[{"audio_id": "c8Lx6JULBho", "text": {"c8Lx6JULBho-00000-00000010-00000060": "VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES BY", "c8Lx6JULBho-00001-00000060-00000066": "VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES BY", "c8Lx6JULBho-00002-00000066-00000243": "VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES BY ATTENDING THE UPCOMING HEARINGS.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00003-00000243-00000250": "VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES BY ATTENDING THE UPCOMING HEARINGS.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00004-00000250-00000393": "VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES BY ATTENDING THE UPCOMING HEARINGS. >>> GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON'S STAFF", "c8Lx6JULBho-00005-00000393-00000400": "ATTENDING THE UPCOMING HEARINGS. >>> GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON'S STAFF", "c8Lx6JULBho-00006-00000400-00000553": "ATTENDING THE UPCOMING HEARINGS. >>> GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON'S STAFF MADE A STOP IN BEMIDJI TO HOLD A", "c8Lx6JULBho-00007-00000553-00000560": ">>> GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON'S STAFF MADE A STOP IN BEMIDJI TO HOLD A", "c8Lx6JULBho-00008-00000560-00000914": ">>> GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON'S STAFF MADE A STOP IN BEMIDJI TO HOLD A TOWN HALL MEETING ON WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00009-00000914-00000920": "MADE A STOP IN BEMIDJI TO HOLD A TOWN HALL MEETING ON WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00010-00000920-00000984": "MADE A STOP IN BEMIDJI TO HOLD A TOWN HALL MEETING ON WATER QUALITY TODAY.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00011-00000984-00000990": "TOWN HALL MEETING ON WATER QUALITY TODAY.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00012-00000990-00001047": "TOWN HALL MEETING ON WATER QUALITY TODAY. THE MEETING PROVIDED AN", "c8Lx6JULBho-00013-00001047-00001054": "QUALITY TODAY. THE MEETING PROVIDED AN", "c8Lx6JULBho-00014-00001054-00001191": "QUALITY TODAY. THE MEETING PROVIDED AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00015-00001191-00001197": "THE MEETING PROVIDED AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00016-00001197-00001307": "THE MEETING PROVIDED AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE WATER QUALITY CHALLENGES FACING", "c8Lx6JULBho-00017-00001307-00001314": "OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE WATER QUALITY CHALLENGES FACING", "c8Lx6JULBho-00018-00001314-00001521": "OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS THE WATER QUALITY CHALLENGES FACING MINNESOTA COMMUNITIES.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00019-00001521-00001528": "QUALITY CHALLENGES FACING MINNESOTA COMMUNITIES.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00020-00001528-00001728": "QUALITY CHALLENGES FACING MINNESOTA COMMUNITIES. GOVERNOR DAYTON'S 25 BY 25 PLAN", "c8Lx6JULBho-00021-00001728-00001735": "MINNESOTA COMMUNITIES. GOVERNOR DAYTON'S 25 BY 25 PLAN", "c8Lx6JULBho-00022-00001735-00001908": "MINNESOTA COMMUNITIES. GOVERNOR DAYTON'S 25 BY 25 PLAN WAS ALSO INTRODUCED WHICH IS AN", "c8Lx6JULBho-00023-00001908-00001915": "GOVERNOR DAYTON'S 25 BY 25 PLAN WAS ALSO INTRODUCED WHICH IS AN", "c8Lx6JULBho-00024-00001915-00002098": "GOVERNOR DAYTON'S 25 BY 25 PLAN WAS ALSO INTRODUCED WHICH IS AN EFFORT TO SPUR COLLABORATION AND", "c8Lx6JULBho-00025-00002098-00002105": "WAS ALSO INTRODUCED WHICH IS AN EFFORT TO SPUR COLLABORATION AND", "c8Lx6JULBho-00026-00002105-00002338": "WAS ALSO INTRODUCED WHICH IS AN EFFORT TO SPUR COLLABORATION AND ACTION TO IMPROVE MINNESOTA'S", "c8Lx6JULBho-00027-00002338-00002345": "EFFORT TO SPUR COLLABORATION AND ACTION TO IMPROVE MINNESOTA'S", "c8Lx6JULBho-00028-00002345-00002429": "EFFORT TO SPUR COLLABORATION AND ACTION TO IMPROVE MINNESOTA'S WATER QUALITY BY 25% BY THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00029-00002429-00002435": "ACTION TO IMPROVE MINNESOTA'S WATER QUALITY BY 25% BY THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00030-00002435-00002629": "ACTION TO IMPROVE MINNESOTA'S WATER QUALITY BY 25% BY THE YEAR 2025.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00031-00002629-00002635": "WATER QUALITY BY 25% BY THE YEAR 2025.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00032-00002635-00002779": "WATER QUALITY BY 25% BY THE YEAR 2025. >> RECOGNIZING THAT OUR WATER IS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00033-00002779-00002786": "YEAR 2025. >> RECOGNIZING THAT OUR WATER IS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00034-00002786-00002989": "YEAR 2025. >> RECOGNIZING THAT OUR WATER IS THREATENED, SO THEY REALLY WANT", "c8Lx6JULBho-00035-00002989-00002996": ">> RECOGNIZING THAT OUR WATER IS THREATENED, SO THEY REALLY WANT", "c8Lx6JULBho-00036-00002996-00003069": ">> RECOGNIZING THAT OUR WATER IS THREATENED, SO THEY REALLY WANT LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00037-00003069-00003076": "THREATENED, SO THEY REALLY WANT LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00038-00003076-00003259": "THREATENED, SO THEY REALLY WANT LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT THE GOVERNOR'S LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT", "c8Lx6JULBho-00039-00003259-00003266": "LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT THE GOVERNOR'S LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT", "c8Lx6JULBho-00040-00003266-00003390": "LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT THE GOVERNOR'S LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT STATE AGENCIES TO GET ON BOARD.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00041-00003390-00003396": "GOVERNOR'S LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT STATE AGENCIES TO GET ON BOARD.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00042-00003396-00003530": "GOVERNOR'S LEADERSHIP, THEY WANT STATE AGENCIES TO GET ON BOARD. THEY WANT TO BE A LEADER IN THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00043-00003530-00003536": "STATE AGENCIES TO GET ON BOARD. THEY WANT TO BE A LEADER IN THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00044-00003536-00003767": "STATE AGENCIES TO GET ON BOARD. THEY WANT TO BE A LEADER IN THE COUNTRY ON HOW TO PROTECT WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00045-00003767-00003773": "THEY WANT TO BE A LEADER IN THE COUNTRY ON HOW TO PROTECT WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00046-00003773-00003847": "THEY WANT TO BE A LEADER IN THE COUNTRY ON HOW TO PROTECT WATER >>Dennis:  BEMIDJI CITY MANAGER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00047-00003847-00003853": "COUNTRY ON HOW TO PROTECT WATER >>Dennis:  BEMIDJI CITY MANAGER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00048-00003853-00003917": "COUNTRY ON HOW TO PROTECT WATER >>Dennis:  BEMIDJI CITY MANAGER NATE MATHEWS WAS AMONG ONE OF", "c8Lx6JULBho-00049-00003917-00003923": ">>Dennis:  BEMIDJI CITY MANAGER NATE MATHEWS WAS AMONG ONE OF", "c8Lx6JULBho-00050-00003923-00003993": ">>Dennis:  BEMIDJI CITY MANAGER NATE MATHEWS WAS AMONG ONE OF THE MANY SPEAKERS.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00051-00003993-00004000": "NATE MATHEWS WAS AMONG ONE OF THE MANY SPEAKERS.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00052-00004000-00004104": "NATE MATHEWS WAS AMONG ONE OF THE MANY SPEAKERS. HOWEVER, DURING HIS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00053-00004104-00004110": "THE MANY SPEAKERS. HOWEVER, DURING HIS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00054-00004110-00004240": "THE MANY SPEAKERS. HOWEVER, DURING HIS PRESENTATION, THE ROOM ERUPTED", "c8Lx6JULBho-00055-00004240-00004247": "HOWEVER, DURING HIS PRESENTATION, THE ROOM ERUPTED", "c8Lx6JULBho-00056-00004247-00004381": "HOWEVER, DURING HIS PRESENTATION, THE ROOM ERUPTED IN PROTEST OF THE LINE 3", "c8Lx6JULBho-00057-00004381-00004387": "PRESENTATION, THE ROOM ERUPTED IN PROTEST OF THE LINE 3", "c8Lx6JULBho-00058-00004387-00004511": "PRESENTATION, THE ROOM ERUPTED IN PROTEST OF THE LINE 3 PIPELINE.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00059-00004511-00004517": "IN PROTEST OF THE LINE 3 PIPELINE.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00060-00004517-00004624": "IN PROTEST OF THE LINE 3 PIPELINE. MATHEWS SAID THAT ALL CONCERNS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00061-00004624-00004631": "PIPELINE. MATHEWS SAID THAT ALL CONCERNS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00062-00004631-00004748": "PIPELINE. MATHEWS SAID THAT ALL CONCERNS WOULD BE HEARD AND THAT THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00063-00004748-00004754": "MATHEWS SAID THAT ALL CONCERNS WOULD BE HEARD AND THAT THE", "c8Lx6JULBho-00064-00004754-00004864": "MATHEWS SAID THAT ALL CONCERNS WOULD BE HEARD AND THAT THE MEETING WAS FOCUSED ON WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00065-00004864-00004871": "WOULD BE HEARD AND THAT THE MEETING WAS FOCUSED ON WATER", "c8Lx6JULBho-00066-00004871-00005428": "WOULD BE HEARD AND THAT THE MEETING WAS FOCUSED ON WATER QUALITY.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00067-00005428-00005558": ">> YOUR VOICE HAS BEEN HEARD.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00068-00005558-00005565": ">> YOUR VOICE HAS BEEN HEARD.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00069-00005565-00005642": ">> YOUR VOICE HAS BEEN HEARD. THANK YOU.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00070-00005642-00005648": ">> YOUR VOICE HAS BEEN HEARD. THANK YOU.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00071-00005648-00005759": ">> YOUR VOICE HAS BEEN HEARD. THANK YOU. ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE'S A", "c8Lx6JULBho-00072-00005759-00005765": "THANK YOU. ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE'S A", "c8Lx6JULBho-00073-00005765-00006015": "THANK YOU. ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE'S A PROCESS TO HAVE THIS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00074-00006015-00006022": "ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE'S A PROCESS TO HAVE THIS", "c8Lx6JULBho-00075-00006022-00006142": "ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE'S A PROCESS TO HAVE THIS CONVERSATION", "c8Lx6JULBho-00076-00006142-00006149": "PROCESS TO HAVE THIS CONVERSATION", "c8Lx6JULBho-00077-00006149-00006206": "PROCESS TO HAVE THIS CONVERSATION [TALKING SIMULTANEOUSLY]", "c8Lx6JULBho-00078-00006206-00006212": "CONVERSATION [TALKING SIMULTANEOUSLY]", "c8Lx6JULBho-00079-00006212-00006279": "CONVERSATION [TALKING SIMULTANEOUSLY] >>Dennis:  GOVERNOR DAYTON'S", "c8Lx6JULBho-00080-00006279-00006286": "[TALKING SIMULTANEOUSLY] >>Dennis:  GOVERNOR DAYTON'S", "c8Lx6JULBho-00081-00006286-00006352": "[TALKING SIMULTANEOUSLY] >>Dennis:  GOVERNOR DAYTON'S BEMIDJI WATER QUALITY TOWN HALL", "c8Lx6JULBho-00082-00006352-00006359": ">>Dennis:  GOVERNOR DAYTON'S BEMIDJI WATER QUALITY TOWN HALL", "c8Lx6JULBho-00083-00006359-00006443": ">>Dennis:  GOVERNOR DAYTON'S BEMIDJI WATER QUALITY TOWN HALL IS HIS LAST GREATER MINNESOTA", "c8Lx6JULBho-00084-00006443-00006449": "BEMIDJI WATER QUALITY TOWN HALL IS HIS LAST GREATER MINNESOTA", "c8Lx6JULBho-00085-00006449-00006539": "BEMIDJI WATER QUALITY TOWN HALL IS HIS LAST GREATER MINNESOTA STOP.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00086-00006539-00006546": "IS HIS LAST GREATER MINNESOTA STOP.", "c8Lx6JULBho-00087-00006546-00006633": "IS HIS LAST GREATER MINNESOTA STOP. HIS LAST THREE TOWN HALL"}}, {"audio_id": "c8bZLJAjfuU", "text": {"c8bZLJAjfuU-00000-00000055-00000660": "Can you introduce yourself to the audience of the Nexus Institute?", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00001-00000660-00001243": "You wrote this great book, the first of a series of four, on Lincoln.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00002-00001243-00001885": "What are you - a journalist, a writer, a political man?", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00003-00001885-00002578": "Well, I think the best way to describe myself is through the experience that I brought to", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00004-00002578-00002931": "bear in writing this book.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00005-00002931-00003457": "I grew up in Chicago, Illinois.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00006-00003457-00003757": "Illinois is Lincoln's state.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00007-00003757-00004592": "It's in the middle of the United States, and I have that perspective, that vantage point,", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00008-00004592-00005587": "that I can bring to American society, culture and politics.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00009-00005587-00006065": "I became a journalist and have been a journalist for many years.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00010-00006065-00006515": "I worked for such publications as the New Republic, the Washington Post", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00011-00006531-00006818": "and the New Yorker.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00012-00006819-00007641": "I've written many books about American politics, and I served with president Clinton in the", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00013-00007641-00007741": "White House.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00014-00007741-00008598": "I've been active in campaigns and elections, as a Democrat, and I'm a historian.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00015-00008598-00009436": "Why is it that you got so involved in American politics?", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00016-00009436-00010554": "At the age of 12, I became entranced with a presidential political campaign.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00017-00010554-00011066": "That campaign was in 1960, and the candidate was John F. Kennedy.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00018-00011066-00011760": "When I grew up in Chicago there was a political organization, a Democratic party organization.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00019-00011760-00012377": "Every part of the city had what was called a 'precinct captain', who was a member of", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00020-00012377-00012613": "the Democratic Party.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00021-00012613-00013586": "That precinct captain recruited me as a boy, to help him after school to get people to", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00022-00013586-00013686": "vote.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00023-00013686-00014444": "I would go around and speak to my neighbours on election day, and say you would vote.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00024-00014444-00015288": "And my reward was that my precinct captain took me to the rally to see John F. Kennedy,", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00025-00015288-00015550": "and that made an enormous impression on me.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00026-00015550-00016307": "Shortly after that I was taken to Springfield, Illinois, which is where Lincoln was from.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00027-00016307-00017313": "Springfield has many of the sites that Lincoln was involved in: the State Capitol, his law", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00028-00017313-00018056": "office, the little town where he had lived outside of Springfield as a young man.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00029-00018056-00018885": "Shortly after that Martin Luther King came to my city, and I saw Dr. King.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00030-00018885-00019813": "And so I saw, even in the North, not the South, the Civil Rights movement and its greatest", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00031-00019813-00019962": "leader.", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00032-00019962-00020710": "All of these things combined to impress upon me and awaken in me an interest in", "c8bZLJAjfuU-00033-00020726-00020864": "American politics."}}, {"audio_id": "c9CQFQTWa90", "text": {"c9CQFQTWa90-00000-00000106-00000544": "Hi guys. Have you ever wondered what games user research means?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00001-00001236-00001923": "Hi, I'm Veronica Zammitto. I'm the Lead Senior UX Researcher at Electronic Arts", "c9CQFQTWa90-00002-00001936-00002354": "Hi, I'm Nicholas Sweeney and the I'm the User Research Director at Ubisoft, Montreal", "c9CQFQTWa90-00003-00002360-00002944": "What is the point to have a games user research lab? Why should I spend money in it?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00004-00002954-00003811": "Nowadays, making games involves having to test for usability and play testing", "c9CQFQTWa90-00005-00003811-00004364": "and those are the major reasons that a game user research lab is going to help at any company", "c9CQFQTWa90-00006-00004446-00005354": "It is making the best games possible by bringing the players, the users, to this development experience", "c9CQFQTWa90-00007-00005356-00005762": "and having a very user-centric design on how we want to make games", "c9CQFQTWa90-00008-00005812-00006218": "Well, the goal to have a game user research lab and a game users research team", "c9CQFQTWa90-00009-00006232-00006595": "is to have people who are dedicated to give you insights and", "c9CQFQTWa90-00010-00006654-00006934": "about the players, and how they play, how they behave", "c9CQFQTWa90-00011-00007008-00007208": "Also what they might like or not like", "c9CQFQTWa90-00012-00007212-00007918": "And really to allow your dev team to make clear and data-informed decisions while they develop the game", "c9CQFQTWa90-00013-00007940-00009088": "It's going to be fantastic to actually improve and make sure that the game is achieving the best potential that it can have", "c9CQFQTWa90-00014-00009088-00009700": "so it is definitely an investment that is going to pay off on having a great game", "c9CQFQTWa90-00015-00009712-00010300": "If you are not designers or programmers, how do you improve the quality of our games anyway?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00016-00010320-00010718": "Yeah, researcher is not a designer. It's not a programmer", "c9CQFQTWa90-00017-00010746-00011816": "It's actually a very unique, specialized individual with a skill set that is going to help to really understand users", "c9CQFQTWa90-00018-00011830-00012756": "So ultimately, games are being made to have other people play them so it's bringing the players first", "c9CQFQTWa90-00019-00012780-00013452": "So in order to understand what these players are feeling and experiencing with the game", "c9CQFQTWa90-00020-00013454-00014032": "you need someone who has that skills and that specializations to really understand them", "c9CQFQTWa90-00021-00014050-00014340": "Clearly we're improving the quality of the game by proxy", "c9CQFQTWa90-00022-00014340-00015036": "So we do inform those guys─ the designers, the programmers, monetization people, the game director,", "c9CQFQTWa90-00023-00015047-00015766": "about their design intentions and they have to confirm it in front of a player,", "c9CQFQTWa90-00024-00015766-00016576": "and then we can see if it holds up or not, if it's as successful and if it works like they would like it to work", "c9CQFQTWa90-00025-00016596-00017344": "and iterating on this we can see if the experience of the player Improves over time test after test.", "c9CQFQTWa90-00026-00017358-00017902": "How could we include the game's user research in our very busy production planning?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00027-00017938-00018542": "Making games is really fast-paced. It's something very common in the game industry", "c9CQFQTWa90-00028-00018604-00019548": "So a good games user researcher is going to be included in their development cycle", "c9CQFQTWa90-00029-00019548-00020008": "where that busy schedule is going to continue, and actually it's going to be helping to", "c9CQFQTWa90-00030-00020012-00020564": "offload the understanding of the peak of the players", "c9CQFQTWa90-00031-00020564-00021132": "and assessing and measuring that design experience is actually being matched by", "c9CQFQTWa90-00032-00021132-00021506": "what the players feel and experience with the game", "c9CQFQTWa90-00033-00021546-00022256": "So there is going to be part of the same team that are going to work all together─ the researcher, the designer", "c9CQFQTWa90-00034-00022284-00022484": "They're going to be sharing that information", "c9CQFQTWa90-00035-00022512-00023428": "so the researcher understands completely what the intended experience is, collect that data,", "c9CQFQTWa90-00036-00023488-00024142": "analyze it, and put in a very crystal-clear findings for the designers", "c9CQFQTWa90-00037-00024142-00024534": "to know how players are responding to the game.", "c9CQFQTWa90-00038-00024604-00024992": "Being included in the development production and", "c9CQFQTWa90-00039-00024992-00025540": "and the schedule is a question of proximity, so sitting with the team is the best", "c9CQFQTWa90-00040-00025540-00026102": "and also it's up to us as user researchers to find the ways to integrate ourselves", "c9CQFQTWa90-00041-00026138-00026850": "One of the good ways is to match the the test cycle with the sprints in dev cycle", "c9CQFQTWa90-00042-00026854-00027295": "and also to have a good plan from the get-go, so to have a strategic plan", "c9CQFQTWa90-00043-00027306-00027694": "and a schedule that will follow the dev schedule and pipeline", "c9CQFQTWa90-00044-00027708-00028288": "So it's going to be a very close relationship where information flows freely", "c9CQFQTWa90-00045-00028288-00028882": "and it's going to be incorporated within the regular timeline so it's not adding extra work.", "c9CQFQTWa90-00046-00028882-00029374": "It's actually putting more streamlines for better production", "c9CQFQTWa90-00047-00029404-00029874": "How could I see the result of your work and the progression of the games concretely?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00048-00029892-00030630": "As the gains have been tested over and over there are going to be reports explaining, \"what are those key findings,\"", "c9CQFQTWa90-00049-00030630-00031404": "\"where the major problem identifiers,\" \"what actually were the big wins,\" so things that are working as they are supposed to do.", "c9CQFQTWa90-00050-00031412-00032095": "They are very easy to identify the reports where they are outlined on the different issues", "c9CQFQTWa90-00051-00032108-00032816": "how much of a severity it is, if something is critical or low severity", "c9CQFQTWa90-00052-00032828-00033212": "or again, a good when something that is intact.", "c9CQFQTWa90-00053-00033218-00033834": "That is something that is shared with all the stakeholders, all the point of contacts", "c9CQFQTWa90-00054-00033838-00034700": "and definitely, there is also debrief where people can talk about it and think about what implication of those findings are", "c9CQFQTWa90-00055-00034708-00035248": "and actually what are going to be the actions to be taken to help fix them if needed", "c9CQFQTWa90-00056-00035254-00035928": "How you see the improvement through our work is, I think, through the different iterations and different tests", "c9CQFQTWa90-00057-00035964-00036928": "If the decisions that were taken by the designers and the dev team is based on our data, it's actually improving the game", "c9CQFQTWa90-00058-00036944-00037586": "So it's not just a matter of what we do but again it's how people in the dev team use the data we provide", "c9CQFQTWa90-00059-00037602-00037992": "How can I build a lab? What kind of professionals can I hire?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00060-00037994-00038426": "I think it needs to be adapted to how the the studio works, right?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00061-00038438-00038788": "So if it's for a small studio, I wouldn't recommend to have a big team", "c9CQFQTWa90-00062-00038850-00039502": "Depends on the platforms we're working on. So mobile game doesn't necessarily have the same exact needs as console games", "c9CQFQTWa90-00063-00039546-00040326": "I think what you want to have is a team that can really give a kind of a 360 approach to what the dev team is doing and", "c9CQFQTWa90-00064-00040352-00040802": "also that you know you invest in the biggest gain for the team,", "c9CQFQTWa90-00065-00040812-00041690": "so it might be more towards data analytics, or it might be towards UI and heuristics, and pure usability", "c9CQFQTWa90-00066-00041706-00041896": "it truly depends of what you're building.", "c9CQFQTWa90-00067-00041902-00042472": "So for building a lab it's going to depend on what the game team needs, what the company needs", "c9CQFQTWa90-00068-00042476-00042818": "and then based on that how much funding skills", "c9CQFQTWa90-00069-00042824-00043310": "For making a lab, really, the only thing that you need is a pen and paper to take notes and", "c9CQFQTWa90-00070-00043400-00043732": "have track of those findings, so that's very minimal", "c9CQFQTWa90-00071-00043750-00044222": "You don't need to have a lab to do UX research", "c9CQFQTWa90-00072-00044236-00044770": "Now if you have a lot of information that needs to be collected,", "c9CQFQTWa90-00073-00044778-00045688": "maybe a single station could be fantastic for one-on-one sessions and collect the data, and maybe that's enough", "c9CQFQTWa90-00074-00045702-00046042": "or you can go like full-on and have a big lab", "c9CQFQTWa90-00075-00046070-00047010": "with 30 people where they come in and they're all playing at once and you have a larger sample at once which is fantastic", "c9CQFQTWa90-00076-00047020-00047708": "so you have a full range of options from pen and paper to one station to", "c9CQFQTWa90-00077-00047763-00047871": "boom", "c9CQFQTWa90-00078-00047871-00048170": "massive lab with a lot of people and", "c9CQFQTWa90-00079-00048176-00048712": "Of course the bigger you go, the more specializations you're going to need", "c9CQFQTWa90-00080-00048720-00049494": "so for instance someone who is very tech savvy who could be like a lab technician to take care of the equipment,", "c9CQFQTWa90-00081-00049494-00050256": "that builds are being pushed properly on the consoles or the PCs, that everything runs smoothly", "c9CQFQTWa90-00082-00050268-00050952": "Are you going to record those sessions? Are going to livestream them to the game team to watch it?", "c9CQFQTWa90-00083-00050964-00051817": "The researcher needs to have a good line-of-sight to the different stations to make sure that everything is going on track", "c9CQFQTWa90-00084-00051846-00052294": "So the bigger you go definitely, the more specialization you're going to require it", "c9CQFQTWa90-00085-00052308-00052700": "So what I would recommend is looking to people who have experience and", "c9CQFQTWa90-00086-00052788-00053179": "knowledge in psychology, cognitive or experimental,", "c9CQFQTWa90-00087-00053190-00053838": "people with a HCI background with Human Factor Engineering experience", "c9CQFQTWa90-00088-00053867-00054679": "That kind of people. It's really, I think, these guys who have the most abilities to provide you with the right information", "c9CQFQTWa90-00089-00054696-00057541": "[Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "cqnL34HImj4", "text": {"cqnL34HImj4-00000-00000000-00000208": "Awesomeness and more than that"}}, {"audio_id": "cqu7IDv3QQo", "text": {"cqu7IDv3QQo-00000-00006072-00007012": "ในส่วนของตอนนี้ก็เป็นเรื่องของการแนะนำตัวเอง Introduction แต่เป็นการแนะนำตัวเองแบบไม่เป็นทางการ", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00001-00007012-00007890": "ทางการเมื่อสักครู่เราเรียนมาแล้วว่าเป็น Formal ตอนนี้ไม่เป็นทางการก็คือ Informal", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00002-00007890-00008582": "แล้ววิธีการแนะนำตัวเองแบบไม่เป็นทางการเป็นอย่างไรคะ ภาษาอังกฤษมีคำหนึ่งที่เราจะต้องคำนึงคือ", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00003-00008582-00009760": "คำว่าง่าย มันจะต้องง่ายนะคะ คำว่าง่ายในภาษาอังกฤษใช้คำว่า Simple ง่าย ๆ นะคะ แต่สูตรการแนะนำตัวเองอย่างไม่เป็นทางการ", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00004-00009760-00010788": "กับแบบเป็นทางการนี้เหมือนกันคือมี 3 ส่วน ใช้ Hi Hello และเป็นชื่อตัวเอง Hi I'm Kamolrat.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00005-00010788-00011970": "I'm a teacher from STOU. แค่นั้นเองนะคะ นอกนั้นก็จะเป็นการบอกเล่าเรื่องราวต่าง ๆที่เกี่ยวข้องกับตัวเองแบบง่าย ๆ แบบสบาย ๆ", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00006-00011970-00012800": "ก็ถือว่าเราเรียกว่าเป็นการแนะนำตัวเองแบบไม่เป็นทางการ เดี๋ยวดูในรายละเอียดที่อาจารย์ดอมสอนต่อนะคะ", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00007-00014150-00014876": "Okay not always do we want to be super formal.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00008-00014876-00015428": "Sometimes we prefer a more informal style.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00009-00015428-00015976": "More relaxed maybe you have a different situation.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00010-00015997-00016358": "You are making a client as dinner.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00011-00016358-00017042": "It's a one-on-one situation you just want a relaxed atmosphere.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00012-00017042-00017392": "Not a good morning my name is John etc.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00013-00017392-00017684": "More relaxed style.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00014-00017684-00017898": "We can try something like this.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00015-00017898-00018366": "Hi I'm Dominique but you can call me Dom.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00016-00018366-00018902": "What's your name ? That was very very simple.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00017-00018902-00019316": "No job title no company nothing like that.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00018-00019316-00019818": "We can use a simple. Hi, hey.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00019-00019818-00020338": "You can use good morning if you want up to you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00020-00020338-00020984": "Good morning good afternoon are a little bit more formal.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00021-00020984-00021512": "But it's okay up to you can use can still use.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00022-00021554-00022168": "I gave my full name and I also gave my nickname", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00023-00022168-00022652": "with the phrase you can call me.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00024-00022652-00023156": "You can call me Dom means use Dominique so long.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00025-00023156-00023564": "Dominique 3 syllables forget.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00026-00023564-00023956": "Use my nickname you can call me Dom.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00027-00023956-00024510": "Okay and then we ask our listener there name.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00028-00024510-00025240": "What's your name ? That's a very nice simple informal introduction.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00029-00025240-00025610": "Hey I'm Dominique but you can call me Dom.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00030-00025610-00025850": "What's your name ?", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00031-00025851-00026355": "Simple your listeners hi Dom I'm Jack.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00032-00026355-00026852": "Again very very simple somebody asks you", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00033-00026852-00027489": "your name I'm Jack I am that simple.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00034-00027489-00028158": "And then it's always nice to say something a little bit positive.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00035-00028158-00028588": "Help make a good first impression.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00036-00028610-00029324": "Create good communication links the phrase I'm sure you already know.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00037-00029324-00029616": "Nice to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00038-00029616-00029942": "Nice to meet you Jack. Nice to meet you too Dom.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00039-00029942-00030595": "We don't always need to use the word nice.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00040-00030595-00031289": "We can change that word it is not a rule that we say nice to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00041-00031302-00031708": "Maybe you want to use a more positive word.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00042-00031708-00032120": "Great to meet you. Lovely to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00043-00032120-00032614": "All of this is okay you don't need to use nice.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00044-00032614-00033096": "Because your English teacher at school told you nice to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00045-00033096-00033358": "Hi I'm Dom nice to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00046-00033358-00034064": "You can change up to you use something a bit more positive.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00047-00034064-00034514": "Great to meet you. Lovely to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00048-00034514-00034824": "These are very nice positive words.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00049-00034824-00035176": "Maybe go extra excellent to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00050-00035176-00035586": "You don't need to you can use nice it's up to you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00051-00035586-00035910": "But having a wide range", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00052-00035910-00036528": "of vocabulary shows that you are a good English speaker.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00053-00036528-00036912": "It shows you have good communication skills.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00054-00036938-00037356": "You are not repeating your robot answers.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00055-00037356-00037672": "Nice to meet you, nice to meet you, nice to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00056-00037672-00037964": "You're showing good communication.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00057-00037964-00038412": "You're showing a natural side of your English", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00058-00038413-00038697": "and you're using those positive words.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00059-00038697-00038905": "Great to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00060-00038905-00039426": "Lovely to meet you making a great first impression.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00061-00039446-00040094": "Okay so these are our details of what we need", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00062-00040094-00040554": "in an informal introduction situation.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00063-00040554-00040954": "We give our name we give our nickname.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00064-00040954-00041196": "You don't need to up to you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00065-00041196-00041626": "You can give nickname you can just give nickname whatever.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00066-00041646-00042376": "It's informal do what you want, you must ask the person their name.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00067-00042376-00042832": "Don't forget give your name ask their name.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00068-00042832-00043582": "Nice to meet you is always a very polite way to make an introduction", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00069-00043582-00043946": "and then repeat the name.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00070-00043946-00044564": "Let's look back repeat the name in green Jack gives us his name", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00071-00044564-00044853": "he's say hi Don I'm Jack.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00072-00044853-00045241": "I respond nice to meet you jack.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00073-00045241-00046076": "I repeat this Jack's name and that will help me remember Jack's name.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00074-00046096-00046420": "Oh Jack hi nice to meet you Jack.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00075-00046420-00046782": "Repeat that name don't forget it.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00076-00046782-00047422": "In the job or professional situation you are in.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00077-00047422-00047958": "You don't want to forget someone's name any situation.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00078-00047958-00048390": "So repeat their names in the introduction.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00079-00048408-00048842": "Especially if you are meeting a lot of people", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00080-00048842-00049434": "it can be very difficult to remember everyone's name", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00081-00049434-00049906": "help yourself you can make it easier.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00082-00049906-00050428": "If you repeat people's name. Hi I'm Dom.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00083-00050428-00050777": "Hey I'm Jack. Jack nice to meet you Jack.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00084-00050777-00051112": "Repeats Jack Jack Jack okay repeat in your head", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00085-00051112-00051379": "okay that's Jack got it.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00086-00051379-00051720": "Okay so that's your informal introduction.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00087-00051720-00052100": "Less rules don't use your job title not necessary", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00088-00052100-00052512": "just get your name, nickname, nice to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00089-00052512-00052874": "Nice and relaxed that's what we want", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00090-00052874-00053274": "in an informal situation.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00091-00053274-00053974": "Okay we have a little bit longer now a little bit more advanced", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00092-00053974-00054360": "for an informal introduction.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00093-00054360-00054666": "We're giving a bit more information", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00094-00054666-00055069": "however if you don't feel comfortable", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00095-00055069-00055438": "with this level don't worry", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00096-00055438-00055912": "stick to the simple format name, nickname", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00097-00055912-00056164": "nice to meet you, what's your name ?", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00098-00056164-00056434": "Stick to that that's okay too.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00099-00056434-00056926": "But if you are ready try something like this.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00100-00056926-00057434": "Hey I'm Dominique but you can call me Dom.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00101-00057434-00058040": "I'm an English tutor at Sukhothai Thammatirat University.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00102-00058040-00058636": "What's your name ? Mark ? Nice to meet you Mark. Okay.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00103-00058636-00059024": "Let's break it down.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00104-00059024-00059774": "We keep it simple and clear again we don't need my life story.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00105-00059774-00060112": "We want the information about me.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00106-00060112-00060667": "Short and simple just my name, nickname,", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00107-00060667-00060943": "what my job is ? Okey.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00108-00060944-00061414": "Nice and simple we don't give the life story.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00109-00061414-00061682": "We don't want to make a speech.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00110-00061682-00061902": "Just keep it short.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00111-00061902-00062204": "We say something about ourselves.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00112-00062204-00062720": "Sure information like jobs it does not need to be jobs.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00113-00062720-00063022": "If it's an informal situation.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00114-00063022-00063374": "Maybe you want to say something about where you're from ?", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00115-00063404-00063840": "Hi I'm Dom I'm from England. Where you live right now ?", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00116-00063848-00064212": "Hi I'm Dom I live in Bangkok.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00117-00064212-00065010": "Something short something basic but it's nice to give a little something about yourself", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00118-00065010-00065446": "to open that communication link", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00119-00065446-00065874": "and finally say something positive.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00120-00065874-00066428": "Make a good first impression. Okay Mark nice to meet you.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00121-00066428-00066696": "Lovely to meet you Mark.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00122-00066696-00067466": "We're say something positive helping our listener feel comfortable", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00123-00067466-00067958": "by showing that we are positive people.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00124-00068042-00068718": "That's an example of a more advanced informal introduction.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00125-00068718-00069200": "Listen to me again and maybe pause the clip", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00126-00069200-00069634": "and try it about yourself use your own name", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00127-00069634-00070044": "give something about yourself.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00128-00070086-00070536": "Hi I'm Dominique but you can call me Dom.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00129-00070536-00071058": "I'm an English tutor at Sukhothai Thammatirat Open University", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00130-00071062-00071224": "What's your name ?", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00131-00071224-00071628": "Mark ? Lovely to meet you Mark.", "cqu7IDv3QQo-00132-00071628-00072320": "Okay did you hear that I repeat his name I will not forget Mark's name I hope"}}, {"audio_id": "cqyy3ITDd5g", "text": {"cqyy3ITDd5g-00000-00001119-00001355": "Wanna keep a dry roof over your heads, literally.", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00001-00001355-00001698": "When you need a reliable roofing solution.", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00002-00001698-00001907": "Our experienced team of professionals are ready", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00003-00001907-00002052": "to solve your needs.", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00004-00002052-00002318": "No job is to big or to small.", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00005-00002318-00002789": "Our experienced craftsman have years of experienced on all sorts of buildings.", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00006-00002789-00003080": "We are confident you will be completely satisfied.", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00007-00003080-00003267": "Don't delay and contact us today!", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00008-00003267-00003561": "Tile Roofing Los Angeles CA Hey there thanks for watching our video to", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00009-00003561-00003838": "get more fresh content regularly, the subscribe", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00010-00003838-00003953": "button below.", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00011-00003953-00004438": "And then also, like us on Facebook and engage with us through social media by clicking these", "cqyy3ITDd5g-00012-00004438-00004585": "icons that are popping up."}}, {"audio_id": "cqFoqW7OuCM", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "cqGOv36VCYY", "text": {"cqGOv36VCYY-00000-00001726-00002077": "Here we go for Today's UFO Plate.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00001-00002077-00002459": "It's February 27th, 2023.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00002-00002559-00003286": "Fantastic UFO Plates, Succulent UFO Plates from Italy, in particular Naples in Campania.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00003-00003286-00004235": "First of all as you know observe carefully at the small UFO Plate above the soup UFO Plate.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00004-00004396-00005169": "Then you make the two UFO Plates fly (whistle).", "cqGOv36VCYY-00005-00005269-00006062": "Now perform the magic musical moment with the cuttler (whistle).", "cqGOv36VCYY-00006-00006162-00006685": "And finally remove the small UFO Plate from the soup UFO Plate.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00007-00006785-00009591": "Today's UFO Plate is...?", "cqGOv36VCYY-00008-00009591-00010454": "Pasta with Tomatoes Sauce with also a bit of Parmesan, perhaps not visible here", "cqGOv36VCYY-00009-00010454-00010657": "and also with a bit of Meat.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00010-00010657-00011484": "Yes, beautiful I think in my Top 15 but today not so beautiful because of the meat,", "cqGOv36VCYY-00011-00011484-00014180": "but however in general always a good Plate.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00012-00014380-00015113": "Yes, Pasta with Tomatoes sauce and also little pieces of meat.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00013-00015113-00016194": "However in my Top 15 I think, but today mmh I don't like it at all, I don't know,", "cqGOv36VCYY-00014-00016194-00016322": "perhaps for the meat.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00015-00016322-00016815": "However this is the fourth time it came out.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00016-00016815-00017631": "First one on November 23rd, second on January 13th, third on February 15th,", "cqGOv36VCYY-00017-00017631-00017760": "so today was the fourth.", "cqGOv36VCYY-00018-00017760-00018280": "but as always if you're interested consult the list in the comment sections to deepen", "cqGOv36VCYY-00019-00018280-00018380": "all the date etc...", "cqGOv36VCYY-00020-00018380-00019051": "Surely at least one time I think you ate this plate in your life,", "cqGOv36VCYY-00021-00019051-00019399": "In fact as always I hope you enjoy, I don't know, the Plate and the video,", "cqGOv36VCYY-00022-00019496-00021005": "have a great day again."}}, {"audio_id": "cqLi329Rlak", "text": {"cqLi329Rlak-00000-00000080-00000368": "Good evening and welcome to this very special web chat", "cqLi329Rlak-00001-00000376-00000728": "from inside the Department in Westminster.", "cqLi329Rlak-00002-00000736-00001052": "A survey by the Department this week found that three-fifths of teachers", "cqLi329Rlak-00003-00001060-00001332": "felt that others were being pushed out of the profession", "cqLi329Rlak-00004-00001340-00001500": "by bad behaviour.", "cqLi329Rlak-00005-00001508-00001776": "So what is the solution to disruption in the classroom", "cqLi329Rlak-00006-00001784-00001896": "and is it really that bad?", "cqLi329Rlak-00007-00001904-00002232": "Luckily, we have two of the country's greatest experts on the subject", "cqLi329Rlak-00008-00002240-00002336": "here this evening.", "cqLi329Rlak-00009-00002344-00002620": "Both of whom have written books on this", "cqLi329Rlak-00010-00002628-00002908": "but more importantly they have spent many, many years", "cqLi329Rlak-00011-00002916-00003180": "in front of the whiteboard dealing with disruptive pupils.", "cqLi329Rlak-00012-00003188-00003632": "Over to the furthest left is Tom Bennett.", "cqLi329Rlak-00013-00003640-00003915": "Tom is a teacher, author and blogger extraordinaire", "cqLi329Rlak-00014-00003924-00004372": "who also still finds time to answer teachers' questions every day", "cqLi329Rlak-00015-00004380-00004668": "on the TES behaviour forums.", "cqLi329Rlak-00016-00004676-00004876": "And to my direct left is Charlie Taylor,", "cqLi329Rlak-00017-00004884-00005056": "a former teacher and headteacher", "cqLi329Rlak-00018-00005064-00005276": "who is now the Government's Behaviour Adviser", "cqLi329Rlak-00019-00005284-00005452": "and very recently has been appointed", "cqLi329Rlak-00020-00005460-00005720": "the new Chief Executive of the Teaching Agency.", "cqLi329Rlak-00021-00005728-00005800": "Welcome to you both.", "cqLi329Rlak-00022-00005808-00005932": "- Thank you very much. - Thank you.", "cqLi329Rlak-00023-00005940-00006120": "My name, incidentally, is Michael Shaw.", "cqLi329Rlak-00024-00006128-00006376": "I'm the Deputy Editor of <i>The Times Educational Supplement.