring onto my pipe.  Once I get it to a certain point", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00118-00043162-00043546": "I got to get a lot of torque behind it and pinch that ring", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00119-00043546-00043887": "around the pipe completely with a good point", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00120-00043887-00044490": "I release, and what I've done is I've converted from copper to PEX", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00121-00044490-00044853": "and now this fitting right here is liquid type", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00122-00044853-00045381": "so I shouldn't have any leaks on it.  Okay now what we have here is the old form", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00123-00045381-00045747": "of water line which is galvanized pipe. You won't see that too much", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00124-00045747-00046150": "being installed anymore but you may run into it in an older home.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00125-00046150-00046540": "So what we're going to do is just briefly go over how fittings are installed", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00126-00046540-00046671": "in a galvanized pipe", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00127-00046671-00047001": "and the only way you can install fitting on galvanized pipe", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00128-00047001-00047564": "is by threads.  So first things first -  before we thread any fittings on -", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00129-00047564-00047965": "we have to put on Teflon tape, or we can use a", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00130-00047965-00048446": "uh like a toothpaste-type joint compound is what it's called", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00131-00048446-00048770": "or pipe dough is the trade name.  So", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00132-00048775-00049095": "What we need to do is take our Teflon tape", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00133-00049095-00049395": "and wrap it completely around all of our threads", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00134-00049395-00049772": "before we thread our fitting on.  And what I'm going to do is", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00135-00049772-00050090": "I'm going to wrap in the direction of", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00136-00050090-00050425": "the way the fitting's going to be threaded.  So in this case when I put this fitting", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00137-00050425-00050499": "on", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00138-00050499-00050882": "I'm going to have to turn to my right to get this fitting on.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00139-00050882-00051277": "So what I'm gonna do is I'm going to put my Teflon", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00140-00051277-00051601": "and I'm going to wrap it in the direction I'm going to turn.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00141-00051601-00052080": "So I put a strip on here, and then I'm going to wrap all the way around it.  I'm going to", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00142-00052080-00052151": "capture", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00143-00052151-00052529": "every thread on this piece of pipe", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00144-00052529-00053046": "so that I know when I put my fitting on, it'll be sealed up.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00145-00053046-00053216": "So I wrap once around it", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00146-00053492-00054063": "And the I'll take my fitting and start to thread this on", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00147-00054063-00054389": "and I get to hand-tight", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00148-00054389-00054736": "then I'm going to take a crescent wrench", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00149-00054736-00055138": "and finish the job.  And since I'm in this vise here", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00150-00055138-00055466": "I don't have to use a pipe wrench because if I wasn't", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00151-00055466-00055887": "I have to take my pipe wrench and put it around", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00152-00055887-00056271": "the pipe and clasp it in", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00153-00056271-00056655": "tightly and then", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00154-00056655-00057032": "start to turn my fitting on.  So just in case", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00155-00057032-00057516": "if my pipe starts to spin, the pipe wrench would stop this from spinning", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00156-00057516-00057966": "so I can fully thread my fitting on.", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00157-00057966-00058275": "And I need a thread this pretty tight.  I can't just go", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00158-00058275-00058775": "to hand-tight and maybe quarter turn. I need to probably get this thing on here", "a5-_0DuJpZ8-00159-00058775-00059096": "maybe one or two full turns before it's going to completely seal up."}}, {"audio_id": "a5B3I3eqFXk", "text": {"a5B3I3eqFXk-00000-00000015-00000591": "[Music Plays]", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00001-00000609-00000816": "(Narrator) Through the Digital Regions initiative", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00002-00000821-00001115": "the Australian Government, the Department of Education,", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00003-00001117-00001405": "Tasmania and its partners are funding the eleven million", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00004-00001405-00001774": "dollar Connected-Any Student, Any School project", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00005-00001777-00001980": "This project will link schools from across", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00006-00001982-00002227": "Tasmania’s three major school systems", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00007-00002227-00002537": "State, Catholic and Independent through a collaborative", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00008-00002541-00002887": "data centre that will allow any student teacher or parent", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00009-00002888-00003198": "Access to a wide range of teaching, collaborative and", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00010-00003198-00003545": "learning resources through a virtual learning environment.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00011-00003547-00003849": "The New Town High School is one of 24 schools 0:00:38.534,1193:02:47.295 currently participating in the project.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00012-00004059-00004387": "Using a virtual learning environment called fronter.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00013-00004390-00004685": "(Ben Wilson) We heard about the CASAS project and when there", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00014-00004685-00004965": "was an offer made to schools in Tasmania to become a pilot", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00015-00004966-00005259": "we were very anxious and keen to join that,", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00016-00005261-00005487": "because the fronter platform seemed to", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00017-00005489-00005748": "deliver all of the things that we required", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00018-00005751-00006114": "without asking teachers to be very technical.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00019-00006123-00006334": "(Natalie Nichols) Basically, a virtual learning environment", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00020-00006336-00006688": "allows students to access their work and resources", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00021-00006690-00006986": "anywhere, as long as they have access to the internet.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00022-00006990-00007361": "So they can access it during class or during their lunchtimes", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00023-00007363-00007612": "or even at home and one of the great things about it, is it", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00024-00007612-00007946": "means parents can also access this work as well from home.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00025-00007956-00008267": "(Duncan Gillanders) You can link work to each other so you can compare it.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00026-00008267-00008724": "So everyone can look at it. You can get Teachers to help you at home.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00027-00008724-00008904": "(Joe Kowaluk) Whenever you’re having trouble with", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00028-00008905-00009189": "homework or an assignment you can get in the Discussion", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00029-00009194-00009517": "section fronter and ask them the question", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00030-00009517-00009713": "and they pretty quickly get back to you.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00031-00009716-00009916": "(Natalie Nichols) Virtual learning environments really benefit", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00032-00009916-00010220": "our students, because they can access their work at any time.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00033-00010222-00010607": "It also allows them the ability to re-submit more", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00034-00010607-00010915": "easily because it’s easier for us to mark as Teachers.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00035-00010916-00011121": "So, when we have that re-submission", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00036-00011122-00011483": "process it allows kids to be able re-edit", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00037-00011484-00011861": "re-attempt and hopefully perfect their work, which is something that", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00038-00011862-00012152": "doesn’t happen probably as often as it should in our schools now.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00039-00012152-00012433": "“So in the background here, you’re going to", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00040-00012439-00012629": "change that into something more like this?”", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00041-00012631-00012897": "(Student) Yeah, I’m going to see if I can also get this aura.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00042-00012898-00013012": "(Natalie Nichols) Yep", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00043-00013014-00013262": "(Ben Wilson) The long term vision for fronter will be a fantastic", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00044-00013264-00013555": "communication between the student, the school and home.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00045-00013555-00013767": "(Deirdre Gillanders) As a parent you still want to", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00046-00013767-00014037": "be in contact with what they’re doing in class.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00047-00014037-00014264": "What the Teachers set for them – the work that", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00048-00014265-00014442": "they’re set and what they’re actually working on.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00049-00014443-00014638": "What their homework is. What the timetable", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00050-00014638-00014801": "is and it can actually show what’s going", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00051-00014801-00015037": "on into the future, what the expectations", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00052-00015037-00015215": "for the remainder of the year are.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00053-00015215-00015457": "(Narrator) Through the CASAS project 270", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00054-00015457-00015667": "schools across Tasmania will be able", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00055-00015667-00016052": "to link together with thousands of teachers and students set to benefit.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00056-00016056-00016366": "(Student) Schools don’t just learn through student teacher.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00057-00016387-00016720": "It’s also working between students. From home", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00058-00016721-00016935": "we’re able to ask other students questions.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00059-00016936-00017164": "See what their opinions on your thoughts are", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00060-00017166-00017432": "for an essay and it really helps you out.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00061-00017432-00017615": "(Ben Wilson) There are many students in", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00062-00017615-00017847": "Tasmania that are isolated and this project", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00063-00017848-00018027": "allows students to connect with their", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00064-00018028-00018324": "learning anytime, anywhere, using any device.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00065-00018370-00018711": "I think that what we will see will be an increase in student", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00066-00018713-00019104": "results as a consequence of using fronter within student classes.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00067-00019106-00019274": "(Natalie Nichols) It’s the future. This is where", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00068-00019274-00019518": "we’re headed. All classrooms are going to", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00069-00019518-00019757": "become more and more technology based because", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00070-00019757-00020005": "our workplaces are more technology based.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00071-00020007-00020239": "(Ben Wilson) It really is changing the way that", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00072-00020239-00020489": "students approach their learning and school.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00073-00020527-00020779": "Student: This program lets us learn at different", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00074-00020780-00021240": "rates – lets us learn individually and as a group.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00075-00021272-00021510": "(Ben Wilson) It will also change the relationships between", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00076-00021510-00021861": "Teachers and students to becoming more of mentors and peers", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00077-00021877-00022175": "so that everybody is working together in sharing ideas.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00078-00022175-00022326": "This is the direction that education", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00079-00022327-00022620": "needs to move in to really engage the digital", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00080-00022620-00022901": "natives that are the students that we teach today.", "a5B3I3eqFXk-00081-00022905-00023366": "[Music Plays]"}}, {"audio_id": "a6R2fYfFopM", "text": {"a6R2fYfFopM-00000-00000088-00000560": "Hello, my name is Evan Bolyen. I’m a PhD student under Greg Caporaso at NAU.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00001-00000616-00001048": "I’m also a research software engineer and one of the lead developers", "a6R2fYfFopM-00002-00001048-00001664": "of the QIIME 2 project. Today we're going to be talking about ANCOM and to do that we're going to", "a6R2fYfFopM-00003-00001664-00002128": "start with me kind of drawing out a sketch of what's going on with a pretty simple example,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00004-00002184-00002536": "and then we're going to return to the tutorial and follow that.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00005-00002848-00003544": "So, suppose we have two samples. So we have sample one and we have sample two. And within these", "a6R2fYfFopM-00006-00003544-00004288": "samples, we have features. So we have features a, b, c, and so on, all the way through f.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00007-00004352-00004952": "Similarly in sample two we have the same six features all the way to f. And if we're", "a6R2fYfFopM-00008-00004952-00005520": "interested in differential abundance, we might be interested in how, say, feature a in sample one", "a6R2fYfFopM-00009-00005576-00006528": "changes in sample two. And so let's suppose that feature a actually increases in sample two.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00010-00006631-00007576": "Well, a consequence of this is all of the other features in sample 2 must decrease. And I’ll", "a6R2fYfFopM-00011-00007576-00008432": "explain why that is in a second. Similarly if sample 2's feature a were to actually decrease", "a6R2fYfFopM-00012-00008432-00009352": "instead, then that would mean that all of the other features in sample 2 must increase.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00013-00009656-00010296": "So the key to understanding this behavior is each sample has its own sequencing depth. And", "a6R2fYfFopM-00014-00010296-00011048": "so sample one I’m going to say the sequencing depth is N1. Similarly for sample two it is N2.