</i>", "cqLi329Rlak-00025-00006384-00006652": "My role this evening is just to pass on the questions", "cqLi329Rlak-00026-00006659-00006864": "that have been sent in by teachers.", "cqLi329Rlak-00027-00006872-00006992": "We are lucky to have a handful", "cqLi329Rlak-00028-00007000-00007240": "of select teachers in the audience here tonight.", "cqLi329Rlak-00029-00007248-00007748": "If you're watching this live, do send us tweets to #behaviourchat", "cqLi329Rlak-00030-00007756-00008123": "or you can also post comments on the Department Facebook page.", "cqLi329Rlak-00031-00008131-00008388": "But before we move on to those questions,", "cqLi329Rlak-00032-00008396-00008644": "perhaps just a bit more about our panellists.", "cqLi329Rlak-00033-00008652-00008868": "Tom, is it right that you were teaching this morning?", "cqLi329Rlak-00034-00008876-00009096": "Yes, teaching today, a full-time teacher.", "cqLi329Rlak-00035-00009104-00009428": "This is my night job. My day job is teaching.", "cqLi329Rlak-00036-00009436-00009652": "Excellent. And how long have you been teaching for?", "cqLi329Rlak-00037-00009660-00009852": "Ten years now, coming up for.", "cqLi329Rlak-00038-00009860-00010084": "I took to writing about it about five or six years ago", "cqLi329Rlak-00039-00010092-00010260": "when I started to realise that there were a lot of things", "cqLi329Rlak-00040-00010268-00010392": "that teachers could actually say", "cqLi329Rlak-00041-00010400-00010664": "and add to the general discussion about education.", "cqLi329Rlak-00042-00010672-00010952": "And what's the question you get asked most often on our forums?", "cqLi329Rlak-00043-00010960-00011140": "The question that most people ask is,", "cqLi329Rlak-00044-00011148-00011480": "'I've got one child in my class that won't do as they're told,'", "cqLi329Rlak-00045-00011488-00011636": "that's the most common one.", "cqLi329Rlak-00046-00011644-00011868": "Excellent. Well, I'm sure we'll get asked that one later on.", "cqLi329Rlak-00047-00011876-00012016": "Usually, yes.", "cqLi329Rlak-00048-00012024-00012288": "And, Charlie, you've been both a teacher and a head.", "cqLi329Rlak-00049-00012296-00012420": "Indeed, yes.", "cqLi329Rlak-00050-00012428-00012819": "I'm still on secondment from my school", "cqLi329Rlak-00051-00012828-00012968": "which is The Willows School in West London", "cqLi329Rlak-00052-00012976-00013108": "which is a special school", "cqLi329Rlak-00053-00013116-00013291": "for children with behavioural difficulties.", "cqLi329Rlak-00054-00013300-00013504": "And you described when you first arrived at the school,", "cqLi329Rlak-00055-00013512-00013752": "- it was quite like a war zone. - It was very hard.", "cqLi329Rlak-00056-00013760-00014068": "Some very experienced teachers had very recently left", "cqLi329Rlak-00057-00014076-00014276": "and the school was in a bit of a state.", "cqLi329Rlak-00058-00014284-00014547": "It took a bit of time to get things sorted out.", "cqLi329Rlak-00059-00014556-00014863": "Right, we're moving on to the first questions now", "cqLi329Rlak-00060-00014872-00015068": "and we'll be going to our studio audience.", "cqLi329Rlak-00061-00015076-00015280": "Do any of you here have any questions?", "cqLi329Rlak-00062-00015484-00015644": "Anyone at all? Oh, brilliant, fantastic.", "cqLi329Rlak-00063-00015652-00015924": "Can you just pass the microphone across?", "cqLi329Rlak-00064-00016144-00016436": "Chris Gibbons from Stonewall, the national gay equality organisation", "cqLi329Rlak-00065-00016444-00016704": "and we work to tackle homophobic bullying in schools.", "cqLi329Rlak-00066-00016712-00017080": "I was just wondering with specific reference to initial teacher training", "cqLi329Rlak-00067-00017088-00017484": "and the new remit of TA and obviously Charlie's new role with that,", "cqLi329Rlak-00068-00017492-00017736": "what will the Department and TA be doing", "cqLi329Rlak-00069-00017744-00018036": "to make sure that all newly-qualified teachers", "cqLi329Rlak-00070-00018044-00018284": "feel equipped to deal with the range of behavioural issues", "cqLi329Rlak-00071-00018292-00018784": "including all forms of bullying such as homophobic bullying, for example?", "cqLi329Rlak-00072-00018924-00019068": "I think it's a very good question", "cqLi329Rlak-00073-00019076-00019420": "and I think we have to make sure that teachers are prepared", "cqLi329Rlak-00074-00019428-00019540": "when they first go into the classroom.", "cqLi329Rlak-00075-00019548-00019760": "When we talk to many trainee teachers,", "cqLi329Rlak-00076-00019768-00019940": "they feel that things could have been better", "cqLi329Rlak-00077-00019948-00020080": "when they were being trained.", "cqLi329Rlak-00078-00020088-00020480": "And I think we need to ensure that the training of teachers", "cqLi329Rlak-00079-00020488-00020696": "happens not only the kind of theoretical bit", "cqLi329Rlak-00080-00020704-00020836": "but actually there's a real practical sense.", "cqLi329Rlak-00081-00020844-00021400": "And what the best trainers do is they not only train the teachers", "cqLi329Rlak-00082-00021408-00021768": "but they also give them practical steps to be able to help out", "cqLi329Rlak-00083-00021776-00022000": "and to get things right, so I think it's really important", "cqLi329Rlak-00084-00022008-00022200": "and I think the work that Stonewall has done on this", "cqLi329Rlak-00085-00022208-00022388": "is really important as well.", "cqLi329Rlak-00086-00022396-00022576": "Have you anything to add to that?", "cqLi329Rlak-00087-00022584-00022756": "From a teacher's point of view, from a school's point of view,", "cqLi329Rlak-00088-00022764-00022948": "I think the most important thing a school can do", "cqLi329Rlak-00089-00022956-00023184": "is to really step up to that kind of problem", "cqLi329Rlak-00090-00023192-00023408": "and instead of trying to bury it or hide it under the carpet,", "cqLi329Rlak-00091-00023416-00023672": "the school needs to make an issue of it and get it public", "cqLi329Rlak-00092-00023680-00023784": "and be really vocal.", "cqLi329Rlak-00093-00023792-00023960": "Do assemblies, do whatever they have to do", "cqLi329Rlak-00094-00023968-00024288": "to diffuse any situations before they arise.", "cqLi329Rlak-00095-00024296-00024508": "Excellent. Well, we've already started things off", "cqLi329Rlak-00096-00024516-00024764": "and we'll have more questions from the audience in a minute,", "cqLi329Rlak-00097-00024772-00024936": "but we're already starting to get questions in", "cqLi329Rlak-00098-00024944-00025080": "from Twitter and Facebook.", "cqLi329Rlak-00099-00025088-00025516": "One of these is, 'My summer-born child was too young for school", "cqLi329Rlak-00100-00025524-00025852": "and always in trouble. How can he be helped?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00101-00025860-00025948": "Summer-born children,", "cqLi329Rlak-00102-00025956-00026252": "obviously a consistent problem in the education system.", "cqLi329Rlak-00103-00026260-00026592": "I think that the summer issue is significant and substantial.", "cqLi329Rlak-00104-00026600-00026664": "We all know of the evidence", "cqLi329Rlak-00105-00026672-00026976": "pointing towards different levels of underachievement.", "cqLi329Rlak-00106-00026983-00027404": "If you say 'getting in trouble', if by that it means he's causing trouble", "cqLi329Rlak-00107-00027412-00027568": "or involved in trouble,", "cqLi329Rlak-00108-00027576-00027812": "I think the parents and the school", "cqLi329Rlak-00109-00027820-00028139": "need to really park the whole summer child thing", "cqLi329Rlak-00110-00028148-00028344": "because that's not a significant factor here.", "cqLi329Rlak-00111-00028352-00028544": "Because you get children across all spectrums of the year", "cqLi329Rlak-00112-00028552-00028708": "who behave or misbehave.", "cqLi329Rlak-00113-00028716-00028920": "So I think that's a bit of a red herring.", "cqLi329Rlak-00114-00028927-00029039": "What you need to do is tackle the behaviour,", "cqLi329Rlak-00115-00029048-00029176": "the reasons for the behaviour", "cqLi329Rlak-00116-00029183-00029520": "and also externally deal with the behaviour as and when it occurs.", "cqLi329Rlak-00117-00029527-00029712": "So not even in the first few years of primary school,", "cqLi329Rlak-00118-00029720-00029968": "will it not have the biggest impact?", "cqLi329Rlak-00119-00029976-00030283": "I think any good primary teacher or Early Years teacher", "cqLi329Rlak-00120-00030292-00030636": "will be looking at making sure that the ones that most need nurturing", "cqLi329Rlak-00121-00030644-00030860": "get the nurturing, so that's possibly the intervention.", "cqLi329Rlak-00122-00030868-00031227": "But once you get a few years into school it's not a significant impact.", "cqLi329Rlak-00123-00031236-00031388": "And I think one of the interesting things", "cqLi329Rlak-00124-00031395-00031664": "is how often children who are simply summer born", "cqLi329Rlak-00125-00031672-00031848": "get diagnosed with special educational needs.", "cqLi329Rlak-00126-00031856-00032020": "That seems to happen more often.", "cqLi329Rlak-00127-00032027-00032252": "And I think sometimes one has to accept, as a teacher,", "cqLi329Rlak-00128-00032260-00032383": "that there are children who are going to be less mature", "cqLi329Rlak-00129-00032392-00032583": "than other children within your class.", "cqLi329Rlak-00130-00032592-00032968": "That doesn't necessarily mean they're summer born or not, as Tom says.", "cqLi329Rlak-00131-00032976-00033276": "But it's about the school having a response to all the children.", "cqLi329Rlak-00132-00033284-00033468": "And I think if we get pulled too far down this issue", "cqLi329Rlak-00133-00033476-00033748": "that my child is summer born and therefore and therefore,", "cqLi329Rlak-00134-00033756-00034068": "actually we could end up ultimately not doing the things we need to do", "cqLi329Rlak-00135-00034076-00034320": "which is making sure the child is in school, succeeding.", "cqLi329Rlak-00136-00034328-00034472": "A very useful question.", "cqLi329Rlak-00137-00034480-00034764": "Obviously tonight's questions we're hoping mainly from teachers", "cqLi329Rlak-00138-00034772-00035040": "rather than from parents. This isn't Super Nanny.", "cqLi329Rlak-00139-00035048-00035468": "Another question we've had is that 'What should happen with SEN children", "cqLi329Rlak-00140-00035476-00035732": "who don't respond to star charts or praise?", "cqLi329Rlak-00141-00035740-00035872": "How should you deal with those?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00142-00035880-00036068": "I imagine with your background as a head of a special school,", "cqLi329Rlak-00143-00036076-00036216": "you'll have some good ideas on that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00144-00036224-00036468": "Yeah, we have a very wide range of responses", "cqLi329Rlak-00145-00036476-00036620": "to children with behavioural difficulties", "cqLi329Rlak-00146-00036628-00037000": "and I think sometimes the use of star charts and praise", "cqLi329Rlak-00147-00037008-00037152": "actually very often isn't enough.", "cqLi329Rlak-00148-00037160-00037452": "Some children have got so stuck in patterns of behaviour", "cqLi329Rlak-00149-00037460-00037704": "that the first thing is actually teaching them how to be different.", "cqLi329Rlak-00150-00037712-00037880": "And I visited a fantastic school,", "cqLi329Rlak-00151-00037888-00038044": "Bartley Green in Birmingham the other day,", "cqLi329Rlak-00152-00038052-00038396": "where they consciously have classes for children who are struggling", "cqLi329Rlak-00153-00038404-00038648": "and they really focus on teaching good behaviour.", "cqLi329Rlak-00154-00038656-00038808": "And if you go into nursery schools they do that very well.", "cqLi329Rlak-00155-00038816-00039080": "As you go up into secondary schools, often that doesn't happen.", "cqLi329Rlak-00156-00039088-00039208": "So the first thing is about being really clear", "cqLi329Rlak-00157-00039216-00039376": "and teaching the behaviour you want to see.", "cqLi329Rlak-00158-00039384-00039552": "The second thing is actually there are other interventions", "cqLi329Rlak-00159-00039560-00039684": "that work very well, too.", "cqLi329Rlak-00160-00039692-00039896": "There are some children who get themselves in such a state", "cqLi329Rlak-00161-00039904-00040132": "that actually they just need to be looked after", "cqLi329Rlak-00162-00040140-00040256": "for a little bit of time by the school.", "cqLi329Rlak-00163-00040264-00040736": "They need to be brought back into the bubble of the school", "cqLi329Rlak-00164-00040744-00040996": "when children are going through a really difficult time", "cqLi329Rlak-00165-00041004-00041236": "and then we can help them.", "cqLi329Rlak-00166-00041244-00041480": "But therapeutic interventions are sometimes helpful.", "cqLi329Rlak-00167-00041488-00041680": "Also checking that there isn't an underlying issue", "cqLi329Rlak-00168-00041688-00041908": "in terms of a special need undiagnosed.", "cqLi329Rlak-00169-00041916-00042432": "And also just having a supportive environment which helps children", "cqLi329Rlak-00170-00042440-00042760": "with clear boundaries, as well, and that's essential, too.", "cqLi329Rlak-00171-00042768-00043024": "Do you find star charts and most kinds of praise systems work?", "cqLi329Rlak-00172-00043032-00043316": "Yes, absolutely, but as with any behavioural strategy", "cqLi329Rlak-00173-00043324-00043580": "it's just one arrow in your quiver.", "cqLi329Rlak-00174-00043588-00043928": "You use strategies if and when they occur.", "cqLi329Rlak-00175-00043936-00044180": "Special educational needs is such a broad area", "cqLi329Rlak-00176-00044188-00044300": "that it would be impossible to say", "cqLi329Rlak-00177-00044308-00044540": "this is what happens with children with special educational needs.", "cqLi329Rlak-00178-00044548-00044780": "You do work with that one child.", "cqLi329Rlak-00179-00044788-00045048": "And praise and rewards are a fabulous way of motivating people", "cqLi329Rlak-00180-00045056-00045272": "and sometimes a little bit of coercion,", "cqLi329Rlak-00181-00045280-00045476": "a little bit of discipline and direction", "cqLi329Rlak-00182-00045484-00045600": "is also necessary, too.", "cqLi329Rlak-00183-00045608-00045940": "The important thing is that the parent and the school", "cqLi329Rlak-00184-00045948-00046116": "works together in a partnership", "cqLi329Rlak-00185-00046124-00046268": "and they talk to each other constantly.", "cqLi329Rlak-00186-00046276-00046544": "That leads us on to our next question we've just had in", "cqLi329Rlak-00187-00046552-00046908": "which is what if parents won't cooperate with a badly-behaved child?", "cqLi329Rlak-00188-00046916-00047204": "What strategies can you do to get the families onboard?", "cqLi329Rlak-00189-00047212-00047420": "I think there's two things there, really.", "cqLi329Rlak-00190-00047428-00047832": "The important thing is that when you go to really good schools,", "cqLi329Rlak-00191-00047840-00048140": "what they say is they don't operate in spite of their parents,", "cqLi329Rlak-00192-00048148-00048428": "they operate as much as possible in partnership with their parents,", "cqLi329Rlak-00193-00048436-00048600": "they spend a lot of time reaching out to parents.", "cqLi329Rlak-00194-00048608-00048920": "Often parents, you feel quite uncomfortable going into schools.", "cqLi329Rlak-00195-00048928-00049120": "There is a resonance about going into school", "cqLi329Rlak-00196-00049128-00049512": "that has the smell of boiled cabbages and chalk", "cqLi329Rlak-00197-00049520-00049812": "that can send us spiralling back to our own childhood", "cqLi329Rlak-00198-00049828-00050264": "and our own unfortunate experiences of school for some parents.", "cqLi329Rlak-00199-00050272-00050488": "And, therefore, one of the things is actually reaching out to parents,", "cqLi329Rlak-00200-00050496-00050660": "making them feel welcome.", "cqLi329Rlak-00201-00050668-00050912": "But also being very clear early on about what the expectations are", "cqLi329Rlak-00202-00050920-00051024": "and what you expect from parents", "cqLi329Rlak-00203-00051032-00051208": "and what you're going to expect from the child.", "cqLi329Rlak-00204-00051216-00051624": "And I think when there's too much rigour in there,", "cqLi329Rlak-00205-00051632-00051772": "when parents don't really know what's expected of them,", "cqLi329Rlak-00206-00051779-00052008": "that's when they start to push the envelope a bit.", "cqLi329Rlak-00207-00052016-00052272": "But I think more clarity with parents is really good.", "cqLi329Rlak-00208-00052279-00052455": "Anything else to add to that, Tom?", "cqLi329Rlak-00209-00052464-00052960": "I would always argue that 99% of parents around the world", "cqLi329Rlak-00210-00052967-00053116": "want the best for their children.", "cqLi329Rlak-00211-00053124-00053420": "And if the teacher in the school starts off a relationship badly", "cqLi329Rlak-00212-00053428-00053679": "with a parent, even if perhaps the parent instigates that,", "cqLi329Rlak-00213-00053688-00053908": "the school really has to work hard to make sure", "cqLi329Rlak-00214-00053916-00054288": "the parents also realise that that's exactly what you want for them, too.", "cqLi329Rlak-00215-00054296-00054528": "I always start my parental conversations off with,", "cqLi329Rlak-00216-00054536-00054844": "'Hi, your son or daughter can be really great", "cqLi329Rlak-00217-00054852-00055052": "but I need your help getting them back on track.'", "cqLi329Rlak-00218-00055060-00055320": "And that's the kind of language you use to speak to parents.", "cqLi329Rlak-00219-00055328-00055564": "And as soon as you go down a more confrontational way,", "cqLi329Rlak-00220-00055572-00055976": "as Charlie was saying, you open up all these background images", "cqLi329Rlak-00221-00055984-00056167": "and it just all falls apart.", "cqLi329Rlak-00222-00056176-00056432": "Have you found that parents have got more combative with schools", "cqLi329Rlak-00223-00056440-00056572": "over the recent years?", "cqLi329Rlak-00224-00056579-00056796": "I think if you talk to teachers they'll certainly say", "cqLi329Rlak-00225-00056804-00057108": "that there are groups of parents who probably do push harder", "cqLi329Rlak-00226-00057116-00057276": "than they used to.", "cqLi329Rlak-00227-00057284-00057512": "I think there is also a job for schools to do actually", "cqLi329Rlak-00228-00057520-00057796": "which is about educating parents how to complain, how to raise an issue.", "cqLi329Rlak-00229-00057804-00058088": "Some parents get very het up, they fly off the handle,", "cqLi329Rlak-00230-00058096-00058208": "they come storming into the school", "cqLi329Rlak-00231-00058216-00058348": "and they start screaming and shouting.", "cqLi329Rlak-00232-00058355-00058540": "And actually it's completely reasonable", "cqLi329Rlak-00233-00058548-00058800": "for parents to make a complaint, to come and raise issues.", "cqLi329Rlak-00234-00058808-00058896": "But they need to do that in the right way.", "cqLi329Rlak-00235-00058904-00059020": "They need to do it in a way", "cqLi329Rlak-00236-00059028-00059364": "that means that teachers aren't being put in a difficult position,", "cqLi329Rlak-00237-00059372-00059491": "they're not being shouted at.", "cqLi329Rlak-00238-00059500-00059716": "And one of the things schools can do is to train parents about", "cqLi329Rlak-00239-00059724-00059991": "if you've got a problem, this is how you deal with it", "cqLi329Rlak-00240-00060000-00060067": "and this is what we expect", "cqLi329Rlak-00241-00060076-00060296": "and this behaviour we won't put up with.", "cqLi329Rlak-00242-00060304-00060396": "Thank you for that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00243-00060404-00060696": "We'll take another question now from our studio audience,", "cqLi329Rlak-00244-00060704-00060904": "some of whom are very busy tweeting.", "cqLi329Rlak-00245-00061020-00061252": "Any questions at all?", "cqLi329Rlak-00246-00061260-00061460": "Yes, please, the gentleman here.", "cqLi329Rlak-00247-00061608-00061828": "My name's Alex and I'm from Anti-bullying Pro", "cqLi329Rlak-00248-00061836-00062116": "which is, at the moment, a Department-funded programme", "cqLi329Rlak-00249-00062124-00062384": "that works with about 300 schools", "cqLi329Rlak-00250-00062391-00062724": "to encourage young people and staff to tackle bullying.", "cqLi329Rlak-00251-00062732-00063088": "So we give them practical ideas, a bit of inspiration.", "cqLi329Rlak-00252-00063096-00063240": "But my question is,", "cqLi329Rlak-00253-00063248-00063512": "I know the Department have recently slimmed down the guidance", "cqLi329Rlak-00254-00063520-00063816": "when it comes to bullying which may have left some schools", "cqLi329Rlak-00255-00063824-00064032": "a little unsure of what they should be doing.", "cqLi329Rlak-00256-00064040-00064464": "I wondered if the panel could talk about any particular examples", "cqLi329Rlak-00257-00064472-00064820": "of good practice they've seen when it comes to schools tackling bullying", "cqLi329Rlak-00258-00064828-00065016": "because obviously it's a massive priority", "cqLi329Rlak-00259-00065024-00065340": "because people spend about 11,000 hours of their life", "cqLi329Rlak-00260-00065348-00065512": "in full-time education.", "cqLi329Rlak-00261-00065520-00065816": "It's really important that every single hour is a happy and safe one.", "cqLi329Rlak-00262-00065824-00066184": "We'll start with Tom on that one.", "cqLi329Rlak-00263-00066192-00066528": "I absolutely agree with the slimming down of the bullying advice.", "cqLi329Rlak-00264-00066536-00066788": "Simply because from my experience in schools", "cqLi329Rlak-00265-00066796-00067104": "whether you get 1000 sheets of paper or 100 sheets of paper,", "cqLi329Rlak-00266-00067112-00067468": "it doesn't matter, what matters is somebody reading it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00267-00067476-00067644": "And if that means that it's 10 sheets of paper", "cqLi329Rlak-00268-00067652-00067888": "and it's the best advice possible, then that's what counts.", "cqLi329Rlak-00269-00067896-00068148": "And secondly, I would say that the thing that really makes", "cqLi329Rlak-00270-00068156-00068392": "a school system effective to beat bullying", "cqLi329Rlak-00271-00068400-00068760": "is to have people in school who give a damn about it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00272-00068768-00068932": "That will always be the main thing.", "cqLi329Rlak-00273-00068940-00069164": "It's exactly the same as the other gentleman's question, as well.", "cqLi329Rlak-00274-00069172-00069416": "There's got to be people in school who think that bullying's an issue", "cqLi329Rlak-00275-00069424-00069800": "who are actively looking for it and are actively dealing with it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00276-00069808-00069960": "It doesn't matter how many policies you have.", "cqLi329Rlak-00277-00069968-00070240": "So that's key people on the ground.", "cqLi329Rlak-00278-00070248-00070424": "I absolutely agree with that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00279-00070432-00070920": "I went to Bartley Green School in the West Midlands", "cqLi329Rlak-00280-00070928-00071088": "and one of the things, they had a very simple system", "cqLi329Rlak-00281-00071096-00071540": "where children could log on and just report a bullying incident.", "cqLi329Rlak-00282-00071548-00071652": "It was very quick, it was very efficient.", "cqLi329Rlak-00283-00071660-00071792": "One of the kids showed me how it worked.", "cqLi329Rlak-00284-00071800-00071984": "And the teacher could give loads of information and data", "cqLi329Rlak-00285-00071992-00072116": "about what was going on around bullying.", "cqLi329Rlak-00286-00072124-00072316": "And it wasn't a huge bureaucratic burden,", "cqLi329Rlak-00287-00072324-00072472": "it wasn't taking up lots of people's time.", "cqLi329Rlak-00288-00072480-00072728": "But it was just a way that children could log a concern", "cqLi329Rlak-00289-00072736-00072984": "and that could then be dealt with.", "cqLi329Rlak-00290-00072992-00073224": "Excellent. We have another question that's just come in", "cqLi329Rlak-00291-00073232-00073444": "which is 'Do you know of any new technologies", "cqLi329Rlak-00292-00073452-00073564": "that could help behaviour?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00293-00073572-00074008": "I know you were saying you were in a school today where pupils had iPads.", "cqLi329Rlak-00294-00074016-00074192": "Do you think there are any technologies that might help?", "cqLi329Rlak-00295-00074200-00074716": "The school I was in today was using Sims a lot", "cqLi329Rlak-00296-00074724-00075172": "in order to track and keep an eye on progress with behaviour.", "cqLi329Rlak-00297-00075180-00075440": "And I think in a school like mine where we're held to account", "cqLi329Rlak-00298-00075448-00075660": "not only for the academic progress of our children", "cqLi329Rlak-00299-00075668-00075940": "but also the changes we make in terms of children's behaviour,", "cqLi329Rlak-00300-00075948-00076224": "we've got lots of systems in place that actually measure that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00301-00076232-00076512": "In some schools there are systems you can buy into", "cqLi329Rlak-00302-00076520-00076688": "that help to log every incident.", "cqLi329Rlak-00303-00076696-00077056": "And I think for schools particularly who are trying to move things on,", "cqLi329Rlak-00304-00077064-00077300": "who really want to change the whole culture of the school,", "cqLi329Rlak-00305-00077308-00077572": "I think some of these IT systems are really useful to do that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00306-00077580-00077864": "We don't use a lot of IT for that in my school at the moment", "cqLi329Rlak-00307-00077872-00078116": "but that may be because I've got Luddite tendencies.", "cqLi329Rlak-00308-00078124-00078432": "But certainly I've seen schools where it's been very effective.", "cqLi329Rlak-00309-00078440-00078864": "I think I probably exceed Charlie in his Luddite tendencies", "cqLi329Rlak-00310-00078872-00079116": "in that I feel that technology and education", "cqLi329Rlak-00311-00079124-00079236": "is very much like a dishwasher.", "cqLi329Rlak-00312-00079244-00079556": "They're a fabulous labour-saving device but somebody has to fill it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00313-00079564-00079820": "And if nobody fills it, the plates stay just as dirty.", "cqLi329Rlak-00314-00079828-00080120": "I think there are some really good behaviour tracking systems out there", "cqLi329Rlak-00315-00080128-00080512": "which makes it very much easier for you to, for instance, collate data", "cqLi329Rlak-00316-00080520-00080796": "and see if there's a pattern or a trend in a child's behaviour", "cqLi329Rlak-00317-00080804-00080944": "and that is the big improvement.", "cqLi329Rlak-00318-00080952-00081200": "But, as ever, it needs to be filled in, it needs to be used,", "cqLi329Rlak-00319-00081208-00081452": "it needs to be attended to and that's, again, where you need people", "cqLi329Rlak-00320-00081460-00081724": "who are tight and are on that and care about it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00321-00081732-00082064": "We've got another question that looks like it may have come from a parent", "cqLi329Rlak-00322-00082072-00082372": "but I think it's still valid, certainly for primary schools.", "cqLi329Rlak-00323-00082380-00082644": "'How can I teach my child about boundaries", "cqLi329Rlak-00324-00082652-00083032": "and where is the line between naughtiness and testing boundaries?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00325-00083716-00083952": "The difference between naughtiness and testing boundaries", "cqLi329Rlak-00326-00083960-00084240": "is a philosophical question which I haven't got the time to go into here", "cqLi329Rlak-00327-00084248-00084376": "even if I could answer it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00328-00084384-00084664": "The question about teaching boundaries", "cqLi329Rlak-00329-00084672-00085012": "is the science of it is simple, the execution of it is difficult.", "cqLi329Rlak-00330-00085020-00085260": "Simply because the science says you set boundaries,", "cqLi329Rlak-00331-00085268-00085568": "you make them clear and then you stick to them.", "cqLi329Rlak-00332-00085576-00085740": "And if the child crosses those boundaries", "cqLi329Rlak-00333-00085748-00085976": "they experience a consequence of some kind", "cqLi329Rlak-00334-00085984-00086152": "which shows them that the boundary's been crossed.", "cqLi329Rlak-00335-00086160-00086488": "Now those five steps are the simplest thing in the world", "cqLi329Rlak-00336-00086496-00086716": "and in fact it's the basis of all my behaviour management advice", "cqLi329Rlak-00337-00086724-00086860": "for teachers in general.", "cqLi329Rlak-00338-00086868-00087028": "So I've kind of talked myself out of a job here.", "cqLi329Rlak-00339-00087036-00087360": "But the reason why it doesn't happen and it falls apart", "cqLi329Rlak-00340-00087368-00087616": "is because it's not applied and it's not consistent.", "cqLi329Rlak-00341-00087624-00087932": "So set the boundaries, decide what's a boundary for yourself,", "cqLi329Rlak-00342-00087940-00088176": "tell them what a boundary is.", "cqLi329Rlak-00343-00088184-00088388": "I'm not a big fan of negotiating boundaries", "cqLi329Rlak-00344-00088396-00088584": "simply because I'm an adult in a classroom", "cqLi329Rlak-00345-00088592-00088784": "and I know what's best for them,", "cqLi329Rlak-00346-00088792-00089032": "which sounds authoritarian because it is.", "cqLi329Rlak-00347-00089188-00089488": "And then just repeat, repeat and rinse until they learn.", "cqLi329Rlak-00348-00089496-00089700": "Do you think it's as clear as that?", "cqLi329Rlak-00349-00089708-00089776": "I absolutely agree.", "cqLi329Rlak-00350-00089784-00090124": "I think the way to do it is actually to take a step back", "cqLi329Rlak-00351-00090132-00090620": "and to plan what you think the boundaries should be.", "cqLi329Rlak-00352-00090628-00090752": "I think the worst way of setting boundaries", "cqLi329Rlak-00353-00090760-00090920": "is that you try and set them as you go along.", "cqLi329Rlak-00354-00090928-00091080": "So as you're confronted by bad behaviour you think,", "cqLi329Rlak-00355-00091088-00091208": "'Ooh, is this okay or not?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00356-00091216-00091408": "The way to do it is to actually step back and think", "cqLi329Rlak-00357-00091416-00091572": "this is the kind of stuff I'm prepared to put up with", "cqLi329Rlak-00358-00091580-00091756": "and this is where I'm going to draw the line.", "cqLi329Rlak-00359-00091764-00091892": "Then when you come to dealing with a situation,", "cqLi329Rlak-00360-00091900-00092240": "you deal with it calmly in a non-reactive way", "cqLi329Rlak-00361-00092248-00092568": "rather than just following the child around and responding.", "cqLi329Rlak-00362-00092576-00092860": "I'd like to ask one of the questions we've had on Facebook quite a bit", "cqLi329Rlak-00363-00092868-00093068": "in the build-up to this web chat.", "cqLi329Rlak-00364-00093508-00093740": "And that is what strategies would you recommend", "cqLi329Rlak-00365-00093748-00094100": "for improving low-level disruptive behaviour in a classroom?", "cqLi329Rlak-00366-00094188-00094284": "Over to you, Charlie.", "cqLi329Rlak-00367-00094292-00094552": "Low-level disruptive behaviour is what frustrates teachers", "cqLi329Rlak-00368-00094560-00094704": "more than anything else.", "cqLi329Rlak-00369-00094712-00094872": "You hear the big stories of chairs being thrown around", "cqLi329Rlak-00370-00094880-00095000": "and teachers being attacked.", "cqLi329Rlak-00371-00095008-00095232": "Actually, thank goodness, those are very rare.", "cqLi329Rlak-00372-00095240-00095500": "The low-level disruption of individual children,", "cqLi329Rlak-00373-00095508-00095664": "one or two children or groups of children,", "cqLi329Rlak-00374-00095672-00095844": "I think the main thing is this:", "cqLi329Rlak-00375-00095852-00095932": "First of all to be absolutely clear", "cqLi329Rlak-00376-00095940-00096096": "about what the rules are within the class", "cqLi329Rlak-00377-00096104-00096316": "and to be prepared to follow through with rewards and praise", "cqLi329Rlak-00378-00096324-00096680": "and consequences for children who are doing the wrong thing.", "cqLi329Rlak-00379-00096688-00096868": "Get absolute clarity about that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00380-00096876-00097076": "There's basic stuff about things like seating plans.", "cqLi329Rlak-00381-00097084-00097224": "Being assertive about the seating plan.", "cqLi329Rlak-00382-00097232-00097520": "If child A is not coping because they're sitting there,", "cqLi329Rlak-00383-00097528-00097676": "be prepared to move them", "cqLi329Rlak-00384-00097684-00097788": "and if it means they don't sit with their mates,", "cqLi329Rlak-00385-00097796-00098044": "that's completely fine as well.", "cqLi329Rlak-00386-00098052-00098296": "The other thing with disruptive children", "cqLi329Rlak-00387-00098304-00098620": "is trying to unpick why they're being low-level disruptive", "cqLi329Rlak-00388-00098628-00098948": "and actually if it's the quality of teaching that isn't good enough,", "cqLi329Rlak-00389-00098956-00099124": "if the quality of lessons isn't good enough,", "cqLi329Rlak-00390-00099132-00099224": "if there isn't a real understanding,", "cqLi329Rlak-00391-00099232-00099420": "for example, of a child which special needs", "cqLi329Rlak-00392-00099428-00099600": "who is sitting there not able to read,", "cqLi329Rlak-00393-00099608-00099860": "then that feeds in to low-level disruption.", "cqLi329Rlak-00394-00099868-00100008": "Isn't that shifting the blame to teachers,", "cqLi329Rlak-00395-00100016-00100180": "to say it's about motivation?", "cqLi329Rlak-00396-00100188-00100592": "Well, you deal with what you're confronted by", "cqLi329Rlak-00397-00100600-00100680": "and if you have a child", "cqLi329Rlak-00398-00100688-00100960": "who's low-levelly disrupting your lessons constantly,", "cqLi329Rlak-00399-00100968-00101200": "yes, you can have very clear boundaries in place", "cqLi329Rlak-00400-00101208-00101404": "but also you need to respond to that child", "cqLi329Rlak-00401-00101412-00101828": "and if what you're trying isn't working", "cqLi329Rlak-00402-00101836-00102024": "then it's time to have a plan B as well.", "cqLi329Rlak-00403-00102032-00102340": "And your tips for low-level disruption.", "cqLi329Rlak-00404-00102348-00102600": "Just echoing what Charlie said,", "cqLi329Rlak-00405-00102608-00102840": "it's not the teacher's fault the misbehaviour's occurred", "cqLi329Rlak-00406-00102848-00103056": "but it is their responsibility to deal with it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00407-00103064-00103188": "That's what we're paid for.", "cqLi329Rlak-00408-00103196-00103500": "So there is a subtle but important distinction to be made there.", "cqLi329Rlak-00409-00103508-00103756": "Low-level disruption, as you said,", "cqLi329Rlak-00410-00103764-00104216": "teachers worry about chair chuckers but that is relatively rare", "cqLi329Rlak-00411-00104224-00104311": "demographically.", "cqLi329Rlak-00412-00104320-00104532": "Low-level disruption is the Kryptonite of the classroom.", "cqLi329Rlak-00413-00104540-00104808": "It is the drip drip effect, it carves a ravine,", "cqLi329Rlak-00414-00104816-00105088": "it carves a valley from a mountain over time.", "cqLi329Rlak-00415-00105096-00105228": "And it will destroy teachers.", "cqLi329Rlak-00416-00105235-00105476": "And the reason why it's so difficult to deal with", "cqLi329Rlak-00417-00105483-00105780": "is because it seems like it's not really that big a deal.", "cqLi329Rlak-00418-00105788-00106132": "I don't need to deal with it because it's just somebody humming", "cqLi329Rlak-00419-00106140-00106380": "or rocking on their chair or whatever's disrupting their education", "cqLi329Rlak-00420-00106388-00106520": "and that's how I define bad behaviour -", "cqLi329Rlak-00421-00106528-00106735": "disrupting the education of the classroom.", "cqLi329Rlak-00422-00106744-00107092": "Are there any particular examples of low-level disruption", "cqLi329Rlak-00423-00107100-00107283": "that you've found especially annoying?", "cqLi329Rlak-00424-00107292-00107492": "Pen clicking.", "cqLi329Rlak-00425-00107632-00107832": "Imitating a Scottish accent.", "cqLi329Rlak-00426-00107928-00108172": "Badly. I don't mind if it's done well.", "cqLi329Rlak-00427-00108180-00108516": "One quite topical question that's just arrived is", "cqLi329Rlak-00428-00108524-00108676": "'How do we avoid behaviour problems", "cqLi329Rlak-00429-00108683-00109056": "when the raise in participation age kicks in?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00430-00109064-00109276": "A bit of a repeat of what happened about 30 years ago", "cqLi329Rlak-00431-00109283-00109472": "where suddenly teachers found themselves", "cqLi329Rlak-00432-00109480-00109652": "with pupils who were a few years older.", "cqLi329Rlak-00433-00109659-00109935": "If students are having to stay on until 18, 19,", "cqLi329Rlak-00434-00109944-00110116": "what does that mean for teachers", "cqLi329Rlak-00435-00110124-00110396": "and will that affect your behaviour strategies?", "cqLi329Rlak-00436-00110544-00110835": "I would say that the behaviour strategies in essence", "cqLi329Rlak-00437-00110844-00111132": "from primary school up to school-leaving age,", "cqLi329Rlak-00438-00111140-00111440": "no matter what age it is, are relatively similar.", "cqLi329Rlak-00439-00111448-00111596": "I mean the basic skeleton of it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00440-00111604-00111876": "As they get older, obviously with, for instance, A level pupils,", "cqLi329Rlak-00441-00111883-00112308": "you allow them much more managed freedom, I would call it,", "cqLi329Rlak-00442-00112316-00112459": "because that's a natural part of growing up", "cqLi329Rlak-00443-00112468-00112696": "by allowing them to perhaps take off the stabilisers", "cqLi329Rlak-00444-00112704-00112944": "and use their tricycles by themselves.", "cqLi329Rlak-00445-00112952-00113188": "But the basic fundamental is still exactly the same.", "cqLi329Rlak-00446-00113196-00113400": "You tell them what you expect of them and then you call them out on it", "cqLi329Rlak-00447-00113408-00113544": "when it doesn't happen.", "cqLi329Rlak-00448-00113552-00113776": "And as children get older, what a lot of teachers do is", "cqLi329Rlak-00449-00113783-00114096": "they think, 'They're A level kids, I can't keep them behind.'", "cqLi329Rlak-00450-00114104-00114228": "or, 'I can't call home,'", "cqLi329Rlak-00451-00114235-00114472": "because they're wearing trainers and jeans", "cqLi329Rlak-00452-00114480-00114711": "and they call me 'man' and 'bruv'.", "cqLi329Rlak-00453-00114720-00114944": "And it's all exactly the same.", "cqLi329Rlak-00454-00114952-00115208": "Isn't there a risk that if you treat them like primary school pupils", "cqLi329Rlak-00455-00115216-00115400": "they'll react to that?", "cqLi329Rlak-00456-00115408-00115783": "You treat them like young adults and you can respond to that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00457-00115792-00116056": "They still need you to be an adult. This is the thing people forget.", "cqLi329Rlak-00458-00116064-00116476": "I still regard them as being, not childish, but young adults.", "cqLi329Rlak-00459-00116483-00116652": "Not adults, young adults.", "cqLi329Rlak-00460-00116659-00116876": "And they're getting there with our help.", "cqLi329Rlak-00461-00116888-00117072": "And when we talked about the consequences,", "cqLi329Rlak-00462-00117080-00117359": "positive reinforcement just does not go away.", "cqLi329Rlak-00463-00117368-00117740": "For goodness sake, you give a sticker to a 17 year old", "cqLi329Rlak-00464-00117748-00117872": "and they still...", "cqLi329Rlak-00465-00117880-00118264": "If you started awarding stickers to Tom and I now", "cqLi329Rlak-00466-00118272-00118440": "both of us would think that's pathetic.", "cqLi329Rlak-00467-00118448-00118535": "And afterwards we would be...", "cqLi329Rlak-00468-00118544-00118835": "At this point, I'd be giving you both gold stars.", "cqLi329Rlak-00469-00118844-00119116": "We haven't earned it yet.", "cqLi329Rlak-00470-00119124-00119444": "I should take another two questions from the audience.", "cqLi329Rlak-00471-00119452-00119596": "This question here, please.", "cqLi329Rlak-00472-00119604-00119864": "We'll just wait for your microphone to arrive.", "cqLi329Rlak-00473-00120032-00120240": "Hi, I'm Sarah. I work for Teach First", "cqLi329Rlak-00474-00120248-00120404": "and I'm a former teacher.", "cqLi329Rlak-00475-00120411-00120768": "At my former school they are introducing something called", "cqLi329Rlak-00476-00120776-00120976": "restorative practice, I don't know if you've heard of it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00477-00120983-00121244": "They're rolling it out quite a lot in Hull at the moment", "cqLi329Rlak-00478-00121252-00121732": "and it involves using other pupils to facilitate discussions", "cqLi329Rlak-00479-00121740-00121935": "between children who've been disruptive.", "cqLi329Rlak-00480-00121944-00122148": "I was just wondering if you thought there was any scope", "cqLi329Rlak-00481-00122156-00122476": "for investing in that across the country?", "cqLi329Rlak-00482-00122483-00122820": "My feelings on restorative justice are this:", "cqLi329Rlak-00483-00122828-00123211": "If it's done in a very well-organised system", "cqLi329Rlak-00484-00123220-00123432": "where people absolutely understand the process,", "cqLi329Rlak-00485-00123440-00123740": "where people are thoroughly trained", "cqLi329Rlak-00486-00123748-00124000": "within the way that restorative justice works", "cqLi329Rlak-00487-00124008-00124311": "and if there is a real sense that the restorative justice process", "cqLi329Rlak-00488-00124320-00124511": "is actually a voluntary process", "cqLi329Rlak-00489-00124520-00124744": "that, for example, the victim and the bully can go through,", "cqLi329Rlak-00490-00124752-00125028": "if there's a real understanding and underpinning and training of it", "cqLi329Rlak-00491-00125035-00125192": "then it can be effective.", "cqLi329Rlak-00492-00125200-00125480": "Where I get nervous is where people take on restorative justice", "cqLi329Rlak-00493-00125488-00125635": "in a piecemeal way.", "cqLi329Rlak-00494-00125644-00125976": "A few years ago I used to do some work with an anti-bullying charity,", "cqLi329Rlak-00495-00125983-00126400": "Kidscape, and one of the things they said is we quite often got cases", "cqLi329Rlak-00496-00126408-00126600": "where restorative justice has gone horribly wrong", "cqLi329Rlak-00497-00126608-00126792": "and effectively a bullied child and a bully", "cqLi329Rlak-00498-00126800-00126948": "were placed in the same classroom.", "cqLi329Rlak-00499-00126956-00127220": "So restorative justice is proven to be excellent", "cqLi329Rlak-00500-00127228-00127396": "but there has to be a real commitment from the school", "cqLi329Rlak-00501-00127404-00127652": "and the people within it and the leaders within the school", "cqLi329Rlak-00502-00127659-00127824": "to make sure that it works.", "cqLi329Rlak-00503-00127832-00128024": "If I can just add to that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00504-00128032-00128248": "We're echoing each other a lot, I do apologise.", "cqLi329Rlak-00505-00128256-00128492": "I've seen this work really badly in schools.", "cqLi329Rlak-00506-00128500-00128759": "And one of the things I get on the behaviour forums is", "cqLi329Rlak-00507-00128768-00128911": "often people say, 'I've been told to use this", "cqLi329Rlak-00508-00128920-00129135": "and it's gone horribly wrong. What am I doing wrong?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00509-00129144-00129316": "My answer is you're doing nothing wrong.", "cqLi329Rlak-00510-00129324-00129556": "Every strategy is an arrow in your quiver.", "cqLi329Rlak-00511-00129564-00129768": "You use the strategy that's appropriate.", "cqLi329Rlak-00512-00129776-00130148": "If you've got, for instance, two girls who are best friends", "cqLi329Rlak-00513-00130156-00130311": "and they've fallen out and they've had a fight,", "cqLi329Rlak-00514-00130320-00130456": "restorative justice is a very effective way", "cqLi329Rlak-00515-00130464-00130711": "to get them back together because it makes them talk to each other,", "cqLi329Rlak-00516-00130720-00130983": "and maybe get the families involved, whatever's required.", "cqLi329Rlak-00517-00130992-00131236": "If you get a situation where the school adopts, for instance,", "cqLi329Rlak-00518-00131244-00131492": "a restorative justice only approach,", "cqLi329Rlak-00519-00131500-00131848": "you may as well say we're using a gold star only approach", "cqLi329Rlak-00520-00131856-00132064": "and see what problems that leads to as well.", "cqLi329Rlak-00521-00132072-00132372": "I think in terms of bullying it can be disastrous.", "cqLi329Rlak-00522-00132380-00132708": "It's a terribly strategy sometimes. Use it sometimes but in its place.", "cqLi329Rlak-00523-00132716-00132936": "I would keep it really firmly on a leash.", "cqLi329Rlak-00524-00133036-00133160": "Thank you for that question.", "cqLi329Rlak-00525-00133168-00133420": "One we've had from several teachers on Facebook", "cqLi329Rlak-00526-00133428-00133676": "was, 'Do you think avoiding creative lessons", "cqLi329Rlak-00527-00133684-00133916": "is an effective way to maintain good behaviour?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00528-00133924-00134212": "Should your lessons be very drab and straitjacketed?", "cqLi329Rlak-00529-00134220-00134424": "That way you'll be able to guarantee you can control the class.", "cqLi329Rlak-00530-00134432-00134808": "I think it's a risky strategy in the long term.", "cqLi329Rlak-00531-00134816-00134916": "I think there's a real temptation", "cqLi329Rlak-00532-00134924-00135184": "for teachers when they're working in a school with challenging kids,", "cqLi329Rlak-00533-00135192-00135404": "when they've got a class who's very twitchy,", "cqLi329Rlak-00534-00135412-00135564": "that there's a race to the bottom.", "cqLi329Rlak-00535-00135572-00135760": "And in the end you think the way to contain these kids", "cqLi329Rlak-00536-00135768-00136016": "is to get them through the door, plonk a work sheet in front of them,", "cqLi329Rlak-00537-00136024-00136224": "get their heads down and keep them going.", "cqLi329Rlak-00538-00136232-00136416": "Actually, in the longer term...", "cqLi329Rlak-00539-00136424-00136556": "And I worked in a school where that seemed to be", "cqLi329Rlak-00540-00136564-00136848": "the one and only behaviour management strategy.", "cqLi329Rlak-00541-00137044-00137360": "If you end up doing that and you end up stop being creative", "cqLi329Rlak-00542-00137368-00137620": "and stop being interesting and stop making lessons exciting,", "cqLi329Rlak-00543-00137628-00137908": "in the end you pay a heavy price.", "cqLi329Rlak-00544-00137916-00138276": "I think creative is another very nebulous concept", "cqLi329Rlak-00545-00138284-00138392": "and you have to be careful how it's used.", "cqLi329Rlak-00546-00138400-00138536": "What I usually say to teachers who are struggling", "cqLi329Rlak-00547-00138544-00138792": "with very difficult classes who are openly confrontational,", "cqLi329Rlak-00548-00138800-00139208": "is I usually say for a while, for a short time, park the group work.", "cqLi329Rlak-00549-00139216-00139480": "Park the fun stuff, park the dancing bears and holograms", "cqLi329Rlak-00550-00139488-00139644": "and get back to something which is very structured", "cqLi329Rlak-00551-00139652-00139952": "with short-term goals, easily-achieved goals", "cqLi329Rlak-00552-00139960-00140144": "but then increasing challenge, and so on.", "cqLi329Rlak-00553-00140152-00140620": "Emphasising structure is enormously useful as a behavioural tool", "cqLi329Rlak-00554-00140628-00140764": "in the right situation.", "cqLi329Rlak-00555-00140772-00140980": "But creativity is a very vague concept.", "cqLi329Rlak-00556-00140988-00141192": "It can mean lots of things.", "cqLi329Rlak-00557-00141200-00141412": "Creativity should be something which is threaded through", "cqLi329Rlak-00558-00141420-00141576": "and integral to your entire teaching career", "cqLi329Rlak-00559-00141584-00141916": "so it's a difficult thing to remove entirely.", "cqLi329Rlak-00560-00142008-00142300": "Some of the broader questions we've had", "cqLi329Rlak-00561-00142308-00142636": "are about whether you think behaviour itself really has got worse", "cqLi329Rlak-00562-00142644-00142888": "over the past 20 years or so.", "cqLi329Rlak-00563-00142896-00143124": "I mentioned the attitude of parents before,", "cqLi329Rlak-00564-00143132-00143316": "but do you think it's roughly stayed the same?", "cqLi329Rlak-00565-00143324-00143668": "The survey from the Department this week found that only 6%", "cqLi329Rlak-00566-00143676-00143772": "of the teachers who responded", "cqLi329Rlak-00567-00143780-00143936": "thought there was poor behaviour in their classes", "cqLi329Rlak-00568-00143944-00144244": "which would actually surprise quite a lot of people.", "cqLi329Rlak-00569-00144252-00144572": "It's very difficult. I've taught for 10 years", "cqLi329Rlak-00570-00144580-00144760": "so what do I know that's happened in 10 years", "cqLi329Rlak-00571-00144768-00144928": "in the schools to which I've been exposed to?", "cqLi329Rlak-00572-00144936-00145252": "I would say in those 10 years behaviour has been fairly constant", "cqLi329Rlak-00573-00145260-00145408": "in the schools that I've been exposed to.", "cqLi329Rlak-00574-00145416-00145664": "When it comes to data like that I'm always deeply suspicious", "cqLi329Rlak-00575-00145672-00146016": "because you've got a massive response bias", "cqLi329Rlak-00576-00146024-00146412": "and also what does bad behaviour mean and who quantifies it?", "cqLi329Rlak-00577-00146420-00146508": "And unfortunately, I would say", "cqLi329Rlak-00578-00146516-00146864": "that a mistake has often been made in the past.", "cqLi329Rlak-00579-00146872-00147144": "The people who tend to collect behaviour data", "cqLi329Rlak-00580-00147152-00147292": "often have a vested interest", "cqLi329Rlak-00581-00147300-00147732": "in it being skewed towards a certain end of the spectrum,", "cqLi329Rlak-00582-00147740-00147880": "if I could be polite about it.", "cqLi329Rlak-00583-00147888-00148216": "That includes schools, it includes teachers who don't report,", "cqLi329Rlak-00584-00148224-00148552": "it includes people higher up in the Department.", "cqLi329Rlak-00585-00148560-00148752": "There's lots of different ways in which this can be skewed.", "cqLi329Rlak-00586-00148760-00149152": "So I think that's a different issue and a bigger issue to tackle.", "cqLi329Rlak-00587-00149160-00149488": "I would broadly say that in the last, say, 50 years", "cqLi329Rlak-00588-00149496-00149756": "of Western, European style democracies", "cqLi329Rlak-00589-00149764-00150300": "we've seen what Frank Furedi calls a crisis of adult authority.", "cqLi329Rlak-00590-00150308-00150752": "Which is to say that deference and authoritarian deference", "cqLi329Rlak-00591-00150760-00150952": "has eroded a great deal.", "cqLi329Rlak-00592-00150960-00151180": "You no longer get people tipping their hat to you", "cqLi329Rlak-00593-00151188-00151448": "because you're a teacher. That's gone. Forget it. It's over.", "cqLi329Rlak-00594-00151456-00151624": "I'm not saying you have to earn it either.", "cqLi329Rlak-00595-00151632-00151768": "What I'm saying is you have to build up the authority", "cqLi329Rlak-00596-00151776-00151904": "with children these days.", "cqLi329Rlak-00597-00151912-00152168": "Do you think we exaggerate the problem of behaviour in schools?", "cqLi329Rlak-00598-00152176-00152692": "The way I see it is generally the trajectory of behaviour", "cqLi329Rlak-00599-00152700-00152932": "is actually that things have got better than they were.", "cqLi329Rlak-00600-00152940-00153196": "When I first started teaching", "cqLi329Rlak-00601-00153204-00153520": "you go to some schools and there were real no-go areas.", "cqLi329Rlak-00602-00153528-00153896": "I went into a school quite near here and a teacher said to me,", "cqLi329Rlak-00603-00153904-00154280": "'I wouldn't really go down that corridor at lunchtime.'", "cqLi329Rlak-00604-00154288-00154456": "We've moved on from there.", "cqLi329Rlak-00605-00154464-00154684": "I think generally most of the behaviour most of the time", "cqLi329Rlak-00606-00154692-00154848": "in most of the schools is pretty good.", "cqLi329Rlak-00607-00154856-00155256": "I do think there are a group of children who are very anxious,", "cqLi329Rlak-00608-00155264-00155832": "who are very damaged, who are perhaps more violent, more aggressive", "cqLi329Rlak-00609-00155840-00155940": "than they used to be.", "cqLi329Rlak-00610-00155948-00156272": "And I think that that group has probably got bigger", "cqLi329Rlak-00611-00156280-00156484": "in the last few years.", "cqLi329Rlak-00612-00156492-00156852": "I think the general trend of behaviour in our schools,", "cqLi329Rlak-00613-00156860-00157156": "and I think that's because of the expertise of teachers has improved,", "cqLi329Rlak-00614-00157164-00157356": "and I think the philosophy of managing behaviour has improved", "cqLi329Rlak-00615-00157364-00157720": "since I first started teaching, means that behaviour is better.", "cqLi329Rlak-00616-00157728-00158024": "Whether the behaviour that children coming in with is any better", "cqLi329Rlak-00617-00158032-00158180": "I wouldn't be sure about.", "cqLi329Rlak-00618-00158188-00158360": "But teachers, I think, are doing a better job.", "cqLi329Rlak-00619-00158368-00158492": "We've only got a few minutes left", "cqLi329Rlak-00620-00158500-00158844": "so I'll try and fit in as many questions as possible.", "cqLi329Rlak-00621-00158852-00159288": "One question is, 'Would banning mobile phones in schools help?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00622-00159384-00159656": "Up to local headteachers, a local decision.", "cqLi329Rlak-00623-00159664-00159816": "You wouldn't implement a nationwide ban?", "cqLi329Rlak-00624-00159824-00160048": "Nationwide, no way. Some schools like having mobile phones,", "cqLi329Rlak-00625-00160056-00160144": "they like getting...", "cqLi329Rlak-00626-00160152-00160408": "I mean, I was in a lesson the other day,", "cqLi329Rlak-00627-00160416-00160616": "it was a DT lesson and they got all their phones out", "cqLi329Rlak-00628-00160624-00160820": "to take a photograph of the work they were doing,", "cqLi329Rlak-00629-00160828-00160896": "put it back in their pockets", "cqLi329Rlak-00630-00160904-00161084": "and it didn't cause any disruption whatsoever.", "cqLi329Rlak-00631-00161092-00161228": "Completely fine. Didn't have a problem with that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00632-00161236-00161400": "If that's what the school wants to do, that's fine.", "cqLi329Rlak-00633-00161408-00161772": "In some schools that works absolutely fine,", "cqLi329Rlak-00634-00161780-00161972": "in other schools it's a complete disaster", "cqLi329Rlak-00635-00161980-00162104": "because it's an internal distraction for them", "cqLi329Rlak-00636-00162112-00162212": "so I think schools should be allowed", "cqLi329Rlak-00637-00162220-00162384": "to make up their own policy on that one.", "cqLi329Rlak-00638-00162392-00162608": "The next one is a scenario question.", "cqLi329Rlak-00639-00162616-00162796": "I think this has come from Leanne Kathleen-Muir.", "cqLi329Rlak-00640-00162804-00162968": "It's the start of term,", "cqLi329Rlak-00641-00162976-00163240": "you're unsure of the names of the people in your class,", "cqLi329Rlak-00642-00163248-00163508": "so how do you effectively apply consequences?", "cqLi329Rlak-00643-00163592-00164036": "This sounds like the same situation supply teachers find themselves in.", "cqLi329Rlak-00644-00164044-00164192": "One of the things you do is first of all you sit them down", "cqLi329Rlak-00645-00164200-00164572": "in the order that you want them sat in, very quick.", "cqLi329Rlak-00646-00164580-00164656": "You ask them to get their books out,", "cqLi329Rlak-00647-00164664-00164912": "you ask them to get their planners out, if needs be.", "cqLi329Rlak-00648-00164920-00165140": "If it's someone you've just seen do something in the school", "cqLi329Rlak-00649-00165148-00165256": "and you don't know who it is,", "cqLi329Rlak-00650-00165264-00165476": "you take a snapshot inside your head", "cqLi329Rlak-00651-00165484-00165636": "and you find someone who does know who it is.", "cqLi329Rlak-00652-00165644-00165780": "But the important thing is you follow up.", "cqLi329Rlak-00653-00165788-00166016": "If it takes you a week or a day, you follow up", "cqLi329Rlak-00654-00166024-00166160": "and you let them know you will never give up", "cqLi329Rlak-00655-00166168-00166292": "until you find out who they are.", "cqLi329Rlak-00656-00166300-00166620": "And you can normally find one of the other kids to grass them up.", "cqLi329Rlak-00657-00166628-00166828": "The Huggy Bear of the school.", "cqLi329Rlak-00658-00166908-00167168": "Yeah, I'd say that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00659-00167176-00167440": "When I first started teaching I worked as a supply teacher.", "cqLi329Rlak-00660-00167448-00167696": "My aim was always to know all the names of the kids -", "cqLi329Rlak-00661-00167704-00167928": "this is primary, I was only teaching one class -", "cqLi329Rlak-00662-00167936-00168216": "to know all the names of the kids by morning break time.", "cqLi329Rlak-00663-00168224-00168436": "So that for the rest of the day they'd all get called by their names.", "cqLi329Rlak-00664-00168444-00168632": "Did you have any tricks for learning them?", "cqLi329Rlak-00665-00168640-00168888": "Yeah, I used to get them on the carpet at the beginning of the lesson", "cqLi329Rlak-00666-00168896-00169228": "and we'd just play a game with me remembering their names.", "cqLi329Rlak-00667-00169236-00169468": "It was all interactive and entertaining.", "cqLi329Rlak-00668-00169476-00169744": "On policies, one question we've had is,", "cqLi329Rlak-00669-00169752-00169904": "'How often in your average school day", "cqLi329Rlak-00670-00169912-00170220": "do you find yourself implementing the behaviour policy?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00671-00170228-00170344": "I can answer that one quite easily.", "cqLi329Rlak-00672-00170352-00170616": "Behaviour policy isn't something that happens when a child misbehaves.", "cqLi329Rlak-00673-00170624-00170708": "Behaviour policy is something", "cqLi329Rlak-00674-00170716-00170940": "that happens constantly throughout your teaching.", "cqLi329Rlak-00675-00170948-00171208": "So it should be an integral part of the practice.", "cqLi329Rlak-00676-00171216-00171632": "I would say in my school behaviour policy is lived all day, every day", "cqLi329Rlak-00677-00171640-00171972": "- by all the staff. - That's what I meant to say.", "cqLi329Rlak-00678-00171980-00172124": "That's the phrase I wanted to use.", "cqLi329Rlak-00679-00172132-00172280": "- So it's every lesson? - Yeah.", "cqLi329Rlak-00680-00172288-00172400": "Excellent.", "cqLi329Rlak-00681-00172408-00172680": "One gender related question which is,", "cqLi329Rlak-00682-00172688-00172884": "'Do you think punishing boys and girls in different ways", "cqLi329Rlak-00683-00172892-00173092": "is appropriate?'", "cqLi329Rlak-00684-00173240-00173500": "Making boys wear girls' clothes or something?", "cqLi329Rlak-00685-00173648-00174036": "I imagine it's whether you need different types of sanctions.", "cqLi329Rlak-00686-00174044-00174300": "Do you shout more at boys?", "cqLi329Rlak-00687-00174308-00174552": "My feeling with this is that what you don't want", "cqLi329Rlak-00688-00174560-00174912": "is an unintended consequence from a sanction.", "cqLi329Rlak-00689-00174920-00175036": "And the danger is actually...", "cqLi329Rlak-00690-00175044-00175420": "The point of any sanction... What I do now, the sanction I impose", "cqLi329Rlak-00691-00175428-00175696": "is going to make the behaviour less likely to happen next time.", "cqLi329Rlak-00692-00175704-00175852": "So what you have to make sure when you're giving a sanction,", "cqLi329Rlak-00693-00175860-00175992": "is there an unintended consequence", "cqLi329Rlak-00694-00176000-00176300": "that will actually encourage the child to behave like that again?", "cqLi329Rlak-00695-00176308-00176372": "Thank you.", "cqLi329Rlak-00696-00176380-00176688": "And if you had one final tip for all the teachers out there", "cqLi329Rlak-00697-00176696-00177012": "on the best way to handle behaviour, what would that one tip be?", "cqLi329Rlak-00698-00177020-00177160": "Seating plan.", "cqLi329Rlak-00699-00177168-00177428": "Routines, routines, routines.", "cqLi329Rlak-00700-00177436-00177616": "Than you very much for that.", "cqLi329Rlak-00701-00177624-00177916": "I'm afraid we'll have to draw it to a close there.", "cqLi329Rlak-00702-00177924-00178080": "You can carry on asking questions to Tom", "cqLi329Rlak-00703-00178088-00178340": "on the behaviour website of the TES.", "cqLi329Rlak-00704-00178348-00178564": "He will be on there most days checking questions.", "cqLi329Rlak-00705-00178572-00178868": "And Charlie Taylor's excellent checklist for schools", "cqLi329Rlak-00706-00178876-00179232": "as well as his reports on attendance and on alternative provision", "cqLi329Rlak-00707-00179240-00179420": "can be found on the Department website.", "cqLi329Rlak-00708-00179428-00179772": "It only remains for me to get everyone to thank our panellists."}}, {"audio_id": "cqMPjnM7p3I", "text": {"cqMPjnM7p3I-00000-00000000-00000864": "Okay I never use this software so the whole thing may be a complete disaster", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00001-00000864-00001650": "but it's just so that I can write on here rather than writing on the board at the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00002-00001650-00002133": "back, which is what I normally do. With one camera I think I could do everything here.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00003-00002856-00004134": "It works. Okay then how do you pronounce these two words? (Love, love, money) Listen", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00004-00004134-00004482": "very carefully to your neighbours and see if you're pronouncing the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00005-00004482-00005187": "two words in the same way as your neighbour. (love, love, money, money)", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00006-00005187-00006423": "Do you think the O in the two words has the same pronunciation or different “Different, different”", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00007-00006423-00007500": "That's the problem. “It’s the same.” [Hi Merche, do you want to come and sit down here.] The", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00008-00007500-00008457": "sound is the same, so one of them is probably wrong. If I put up this symbol, does that help?", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00009-00008457-00009705": "That's 'ah'. That's the 'ah' of ‘up’. So now check your neighbour’s pronunciation and now you’ve got", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00010-00009705-00010291": "two neighbours, yeah, and check that you and your neighbour are doing it the same way.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00011-00010375-00011353": "(money, money, love) So you’ve got it perfect now. Now the next thing is to ask your neighbour this", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00012-00011353-00011644": "question, ‘Which is more important love or money? (Which is more important love or money? Both.)", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00013-00011644-00015144": "So the purpose of the exercise is quite complex: it’s to get the pronunciation", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00014-00015144-00015811": "of love and money right, but also that when you're talking about love and money", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00015-00015811-00016816": "in English you don't have the article (the) In Spanish it would be ‘el amor’ or ‘el dinero’,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00016-00016816-00017299": "but in English it's 'Love or money? Which is more important?' and different people have different", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00017-00017299-00019059": "answers. How do you pronounce these two words? Check with your neighbour and see. (men, men,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00018-00019059-00020256": "women)", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00019-00020256-00021336": "Women is right. It's women, women, so this sound here is this one /I/ and this sound here is this", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00020-00021336-00022158": "one /I/. It’s women women /I/ with women and this is just ‘e’ in men and women, men and women. And", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00021-00022158-00023280": "when you are talking about men and women, you don't use ‘the’, so 'Are men more intelligent", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00022-00023280-00023706": "than women, or are women more intelligent than men?' It’s not a question that we're going to", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00023-00023706-00024663": "investigate but if you're making generalizations about men or women you mustn't use the article. On", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00024-00024663-00026313": "the other hand, ... (I see in some cases when when write an article in the title sometimes it’s the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00025-00026313-00026913": "money something like that, no?) it shouldn't do, it shouldn't do if you're talking about money in", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00026-00026913-00027533": "general it never has, it never has the article. If you're talking about the money in my pocket,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00027-00027533-00028122": "then it has the article because that's it. (The money questionnaire) But it's because it's the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00028-00028122-00028800": "questionnaire see it's a questionnaire, ‘Which questionnaire? It's the money questionnaire. So", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00029-00028800-00029241": "you’ve got ‘the’ and then ‘money’ but because you’ve got the word ‘questionnaire’ there.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00030-00029241-00029595": "Okay if you going to make generalization about men", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00031-00029595-00030674": "or women you can also do it by talking about a man or (a woman)", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00032-00030674-00031454": "Can you now check your neighbour’s pronunciation of those two words? (a man, a woman)", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00033-00031454-00033335": "Yup, so this is the one that's the one that’s the really difficult one to write 'cat, man',", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00034-00033335-00034359": "yeah and this one here is ‘wo’, ‘wo’, ‘wo’, big monkey, woman and this one here is just a the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00035-00034359-00035501": "scwha. So, a man and a woman, men and women, love and money. So it's partly a pronunciation exercise", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00036-00035501-00036365": "but it's partly how do you make generalizations about love, money, men and women and we'll do", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00037-00036365-00037217": "an exercise later where you can say this is more typical of a man, this is more typical of a woman,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00038-00037217-00038027": "this is more typical of men, this is more typical of women. You can you can use that phrase with the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00039-00038027-00039074": "plural or with the singular countable noun. Okay, so that's kind of the first part of the lesson.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00040-00040866-00041619": "Okay and when you use ‘a’ and when you use ‘the’ is very similar in English and Spanish. The main", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00041-00041619-00042336": "situations are exactly the same. The first time you mentioned something or a person for example", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00042-00042336-00043050": "‘I saw an old man with a dog.’ It's exactly the same in Spanish yeah. When you say what something", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00043-00043050-00043935": "is ‘It's a nice house. It's an interesting book.’ This is a little bit different. When you say what", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00044-00043935-00044835": "somebody does in English you say ‘She's a lawyer’ and in Spanish you just say ‘ Es abogada.’ You", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00045-00044835-00045270": "don't put the article, but in English you do, so that's one thing you've got to remember to", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00046-00045270-00046155": "use the article with jobs and things like ‘She's a housewife.’ yeah ‘He's a teenager.’", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00047-00046155-00047349": "‘She's a widow.’ - all these things like that. In exclamations in English with singular countable", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00048-00047349-00048330": "things, ‘What an awful day!’ ‘What a wonderful day!’ ‘What a stupid mistake!’ yeah in English", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00049-00048330-00049131": "those all go with the article ‘a’ but not in Spanish. You would change the order ‘Que fallo", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00050-00049131-00049782": "más espantoso!’ or something like that, but in English it’s ‘What an awful mistake!’ ‘What is", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00051-00049782-00050430": "a terrible mistake!’ with ‘a’. This thing I think came up the other day that we were", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00052-00050430-00051168": "talking about ‘per’ and ‘a’ and I was saying that 'a' is actually what people use in conversation,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00053-00051168-00052221": "‘Three times a week.’ ‘Once or twice a week.’ So there are three things there that you need to", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00054-00052221-00052817": "learn but the basic things which are the first two are exactly in the same two languages so I", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00055-00052817-00053496": "don't think you have to worry. The use of ‘the’, the first one is exactly the same. When you talk", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00056-00053496-00054179": "about something we've already mentioned, ‘I saw an old man a dog and the dog was barking.’ looks", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00057-00054179-00054720": "exactly the same in Spanish yeah in a sense for me that's the definition of indefinite", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00058-00054720-00055476": "and definite article. When there's only one of something so ‘The moon goes round the sun.’ On", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00059-00055476-00056073": "our planet ‘the moon’ identifies what you're talking about. If you lived on another planet,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00060-00056073-00056910": "‘the moon’ might not actually be sufficient. When it's clear what you're referring to, ‘He", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00061-00056910-00057534": "opened the door.’ Well, you understand from what has been in the story before which door it is:", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00062-00057534-00058101": "if he was in prison, it's the door of the cell; if he was in the bathroom, it was a door of the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00063-00058101-00058875": "bathroom. ‘the door’ is sufficient, but that's the same in Spanish. Now places in a town like", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00064-00058875-00059487": "the cinema and the theatre. ‘He's going to the cinema.’ You use the same thing in Spanish: ‘Él va", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00065-00059487-00060339": "al cine.’ just joined together. the cinema the theatre things like that. With superlatives ‘It's", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00066-00060339-00061430": "the best restaurant in town.’ Same in Spanish, isn't it? So if you look at all these things,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00067-00061430-00062016": "there are only three things here which you really need to worry about: ‘She's a", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00068-00062016-00062630": "lawyer.’ ‘What an awful day!’ and ‘Three times a week.’ So I mean if you want to take some notes,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00069-00062630-00063266": "those three sentences would be perfect things to write down in your notebook. Just that. Yeah,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00070-00063266-00063945": "if you write it in your notebook you've got encapsulated in three very short phrases the", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00071-00063945-00064620": "only thing there is to learn, well, nearly the only thing. But it's probably better not to", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00072-00064620-00065088": "write it in the textbook but to write it in your notebook where you've got a little sort of list", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00073-00065088-00065805": "of things you must learn. So, ‘She's a lawyer.’ with jobs, ‘What an awful day!’ with exclamations,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00074-00065805-00066465": "‘What a delicious wine!’ - could be with good things or bad things and ‘Three times a week.’", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00075-00066465-00067431": "The pity is that that is not the end of the story. That's the beginning of the story. That's the easy", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00076-00067431-00067989": "part. Yeah, the definite article everything here is the same in English and Spanish,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00077-00067989-00068646": "Catalan and Italian and French, many languages. I suppose the problem is", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00078-00068646-00069063": "that if you speak Japanese or Chinese, it may be different in all of these cases.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00079-00069063-00069351": "So what we’re going to look at now is", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00080-00069750-00070530": "when you mustn't use ‘the’ and this is where the problems begin. When you're speaking in", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00081-00070530-00071286": "general ‘Women talk more than men.’ Yeah, apparently this generalization is true. I", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00082-00071286-00072021": "think I sent you an article which stated that according to a recent piece of research women", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00083-00072021-00072909": "say twenty one thousand words a day and men only says seven thousand words a day so if", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00084-00072909-00073521": "I stop in the middle of the lesson it will be because I've reached word seven thousand", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00085-00073521-00074250": "and I mustn't continue. (ha ha) So when we're making generalizations ‘Love is more important", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00086-00074250-00074721": "than money.’, ‘Women talk more than men.’ you don't use the article in English and you do in", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00087-00074721-00075660": "Spanish. Another area which might cause problems: we don't use 'the home', 'the work', 'the school',", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00088-00075660-00076308": "'in the church', we use school, work, home and church. For example. ‘She's not at home today.’", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00089-00076308-00077181": "‘Go home.’ ‘I came back from work.’ ‘She's at school.’ All of those use the article,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00090-00077181-00077727": "the definite article in Spanish and you've got to remember that in English, they don’t.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00091-00077727-00078705": "Meals, we never use the article with meals. It's breakfast, lunch, dinner. We don't use it with", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00092-00078705-00079482": "days of the week. ‘el domingo’, no, it's ‘on Sunday’ No article there and months. Do you in", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00093-00079482-00080331": "Spanish use it with months? ’El julio?’ (no no) So it's not a problem there. So it's really meals and", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00094-00080331-00080943": "days both of which are sometimes used with ‘the’. Yeah, in English they're not used with 'the'.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00095-00080943-00081662": "This is a very important one. We don't use ‘the’ with next and last: ‘See you next week.’", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00096-00081662-00082286": "‘I'm sorry I didn't come last week.’ Yeah, ‘next week’ and ‘last week’, ‘next month’,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00097-00082286-00083342": "‘last month’, you don't have ‘the’ (But if you refer and only one week like the last week?) No,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00098-00083342-00084146": "no- It’s last week. (last week) When in Spanish you say ‘la semana pasada’ it's, in English,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00099-00084146-00085190": "it’s ‘Last week.’ without ‘the’. Now there is a little complication here that makes it more", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00100-00085190-00086246": "exciting. You CAN say ‘for the last month’, ‘for the last week’, but it's got to be for the last", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00101-00086246-00087850": "week ‘for’ and it means ‘durante … siete dias’ So ‘I haven't had the problem again for the last", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00102-00087850-00088927": "week.’, ‘I've been very busy for the last month’, not ‘last month’ you mean ‘for the previous 30", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00103-00088927-00090130": "days’. Last month is, was February, but (for) the last month is 30 days back from now. But for you,", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00104-00090130-00090853": "just think it's never ‘the next week’, it’s never ‘the last week’. You'll make one mistake", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00105-00090853-00091513": "in a hundred, but if you do it the other way round you'll make 99 mistakes out of a 100.", "cqMPjnM7p3I-00106-00091513-00093316": "Okay, so let me just black that out. Then can I get you to close your books. How do I stop it?"}}, {"audio_id": "cra1DlLVbfQ", "text": {"cra1DlLVbfQ-00000-00000006-00000399": "what's up everybody this is Chris from the rewired soul where we talk about the", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00001-00000399-00000996": "problem but focus on the solution and welcome back to the black mirror season", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00002-00000996-00001541": "4 playlist and in this video we're gonna talk about the overarching theme of", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00003-00001541-00002127": "consciousness in black mirror this is a topic that I absolutely love because I'm", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00004-00002127-00002676": "somebody who is really in to meditation as well as Buddhist philosophy so in", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00005-00002676-00003236": "season 4 quite a few episodes actually touch on the topic of consciousness it", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00006-00003236-00003830": "kicks it off pretty much in episode 1 the USS Callister where by the way if", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00007-00003830-00004194": "you haven't watched any of these episodes yet or or even episode 1 turn", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00008-00004194-00004476": "this video off come back actually if you haven't watched the season yet and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00009-00004476-00004862": "you're worried about spoilers go away come back alright anyways and USS", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00010-00004862-00005423": "Callister pretty much it is about a video game designer and coder who is the", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00011-00005423-00006093": "CTO of the company and he's kind of a shy laid-back dude and he's very awkward", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00012-00006093-00006611": "like typical nerd and what he does is he has his own mod of the game at home and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00013-00006611-00007106": "what he does is he transfers the consciousness of people into his own", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00014-00007106-00007556": "modded version of the game where he basically is God and he runs the whole", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00015-00007556-00008106": "show he tortures people who don't play along with him and when you think about", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00016-00008106-00008649": "it the idea of consciousness is you being transported somewhere else right", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00017-00008649-00009047": "so these people are waking up in a game and wondering what the hell is going on", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00018-00009047-00009629": "and they realize what's happening but is it really them and that goes into a", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00019-00009629-00010193": "deeper conversation of who are we who am i right some of the other episodes that", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00020-00010193-00010797": "touch on consciousness is the hang the DJ episode where it's pretty much about", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00021-00010797-00011250": "a dating app but this dating app and I I really want to re-watch this episode of", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00022-00011250-00011571": "watch some other video breakdowns of it but what it looks like this dating app", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00023-00011571-00012029": "does is it transfers your consciousness into this app to find you the perfect", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00024-00012029-00012425": "match it runs you through a bunch of simulations with other people and they", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00025-00012425-00012962": "have a ninety nine point eight percent success rate but it gauges and figures", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00026-00012962-00013259": "out how you would react to different people and in different situations", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00027-00013259-00013618": "following love heartbreak and things like that the", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00028-00013618-00014125": "next episode that does this quite a bit is the season finale which is black", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00029-00014125-00014668": "museum black Museum is an episode that kind of has like three mini episodes in", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00030-00014668-00015084": "one and two of them are about transferring consciousness first you", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00031-00015084-00015490": "have the one of Jack and Carey where Carrie gets hit by a bus she's in a coma", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00032-00015490-00015891": "if you haven't watched my other video on this episode click in the info card", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00033-00015891-00016462": "above anyways she's in a coma and they transfer her consciousness into Jack", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00034-00016462-00016987": "right that is her baby daddy and basically it's kind of like get out", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00035-00016987-00017388": "where she's inside of Jack's head she can talk to him she could feel and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00036-00017388-00017754": "experience everything that he does and Jack can actually hear what she's saying", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00037-00017754-00018448": "in the third part of black museum they bring back consciousness to talk about", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00038-00018448-00018679": "this guy who was convicted of murder or murder", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00039-00018679-00019206": "maybe wrongfully we don't know but anyways they convict him a murder but he", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00040-00019206-00019695": "decides to leave his family a bunch of money by having his consciousness taken", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00041-00019695-00020140": "out of his brain when he dies and what we end up finding out is that this", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00042-00020140-00020578": "consciousness is then put into a simulation where people get to come to", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00043-00020578-00021159": "black museum and basically make this guy we live over and over and over he is", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00044-00021159-00021778": "electrocution and some sick and twisted stuff but what's interesting about this", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00045-00021778-00022201": "is just the whole idea of self so if any of you are familiar with Buddhist", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00046-00022201-00022659": "philosophy you've probably heard of non-self and this is something that's", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00047-00022659-00023169": "just always fascinated me I'm currently reading a book which I will put in the", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00048-00023169-00023544": "description below it's called waking up by sam harris and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00049-00023544-00023851": "basically it's a book about the difference between spirituality and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00050-00023851-00024328": "religion how to be spiritual without being religious which is what i am in", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00051-00024328-00024723": "this book you know and in other books that I've read about this idea of self", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00052-00024723-00025170": "and non-self is just always fascinating to me and anytime somebody really", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00053-00025170-00025732": "articulates it well my mind literally just it blows up right because this idea", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00054-00025732-00026200": "of self and who we are this ownership that we have we have this kind of false", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00055-00026200-00026670": "idea that we are some kind of CEO of our own", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00056-00026670-00027127": "mind in our body and all these things but a question lost you right now is", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00057-00027127-00027666": "where do thoughts come from because if we're in control if we're the CEO for", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00058-00027666-00028099": "the king or queen of our own mind how come so many thoughts come through our", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00059-00028099-00028552": "head that we didn't conjure up right when I'm sitting there at work and I get", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00060-00028552-00028888": "distracted by something or when I'm sitting there having a conversation with", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00061-00028888-00029277": "somebody and I can't stop thinking about what I have to do later where are these", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00062-00029277-00029908": "thoughts coming from Who am I and where does that I begin and end right like", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00063-00029908-00030495": "this is my skin these are my organs right but am I in control of them my", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00064-00030495-00030931": "organs you know for example my digestive system it's doing its thing", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00065-00030931-00031563": "automatically based on system setup in my body right now one of the best parts", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00066-00031563-00032038": "of waking up that I've read so far is when it talks about this thought", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00067-00032038-00032581": "experiment from a British philosopher named Derek Parfit right and what Derek", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00068-00032581-00032983": "Parfit talks about is this idea this thought", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00069-00032983-00033534": "experiment of you can trip you can teleport to Mars okay you hit this", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00070-00033534-00033919": "little button you teleport to Mars your friends have told you about it they're", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00071-00033919-00034252": "on Mars and like yeah man it works you teleport straight there so you're like", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00072-00034252-00034569": "okay cool I'll do that so you teleport to Mars", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00073-00034569-00035119": "every part about you teleport some arts your thoughts your experiences your um", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00074-00035119-00035530": "your memories all these things your wants your desires everything but", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00075-00035530-00036084": "there's one little catch the Earth's you the one that hit that button you find", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00076-00036084-00036618": "out after you hit that button that they actually kill you they're on earth on a", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00077-00036618-00037191": "crazy right so some of you would sit there and kind of second-guess is to say", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00078-00037191-00037456": "what I really want to do this teleportation and that brings up an", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00079-00037456-00038094": "interesting question who are you are you the one on earth or this other duplicate", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00080-00038094-00038594": "of you that's been created on Mars is that to you because of psychological", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00081-00038594-00039028": "continuity it has only thoughts and memories experiences desires fears all", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00082-00039028-00039682": "those things which one is you are they both you so when thinking about it in", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00083-00039682-00040326": "this context let's talk about episode USS Callister real quick one of", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00084-00040326-00041040": "the ways that the main character kind of keeps these people hostage is not only", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00085-00041040-00041499": "through torturing them but his business partner out on the outside world Walton", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00086-00041499-00042036": "he threatens him by bringing his sons consciousness into the game and what he", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00087-00042036-00042414": "does is when he threatens him basically he's like you're gonna play along with", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00088-00042414-00042795": "me or I'm going to kill your son over and over and over again and what he does", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00089-00042795-00043191": "is he makes a guy watch as he hits the airlock and his son flies out into space", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00090-00043191-00043863": "and he dies a terrible death right so one of the reasons that Walton keeps", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00091-00043863-00044277": "playing along is because he doesn't want his son to have to go through that", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00092-00044277-00045008": "experience again but this brings up that question who is his son right I'm very", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00093-00045008-00045417": "interested one of the one of the things that I would love to see is like how", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00094-00045417-00045693": "would how would somebody who follows Buddhist philosophy react in that", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00095-00045693-00046209": "situation right because somebody who understands that the self is something", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00096-00046209-00046623": "that's constantly changing and nothing you know very tangible that is not", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00097-00046623-00047205": "actually his son it's basically a simulation right one of the things that", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00098-00047205-00047709": "they're perfect talks about with this psychological continuity of you know", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00099-00047709-00048330": "that is our idea of self is that we're not the same as we were even five", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00100-00048330-00048969": "minutes ago we're constantly changing this idea of self this this static thing", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00101-00048969-00049350": "that always stays the same it's not we're constantly changed by our thoughts", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00102-00049350-00049953": "but mainly our experiences right you've heard that saying what doesn't kill you", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00103-00049953-00050253": "makes you stronger right when you persevere when you get through something", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00104-00050253-00050790": "difficult you are different than you were before that experience happen so", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00105-00050790-00051525": "the self is something that is constantly changing now let's talk a little bit", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00106-00051525-00052074": "about the other episode black Museum right so one of the things that happens", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00107-00052074-00052749": "in the third story of black museum is that the prisoners consciousness is", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00108-00052749-00053150": "transferred into this simulation where he keeps getting electrocuted over and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00109-00053150-00053444": "over and over again and he's suffering and even the people who come through", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00110-00053444-00053813": "there and pull that switch they get to keep a little keepsake and watch this", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00111-00053813-00054316": "guy suffer over and over again now in all of these and all these talking about", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00112-00054316-00054737": "consciousness what's interesting is and when you dive into this thing about who", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00113-00054737-00055366": "are we and what is this idea of self there to this day science cannot find", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00114-00055366-00055769": "where the self actually is in the brain and I'm not gonna go into that because I", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00115-00055769-00056254": "love black mirror and just the sci-fi ideas of it but the brain is a series of", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00116-00056254-00056744": "systems and neurons and all these other things working together and costly", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00117-00056744-00057260": "changing for example we have trillions of neurons in our brain and they are", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00118-00057260-00057686": "constantly growing changing creating new ones based on our personal experiences", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00119-00057686-00058192": "then there are different parts of the brain such as the hippocampus that is", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00120-00058192-00058715": "the part of the brain that stores our memories right now let's think about the", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00121-00058715-00059135": "idea of pain what the guy in black museum was going through", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00122-00059135-00059987": "how can one experience pain if they have no nerves right because the nerves are", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00123-00059987-00060536": "what send signals to your brain the amygdala to trigger the fight flight or", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00124-00060536-00060998": "freeze mechanism right so that's something interesting to think about too", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00125-00060998-00061354": "and one of the one of the interesting topics that they brought up in this was", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00126-00061354-00061904": "in the second part of black museum when Kerry is transferred first to Jack and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00127-00061904-00062467": "then to this stuffed animal and they talk about how the ACLU cracked down and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00128-00062467-00063128": "said you can't quote-unquote kill Kerry because unless they have ability to have", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00129-00063128-00063599": "five or more emotions it's not right to kill this person and when Kerry's", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00130-00063599-00064091": "transferred into this stuffed animal she only has two emotions and this is", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00131-00064091-00064412": "something that's just interesting and not much about mental health or anything", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00132-00064412-00064763": "but something that I took away from this is you know just thinking about a life", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00133-00064763-00065522": "what White's what a consciousness half right because Kerry technically died her", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00134-00065522-00066185": "physical body died when she was transferred over to Jack so that brings", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00135-00066185-00066698": "up the other topic what is consciousness what is the idea", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00136-00066698-00067196": "of self is it the psychological continuity or is it the physical", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00137-00067196-00067766": "continuity of a person right and that's where a lot of debates you know moral", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00138-00067766-00068333": "debates come up about you know somebody being a vegetable or on life support and", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00139-00068333-00068987": "you know a family pulling the plug like what is a person is it their physical", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00140-00068987-00069473": "being being alive operating on its own or even with the assistance of machines", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00141-00069473-00070160": "or is it a certain amount of brain activity right but anyways anyways I", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00142-00070160-00070472": "know this this video was a little bit deeper than some of the other ones I go", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00143-00070472-00070784": "to but I'm always really excited when I get to talk about the Buddhist", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00144-00070784-00071276": "philosophy of of non-self and something that I will touch on real", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00145-00071276-00071639": "quick just because at the rewired soul we're here to talk about mental health", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00146-00071639-00072248": "is when you start detaching yourself from this idea of self which is", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00147-00072248-00072755": "interesting because we talked about you I am hurt right but anyways is detaching", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00148-00072755-00073121": "yourself from these these thoughts that we have these troubling thoughts those", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00149-00073121-00073535": "of you who struggle with depression these are these my thoughts these", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00150-00073535-00074000": "thoughts tend to think themselves right if you have struggle with anxiety these", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00151-00074000-00074606": "fears sometimes irrational fears right are these really mind if they're coming", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00152-00074606-00075197": "out of nowhere and what meditation helps us do and what understanding the idea of", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00153-00075197-00075710": "non-self does it helps me sit back and watch I get to watch it like I'm", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00154-00075710-00076208": "watching a movie rather than being the person inside the movie and that is why", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00155-00076208-00076826": "I meditate meditation is such a valuable tool for anybody anybody who struggles", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00156-00076826-00077390": "with mental illness but anyways like I said in the description down below I'm", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00157-00077390-00077891": "going to link you to the book by Sam Harris called waking up great book if", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00158-00077891-00078344": "you want to check it out but you know what I'm feeling a little bit great so", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00159-00078344-00078644": "what I'm gonna do I'm gonna link some of my other favorite books just about", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00160-00078644-00079103": "Buddhist philosophy and the idea of nine non-self so if this is the kind of stuff", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00161-00079103-00079461": "that interest you if you're like really into philosophy and stuff like that", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00162-00079461-00079776": "check out some of the books they'll be in the description I will also link you", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00163-00079776-00080201": "over to the rewired soul page or I have a whole list of my recommended reading", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00164-00080201-00080604": "so if you're a reader like I am and you want to check them out go on click one", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00165-00080604-00081002": "of those links check some of those out anyways have you watched season four of", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00166-00081002-00081360": "black mirror yet what are your thoughts on consciousness I would love to know", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00167-00081360-00081752": "your thoughts leave a comment down below alright but anyways if you like this", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00168-00081752-00082137": "video please give it a thumbs up and if you're new here I'm always making videos", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00169-00082137-00082416": "to help you out with your mental health so click the little brown subscribe", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00170-00082416-00082839": "button and be sure to click the top right there on that film thumbnail to", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00171-00082839-00083223": "check out the full playlist of black mirror season 4 or click or tap on the", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00172-00083223-00083523": "one below to check out some of the other videos on this channel thanks for", "cra1DlLVbfQ-00173-00083523-00083845": "watching I'll see you next time"}}, {"audio_id": "cs2cNL3RodY", "text": {"cs2cNL3RodY-00000-00000000-00000050": "cf"}}, {"audio_id": "cs7djrAWQyA", "text": {"cs7djrAWQyA-00000-00001278-00001624": "This is the second of four optional modules", "cs7djrAWQyA-00001-00001624-00002073": "that share a demo edit of a student's work from a previous course.