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00015-00011168-00012064": "And so what this means is that all of our features - so let's say feature a plus feature b", "a6R2fYfFopM-00016-00012248-00013216": "and so on up until feature f, which is our last feature - must equal that sequencing depth. And", "a6R2fYfFopM-00017-00013216-00013832": "the same thing is true of sample 2 over here. So if we were to increase a just like before,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00018-00013904-00014688": "that means in order to still equal N2, so this is still N2, we have to decrease all of the other", "a6R2fYfFopM-00019-00014688-00015352": "terms in order for that equality to still be the case. And so we tend to not think about this too", "a6R2fYfFopM-00020-00015352-00015824": "much because these sequencing depths are something we generally don't control, so they're kind", "a6R2fYfFopM-00021-00015824-00016608": "of random. But they do exist. And so our data is constrained by the sequencing depth of our sample.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00022-00016872-00017584": "So if we wanted to compare feature a in sample one with feature a in sample two, we have a", "a6R2fYfFopM-00023-00017584-00018384": "slight challenge because all of these features are related to their unrelated sequencing depths.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00024-00018480-00019312": "So a trick we can use is we can see the frequency of feature a as really being", "a6R2fYfFopM-00025-00019312-00020096": "the proportion of a times that depth. So these are equal. And if we look at it this way", "a6R2fYfFopM-00026-00020096-00020496": "we realize that when we take the ratio of something - so let's say,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00027-00020816-00021648": "let's say we have the proportion of a times its depth over the proportion of,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00028-00021648-00022392": "let's say feature d, times its depth. Well since these are the same term, they just cancel out.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00029-00022448-00023440": "And so we can just say that is equal to the ratio of feature a over feature d.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00030-00023680-00023984": "And so we can use this to understand", "a6R2fYfFopM-00031-00024056-00024648": "change between our samples which is independent of these sequencing depths.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00032-00024824-00025664": "And so over here we can say something similar, we can say what is f a over f d and now we have", "a6R2fYfFopM-00033-00025664-00026168": "something we can compare between the two because we've cancelled out that sequencing depth.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00034-00026352-00026936": "Now there's one last thing we might want to address and that's that the comparison of feature", "a6R2fYfFopM-00035-00026936-00027727": "a over feature d is not going to be the same as the comparison of feature d over feature a.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00036-00027816-00028183": "And that's maybe not so desirable but it's a pretty easy thing to fix.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00037-00028256-00029048": "So if we take the log of this so if we say the log of that, well now", "a6R2fYfFopM-00038-00029168-00029856": "the log of the other side is simply its inverse. So we can say that is the negative log of this.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00039-00030000-00030583": "And so this is basically our log ratio and it's what most compositional methods are based on.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00040-00030792-00031327": "So if we return to our community, we know we're interested in some kind of ratio and so we want", "a6R2fYfFopM-00041-00031327-00032336": "to know how maybe the ratio between feature a and d changes in sample one compared to f versus d", "a6R2fYfFopM-00042-00032336-00033040": "in sample two. And so something we can do is set up a pretty simple anova. And so we can say", "a6R2fYfFopM-00043-00033136-00034064": "that our equation looks like the log of f a over f d and we're going to have some intercept,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00044-00034176-00034848": "we're going to have some beta for sample one, and we'll have some residual as well for one.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00045-00035072-00035360": "And so then we can do the same thing on the other side.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00046-00035576-00035808": "So we'll have the log of f a and sample 2", "a6R2fYfFopM-00047-00035904-00036872": "over f d and we'll have again that global intercept and then the effect of sample two,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00048-00036952-00037616": "so that'll be our beta two, and then again some epsilon which is our error.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00049-00037856-00038392": "So now we have something we can test. So we can ask the question is beta", "a6R2fYfFopM-00050-00038392-00038904": ",1 the effect of sample 1, different from beta 2, the effect of sample 2?", "a6R2fYfFopM-00051-00038992-00039552": "And so if they're the same, then that means this ratio in sample one has not really changed in", "a6R2fYfFopM-00052-00039552-00040248": "sample two, so there's not really a difference here. But if they are different, then that means", "a6R2fYfFopM-00053-00040248-00040784": "that we have some kind of significantly different ratio. So we have a differentially abundant ratio.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00054-00041016-00041560": "And so that's pretty handy, but it's still a ratio. So we don't know whether or not we can", "a6R2fYfFopM-00055-00041560-00042496": "pin the blame on feature a or feature d. We just know the ratio between them has changed. So I’ve", "a6R2fYfFopM-00056-00042496-00043176": "now combined those two communities and we're going to talk about it in terms of just the features.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00057-00043176-00044016": "So if we're interested in say feature a to d, if this edge is significant that means in sample one", "a6R2fYfFopM-00058-00044088-00044776": "this comparison has a different beta than in sample two. So let's suppose it is significant", "a6R2fYfFopM-00059-00044832-00045440": "and let's assume that the difference in beta 2 compared to beta 1 is negative. Well", "a6R2fYfFopM-00060-00045440-00046216": "that either implies that feature d has increased or it could also be the case", "a6R2fYfFopM-00061-00046216-00047064": "that feature a has decreased. We can't really tell those apart but ANCOM has one more trick and that", "a6R2fYfFopM-00062-00047064-00047808": "is to do all of the comparisons. So if we were to test feature a against feature b,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00063-00047920-00048824": "feature c against feature a, feature a against e, a against f, and then likewise over on d make", "a6R2fYfFopM-00064-00048824-00049760": "those same comparisons - so d to b, d to c, d to e, and d to f - we can try and determine", "a6R2fYfFopM-00065-00049840-00050512": "which of these is more significant. So let's suppose that over here in", "a6R2fYfFopM-00066-00050512-00051455": "feature d we find the comparison is significant, significant, significant, and significant.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00067-00051632-00052079": "However when we look at feature a, only the connection to feature d was significant.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00068-00052167-00052824": "And so who do we think is actually differentially abundant here? Well odds are pretty good it's", "a6R2fYfFopM-00069-00052824-00053655": "going to be feature d. And so if we count up these significant edges, that's going to be our w score.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00070-00053712-00054424": "And so here we have a w of one two three four five. So we'd say the w of feature d is five,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00071-00054576-00055720": "whereas the w of feature a is only one. And if we do that for all comparisons against every single", "a6R2fYfFopM-00072-00056008-00056912": "feature - as I draw out this crazy graph - we will have kind of a network and a distribution", "a6R2fYfFopM-00073-00056912-00057655": "of w scores. And so with a w of 5 that's basically as good as you're going to get.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00074-00057736-00058536": "This is the theoretical maximum for six features. But maybe we'll see a w of four or maybe a w of", "a6R2fYfFopM-00075-00058536-00059232": "three. And so what we want to do is look at the distribution of these ws because we're", "a6R2fYfFopM-00076-00059232-00059864": "going to expect it will be bimodal. There will be some w's so some set of features where the w is", "a6R2fYfFopM-00077-00059864-00060552": "awfully high and then others where it's really not that high so it'll be low. And that's how we're", "a6R2fYfFopM-00078-00060552-00061128": "going to identify which features are actually differentially abundant and in what direction.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00079-00061552-00061888": "Okay so I have the tutorial up here now", "a6R2fYfFopM-00080-00061888-00062328": "and so you should make sure that you scroll to the section differential abundance with ANCOM.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00081-00062464-00062888": "So one of the first steps we're going to do is we're actually going to filter some features out.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00082-00062960-00063536": "So I’m going to copy this command and I’m going to go over to my console and I’m going to make", "a6R2fYfFopM-00083-00063536-00064120": "sure I’m inside of workshop mouse tutorial and I am going to paste that in - oh my goodness,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00084-00064224-00064624": "I wasn't expecting it to copy right then. So I’m going to come back over here, I’m going to copy,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00085-00064728-00065320": "and I’m going to paste it in. So I’m going to hit enter and what this is going to do is it's", "a6R2fYfFopM-00086-00065320-00066032": "going to take our table 2k - so this is a feature table where all of the samples have at least 2000", "a6R2fYfFopM-00087-00066032-00066552": "features - and we're going to add an additional refinement. So we're going to drop features", "a6R2fYfFopM-00088-00066680-00067496": "which are either seen less than 50 times or in less than four samples. And if we wanted to fully", "a6R2fYfFopM-00089-00067496-00068024": "understand the definition of that - so whether it's inclusive or exclusive - we can test that", "a6R2fYfFopM-00090-00068024-00069360": "by typing qiime feature table filter features help and we can see the definitions of these things.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00091-00069624-00070120": "All right, so now that I have that, I’m going to return to the tutorial and we're going to talk", "a6R2fYfFopM-00092-00070120-00070816": "about why we might want to do that. So one thing to realize about ANCOM is since we're testing for", "a6R2fYfFopM-00093-00070816-00071448": "differential abundance, it's more useful if the features we're testing that with are actually", "a6R2fYfFopM-00094-00071448-00071888": "present in multiple samples. Otherwise there's really not the opportunity for those to be", "a6R2fYfFopM-00095-00071984-00072488": "differentially abundant at all, you'll really just get differential presence absence and", "a6R2fYfFopM-00096-00072488-00073120": "it'll be on features which probably aren't very important because they're either rare members or", "a6R2fYfFopM-00097-00073296-00074072": "just noise outright. So that's kind of the the goal here. And now, scrolling down a little bit,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00098-00074072-00074560": "we're going to do another step. And so this is qiime composition add pseudo count.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00099-00074656-00075392": "And so what a pseudo count is, it's a way of kind of getting around the fact", "a6R2fYfFopM-00100-00075392-00076056": "that you cannot really divide by zero, and even if you could, taking the log of 0 is also", "a6R2fYfFopM-00101-00076056-00076528": "no good. So what we're going to do is we're going to add a small number", "a6R2fYfFopM-00102-00076528-00077184": "to every single observation. So where we would have seen a 0 in our in our table - so for some", "a6R2fYfFopM-00103-00077184-00077600": "sample in some feature there is just a zero because we didn't observe it - we're going to", "a6R2fYfFopM-00104-00077600-00078072": "pretend we did observe it but only, like, once. And so that's what this command is going to do.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00105-00078248-00078848": "And so essentially what we're doing is we are saying that we have made an observation", "a6R2fYfFopM-00106-00078848-00079696": "of almost everything and so that's going to help us actually take these log ratios. And", "a6R2fYfFopM-00107-00079696-00080424": "so we're going to assume that every zero is not necessarily a structural zero, rather it's more of", "a6R2fYfFopM-00108-00080424-00081040": "a measurement zero where our resolution was just too poor. So if we had sequenced deeper maybe we", "a6R2fYfFopM-00109-00081040-00081520": "would have observed something. And so we're just assuming we've observed at least one thing so", "a6R2fYfFopM-00110-00081520-00082128": "that we can take a log ratio. It's not the most elegant way to approach this but it does work.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00111-00082408-00082784": "Yeah. I do hope that in the future we come up with some better strategies for this,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00112-00082864-00083232": "but zero is a real problem with compositional methods.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00113-00083448-00083696": "Okay so the first thing we're going to do", "a6R2fYfFopM-00114-00083944-00084792": "in ANCOM is we are going to analyze by donor. So we're going to ask the question - so we", "a6R2fYfFopM-00115-00084792-00085656": "have these samples right - we're going to ask the question, \"are the samples whose donor are healthy", "a6R2fYfFopM-00116-00085656-00086296": "versus those with Parkinson’s disease, is there a change in any of the log ratios, and", "a6R2fYfFopM-00117-00086384-00087104": "is there enough of a systemic bias for one feature so it's causing many log ratios to", "a6R2fYfFopM-00118-00087104-00087792": "be significantly different that we would believe that that otu or that feature is the cause of it?\"", "a6R2fYfFopM-00119-00087992-00088816": "Maybe not the cause of it but the reason that we see a differentially abundant feature at all.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00120-00088904-00089640": "So the reason for the differentially abundant ratio. So I’m going to hit enter. And so", "a6R2fYfFopM-00121-00089640-00090096": "this is going to take a little bit to run because it is doing all pairwise comparisons", "a6R2fYfFopM-00122-00090216-00091088": "between these groups. You'll notice we also ran, in that same command, a test against genotype.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00123-00091144-00091800": "So where now we're asking the question does the predisposition of the mouse to", "a6R2fYfFopM-00124-00091800-00092480": "kind of our Parkinson’s model cause a difference in any of the otus that we", "a6R2fYfFopM-00125-00092584-00093376": "observe. And so what we have now are two qzvs and so what I’m going to do is I’m going to go to", "a6R2fYfFopM-00126-00093600-00093984": "workshopserver.QIIME2.org/my", "a6R2fYfFopM-00127-00094056-00094596": "username - which happens to be astute lobster because I thought that sounded cool -", "a6R2fYfFopM-00128-00094784-00095456": "and you're going to see many more files, I only grabbed the files I needed for this tutorial", "a6R2fYfFopM-00129-00095512-00096040": "which is why there's so few. But the things we're interested in are ANCOM donor and ANCOM genotype.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00130-00096120-00096616": "So let's maybe take a look at donor first. So I’m going to copy the link address and I’m going to", "a6R2fYfFopM-00131-00096616-00097400": "go to view view.QIIME2.org. I’m going to select file from the web, I’m going to paste that in", "a6R2fYfFopM-00132-00097544-00098224": "and we're going to run. And so the first thing we see is kind of this very interesting plot.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00133-00098296-00099008": "So this is called a volcano plot and when I was talking about the w scores - so the number of", "a6R2fYfFopM-00134-00099008-00099584": "comparisons which were deemed significant for the test we ran - I said that we'd", "a6R2fYfFopM-00135-00099584-00100176": "see kind of a distribution. And so what we're seeing here is that distribution of w scores.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00136-00100232-00101008": "And so what we want to do is find those values which are most extreme - and so there's maybe not", "a6R2fYfFopM-00137-00101008-00101744": "a perfect cutoff point here, but it's pretty safe to say that this feature here which has a very", "a6R2fYfFopM-00138-00101744-00102440": "high value of w is probably more differentially abundant than something down here which is", "a6R2fYfFopM-00139-00102440-00103056": "probably only has a w score of 28 because some other features changed, changing that guy's ratio.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00140-00103224-00103792": "Now on the x-axis we have basically the effect. So you'll see clr here and that is the centered", "a6R2fYfFopM-00141-00103792-00104424": "log ratio and so this is a way to aggregate basically the impact of that one feature against", "a6R2fYfFopM-00142-00104424-00105304": "the rest of the community. So we're interested in features that not only seem to be awfully", "a6R2fYfFopM-00143-00105304-00106008": "suspicious in the number of times they have been found in a differentially abundant ratio,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00144-00106080-00106832": "but also those that have an unusually large effect relative to the average, which is all the clr is", "a6R2fYfFopM-00145-00106832-00107656": "telling us. So w is basically the not exactly the significance but the importance of that feature", "a6R2fYfFopM-00146-00107728-00108528": "and see the x-axis is the effect. So down here we see a table kind of explaining the same thing.