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00002-00002073-00002511": "The second optional module is particularly interesting Because it", "cs7djrAWQyA-00003-00002511-00002859": "brought up a good conversation in that previous course about an issue that", "cs7djrAWQyA-00004-00002859-00003289": "we're going to be talking about in this course as well, which is plagiarism.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00005-00003289-00003588": "It turned out that when I did the demo edit of this essay", "cs7djrAWQyA-00006-00003588-00004057": "for the class, a couple of savvy students in the class noticed that", "cs7djrAWQyA-00007-00004057-00004468": "the author of this essay had actually Plagiarize a couple of lines, a", "cs7djrAWQyA-00008-00004468-00004940": "couple of sentences, from a press release that was written about this research.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00009-00004940-00005032": "And it was actually a really", "cs7djrAWQyA-00010-00005032-00005492": "good teaching moment because we got into a discussion about what is plagiarism.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00011-00005492-00005971": "It's not okay to just lift lines from something that other people have written.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00012-00005971-00006142": "I just want to point it out, though, as you're watching", "cs7djrAWQyA-00013-00006142-00006579": "this demo edit so you watch out for those plagiarized instances.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00014-00006579-00007028": "And also start thinking about how to avoid plagiarism in your own work.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00015-00007128-00007313": "It's actually fairly interesting when you hear me go", "cs7djrAWQyA-00016-00007313-00007540": "through the demo edit, a couple of times I'll", "cs7djrAWQyA-00017-00007540-00007720": "say something like I really like this sentence or", "cs7djrAWQyA-00018-00007720-00008008": "I really like how the author you know, put this.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00019-00008008-00008109": "I like this language.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00020-00008109-00008448": "And it turns out that actually those are the instances that", "cs7djrAWQyA-00021-00008448-00008619": "the author had plagiarized from the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00022-00008619-00008824": "professional writer from the press release.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00023-00008824-00009195": "So I probably should have recognized that the style in", "cs7djrAWQyA-00024-00009195-00009497": "those instances was actually different than the rest of the piece.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00025-00009641-00009793": "I'll just to give you a few examples", "cs7djrAWQyA-00026-00009793-00010075": "before you watch this demo edit, the author", "cs7djrAWQyA-00027-00010075-00010194": "[INAUDIBLE]", "cs7djrAWQyA-00028-00010194-00010241": "wrote.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00029-00010241-00010549": "Antennas serve as electronic reigns, injecting", "cs7djrAWQyA-00030-00010549-00010787": "small charges into the roach's neural tissue.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00031-00010787-00011057": "The charges trick the roach into thinking that the antennas are in", "cs7djrAWQyA-00032-00011057-00011258": "contact with a physical barrier which", "cs7djrAWQyA-00033-00011258-00011547": "effectively steers them in the opposite direction.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00034-00011547-00011836": "So all of that language was lifted from the press resleases.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00035-00011836-00012021": "There's some other smaller instances.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00036-00012021-00012344": "Uses an electronic interface to remotely steer cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00037-00012344-00012733": "Creates a mobile web of sensors or some other pieces of sentences", "cs7djrAWQyA-00038-00012733-00012840": "that were also lifted.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00039-00013015-00013313": "Great teaching moment just to be aware of plagarism and we're going to be", "cs7djrAWQyA-00040-00013313-00013657": "talking more about that and how to avoid that later in this course.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00041-00013657-00013980": "So now pause the video, read through the paper one or two", "cs7djrAWQyA-00042-00013980-00014337": "times and then re-start the video and I'll walk you through the edit.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00043-00014337-00014840": "[BLANK_AUDIO].", "cs7djrAWQyA-00044-00014840-00015347": "So now that you've read through the paper. It's a interesting paper.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00045-00015347-00015562": "It's got a cool concept here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00046-00015562-00016068": "We're using cockroaches as biological robots, bio-bots.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00047-00016068-00016467": "So it's got a really nice Hookah on this paper as well.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00048-00016579-00016898": "And I'm just going to go through and edit it again, looking", "cs7djrAWQyA-00049-00016898-00017398": "for the overall structure and also editing things line by line.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00050-00017520-00018002": "So, I'm going to go in and make a few edits here and there.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00051-00018002-00018184": "I'm going to re-arrange a few things.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00052-00018184-00018473": "So, one of the things you might happen to notice is that The author", "cs7djrAWQyA-00053-00018473-00018945": "has a lot of technical details about the device in the paper and that's fine.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00054-00018945-00019137": "they do a good job, I, I was able to", "cs7djrAWQyA-00055-00019137-00019399": "understand everything even though there were a lot of technical details,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00056-00019399-00019709": "so it wasn't Bothersome to have so many technical details,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00057-00019709-00020044": "but I thought maybe we would reserve one paragraph for all", "cs7djrAWQyA-00058-00020044-00020130": "of the technical details.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00059-00020130-00020448": "So I'm going to move things around just a little bit to put", "cs7djrAWQyA-00060-00020448-00020787": "all sort of the technical details about the device in a single paragraph.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00061-00020899-00021140": "So now I'm going to go through and again there's a few places I", "cs7djrAWQyA-00062-00021140-00021523": "might delete a few words here and there and move a few things around.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00063-00021523-00021737": "So in general it's really reading nicely and", "cs7djrAWQyA-00064-00021737-00021984": "these are just a few things to streamline", "cs7djrAWQyA-00065-00021984-00022266": "it and kind of reorganize it just slightly,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00066-00022266-00022552": "so that the flow is just slightly better.So", "cs7djrAWQyA-00067-00022552-00022698": "if I'm going to go through the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00068-00022698-00022896": "first paragraph, so scientist are still looking for", "cs7djrAWQyA-00069-00022896-00023327": "small size robots.There are a few words I can add in here, so scientist are looking.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00070-00023327-00023570": "I don't think we need the still Are looking for.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00071-00023570-00023911": "And then we get small-size robots.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00072-00023911-00024092": "I actually think we don't need the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00073-00024092-00024410": "word size there, right, because small implies size.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00074-00024410-00024583": "So we could just say scientists are looking for", "cs7djrAWQyA-00075-00024583-00025035": "small robots that can navigate in dynamic and unknown environments.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00076-00025168-00025542": "And this is really nice language, dynamic and unknown environments.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00077-00025542-00025827": "That's really good language and I'm actually going to add one", "cs7djrAWQyA-00078-00025827-00026037": "little piece to that because at the end of this", "cs7djrAWQyA-00079-00026037-00026345": "paragraph they get to this idea about survivors and earthquakes", "cs7djrAWQyA-00080-00026345-00026580": "and that's a nice little detail that really grounds the reader.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00081-00026580-00026949": "You kind of see the how important this topic is.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00082-00026949-00027535": "So I added just a little bit here I added, \"such as the aftermath of an earthquake\".", "cs7djrAWQyA-00083-00027535-00027773": "I got that little thought in early, and", "cs7djrAWQyA-00084-00027773-00028029": "that means I'm going to be able to cut some material from the end", "cs7djrAWQyA-00085-00028029-00028389": "of this paragraph, so I, it's just going to streamline things a little bit.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00086-00028564-00028758": "this challenge inspired these researches from North", "cs7djrAWQyA-00087-00028758-00029143": "Carolina State University to use Cockroaches and biobots.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00088-00029143-00029250": "I didn't change much here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00089-00029250-00029360": "I just streamlined this.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00090-00029360-00029663": "Just I like to turn cockroaches into biobots", "cs7djrAWQyA-00091-00029663-00029874": "seemed like a slightly stronger very than used.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00092-00029874-00030445": "You can even probably come up with a better verb there to transform", "cs7djrAWQyA-00093-00030445-00030667": "cockroaches or something. Something like that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00094-00030667-00030958": "And then we get they developed a wireless, biological", "cs7djrAWQyA-00095-00030958-00031345": "interface that uses an electronic interface to remotely steer cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00096-00031345-00031616": "This is a little bit too wordy for the first", "cs7djrAWQyA-00097-00031616-00031872": "paragraph where you're really trying to draw the reader in.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00098-00031872-00032147": "And so I actually don't think we need all of this.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00099-00032147-00032331": "biological interface, electronic interface.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00100-00032331-00032519": "They're kind of vague.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00101-00032519-00032763": "And they're, the reader, the author is", "cs7djrAWQyA-00102-00032763-00032985": "going to give us this in the next paragraph,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00103-00032985-00033200": "later on. So I don't think we need all that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00104-00033200-00033321": "The, the best concept.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00105-00033321-00033565": "The best wording from, from this sentence is", "cs7djrAWQyA-00106-00033565-00033849": "this idea of the remotely steering the cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00107-00033849-00034106": "I thought if we could just take those couple of words, that", "cs7djrAWQyA-00108-00034106-00034495": "would convey exactly what it is these researchers are trying to do.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00109-00034495-00034778": "They're trying to remotely, remote control cockaroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00110-00034778-00035000": "So I don't think we need those things aobut the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00111-00035000-00035398": "interfaces yet, we can leave that for the next paragraph.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00112-00035398-00035507": "but I'm going to start the next", "cs7djrAWQyA-00113-00035507-00035810": "sentence with their remotely controlled", "cs7djrAWQyA-00114-00036014-00036123": "cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00115-00036123-00036435": "So that gets the concept across really fast.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00116-00036435-00036559": "Immediately you know what we're talking about.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00117-00036559-00036738": "We're talking about remote control cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00118-00036738-00036878": "We don't need to know it yet how it", "cs7djrAWQyA-00119-00036878-00037199": "happens but that's the idea to make remotely controlled cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00120-00037199-00037590": "And then I like this idea of a mobile web of sensors.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00121-00037590-00037824": "That's a really nice way of putting it, so I'm", "cs7djrAWQyA-00122-00037824-00038138": "going to kind of just start with; their remotely controlled cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00123-00038138-00038293": "And go right into that idea,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00124-00038293-00038729": "so their remotely controlled cockroaches could someday.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00125-00038729-00038898": "I think I'm going to put the word someday because it's", "cs7djrAWQyA-00126-00038898-00038927": "[INAUDIBLE]", "cs7djrAWQyA-00127-00038927-00039101": "We're not there yet. This is still preliminary.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00128-00039101-00039561": "Could some day serve as a mobile web of sensors, and we don't", "cs7djrAWQyA-00129-00039561-00039952": "need to repeat that uses cockroaches, so we can get rid of that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00130-00039952-00040345": "a mobile web of sensors that collect and transmit data.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00131-00040345-00040649": "And, we've already got the idea of earthquakes in", "cs7djrAWQyA-00132-00040649-00040661": "[INAUDIBLE],", "cs7djrAWQyA-00133-00040661-00040881": "here, so I'm just going to say that collect", "cs7djrAWQyA-00134-00040881-00041107": "and transmit data from hard to reach places.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00135-00041232-00041392": "Something like that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00136-00041392-00041588": "And actually that idea of the survivors", "cs7djrAWQyA-00137-00041588-00041818": "of natural disasters, that's a really compelling detail.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00138-00041818-00042073": "I'm going to leave that for the end of the piece so that we have", "cs7djrAWQyA-00139-00042073-00042418": "something to end on that kind of wraps it back to the beginning of the piece.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00140-00042529-00042832": "So this shortens up The first paragraph just a little bit so we get right", "cs7djrAWQyA-00141-00042832-00043149": "into it, we don't get too much details but we have a good picture in our,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00142-00043149-00043427": "our mind of what the researchers were trying to achieve here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00143-00043559-00043910": "Then we go on to the second paragraph, cockroaches have antennas.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00144-00043910-00044220": "I really appreciate by the way this author made a good", "cs7djrAWQyA-00145-00044220-00044791": "effort to use dashes and semi-colons and colons and so it's nice", "cs7djrAWQyA-00146-00044791-00045174": "to see that they obviously watched the videos and thought thought", "cs7djrAWQyA-00147-00045174-00045583": "carefully about it and tried to implement some of these punctuation techniques.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00148-00045583-00045649": "So it always feels", "cs7djrAWQyA-00149-00045649-00046051": "great for a teacher to, to see somebody putting those things into action.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00150-00046051-00046200": "I'm going to change a few things up.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00151-00046200-00046482": "So like instead of dashes here, I think probably", "cs7djrAWQyA-00152-00046482-00046662": "this is a little extra detail, so I'm going to", "cs7djrAWQyA-00153-00046662-00046983": "put it in parenthesis rather than dashes because maybe", "cs7djrAWQyA-00154-00046983-00047247": "the reader doesn't care what the antennas are actually called.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00155-00047364-00047794": "So cockroaches have antennas to sense, I like that sense", "cs7djrAWQyA-00156-00047794-00048200": "versus to sense, but you know, that's, that can sense these", "cs7djrAWQyA-00157-00048200-00048352": "are all, that's a little stylistic.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00158-00048352-00048641": "We actually probably don't need this, the colon here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00159-00048641-00048954": "I do again appreciate that, that they tried to use a colon.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00160-00048954-00049242": "but actually we can go right into, this is a very simple list.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00161-00049242-00049544": "So the colon actually is not needed there, so called", "cs7djrAWQyA-00162-00049544-00050120": "cockroaches have antennas called Cerci that can sense tactile, temperature", "cs7djrAWQyA-00163-00050120-00050325": "and humidity and the one thing I'll just point out", "cs7djrAWQyA-00164-00050325-00050569": "there is there is a litttle bit of nonparallelism here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00165-00050569-00050582": "Here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00166-00050582-00050735": "So temperature and humidity", "cs7djrAWQyA-00167-00050735-00051046": "are nouns. Tactile is actually an adjective.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00168-00051046-00051326": "So we want to make that, parallel by making", "cs7djrAWQyA-00169-00051326-00051545": "this a first item in the list of nouns.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00170-00051545-00052128": "So I'm going to call it, tactile input. And then we get researchers.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00171-00052128-00052322": "And we might as well say the particular researchers here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00172-00052322-00052495": "So I'm just going to use their last names.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00173-00052495-00052803": "So those two researchers, Latif and Bozkurt.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00174-00052803-00053051": "I hope I'm pronouncing that right.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00175-00053305-00053566": "and then we get use these antennas to Drive the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00176-00053566-00053907": "cockroaches by sending a series of electrical pulses to it.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00177-00053907-00054358": "So I thought here, it would be a good place to put in, created.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00178-00054358-00054791": "The fact that they developed a device, so created a wireless device.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00179-00054791-00054944": "So let's just say you're up front, what they did.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00180-00054944-00055078": "The, the bulk of what they did.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00181-00055078-00055588": "The gist of it is, they created a wireless device, that attaches to these antennas.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00182-00055588-00055807": "So let's get that concept. Early on too,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00183-00055807-00056161": "so it's easy for the reader to picture what's going on.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00184-00056161-00056464": "So these are wireless devices that actually attach to the antenna.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00185-00056464-00056688": "So let's get that really in the piece so that the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00186-00056688-00056932": "reader has a very concrete picture of what's going on here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00187-00057217-00057332": "and can deliver", "cs7djrAWQyA-00188-00057779-00057932": "Small electrical pulses", "cs7djrAWQyA-00189-00058166-00058304": "that drive the cockroach.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00190-00058429-00058773": "So this is kind of a high level summary of what their device does.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00191-00058948-00059066": "I like to put the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00192-00059288-00059547": "The driving the electrical, the electrical pulses", "cs7djrAWQyA-00193-00059547-00059764": "drive the cockroach rather than putting those concepts", "cs7djrAWQyA-00194-00059764-00059866": "the other way around so that's why", "cs7djrAWQyA-00195-00059866-00060174": "I'm putting the electrical pulses before the driving.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00196-00060174-00060322": "I think it just works slightly better there.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00197-00060422-00060667": "So we now, we get this kind of high level summary.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00198-00060667-00060888": "We get a, a wireless device that attaches to the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00199-00060888-00061164": "antennas and can deliver electrical pulses that drive the cockroach.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00200-00061164-00061420": "So that's really summarizing exactly what this device.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00201-00061420-00061439": "Does.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00202-00061439-00061794": "Then we're getting a lot of kind of details about the system.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00203-00061794-00062238": "I'm actually going to set those details off and make it into a new paragraph.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00204-00062238-00062659": "So let's have one paragraph that has all of the technical details about the device.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00205-00062659-00062846": "For the second paragraph let's keep it to a high", "cs7djrAWQyA-00206-00062846-00063141": "level summary to exactly kind of what the device does.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00207-00063141-00063382": "And I really like this sentence that they have.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00208-00063382-00063986": "Down in this ah,third paragraph the charges trick the roaches into thinking", "cs7djrAWQyA-00209-00063986-00064321": "that the antennas are in contact with a physical barrier, which effectively", "cs7djrAWQyA-00210-00064321-00064558": "steers them in the opposite direction.When I read that", "cs7djrAWQyA-00211-00064558-00064882": "I finally got exacty how this device works, so I", "cs7djrAWQyA-00212-00064882-00065215": "thought that detail was really important to have early", "cs7djrAWQyA-00213-00065215-00065533": "on cause it tells reader exactly how this Thing works.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00214-00065533-00065802": "So I'm going to leave the second paragraph at just that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00215-00065802-00066146": "It gives me a high level summary of what the device does and how it works.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00216-00066146-00066348": "And is an easy to read summary, so", "cs7djrAWQyA-00217-00066348-00066623": "the reader can immediately picture how this thing works.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00218-00066623-00066834": "Then we can go into the actual details", "cs7djrAWQyA-00219-00066834-00067134": "about the technical parts of the, of the summary.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00220-00067134-00067294": "So the system consists of.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00221-00067294-00067589": "I, I like device, let's talk just about the device for the moment.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00222-00067589-00067885": "So the device consists of A microprocessor", "cs7djrAWQyA-00223-00067885-00068171": "with Zigbee interface, electrodes, and a battery.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00224-00068296-00068729": "The user controls the microprocessor wirelessly using a Zigbee transceiver.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00225-00068729-00069108": "I'm actually going to connect these two ideas, so the device", "cs7djrAWQyA-00226-00069108-00069364": "consists of this, and then the user controls the device", "cs7djrAWQyA-00227-00069364-00069614": "with this Zigbee transceiver.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00228-00069614-00069861": "I don't think we need to say wirelessly again because we already", "cs7djrAWQyA-00229-00069861-00070111": "said it was a wireless device so we don't need to repeat ourselves.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00230-00070111-00070235": "I'm going to end the sentence there.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00231-00070588-00070839": "the fact that the microprocessor sends electrical pulses to", "cs7djrAWQyA-00232-00070839-00071113": "the cockroach's antennas using electrodes and the cockroach moves,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00233-00071113-00071248": "guess what we've already said that in the second", "cs7djrAWQyA-00234-00071248-00071364": "paragraph so we We don't need any of that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00235-00071545-00071790": "So now we've talked about the device itself,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00236-00071790-00072096": "the microprocessor, the transceiver, the electrodes, and the battery.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00237-00072096-00072256": "And so now this is a good place actually", "cs7djrAWQyA-00238-00072256-00072620": "to move up something that the author had here below.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00239-00072620-00072818": "The author talks about the particular", "cs7djrAWQyA-00240-00072818-00073035": "microprocessor that was used in the device.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00241-00073035-00073090": "So that seems", "cs7djrAWQyA-00242-00073090-00073384": "to me that it would be perfect to discuss that right here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00243-00073384-00073694": "So I'm going to move that up from the third paragraph.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00244-00073694-00073848": "So now as long as we're talking about the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00245-00073848-00074269": "device, let's talk about the microprocessor in the device.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00246-00074269-00074478": "So the researchers evaluated, I'm going to change", "cs7djrAWQyA-00247-00074478-00074710": "evaluated to tested, I like that just slightly better.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00248-00074710-00074991": "So tested two microprocessors.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00249-00074991-00075246": "I don't think we have to say that control the electrodes.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00250-00075246-00075667": "That's implied, so we can just go right into we know there's a microprocessor", "cs7djrAWQyA-00251-00075667-00075934": "here that you want Ones that they tested and", "cs7djrAWQyA-00252-00075934-00076541": "then they CC2530 was better because of these reasons.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00253-00076541-00076777": "I'm, I'm guessing that means they incorporated,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00254-00076777-00076848": "[SOUND]", "cs7djrAWQyA-00255-00076848-00077225": "that they tested two microprocessors but they ended up using the CC2530.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00256-00077225-00077513": "So let's say they incorporated the CC Two five", "cs7djrAWQyA-00257-00077513-00077880": "three zero in their final device due to these factors.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00258-00077880-00078604": "In their final device due to it's low weight.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00259-00078604-00078804": "it's Zigbee module connectivity.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00260-00078804-00079142": "Obviously that would be important if it has to connect with the Zigbee.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00261-00079142-00079455": "And, and then we get to, and the availability", "cs7djrAWQyA-00262-00079455-00079974": "of 21 general purpose i o. I wasn't quite sure what that is.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00263-00079974-00080196": "So I'm guessing here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00264-00080196-00080680": "I'm completely guessing here. And greater number of I/O parts.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00265-00080680-00081025": "That wasn't exactly parallel either. I/O ports, maybe.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00266-00081025-00081483": "So I'm picturing like little electrodes here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00267-00081483-00081800": "So I'm not sure that I've got this quite right, so I'm going to highlight that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00268-00081800-00082055": "So that the author can look at that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00269-00082055-00082265": "And put in a way that I can understand.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00270-00082265-00082468": "I don't think we know the details about the battery.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00271-00082468-00082668": "So I'm actually going to cut that detail.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00272-00082668-00082982": "So they incorporated the CC2530 in their final device.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00273-00082982-00083343": "Due to its low weight. It's Zigby module connectivity.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00274-00083343-00083788": "And the greater number of IO ports, because they said there", "cs7djrAWQyA-00275-00083788-00084016": "were 21 and so I'm guessing a little bit and hopefully", "cs7djrAWQyA-00276-00084016-00084208": "I got that right, but if not, I'm highlighting it so", "cs7djrAWQyA-00277-00084208-00084591": "the author when in revision can put something there that's similar", "cs7djrAWQyA-00278-00084591-00085199": "but is accurate if that isn't accurate. So then we get, exactly what.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00279-00085199-00085533": "Cockroaches the authors use, the researchers here use.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00280-00085533-00085723": "And so I'm going to just use their last name.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00281-00085831-00086483": "Latif and Bozkurt, used, the Madagascar Hissing cockroach.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00282-00086483-00086778": "I, I don't think we need, during their analysis, right?", "cs7djrAWQyA-00283-00086778-00087211": "We, we just need to know that they used it, used it because of again,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00284-00087211-00087555": "I appreciate the author using this, the colon, but we probably", "cs7djrAWQyA-00285-00087555-00087828": "don't need the colon here, because it's a fairly simple list.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00286-00087828-00088067": "So, because of its larger size.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00287-00088067-00088390": "So speed, long life span, and robustness.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00288-00088390-00088657": "And I like to have a comma at the end of a list.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00289-00088798-00088947": "So that all looks good.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00290-00088947-00089160": "before the experiment starts, they anesthetized.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00291-00089160-00089769": "I think I'd just say we could get kind of collapse", "cs7djrAWQyA-00292-00089769-00090612": "this into, after anesthetizing, hopefully I spelled that right.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00293-00090612-00090966": "After anesthetizing the cockroaches by cold treatment,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00294-00090966-00091099": "we can just go right into that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00295-00091099-00091224": "For 45 to 60 minutes, they need", "cs7djrAWQyA-00296-00091224-00091521": "to anesthetize them before they attach the electrodes.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00297-00091914-00092138": "they attached one side of the electrode, we can", "cs7djrAWQyA-00298-00092138-00092386": "go right into To that so they anesthesize them", "cs7djrAWQyA-00299-00092386-00092724": "after they anesthesize them then they attach one side", "cs7djrAWQyA-00300-00092724-00093053": "of each electron maybe one side of the electrodes.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00301-00093053-00093264": "I thought maybe it's one side of each electrode again", "cs7djrAWQyA-00302-00093264-00093540": "I would double check that detail with the other but it's.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00303-00093540-00093892": "because it's sounds a little better to say each electrode to the antennas.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00304-00093892-00094363": "And, I really like the wording here to serve as electronic reins.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00305-00094363-00094417": "I thought that", "cs7djrAWQyA-00306-00094417-00094594": "was a nice way of putting it but, in", "cs7djrAWQyA-00307-00094594-00094920": "fact we've already said that in the second paragraph, that", "cs7djrAWQyA-00308-00094920-00095298": "it delivers these small charges to the rodent's neural", "cs7djrAWQyA-00309-00095298-00095572": "Neural tissue, so actually, I'm going to get rid of that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00310-00095572-00095986": "We just need to know that after they anesthetized", "cs7djrAWQyA-00311-00095986-00096341": "these bugs, they attached the electrodes to the antennas,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00312-00096341-00096503": "and we don't need to repeat again that it's", "cs7djrAWQyA-00313-00096503-00096808": "delivering these small electrical pulses, although I like that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00314-00096808-00096985": "A visual of electronic rain.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00315-00096985-00097166": "So if there was some way to work that back into", "cs7djrAWQyA-00316-00097166-00097416": "maybe the second paragraph, I would encourage the author to do that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00317-00097416-00097506": "That was some nice language.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00318-00097655-00097923": "Now we get, in the next paragraph, we get to the actual test.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00319-00097923-00098042": "So they made the device and then", "cs7djrAWQyA-00320-00098042-00098290": "they testing the device on an actual cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00321-00098290-00098575": "This is one part where I want some more details.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00322-00098575-00099016": "I want to know more about what happened when they actually Tested the cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00323-00099016-00099306": "So I'm going to say, in tests of the system,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00324-00099306-00099501": "I'm going to be very explicit, and, and let the reader", "cs7djrAWQyA-00325-00099501-00099869": "know hey, this is, so we developed the system, we also tested it.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00326-00099869-00100176": "So in tests of the system, cockroaches", "cs7djrAWQyA-00327-00100176-00100445": "followed an S-shaped trajectory drawn on the laboratory", "cs7djrAWQyA-00328-00100445-00101006": "floor, and spent 81 seconds with 100, with 10% success rate to complete the root.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00329-00101006-00101360": "Now, I'm wondering if that's an error.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00330-00101360-00101721": "I'm going to push off this last parting thought", "cs7djrAWQyA-00331-00101721-00101924": "and make that into a new paragraph because this", "cs7djrAWQyA-00332-00101924-00101999": "[INAUDIBLE]", "cs7djrAWQyA-00333-00101999-00102224": "system really deserves its own paragraph.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00334-00102224-00102706": "I wonder if that was supposed to be 100%, 100% success rate to complete the route?", "cs7djrAWQyA-00335-00102706-00103043": "Because if it's only a 10% success rate, I'm thinking that that's not very good.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00336-00103043-00103250": "So I would highlight that and ask the author if", "cs7djrAWQyA-00337-00103250-00103497": "that's maybe an error and it was supposed to be 100%?", "cs7djrAWQyA-00338-00103497-00103715": "Or if it's only 10% success rate I'd like to know", "cs7djrAWQyA-00339-00103715-00104078": "a little bit more about Why they're still enthusiastic about the system.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00340-00104078-00104206": "And we need a lot more details here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00341-00104206-00104331": "So what, you know,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00342-00104569-00104809": "what else did they test was it. The only test they did.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00343-00104809-00105189": "Give me some more details about exactly what happened, how promising the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00344-00105189-00105522": "results were because this is the proof of principle of the device.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00345-00105522-00105736": "So we need a lot more details here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00346-00105736-00105988": "About that part of the experiment, so it asks the author to add that in.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00347-00105988-00106328": "And then this last sentence, this will become", "cs7djrAWQyA-00348-00106328-00106650": "the concluding paragraph, will lead into the concluding paragraph.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00349-00106650-00106793": "So \"This finding opens the door to", "cs7djrAWQyA-00350-00106793-00107009": "scientists to start using insects in biobots,\"", "cs7djrAWQyA-00351-00107211-00107419": "there's a little bit of grammatical error here in", "cs7djrAWQyA-00352-00107419-00107773": "bio-bots, I might just, kind of, cut it there.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00353-00107773-00108141": "And then as a new thought that the systems weed is still a problem.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00354-00108141-00108432": "So, so this one I, I thought I needed a little bit more", "cs7djrAWQyA-00355-00108432-00108795": "setup for because I'm not sure why the weed is still a problem.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00356-00108795-00109005": "It seems like a cockroach is pretty small.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00357-00109005-00109332": "They have a pretty small device. So why is the wait still Problem.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00358-00109332-00109616": "So, I feel like we need a little bit more detail about that.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00359-00109616-00109744": "We, you could put", "cs7djrAWQyA-00360-00109744-00109942": "that in this second to last paragraph or", "cs7djrAWQyA-00361-00109942-00110182": "maybe start the last paragraph with, you know, this", "cs7djrAWQyA-00362-00110182-00110590": "system is still too large because, give me the,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00363-00110590-00110939": "why the system needs to be shrunk even further.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00364-00110939-00111194": "So further research needs to reduce the weight of", "cs7djrAWQyA-00365-00111194-00111415": "the system because Because, I need to know why.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00366-00111415-00111625": "because I'm not sure why this isn't already small enough.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00367-00111732-00111919": "and then maybe a but to transition if we're kind", "cs7djrAWQyA-00368-00111919-00112250": "of saying that the negative, and the drawback, and what, and,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00369-00112250-00112413": "you know, the challenges.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00370-00112413-00112595": "Maybe need a but there to transition to", "cs7djrAWQyA-00371-00112595-00112802": "that final thought that this is something still", "cs7djrAWQyA-00372-00112802-00113127": "really cool, but this finding opens the door", "cs7djrAWQyA-00373-00113127-00113489": "to scientists to start using insects as biobots.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00374-00113610-00113835": "I would say as bio bots rather than in bio bots.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00375-00114049-00114291": "And then, you could end there.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00376-00114291-00114661": "Maybe it's nice to add one last kind of parting thought here.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00377-00114661-00114936": "So I I again I mentioned that I cut out of", "cs7djrAWQyA-00378-00114936-00115210": "that first paragraph the specific reference", "cs7djrAWQyA-00379-00115210-00115425": "to the survivor of the earthquake.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00380-00115425-00115776": "So maybe we could add something at the end to wrap back to the beginning.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00381-00115776-00116058": "Someday armies of cockroaches", "cs7djrAWQyA-00382-00116311-00117134": "may be the best hope for rescue for natural disaster survival,", "cs7djrAWQyA-00383-00117134-00117614": "survivors or something like that. Natural disaster.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00384-00117614-00117808": "[SOUND].", "cs7djrAWQyA-00385-00117808-00117977": "So maybe something like that. You know?", "cs7djrAWQyA-00386-00117977-00118083": "kind of get some hook back.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00387-00118083-00118243": "Some days, armies of cockroaches may be the", "cs7djrAWQyA-00388-00118243-00118511": "best hope for rescue for natural disaster survivors.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00389-00118511-00118851": "So turn it, you know, again, kind of wrap it back to that first thought.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00390-00118851-00118968": "Just gives it a nice ending to", "cs7djrAWQyA-00391-00118968-00118999": "[INAUDIBLE].", "cs7djrAWQyA-00392-00118999-00119116": "Tie it back to the beginning.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00393-00119252-00119545": "So now I think it's reading really well and has a nice setup.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00394-00119545-00119841": "We've got a nice introduction that pulls you into the piece.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00395-00119841-00120157": "We've got an overview of this device without too many technical details.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00396-00120157-00120311": "We get a nice paragraph that delivers", "cs7djrAWQyA-00397-00120311-00120545": "all the information about the technical details.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00398-00120545-00120773": "We get how they actually attach it to the cockroaches.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00399-00120773-00121332": "And then we get some information about the first test of the system.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00400-00121332-00121527": "That's where I'd like the author to add a little", "cs7djrAWQyA-00401-00121527-00121598": "bit more information.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00402-00121598-00121924": "And then we get kind of a parting thought and maybe some of the challenges", "cs7djrAWQyA-00403-00121924-00122107": "[INAUDIBLE]", "cs7djrAWQyA-00404-00122107-00122251": "That remain.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00405-00122251-00122489": "The preceding program is copyrighted by the Board", "cs7djrAWQyA-00406-00122489-00122884": "of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University.", "cs7djrAWQyA-00407-00122884-00123301": "Please visit us at ned.stanford.edu."}}, {"audio_id": "csrpM0-gxRg", "text": {"csrpM0-gxRg-00000-00000206-00000426": "All right, so you, your, your,", "csrpM0-gxRg-00001-00000426-00000829": "your practical experience opening doors suggests that.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00002-00001133-00001509": "What is the, the lowest one was e or other,", "csrpM0-gxRg-00003-00001509-00001908": "[LAUGH] suggests that a is the best way to do it.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00004-00002083-00002497": "Almost all of you know that, that if I want to open this door,", "csrpM0-gxRg-00005-00002497-00002653": "it's hinged on the right.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00006-00002653-00003139": "It's easiest for me to open it if I put, if I push far from the hinge.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00007-00003253-00003411": "So, r is big.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00008-00003411-00003721": "R is the vector from the point of ro-,", "csrpM0-gxRg-00009-00003721-00004046": "from the axis of rotation out to where the force is applied.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00010-00004046-00004227": "I want to apply the force as far away as I can.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00011-00004227-00004830": "Applying it like this, well, I could open it like that, barely.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00012-00004931-00005126": "But it isn't the wise thing to do.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00013-00005252-00005702": "I need a lot more force, because r got really small.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00014-00005702-00005890": "I applied the force too close to the.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00015-00005996-00006351": "Axis of rotation so, that's what's the problem with G.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00016-00006492-00006944": "G has the force closer, the same force as A but", "csrpM0-gxRg-00017-00006944-00007314": "closer to the axis of rotation in fact about half the distance.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00018-00007314-00007829": "So this r here in the torque equation is about half as much.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00019-00007934-00008234": "You get half the torque if you ply it half as far.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00020-00008234-00008373": "What about h?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00021-00008743-00008898": "H is pushing right at the hinge.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00022-00009068-00009403": "No body over the age of three,", "csrpM0-gxRg-00023-00009403-00009878": "I think would push at the hinge in order to open a door.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00024-00009878-00010034": "Once you recognize where the hinge is.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00025-00010178-00010543": "Could be hidden somehow, you could push on the wrong side.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00026-00010543-00010662": "But, why does H not work?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00027-00010662-00011067": "H is a perfectly fine force but", "csrpM0-gxRg-00028-00011190-00011591": "r is the distance from the hinge to the force, and", "csrpM0-gxRg-00029-00011591-00011933": "H is applied right at the hinge so r is 0, so the torque is 0.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00030-00012131-00012400": "For h, the torque is 0 because r is 0.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00031-00012400-00012679": "What about e?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00032-00012679-00013553": "Also a method that most of you would not use to open a door", "csrpM0-gxRg-00033-00013553-00014022": "is to push straight at the hinge which is what e is doing there.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00034-00014022-00014260": "E is pushing straight at the hinge.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00035-00014260-00014719": "It's doing far away so r is actually bigger than for A.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00036-00014847-00015291": "The r vector for E is all the way out to the end of the door.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00037-00015400-00015711": "So r is big, the force is big, but", "csrpM0-gxRg-00038-00015711-00016290": "sine of theta r is out to the right, or up here into the right.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00039-00016290-00016522": "And F is down and to the left.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00040-00016522-00016749": "So they are opposite to each other.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00041-00016749-00017299": "r and F are opposite to each other in this, this middle picture.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00042-00017479-00018120": "In other words, theta's 180 degrees, or Pi and sine of Pi is zero, so no torque.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00043-00018258-00018564": "If I push directly downward", "csrpM0-gxRg-00044-00018670-00019225": "at the point of the axis of rotation, then I don't rotate this thing.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00045-00019225-00019676": "If I push downward over to the left of the axis of rotation, then I can rotate it.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00046-00019676-00020160": "If I push downward to the right of the axis of rotation, then I can rotate it.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00047-00020160-00020357": "But if I push straight downward.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00048-00020357-00020774": "I'm not going to rotate it either way.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00049-00020774-00020983": "Has, has everyone had a chance to?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00050-00021304-00021685": "All right.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00051-00021685-00022352": "So with the same mass how do you make the rotational inertia Large.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00052-00022768-00022832": "What's your guess?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00053-00022832-00023261": "From, from, one of them has a, is hard to rotate, why is that?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00054-00023261-00023330": "Where is the mass?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00055-00023330-00023834": ">> [INAUDIBLE] >> It's far from the axis of rotation.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00056-00023834-00024197": "If you move the mass far from the axis of rotation,", "csrpM0-gxRg-00057-00024197-00024484": "it will be harder to rotate that thing.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00058-00024927-00025162": "What happens when an animal runs?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00059-00025162-00025349": "Well their leg has to rotate.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00060-00025349-00025691": "They, they have muscles that rotate their leg at the hip joint.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00061-00025691-00025991": "I have to do this to walk or to run.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00062-00026207-00026751": "And so if you're going to do that quickly, if you're going to change your rotational,", "csrpM0-gxRg-00063-00026751-00027005": "the rotational inertia of your leg really fast.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00064-00027005-00027460": "What does that tell you about where the mass ought to be?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00065-00027608-00027844": "Where should the ma, the big muscles ought to be?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00066-00027844-00027972": "Should they be down in your feet?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00067-00028111-00028483": "Then you, then you're trying to, then the rotational interia's gigantic.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00068-00028662-00028988": "because, I mean, just put on big heavy boots and, amd you'll see.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00069-00029256-00029789": "So, so a gazelle or something ought to have almost no mass in their feet.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00070-00029789-00030004": "In order to be able to rotate quickly.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00071-00030004-00030437": "You know, tiny little, tiny little feet and, and, like horses do.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00072-00030437-00030739": "And gigantic muscles somewhere else.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00073-00030739-00030957": "Somewhere closer to the axis of rotation.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00074-00031072-00031402": "Well, maybe we talked about this, but maybe we didn't finish it.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00075-00031402-00031480": "I don't even know.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00076-00031717-00031841": "Same pictures.", "csrpM0-gxRg-00077-00031841-00032164": "Which torque is equal to 0?", "csrpM0-gxRg-00078-00032164-00032452": "Choose the best answer you can."}}, {"audio_id": "cswY16yLbkI", "text": {"cswY16yLbkI-00000-00000216-00000792": "So what happens when we get into a stock pickers market oh a stock pickers market", "cswY16yLbkI-00001-00000952-00001776": "there's no such thing now or ever why because as i told the professor each smart investor", "cswY16yLbkI-00002-00001832-00002192": "has to buy what it buys from a dumb investor so-called dumb", "cswY16yLbkI-00003-00002312-00002864": "there's just i don't know why people don't get it the reality of investing is you're betting", "cswY16yLbkI-00004-00002864-00003504": "against the person that's doing the other side of every trade and so we may have stock pickers", "cswY16yLbkI-00005-00003592-00004200": "good stock pickers doing well but we will have bad stock pickers doing exactly the", "cswY16yLbkI-00006-00004200-00005784": "same amount of badness as they had goodness so it's just a realization of what the market is"}}, {"audio_id": "csKxiiwGY6k", "text": {"csKxiiwGY6k-00000-00000006-00000151": "- The director at ASA,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00001-00000151-00000389": "the School Superintendents Association.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00002-00000389-00000600": "Really pleased to welcome all of you", "csKxiiwGY6k-00003-00000600-00000901": "to this first in a series of webinars", "csKxiiwGY6k-00004-00000901-00001294": "between ASA and LPI focused on what I believe", "csKxiiwGY6k-00005-00001294-00001642": "is an important timely essential question", "csKxiiwGY6k-00006-00001642-00001839": "and Linda I want to thank you in helping", "csKxiiwGY6k-00007-00001839-00002090": "to structure our thinking about this.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00008-00002090-00002332": "If we look at the title for the webinar", "csKxiiwGY6k-00009-00002332-00002606": "accelerated learning strategies for whole child", "csKxiiwGY6k-00010-00002606-00002805": "summer learning and beyond.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00011-00002805-00003105": "I love the title because it looks at strategies.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00012-00003105-00003214": "It looks at the whole child.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00013-00003214-00003436": "It looks at summer learning and beyond.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00014-00003436-00003654": "And most importantly, it doesn't look", "csKxiiwGY6k-00015-00003654-00003847": "at it as a deficit model.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00016-00003847-00004015": "It looks at as an asset model", "csKxiiwGY6k-00017-00004015-00004190": "in how you build on strengths of children.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00018-00004190-00004358": "So Linda, thank you for your leadership", "csKxiiwGY6k-00019-00004358-00004473": "in that conversation.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00020-00004560-00004871": "Our program is being recorded.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00021-00004871-00005205": "If you have a question of any of us,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00022-00005205-00005484": "any of the panelists particularly, please put that in chat.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00023-00005484-00005722": "We will be monitoring that and we'll get those questions", "csKxiiwGY6k-00024-00005722-00005937": "to our panelists.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00025-00005937-00006260": "And you all be muted so you're not gonna be able", "csKxiiwGY6k-00026-00006260-00006481": "to talk to each other or applaud after", "csKxiiwGY6k-00027-00006481-00006727": "Charles and Diana and Linda speak.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00028-00006727-00007095": "I do want to note two things before we get started.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00029-00007095-00007423": "One, I choose my virtual backgrounds,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00030-00007423-00007637": "I think as we all do, very deliberately.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00031-00007637-00007945": "And what I was thinking of today, I chose this background", "csKxiiwGY6k-00032-00007945-00008445": "as a good morning and a new day in America background.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00033-00008506-00008772": "I'd like to think of the work we're all doing", "csKxiiwGY6k-00034-00008772-00009136": "as an accelerated approach to services to children.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00035-00009136-00009325": "So I've put that up there for you.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00036-00009325-00009544": "And secondly, and most importantly", "csKxiiwGY6k-00037-00009544-00009749": "I want to thank and celebrate and honor all", "csKxiiwGY6k-00038-00009749-00009994": "of our educators across this country who", "csKxiiwGY6k-00039-00009994-00010283": "over the past year have been frontline workers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00040-00010283-00010414": "on behalf of children.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00041-00010414-00010670": "Too often, we get caught up thinking about,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00042-00010670-00011046": "oh my gosh, it's like ER mentality the sky is falling.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00043-00011046-00011228": "But to our superintendents, principals,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00044-00011228-00011434": "to our cafeteria workers, to our teachers,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00045-00011434-00011717": "to our secretaries, to all of you over the past year", "csKxiiwGY6k-00046-00011717-00012016": "whether you're in service the full time,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00047-00012016-00012307": "whether or not you're going back now doing hybrid models,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00048-00012307-00012591": "I just think America deserves to thank you for your service", "csKxiiwGY6k-00049-00012591-00012888": "your professionalism, for your care of children.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00050-00012888-00013294": "And as I turn it to Linda I wanna put it", "csKxiiwGY6k-00051-00013294-00013487": "in a context Linda, you have not", "csKxiiwGY6k-00052-00013487-00013697": "been around quite as long as I have", "csKxiiwGY6k-00053-00013697-00013997": "but you've been honored and recognized in so many ways.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00054-00013997-00014172": "I just wanna share a conversation I had", "csKxiiwGY6k-00055-00014172-00014500": "with John Goodlife maybe many, many years ago", "csKxiiwGY6k-00056-00014500-00014934": "after one of his books came out.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00057-00014934-00015102": "I said, John, you know, you've been writing", "csKxiiwGY6k-00058-00015102-00015478": "for so long about what we should be doing.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00059-00015478-00015689": "And he talked about viewing,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00060-00015689-00015930": "I think he went to 110,000 classrooms", "csKxiiwGY6k-00061-00015930-00016161": "with kids around and he, and he said, you know", "csKxiiwGY6k-00062-00016161-00016312": "I couldn't tell what decade it was in,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00063-00016312-00016486": "opened the door and they all look the same.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00064-00016486-00016609": "I said, John, how do you keep", "csKxiiwGY6k-00065-00016609-00016781": "on writing and keeping the faith?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00066-00016781-00017115": "And he said to me, you know, I'm gonna keep on writing", "csKxiiwGY6k-00067-00017115-00017319": "until somebody listens.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00068-00017319-00017778": "And I just I loved his answer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00069-00017778-00018093": "But I think we are at this time where we are listening.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00070-00018093-00018306": "And now the question for all of our panelists,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00071-00018306-00018497": "I'm going to thread back in,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00072-00018497-00018772": "how do we take the wonderful research, the great evidence,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00073-00018772-00019154": "the resources we have at hand and truly take action", "csKxiiwGY6k-00074-00019154-00019415": "in a way perhaps we've not done before?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00075-00019415-00019795": "Which it's why is sunrise and why we have an audience", "csKxiiwGY6k-00076-00019795-00020106": "of professionals across the country who are listening.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00077-00020106-00020392": "So to get us started on this amazing conversation,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00078-00020392-00020630": "it is my honor, my privilege to", "csKxiiwGY6k-00079-00020630-00020851": "introduce Linda Darling-Hammond", "csKxiiwGY6k-00080-00020851-00021273": "who is President and CEO of the Learning Policy Institute.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00081-00021273-00021515": "She was named one of the nation's 10 most", "csKxiiwGY6k-00082-00021515-00021954": "influential people affecting educational policy in 2008.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00083-00021954-00022246": "She served as the leader of President Barack Obama's", "csKxiiwGY6k-00084-00022246-00022556": "educational policy transitional team", "csKxiiwGY6k-00085-00022556-00022878": "and again in 2020 for the transition team", "csKxiiwGY6k-00086-00022878-00023080": "for President Biden.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00087-00023080-00023462": "So good morning Linda, welcome to a new day.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00088-00023462-00023681": "Help structure our thought and our beliefs", "csKxiiwGY6k-00089-00023681-00023961": "about how we move forward in this wonderful world.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00090-00023961-00024096": "Thank you.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00091-00024096-00024179": "- Well, thanks so much Mort.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00092-00024179-00024300": "It's great to be here", "csKxiiwGY6k-00093-00024300-00024681": "with this wonderful panel of participants.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00094-00024681-00025003": "You mentioned choosing the video background.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00095-00025003-00025251": "So I put on my favorite, my current favorite", "csKxiiwGY6k-00096-00025251-00025592": "which is an Aaron Douglas painting.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00097-00025592-00025750": "It's called up from bondage.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00098-00025750-00025835": "And I think, you know", "csKxiiwGY6k-00099-00025835-00026089": "there's so much that we're striving for now", "csKxiiwGY6k-00100-00026089-00026504": "that really is around liberatory education", "csKxiiwGY6k-00101-00026504-00026973": "that is supportive that leans into how people learn", "csKxiiwGY6k-00102-00026973-00027412": "and that is enabling for both students and for educators.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00103-00027412-00027730": "So with that, I'm going to share my screen", "csKxiiwGY6k-00104-00027730-00028035": "and sort of kick us off here", "csKxiiwGY6k-00105-00028035-00028535": "with our beginning of the PowerPoint.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00106-00028967-00029297": "And if you can't see it somebody say so", "csKxiiwGY6k-00107-00029297-00029644": "otherwise I'm assuming we can go full steam ahead.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00108-00029644-00029862": "So yes, we are talking about accelerating", "csKxiiwGY6k-00109-00029862-00030227": "learning with strategies for summer learning and beyond.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00110-00030227-00030500": "I'm gonna focus, especially on summer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00111-00030500-00030907": "And for some reason, my slides are not advancing here.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00112-00030907-00031104": "So what is going on with that?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00113-00031336-00031419": "Hang on a second.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00114-00031419-00031631": "Let me start sharing again and see", "csKxiiwGY6k-00115-00031631-00031870": "if I can get it to work this time.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00116-00032625-00032766": "All right, let's see if this'll work.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00117-00032766-00032852": "There we go.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00118-00032852-00033110": "Well we all know as educators the impacts", "csKxiiwGY6k-00119-00033110-00033321": "of the pandemic on learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00120-00033321-00033673": "We've seen so many children experiencing trauma", "csKxiiwGY6k-00121-00033673-00033771": "and isolation.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00122-00033771-00034029": "You know, children whose parents have lost their jobs.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00123-00034029-00034238": "They may have lost their homes.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00124-00034238-00034433": "They're food insecure.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00125-00034433-00034766": "There's the isolation of being separated.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00126-00034766-00035020": "There's the big digital divide of that", "csKxiiwGY6k-00127-00035020-00035408": "many have experienced lost instructional time", "csKxiiwGY6k-00128-00035408-00035684": "for many young people, decreased engagement", "csKxiiwGY6k-00129-00035684-00035937": "and in fact we have lost engagement", "csKxiiwGY6k-00130-00035937-00036271": "from some students in significant numbers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00131-00036271-00036475": "in some districts, we don't know where they are", "csKxiiwGY6k-00132-00036475-00036664": "and how to get them re-engaged.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00133-00036664-00037082": "I know lots of administrators and teachers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00134-00037170-00037421": "who are, you know, reaching out", "csKxiiwGY6k-00135-00037421-00037631": "going to homeless shelters, you know, chasing", "csKxiiwGY6k-00136-00037631-00038131": "down students who have disappeared through various contacts", "csKxiiwGY6k-00137-00038190-00038465": "relatives and friends and so on.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00138-00038465-00038831": "And of course, greater opportunity and achievement gaps.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00139-00038831-00039013": "And you know, a lot of people are", "csKxiiwGY6k-00140-00039013-00039123": "talking about learning loss.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00141-00039123-00039255": "We don't use that term", "csKxiiwGY6k-00142-00039255-00039537": "because it starts from a deficit orientation.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00143-00039537-00039738": "Children are always learning, the question", "csKxiiwGY6k-00144-00039738-00039949": "of what they're learning and what they're making", "csKxiiwGY6k-00145-00039949-00040158": "of it is, you know, something we need to engage", "csKxiiwGY6k-00146-00040158-00040551": "with and frankly build on because a lot", "csKxiiwGY6k-00147-00040551-00040845": "of kids are taking more responsibility for their siblings", "csKxiiwGY6k-00148-00040845-00041175": "for their families and learning a lot", "csKxiiwGY6k-00149-00041175-00041613": "of things that are need expression and need processing.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00150-00041613-00042089": "As well as academic pieces of the curriculum.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00151-00042198-00042535": "We wrote a piece called restarting", "csKxiiwGY6k-00152-00042535-00042793": "and reinventing school at LPI.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00153-00042793-00043178": "And I'm quoting from one of the parent volunteers.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00154-00043321-00043424": "\"Reprioritize.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00155-00043424-00043657": "\"This is the time to see if something can be different.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00156-00043657-00043923": "\"To reset the system, we have to take a loss,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00157-00043923-00044102": "\"but we can recoup the loss If we actually", "csKxiiwGY6k-00158-00044102-00044324": "\"get kids excited about education", "csKxiiwGY6k-00159-00044324-00044580": "\"and create a more positive space for them to learn.\"", "csKxiiwGY6k-00160-00044580-00044886": "And I think that has to be the first goal", "csKxiiwGY6k-00161-00044886-00045375": "of coming back in person fully this spring,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00162-00045375-00045584": "summer, and beyond.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00163-00045584-00046056": "The set of ideas for restarting and reinventing school", "csKxiiwGY6k-00164-00046056-00046230": "that we synthesize from the work", "csKxiiwGY6k-00165-00046230-00046378": "of people all over the country", "csKxiiwGY6k-00166-00046378-00046621": "and the great efforts of so many districts", "csKxiiwGY6k-00167-00046621-00046862": "that are re-inventing now", "csKxiiwGY6k-00168-00046862-00047109": "and sharing what they are learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00169-00047109-00047451": "with others is this framework which really begins", "csKxiiwGY6k-00170-00047451-00047830": "with closing the digital divide and really talks", "csKxiiwGY6k-00171-00047830-00048215": "about all of the elements of strengthening learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00172-00048215-00048536": "Assessing what students need socially and emotionally,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00173-00048536-00048711": "as well as academically.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00174-00048711-00049063": "Redesigning schools so that they're relationship centered.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00175-00049063-00049333": "Emphasizing authentic and culturally responsive", "csKxiiwGY6k-00176-00049333-00049504": "and affirming learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00177-00049504-00049712": "Providing the expanded learning time,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00178-00049712-00049938": "the community school wrap arounds.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00179-00049938-00050076": "That the professional development", "csKxiiwGY6k-00180-00050076-00050297": "and the funding that are really needed", "csKxiiwGY6k-00181-00050297-00050527": "for the system that we will carry", "csKxiiwGY6k-00182-00050527-00050776": "into the next hundred years.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00183-00050776-00051061": "And hopefully allowing us to free ourselves", "csKxiiwGY6k-00184-00051061-00051434": "from the elements of the system we inherited", "csKxiiwGY6k-00185-00051434-00051784": "that have proved to be inadequate for the current time.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00186-00051784-00052069": "Why should we accelerate rather than remediate?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00187-00052069-00052495": "There's a huge research literature on the failure", "csKxiiwGY6k-00188-00052582-00053082": "of remediation tactics to dramatically improve instruction.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00189-00053120-00053384": "Typically that consists of trying", "csKxiiwGY6k-00190-00053384-00053673": "to fill the holes in students' learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00191-00053673-00053900": "Quite often remediation requires us", "csKxiiwGY6k-00192-00053900-00054244": "to segregate students into remedial classes,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00193-00054244-00054553": "which are then also stigmatized", "csKxiiwGY6k-00194-00054553-00054807": "by the labels that are attached to them.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00195-00054807-00055199": "Often the work is sort of low level disconnected", "csKxiiwGY6k-00196-00055199-00055652": "skills work that is not highly motivating or engaging.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00197-00055652-00055923": "And in the end, what we know from the research is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00198-00055923-00056247": "that that actually depresses achievement relative", "csKxiiwGY6k-00199-00056247-00056489": "to other opportunities that take children", "csKxiiwGY6k-00200-00056489-00056776": "where they, are figure out what they need to know next,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00201-00056776-00057030": "and accelerate their learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00202-00057030-00057397": "Every child is motivated to learn the next steps", "csKxiiwGY6k-00203-00057397-00057596": "that are in front of them to learn,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00204-00057596-00057819": "very few children are motivated", "csKxiiwGY6k-00205-00057819-00058010": "by systems that rank and sort", "csKxiiwGY6k-00206-00058010-00058359": "and label them in relation to other children.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00207-00058450-00058727": "What we know from the science of learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00208-00058727-00059066": "and development that is being increasingly synthesized", "csKxiiwGY6k-00209-00059066-00059426": "and understood from neuroscience and the other sciences", "csKxiiwGY6k-00210-00059426-00059698": "several things that we should build our programs on.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00211-00059698-00060054": "First is that relationships are the essential ingredient", "csKxiiwGY6k-00212-00060054-00060234": "that catalyzes healthy development", "csKxiiwGY6k-00213-00060234-00060441": "and learning and actually has to do", "csKxiiwGY6k-00214-00060441-00060794": "with building brain architecture itself", "csKxiiwGY6k-00215-00060794-00061082": "when we are in relationship with other people,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00216-00061082-00061338": "interacting in positive ways.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00217-00061338-00061544": "Children actively construct knowledge", "csKxiiwGY6k-00218-00061544-00061804": "by connecting what they know to what they're learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00219-00061804-00062035": "so we have to draw those connections", "csKxiiwGY6k-00220-00062035-00062327": "within their cultural context, which is, you know", "csKxiiwGY6k-00221-00062327-00062582": "the context for all of us for learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00222-00062582-00062835": "And we need to honor and build", "csKxiiwGY6k-00223-00062835-00063245": "upon those cultural contexts to draw those connections.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00224-00063245-00063454": "Learning is social, emotional, and academic.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00225-00063454-00063738": "We learn more and better when we're in an", "csKxiiwGY6k-00226-00063738-00064036": "emotionally safe place, when we feel trust,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00227-00064036-00064236": "when we feel safe, when we feel we're not", "csKxiiwGY6k-00228-00064236-00064496": "being stigmatized, when there's no trauma", "csKxiiwGY6k-00229-00064496-00064800": "in the environment and when we care for", "csKxiiwGY6k-00230-00064800-00065032": "and like the other people that we're with", "csKxiiwGY6k-00231-00065032-00065219": "and we're interested in what there is to learn.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00232-00065219-00065461": "And learning is undermined in high stress", "csKxiiwGY6k-00233-00065461-00065953": "environments that are traumatizing that may have elements", "csKxiiwGY6k-00234-00065953-00066368": "of stereotype threat may have elements of bullying", "csKxiiwGY6k-00235-00066368-00066805": "or may have elements of judgment that are negative", "csKxiiwGY6k-00236-00066805-00067201": "that cause people to close down their ability to learn.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00237-00067201-00067350": "Students' perceptions of their own", "csKxiiwGY6k-00238-00067350-00067521": "ability influence learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00239-00067521-00067860": "If I feel I can learn then I will", "csKxiiwGY6k-00240-00067860-00068240": "put forth the effort, develop a growth mindset", "csKxiiwGY6k-00241-00068240-00068495": "and that will actually influence how much I learn.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00242-00068495-00068827": "If I feel I'm not good at math, or I can't read", "csKxiiwGY6k-00243-00068827-00069043": "and I've adopted that identity", "csKxiiwGY6k-00244-00069043-00069526": "it actually inhibits me both from freeing up my mind", "csKxiiwGY6k-00245-00069526-00069870": "from the anxiety that that produces and from putting", "csKxiiwGY6k-00246-00069870-00070328": "forth the effort that would allow me to make progress.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00247-00070328-00070500": "And then adversity affects learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00248-00070500-00070771": "and we know that schools have to be trauma informed", "csKxiiwGY6k-00249-00070771-00070978": "and healing focused.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00250-00070978-00071275": "And again, that takes us all the way back to relationships", "csKxiiwGY6k-00251-00071275-00071582": "which are the single most important element", "csKxiiwGY6k-00252-00071668-00071823": "of recovering from trauma.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00253-00071914-00072120": "What we need to build our environments", "csKxiiwGY6k-00254-00072120-00072483": "in which there's much less cortisol, the hormone", "csKxiiwGY6k-00255-00072483-00072832": "that goes to the brain produces adrenaline", "csKxiiwGY6k-00256-00072832-00073019": "and the fight or flight syndrome", "csKxiiwGY6k-00257-00073019-00073421": "from anxiety of various kinds", "csKxiiwGY6k-00258-00073421-00073661": "towards environments that produce oxytocin", "csKxiiwGY6k-00259-00073661-00073911": "which is the hormone that we develop", "csKxiiwGY6k-00260-00073911-00074133": "and that affects our thinking, our learning,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00261-00074133-00074486": "our brain architecture when we feel safe", "csKxiiwGY6k-00262-00074486-00074749": "and trusted and happy.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00263-00074749-00074992": "And so that's a key element", "csKxiiwGY6k-00264-00074992-00075226": "of what summer learning should look like.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00265-00075226-00075359": "I would argue it should not look", "csKxiiwGY6k-00266-00075359-00075525": "like this coming back, you know", "csKxiiwGY6k-00267-00075525-00075835": "the old fashioned summer school where you're, you know", "csKxiiwGY6k-00268-00075835-00076227": "drilling and killing to make up on those worksheets", "csKxiiwGY6k-00269-00076227-00076537": "or maybe now on programmed computer instruction,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00270-00076537-00076693": "what you missed.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00271-00076693-00076943": "It should look much more like this", "csKxiiwGY6k-00272-00076943-00077375": "where students are involved in inquiry", "csKxiiwGY6k-00273-00077375-00077787": "and experiments and figuring out the answers to questions.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00274-00077787-00078163": "They should be outdoors playing and inquiring", "csKxiiwGY6k-00275-00078265-00078568": "looking at puzzles and being together.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00276-00078675-00078871": "And that really derives directly", "csKxiiwGY6k-00277-00078871-00079155": "from the science of learning and development.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00278-00079155-00079436": "We have evidence that that will in fact", "csKxiiwGY6k-00279-00079436-00079817": "increase kids' capacity to attend, to engage", "csKxiiwGY6k-00280-00079817-00079973": "to want to be back in school", "csKxiiwGY6k-00281-00079973-00080310": "and then to open their minds to what school has to offer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00282-00080310-00080567": "So the only way to make the most of summer learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00283-00080567-00080895": "are there are a set of goals that as the folks in Tulsa,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00284-00080895-00081388": "Oklahoma recently shared in a reopening school summit", "csKxiiwGY6k-00285-00081388-00081714": "that the department of education sponsored last week", "csKxiiwGY6k-00286-00081714-00081980": "or the week before, belonging,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00287-00081980-00082222": "we want kids to feel they belong.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00288-00082222-00082621": "That they're connected, that they are supported", "csKxiiwGY6k-00289-00082621-00082952": "that they develop attachment and they", "csKxiiwGY6k-00290-00082952-00083126": "they have choice and voice all", "csKxiiwGY6k-00291-00083126-00083626": "of which will enable them to put the effort forward", "csKxiiwGY6k-00292-00083630-00084130": "both to attend, and to see this as a springboard", "csKxiiwGY6k-00293-00084141-00084543": "for a happy and productive school year, rather than", "csKxiiwGY6k-00294-00084543-00084774": "as something to avoid or dread.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00295-00084910-00085036": "Social emotional learning is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00296-00085036-00085363": "of course, critically important along", "csKxiiwGY6k-00297-00085363-00085750": "with the mindsets that matter, growth mindset,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00298-00085750-00085930": "that sense of belonging and purpose", "csKxiiwGY6k-00299-00085930-00086155": "and sense that school is worthwhile.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00300-00086155-00086413": "And I just want to make the point of that,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00301-00086413-00086697": "I know most of you really understand,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00302-00086697-00086910": "that when we address social emotional learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00303-00086910-00087280": "when we teach kids to be self-aware, and aware of others,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00304-00087280-00087637": "able to interact, able to make responsible decisions,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00305-00087637-00087954": "we not only get safer schools and greater belonging,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00306-00087954-00088256": "we get higher achievement and higher graduation rates,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00307-00088256-00088547": "improved college and career ready skills.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00308-00088547-00088783": "We know those gains persist over time", "csKxiiwGY6k-00309-00088783-00088955": "from hundreds of studies that have", "csKxiiwGY6k-00310-00088955-00089171": "been done and synthesized.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00311-00089171-00089504": "So social emotional learning is not a distraction", "csKxiiwGY6k-00312-00089504-00090004": "or a tributary, it is actually the path to academic learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00313-00090022-00090357": "and needs to be considered first and foremost.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00314-00090483-00090698": "The other thing I would say about key strategies", "csKxiiwGY6k-00315-00090698-00090939": "for summer learning is first it's important", "csKxiiwGY6k-00316-00090939-00091143": "that that it be universal, that it not only be", "csKxiiwGY6k-00317-00091143-00091536": "for kids who are thought to be behind or in trouble", "csKxiiwGY6k-00318-00091536-00092036": "which begins the whole experience from a perspective", "csKxiiwGY6k-00319-00092064-00092336": "of stigma and deficit.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00320-00092336-00092560": "It should be open to everyone,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00321-00092560-00092938": "kids engage in heterogeneous groups.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00322-00092938-00093156": "We know from Rand Corporation studies", "csKxiiwGY6k-00323-00093156-00093422": "that summer schools are more effective when", "csKxiiwGY6k-00324-00093422-00093660": "they not only offer academic learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00325-00093660-00093955": "that is contextualized and interesting and engaging", "csKxiiwGY6k-00326-00093955-00094176": "but when they also offer enrichment,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00327-00094176-00094519": "arts and sports and other aspects of enrichment.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00328-00094519-00094712": "And the programs that do both", "csKxiiwGY6k-00329-00094712-00094981": "of those things actually get greater achievement gains", "csKxiiwGY6k-00330-00094981-00095247": "than the programs that only focus on academics.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00331-00095338-00095541": "Culturally responsive, as we've noted,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00332-00095541-00095931": "and engaging and partnered with community organizations.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00333-00096017-00096412": "In many cases, you know, teachers are often quite tired", "csKxiiwGY6k-00334-00096412-00096544": "and some will want to come back.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00335-00096544-00096800": "And new teachers who you're seeking to", "csKxiiwGY6k-00336-00096800-00097213": "hire may be excited to start in the summer", "csKxiiwGY6k-00337-00097213-00097556": "to get their sea legs under them as well.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00338-00097556-00097823": "But there are many community organizations", "csKxiiwGY6k-00339-00097823-00098206": "that the YMCA, the boys and girls clubs,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00340-00098328-00098643": "I was looking at Tulsa's plans, the Tulsa Bike Club", "csKxiiwGY6k-00341-00098643-00098813": "the debate club of Tulsa.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00342-00098813-00098972": "There's all kinds of organizations", "csKxiiwGY6k-00343-00098972-00099235": "that are interested in participating.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00344-00099235-00099718": "One really interesting example of a community-based support", "csKxiiwGY6k-00345-00099718-00099920": "for districts that partners with a lot", "csKxiiwGY6k-00346-00099920-00100158": "of districts across the country is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00347-00100158-00100424": "the freedom schools that are started", "csKxiiwGY6k-00348-00100424-00100564": "by the Children's Defense Fund.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00349-00100564-00100871": "I'm hoping Charles Payne will say a little more about this", "csKxiiwGY6k-00350-00100871-00101157": "on the panel because of the work they're doing in Newark.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00351-00101262-00101697": "But these programs, which are five to eight weeks long,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00352-00101697-00102049": "really have kids reading intensely", "csKxiiwGY6k-00353-00102049-00102483": "from a library of selections that are culturally grounded", "csKxiiwGY6k-00354-00102483-00102802": "and exciting and connected to historical", "csKxiiwGY6k-00355-00102802-00103105": "and social consciousness that ties", "csKxiiwGY6k-00356-00103105-00103545": "to social action projects and plans with the community.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00357-00103655-00104144": "We also need to be clear that learning is more intense", "csKxiiwGY6k-00358-00104144-00104427": "and extensive in non-tracked classrooms.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00359-00104427-00104820": "There's a tendency to wanna group and sort kids into", "csKxiiwGY6k-00360-00104820-00105257": "above, at, or below grade level or standards or whatever.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00361-00105257-00105523": "But we have a lot of history about the fact that", "csKxiiwGY6k-00362-00105627-00106017": "the higher achieving kids do not benefit more from that.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00363-00106017-00106277": "And the lower achieving students who are", "csKxiiwGY6k-00364-00106277-00106777": "in tracked classes lose more achievement than they gain.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00365-00106874-00107053": "The gap gets wider.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00366-00107053-00107262": "There are research based approaches", "csKxiiwGY6k-00367-00107262-00107648": "to what's called complex instruction", "csKxiiwGY6k-00368-00107648-00107886": "to math, English language arts and other subjects", "csKxiiwGY6k-00369-00107886-00108174": "that have been highly successful offer", "csKxiiwGY6k-00370-00108174-00108567": "terrific inquiry oriented materials and strategies", "csKxiiwGY6k-00371-00108567-00108982": "for students to make substantial progress", "csKxiiwGY6k-00372-00108982-00109268": "in non-Tracked classrooms.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00373-00109268-00109455": "And then I'm going to end with just a little bit", "csKxiiwGY6k-00374-00109455-00109660": "of conversation about tutoring.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00375-00109660-00109856": "Which, you know we have often thought", "csKxiiwGY6k-00376-00109856-00110083": "in public school systems is too expensive", "csKxiiwGY6k-00377-00110083-00110219": "this one-on-one treatment.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00378-00110219-00110408": "But it turns out that the gains", "csKxiiwGY6k-00379-00110408-00110641": "that children make are so steep", "csKxiiwGY6k-00380-00110641-00110893": "in a well-designed tutoring context", "csKxiiwGY6k-00381-00110893-00111282": "that in a short period of time you can reduce", "csKxiiwGY6k-00382-00111282-00111608": "or close achievement gaps, get kids on track", "csKxiiwGY6k-00383-00111608-00111900": "and allow them then to progress with their peers.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00384-00111900-00112138": "And it turns out to be more cost-effective", "csKxiiwGY6k-00385-00112138-00112394": "than the old strategy of dividing kids up into", "csKxiiwGY6k-00386-00112394-00112707": "these different groups and sort of giving", "csKxiiwGY6k-00387-00112707-00113196": "a remedial curriculum to kids who are in that lowest group.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00388-00113329-00113570": "But it's important to know that effective tutoring is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00389-00113570-00113796": "accomplished not by cadre of ever-changing", "csKxiiwGY6k-00390-00113796-00114082": "untrained volunteers but by a focused group", "csKxiiwGY6k-00391-00114082-00114481": "of individuals who work consistently multiple times per week", "csKxiiwGY6k-00392-00114481-00114767": "with students or small groups of students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00393-00114767-00115201": "Way back in 1984, Benjamin Bloom published what", "csKxiiwGY6k-00394-00115201-00115383": "they called the 2 Sigma study.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00395-00115383-00115726": "And he had done a variety of experiments on learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00396-00115726-00115909": "and found out that students who were", "csKxiiwGY6k-00397-00115909-00116279": "in a tutoring setting increased their performance", "csKxiiwGY6k-00398-00116279-00116540": "on a curriculum that was being taught", "csKxiiwGY6k-00399-00116540-00116767": "across all these settings", "csKxiiwGY6k-00400-00116767-00117188": "by what he called two Sigma, two standard deviations.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00401-00117188-00117513": "This means a student who was at the 50th percentile", "csKxiiwGY6k-00402-00117513-00117833": "grew to 98th percentile in the matter", "csKxiiwGY6k-00403-00117833-00118316": "of a couple of months, not years, to close the gap.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00404-00118316-00118645": "And there's several features of this relationship", "csKxiiwGY6k-00405-00118645-00118838": "of the one-to-one aspect of it", "csKxiiwGY6k-00406-00118838-00119041": "creates that human connection,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00407-00119041-00119292": "that is an attachment that opens", "csKxiiwGY6k-00408-00119292-00119544": "up the mind for learning, immediate feedback,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00409-00119544-00119796": "the opportunities to practice and revise.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00410-00119796-00120263": "This can also be done in small groups of up to five.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00411-00120263-00120556": "And there's now a recent synthesis of almost", "csKxiiwGY6k-00412-00120556-00120867": "a hundred very rigorous studies that find equally", "csKxiiwGY6k-00413-00120867-00121076": "impressive gains from tutoring.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00414-00121076-00121349": "So thinking about how we can actually draw", "csKxiiwGY6k-00415-00121349-00121761": "on this kind of strategy with trained teachers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00416-00121761-00122001": "who might be trained to do reading recovery", "csKxiiwGY6k-00417-00122001-00122292": "which has an extraordinary track record", "csKxiiwGY6k-00418-00122292-00122556": "in getting kids on track for reading.