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00147-00108632-00109383": "And so ANCOM has chosen essentially all of these features as being differentially abundant.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00148-00109456-00110176": "And this is the donor group, so these are features that we think have systematically changed between", "a6R2fYfFopM-00149-00110280-00111104": "the healthy control donors and the Parkinson’s donors. We can also look at percentiles", "a6R2fYfFopM-00150-00111176-00111911": "for these two groups. So we have healthy control and Parkinson’s donor - so you'll notice at the", "a6R2fYfFopM-00151-00111911-00112528": "zeroth percentile we have these ones, remember that is artificial, we had an imputation step", "a6R2fYfFopM-00152-00112528-00113128": "where we added a pseudo count. So every one you see here is actually a zero deep down.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00153-00113272-00113935": "And then we have the 25th percentile and so now we see 427, if we look over in the Parkinson’s", "a6R2fYfFopM-00154-00113935-00114464": "it looks like this maybe isn't differentially abundant so much as it is differentially present,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00155-00114464-00114983": "but that's still interesting. Let's see if we can find a nice differentially abundant one.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00156-00115176-00116000": "I suppose this one's okay. So over here we do have a feature which is pretty rare it looks like", "a6R2fYfFopM-00157-00116135-00116656": "and it's found more in the Parkinson’s group. So this is indeed differential abundance", "a6R2fYfFopM-00158-00116888-00117056": "just looking through here - here's a better one.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00159-00117192-00117880": "So this one has some actual observations - again, relatively rare in the healthy control,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00160-00118016-00118656": "and also actually pretty rare in the Parkinson’s group, but we are detecting you know an actual", "a6R2fYfFopM-00161-00118656-00119359": "difference in its abundance. So that's kind of what this visualization is showing us.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00162-00119456-00120159": "If we look at the other one - so going back over to the workshop server - I’m going to look", "a6R2fYfFopM-00163-00120159-00120772": "at genotype because we already looked at donor. So I’m going to - nope, not that -", "a6R2fYfFopM-00164-00120935-00121616": "I am going to copy the link address and I’m going to go to view.QIIME 2.org,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00165-00121832-00122511": "file from the web, I’m going to paste that in. And that's the ANCOM genotype. And so here we're going", "a6R2fYfFopM-00166-00122511-00123456": "to see kind of a pretty extreme change, right. So most of our values, even if they have like", "a6R2fYfFopM-00167-00123544-00124264": "a pretty reasonable effect size given the range of our data, really don't seem to be", "a6R2fYfFopM-00168-00124359-00125056": "separating themselves in terms of all the log ratios that we are comparing. Something that", "a6R2fYfFopM-00169-00125056-00125552": "does kind of stand out are these two - and you'll have to excuse me, that is my cat.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00170-00125792-00126183": "She hears me talking and really wants to understand what's going on.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00171-00126272-00126944": "So we see this split in distribution that is kind of what we're looking for.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00172-00127104-00127583": "And so we see these three features that income selected, so that would be these top three.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00173-00127680-00127983": "And we can see this first one actually is really nice.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00174-00128040-00128624": "So we have some real observations of it in the susceptible group - we're looking at genotype", "a6R2fYfFopM-00175-00128624-00129248": "now so this is our mouse model - and then also actual observations of it in our wild type.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00176-00129248-00129632": "But ANCOM has identified this as an actually differentially abundant feature.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00177-00129832-00130208": "These last two appear to be more of a presence absence kind of thing,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00178-00130208-00130592": "so we have some observations in the wild type and again really nothing going on here.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00179-00130816-00131592": "So if we go back to the tutorial we can think about these questions. So the first question is", "a6R2fYfFopM-00180-00131592-00132064": "are there more differentially abundant features between the donors or the mouse genotype?", "a6R2fYfFopM-00181-00132376-00132992": "So if we look at this we see donor has a great many features that are", "a6R2fYfFopM-00182-00132992-00133208": "differentially abundant and genotype less so,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00183-00133416-00134296": "and the question prompts us \"do we expect this given beta diversity?\" So if we remember some of", "a6R2fYfFopM-00184-00134296-00134768": "the visualizations we looked at before - so I’m just scrolling up here to take a look at", "a6R2fYfFopM-00185-00134992-00135316": "beta group significance would be pretty good -", "a6R2fYfFopM-00186-00135584-00135984": "I want donor significance, so let's look at that one. And then", "a6R2fYfFopM-00187-00136264-00136588": "not seeing a very exciting one for -", "a6R2fYfFopM-00188-00137008-00137184": "I might cut this out of the video,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00189-00137184-00137704": "we'll see - all right so we have the donor significance, and we see", "a6R2fYfFopM-00190-00137984-00138464": "there does appear to be kind of like a difference happening here, right. We have a p value that", "a6R2fYfFopM-00191-00138464-00139312": "looks pretty good. Visually, it seems convincing enough. And so if we look at our donor I think", "a6R2fYfFopM-00192-00139312-00139800": "that's recapitulated given the number of features that are really different here.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00193-00139800-00140312": "And so if we have a lot of features that are differentially abundant, we would expect that", "a6R2fYfFopM-00194-00140312-00140760": "the distances between these two groups might be a little bit higher with beta diversity.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00195-00140984-00141720": "All right the next question is - here we are - are there any features that are differentially", "a6R2fYfFopM-00196-00141720-00142312": "abundant in both the donors and by genotype? So let's let's take a look at that. And the", "a6R2fYfFopM-00197-00142312-00142848": "way I’m going to do that is I am going to search the small set against the large set.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00198-00142920-00143280": "So I’m just going to type that in and chrome says there's no results for that.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00199-00143368-00143952": "I’m going to do the same thing here - and just to remind people what these crazy strings are,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00200-00144008-00144672": "they are a hash of the sequence. So basically we've taken the full sequence of this section", "a6R2fYfFopM-00201-00144672-00145312": "of 16s and we've kind of mushed it up into this little string which is much simpler to look at.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00202-00145456-00146048": "This is called a hash. It's not compression because we have actually lost some information", "a6R2fYfFopM-00203-00146048-00146472": "here, but not in a way that actually matters in practice. So I’m going to copy that", "a6R2fYfFopM-00204-00146560-00147080": "I’m going to search and so we see that there really aren't any shared features", "a6R2fYfFopM-00205-00147080-00147608": "between these. So it looks like donor and genotype are completely independent effects.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00206-00147920-00148560": "Okay so the next question is how many differentially", "a6R2fYfFopM-00207-00148560-00148832": "abundant features are there between the two genotypes?", "a6R2fYfFopM-00208-00149064-00149512": "And are they more abundant in the wild type or susceptible? Fortunately the genotypes the", "a6R2fYfFopM-00209-00149512-00150080": "simple one and we kind of went over this, so for the most part it seems that the wild type", "a6R2fYfFopM-00210-00150232-00150632": "has the higher abundance because these two were just differentially present,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00211-00150632-00151360": "this one was differentially abundant, and we can also see that the effect of this was 2.4.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00212-00151360-00151888": "So I don't like thinking about log odds which is kind of what this is, so I’m not", "a6R2fYfFopM-00213-00151888-00152320": "going to stew on that too much. But we can see it's a pretty good effect and it's positive,", "a6R2fYfFopM-00214-00152320-00152784": "so we have more in the comparison of susceptible against wild type.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00215-00153136-00153736": "Okay and the last question: use taxonomy metadata visualization and search sequence identifiers for", "a6R2fYfFopM-00216-00153736-00154184": "the significantly different features by genotype. What genera do they belong to?", "a6R2fYfFopM-00217-00154240-00154800": "So I’m actually going to leave that as an exercise for you guys, because it's important", "a6R2fYfFopM-00218-00154800-00155376": "to be able to kind of think about these things. But I will give you a hint. So the taxonomy", "a6R2fYfFopM-00219-00155376-00156080": "metadata visualization we generated up here a little bit. So we have our taxonomy bar chart", "a6R2fYfFopM-00220-00156336-00156496": "and over here we have", "a6R2fYfFopM-00221-00156768-00157504": "a tabulate seqs or sorry, not tabulate seqs, tabulate metadata. So here we're using the", "a6R2fYfFopM-00222-00157504-00158192": "taxonomy file as metadata and producing that visualization. So I’m just going to look at", "a6R2fYfFopM-00223-00158192-00158704": "that. And so you can imagine you can actually search those differentially abundant features", "a6R2fYfFopM-00224-00158760-00159144": "and you could look at these and try and understand is there any kind of like", "a6R2fYfFopM-00225-00159208-00159800": "taxonomic interpretation for these features. So basically, do we interpret these as", "a6R2fYfFopM-00226-00159800-00160288": "amplicon sequence variants, or is there some more general pattern we can identify using taxonomy.", "a6R2fYfFopM-00227-00160384-00161024": "So that's basically all there is to it! Thank you for listening and hopefully this was helpful."}}, {"audio_id": "a6SKSNuIEFo", "text": {"a6SKSNuIEFo-00000-00001115-00001279": "Item #: SCP-2047", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00001-00001279-00001725": "Object Class: Keter", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00002-00001725-00002410": "Special Containment Procedures: SCP-2047 is to be held in a containment chamber which", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00003-00002410-00003067": "utilizes a Faraday mesh in its construction to block incoming or outgoing radio signals.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00004-00003067-00003532": "SCP-2047 is to be monitored for radio communications.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00005-00003532-00004107": "Any radio signals, or changes in the intensity of light sourcing from SCP-2047 are to be", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00006-00004107-00004362": "reported immediately to the site director.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00007-00004362-00005040": "MTF Omega-4 \"Foreign Exchange Students\" is to monitor major astronomical centers and", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00008-00005040-00005754": "public communications for claims relating to details of the SCP-2047-1 event or its", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00009-00005754-00005854": "effects.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00010-00005854-00006354": "Amnestics are to be administered to any non-Foundation personnel possessing knowledge of anomalous", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00011-00006354-00006783": "data in relation to the SCP-2047-1 event.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00012-00006783-00007572": "MTF Omega-4 is also to monitor and contain any spacetime anomalies resulting from event", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00013-00007572-00008272": "2047-1, as well as displaced biomass, non-Euclidean intersections of terrain, and transplanted", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00014-00008272-00008437": "matter.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00015-00008437-00009214": "Description: SCP-2047 is a hollow iron sphere with a 40 cm diameter, covered in language", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00016-00009214-00009502": "originating from Theta-c.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00017-00009502-00010052": "These inscriptions describe the process that occurs in Event 2047-A, as a warning system", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00018-00010052-00010319": "for the target planet.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00019-00010319-00010927": "The surface of SCP-2047 has so far proved unnaturally resistant to attempts to open", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00020-00010927-00011209": "or cut into the cavity inside.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00021-00011209-00011831": "Scans of SCP-2047's innards only reveal the basic outline for advanced machinery.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00022-00011831-00012525": "Nothing is understood about how SCP-2047 functions or how it is capable in assisting in Event", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00023-00012525-00013069": "2047-A, other than to relay a radio signal back to Theta-c.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00024-00013069-00013459": "Event Log 2047-A-1973:", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00025-00013459-00014628": "Day 1, 7/13/1973: At 00:01:01, Earth and an exoplanet designated Theta-c undergo an exchange", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00026-00014628-00014873": "of spatial position.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00027-00014873-00015396": "Earth is deposited in Theta-c's previous solar system, while Theta-c takes Earth's spot in", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00028-00015396-00015540": "the old Sol System.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00029-00015540-00015840": "The process occurs instantaneously.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00030-00015840-00016259": "No contact can be established with the lunar Minerva project.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00031-00016259-00016831": "(See Supplement 2047-E for information on Theta-c.)", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00032-00016831-00017845": "Day 2, 7/14: Radio transmission is relayed through SCP-2047 at 01:32:57, via its spatial", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00033-00017845-00018238": "anomaly and multi-locational existence.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00034-00018238-00018673": "Radio transmissions are initially audible and are initiated in an unknown language (presumed", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00035-00018673-00019051": "to be one of those used on Theta-c).", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00036-00019051-00019587": "Over the next 12 hours, the language converts into increasingly fluent English, until full", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00037-00019587-00020062": "communications between Earth and Theta-c are established.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00038-00020062-00020477": "Theta-c's \"interstellar exchange program\" is first described.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00039-00020477-00021215": "The Foundation requests a reversal of Event 2047-A. Theta-c responds with denial.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00040-00021215-00022165": "Day 113, 11/1 : Knowledge of Event 2047-A eventually spreads over the first two weeks.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00041-00022165-00022726": "The Foundation has no viable method of hiding the knowledge of the cosmic shift.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00042-00022726-00023166": "Religious institutions experience a peak in attendance, and some reform their values to", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00043-00023166-00023632": "accommodate for this event, while others dissipate entirely.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00044-00023632-00023995": "No knowledge of the existence of other sentient life reaches the public.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00045-00023995-00024579": "As news of the loss of the Minerva project reaches the public, however, general anxiety", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00046-00024579-00024679": "increases.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00047-00024679-00025279": "Foreign relations between major powers become strained as the United States, Soviet Union,", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00048-00025279-00025708": "and China enter a space race to explore the new solar system.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00049-00025708-00026258": "The Middle East experiences a non-violent wave of protests and demonstrations in response", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00050-00026258-00026839": "to the upheaval of the known world, and unrest with their civil governments.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00051-00026839-00027277": "Containment efforts by the Foundation are beginning to become problematic due to the", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00052-00027277-00027825": "Foundation's use of resources on continued efforts to prevent societal collapse.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00053-00027825-00028077": "Requests to Theta-c for assistance are denied.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00054-00028077-00028818": "(See Supplement 2047-F for information on previous exploration of the solar system.)", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00055-00028818-00029786": "Day 286, 4/23/1974: Containment of Keter-level SCP objects grows increasingly difficult and", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00056-00029786-00030131": "strains a majority of Foundation resources.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00057-00030131-00030699": "Hostilities between nations increase as they become increasingly suspicious of one another.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00058-00030699-00031255": "The United Nations becomes a strained force, not very effective in mitigating the deterioration", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00059-00031255-00031369": "of relations.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00060-00031369-00031889": "Southeast Asia experiences a systematic political repression as China falls behind in the Space", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00061-00031889-00032414": "Race, followed by religious accusations in response to the increased volume of religious", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00062-00032414-00032588": "activity.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00063-00032588-00033029": "Requests to Theta-c for assistance, following a presentation of detriments to the human", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00064-00033029-00033290": "race, is approved.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00065-00033290-00034001": "Day 339, 6/17: A collaboration between Theta-c and Earth is initiated in order to attempt", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00066-00034001-00034725": "to reverse the detriments of Event 2047-A. Theta-c announces to the Foundation that reversal", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00067-00034725-00035340": "of the entire process is impossible, but suggests that a localized reality reset may be viable.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00068-00035340-00036152": "Using a combination of SCP-2047 and Theta-c's technology, a CK-class Reality Restructuring", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00069-00036152-00036743": "Scenario is created, and includes a mass change to astronomical data, records, and memories", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00070-00036743-00037052": "revolving around the field of astronomy.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00071-00037052-00037699": "This restructuring also resets the date on Earth to July 13th, 1973.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00072-00037699-00038343": "Foundation staff at Site-88 (which houses SCP-2047) maintain full records relating to", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00073-00038343-00038850": "Earth's previous location, and are excluded from the reality restructuring in order to", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00074-00038850-00039140": "facilitate the further suppression of knowledge.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00075-00039140-00039656": "After a full debriefing of top Foundation personnel, the residents of Theta-c are informed", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00076-00039656-00040169": "that further collaboration with the Foundation would not be continued due to an unacceptable", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00077-00040169-00040681": "risk of societal collapse stemming from uncertainty relating to previous events.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00078-00040681-00041722": "Post-Reset Day 146, 12/5/1973: Apollo-18 space mission to Earth's new natural satellite is", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00079-00041722-00041822": "launched.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00080-00041822-00042252": "Included on-board are the personnel and materials required to produce replicas that match the", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00081-00042252-00042858": "vehicles left behind by Apollo 11-17, as well as establish a temporary lunar settlement", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00082-00042858-00043271": "to begin re-establishment of the Foundation's lunar sites.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00083-00043271-00044140": "Post-Reset Day 156, 12/15: Foundation Lunar Site-190 begins construction, with resupply", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00084-00044140-00044468": "loads arriving on a weekly schedule.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00085-00044468-00045516": "Post-Reset Day 1517, 7/5/1977: Voyager 1 mission launches in order to better ascertain the", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00086-00045516-00045903": "details of the solar system that Earth now resides in.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00087-00045903-00046390": "Minimal data was relayed from Theta-c after the exchange, but further investigation is", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00088-00046390-00046577": "warranted as necessary.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00089-00046577-00046832": "Pertinent Debriefing Materials:", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00090-00046832-00047113": "Supplement 2047-E", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00091-00047113-00047637": "Planet Theta-c, also known as \"Pycole\" by its inhabitants, is the densest planet in", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00092-00047637-00047866": "its respective solar system.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00093-00047866-00048493": "Theta-c houses approximately 9.144 billion different species, in the best translation", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00094-00048493-00048847": "between nomenclature systems possible.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00095-00048847-00049493": "Its sentient population is distributed among nineteen minor continents and one major landmass,", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00096-00049493-00049821": "including 147 independent governments.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00097-00049821-00050486": "However, all states are connected to one central government that is housed on the major landmass.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00098-00050486-00051021": "The apparent age of Theta-c is 4.7 billion years, exceeding the Earth's approximate age", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00099-00051021-00051352": "by around 0.2 billion years.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00100-00051352-00051742": "The development of both anaerobic and aerobic life assisted in the creation of this planet's", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00101-00051742-00052228": "ozone layer, although aquatic-based lifeforms were more prominent in Theta-c's development", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00102-00052228-00052453": "of sentient life.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00103-00052453-00053151": "Its gravitational force is 9.582 m/s2, just below that of Earth's.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00104-00053151-00053500": "Each day on Theta-c is just above 24 Earth hours.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00105-00053500-00054202": "For every two centuries on Theta-c, there is approximately one additional Earth day.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00106-00054202-00054710": "Inhabitants of Theta-c are a sentient race of semi-aquatic, bipedal humanoids.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00107-00054710-00055121": "They have a chitin - scale aggregate above their epidermis, with the majority of their", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00108-00055121-00055485": "internal organ systems being similar to that of a human's.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00109-00055485-00055958": "Through glands above their sternum, similar to gills, they are able to maintain a limited", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00110-00055958-00056137": "ability to breathe underwater.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00111-00056137-00056747": "In contemporary Theta-c society, however, civilization is land-based, with very few", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00112-00056747-00057189": "underwater establishments, and all establishments of this type are research-centered.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00113-00057189-00057853": "Philosophy of Theta-c largely revolves around olfactory expansion and the resulting effects", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00114-00057853-00058110": "on cognition.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00115-00058110-00058508": "Inhabitants of Theta-c believe that taste is the most fundamental sensory experience", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00116-00058508-00059194": "in existence, and as such provides the most connection with the universe around them.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00117-00059194-00059639": "Religious institutions are based on schools of thought on the effects of culinary design", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00118-00059639-00059912": "and their relations to cognition.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00119-00059912-00060209": "There is no mention of the belief of a deity.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00120-00060209-00060736": "Theta-c's technology is advanced past that of the Foundation's, as interactions have", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00121-00060736-00060885": "related.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00122-00060885-00061360": "Theta-c's inhabitants show a strong desire for travel and knowledge, and thus utilize", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00123-00061360-00061819": "SCP-2047 to perform a process of solar travel.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00124-00061819-00062387": "According to Theta-c, instances of SCP-2047 can be found in many solar systems around", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00125-00062387-00062912": "the universe, sent out to planets of highly similar physical qualities.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00126-00062912-00063410": "Using these, they travel system to system, exchanging planets.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00127-00063410-00063867": "It was stated that Earth was far from the first to undergo an exchange, although Theta-c", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00128-00063867-00064315": "has also expressed a reluctance to continue this practice, after observing the detriment", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00129-00064315-00064515": "caused to Earth.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00130-00064515-00064712": "Supplement 2047-F", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00131-00064712-00065616": "The former Sol system, prior to Event 2047-1, contained a single main sequence star of 1.0034", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00132-00065616-00065758": "solar masses.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00133-00065758-00066532": "It was home to 6 planets, including 2 terrestrial worlds in addition to Earth and 3 gas giants.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00134-00066532-00067002": "All planets in the Sol System were named for deities in Roman and Greek mythology.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00135-00067002-00067837": "Their names were, starting closest to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Hera, Jupiter,", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00136-00067837-00067991": "and Pluto.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00137-00067991-00068516": "A 7th planet, Neptune, was found in the asteroid belt between Mercury and Venus in the earliest", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00138-00068516-00069007": "part of the 20th century, but due to the recent discovery of several similarly sized worlds", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00139-00069007-00069677": "beyond Pluto, including Athena, which was 1.7 times the size of Neptune, it was decided", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00140-00069677-00070122": "to reclassify these worlds and Neptune as \"dwarf planets\".", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00141-00070122-00070734": "For more information on our previous Solar System, Supplement 2047-K along with Document", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00142-00070734-00071106": "Collection Phi are recommended reading.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00143-00071106-00071572": "The primary focus of this supplement, however, is to provide information on exploration efforts", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00144-00071572-00072080": "of the previous Sol System and cultural impacts of the changes enacted by the residents of", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00145-00072080-00072516": "Theta-c, specifically that of moon exploration programs.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00146-00072516-00073052": "It should be noted that Earth's original moon was similar in composition to that of its", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00147-00073052-00073570": "new system, though the topography was drastically different (as outlined in Document Collection", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00148-00073570-00073766": "Phi).", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00149-00073766-00074272": "The space program of the United States in 1969 placed men on the moon.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00150-00074272-00074783": "However, it became apparent that future exploration of our solar system would need to take place", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00151-00074783-00075129": "in earth orbit or from the surface of the moon.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00152-00075129-00075736": "After the conclusion of the Apollo program with Apollo 17 in late 1972, the Minerva missions", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00153-00075736-00076223": "were undertaken to place a permanent human presence on the moon.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00154-00076223-00076726": "With few exceptions, including the resupply mission Minerva 18, which exploded just after", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00155-00076726-00077422": "takeoff on December 29, 1972, this program was a stunning success.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00156-00077422-00078062": "The original program was discontinued in January of 1973, mostly due to the loss of Minerva", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00157-00078062-00078235": "18.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00158-00078235-00078765": "Private contractors began providing manpower and technology for most resupply missions", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00159-00078765-00079177": "and the Minerva Bases were considered an integral centerpiece to an era of stability and world", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00160-00079177-00079561": "peace beginning in 1973.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00161-00079561-00080163": "By that time, approximately 2,500 individuals of various nationalities lived in a number", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00162-00080163-00080381": "of lunar bases.", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00163-00080381-00080857": "Beyond the religious ramification of the exchange itself, the cultural impact of losing these", "a6SKSNuIEFo-00164-00080857-00081294": "accomplishments was a primary catalyst for the eventual societal breakdowns."}}, {"audio_id": "a71aQU2YBeA", "text": {"a71aQU2YBeA-00000-00003518-00003718": "salams welcome back to my youtube channel.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00001-00003735-00003980": "Today I thought When I wake up In the morning.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00002-00003992-00004172": "Let's start directly from The gym.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00003-00004254-00004386": "First thing we are going to have a morning meal", "a71aQU2YBeA-00004-00005926-00006187": "You can take 200 grams or more, it depends on your workout goal.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00005-00006542-00006692": "I ate my oatmeal with peanut butter.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00006-00006835-00007089": "After that, gym is going to open after 30 minutes.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00007-00007113-00007450": "So we will wait here and I'm going to tell you guys one small story.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00008-00007745-00008019": "So a story was like that.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00009-00008026-00008173": "I was riding a motorbike", "a71aQU2YBeA-00010-00008173-00008714": "On ninja bike my tummy looks bigger than the bike tank.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00011-00008728-00008951": "Then I decided to be in shape again.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00012-00008989-00009247": "And in vlog you are going to see me everyday here.