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00419-00122556-00122681": "It's often used in first grade", "csKxiiwGY6k-00420-00122681-00122871": "but it can be used at any grade level", "csKxiiwGY6k-00421-00122871-00123030": "where it is needed.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00422-00123030-00123519": "Or trained paraprofessionals who've been very successful", "csKxiiwGY6k-00423-00123519-00123804": "in some math curriculum tutoring projects.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00424-00123804-00124276": "Even AmeriCorps volunteers, or others can be trained.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00425-00124276-00124647": "Current teacher candidates to provide very", "csKxiiwGY6k-00426-00124647-00124955": "structured tutoring around high quality curriculum.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00427-00124955-00125288": "Needs to be regular, multiple times a week", "csKxiiwGY6k-00428-00125288-00125703": "with the right kind of support for ongoing improvement.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00429-00125703-00126091": "And it can be targeted in a variety of ways.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00430-00126091-00126497": "This list comes from those strategies found", "csKxiiwGY6k-00431-00126497-00126821": "to have the greatest achievement gains associated", "csKxiiwGY6k-00432-00126821-00127292": "with them from the AIR and Sense of Intervention Center.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00433-00127292-00127607": "And we provide the link to that center", "csKxiiwGY6k-00434-00127607-00127870": "in the slide deck that you'll receive.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00435-00127870-00128107": "It can be structured in a variety of ways", "csKxiiwGY6k-00436-00128107-00128425": "but important that it be asset-based not deficit focused", "csKxiiwGY6k-00437-00128425-00128765": "that kids know that they're gonna learn from where they are", "csKxiiwGY6k-00438-00128765-00129200": "and accelerate their progress and not be repaired or fixed", "csKxiiwGY6k-00439-00129200-00129563": "up for any deficit that they would feel they have.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00440-00129563-00129801": "Referred to it as a period or a class", "csKxiiwGY6k-00441-00129801-00130152": "and it can be integrated both", "csKxiiwGY6k-00442-00130152-00130402": "with what's coming up in the classroom.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00443-00130402-00130661": "Kids can learn not only some things that they're", "csKxiiwGY6k-00444-00130863-00131088": "filling in if you will, but also look ahead", "csKxiiwGY6k-00445-00131088-00131412": "to the next day, the next week, and be ahead", "csKxiiwGY6k-00446-00131412-00131795": "in their preparation for what's coming in the classroom.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00447-00131795-00131938": "There's a lot of federal money", "csKxiiwGY6k-00448-00131938-00132261": "that fortunately is coming to districts.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00449-00132261-00132682": "The latest American Rescue Plan Act", "csKxiiwGY6k-00450-00132682-00132958": "125 billion for K-12 education", "csKxiiwGY6k-00451-00132958-00133189": "if you include all the components of it.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00452-00133189-00133379": "Including particular money", "csKxiiwGY6k-00453-00133379-00133685": "for students experiencing homelessness.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00454-00133685-00134026": "Most of the funds will go to local education agencies", "csKxiiwGY6k-00455-00134026-00134282": "and a component must be used to address", "csKxiiwGY6k-00456-00134282-00134517": "what is called their learning loss.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00457-00134517-00134842": "And then to ensure that the interventions respond", "csKxiiwGY6k-00458-00134842-00135107": "to academic social emotional needs.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00459-00135107-00135323": "States can also hold some of the money", "csKxiiwGY6k-00460-00135323-00135823": "to plant support systems for this work with districts.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00461-00135872-00136164": "We should consider how to address the current needs", "csKxiiwGY6k-00462-00136164-00136521": "on the ground, but also a lot of the strategic uses", "csKxiiwGY6k-00463-00136521-00136857": "of the funds over time, the way the Rescue Plan Act", "csKxiiwGY6k-00464-00136857-00137347": "is structured states have up (microphone cuts out) years", "csKxiiwGY6k-00465-00137347-00137577": "to obligate all of the money.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00466-00137577-00137837": "Districts have up to five years after that", "csKxiiwGY6k-00467-00137837-00138038": "to spend all of the money.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00468-00138038-00138455": "And so funds could be expended even as long as 21 29.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00469-00138772-00138939": "And so we should be thinking about how", "csKxiiwGY6k-00470-00138939-00139397": "we actually plan sustainable strategies", "csKxiiwGY6k-00471-00139397-00139808": "and supports that we can regularly use", "csKxiiwGY6k-00472-00139808-00140141": "rather than just one time opportunities", "csKxiiwGY6k-00473-00140141-00140641": "for this cohort of kids this summer or fall.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00474-00140655-00140988": "With that we'll leave you with these resources.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00475-00140988-00141161": "You'll get access to all the slide decks.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00476-00141161-00141532": "And I'm thrilled to see our panel really get", "csKxiiwGY6k-00477-00141532-00141964": "into the details and vivid examples", "csKxiiwGY6k-00478-00141964-00142223": "of what we can do to bring kids back", "csKxiiwGY6k-00479-00142223-00142674": "in a way that is supportive, affirming, powerful,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00480-00142674-00143136": "and attaching them to school now and for the future.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00481-00143136-00143219": "Thanks.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00482-00143347-00143622": "- Thank you, Linda, as always it is an honor,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00483-00143622-00143726": "it's a pleasure.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00484-00143726-00144046": "I'm gonna ask one quick question before your run.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00485-00144046-00144290": "It came out of a question that was in the chat", "csKxiiwGY6k-00486-00144377-00144733": "about what do you give up to do SEL?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00487-00144733-00145043": "And you kind of I hit it right on the head it seems", "csKxiiwGY6k-00488-00145043-00145420": "and you said, it's the pathway SEL is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00489-00145420-00145637": "in fact not it's a tributary of", "csKxiiwGY6k-00490-00145637-00145965": "your language was really precise and I think encouraging.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00491-00145965-00146048": "But I think there are a lot", "csKxiiwGY6k-00492-00146048-00146231": "of folks across the country saying, do I", "csKxiiwGY6k-00493-00146231-00146446": "in fact have to change and give", "csKxiiwGY6k-00494-00146446-00146776": "up something in order to make this happen?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00495-00146776-00147011": "And then it's a subset of that, if you don't mind,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00496-00147011-00147273": "is a question of it's not just somewhere", "csKxiiwGY6k-00497-00147273-00147563": "what I think you propose and what you're talking about here", "csKxiiwGY6k-00498-00147563-00147847": "is what a good instruction should be all the time.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00499-00147847-00147972": "- Yeah, yeah.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00500-00147972-00148222": "We want to kick it off this summer in many places", "csKxiiwGY6k-00501-00148222-00148461": "where the school year has been so challenging,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00502-00148461-00148877": "but we should be thinking about restructuring the system.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00503-00148877-00149124": "And I invite people to take a look at reinventing", "csKxiiwGY6k-00504-00149124-00149395": "and starting school on the OK website,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00505-00149395-00149699": "which does give examples of how to infuse", "csKxiiwGY6k-00506-00149699-00149813": "SEL into the curriculum.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00507-00149813-00150251": "But I would just say that (microphone cuts out)", "csKxiiwGY6k-00508-00150393-00150535": "- I'm not hearing you Linda.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00509-00150535-00150810": "I'm not sure that's mine or yours, which is being gone.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00510-00150924-00151229": "- [Female] Looks like it's internet connection issue.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00511-00151229-00151397": "- Well, I'm going to say goodbye.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00512-00151397-00151674": "I'm going to turn off so that you can go on with the panel.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00513-00151674-00151786": "- Okay thank you, Linda.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00514-00151786-00151905": "Thank you very much.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00515-00151989-00152394": "I wanna go right into introducing our panel right now.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00516-00152482-00152659": "Pretty remarkable folks who have agreed", "csKxiiwGY6k-00517-00152659-00152907": "to pick up this conversation.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00518-00152907-00153280": "First of all, I'd like to introduce Diana Greene,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00519-00153280-00153478": "Dr. Diana Green, who is Superintendent", "csKxiiwGY6k-00520-00153478-00153630": "of Duval County Public Schools,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00521-00153630-00153931": "the 20th largest school district in the nation", "csKxiiwGY6k-00522-00153931-00154431": "with 130,000 students, 200 schools a $1.7 billion budget.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00523-00154555-00154910": "And her tenure has already begun to show results.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00524-00154910-00155117": "And secondly, in our panel", "csKxiiwGY6k-00525-00155117-00155393": "I'd like to introduce Charles Payne", "csKxiiwGY6k-00526-00155393-00155666": "who is a Henry Rutger's Distinguished Professor", "csKxiiwGY6k-00527-00155666-00155891": "of African-American studies", "csKxiiwGY6k-00528-00155891-00156330": "at Rutgers University in Newark, and the Director", "csKxiiwGY6k-00529-00156330-00156678": "of the Joseph Cornwall Center for Metropolitan Research.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00530-00156678-00156948": "And finally, I'd like to introduce, not finally", "csKxiiwGY6k-00531-00156948-00157174": "but next, Jennifer Sloane McCombs is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00532-00157174-00157451": "a senior policy researcher and Director", "csKxiiwGY6k-00533-00157451-00157740": "of the Behavioral and Policy Sciences Department", "csKxiiwGY6k-00534-00157740-00157880": "at the Rand Corporation.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00535-00157880-00158332": "And Dr. McCombs I'll just hand it right over to you", "csKxiiwGY6k-00536-00158332-00158657": "to pick up where Linda was talking about.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00537-00158657-00158908": "So please take it Jennifer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00538-00158908-00158991": "- Terrific.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00539-00158991-00159231": "Thanks so much Mort, I appreciate it.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00540-00159231-00159448": "So Adam, you can move to my second slide", "csKxiiwGY6k-00541-00159448-00159593": "whenever you get it up there.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00542-00159677-00159993": "Summer is a time of opportunity.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00543-00159993-00160149": "There are many different types", "csKxiiwGY6k-00544-00160149-00160374": "of summer programs that can be effective", "csKxiiwGY6k-00545-00160374-00160740": "in producing positive outcomes for children we knew.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00546-00160740-00160823": "Next slide Adam.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00547-00161015-00161253": "If we can focus on academic, social", "csKxiiwGY6k-00548-00161253-00161467": "emotional wellbeing, physical health,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00549-00161467-00161670": "mental health, and employment.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00550-00161670-00162009": "However, offering a program does not guarantee success.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00551-00162009-00162294": "So I'm going to focus on some research based lessons", "csKxiiwGY6k-00552-00162294-00162611": "for designing effective voluntary summer learning programs.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00553-00162611-00162874": "And those lessons come from a longitudinal study", "csKxiiwGY6k-00554-00162874-00163094": "of voluntary summer learning programs offered", "csKxiiwGY6k-00555-00163094-00163443": "by five districts and their community partners.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00556-00163443-00163770": "They offered full-day programming, five to six weeks", "csKxiiwGY6k-00557-00163770-00164012": "that included three hours of academics", "csKxiiwGY6k-00558-00164012-00164311": "split between mathematics and English language arts", "csKxiiwGY6k-00559-00164311-00164582": "and three hours of fun enrichment activities", "csKxiiwGY6k-00560-00164582-00164724": "that were offered daily.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00561-00164724-00165141": "They had small class sizes of no more than 15 students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00562-00165141-00165298": "And in our study we were studying", "csKxiiwGY6k-00563-00165298-00165555": "upper elementary school students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00564-00165555-00165900": "The study found strong evidence of near-term benefits", "csKxiiwGY6k-00565-00165900-00166142": "in mathematics for our treatment group students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00566-00166142-00166450": "And promising evidence of persisting academic benefits", "csKxiiwGY6k-00567-00166450-00166627": "for high attenders that were seen", "csKxiiwGY6k-00568-00166627-00166871": "in the fall and on the spring state assessment", "csKxiiwGY6k-00569-00166871-00167082": "in mathematics after the first summer", "csKxiiwGY6k-00570-00167082-00167399": "and in mathematics and reading after the second summer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00571-00167536-00167662": "Next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00572-00167662-00167844": "It's creating those lasting benefits", "csKxiiwGY6k-00573-00167844-00168050": "for students requires attention", "csKxiiwGY6k-00574-00168050-00168330": "to ensuring sufficient program duration,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00575-00168330-00168723": "student attendance, of supporting quality instruction,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00576-00168723-00169041": "aligning program content to student needs", "csKxiiwGY6k-00577-00169041-00169352": "and creating a positive site climate.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00578-00169352-00169475": "And so I've highlighted here the", "csKxiiwGY6k-00579-00169475-00169636": "implementation is difficult.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00580-00169726-00169882": "So planning is key.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00581-00169882-00169965": "- Next slide", "csKxiiwGY6k-00582-00170112-00170397": "To create academic benefits for students", "csKxiiwGY6k-00583-00170397-00170626": "we recommend offering academic programs", "csKxiiwGY6k-00584-00170626-00170932": "five to six weeks over multiple summers.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00585-00170932-00171345": "To promote that strong attendance districts should", "csKxiiwGY6k-00586-00171345-00171574": "focus on signaling attendance expectations", "csKxiiwGY6k-00587-00171574-00171779": "and recruiting material following up", "csKxiiwGY6k-00588-00171779-00171944": "with program reminders.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00589-00171944-00172166": "And this is about creating engaging programming", "csKxiiwGY6k-00590-00172166-00172357": "that students want to attend.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00591-00172357-00172642": "And Linda really talked quite a bit about what", "csKxiiwGY6k-00592-00172642-00172891": "that might look like very eloquently earlier.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00593-00172997-00173243": "And then also a focus on maintaining", "csKxiiwGY6k-00594-00173243-00173368": "a positive site climate.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00595-00173368-00173612": "I'm gonna turn to this again at the end.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00596-00173612-00173936": "But site climate was one factor that was positively", "csKxiiwGY6k-00597-00173936-00174120": "coordinated with student attendance.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00598-00174120-00174374": "And we know that attendance is key.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00599-00174374-00174457": "Next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00600-00174592-00174820": "To target programs we recommend", "csKxiiwGY6k-00601-00174820-00175145": "identifying student needs, the associated goals", "csKxiiwGY6k-00602-00175145-00175389": "for the programs, and really aligning recruitment,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00603-00175389-00175662": "curriculum, and staffing to those needs.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00604-00175792-00175955": "I'm gonna highlight especially that sort of", "csKxiiwGY6k-00605-00175955-00176153": "like you need to have expertise", "csKxiiwGY6k-00606-00176153-00176348": "and support to address all student needs.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00607-00176348-00176579": "So if you're expecting to serve students who have", "csKxiiwGY6k-00608-00176579-00176903": "individualized education plans or who are learning English", "csKxiiwGY6k-00609-00176903-00177246": "you need to have staff who are appropriately", "csKxiiwGY6k-00610-00177246-00177547": "trained to provide them the supports they need and require.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00611-00177547-00177887": "And similarly, as Linda alluded to earlier,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00612-00178019-00178414": "lots of students are having additional trauma due to COVID.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00613-00178414-00178645": "So if you're expecting that in your community", "csKxiiwGY6k-00614-00178645-00179001": "and you may want to think about one hiring counselors", "csKxiiwGY6k-00615-00179001-00179312": "and psychologists for the summer program", "csKxiiwGY6k-00616-00179312-00179663": "and training teachers on how to appropriately identify", "csKxiiwGY6k-00617-00179663-00179964": "and refer to that support.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00618-00179964-00180056": "Next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00619-00180387-00180660": "The quality of reading instruction was associated", "csKxiiwGY6k-00620-00180660-00180911": "with positive academic benefits in our study,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00621-00180911-00181093": "but instructional quality is necessary", "csKxiiwGY6k-00622-00181093-00181396": "for engagement in academic and enrichment classes.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00623-00181396-00181674": "So it's critical across the board.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00624-00181674-00181856": "To maximize the quality of instruction", "csKxiiwGY6k-00625-00181856-00182309": "for academics and enrichment paying attention", "csKxiiwGY6k-00626-00182309-00182668": "to scheduling logistics, and creating a sense", "csKxiiwGY6k-00627-00182668-00182999": "of purpose for staff really goes a long way.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00628-00182999-00183265": "In addition for academics we recommend hiring", "csKxiiwGY6k-00629-00183265-00183565": "certified teachers with grade level experience.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00630-00183565-00183919": "Having small class sizes with no more than 15 students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00631-00184067-00184426": "And for enrichment, the content expertise", "csKxiiwGY6k-00632-00184426-00184538": "is equally as important.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00633-00184538-00184742": "Many of our districts in our study partnered", "csKxiiwGY6k-00634-00184742-00185005": "with community based organizations who had content", "csKxiiwGY6k-00635-00185005-00185306": "experts who provided fun enrichment activities.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00636-00185306-00185578": "And these are activities that kids might not otherwise", "csKxiiwGY6k-00637-00185578-00185933": "have access to, particularly students who are", "csKxiiwGY6k-00638-00185933-00186093": "experiencing poverty.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00639-00186093-00186322": "So these programs offered things like theater,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00640-00186322-00186632": "swimming, robotics, archery, activities", "csKxiiwGY6k-00641-00186632-00186904": "that kids across the board during summer", "csKxiiwGY6k-00642-00186904-00187085": "wouldn't able to participate in.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00643-00187184-00187267": "Next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00644-00187375-00187626": "And finally, paying attention to site climate", "csKxiiwGY6k-00645-00187626-00187821": "pace off in major ways.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00646-00187821-00188148": "So site climate is what is driving students'", "csKxiiwGY6k-00647-00188148-00188358": "daily experience, their enjoyment", "csKxiiwGY6k-00648-00188358-00188642": "of the program and their attendance.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00649-00188642-00188952": "So you want it to be positive, fun, and focused", "csKxiiwGY6k-00650-00188952-00189365": "on creating strong connections and strong relationships.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00651-00189365-00189578": "So setting sort of like an idea", "csKxiiwGY6k-00652-00189578-00189856": "for their site culture, training staff on that,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00653-00189856-00190155": "establishing common behavioral expectations", "csKxiiwGY6k-00654-00190155-00190621": "and really emphasizing with both enrichment instructors", "csKxiiwGY6k-00655-00190621-00190848": "and academic instructors, the importance", "csKxiiwGY6k-00656-00190848-00191155": "of positive adult engagement throughout the day", "csKxiiwGY6k-00657-00191155-00191426": "and even during transition times.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00658-00191426-00191607": "We recommend site leaders actually observe", "csKxiiwGY6k-00659-00191607-00191803": "for instructional and non-instructional periods", "csKxiiwGY6k-00660-00191803-00191973": "to make sure that the site climate is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00661-00191973-00192250": "living up to what their expectations are.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00662-00192250-00192395": "And to potentially be thinking", "csKxiiwGY6k-00663-00192395-00192650": "about whether they need additional staff to", "csKxiiwGY6k-00664-00192650-00192902": "provide positive student behavior supports.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00665-00193048-00193135": "Next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00666-00193135-00193399": "For those interested, there are many resources", "csKxiiwGY6k-00667-00193399-00193668": "from the study that are available to support implementation", "csKxiiwGY6k-00668-00193668-00193960": "of strong programs that ASA is sharing.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00669-00194056-00194353": "So there is a lot more that can help support you.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00670-00194353-00194631": "But I'm going to turn this over now to Dr. Greene", "csKxiiwGY6k-00671-00194631-00194793": "to talk about some of the exciting work", "csKxiiwGY6k-00672-00194793-00194936": "that's happening in Duval.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00673-00195471-00195612": "- Thank you Dr. McCombs.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00674-00196082-00196414": "It's kind of amazing what I'm about to share.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00675-00196414-00196643": "I did not see the slide presentations", "csKxiiwGY6k-00676-00196761-00197026": "from the first two presenters until just now", "csKxiiwGY6k-00677-00197026-00197526": "and I have to give kudos to my curriculum department", "csKxiiwGY6k-00678-00197563-00198013": "as well as school operations that we did a lot", "csKxiiwGY6k-00679-00198013-00198148": "of research this year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00680-00198148-00198416": "And we believe our summer programming is kind of", "csKxiiwGY6k-00681-00198416-00198749": "in line with what you've already heard.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00682-00198749-00198978": "So if we could go to the next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00683-00199067-00199330": "Do wanna let you know we're still", "csKxiiwGY6k-00684-00199330-00199519": "in the planning and development phase", "csKxiiwGY6k-00685-00199519-00199960": "and it is so true, you need a lot of time", "csKxiiwGY6k-00686-00199960-00200393": "to put the planning and development infrastructure in place", "csKxiiwGY6k-00687-00200393-00200781": "if you're going to offer a large summer school program", "csKxiiwGY6k-00688-00200781-00201042": "such as we are offering this year in Duval.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00689-00201142-00201307": "If we go to the next side.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00690-00201307-00201547": "We are offering summer programming", "csKxiiwGY6k-00691-00201547-00201906": "for any rising first through ninth grader.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00692-00201906-00202126": "Even though it says targeted selection", "csKxiiwGY6k-00693-00202126-00202442": "there will be a priority.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00694-00202442-00202650": "Students will be given priority", "csKxiiwGY6k-00695-00202650-00202964": "if one, if they had attendance issues", "csKxiiwGY6k-00696-00202964-00203141": "during the school year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00697-00203141-00203641": "Two, if they are at least one year behind.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00698-00203706-00203978": "If they are on grade level, they actually", "csKxiiwGY6k-00699-00203978-00204234": "receive a second priority.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00700-00204234-00204429": "We want as many students as possible", "csKxiiwGY6k-00701-00204429-00204742": "to participate in this summer school.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00702-00204742-00204903": "In the state of Florida however,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00703-00204903-00205277": "we have mandatory retention for third graders.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00704-00205277-00205694": "These are students that did not pass the state assessment", "csKxiiwGY6k-00705-00205694-00206098": "and we need to help them develop their portfolio.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00706-00206098-00206471": "So what I wanna talk about is you see the word", "csKxiiwGY6k-00707-00206471-00206926": "remediation, that is only for those students who", "csKxiiwGY6k-00708-00206926-00207226": "we have to develop a portfolio to prove", "csKxiiwGY6k-00709-00207226-00207583": "that they are prepared to move on to the next grade level.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00710-00207583-00207977": "And so remediation is in there because we have to go back", "csKxiiwGY6k-00711-00207977-00208226": "and remediate those standards that they have not", "csKxiiwGY6k-00712-00208226-00208690": "shown proficiency and develop this portfolio that does show", "csKxiiwGY6k-00713-00208690-00208935": "that they are proficient in those standards.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00714-00208935-00209344": "So really our summer school is more about acceleration.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00715-00209344-00209556": "You'll see that it talks about we're gonna", "csKxiiwGY6k-00716-00209556-00209877": "introduce the 21 22 grade level standards.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00717-00209877-00210273": "So if you're a rising fourth grader", "csKxiiwGY6k-00718-00210273-00210455": "you're going to get instruction", "csKxiiwGY6k-00719-00210455-00210721": "on what you will receive in fourth grade.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00720-00210721-00210892": "So we're really doing this", "csKxiiwGY6k-00721-00210892-00211327": "as a preview before they enter fourth grade.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00722-00211327-00211804": "We wanted a lot of hands on activities for students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00723-00211804-00212233": "We are introducing STEM and robotics for all", "csKxiiwGY6k-00724-00212233-00212571": "of the grade levels, outdoor activities and field trips.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00725-00212571-00212842": "This includes, we call it ESY,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00726-00212842-00213326": "that is for our ESE students, as well as our ESL students", "csKxiiwGY6k-00727-00213326-00213540": "English speakers of other languages.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00728-00213540-00214040": "So we are developing this program to support students", "csKxiiwGY6k-00729-00214081-00214367": "whether they're on grade level, below grade level.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00730-00214367-00214675": "And if we have space available, even", "csKxiiwGY6k-00731-00214675-00214961": "for students who are above grade level.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00732-00214961-00215361": "For my district transportation is a big factor.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00733-00215361-00215691": "And so part of our funding is ensuring", "csKxiiwGY6k-00734-00215691-00215914": "that we can provide transportation", "csKxiiwGY6k-00735-00215914-00216253": "for every single student that is engaged", "csKxiiwGY6k-00736-00216253-00216394": "in our summer school.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00737-00216394-00216683": "And our summer school is going to be six weeks,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00738-00216683-00217030": "five days per week, and they will be full days.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00739-00217030-00217435": "But I think what is even more important is what", "csKxiiwGY6k-00740-00217435-00217680": "is not going to be included in our summer school.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00741-00217768-00217986": "There will be no computer-based programs", "csKxiiwGY6k-00742-00217986-00218273": "during this years summer program.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00743-00218273-00218573": "It's not school as usual, not reading", "csKxiiwGY6k-00744-00218573-00218823": "and math programs used in the regular school year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00745-00218823-00219133": "We think we have really strong reading and math programs", "csKxiiwGY6k-00746-00219133-00219294": "but we've decided that we're going", "csKxiiwGY6k-00747-00219294-00219527": "to use something different so", "csKxiiwGY6k-00748-00219527-00219742": "that students will see something different.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00749-00219902-00220352": "Even though every single site will not be used", "csKxiiwGY6k-00750-00220352-00220598": "we will have multiple sites so", "csKxiiwGY6k-00751-00220598-00220827": "that students aren't spending a large amount", "csKxiiwGY6k-00752-00220827-00221192": "of time on buses getting to their summer school sites.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00753-00221192-00221426": "And it's not sitting in the classroom all day.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00754-00221426-00221744": "They're going to have a lot of outdoor activities.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00755-00221744-00222026": "We're encouraging physical education teachers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00756-00222026-00222296": "to apply for summer schools this year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00757-00222296-00222709": "In the past we probably wouldn't hire a PE teacher", "csKxiiwGY6k-00758-00222709-00222846": "to work during summer school", "csKxiiwGY6k-00759-00222846-00223346": "because it's mostly been about remediation or going back", "csKxiiwGY6k-00760-00223364-00223688": "to the standards that they were not successful", "csKxiiwGY6k-00761-00223688-00223949": "in learning during the previous year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00762-00224120-00224302": "And it was only a half day program", "csKxiiwGY6k-00763-00224302-00224566": "and it was much shorter than six weeks.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00764-00224566-00225044": "So this one is really about ensuring that every", "csKxiiwGY6k-00765-00225044-00225467": "student has an opportunity to experience something different", "csKxiiwGY6k-00766-00225467-00225771": "than what they would have during the normal school year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00767-00225866-00225949": "The next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00768-00226247-00226348": "For our high school.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00769-00226348-00226600": "High schools is a little different.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00770-00226600-00226916": "For the state of Florida high school students", "csKxiiwGY6k-00771-00226916-00227157": "must have 24 credits, a 2.0 GPA.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00772-00227321-00227557": "And if they don't pass the state assessment", "csKxiiwGY6k-00773-00227557-00227948": "they must have a recorded score on the ACT SAT prep.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00774-00227948-00228139": "So for our high school students, it's all", "csKxiiwGY6k-00775-00228139-00228511": "about ensuring that they're on track to graduate on time.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00776-00228511-00228746": "So every high school will offer", "csKxiiwGY6k-00777-00228857-00229138": "our program, which is ingenuity.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00778-00229138-00229280": "All courses are available.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00779-00229280-00229583": "It's a half day program and it's self-paced.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00780-00229583-00229958": "Students, we have a one-to-one laptop initiative", "csKxiiwGY6k-00781-00229958-00230106": "with our high school students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00782-00230106-00230540": "So even though it's a half day they can work part", "csKxiiwGY6k-00783-00230540-00230886": "of the day from home, and they work at their own pace.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00784-00230983-00231296": "That has been very successful for our students", "csKxiiwGY6k-00785-00231296-00231706": "especially if they need to recover more than one credit.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00786-00231706-00232005": "Also we're offering SAT, ACT prep.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00787-00232005-00232505": "We have a robust strategy program built in", "csKxiiwGY6k-00788-00232505-00232778": "for our high school seniors in reading and math.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00789-00232778-00233119": "It's a two week prep program and it's also half days.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00790-00233119-00233619": "And we pay for their ACT or SAT exam.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00791-00233651-00234019": "So if they go through the prep program for the two weeks", "csKxiiwGY6k-00792-00234019-00234385": "and they maintain attendance, we give them", "csKxiiwGY6k-00793-00234385-00234624": "a voucher to go take the ACT and SAT.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00794-00234787-00235287": "School counselors are onsite, we pay them to be present", "csKxiiwGY6k-00795-00235360-00235729": "because many times students who are in credit recovery", "csKxiiwGY6k-00796-00235729-00236229": "they get lost in the shuffle and they get", "csKxiiwGY6k-00797-00236309-00236665": "their opportunity to have personal counseling.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00798-00236665-00236967": "So that counselor can work with them on,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00799-00236967-00237242": "hey you had to make up two credits.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00800-00237242-00237686": "You have on your Q pathway that you", "csKxiiwGY6k-00801-00237686-00237951": "plan to go to college.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00802-00237951-00238136": "These are some things we need to work on", "csKxiiwGY6k-00803-00238136-00238302": "if that is your goal.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00804-00238302-00238480": "So this is an opportunity not only", "csKxiiwGY6k-00805-00238480-00238627": "for them to get credit recovery", "csKxiiwGY6k-00806-00238627-00238925": "but they get that personalized counseling session", "csKxiiwGY6k-00807-00238925-00239425": "that is quite difficult to have during the school year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00808-00239553-00240017": "And all of our programs are taught by certified teachers.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00809-00240017-00240209": "Something that we are really excited", "csKxiiwGY6k-00810-00240209-00240460": "about offering this summer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00811-00240460-00240664": "And if we can go to the next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00812-00240664-00241047": "Is a writing camp for high school students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00813-00241141-00241398": "If you've never been to Jacksonville", "csKxiiwGY6k-00814-00241398-00241869": "Jacksonville has a strong history", "csKxiiwGY6k-00815-00241869-00242369": "of events related to civil rights for African-Americans.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00816-00242578-00243000": "And that history is about to be presented", "csKxiiwGY6k-00817-00243000-00243348": "in the city's bicentennial in 2022.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00818-00243348-00243610": "And we thought it would be a wonderful idea", "csKxiiwGY6k-00819-00243610-00243955": "for our students to be a part of that bicentennial.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00820-00243955-00244355": "And so we're offering a three week writing camp.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00821-00244355-00244519": "It's an enrichment program.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00822-00244519-00244804": "However, all students will be accepted", "csKxiiwGY6k-00823-00244804-00245005": "that want to participate.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00824-00245005-00245269": "And it's a combination class being taught", "csKxiiwGY6k-00825-00245269-00245536": "by an ELA and a social studies teacher.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00826-00245536-00245775": "So they're combining efforts.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00827-00245775-00245989": "We're also partnering with the University", "csKxiiwGY6k-00828-00245989-00246240": "of North Florida and Edward Waters college.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00829-00246240-00246584": "And these students are going to write a sort", "csKxiiwGY6k-00830-00246584-00247084": "of literature essays, but based on", "csKxiiwGY6k-00831-00247125-00247321": "research of local history.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00832-00247321-00247630": "And hopefully our students will be a part", "csKxiiwGY6k-00833-00247630-00247946": "of this bicentennial program.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00834-00247946-00248446": "We are looking at how do we infuse more cultural curriculum", "csKxiiwGY6k-00835-00248512-00248703": "not only just during the school year", "csKxiiwGY6k-00836-00248703-00248919": "but now we're gonna start offering that", "csKxiiwGY6k-00837-00248919-00249288": "during the summer, especially for our secondary students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00838-00249388-00249471": "Next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00839-00249671-00250094": "So we've talked about what we're offering during the summer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00840-00250094-00250437": "But for many of our students, especially our rising", "csKxiiwGY6k-00841-00250437-00250699": "sixth graders and ninth graders,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00842-00250699-00250969": "if they've been working remotely,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00843-00250969-00251309": "and our program is called Duval HomeRoom.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00844-00251309-00251533": "These students haven't been in brick and mortar", "csKxiiwGY6k-00845-00251533-00251946": "for over a year, and now they're getting ready to go", "csKxiiwGY6k-00846-00251946-00252446": "to the next grade band, a brand new facility", "csKxiiwGY6k-00847-00252457-00252691": "and they've had no interaction.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00848-00252691-00252973": "And so we want to provide what we're calling", "csKxiiwGY6k-00849-00252973-00253204": "middle and high school orientation.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00850-00253204-00253404": "It's anywhere from three to five days,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00851-00253404-00253601": "depending on the size of the school", "csKxiiwGY6k-00852-00253601-00253829": "and the number of Duval HomeRoom students", "csKxiiwGY6k-00853-00253829-00254001": "that will be participating.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00854-00254001-00254275": "But this is about orienting them", "csKxiiwGY6k-00855-00254275-00254552": "one to the next grade band,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00856-00254552-00254869": "as well as to a brand new school entering brick", "csKxiiwGY6k-00857-00254869-00255196": "and mortar that as we stated, they haven't been in brick", "csKxiiwGY6k-00858-00255196-00255623": "and mortar by the time this starts almost a year and a half.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00859-00255623-00256112": "And so this is about sort of re-focusing them", "csKxiiwGY6k-00860-00256112-00256602": "on school, the hidden curriculum of school,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00861-00256602-00257017": "the understanding of schedules, meeting teachers.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00862-00257017-00257267": "So we believe this will give our students", "csKxiiwGY6k-00863-00257389-00257807": "a good beginning to ask questions that they may be", "csKxiiwGY6k-00864-00257807-00258138": "fearful to ask when all the other students are present.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00865-00258138-00258363": "They get personalized tours.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00866-00258363-00258825": "Their families get introduced to their new school.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00867-00258825-00259084": "And we just think this will be a great way", "csKxiiwGY6k-00868-00259084-00259457": "to ease students back into somewhat close", "csKxiiwGY6k-00869-00259457-00259769": "to normalcy for brick and mortar.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00870-00259769-00259890": "And my last slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00871-00260011-00260271": "We can't do this without partners.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00872-00260271-00260609": "We have three strong partnerships.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00873-00260609-00260803": "The one I'm gonna focus on is in the middle,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00874-00260803-00260926": "the Kids Hope Alliance.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00875-00260926-00261140": "This is the Jacksonville partnership", "csKxiiwGY6k-00876-00261140-00261517": "of children youth and families, it is run through the city.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00877-00261517-00261827": "They run summer camps on our campuses.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00878-00261827-00262163": "And one of the things we are going to offer them is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00879-00262163-00262467": "that we want them to hire one of our science teachers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00880-00262467-00262799": "because we want students in those summer camp", "csKxiiwGY6k-00881-00262799-00263109": "to engage in science projects.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00882-00263109-00263307": "And that science teacher will work", "csKxiiwGY6k-00883-00263307-00263723": "with that agency to support those students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00884-00263723-00263976": "We also have our elementary and middle school", "csKxiiwGY6k-00885-00263976-00264276": "summer camps through what we call extended day.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00886-00264276-00264554": "They are also going to higher science teachers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00887-00264554-00264840": "providing hands-on curriculum.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00888-00264840-00265219": "We are producing something called science in a box.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00889-00265219-00265618": "Those will be box of curriculum projects,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00890-00265618-00265789": "science curriculum projects", "csKxiiwGY6k-00891-00265789-00265946": "and so the teacher doesn't have to do anything.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00892-00265946-00266250": "The box has the materials, the instructions,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00893-00266250-00266574": "the student materials, everything is in the box.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00894-00266574-00266852": "And the science teacher is simply coming", "csKxiiwGY6k-00895-00266852-00267123": "to the camp and we believe they're", "csKxiiwGY6k-00896-00267123-00267350": "gonna come three days a week.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00897-00267350-00267660": "And the students will participate in the science", "csKxiiwGY6k-00898-00267660-00268005": "in a kit, science in a box activities.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00899-00268005-00268386": "And last but not least is our voluntary pre-K", "csKxiiwGY6k-00900-00268386-00268729": "early learning coalition through Northeast Florida.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00901-00268729-00269036": "VPK will also be in our schools.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00902-00269036-00269507": "These are for students that are entering kindergarten", "csKxiiwGY6k-00903-00269507-00269945": "but they've not had a pre-K experience.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00904-00269945-00270443": "And so we work collaboratively with the coalition", "csKxiiwGY6k-00905-00270443-00270801": "and we offer our teachers, our certified teachers", "csKxiiwGY6k-00906-00270801-00271243": "to teach these VPK summer school projects.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00907-00271243-00271633": "This year, we will be working on STEM initiative", "csKxiiwGY6k-00908-00271633-00272093": "and coding for our VPKers entering into the summer project.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00909-00272093-00272414": "That summer project, the students are required", "csKxiiwGY6k-00910-00272414-00272636": "an attendance of 200 hours.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00911-00272636-00273136": "So it will be actually longer than our other summer schools.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00912-00273184-00273356": "The goal is to make it as close", "csKxiiwGY6k-00913-00273356-00273496": "to the beginning of the school year", "csKxiiwGY6k-00914-00273496-00273924": "so that these students will be entering kindergarten", "csKxiiwGY6k-00915-00273924-00274130": "like two weeks after they finish", "csKxiiwGY6k-00916-00274130-00274391": "their VPK summer initiative.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00917-00274391-00274662": "But again, if you're planning", "csKxiiwGY6k-00918-00274662-00275033": "for a summer school this large, it does take a lot", "csKxiiwGY6k-00919-00275033-00275504": "of individuals to come together to plan to ensure", "csKxiiwGY6k-00920-00275504-00275853": "that you have transportation, food service.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00921-00275853-00276353": "All of our summer programs will offer breakfast, lunch,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00922-00276371-00276610": "and the vast majority will also have dinner.