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00013-00009363-00009772": "And you have to see gym because gym is love like bike Is love", "a71aQU2YBeA-00014-00009781-00010170": "Cars are love so like that gym is my love.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00015-00010242-00010573": "So this is our oldest car, nobody drives it.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00016-00010693-00011288": "But I want to say something whenever I drive this car, I feel like I'm In my home lol.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00017-00011828-00012582": "So I was just saying nice things about this car and the engine stopped working, I called my driver, he is coming to fix the issue.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00018-00012903-00013100": "So it's an issue in battery or engine, I don't know.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00019-00013109-00013250": "Let's go gym on my bike.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00020-00013250-00013934": "music", "a71aQU2YBeA-00021-00014572-00014988": "All this shashkey bike is", "a71aQU2YBeA-00022-00015171-00015387": "What a vibe.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00023-00015544-00015907": "Today I'm not going to train hard because I come to gym. After many days.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00024-00015940-00016153": "And outside weather is very hot today.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00025-00016232-00016304": "So let's start the workout.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00026-00016461-00016757": "music", "a71aQU2YBeA-00027-00020651-00021063": "In normal days, I workout with my trainer, but today I come earlier.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00028-00024833-00025332": "I go to the boxing club as well and I practice in gym sometimes.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00029-00025358-00025618": "But I'm in a real boxing club as well and I'm going to take you there someday.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00030-00025800-00026136": "For today we are done with mix exercises because I come gym after 30 to 40 days.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00031-00026136-00026348": "so let's go back", "a71aQU2YBeA-00032-00026426-00026767": "i'm in home now i'm going to drink this protein shake", "a71aQU2YBeA-00033-00026832-00026926": "Post workout.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00034-00026947-00027433": "all relax sitting in your room in your chair is a different feeling you know that.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00035-00027433-00028300": "so the day was like this and we got trouble in our car as well next time i'm going to take mark x or motorbike we have these two options boss.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00036-00028343-00028551": "it's very warm day in karachi", "a71aQU2YBeA-00037-00028566-00029174": "so i put this all training in my vlog because i look like this before.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00038-00029535-00029829": "what you guys just saw in a picture i want to be like this again.", "a71aQU2YBeA-00039-00029902-00030001": "let's do this together", "a71aQU2YBeA-00040-00030001-00030242": "And do me a favour subscribe me?", "a71aQU2YBeA-00041-00030242-00030862": "if you like my videos so you can ok then we will meet after bye."}}, {"audio_id": "a7fbmO42MIY", "text": {"a7fbmO42MIY-00000-00000100-00000303": "KEN CLEMENT: and at this point", "a7fbmO42MIY-00001-00000303-00000733": "I would like to recommend that the board approve the June 10", "a7fbmO42MIY-00002-00000733-00001291": "2014 Policy and Regulations: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identities", "a7fbmO42MIY-00003-00001291-00001884": "(ACB and ACB R-1).", "a7fbmO42MIY-00004-00001884-00002375": "PATTI BACCHUS: Thank you. Is there a seconder? Trustee Lombardi. Did you want to speak to the report Trustee Clement?", "a7fbmO42MIY-00005-00002375-00002594": "KEN CLEMENT: Thank you chairperson.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00006-00002594-00002916": "I want to first of all acknowledge the  traditional...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00007-00002916-00003329": "and unceded territories of the Coast Salish people.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00008-00003329-00003747": "They have welcomed us to work, play and live on their territory.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00009-00003747-00004068": "As visitors to their lands...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00010-00004068-00004380": "they have accepted diversity and many cultures...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00011-00004380-00004444": "and beliefs.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00012-00004444-00004914": "In recent days there have been...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00013-00004914-00005526": "media reports that critics believe that the amendments will negatively impact the real estate market.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00014-00005526-00005896": "These comments are irresponsible and unconscionable", "a7fbmO42MIY-00015-00005896-00006297": "The commentary only...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00016-00006297-00006664": "reaffirms the need to strengthen  the LGBTTQ+ policy...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00017-00006664-00007061": "which fosters inclusion...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00018-00007062-00007366": "acceptance and tolerance.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00019-00007366-00007707": "Perpetuating homophobic hate towards...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00020-00007711-00008047": "the LGBTTQ+ community is totally...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00021-00008047-00008409": "unacceptable in this day and age.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00022-00008409-00009078": "The VSB is known for its commitment to a learning environment environment that is safe, inclusive and caring...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00023-00009078-00009459": "for students of all backgrounds including...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00024-00009459-00009805": "LGBTTQ+.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00025-00009805-00010267": "The recommendations to amend the existing policy adopted in 2004...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00026-00010267-00010695": "and amendment unanimously reaffirmed in 2012...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00027-00010695-00011059": "is about inclusion, understanding...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00028-00011059-00011375": "and supporting the LGBTTQ+", "a7fbmO42MIY-00029-00011375-00011783": "community.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00030-00011783-00012172": "It is about celebrating and embracing diversity of all Vancouver residents...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00031-00012172-00012500": "and supports efforts to assist the LGBTTQ+...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00032-00012500-00012831": "and gender variant persons...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00033-00012831-00013218": "in our community and schools.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00034-00013218-00013753": "I am especially pleased that this amendment...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00035-00013753-00014394": "includes gay aboriginal people.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00036-00014394-00014835": "Thank you to the parents, DPAC, educators...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00037-00014835-00015244": "Vancouver elementary schools...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00038-00015244-00015641": "Vancouver Elementary Schools Teachers' Association, Vancouver...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00039-00015641-00015950": "Secondary Teachers' Association,..", "a7fbmO42MIY-00040-00015950-00016297": "educators, academics and the administrators...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00041-00016297-00016617": "for their support of this amendment.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00042-00016617-00017056": "In particular to the students and the VDSC who are impacted by..", "a7fbmO42MIY-00043-00017056-00017386": "this policy.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00044-00017386-00017713": "To the families who courageously shared personal experiences in the fight..", "a7fbmO42MIY-00045-00017713-00018015": "for equality. To the legal and medical...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00046-00018015-00018316": "profession who provided valuable input.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00047-00018316-00018627": "In particular I want to acknowledge Vancouver Coastal Health...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00048-00018627-00018930": "who affirmed that this not is a medical policy...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00049-00018930-00019241": "Not a medical policy but will continue to work...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00050-00019241-00019560": "with VSB in ensuring that...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00051-00019560-00020073": "there are best practices provided to the community.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00052-00020073-00020423": "The two year work of staff and members of the Pride Advisory Committee...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00053-00020423-00020768": "made and reviewed...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00054-00020768-00021007": "changes that came from input...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00055-00021007-00021583": "from the delegations throughout the three meetings.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00056-00021583-00022014": "The law requires that schools comply with the Human Rights Code...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00057-00022014-00022332": "which ensures freedom from discrimination the basis of...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00058-00022332-00022794": "a child's race, gender, sexual orientation...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00059-00022794-00023143": "gender identity, national origin...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00060-00023143-00023461": "religion, disability, colour and ethnicity.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00061-00023461-00024082": "The Human Rights Code makes three specific points respecting trans.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00062-00024082-00024478": "Not to discriminate against trans students...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00063-00024478-00024816": "not to permit trans students to be the object of bullying...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00064-00024816-00025211": "and to accommodate the individual needs...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00065-00025211-00025565": "of trans students.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00066-00025565-00025935": "In summary this recommendation is about our legal...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00067-00025935-00026280": "human rights rights and social responsibility", "a7fbmO42MIY-00068-00026280-00026585": "for the LGBTTQ community.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00069-00026585-00026906": "I proudly urge my colleagues...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00070-00026906-00027606": "to support this recommendation.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00071-00028645-00029163": "*Applause*", "a7fbmO42MIY-00072-00029163-00029263": "*Applause*", "a7fbmO42MIY-00073-00029567-00029747": "PATTI BACCHUS: I have trustees Lombardi and trustee Wynen on the speakers' list.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00074-00029747-00030313": "KEN DENIKE: Point of order. PATTI BACCHUS: Trustee Woo.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00075-00030313-00030943": "SOPHIA WOO: Point of order.  Point of order I have a notice of motion at the last meeting.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00076-00030943-00031056": "PATTI BACCHUS: That will come up, that comes up as new business or business arising.he me", "a7fbmO42MIY-00077-00031056-00031655": "SOPHIA WOO: Well it should have been before we vote. It's a point of order.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00078-00031655-00032187": "PATTI BACCHUS: It comes after the committee report. Thank you very much. I have Trustee Lombardi on the speaker's list.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00079-00032187-00032543": "MIKE LOMBARDI: Thank you, chairperson. I'd like to thank...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00080-00032543-00032912": "all the students, all the parents...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00081-00032912-00033316": "all the teachers and all the community groups who took the time...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00082-00033316-00033619": "to come and spend time with us as we discuss...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00083-00033619-00033940": "a very very important issue in our city.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00084-00033940-00034318": "The consultation process that we used to develop this policy", "a7fbmO42MIY-00085-00034318-00034694": "has been unprecedented. In my six years...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00086-00034694-00035115": "as a trustee we've never had such an extensive consultation process...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00087-00035115-00035450": "on any policy issue. There was a two-year", "a7fbmO42MIY-00088-00035450-00035761": "consultation process that the Pride committee that the Pride Committee engaged in...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00089-00035761-00036146": "to review literature, to look at other policies and bring forth a...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00090-00036146-00036521": "policy. We had a three-month consultation process...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00091-00036521-00036965": "with three dedicated meetings with more than 100 speakers and hundreds...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00092-00036965-00037293": "of submissions by emails and by briefs.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00093-00037293-00037669": "I think we've had an opportunity to hear from the community.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00094-00037669-00037975": "We heard from students...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00095-00037975-00038340": "we heard from parents, we heard from the medical profession...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00096-00038340-00038653": "we heard from staff and we heard from many others.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00097-00038653-00039008": "What they basically said is 'we need to continue to make...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00098-00039008-00039338": "our schools safer and more inclusive...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00099-00039338-00039858": "for all students.' Now as I listen to the,...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00100-00039858-00040327": "and I was at every one of the meetings as most of my colleagues were I've been reflecting...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00101-00040327-00040699": "on some of the points that I heard over and over again.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00102-00040699-00041053": "Firstly, the proposed policy reflects...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00103-00041053-00041459": "the practice on the ground.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00104-00041459-00041777": "It's based on evidence based approaches to supporting our kids...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00105-00041777-00042231": "and it reflects and basically codifies what we are doing in our schools right now.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00106-00042231-00042587": "Secondly, I heard the urgency of...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00107-00042587-00042916": "why we need to move ahead with this.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00108-00042916-00043313": "I sat and listened to stirring, emotional and courageous...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00109-00043313-00043658": "stories from students and parents...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00110-00043658-00044058": "who have been travelling the road with their children...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00111-00044058-00044403": "and that was a very very powerful experience for me.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00112-00044403-00044840": "Thirdly, I heard the theme 'Vancouver", "a7fbmO42MIY-00113-00044840-00045237": "has safe and inclusive schools but we can do even better.'", "a7fbmO42MIY-00114-00045237-00045820": "That's what this policy is trying to do. Even though as a board of education...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00115-00045820-00046225": "it's very clear we have the authority and responsibility...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00116-00046225-00046715": "to adopt policies without the input or approval of the medical community...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00117-00046715-00047020": "I was heartened the medical community...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00118-00047028-00047459": "came to us and shared their views with us.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00119-00047459-00047816": "We have approval of the policy by Dr. Patricia Daly the chief medical health...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00120-00047816-00048130": "officer of Vancouver. We had a presentation...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00121-00048130-00048645": "from Vancouver Coastal Health supporting us in what we are doing. We had other numerous...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00122-00048645-00048961": "professionals from the medical community who stood up and...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00123-00048961-00049381": "said 'you are doing the right thing. You're not dealing with medical issues...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00124-00049381-00049763": "but you're making the right decisions to protect and make kids safer,'", "a7fbmO42MIY-00125-00049763-00050083": "and that was heartening to hear.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00126-00050083-00050422": "We also had support from the faculties of education at SFU and UBC.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00127-00050422-00050730": "We had support from the Vancouver District Student[s'] Council", "a7fbmO42MIY-00128-00050730-00051031": "we had support the District Parents' Advisory Committee,", "a7fbmO42MIY-00129-00051031-00051369": "we had support from the Vancouver Elementary School Teachers' Association", "a7fbmO42MIY-00130-00051369-00051674": "we had support from the Vancouver Secondary Teachers' Association", "a7fbmO42MIY-00131-00051674-00052094": "and many many other groups in our community.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00132-00052094-00052583": "So what does this policy do?", "a7fbmO42MIY-00133-00052584-00052828": "It updates and revises our current policy which we've all been very proud of", "a7fbmO42MIY-00134-00052834-00053316": "but it also puts clearly in the centre the importance of protecting and supporting", "a7fbmO42MIY-00135-00053316-00053634": "transgender youth.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00136-00053838-00054331": "Now as a trustee I campaigned on", "a7fbmO42MIY-00137-00054331-00054654": "the advocacy for kids", "a7fbmO42MIY-00138-00054654-00054865": "and making our schools better places for everyone.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00139-00055106-00055567": "This policy is about compassion, tolerance and inclusivity. I'm proud to stand up as a", "a7fbmO42MIY-00140-00055569-00055933": "trustee who wants to make our schools safer and more inclusive", "a7fbmO42MIY-00141-00055933-00056183": "for all kids.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00142-00056204-00056704": "And as with all policies we have a responsibility to engage", "a7fbmO42MIY-00143-00056739-00057019": "in dialogue like we have been, to adopt a policy and", "a7fbmO42MIY-00144-00057098-00057417": "but help provide information and education", "a7fbmO42MIY-00145-00057417-00057696": "to help everyone understand what we're trying to do.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00146-00057726-00057865": "AUDIENCE MEMBER: Liar!", "a7fbmO42MIY-00147-00058026-00058364": "MIKE LOMBARDI: This is the time for trustees to stand up and show that they believe in kids.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00148-00058557-00058877": "That they believe in tolerance. That they believe in compassion.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00149-00058877-00059180": "And I as a trustee am extremely  proud to stand up tonight and say", "a7fbmO42MIY-00150-00059180-00059497": "that I support this policy 100 per cent.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00151-00059497-00059557": "Thank you.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00152-00059600-00060800": "*Applause* *some booing*", "a7fbmO42MIY-00153-00060928-00061664": "*cheering*", "a7fbmO42MIY-00154-00062016-00062512": "PATTI BACCHUS: Thank you very much. Please allow this discussion to proceed.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00155-00062560-00063279": "I have Trustee Wong on the speakers' list and then myself and then I have Trustee Wynan. Then Milum then Denike.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00156-00063528-00063832": "ALLAN WONG: We're very close together.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00157-00063955-00064212": "PATTI BACCHUS: Oh you know know what. You were next, I'm sorry!", "a7fbmO42MIY-00158-00064282-00064929": "I have Wynen then Wong and Bacchus then Milum then Denike and then Woo.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00159-00064976-00065179": "Alight, okay. So Sorry. Trustee Wynen.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00160-00065179-00065424": "ROB WYNEN: Thank you very much and first...", "a7fbmO42MIY-00161-00065441-00065554": "KEN DENIKE: Did I get bumped again?", "a7fbmO42MIY-00162-00065576-00065650": "PATTI BACCHUS: Pardon?", "a7fbmO42MIY-00163-00065678-00065818": "KEN DENIKE: Did I get bumped again?", "a7fbmO42MIY-00164-00065820-00066138": "PATTI BACCHUS: You're on the list. You'll get your turn Trustee Denike.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00165-00066240-00066624": "ROB WYNEN:  First off I would like to thank everybody for coming out.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00166-00066656-00067024": "I mean the consultation that Trustee Lombardi has spoken about the", "a7fbmO42MIY-00167-00067024-00067688": "the consultation process and I think we had more people come out to this than our entire budget meeting", "a7fbmO42MIY-00168-00067688-00068040": "I will say I very much appreciate some of the stories.", "a7fbmO42MIY-00169-00068040-00068119": ". I took a lot home with me. I listened to a lot of parents I have a child in Grade 7", "a7fbmO42MIY-00170-00068128-00068368": "consultation process and I think we had more people come out to this than our entire budget meeting", "a7fbmO42MIY-00171-00068368-00068672": "I chant years", "a7fbmO42MIY-00172-00068704-00069120": "storage go through your kids your school's", "a7fbmO42MIY-00173-00069136-00069412": "hats off to you", "a7fbmO42MIY-00174-00069412-00069682": "show names", "a7fbmO42MIY-00175-00069682-00070082": "here he is years it's really incredible", "a7fbmO42MIY-00176-00070082-00070641": "here he dared", "a7fbmO42MIY-00177-00070643-00070830": "C", "a7fbmO42MIY-00178-00070830-00071103": "the reason you ok", "a7fbmO42MIY-00179-00071103-00071409": "all old students she's mysterious", "a7fbmO42MIY-00180-00071409-00071796": "him here actually robbers history", "a7fbmO42MIY-00181-00071796-00072164": "here's struck she went through it", "a7fbmO42MIY-00182-00072164-00072603": "for Z the real Chris gender", "a7fbmO42MIY-00183-00072603-00072960": "he issues", "a7fbmO42MIY-00184-00072960-00073431": "think share your stories hope that with you", "a7fbmO42MIY-00185-00073431-00073731": "his who'll people", "a7fbmO42MIY-00186-00073731-00074093": "me journey for kids versus", "a7fbmO42MIY-00187-00074093-00074542": "these it", "a7fbmO42MIY-00188-00074542-00074923": "so long hard these his", "a7fbmO42MIY-00189-00074923-00075305": "hits in", "a7fbmO42MIY-00190-00075305-00075661": "through some legal station also your peers in", "a7fbmO42MIY-00191-00075661-00075965": "through simulations halsey and", "a7fbmO42MIY-00192-00075965-00076509": "our kids grace race translation race", "a7fbmO42MIY-00193-00076509-00076870": "parental rights 19 +91", "a7fbmO42MIY-00194-00076870-00077188": "me his rate", "a7fbmO42MIY-00195-00077188-00077546": "schools see me happy", "a7fbmO42MIY-00196-00077546-00077851": "comedy happened during wartime", "a7fbmO42MIY-00197-00077851-00078290": "it says another world", "a7fbmO42MIY-00198-00078290-00078649": "schools yes his Houston's", "a7fbmO42MIY-00199-00078649-00078994": "truss here me his", "a7fbmO42MIY-00200-00078994-00079308": "people's hits", "a7fbmO42MIY-00201-00079308-00079792": "as far as resolve all prolongs", "a7fbmO42MIY-00202-00079792-00080348": "he really good for teachers old", "a7fbmO42MIY-00203-00080348-00080834": "psychology services his a lot of times it's actually", "a7fbmO42MIY-00204-00080834-00081156": "home teachers his", "a7fbmO42MIY-00205-00081156-00081658": "recent weird", "a7fbmO42MIY-00206-00081658-00082090": "important teacher polls", "a7fbmO42MIY-00207-00082090-00082404": "offers you know", "a7fbmO42MIY-00208-00082404-00082737": "large home now the", "a7fbmO42MIY-00209-00082737-00083087": "israel's so his hall/crc", "a7fbmO42MIY-00210-00083087-00083414": "want release parents", "a7fbmO42MIY-00211-00083414-00083737": "goals said", "a7fbmO42MIY-00212-00083737-00084063": "my childhood comfortable comment", "a7fbmO42MIY-00213-00084063-00084608": "issues lead", "a7fbmO42MIY-00214-00084608-00084996": "here huge any", "a7fbmO42MIY-00215-00084996-00085344": "see spends and it is also important", "a7fbmO42MIY-00216-00085344-00085748": "schools halsey is a updated palsy", "a7fbmO42MIY-00217-00085748-00086194": "is also here who were here 10", "a7fbmO42MIY-00218-00086194-00086550": "here yes for", "a7fbmO42MIY-00219-00086550-00086979": "shit you he", "a7fbmO42MIY-00220-00086979-00087369": "be reviewing with rx games", "a7fbmO42MIY-00221-00087369-00087712": "expectations students", "a7fbmO42MIY-00222-00087712-00088375": "expectations comment", "a7fbmO42MIY-00223-00088375-00089014": "you know here", "a7fbmO42MIY-00224-00089014-00089363": "policy clarifying language here", "a7fbmO42MIY-00225-00089363-00089783": "I over it", "a7fbmO42MIY-00226-00089783-00090048": "as well you try it", "a7fbmO42MIY-00227-00090048-00090348": "regional rate", "a7fbmO42MIY-00228-00090348-00090676": "polls that polls good", "a7fbmO42MIY-00229-00090676-00090987": "here because so I", "a7fbmO42MIY-00230-00090987-00091467": "his this motion", "a7fbmO42MIY-00231-00091467-00092167": "his junior this skin", "a7fbmO42MIY-00232-00093244-00093686": "home yours ladenburg Lori", "a7fbmO42MIY-00233-00093686-00094097": "review tired knowledge primarily", "a7fbmO42MIY-00234-00094097-00094473": "that it very well", "a7fbmO42MIY-00235-00094473-00094859": "initiating revision 31", "a7fbmO42MIY-00236-00094859-00095424": "routier's their glory who's really is", "a7fbmO42MIY-00237-00095424-00095896": "longer asians Hill in response to you", "a7fbmO42MIY-00238-00095896-00096584": "the countless one way hisham", "a7fbmO42MIY-00239-00096584-00096896": "have always been proud to be a member of the 2000", "a7fbmO42MIY-00240-00096896-00097237": "for school or law first he", "a7fbmO42MIY-00241-00097237-00097592": "people he", "a7fbmO42MIY-00242-00097592-00097919": "in the he is or the G week", "a7fbmO42MIY-00243-00097919-00098619": "in", "a7fbmO42MIY-00244-00099187-00099357": "%ah", "a7fbmO42MIY-00245-00099357-00099720": "way strong roles air and ground", "a7fbmO42MIY-00246-00099720-00100095": "not unusual palsy loophole like", "a7fbmO42MIY-00247-00100095-00100427": "that was boers and held many others", "a7fbmO42MIY-00248-00100427-00100856": "this is done problems as well", "a7fbmO42MIY-00249-00100856-00101205": "learning not palsy was questioner", "a7fbmO42MIY-00250-00101205-00101670": "I others earlier this year ok", "a7fbmO42MIY-00251-00101670-00102257": "I was you know route require this is like the most Asian girls", "a7fbmO42MIY-00252-00102257-00102577": "long all design", "a7fbmO42MIY-00253-00102577-00103127": "the hurdles 3 trust you all have a lovely creations", "a7fbmO42MIY-00254-00103127-00103431": "rate is at home Hillary", "a7fbmO42MIY-00255-00103431-00103736": "busy all 100", "a7fbmO42MIY-00256-00103736-00104093": "100 W were the word", 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"a7fbmO42MIY-00549-00219531-00219869": "plunge Pankaj 13 Bush", "a7fbmO42MIY-00550-00219869-00220405": "Union Moshi wrong so let me have he might", "a7fbmO42MIY-00551-00220405-00220719": "policy in many Shinji", "a7fbmO42MIY-00552-00220719-00221024": "hii 01", "a7fbmO42MIY-00553-00221024-00221483": "on me safety religion a any", "a7fbmO42MIY-00554-00221483-00221869": "1890 yeah and you OMG", "a7fbmO42MIY-00555-00221869-00222215": "and is you know good certainly", "a7fbmO42MIY-00556-00222215-00222569": "UGG block in the world reputation", "a7fbmO42MIY-00557-00222569-00222927": "on June 10 ended reminded", "a7fbmO42MIY-00558-00222927-00223227": "would one and", "a7fbmO42MIY-00559-00223227-00223626": "here sold run you", "a7fbmO42MIY-00560-00223626-00223969": "not being me", "a7fbmO42MIY-00561-00223969-00224361": "field home for almost run", "a7fbmO42MIY-00562-00224361-00224898": "so I would not be where you want my", "a7fbmO42MIY-00563-00224898-00225380": "they will healed", 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In this video we'll show how to perform a", "a7w1jtbJX98-00001-00000537-00000963": "linear regression analysis in the Visual Dashboard.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00002-00000963-00001252": "Linear regression is an analysis tool", "a7w1jtbJX98-00003-00001252-00001664": "that looks for a relationship between a continuous variable and one or more", "a7w1jtbJX98-00004-00001664-00001823": "predictors.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00005-00001823-00002332": "I'm in the visual Dashboard and the data source in set as you can see at the top", "a7w1jtbJX98-00006-00002332-00002507": "of the page.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00007-00002507-00002925": "I've opened the line listing for the data and this is a fictitious dataset", "a7w1jtbJX98-00008-00002925-00003168": "we're using for this example.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00009-00003168-00003538": "We think there is a relationship between hemoglobin levels", "a7w1jtbJX98-00010-00003538-00003867": "and whether or not a person has tuberculosis.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00011-00003867-00004278": "So looking at the line listing we see the hemoglobin column is a continuous", "a7w1jtbJX98-00012-00004278-00004396": "variable", "a7w1jtbJX98-00013-00004396-00004541": "and age, sex, and", "a7w1jtbJX98-00014-00004541-00004869": "fever and tuberculosis are the predictors.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00015-00004869-00005096": "In this example will use fever", "a7w1jtbJX98-00016-00005096-00005368": "and tuberculosis for the predictors.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00017-00005368-00005690": "We'll start by looking at those two variables individually", "a7w1jtbJX98-00018-00005690-00006040": "using a linear regression analysis.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00019-00006040-00006423": "We'll right click on the canvas and navigate to", "a7w1jtbJX98-00020-00006423-00006702": "advanced statistics and linear regression.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00021-00006702-00007070": "At the very least we need one outcome variable", "a7w1jtbJX98-00022-00007070-00007313": "and that's going to be hemoglobin.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00023-00007313-00007665": "Then we'll need one other variable and we'll choose that from the fields", "a7w1jtbJX98-00024-00007665-00007793": "drop-down.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00025-00007793-00008036": "I'll select tuberculosis", "a7w1jtbJX98-00026-00008036-00008312": "and then run.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00027-00008312-00008666": "I'll close the configuration panel", "a7w1jtbJX98-00028-00008666-00009093": "and for this example we'll focus on the values for tuberculosis in particular", "a7w1jtbJX98-00029-00009093-00009260": "the p-value.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00030-00009260-00009695": "This is very small and suggests there is a relationship between hemoglobin and", "a7w1jtbJX98-00031-00009695-00010004": "tuberculosis.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00032-00010004-00010247": "Then let's look at the coefficient to see if it's a negative or positive", "a7w1jtbJX98-00033-00010247-00010829": "relationship. It's negative so this means that the presence of tuberculosis is", "a7w1jtbJX98-00034-00010829-00011205": "associated with lower hemoglobin levels.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00035-00011205-00011672": "Now let's look at another variable in our data set - fever.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00036-00011672-00011856": "I'll right click again,", "a7w1jtbJX98-00037-00011856-00012236": "navigate to linear regression,", "a7w1jtbJX98-00038-00012236-00012374": "our outcome", "a7w1jtbJX98-00039-00012374-00012483": "is still", "a7w1jtbJX98-00040-00012483-00012652": "hemoglobin, and the", "a7w1jtbJX98-00041-00012652-00012888": "field is fever and", "a7w1jtbJX98-00042-00012888-00013109": "click run.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00043-00013109-00013372": "I'll close the configuration panel", "a7w1jtbJX98-00044-00013372-00013539": "and here our results.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00045-00013539-00014005": "The p-value is just above .05 which is on the border line of", "a7w1jtbJX98-00046-00014005-00014274": "being associated with hemoglobin.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00047-00014274-00014605": "Now since we have two variables that seemed to be associated with hemoglobin,", "a7w1jtbJX98-00048-00014605-00015136": "we'll look at both in one linear regression analysis.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00049-00015136-00015455": "Right click on the canvas again,", "a7w1jtbJX98-00050-00015455-00015746": "navigate to a linear regression,", "a7w1jtbJX98-00051-00015746-00016020": "outcome still hemoglobin,", "a7w1jtbJX98-00052-00016020-00016260": "and we'll choose both fever", "a7w1jtbJX98-00053-00016260-00016463": "and tuberculosis,", "a7w1jtbJX98-00054-00016463-00016740": "and click run.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00055-00016740-00017139": "I'll close the configuration panel", "a7w1jtbJX98-00056-00017139-00017391": "and the p-value for tuberculosis", "a7w1jtbJX98-00057-00017391-00017952": "is still small even when adjusting for including fever in the analysis.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00058-00017952-00018479": "So tuberculosis is associated with lower hemoglobin even when we factor in", "a7w1jtbJX98-00059-00018479-00018608": "fever.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00060-00018608-00019018": "We have just run to linear regression analyses", "a7w1jtbJX98-00061-00019018-00019646": "one with an individual variable and one with multiple variables for comparison.", "a7w1jtbJX98-00062-00019646-00020023": "Thanks for watching and more user support videos are coming soon."}}, {"audio_id": "a7UnxGKYTEU", "text": {"a7UnxGKYTEU-00000-00000021-00000828": "Nat.