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00923-00276610-00276819": "So we are taking care of the needs", "csKxiiwGY6k-00924-00276819-00277120": "of our students during the summer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00925-00277120-00277474": "And that really is a benefit to our community", "csKxiiwGY6k-00926-00277474-00277886": "because my school district, you heard about how large it is", "csKxiiwGY6k-00927-00277886-00278244": "but one thing that most people don't know is close", "csKxiiwGY6k-00928-00278244-00278632": "to 80% of my students are on free and reduced lunch.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00929-00278632-00278830": "And we talked about mental health.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00930-00278830-00279053": "We are very fortunate that we partner", "csKxiiwGY6k-00931-00279053-00279345": "with United Way and Kids Hope Alliance", "csKxiiwGY6k-00932-00279345-00279655": "that we have year round mental health therapists.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00933-00279655-00279996": "So students will receive those support services even", "csKxiiwGY6k-00934-00279996-00280118": "during the summer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00935-00280118-00280535": "And we offer tele-health for our", "csKxiiwGY6k-00936-00280535-00280812": "especially our students who are learning remotely.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00937-00280812-00281078": "And our goal is to start offering that", "csKxiiwGY6k-00938-00281078-00281259": "for our high school students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00939-00281259-00281652": "And so we feel like this summer program will be", "csKxiiwGY6k-00940-00281652-00281983": "a pathway into next school year", "csKxiiwGY6k-00941-00281983-00282440": "that will allow us to hopefully close some of those gaps.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00942-00282440-00282716": "We are seeing the largest gap in mathematics.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00943-00282716-00283216": "And so we will have a large focus on math during the summer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00944-00283258-00283549": "But the other piece of this that it's not a part", "csKxiiwGY6k-00945-00283549-00283747": "of this presentation, is we are moving", "csKxiiwGY6k-00946-00283747-00284001": "that into next school year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00947-00284001-00284181": "So you've heard about tutoring.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00948-00284181-00284392": "We are putting in place, we're looking", "csKxiiwGY6k-00949-00284392-00284660": "at extending the day by 30 minutes", "csKxiiwGY6k-00950-00284660-00284975": "and putting in place tutoring in those schools", "csKxiiwGY6k-00951-00284975-00285128": "where we see the largest number", "csKxiiwGY6k-00952-00285128-00285472": "of students that are still experiencing a gap", "csKxiiwGY6k-00953-00285472-00285775": "from where they were pre COVID", "csKxiiwGY6k-00954-00285775-00286242": "to where they are when we began the 21 22 school year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00955-00286535-00286648": "Valerie, thank you so much", "csKxiiwGY6k-00956-00286648-00286802": "for giving me an opportunity to present.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00957-00286802-00287075": "And now I'd like to turn it over to Charles Payne.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00958-00287529-00287685": "- Charles Payne would like to be invited", "csKxiiwGY6k-00959-00287685-00287892": "to that summer writing camp.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00960-00287892-00288048": "That just sounds fantastic.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00961-00288048-00288283": "So much of what you're doing is amazing.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00962-00288283-00288452": "And especially at the scale", "csKxiiwGY6k-00963-00288452-00288616": "at which you're doing it, right.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00964-00288724-00288981": "It really is district transformation.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00965-00288981-00289476": "I think one of the themes, we can work that out.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00966-00289628-00289797": "One of the things in all the presentations", "csKxiiwGY6k-00967-00289797-00290138": "so far has been an underlying theme", "csKxiiwGY6k-00968-00290138-00290552": "of respect for students, respect for student potential.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00969-00290552-00291003": "And I'm going to continue that discussion in another way.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00970-00291186-00291379": "Am I moving the slides?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00971-00291379-00291462": "No.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00972-00291622-00291807": "When we talk about the whole child", "csKxiiwGY6k-00973-00291901-00292271": "sometimes we talk about the whole child", "csKxiiwGY6k-00974-00292271-00292598": "without talking about the more complicated aspects", "csKxiiwGY6k-00975-00292598-00292749": "of a child's identity.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00976-00292749-00293026": "And that very often it includes race.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00977-00293026-00293255": "It very often includes ethnicity.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00978-00293255-00293418": "It very often includes other kinds", "csKxiiwGY6k-00979-00293418-00293597": "of stigmatized identities.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00980-00293597-00293843": "So how do we bring those aspects", "csKxiiwGY6k-00981-00293843-00294230": "of the whole child into our work?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00982-00294230-00294600": "I've been a part of a group of community activists,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00983-00294600-00294974": "district educators, university researchers, and others", "csKxiiwGY6k-00984-00294974-00295339": "who've been thinking for over a year,", "csKxiiwGY6k-00985-00295339-00295609": "a year and a half now about the question", "csKxiiwGY6k-00986-00295609-00295889": "of how do we make race in particular", "csKxiiwGY6k-00987-00295976-00296244": "ow do we make it an advantage for children, right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00988-00296244-00296528": "How do we make it a launching pad", "csKxiiwGY6k-00989-00296528-00296711": "for the developmental launching pad", "csKxiiwGY6k-00990-00296711-00297061": "for educational growth instead of the barrier", "csKxiiwGY6k-00991-00297061-00297499": "we all almost always assume it to be?", "csKxiiwGY6k-00992-00297499-00297726": "And if we can have the next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00993-00297726-00298215": "There is really good reason to believe", "csKxiiwGY6k-00994-00298215-00298511": "that racial identity absolutely can be", "csKxiiwGY6k-00995-00298511-00298672": "the basis for achievement.", "csKxiiwGY6k-00996-00298672-00298972": "And particularly when children have been taught", "csKxiiwGY6k-00997-00298972-00299169": "that their racial or ethnic identity", "csKxiiwGY6k-00998-00299325-00299495": "is attached there's a connection", "csKxiiwGY6k-00999-00299495-00299761": "between that and academic achievement,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01000-00299761-00300115": "then they do better on all kinds of measures.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01001-00300115-00300277": "At the end of my slides,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01002-00300277-00300506": "which I understand all of you will be getting,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01003-00300506-00300676": "there are a series of slides,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01004-00300676-00300913": "which go into this research, or at least give you", "csKxiiwGY6k-01005-00300913-00301336": "some leads into this research in greater detail.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01006-00301336-00301836": "But we know that race can be a positive support", "csKxiiwGY6k-01007-00301997-00302263": "for academic and social groups, right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01008-00302354-00302713": "One of the things that we have been asking ourselves is", "csKxiiwGY6k-01009-00302713-00302956": "if schools were more racially intentional", "csKxiiwGY6k-01010-00302956-00303139": "what would that look like, right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01011-00303139-00303395": "So some of the models that some", "csKxiiwGY6k-01012-00303395-00303617": "of us here have worked with in the past", "csKxiiwGY6k-01013-00303710-00303922": "are models like freedom schools,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01014-00303922-00304141": "native American survival schools", "csKxiiwGY6k-01015-00304141-00304514": "Chicanos strike schools, educational models", "csKxiiwGY6k-01016-00304732-00304889": "which came from the community rather", "csKxiiwGY6k-01017-00304889-00305045": "than coming from professional educators", "csKxiiwGY6k-01018-00305045-00305324": "not to knock professional educators with this group.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01019-00305409-00305827": "I think one of the things that we find is", "csKxiiwGY6k-01020-00305827-00306208": "that they certainly put a much more aggressive emphasis", "csKxiiwGY6k-01021-00306335-00306635": "on the development of positive racial identity.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01022-00306635-00307099": "They put a very explicit emphasis on responding", "csKxiiwGY6k-01023-00307328-00307660": "to dignity, to respect issues for children.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01024-00307660-00307973": "Cause how do children experience race?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01025-00307973-00308376": "They experience race as a withdrawal of respect,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01026-00308376-00308547": "as undermining their dignity.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01027-00308547-00308972": "Then it makes sense to reaffirm that in schools.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01028-00308972-00309273": "If students experience racist people", "csKxiiwGY6k-01029-00309273-00309512": "doubting their capacity to do things,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01030-00309512-00309804": "and we know that they do, then it makes sense", "csKxiiwGY6k-01031-00309804-00310259": "for schools to double down on building a sense of capacity,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01032-00310259-00310737": "a sense of agency in the students that we work with.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01033-00310917-00311278": "And so in these schools what we now", "csKxiiwGY6k-01034-00311278-00311567": "call social emotional learning", "csKxiiwGY6k-01035-00311567-00311729": "isn't something that one.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01036-00311729-00311916": "Slow down on the slides now.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01037-00312245-00312656": "It isn't something that one does some of the time", "csKxiiwGY6k-01038-00312656-00312820": "it's something that is built", "csKxiiwGY6k-01039-00312820-00313290": "into the very warp and woof of the activity.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01040-00313290-00313790": "When Linda put up that slide of the 10 points framework", "csKxiiwGY6k-01041-00313827-00314028": "for reopening and strengthening schools", "csKxiiwGY6k-01042-00314126-00314265": "one of the questions I was asked", "csKxiiwGY6k-01043-00314265-00314471": "well every one of those things makes sense.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01044-00314471-00314650": "And there's good reason to think that", "csKxiiwGY6k-01045-00314650-00314908": "if we can put them together in the right way", "csKxiiwGY6k-01046-00314908-00315169": "implementation is always though the key.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01047-00315296-00315551": "We can see much better outcomes for students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01048-00315551-00315835": "But the prior question for me is,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01049-00315835-00316020": "or one of the prior questions for me.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01050-00316105-00316275": "What happens to those 10 points", "csKxiiwGY6k-01051-00316386-00316640": "if students don't feel respected, right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01052-00316640-00316785": "If they don't feel that their dignity", "csKxiiwGY6k-01053-00316785-00316967": "is being protected in that environment?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01054-00316967-00317267": "I think we can do all of the things right.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01055-00317267-00317622": "But if we haven't sent that message to children", "csKxiiwGY6k-01056-00317622-00317872": "then we're not likely to get the kind", "csKxiiwGY6k-01057-00318003-00318204": "of outcomes that we were hoping for.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01058-00318204-00318704": "So anyway, the last couple of slides have been slides", "csKxiiwGY6k-01059-00318797-00319079": "from the freedom schools from Mississippi", "csKxiiwGY6k-01060-00319079-00319276": "especially in the summer of 1964.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01061-00319276-00319749": "We think that's a really particularly well articulated model", "csKxiiwGY6k-01062-00319749-00319968": "of the kinds of community education", "csKxiiwGY6k-01063-00319968-00320164": "that we are talking about.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01064-00320164-00320532": "Charlie Cobb, the person who working", "csKxiiwGY6k-01065-00320532-00320732": "for the student nonviolent coordinating committee", "csKxiiwGY6k-01066-00320732-00320920": "I think some of you will remember that", "csKxiiwGY6k-01067-00320920-00321113": "at least if you're my age you do.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01068-00321263-00321436": "The person who, if you will, invented", "csKxiiwGY6k-01069-00321436-00321770": "or developed the plan for their freedom school in 1964.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01070-00321770-00322249": "So that the whole idea is to get young Negro Mississippians", "csKxiiwGY6k-01071-00322249-00322595": "to articulate their own desires, demanded questions,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01072-00322595-00322851": "to stand up in classrooms around the state", "csKxiiwGY6k-01073-00322851-00323181": "of Mississippi and ask their teachers a real question.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01074-00323181-00323264": "Right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01075-00323264-00323498": "So it was to give students that kind of sense", "csKxiiwGY6k-01076-00323498-00323810": "of self-respect, that kind of sense of agency", "csKxiiwGY6k-01077-00323810-00324124": "that would allow them to do that.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01078-00324124-00324532": "Right now, and I'm sure some of you do know this,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01079-00324532-00324748": "the most common form of freedom schools", "csKxiiwGY6k-01080-00324837-00325174": "those run by the Children's Defense Fund.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01081-00325174-00325334": "And we can go to that slide now.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01082-00325537-00326037": "They usually do, I think it's now up to 120 schools a year.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01083-00326047-00326229": "Linda mentioned them, and they can be anywhere", "csKxiiwGY6k-01084-00326229-00326366": "from five to eight weeks.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01085-00326485-00326759": "And some of the things that I think", "csKxiiwGY6k-01086-00326938-00327148": "distinguish the freedom school,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01087-00327302-00327695": "walking into a freedom school is often like,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01088-00327695-00328192": "walking into, is it Busby Berkeley?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01089-00328192-00328317": "I hope I got that name right.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01090-00328317-00328473": "The guy who used to do all of those", "csKxiiwGY6k-01091-00328473-00328717": "fancy musicals in the past.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01092-00328717-00328941": "It's walking into a world where nobody speaks", "csKxiiwGY6k-01093-00328941-00329101": "it seems sometimes.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01094-00329101-00329284": "Everybody communicates whatever it is", "csKxiiwGY6k-01095-00329284-00329527": "they have to communicate in music.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01096-00329527-00329714": "There's music everywhere, dance everywhere,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01097-00329714-00330031": "cheers and chants everywhere, people don't say hello,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01098-00330031-00330205": "they sing you hello.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01099-00330205-00330490": "They don't say thank you, they sing you thank you, right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01100-00330623-00330900": "It is a very different and a very stimulating kind", "csKxiiwGY6k-01101-00330900-00331206": "of environment and children love it.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01102-00331206-00331402": "There are particularly well-known", "csKxiiwGY6k-01103-00331402-00331749": "for their prize winning reading program", "csKxiiwGY6k-01104-00331749-00332016": "which has had significant affect", "csKxiiwGY6k-01105-00332016-00332357": "on what we used to call summer learning loss", "csKxiiwGY6k-01106-00332357-00332622": "that has created some really large gains for students", "csKxiiwGY6k-01107-00332875-00333283": "over the course of the summer in terms of literacy skills.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01108-00333283-00333417": "There's a great deal of emphasis", "csKxiiwGY6k-01109-00333417-00333668": "on using multiethnic materials.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01110-00333668-00333917": "There's a very self-conscious creation", "csKxiiwGY6k-01111-00333917-00334099": "or multiethnic teaching staff.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01112-00334200-00334527": "Almost always it's majority minority", "csKxiiwGY6k-01113-00334527-00334747": "in the staffs that I have seen.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01114-00334747-00334933": "They provide safe space for students", "csKxiiwGY6k-01115-00334933-00335430": "to discuss almost anything that they want to discuss,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01116-00335430-00335602": "and you know students.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01117-00335602-00335774": "My work has been in Chicago and Newark", "csKxiiwGY6k-01118-00335774-00335972": "and students are very often concerned", "csKxiiwGY6k-01119-00335972-00336195": "of sexual harassment, violence,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01120-00336195-00336321": "and community violence, right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01121-00336321-00336527": "Those are probably the places I've been", "csKxiiwGY6k-01122-00336527-00336876": "the things, among the kids, things talked about most.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01123-00336876-00337068": "Civic engagement is really one", "csKxiiwGY6k-01124-00337068-00337268": "of the things I think that sets freedom schools apart", "csKxiiwGY6k-01125-00337268-00337665": "from other forms of education that we're familiar with.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01126-00337665-00337912": "And that the real point is to teach kids", "csKxiiwGY6k-01127-00337912-00338015": "that they can be leaders.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01128-00338015-00338282": "It doesn't matter how old you are, you can,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01129-00338282-00338680": "and I'm now paraphrasing Children's Defense Fund curriculum.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01130-00338680-00338993": "You can make a difference in your family,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01131-00338993-00339355": "in your class, in your school, in your city.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01132-00339355-00339539": "And you can do that right now.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01133-00339539-00339722": "And each week during the summer", "csKxiiwGY6k-01134-00339722-00340043": "they take one of those themes and talk with students", "csKxiiwGY6k-01135-00340043-00340378": "and work with students about how they can", "csKxiiwGY6k-01136-00340378-00340657": "make a difference in that area.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01137-00340923-00341423": "And I think that one of the best responses", "csKxiiwGY6k-01138-00341452-00341785": "to a social climate in which people feel", "csKxiiwGY6k-01139-00341785-00341987": "that their capacity, their worth", "csKxiiwGY6k-01140-00341987-00342144": "is being questioned is to develop", "csKxiiwGY6k-01141-00342144-00342371": "their leadership potential.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01142-00342371-00342685": "That's sort of a perfect response to all", "csKxiiwGY6k-01143-00342685-00342888": "of the doubts that you may be finding", "csKxiiwGY6k-01144-00342888-00343231": "in a racialized stigmatized environment.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01145-00343231-00343480": "And if we go to the next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01146-00343833-00344076": "And just, I mean I've already referred", "csKxiiwGY6k-01147-00344076-00344408": "to the research that shows improvements in literacy.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01148-00344505-00344601": "A greater love of learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01149-00344601-00344736": "Appreciation of the culture.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01150-00344736-00344988": "Conflict resolution skills with responsibility.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01151-00344988-00345236": "Taking on the perspective of others, right?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01152-00345236-00345381": "I mean, that's presumably what we mean", "csKxiiwGY6k-01153-00345381-00345543": "by social, emotional learning.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01154-00345969-00346183": "And that's very much a part of what we can get out of here.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01155-00346183-00346391": "So I'm coming now to the end of time", "csKxiiwGY6k-01156-00346391-00346631": "and so I will leave you with that.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01157-00346631-00346831": "But if we could finish the next slide.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01158-00346984-00347398": "We can skip this one, and go to the one after it.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01159-00347398-00347550": "This is the theme song.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01160-00347550-00348050": "And so it expresses I think what freedom school", "csKxiiwGY6k-01161-00348058-00348227": "teachers most want their students to get.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01162-00348227-00348435": "They sing this in (indistinct)", "csKxiiwGY6k-01163-00348435-00348680": "The higher you build your barriers, the taller I become", "csKxiiwGY6k-01164-00348680-00348921": "the farther you take my rights away the faster I will run.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01165-00348921-00349347": "And so you can go on and you can hear", "csKxiiwGY6k-01166-00349347-00349613": "that it's very moving to watch a room full", "csKxiiwGY6k-01167-00349613-00349840": "of students singing this together.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01168-00349840-00350008": "But what I would just ask us to think about is", "csKxiiwGY6k-01169-00350008-00350189": "that whatever else we're doing", "csKxiiwGY6k-01170-00350189-00350425": "how do we become more conscious", "csKxiiwGY6k-01171-00350425-00350634": "of the ways in which we can send students", "csKxiiwGY6k-01172-00350634-00351097": "stronger signals to affirm their dignity and their capacity", "csKxiiwGY6k-01173-00351097-00351280": "especially in a racialized context?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01174-00351280-00351456": "And so I will stop there.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01175-00352199-00352368": "- Thank you Charles.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01176-00352368-00352463": "Thank you, Diana.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01177-00352556-00352696": "Thank you, Jennifer.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01178-00352696-00352859": "Special thanks to Linda.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01179-00352946-00353191": "A couple of questions I just want to end with", "csKxiiwGY6k-01180-00353191-00353333": "and then a quick summary.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01181-00353333-00353509": "There was some technical difficulty", "csKxiiwGY6k-01182-00353509-00353653": "with Linda's comments at the end.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01183-00353653-00353798": "We'll try to get that out.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01184-00353798-00353981": "I think Valerie listed it.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01185-00353981-00354233": "And a special thanks to Valerie and Adam,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01186-00354233-00354532": "both the ASA team and the LPI team", "csKxiiwGY6k-01187-00354532-00354650": "for pulling together this.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01188-00354650-00354854": "But we'll try to pull together a summary", "csKxiiwGY6k-01189-00354854-00355132": "of what she said that we couldn't hear.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01190-00355132-00355501": "And you know I just am so struck Diana by your work", "csKxiiwGY6k-01191-00355501-00355700": "and your your boots on the ground,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01192-00355700-00355944": "real time work in your district.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01193-00355944-00356061": "Thank you for that.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01194-00356061-00356210": "I don't know if you Diana, if you had a chance", "csKxiiwGY6k-01195-00356210-00356535": "to look in the chat, there are all kinds", "csKxiiwGY6k-01196-00356535-00356684": "of questions that we can get to", "csKxiiwGY6k-01197-00356684-00356893": "and maybe figure out how to respond.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01198-00356893-00357296": "But people were just fascinated by the deep level of work.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01199-00357296-00357702": "And Jennifer, thank you for providing a research perspective", "csKxiiwGY6k-01200-00357702-00357974": "and enabling us to think about our work.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01201-00357974-00358367": "We at ASA always think about, is it research basis", "csKxiiwGY6k-01202-00358367-00358692": "and evidence-based, or is it folk wisdom?", "csKxiiwGY6k-01203-00358692-00358853": "And not all folk wisdom is terrible", "csKxiiwGY6k-01204-00358853-00359201": "but I think that the Rand, you guys just do phenomenal work.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01205-00359201-00359431": "And we're also appreciative of you", "csKxiiwGY6k-01206-00359431-00359709": "for your contribution specifically.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01207-00359709-00359943": "Charles I wish we had given you", "csKxiiwGY6k-01208-00359943-00360254": "a little bit more time, and I wish you", "csKxiiwGY6k-01209-00360254-00360510": "and I could rehearse and practice and sing together.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01210-00360510-00360891": "But I want to end today by two of your comments", "csKxiiwGY6k-01211-00360985-00361153": "cause I think they were so compelling", "csKxiiwGY6k-01212-00361153-00361350": "as Diana and everybody.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01213-00361480-00361760": "First of all, this idea that children respond", "csKxiiwGY6k-01214-00361760-00361916": "to dignity and respect.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01215-00362007-00362340": "It's not just black and brown children, it's all children.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01216-00362340-00362613": "But it is, if we hold that as the centerpiece", "csKxiiwGY6k-01217-00362613-00362821": "of what we do as educators for children,", "csKxiiwGY6k-01218-00362821-00363003": "it's such a guiding principle.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01219-00363003-00363241": "And thank you for reminding us of that.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01220-00363241-00363498": "And here's the thing that I wish we could sing together", "csKxiiwGY6k-01221-00363498-00363723": "that, you know what I love that little story", "csKxiiwGY6k-01222-00363723-00364015": "you were telling about how that you sing hello", "csKxiiwGY6k-01223-00364015-00364155": "to the kids when they come in.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01224-00364155-00364410": "So I wish we could sing hello to all the participants", "csKxiiwGY6k-01225-00364410-00364679": "and sing a thank you and sing a welcome", "csKxiiwGY6k-01226-00364679-00365060": "to our ASA and LPI webinars series", "csKxiiwGY6k-01227-00365060-00365510": "on accelerated learning and welcome you", "csKxiiwGY6k-01228-00365510-00365746": "to the next four as we go forward.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01229-00365746-00365956": "We'll kind of pick up on these themes over", "csKxiiwGY6k-01230-00365956-00366072": "the next couple of weeks.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01231-00366072-00366384": "Valerie I saw posted information", "csKxiiwGY6k-01232-00366384-00366624": "in the web or in the chat room.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01233-00366624-00366954": "If there's any questions you have, please get them to us.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01234-00366954-00367054": "Thank you panelists.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01235-00367054-00367401": "And thank you LPI for being a partner with ASA.", "csKxiiwGY6k-01236-00367401-00367508": "Have a wonderful day."}}, {"audio_id": "csNn0jEix_A", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "csRtmrc5QuE", "text": {"csRtmrc5QuE-00000-00000242-00000867": "Trevor Burrus: Welcome to Free Thoughts, I'm Trevor Burrus.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00001-00000867-00000986": "Tom Clougherty: And I'm Tom Clougherty.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00002-00000986-00001329": "Trevor Burrus: Joining us today is George Selgin, a Senior Fellow and Director of the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00003-00001329-00001801": "Center for Monetary and Financial Alternatives at the Cato Institute and professor of emeritus", "csRtmrc5QuE-00004-00001801-00002018": "of economics at the University of Georgia.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00005-00002018-00002118": "Welcome back to Free Thoughts, George.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00006-00002118-00002306": "George Selgin: Thanks Trevor, it's nice to be here.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00007-00002306-00002457": "Trevor Burrus: What is the Federal Reserve?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00008-00002457-00002894": "George Selgin: The Federal Reserve is the United States' central bank, and what that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00009-00002894-00003911": "means [00:00:30] is it's the bank responsible for determining what other banks do and the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00010-00003911-00004763": "resources they have available for their activities; the Fed creates the ultimate dollars in the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00011-00004763-00004967": "US monetary system.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00012-00004967-00005517": "Those dollars consist of the Federal Reserve notes everybody sees, and they also consist", "csRtmrc5QuE-00013-00005517-00006010": "of credits that banks can keep at the Fed, can have at the Fed—which is for that reason", "csRtmrc5QuE-00014-00006010-00006500": "called [00:01:00] the banker's bank—and those reserve credits—so called—can be", "csRtmrc5QuE-00015-00006500-00006963": "converted by the banks into paper dollars any time the banks request it.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00016-00006963-00007577": "So using these Federal Reserve dollars as an essential input as it were, the banks go", "csRtmrc5QuE-00017-00007577-00008148": "about their business of creating their own claims to dollars, making loans in dollars,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00018-00008148-00008632": "and creating deposits that are denominated in dollars that people can also spend.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00019-00008632-00009005": "Trevor Burrus: So does the Fed do this ... Does it have the authority over printing [00:01:30]", "csRtmrc5QuE-00020-00009005-00009454": "money and stuff, and does it decide how much money is printed, or does it do it through", "csRtmrc5QuE-00021-00009454-00009554": "some other mechanism?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00022-00009554-00010060": "George Selgin: Essentially the Federal Reserve decides the overall amount of Federal Reserve", "csRtmrc5QuE-00023-00010060-00010709": "dollars, including paper currency, and those credits I mentioned that banks hold at the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00024-00010709-00010809": "Fed.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00025-00010809-00011547": "The Fed determines the sum of those two values, and by doing that determines the scale in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00026-00011547-00012227": "directly of all dollar creation of private dollars like bank [00:02:00] deposit dollars", "csRtmrc5QuE-00027-00012227-00012909": "because of the amount of those ultimately depends on some extent on the availability", "csRtmrc5QuE-00028-00012909-00013086": "of the dollars that the Fed creates.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00029-00013086-00013602": "I should mention because it's common source of confusion that the Fed doesn't actually", "csRtmrc5QuE-00030-00013602-00014097": "print Federal Reserve notes, that's done by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, but", "csRtmrc5QuE-00031-00014097-00014703": "the Bureau of Engraving and Printing just acts as a service or supplier for the Fed,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00032-00014703-00015210": "but it's the Fed's policies that ultimately that determine [00:02:30] how many of these", "csRtmrc5QuE-00033-00015210-00015418": "notes get put into circulation.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00034-00015418-00015731": "Tom Clougherty: Now, George, you haven't mentioned interest rates yet.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00035-00015731-00016012": "I think if you asked most people what does the Fed do?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00036-00016012-00016156": "What is monetary policy?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00037-00016156-00016448": "Well they'd say the central bank sets interest rates.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00038-00016448-00016796": "I don't think that's quite right, but if it's not, where the interests rates come into this", "csRtmrc5QuE-00039-00016796-00016896": "story?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00040-00016896-00016996": "Trevor Burrus: That's the one thing people know.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00041-00016996-00017140": "Tom Clougherty: Interest rates, yes.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00042-00017140-00017676": "George Selgin: Yes, well it's the one thing people know, but it is really starting as", "csRtmrc5QuE-00043-00017676-00017965": "it were in the middle instead of the basics.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00044-00017965-00018556": "The basics [00:03:00] really do have to do with the Fed's creation of dollars.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00045-00018556-00019360": "The reason interest rates come into the story is because the way the Fed regulates the extent", "csRtmrc5QuE-00046-00019360-00020043": "to which is creates the basic dollars, or the available supply of basic dollars, or", "csRtmrc5QuE-00047-00020043-00020615": "regulates the purchasing power of those dollars, one or the other depending on the regime is", "csRtmrc5QuE-00048-00020615-00020984": "through interest rates that it manipulates or controls.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00049-00020984-00021828": "[00:03:30] So for example, the Federal Reserve before the crisis would have set a policy", "csRtmrc5QuE-00050-00021828-00022709": "rate, and it would ... That would be the rate in which banks could borrow Federal Reserve", "csRtmrc5QuE-00051-00022709-00023050": "credits from one another overnight.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00052-00023050-00023687": "So as I mentioned before, some of the basic Fed dollars that are created consist of credits", "csRtmrc5QuE-00053-00023687-00024076": "that banks have deposits at banks, keep at the Fed dollar [00:04:00] denominated, of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00054-00024076-00024263": "course.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00055-00024263-00024729": "In the old system, things have changed in a way I hope we'll get around to talking about.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00056-00024729-00025531": "In the old system, if banks were short of these deposit credits for their reserve requirements", "csRtmrc5QuE-00057-00025531-00025791": "or other reasons, they could borrow.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00058-00025791-00026177": "One of their choices was to borrow from other banks that had more than they needed, and", "csRtmrc5QuE-00059-00026177-00026861": "that rate of interest at which that overnight interbank borrowing of Federal Reserve credits", "csRtmrc5QuE-00060-00026861-00027230": "took place of Federal Reserve [00:04:30] dollars was called ... Is called the Federal Funds", "csRtmrc5QuE-00061-00027230-00027413": "Rate.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00062-00027413-00028127": "That rate for years was the policy target rate, and the Fed would say well, we think", "csRtmrc5QuE-00063-00028127-00028739": "a good place for the Federal Funds Rate to be is, let's say three percent.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00064-00028739-00029266": "If it crept up above that level, that would indicate that reserves were a little bit in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00065-00029266-00029838": "short supply and it would create some more dollars, put some more dollars into the economy,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00066-00029838-00030465": "make reserves, [00:05:00] Fed dollars more abundant to bring it, the rate, back down", "csRtmrc5QuE-00067-00030465-00030680": "to the target of three percent.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00068-00030680-00031345": "So superficially, monetary policy was about setting the Federal Funds Rate target.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00069-00031345-00031902": "It was about in ... Not just interest rates but specifically this one interest rate.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00070-00031902-00032965": "But underlying this process or goal of keeping this interest rate on target was the basics", "csRtmrc5QuE-00071-00032965-00033492": "of [00:05:30] supply and demand for Federal Reserve dollars for the dollars that the Federal", "csRtmrc5QuE-00072-00033492-00034259": "Reserve alone was capable of actually creating or removing from the system if necessary.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00073-00034259-00034715": "Trevor Burrus: Are you ... You mentioned it's the bank of the United States, now if you", "csRtmrc5QuE-00074-00034715-00035127": "study American History and you learn about the battles over the first bank of the United", "csRtmrc5QuE-00075-00035127-00035578": "States, and the second bank of the United States, is the Fed the third bank of the United", "csRtmrc5QuE-00076-00035578-00035678": "States?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00077-00035678-00036030": "Is it in the same vein as that, or I guess I'm also asking where ... [00:06:00] When", "csRtmrc5QuE-00078-00036030-00036363": "did they come about, where did it come from in that kind of line of progression?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00079-00036363-00037069": "George Selgin: Well yes, according to most authorities, the Federal Reserve was ... Is", "csRtmrc5QuE-00080-00037069-00037655": "in effect the third bank of the United States, in that the first two federally chartered", "csRtmrc5QuE-00081-00037655-00038213": "banks, the first bank of the United States and it's successor, the second bank ... They", "csRtmrc5QuE-00082-00038213-00038443": "were at least proto-central banks.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00083-00038443-00038949": "They had lot ... Some things in common with a modern central bank like the Fed.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00084-00038949-00039454": "They weren't quite [00:06:30] full fledge central banks in many respects, but they certainly", "csRtmrc5QuE-00085-00039454-00040231": "were ... Had some features of modern central banks.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00086-00040231-00040937": "That's why there was a great to-do about the establishment of the Fed because the previous", "csRtmrc5QuE-00087-00040937-00041396": "federal banks had been quite controversial, and the second federal bank's charter had", "csRtmrc5QuE-00088-00041396-00042047": "been famously not renewed by Andrew Jackson who employed his veto power to [00:07:00]", "csRtmrc5QuE-00089-00042047-00042619": "veto to the bill to recharter the second bank, and it looked like at that point we were ... The", "csRtmrc5QuE-00090-00042619-00043149": "United States was done with this idea of a federally chartered bank, or proto-central", "csRtmrc5QuE-00091-00043149-00043330": "bank, or whatever you want to call it.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00092-00043330-00044262": "It took some pretty clever political maneuvering and several financial crises to get central", "csRtmrc5QuE-00093-00044262-00044853": "... To get us back to having a central bank to having the Fed, which was established in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00094-00044853-00044963": "1914.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00095-00044963-00045931": "It's [00:07:30] a long story about the politics, and the instability that informed our taking", "csRtmrc5QuE-00096-00045931-00046447": "up again this idea of having a central bank, and it's a story I've written about.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00097-00046447-00047262": "But in any event, it took a lot of people by surprise to find back in 1914 that we had", "csRtmrc5QuE-00098-00047262-00047827": "not after all settled the question of whether we should have a central bank or not, for", "csRtmrc5QuE-00099-00047827-00047969": "once in for all.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00100-00047969-00048455": "We thought [00:08:00] we had, everybody thought so, particularly the Democrats who were the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00101-00048455-00048894": "party who got rid the second bank of the United States, but low and behold they were also", "csRtmrc5QuE-00102-00048894-00049397": "the party that decided to pass the Federal Reserve Act.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00103-00049397-00050362": "Trevor Burrus: That period of time, roughly 80 years of no central bank, was that ... Was", "csRtmrc5QuE-00104-00050362-00050908": "there some huge gap, or was there some institution that did the job, or was that job not really", "csRtmrc5QuE-00105-00050908-00051025": "needed to be done?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00106-00051025-00051913": "George Selgin: [00:08:30] Well first of all, in principle the job doesn't need to be done.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00107-00051913-00052517": "Particularly if you have a specie or gold or silver standard, which was the case back", "csRtmrc5QuE-00108-00052517-00052836": "in the 19th century and early 20th century.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00109-00052836-00053364": "When you have such a standard, first of all you have a basic money that doesn't inherently", "csRtmrc5QuE-00110-00053364-00053707": "have to be supplied by a public authority today.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00111-00053707-00054162": "Where our standard is paper money itself, [00:09:00] of course it's not something that's", "csRtmrc5QuE-00112-00054162-00054794": "naturally scarce, so only a public utility as it where could be relied upon to supply", "csRtmrc5QuE-00113-00054794-00055369": "the stuff and with luck supply so little of it that it doesn't become worthless.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00114-00055369-00055902": "But when you have a specie standard, in principle, you have a monetary standard that doesn't", "csRtmrc5QuE-00115-00055902-00056158": "absolutely require a central bank.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00116-00056158-00056858": "Now the question is can you have also a stable safe monetary and banking system without a", "csRtmrc5QuE-00117-00056858-00057257": "central bank and the answer [00:09:30] is yes, you can.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00118-00057257-00057922": "Canada here, offers a particularly good illustration because until 1935, Canada didn't have a central", "csRtmrc5QuE-00119-00057922-00058298": "bank, but it had the same basic gold unit, gold dollar that the United States had.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00120-00058298-00058932": "Had a decentralized system, multiple banks, commercial banks issued the paper money of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00121-00058932-00059526": "Canada that was convertible into a dollar ... A fixed amounts of gold, and it was a", "csRtmrc5QuE-00122-00059526-00059807": "very stable well working system.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00123-00059807-00060673": "So Canada's case [00:10:00] is certainly suggests that you didn't need to have a central bank.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00124-00060673-00061237": "'Course the United States didn't have that same system.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00125-00061237-00061910": "When we got rid of the second bank of the United States, what emerged from that step", "csRtmrc5QuE-00126-00061910-00062876": "was not a Canadian type system, but a system that was a real motley arrangement with numerous", "csRtmrc5QuE-00127-00062876-00063304": "states, first of all, [00:10:30] that had their own banking and currency systems all", "csRtmrc5QuE-00128-00063304-00063976": "of which were quite different, and involving different degrees of government intervention", "csRtmrc5QuE-00129-00063976-00064280": "and regulation.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00130-00064280-00064722": "That was the situation until the outbreak of the Civil War.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00131-00064722-00065302": "In those systems, some of them performed relatively well, particularly the ones in the Northeast,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00132-00065302-00066011": "and some of the Southern systems, but others were quite ... Performed quite poorly.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00133-00066011-00066498": "One [00:11:00] of the things though that was common generally with the exception of a few", "csRtmrc5QuE-00134-00066498-00066882": "southern states was that banks could have no branch offices.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00135-00066882-00067507": "That meant that there were no ... There was no paper money that was nationally recognized", "csRtmrc5QuE-00136-00067507-00067704": "or uniform in value.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00137-00067704-00068341": "A bank's notes could be well received and accepted at their face value locally, and", "csRtmrc5QuE-00138-00068341-00068881": "maybe for some distance from their source, but if they traveled far away enough to other", "csRtmrc5QuE-00139-00068881-00069647": "states, [00:11:30] then at some point they would not be trusted or known enough to command", "csRtmrc5QuE-00140-00069647-00069752": "their full value.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00141-00069752-00069957": "So we didn't have a uniform paper currency.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00142-00069957-00070312": "The only thing that was uniform was the gold coin itself, if you took it ... Or silver", "csRtmrc5QuE-00143-00070312-00070654": "if you took it to other parts of the country was still worth what it said it was worth.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00144-00070654-00070945": "So Canada's system was quite different in that regard.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00145-00070945-00071538": "They allowed their note issuing banks to branch nationwide and most of them took advantage", "csRtmrc5QuE-00146-00071538-00072306": "of that, and by the 1880s, '90s, you had [00:12:00] a system of bank notes with different brands", "csRtmrc5QuE-00147-00072306-00072929": "of notes, but they ... You could take a note from Halifax to Vancouver, still would be", "csRtmrc5QuE-00148-00072929-00073063": "worth it's face value.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00149-00073063-00073612": "So the Canadian system achieved a uniform paper currency, a uniform in a sense of uniform", "csRtmrc5QuE-00150-00073612-00074629": "value by allowing banks to be more free, whereas in the U.S. our motley system of state bank", "csRtmrc5QuE-00151-00074629-00075145": "regulations prevented any such result from happening, [00:12:30] that's before the Civil", "csRtmrc5QuE-00152-00075145-00075245": "War.