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00001-00000828-00001295": "Archives Stumble onto New Obama Scandal — ‘Wholesale Destruction’ of Gov’t Records", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00002-00001295-00001705": "The archivist in charge of transferring former President Barack Obama’s records into the", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00003-00001705-00002215": "National Archives has run across a serious problem, according to a report published Sunday:", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00004-00002215-00002391": "A lot of the records are missing.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00005-00002391-00002917": "“A first-rate librarian, (David) Ferriero has been driving a much-needed digital overhaul", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00006-00002917-00003326": "and expansion of the National Archives over the nine years of his appointment,” writer", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00007-00003326-00003584": "Thomas Lipscomb reported for RealClearPolitics.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00008-00003584-00004046": "“This will greatly improve the ability of digital search locally and remotely, as well", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00009-00004046-00004226": "as accessing the files themselves.”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00010-00004226-00004884": "However, that only works if you have the files you need in the first place.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00011-00004884-00004984": "And Lipscomb, well, doesn’t.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00012-00004984-00005444": "The former president, it must be noted, signed a law that put electronic communications under", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00013-00005444-00005703": "the 1950 Federal Records Act.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00014-00005703-00006112": "However, it doesn’t seem that his practice is quite what he preaches.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00015-00006112-00006467": "Lipscomb wrote that “the accumulation of recent congressional testimony has made it", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00016-00006467-00006895": "clear that the Obama administration itself engaged in the wholesale destruction and ‘loss’", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00017-00006895-00007298": "of tens of thousands of government records covered under the act as well as the intentional", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00018-00007298-00007777": "evasion of the government records recording system by engaging in private email exchanges.”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00019-00007777-00008372": "“So far, former President Obama, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, former", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00020-00008372-00008804": "Attorney General Lynch and several EPA officials have been named as offenders.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00021-00008804-00009096": "The IRS suffered record ‘losses’ as well.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00022-00009096-00009514": "Former federal prosecutor Andrew McCarthy called it ‘an unauthorized private communications", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00023-00009514-00009929": "system for official business for the patent purpose of defeating federal record-keeping", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00024-00009929-00010036": "and disclosure laws.’”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00025-00010036-00010289": "It’s worth noting two things.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00026-00010289-00010540": "First, this isn’t a minor thing.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00027-00010540-00010946": "Lipscomb argued that “America’s National Archives is facing the first major challenge", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00028-00010946-00011313": "to its historic role in preserving the records of the United States.”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00029-00011313-00011799": "“What good is the National Archives administering a presidential library, like the planned Obama", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00030-00011799-00012342": "library in Chicago, if it is missing critical records of interest to scholars?” he wrote.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00031-00012342-00012729": "“And what’s to prevent evasion of the entire federal records system by subsequent", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00032-00012729-00013202": "administrations to suit current politics rather than serve scholars for centuries to come?”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00033-00013202-00013436": "And that’s the second thing.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00034-00013436-00013886": "In a break from tradition, Barack Obama’s presidential library is actually opting out", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00035-00013886-00014163": "of any sort of relationship of the National Archives.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00036-00014163-00014672": "“The Obama Presidential Center in Chicago’s Jackson Park will take a different route,", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00037-00014672-00015094": "opting out of the presidential library network operated by the National Archives and Records", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00038-00015094-00015553": "Administration — and the millions of dollars in federal support that go along with membership,”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00039-00015553-00015791": "the Chicago Tribune reported back in May.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00040-00015791-00016218": "“In the months leading up to the announcement, it was widely assumed that the center would", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00041-00016218-00016767": "have a presidential library, full of documents and artifacts, that was part of the NARA system.”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00042-00016767-00017141": "The spin at that point was that Obama’s decision to opt out of a relationship with", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00043-00017141-00017342": "the National Archives was a good thing.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00044-00017342-00017831": "It would allow Obama to escape several regulations set by NARA in terms of both the design and", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00045-00017831-00018140": "endowment of the library, among other things.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00046-00018140-00018595": "Whether or not that was true — or whether or not this has anything to do with the former", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00047-00018595-00018938": "administration’s destruction of records — is anyone’s guess, although it certainly", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00048-00018938-00019234": "looks somewhat more suspicious in this light.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00049-00019234-00019609": "This isn’t the first time that a former Democrat president has faced a controversy", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00050-00019609-00019990": "over documents that are supposed to be housed at the National Archives.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00051-00019990-00020412": "Clinton surrogate Sandy Berger was caught stuffing uncatalogued papers from the archives", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00052-00020412-00020851": "in his clothing while allegedly “reviewing records for a Clinton response to the 9/11", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00053-00020851-00021226": "Commission’s considerations of mistakes made leading up to the attack on the World", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00054-00021226-00021557": "Trade Center and the Pentagon,” Lipscomb noted.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00055-00021557-00022061": "This time, however, the gap in electronic records appears to be a lot bigger, particularly", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00056-00022061-00022514": "when it comes to Clinton, to Lynch and to the IRS, each of which saw major scandals", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00057-00022514-00022728": "during the Obama presidency.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00058-00022728-00023108": "This could be massive, particularly given that the avoidance of the gaze of the National", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00059-00023108-00023361": "Archives appears to be totally deliberate.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00060-00023361-00023768": "In many ways, the story here is the wholesale destruction of the documents — although", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00061-00023768-00024136": "quite frankly, bigger scandals could have been hidden within the data.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00062-00024136-00024609": "“How does David Ferriero plan to deal with this unique challenge to his institution?", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00063-00024609-00025069": "First, it’s not just his problem, although he must address the realities of gaps in the", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00064-00025069-00025511": "record and how it will affect plans for the new Obama presidential library,” Lipscomb", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00065-00025511-00025611": "wrote.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00066-00025611-00025941": "“But will there be penalties for violating the 2014 law?", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00067-00025941-00026305": "Is it even possible to continue the great tradition of maintaining an authentic record", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00068-00026305-00026808": "center for the United States that President Franklin Roosevelt founded 83 years ago, if", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00069-00026808-00027018": "that law is not supported?”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00070-00027018-00027296": "The answer to the first question is undoubtedly “no.”", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00071-00027296-00027732": "As with all other scandals that happened under the Obama administration, Democrats aren’t", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00072-00027732-00028163": "terribly interested in paying them any attention, and their enmity falls upon anyone who doesn’t", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00073-00028163-00028313": "follow the playbook.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00074-00028313-00028533": "Will this be fatal for the National Archives?", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00075-00028533-00029049": "Well, the Obama administration has just set a precedent, apparently saying that a president", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00076-00029049-00029419": "is entitled to protect his legacy at the expense of the law.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00077-00029419-00029626": "That could change, however.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00078-00029626-00029980": "Look how many stories there have been over reports that President Donald Trump likes", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00079-00029980-00030383": "to rip up papers and frantic staff tape them back together so they can comply with the", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00080-00030383-00030545": "Federal Records Act.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00081-00030545-00030937": "This is some of the coverage that story got, via Google News:", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00082-00030937-00031383": "Apparently, real document destruction isn’t that big of a deal for the media.", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00083-00031383-00032603": "But if there’s a comical story regarding Trump, they’re more than willing to run", "a7UnxGKYTEU-00084-00032603-00032750": "it."}}, {"audio_id": "a8dbKlCRKbo", "text": {"a8dbKlCRKbo-00000-00000307-00001097": "Remarks at a Memorial Day Service in Arlington National Cemetery, May 30, 1966.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00001-00001097-00002427": "Mr. Sutphin, Colond Connett, General Wheder, General Herrick, ladies and gentlemen:", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00002-00002427-00002948": "There is a special roll of honor that I would like to call today:", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00003-00002948-00003535": "--Lt. Colonel Seldon R. Edner of San Jose, California", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00004-00003535-00004121": "--1st Lt. George B. Smith of Los Angeles, California", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00005-00004121-00004755": "--1st Lt. Leland Williams of Taylor County, Texas", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00006-00004755-00005785": "--1st Lt. Revier Harding of Fort Worth, Texas --Staff Sergeant William Goodwin of Tacoma,", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00007-00005785-00006400": "Washington --Lt. Colonel Alfred Medendorp of Grand Rapids,", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00008-00006400-00006981": "Michigan --Lt. Colonel Frank Lynn of Chicago, Illinois", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00009-00006981-00007939": "--Major Rudolf Anderson of Del Rio, Texas --Specialist Fourth Class James T. Davis of", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00010-00007939-00008215": "Livingston, Tennessee.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00011-00008215-00008686": "Who were these men?", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00012-00008686-00009656": "Edner was the first American killed in Greece where, in 1947, we decided to help the people", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00013-00009656-00010196": "of that country resist aggression.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00014-00010196-00010856": "Smith and Williams were killed in the airlift which prevailed over the blockade of Berlin", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00015-00010856-00011368": "in the winter of 1948 and 1949.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00016-00011368-00012002": "Harding and Goodwin were the first American soldiers killed in the struggle against aggression", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00017-00012002-00012156": "in Korea.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00018-00012156-00012860": "Medendorp and Lynn were killed on Kinman Island when in 1958 aggression was attempted in the", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00019-00012860-00013159": "Taiwan Straits.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00020-00013159-00013936": "Anderson was the airman that was shot down over Cuba during the crisis of 1962 when an", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00021-00013936-00014574": "effort was made to place offensive weapons on that island.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00022-00014574-00015478": "Davis was the first American killed in the resistance to aggression in Vietnam.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00023-00015478-00016451": "These men represent all those Americans who have risked their lives--and lost them-in", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00024-00016451-00017162": "the peace-building efforts that America has made since 1945.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00025-00017162-00018038": "They were sent on their missions because this Nation believes that peace is not something", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00026-00018038-00018347": "that just happens.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00027-00018347-00019059": "Peace does not come just because we wish for it.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00028-00019059-00019459": "Peace must be fought for.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00029-00019459-00020194": "It must be built stone by stone.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00030-00020194-00021027": "In the first half of this century we learned that there can be no peace if might makes", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00031-00021027-00022008": "right--if force used by one nation against a weaker nation is ever permitted to succeed.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00032-00022008-00022781": "We have learned that the time to stop aggression is when it first begins.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00033-00022781-00023450": "And that is one reason we are in South Vietnam today.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00034-00023450-00024208": "Modern weapons and means of communications, even more than common aspirations, have created", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00035-00024208-00024586": "a single world community.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00036-00024586-00024906": "There is no going back.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00037-00024906-00025676": "This is the way it will be as far ahead as any of us can see.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00038-00025676-00026520": "We can only go forward to help make that community one in which nations respect the rights of", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00039-00026520-00027091": "other nations and live at peace with one another.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00040-00027091-00027760": "For the American interest will be well served if our children grow up in a world of independent", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00041-00027760-00028544": "nations capable of assuming collective responsibility for the peace.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00042-00028544-00029523": "Our interest--and the interest of world peace-will not be served if nations continue to violate", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00043-00029523-00029945": "the independence of other nations.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00044-00029945-00030776": "So, as our men and our allies today fight in Southeast Asia, we are working on many", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00045-00030776-00031487": "fronts to build a mosaic of peace and human progress.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00046-00031487-00032226": "We are working to strengthen the Atlantic world and, from that firm base, to build bridges", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00047-00032226-00032616": "of cooperation to the East.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00048-00032616-00033500": "We are trying to assist the governments and peoples of Latin America, Asia, and Africa", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00049-00033500-00034334": "to work together to lift the burdens of poverty and ignorance and disease.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00050-00034334-00035390": "We ache to turn all our energies--more of our resources--and all our talents to building", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00051-00035390-00035788": "that kind of world community.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00052-00035788-00036525": "But there will be no community to build if aggression achieves in Vietnam what it has", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00053-00036525-00037293": "been denied from Greece to Korea to Berlin.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00054-00037293-00037908": "The conflict in South Vietnam is confusing for many of our people.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00055-00037908-00038587": "The aggression there does not take the form of organized divisions marching brazenly and", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00056-00038587-00038969": "openly across frontiers.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00057-00038969-00039738": "It takes the form of men and equipment coming down from the North on foot or in trucks,", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00058-00039738-00040495": "through jungle roads and trails, or on small craft moving silently through the water at", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00059-00040495-00040595": "night.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00060-00040595-00041498": "It takes the form of well-organized assassination, kidnaping, intimidation of innocent citizens", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00061-00041498-00041686": "in remote villages.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00062-00041686-00043138": "Last year, more than 12,000 South Vietnamese civilians were murdered or kidnaped by terrorists.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00063-00043138-00043743": "That kind of aggression is just as real and just as dangerous for the safety and independence", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00064-00043743-00044578": "of the people of South Vietnam as was the attack on South Korea in June of 1950.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00065-00044578-00045396": "Without the flow of men and equipment from the North, the war would soon end.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00066-00045396-00046459": "But what our people see looks on the surface to some of them more like a civil war than", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00067-00046459-00046755": "external aggression.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00068-00046755-00047440": "Peace will never come to the world if the outcome of this kind of aggression--insurgency", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00069-00047440-00048813": "mounted from outside a nation--is accepted as a substitute or tantamount to free elections.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00070-00048813-00049293": "There is a second source of confusion.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00071-00049293-00050081": "The people of South Vietnam are now in the midst of a historic transition.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00072-00050081-00051006": "They are trying to form, for the first time, a constitutional government that represents", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00073-00051006-00051441": "their own traditions and values.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00074-00051441-00052605": "Their country has deep in its history strong regional feelings--and equally strong religious", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00075-00052605-00053291": "groupings--which have sometimes been in conflict.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00076-00053291-00054332": "As they try now to forge a constitutional system these differences seem to emerge sharply.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00077-00054332-00055304": "Various groups clash as they seek to influence the shape of things to come.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00078-00055304-00055564": "Turmoil results.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00079-00055564-00056882": "It is tragic, in the present turmoil, that some choose acts of desperation to express", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00080-00056882-00057210": "their political beliefs.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00081-00057210-00058179": "This quite unnecessary loss of life only obscures the progress that is being made toward a constitutional", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00082-00058179-00058354": "government.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00083-00058354-00059052": "It only clouds the sacrifices of thousands of lives that have already been made for the", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00084-00059052-00059813": "cause of independence and political hope in South Vietnam.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00085-00059813-00060467": "Seldom has a people been called upon to build a nation and to wage war against externally", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00086-00060467-00060932": "supported aggression at the same time.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00087-00060932-00061642": "But I believe that South Vietnam is moving toward a government that will increasingly", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00088-00061642-00062175": "reflect the true will of its people.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00089-00062175-00063233": "That day will come sooner if the South Vietnamese keep their internal quarrels and differences", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00090-00063233-00064414": "within bounds and concentrate on taking together their first steps toward constitutional government.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00091-00064414-00065210": "But there will be no transition to the politics of compromise and to the secret ballot if", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00092-00065210-00066007": "the external aggression against South Vietnam is not now defeated.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00093-00066007-00066536": "Our policy is devoted to that end.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00094-00066536-00067901": "As President Kennedy said just 2 months before his life was taken, \"We want the war to be", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00095-00067901-00068993": "won, the Communists to be contained, and the Americans to go home .... \"", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00096-00068993-00069992": "We have sought to bring the conflict in Vietnam from the battlefield to the conference table.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00097-00069992-00070762": "Twice we have stopped the bombings of military targets in North Vietnam as a sign of our", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00098-00070762-00071071": "desire to negotiate.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00099-00071071-00071966": "And we waited and listened for 37 days--to get no satisfactory reply.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00100-00071966-00072710": "We have sought the help of the United Nations in arranging international peace talks.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00101-00072710-00073567": "We have sent emissaries to more than 40 nations asking them to urge our adversaries to reason", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00102-00073567-00073743": "with us.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00103-00073743-00074602": "We have sent word privately to Hanoi and to Peking of our willingness to talk without", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00104-00074602-00074776": "conditions.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00105-00074776-00075406": "We have told them that there are ways to end the bloodshed.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00106-00075406-00075790": "Nothing has happened.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00107-00075790-00076587": "Infiltration from the North has continued at an even higher pace.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00108-00076587-00077141": "The fighting, as we speak, goes on.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00109-00077141-00077513": "The infiltration is stepped up.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00110-00077513-00077700": "The hordes come marching in.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00111-00077700-00079231": "So, until peace comes, or the Communists are willing to talk about peace, we must persevere.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00112-00079231-00080292": "I know of no time in our history when our brave men in arms have performed with greater", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00113-00080292-00080867": "skill or courage than they have performed in Vietnam.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00114-00080867-00081906": "They went into combat in a difficult climate, against a thoroughly professional enemy, in", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00115-00081906-00082408": "an unfamiliar kind of war.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00116-00082408-00083185": "From the first day of combat they have not failed US once.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00117-00083185-00084341": "In Vietnam the United States is committed to a decent and a limited purpose: to defeat", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00118-00084341-00085580": "aggression and to let the people of Vietnam decide in peace their own political future.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00119-00085580-00086400": "So I pledge to those who have died there, and to those who have been wounded there--to", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00120-00086400-00087608": "those who are now fighting there, and to those who may yet fight there, that we shall help", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00121-00087608-00088394": "the people of South Vietnam see this through.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00122-00088394-00089435": "On this Memorial Day, it is right for us to remember the living and the dead for whom", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00123-00089435-00090555": "the call of their country has meant much pain and sacrifice.", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00124-00090555-00092029": "And so today I remind all of my fellow countrymen that a grateful Nation is deeply in their", "a8dbKlCRKbo-00125-00092029-00092955": "debt."}}, {"audio_id": "a8kFGVFVtE8", "text": {"a8kFGVFVtE8-00000-00000039-00000511": "Major news in the Prop 8 case, with new briefs filed with the US Supreme Court.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00001-00000511-00000911": "Another survey shows a majority of Americans support the freedom to marry, so why is the", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00002-00000911-00001307": "Republican party turning its back on relationship recognition?", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00003-00001307-00001657": "And challenges to the Defense of Marriage Act were already on the fast track, but now", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00004-00001657-00001872": "that track could get even faster.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00005-00001872-00002234": "At the American Foundation for Equal Rights, I'm Matt Baume, and welcome to Marriage News", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00006-00002234-00002542": "Watch for August 27, 2012.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00007-00002542-00002989": "Late last week, AFER filed a brief with the US Supreme Court, asking the court to deny", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00008-00002989-00003417": "the Prop 8 proponents' latest attempt to stop couples from marrying.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00009-00003417-00003985": "Two courts have now found Prop 8 to be unconstitutional, and the Proponents making a last-ditch effort", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00010-00003985-00004373": "to have those victories overturned by the Supreme Court.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00011-00004373-00004921": "AFER's position is that the previous decisions are correct, and don't require any further", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00012-00004921-00005021": "review.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00013-00005021-00005235": "The next step is up to the Supreme Court.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00014-00005235-00005621": "They could decide as soon as late September whether to rehear our case.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00015-00005621-00006026": "If they chose not to take it, our Ninth Circuit victory will go into effect and Prop 8 will", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00016-00006026-00006189": "be gone for good.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00017-00006189-00006636": "And if they do decide to take it, AFER's attorneys are ready to defend our previous wins before", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00018-00006636-00006843": "the Supreme Court.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00019-00006843-00007264": "In other news, yet another national poll has shown that a majority of Americans support", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00020-00007264-00007400": "the freedom to marry.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00021-00007400-00007893": "This time it was a Washington Post/Kaiser survey showing support at 53 percent to 42", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00022-00007893-00007993": "percent opposed.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00023-00007993-00008472": "This makes the fourteenth national poll to show our support at over 50 percent.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00024-00008472-00008965": "Despite the undeniable trend in public opinion, the Republican Party is headed towards a platform", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00025-00008965-00009215": "that doesn't even recognize civil unions.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00026-00009215-00009615": "The party's platform committee last week voted down a plank that would have included limited", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00027-00009615-00009795": "relationship recognition.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00028-00009795-00010132": "In response, the group Young Conservatives for the Freedom to Marry has denounced the", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00029-00010132-00010303": "move as disappointing.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00030-00010303-00010729": "They've vowed to continue working towards building Republican support for marriage equality.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00031-00010729-00011193": "And finally this week, the Department of Justice has filed an appeal in one of the numerous", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00032-00011193-00011314": "DOMA cases currently in progress.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00033-00011314-00011742": "The case in question is Pederson versus Office of Personnel Management, in which one federal", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00034-00011742-00012043": "court has already found DOMA to be unconstitutional.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00035-00012043-00012477": "Typically, the case would now be reheard by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00036-00012477-00012953": "But the plaintiffs, Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders, want to skip the Second Circuit", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00037-00012953-00013445": "and go directly to the Supreme Court to settle the matter once and for all.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00038-00013445-00013831": "As with the Prop 8 case, the Supreme Court will begin deciding which cases to take in", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00039-00013831-00013944": "late September.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00040-00013944-00014400": "So you can expect major news about the freedom to marry then -- just a few weeks before the", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00041-00014400-00014500": "election.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00042-00014500-00014959": "Visit AFER.org to learn more about the case to overturn Prop 8 and win full federal marriage", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00043-00014959-00015059": "equality.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00044-00015059-00015338": "At the American Foundation for Equal Rights, I'm Matt Baume.", "a8kFGVFVtE8-00045-00015338-00015386": "We'll see you next week."}}]