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00153-00075245-00075833": "Trevor Burrus: Do you need a ... Am I hearing correctly that it's better argued that you", "csRtmrc5QuE-00154-00075833-00076435": "would need one of these if you have a fiat currency of some sort, but when we started", "csRtmrc5QuE-00155-00076435-00076741": "it, we were still on the gold standard from what I understand.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00156-00076741-00077194": "George Selgin: Yes, my point is that if you have a fiat currency, since the fiat money", "csRtmrc5QuE-00157-00077194-00077764": "only ... Doesn't have a natural scarcity, so if it's gonna command value, it's quantity", "csRtmrc5QuE-00158-00077764-00078306": "has to be artificially restricted, [00:13:00] and that has to be a matter of policy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00159-00078306-00078948": "It isn't obviously something that you can rely on profit maximizing issuers to do because", "csRtmrc5QuE-00160-00078948-00079395": "they might just want to issue a whole bunch at once, and get what they can.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00161-00079395-00079971": "So in practice, if you have an irredeemable money, you need some kind of public authority", "csRtmrc5QuE-00162-00079971-00080560": "that you hope, you entrust the responsibility of limiting the quantity of the stuff of supplying", "csRtmrc5QuE-00163-00080560-00081070": "it, but supplying it only in sufficiently limited extent.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00164-00081070-00081755": "[00:13:30] That's why fiat money systems require some kind of central authority, usually a", "csRtmrc5QuE-00165-00081755-00081941": "central bank.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00166-00081941-00082688": "It doesn't follow though that central banks have only been created in ... For the purpose", "csRtmrc5QuE-00167-00082688-00082888": "of controlling fiat money.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00168-00082888-00083391": "Central banking predates fiat money as you noticed with the case of the Fed.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00169-00083391-00083829": "'Course the earliest central banks go much further back, the motivation for creating", "csRtmrc5QuE-00170-00083829-00084449": "central banks in fiat, [00:14:00] in ... Sorry, in metallic money systems are quite different.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00171-00084449-00084910": "The further back you go, the more obvious it is that the motivations were fiscal.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00172-00084910-00085568": "Basically these public authorities could ... Had a flexibility that allowed them to contribute", "csRtmrc5QuE-00173-00085568-00086193": "to the financing of their sponsoring government and make life easy for them, especially during", "csRtmrc5QuE-00174-00086193-00086888": "wars through generous accommodation, in return for the monopoly privileges that they enjoy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00175-00086888-00087187": "This was the story with the Bank [00:14:30] of England, Bank of France.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00176-00087187-00088147": "Then later on, you had the development of the view that central banks could contribute", "csRtmrc5QuE-00177-00088147-00088742": "to the stability of gold standards by serving as lenders of last resorts, to the commercial", "csRtmrc5QuE-00178-00088742-00089098": "banks and by being a source of emergency loans to them.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00179-00089098-00089802": "This view particularly solidified after the famous ... After the publication of Walter", "csRtmrc5QuE-00180-00089802-00090349": "Bagehot's famous book, Lombard Street, [00:15:00] which is the bible of last resort lending-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00181-00090349-00090544": "Trevor Burrus: When was that?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00182-00090544-00091083": "George Selgin: It was 1873, however it should be said, and many people don't realize this,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00183-00091083-00091649": "that when Bagehot wrote Lombard Street, he was referring of course to the Bank of England,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00184-00091649-00092176": "and the role it should play in reverting or limiting crises.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00185-00092176-00092339": "He was very explicit in that book.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00186-00092339-00092904": "He said that the ultimate course of instability in the English banking system was the Bank", "csRtmrc5QuE-00187-00092904-00093372": "of England's monopoly [00:15:30] privileges in the way they resulted in a concentration", "csRtmrc5QuE-00188-00093372-00094016": "of reserves in that bank, such that it became the only agency capable ... It was both the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00189-00094016-00094649": "instrument by which instability was generated, and the one institution that could act to", "csRtmrc5QuE-00190-00094649-00095260": "contain the damage from that instability if it would only act in a public spirited way", "csRtmrc5QuE-00191-00095260-00095656": "by lending generous once a crisis broke out.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00192-00095656-00096047": "But Bagehot was quite emphatic that if you hadn't had this monopoly ... [00:16:00] This", "csRtmrc5QuE-00193-00096047-00096502": "heaping up of monopoly privileges in the Bank of England, if you had what he called a natural", "csRtmrc5QuE-00194-00096502-00097214": "banking system with reserves and privileges spread out among competing banks.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00195-00097214-00097755": "An example, contemporary example would've been the Scottish system, then you won't need", "csRtmrc5QuE-00196-00097755-00098204": "a lender of last resort because you won't have the underlying cause of instability in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00197-00098204-00098435": "the first place.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00198-00098435-00099061": "Unfortunately most people have read ... Most economists have read Bagehot [00:16:30] as", "csRtmrc5QuE-00199-00099061-00099589": "making a positive case for central banks as lenders of last resort in a gold standard", "csRtmrc5QuE-00200-00099589-00099689": "context.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00201-00099689-00100102": "But of course, in the fiat money context, therefore you have two rationales for having", "csRtmrc5QuE-00202-00100102-00100202": "a central bank.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00203-00100202-00100919": "One is to control the ultimate quantity of money, which it otherwise is not self controlling", "csRtmrc5QuE-00204-00100919-00101463": "and the other is to have a source of emergency funds when the ... When things go array in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00205-00101463-00101950": "the banking system, and that's what we ... That's the conventional wisdom today.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00206-00101950-00102461": "Tom Clougherty: [00:17:00] Yeah, so we had the Fed now for 100 years or more, and it's", "csRtmrc5QuE-00207-00102461-00102764": "clearly changed an awful lot over that period of time.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00208-00102764-00103236": "What monetary policy means in practice has really developed beyond all recognition.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00209-00103236-00103721": "I think we should probably bring this conversation a little bit more up to the present day, in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00210-00103721-00103945": "particular the financial crisis of 2008.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00211-00103945-00104375": "I know for me, and I think for a lot of people, that was when we really got interested in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00212-00104375-00104549": "monetary policy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00213-00104549-00104885": "When people thought maybe there's something weird going on here, and we should learn more", "csRtmrc5QuE-00214-00104885-00104985": "about it.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00215-00104985-00105530": "[00:17:30] So maybe before we just jump into that though, let's talk about what was the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00216-00105530-00105865": "status quo before the financial crisis in terms of monetary policy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00217-00105865-00106560": "Now you've already said the Fed would manipulate the Federal Funds Rate, they'd affect the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00218-00106560-00106968": "cost of banks lending or borrowing from one another.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00219-00106968-00107068": "Why were they doing that?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00220-00107068-00107418": "If they raised interest ... That interest rate or lowered it, what were they trying", "csRtmrc5QuE-00221-00107418-00107682": "to do and what was its knock on effect in the economy?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00222-00107682-00108347": "George Selgin: As you said Tom, the Fed's [00:18:00] responsibilities and power changed", "csRtmrc5QuE-00223-00108347-00109396": "dramatically since 1914, and to by the period before the crisis for some decades ... Of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00224-00109396-00110154": "course, the gold standard was no longer part of the story, so the Fed had absolute responsibility", "csRtmrc5QuE-00225-00110154-00110685": "for the overall amount of money created in the economy, and therefore for controlling", "csRtmrc5QuE-00226-00110685-00110927": "the rate of inflation and deflation.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00227-00110927-00111805": "The Fed's mandate [00:18:30] required it to ... Both to avoid dramatic instability of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00228-00111805-00112518": "the value of money ... And substantial changes in that value, and also to limit unemployment,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00229-00112518-00113000": "so the Fed had it as it were secular mandate, longer run mandate to make sure that the dollar", "csRtmrc5QuE-00230-00113000-00113531": "didn't depreciate too rapidly relative to goods and in a more cyclical mandate to make", "csRtmrc5QuE-00231-00113531-00113732": "sure that we didn't have cycles of unemployment-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00232-00113732-00113832": "Trevor Burrus: How did-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00233-00113832-00114175": "George Selgin: Which could partly be a reflection [00:19:00] of a short run shortage of money.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00234-00114175-00114434": "Trevor Burrus: Okay, that was my question ... 'Cause I, yeah, it seemed like something", "csRtmrc5QuE-00235-00114434-00114573": "that's not related to monetary policy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00236-00114573-00114719": "George Selgin: No it is.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00237-00114719-00115096": "Too much money, you get inflation, too little money, you get deflation.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00238-00115096-00115677": "Too little money in the short run, you can get a downturn, a business downturn with unemployment", "csRtmrc5QuE-00239-00115677-00116261": "until either the central bank makes up for the monetary shortage or prices adjust downward", "csRtmrc5QuE-00240-00116261-00116778": "and end up on the newer equilibrium, but that's a process fraught with difficulties.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00241-00116778-00117110": "Tom Clougherty: Actually George, when we say there isn't [00:19:30] enough money, then", "csRtmrc5QuE-00242-00117110-00117544": "in the short run that could cause a downturn, what does that practically mean, not enough", "csRtmrc5QuE-00243-00117544-00117648": "money in the system?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00244-00117648-00117850": "It's not like people can't find the bank notes.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00245-00117850-00118378": "George Selgin: What it means is that people ... In practice, what it means is that there", "csRtmrc5QuE-00246-00118378-00118974": "may be plenty of money out there, but the money isn't being spent.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00247-00118974-00119966": "So people hold on to money balances to a certain degree, but ultimately the main reason people", "csRtmrc5QuE-00248-00119966-00120549": "hold [00:20:00] on to money, which consists of a Federal Reserve cash or certain kinds", "csRtmrc5QuE-00249-00120549-00121210": "of bank deposits is to have a ready access to purchasing power for spending.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00250-00121210-00121851": "Things go sour in monetarily speaking, either when the rate of spending is excessive, so", "csRtmrc5QuE-00251-00121851-00122358": "there's too much money chasing after too few goods in the famous formulation of Milton", "csRtmrc5QuE-00252-00122358-00122907": "Freedman, or when the opposite happens when spending declines rapidly.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00253-00122907-00123628": "The reason these are both [00:20:30] problems is because you want ... Businesses have to", "csRtmrc5QuE-00254-00123628-00124213": "re-coop their expenses on average, some businesses may not, and others may profit, but on average", "csRtmrc5QuE-00255-00124213-00124865": "we don't want them all losing money because that just means ... That doesn't prove that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00256-00124865-00125193": "the businesses are bad, or that we should be putting resources elsewhere.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00257-00125193-00125622": "It just proves that spending is not keeping up with underlying cost.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00258-00125622-00126352": "Spending is shrinking, so avoiding a shrinkage [00:21:00] in the flow of spending is important", "csRtmrc5QuE-00259-00126352-00126880": "as a way of limiting business cycles, and unemployment, and deflation.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00260-00126880-00127402": "On the other hand, if everybody is ... If people are spending more than ever, profits", "csRtmrc5QuE-00261-00127402-00128056": "are swollen, that doesn't give you a useful signal about which businesses ... You can't", "csRtmrc5QuE-00262-00128056-00128176": "have more of everything.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00263-00128176-00128375": "You can't have more investment in everything.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00264-00128375-00128981": "So what ends up happening, of course, is costs start rising, the profits disappear, costs", "csRtmrc5QuE-00265-00128981-00129293": "can't [00:21:30] keep up with prices.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00266-00129293-00129686": "In equilibrium, there's an equilibrium that's the same as where you started, but the process", "csRtmrc5QuE-00267-00129686-00129964": "of adjustment can involve some ways.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00268-00129964-00130544": "So this is where we get this idea that a good central bank will manage things so that prices", "csRtmrc5QuE-00269-00130544-00131083": "neither rise rapidly, nor fall rapidly, and cycles are avoided.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00270-00131083-00131631": "But at bottom, it's really about stabilizing, not prices per se, but spending.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00271-00131631-00132090": "Keeping 'em spending on a nice even [00:22:00] schedule.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00272-00132090-00132504": "Trevor Burrus: This is what ... This is like before, so ... 'Cause from what I understand-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00273-00132504-00132608": "George Selgin: This is still true.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00274-00132608-00132848": "Trevor Burrus: This is still true, but from what I understand with the ... So this is", "csRtmrc5QuE-00275-00132848-00133310": "what they were doing before the Great Depression, in the '50s, it was ... They were all ... They", "csRtmrc5QuE-00276-00133310-00133830": "were still just mostly focusing on the ... What you said, the inflation rate and the unemployment?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00277-00133830-00134282": "George Selgin: What I've just described it what they ought to do, and it still what they", "csRtmrc5QuE-00278-00134282-00134382": "ought to do.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00279-00134382-00134802": "It is never been exactly what they have done because they screw up all the time.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00280-00134802-00135338": "You've had episodes of sever deflation [00:22:30] like the '30s, you've had long periods of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00281-00135338-00135993": "mounting inflation like the '70s and early '80s, '60s, late '60s, and of course, we had", "csRtmrc5QuE-00282-00135993-00136601": "the recent crisis, so what I was describing was an ideal, what they ought to try to do,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00283-00136601-00137028": "rather than what the Fed or any other central bank has actually been doing.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00284-00137028-00137645": "The ideal hasn't changed, the ideal was before 2008, it's still the ideal today.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00285-00137645-00138458": "Now, the question then is [00:23:00] how did they try to do the right thing?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00286-00138458-00138981": "Whether they did it or not, and before 2008, to go back to that discussion of interest", "csRtmrc5QuE-00287-00138981-00139516": "rates and all that, they used ... What they would do is they would set up policy rate", "csRtmrc5QuE-00288-00139516-00139616": "target.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00289-00139616-00140171": "Now basically what this means is that they would say to themselves, \"Well we believe", "csRtmrc5QuE-00290-00140171-00140951": "that if banks are borrowing from each other at a three percent rate, that's going to be", "csRtmrc5QuE-00291-00140951-00141706": "consistent [00:23:30] with an overall level of money creation, loan lending, etc., that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00292-00141706-00142118": "we'll achieve our spending, stable spending target.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00293-00142118-00142218": "Okay?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00294-00142218-00142615": "Implicitly, that won't ... Or that won't cost too much inflation or deflation, it won't", "csRtmrc5QuE-00295-00142615-00142805": "cost too much on unemployment.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00296-00142805-00143858": "So the target rate is a rate that is ... There ... It's what they believe is the rate that's", "csRtmrc5QuE-00297-00143858-00144212": "consistent with achieving [00:24:00] their overarching objectives.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00298-00144212-00144783": "They might be wrong in their choice of this target rate, but let's assume that they actually", "csRtmrc5QuE-00299-00144783-00144883": "are correct.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00300-00144883-00145324": "That they know where that rate should be to keep things going smoothly.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00301-00145324-00145805": "Then of course, they ... Their objective, their immediate challenge is to see to it", "csRtmrc5QuE-00302-00145805-00146282": "that the actual rate at which banks are borrowing from each other doesn't deviate from that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00303-00146282-00146382": "target.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00304-00146382-00147095": "The way they would do that in the old pre-2008 days, was if the [00:24:30] rate ... If the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00305-00147095-00147677": "actual Federal Funds Rate tended to be rising above the target, let's say above three percent,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00306-00147677-00148368": "they would go out and purchase assets in marketplace, usually government securities, and they would", "csRtmrc5QuE-00307-00148368-00149000": "pay for them with newly created deposit credits, Federal Reserve credits, and that would mean", "csRtmrc5QuE-00308-00149000-00149521": "the bank reserve become more plentiful, and that would mean the supply of Federal Funds,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00309-00149521-00149621": "right?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00310-00149621-00150055": "Which is the reserves available for overnight lending would go up, and that should [00:25:00]", "csRtmrc5QuE-00311-00150055-00150304": "lower the actual equilibrium funds, right?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00312-00150304-00150443": "And help get the target-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00313-00150443-00150770": "Trevor Burrus: Lower the interest rate on borrowing and so-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00314-00150770-00150870": "George Selgin: That's right.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00315-00150870-00151255": "Trevor Burrus: But theoretically encourage more house, buying of houses, and car loans-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00316-00151255-00151836": "George Selgin: The idea is if the Federal Funds Rate is getting too high, that will", "csRtmrc5QuE-00317-00151836-00152441": "also will tend to mean tightness and other lending markets, so in keeping it from rising,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00318-00152441-00152735": "you're also keeping those other rates from rising.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00319-00152735-00153392": "Conversely, if the Fed [00:25:30] Funds Rate is sagging, that suggests that there's not", "csRtmrc5QuE-00320-00153392-00153577": "much demand for Federal Funds.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00321-00153577-00154154": "You want to keep it at target, you're gonna withdraw some reserves 'cause evidently there's", "csRtmrc5QuE-00322-00154154-00154795": "more out there than banks need to sustain the target interbank rate.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00323-00154795-00155161": "That's how the system works, so it's a combination of setting a target interest rate that you", "csRtmrc5QuE-00324-00155161-00155754": "hoped was the right target, and then engaging in what are called open market operations,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00325-00155754-00156152": "which is either buying government securities [00:26:00] in the open market and having the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00326-00156152-00156792": "Fed buy these securities, or selling them, depending on whether they wanted to make reserves", "csRtmrc5QuE-00327-00156792-00157342": "more available or less to achieve the target.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00328-00157342-00157889": "If doing all this, they then found that ops, the inflation rate is higher than we thought", "csRtmrc5QuE-00329-00157889-00158361": "it would be, or lower, or unemployment is not where we think it should be, that would", "csRtmrc5QuE-00330-00158361-00158879": "of course be caused for rethinking the target they've been setting, adjusting it upward", "csRtmrc5QuE-00331-00158879-00159385": "or downward, and then [00:26:30] undertaking corresponding open market operations to achieve", "csRtmrc5QuE-00332-00159385-00159944": "the new and hopefully correct rate target.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00333-00159944-00160078": "Tom Clougherty: So hopefully correct.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00334-00160078-00160201": "George Selgin: Yeah.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00335-00160201-00160750": "Tom Clougherty: But did this process go completely haywire in the run up to the financial crisis?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00336-00160750-00160956": "If so, what kind of role did it play?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00337-00160956-00161416": "George Selgin: I wouldn't say that the process when haywire in the run up to the financial", "csRtmrc5QuE-00338-00161416-00161544": "crisis.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00339-00161544-00162178": "The financial crisis of course is a situation where you can have [00:27:00] an often typically", "csRtmrc5QuE-00340-00162178-00162588": "do have an extraordinary demand for reserves, right?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00341-00162588-00163212": "Because of panic, because of uncertainty, because of perceived risks of lending, so", "csRtmrc5QuE-00342-00163212-00163939": "suddenly other things equal the tendency is for banks to clamp down on lending, including", "csRtmrc5QuE-00343-00163939-00164451": "interbank lending, and for the demand to hold reserves to become extraordinarily high under", "csRtmrc5QuE-00344-00164451-00164671": "those circumstances.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00345-00164671-00165203": "For a given Federal Funds Rate target, the challenge [00:27:30] of monetary policy becomes", "csRtmrc5QuE-00346-00165203-00165875": "to supply that many more reserves to keep the target at the rate, at that target because", "csRtmrc5QuE-00347-00165875-00166332": "otherwise it's certainly gonna tend to rise above.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00348-00166332-00166913": "So in a way, there's nothing different from a crisis situation, it's business as usual,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00349-00166913-00167522": "except that it's a situation where in order to keep its target, a central bank has to", "csRtmrc5QuE-00350-00167522-00167995": "create a lot more reserves than it normally would ever have to do, that is then [00:28:00]", "csRtmrc5QuE-00351-00167995-00168375": "it would have to do on crisis time.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00352-00168375-00169487": "Until 2008, sometime in the middle of 2008, the Fed was, I think, more or less doing that.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00353-00169487-00170361": "For example, the first big shock of the crisis, big financial shock that mattered from a monetary", "csRtmrc5QuE-00354-00170361-00171234": "policy point of view was when the Bank Paribas in France [00:28:30] looked like it was about", "csRtmrc5QuE-00355-00171234-00171705": "to go under, and in response to this big liquidity shock, sure enough-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00356-00171705-00171981": "Trevor Burrus: With that ... I want look at that term, liquidity shock.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00357-00171981-00172160": "They just can't enough money right at that moment?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00358-00172160-00172945": "George Selgin: There's an exceptional demand to pile up a bank reserves finance ... By", "csRtmrc5QuE-00359-00172945-00173391": "different financial institutions, banks and other financial institutions want to stock", "csRtmrc5QuE-00360-00173391-00173883": "up on cash.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00361-00173883-00174322": "That is precisely the circumstance [00:29:00] that means that they're ... That they were", "csRtmrc5QuE-00362-00174322-00174791": "less willing to lend cash, which means interbank rates are gonna go up unless somebody else", "csRtmrc5QuE-00363-00174791-00175102": "makes more cash available, which is where the central banks went in.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00364-00175102-00175672": "That's just what the Fed did in that episode, you could look at the statistics and see the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00365-00175672-00176391": "amount of Federal Reserve dollars spikes 'cause they're pouring more in to make up for the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00366-00176391-00177016": "reality that there's an exceptional demand, and that is still ultimately aimed at keeping", "csRtmrc5QuE-00367-00177016-00177171": "[00:29:30] the target rate where it's supposed to be.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00368-00177171-00177893": "Now of course, in the background you have the ongoing consideration of whether the target", "csRtmrc5QuE-00369-00177893-00178483": "rate itself needs to be adjusted in light of these developments because it may also", "csRtmrc5QuE-00370-00178483-00179382": "turn out that you need to set that rate lower in order to accommodate the changing reality", "csRtmrc5QuE-00371-00179382-00179925": "that involves a greater ... Once again a much greater demand for Federal Reserves and liquidity,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00372-00179925-00180125": "so [00:30:00] the two things are happening.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00373-00180125-00180721": "One, it takes more reserves in a crisis to keep the target where it is, and also a crisis", "csRtmrc5QuE-00374-00180721-00181384": "is a time when your target rate might need to be lower ... Lowered as in recognition", "csRtmrc5QuE-00375-00181384-00181898": "of the exceptional persistent demand for liquidity.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00376-00181898-00182832": "As I said, until 2008 at least, I think the Fed's conduct was about right in light of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00377-00182832-00183491": "these basic principles, [00:30:30] but then in 2008, things started to go quite haywire,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00378-00183491-00184260": "and did so I think not just because the crisis becoming that much more sever, which it did,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00379-00184260-00184744": "but because I think the Fed made some very serious miscalculations that actually in turn", "csRtmrc5QuE-00380-00184744-00184936": "contributed to the severity of the crisis.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00381-00184936-00185493": "Trevor Burrus: Well some of those, I heard some people argue that some of those included", "csRtmrc5QuE-00382-00185493-00186245": "low interest rates after 9-11, like too low of interest rates [00:31:00] helped move us", "csRtmrc5QuE-00383-00186245-00186578": "towards the crisis because people were borrowing too much.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00384-00186578-00186760": "George Selgin: Well now you're stepping back-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00385-00186760-00186860": "Trevor Burrus: Yeah, a little bit, but-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00386-00186860-00187395": "George Selgin: There is a question whether the Fed set its targets too low, not so much", "csRtmrc5QuE-00387-00187395-00188241": "after 9-11, but after the dotcom crash, whether it kept rates too low for too long, set its", "csRtmrc5QuE-00388-00188241-00188503": "target too low, and then of course, acted to achieve that target.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00389-00188503-00188795": "No, I think there's a lot of truth to that.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00390-00188795-00189339": "That is setting too low a target [00:31:30] in turn contributed to do an excess creation", "csRtmrc5QuE-00391-00189339-00190133": "of reserves, excess credit, excess lending, which contributed to the sub prime, what we", "csRtmrc5QuE-00392-00190133-00190437": "know in retrospect was a sub prime bubble.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00393-00190437-00190591": "I think that's all true.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00394-00190591-00191287": "The mistakes I'm talking about are ones the Fed committed after the bubble breaks, which", "csRtmrc5QuE-00395-00191287-00191965": "I believe it started to make some real mistakes in that case, some time in mid 2008.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00396-00191965-00192109": "Trevor Burrus: So [00:32:00] what are those?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00397-00192109-00192436": "Are they related to just bad interest rate setting, or is it-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00398-00192436-00192536": "George Selgin: Ultimately-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00399-00192536-00192636": "Trevor Burrus: A new thing entirely?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00400-00192636-00193545": "George Selgin: Ultimately they are ... Ultimately they are to put it as tersely as possible.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00401-00193545-00194476": "Starting in around mid-2008, the Fed became determined to stick to what in retrospect", "csRtmrc5QuE-00402-00194476-00195116": "was too tight of monetary policy stance to maintain a target interest rate [00:32:30]", "csRtmrc5QuE-00403-00195116-00195840": "that was too high relative to what was really required to help the economy stay on its feet,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00404-00195840-00196042": "or avoid a collapse.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00405-00196042-00196462": "For some time, they set the target rate at two percent, which sounds very low and was", "csRtmrc5QuE-00406-00196462-00197068": "low by historical standards and more typical norm would be four percent, twice that.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00407-00197068-00197766": "However, in crisis situation, it can take a much lower target interest rate to avoid", "csRtmrc5QuE-00408-00197766-00198202": "a downward spiral, and I think [00:33:00] in retrospect, it's pretty clear that the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00409-00198202-00198893": "two percent rate that the Fed was striving to maintain was too high.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00410-00198893-00199497": "It only very reluctantly lowered that rate, first to 1.5% after the Lehman disaster and", "csRtmrc5QuE-00411-00199497-00200423": "then eventually as low as two point ... .25% or a range from zero to 2.5, but by that time", "csRtmrc5QuE-00412-00200423-00200936": "it was too late, and indeed, even 2.5 was too high.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00413-00200936-00201798": "But [00:33:30] it's interesting to look back at why the Fed was obstinate or ... Again,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00414-00201798-00201979": "this is all hindsight, right?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00415-00201979-00202613": "So we mustn't be too ungenerous when all this is going on, it's very hard to tell exactly", "csRtmrc5QuE-00416-00202613-00202729": "what the situation is.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00417-00202729-00203446": "But what seems to be the case was at the time, the inflation numbers did not seem to suggest", "csRtmrc5QuE-00418-00203446-00204232": "that the monetary policy was too tight and there were [00:34:00] genuine fears that it", "csRtmrc5QuE-00419-00204232-00204905": "might in fact be too loose, so you had people pressing for the maintenance of two percent,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00420-00204905-00205477": "arguing against lowering it, the so called inflation hawks were doing their thing, and", "csRtmrc5QuE-00421-00205477-00206378": "it was to satisfy that ... Those concerns that the consensus ended up favoring, trying", "csRtmrc5QuE-00422-00206378-00206823": "to maintain first two, and then 1.5%.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00423-00206823-00207196": "Even though if you look at what was happening [00:34:30] at the time, whatever regardless", "csRtmrc5QuE-00424-00207196-00207723": "of the inflation numbers, actual spending was collapsing, and inflation numbers can", "csRtmrc5QuE-00425-00207723-00208336": "be very misleading because they indicate a number of things, most obviously they don't", "csRtmrc5QuE-00426-00208336-00208531": "just depend on how much people are spending.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00427-00208531-00209167": "They depend on this state of availability of various goods, and services, and commodities.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00428-00209167-00209621": "So spending is really what you want to look at, and if you looked at spending, it was", "csRtmrc5QuE-00429-00209621-00210553": "going down the ... Going down [00:35:00] very rapidly, but it's how the Fed strove to maintain", "csRtmrc5QuE-00430-00210553-00211286": "two percent despite what was going on that I think was particularly tragic because in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00431-00211286-00211952": "fact, the Fed was creating reserves or would have creating reserves during this period.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00432-00211952-00212407": "These are the months leading up to Lehman Brothers, including the time of its collapse.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00433-00212407-00213008": "The Fed was engaged in substantial emergency lending to various banks through various lending", "csRtmrc5QuE-00434-00213008-00213675": "[00:35:30] programs, banks and some other financial institutions and markets.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00435-00213675-00214239": "If the Fed had simply done that, it would have ... And not tried to compensate by other", "csRtmrc5QuE-00436-00214239-00214930": "means, we would've had a substantial increase in reserves, analogous to the increase from", "csRtmrc5QuE-00437-00214930-00215878": "the Bank Paribas crisis hit, that should have helped to maintain liquidity, keep lending", "csRtmrc5QuE-00438-00215878-00216198": "and spending [00:36:00] from collapsing.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00439-00216198-00216686": "However, because it was determined to maintain at two percent rate target, the Fed feared", "csRtmrc5QuE-00440-00216686-00217282": "that these lending programs would create too many reserves, and it offset them until Lehman's", "csRtmrc5QuE-00441-00217282-00217821": "failure, or after offset them 100% with open market sales, which of course, are normally", "csRtmrc5QuE-00442-00217821-00217991": "a tightening measure.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00443-00217991-00218529": "So it took back with one hand what it put in with the other.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00444-00218529-00219031": "Total liquidity didn't increase at all, therefore for these crucial months when spending was", "csRtmrc5QuE-00445-00219031-00219381": "[00:36:30] actually collapsing, you could see that the Fed's balance sheet doesn't grow", "csRtmrc5QuE-00446-00219381-00219481": "at all.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00447-00219481-00219946": "It's flat because there's more lending, but there's open market operations that's the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00448-00219946-00220681": "Feds selling treasuries from its portfolio to offset the loans that are otherwise increasing", "csRtmrc5QuE-00449-00220681-00220950": "the total assets.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00450-00220950-00221457": "There's no net liquidity creation in this crisis.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00451-00221457-00221821": "It's much worse than Bank Paribas, you would think.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00452-00221821-00222282": "Let's put a lot of liquidity [00:37:00] out there 'cause things are really gettin' scary,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00453-00222282-00222500": "and that's not what the Feds doing.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00454-00222500-00222980": "It is actually depriving the more solvent financial institutions in the marketplace", "csRtmrc5QuE-00455-00222980-00223667": "of funds in order to move a greater supply of funds to troubled institutions that are", "csRtmrc5QuE-00456-00223667-00224039": "taking part of ... In its emergency lending programs.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00457-00224039-00224716": "Trevor Burrus: That's interesting 'cause it makes me wonder about why it makes these choices.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00458-00224716-00225002": "Is it politically influenced?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00459-00225002-00225558": "[00:37:30] Is there something going on ... It's supposed to not be, even though the president", "csRtmrc5QuE-00460-00225558-00226048": "chooses the Fed Chairman, does it seem like their playing politics to some degree?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00461-00226048-00226614": "George Selgin: Well it's ... There's no question that there's a lot of pressure on the Fed", "csRtmrc5QuE-00462-00226614-00227252": "to aid particular financial institutions, especially the large ones, the too big to", "csRtmrc5QuE-00463-00227252-00227705": "fail ones, that it's gonna give them credit no matter what because it's ... It fears that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00464-00227705-00228051": "if they fail, the dominoes will start falling.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00465-00228051-00228615": "[00:38:00] The problem is that ... Be that as it may, whether those decisions are sound", "csRtmrc5QuE-00466-00228615-00229203": "or not, it doesn't make any sense if you're concerned about other dominoes falling, so", "csRtmrc5QuE-00467-00229203-00229805": "you wanna prop up the one domino in front of the line that you're most concerned about.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00468-00229805-00230250": "You can't do that by taking credit away from all of the other dominoes in order to prop", "csRtmrc5QuE-00469-00230250-00231185": "up the first domino because then you're causing them to suffer liquidity [00:38:30] shortage,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00470-00231185-00231726": "so they may not be in trouble because the big domino falls on them, they're in trouble", "csRtmrc5QuE-00471-00231726-00231961": "because you're taking liquidity away from [crosstalk 00:38:40]-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00472-00231961-00232241": "Trevor Burrus: All the back dominoes are falling, even though the front ones are standing up.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00473-00232241-00232666": "George Selgin: And if we go back to Bagehot, of course, if we go back to Bagehot, this", "csRtmrc5QuE-00474-00232666-00232958": "is entirely contrary to the spirit of Bagehot.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00475-00232958-00233532": "For Bagehot, the reason you need a lender of last resort is not to prop up the trouble", "csRtmrc5QuE-00476-00233532-00233958": "institutions, it's to see to it that the sound institutions stay sound.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00477-00233958-00234466": "They don't [00:39:00] suffer collateral damage from other failures, and it's perfectly possible", "csRtmrc5QuE-00478-00234466-00235096": "in principle for the Federal Reserve to lend generous in a crisis to sound institutions", "csRtmrc5QuE-00479-00235096-00235738": "without deprive ... Instead of lending to the unsound by depriving the sound of liquidity.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00480-00235738-00236521": "A second best solution would be create a lot of net liquidity, bailout some big firms,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00481-00236521-00237259": "but make sure you keep the other firms that are sound [00:39:30] from suffering as a result", "csRtmrc5QuE-00482-00237259-00237396": "of your policies.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00483-00237396-00237719": "The Fed chose to do the worst possible thing.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00484-00237719-00238475": "It propped up the insolvent or presumably insolvent institutions by lending generously", "csRtmrc5QuE-00485-00238475-00239108": "to them, but it was also sucking back liquidity from the rest of the marketplace, which causes", "csRtmrc5QuE-00486-00239108-00239363": "the crisis to spread that way.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00487-00239363-00239928": "If your goal is to keep the crisis from spreading, you're not gonna do it by punishing the solvent", "csRtmrc5QuE-00488-00239928-00240225": "firms [00:40:00] to prop up the insolvent ones.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00489-00240225-00240599": "Tom Clougherty: So that ... The Fed's started to go wrong in the middle of 2008.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00490-00240599-00240699": "George Selgin: That's right.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00491-00240699-00240840": "Tom Clougherty: They weren't increasing general liquidity.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00492-00240840-00241294": "They were bailing out some organizations, they were offsetting that by clamping down", "csRtmrc5QuE-00493-00241294-00241394": "elsewhere.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00494-00241394-00241494": "George Selgin: That's correct.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00495-00241494-00241654": "Tom Clougherty: So spending and the wider economy kept tumbling.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00496-00241654-00241754": "George Selgin: Kept tumbling.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00497-00241754-00241854": "Precisely-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00498-00241854-00242074": "Tom Clougherty: Did the Fed eventually catch up with the vents, did they realize they'd", "csRtmrc5QuE-00499-00242074-00242281": "gone wrong and tried to fix it?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00500-00242281-00242571": "George Selgin: Unfortunately, they really didn't.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00501-00242571-00243127": "They did in the sense that they relented ultimately in trying to maintain [00:40:30] what was", "csRtmrc5QuE-00502-00243127-00243692": "first two percent, and then at 1.5% ... They stopped trying to do that.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00503-00243692-00244154": "But they stopped only when they had ... They were failing utterly that the actual Federal", "csRtmrc5QuE-00504-00244154-00244728": "Funds Rate was just falling below their target, and the target became meaningless.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00505-00244728-00245241": "So finally they said, okay, we're gonna move our target to get it closer to where we can", "csRtmrc5QuE-00506-00245241-00245815": "... Where the rates actually are, and in that sense, they relented and they loosened.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00507-00245815-00246444": "But in fact though, [00:41:00] they never actually provided the liquidity that by then", "csRtmrc5QuE-00508-00246444-00246623": "the economy desperately needed.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00509-00246623-00247339": "This is when things really get weird because after the failure of Lehman's and also the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00510-00247339-00247779": "bailout of AIG, they took another step.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00511-00247779-00248256": "You see, by then the amount of emergency credits that the Fed was creating were such that it", "csRtmrc5QuE-00512-00248256-00248840": "could no longer offset the credits with open market sales.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00513-00248840-00249371": "The Fed needed to keep a certain amount [00:41:30] of treasury securities on its books for income", "csRtmrc5QuE-00514-00249371-00249471": "purposes.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00515-00249471-00250016": "It needs to be generating income, which you don't do by buying doubtful assets, you have", "csRtmrc5QuE-00516-00250016-00250392": "to have assets that are paying some interest.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00517-00250392-00250909": "So at a certain point, the Fed asset ran out of treasuries with which to sterilize or offset", "csRtmrc5QuE-00518-00250909-00251492": "the emergency lending, this happened after the Lehman disaster.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00519-00251492-00252002": "But now at that point, of course, it might of just said, \"Okay, well we're gonna have", "csRtmrc5QuE-00520-00252002-00252342": "[00:42:00] to let our balance sheet grow and let that contribute to liquidity.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00521-00252342-00253017": "But they were still determined to not let that happen, to not let emergency follow policies", "csRtmrc5QuE-00522-00253017-00253339": "translate into easy monetary policy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00523-00253339-00253916": "So they had to come up with a scheme other than sterilization to achieve that result.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00524-00253916-00254552": "That's what interest payments on reserves originally served, the purpose that it originally", "csRtmrc5QuE-00525-00254552-00254652": "served.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00526-00254652-00255033": "Now on the right for the Fed to pay interest on reserves was already on [00:42:30] the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00527-00255033-00255417": "statute books as a result of a 2006 law.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00528-00255417-00255973": "But it wouldn't of taken affect until 2011, if I remember correctly.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00529-00255973-00256669": "So they passed an emergency measure that essentially allowed them to begin paying interest on reserves", "csRtmrc5QuE-00530-00256669-00257021": "two years earlier than the original law would have.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00531-00257021-00257376": "That meant they could begin paying in October 2008.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00532-00257376-00257571": "Now what was the point of this?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00533-00257571-00258053": "The point was now that the balance sheets gonna grow, how can we keep that from [00:43:00]", "csRtmrc5QuE-00534-00258053-00258475": "actually contributing to general liquidity in the marketplace and to an overall easing", "csRtmrc5QuE-00535-00258475-00258581": "of policy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00536-00258581-00259419": "If we pay interest on reserves, make it adequately remunerative for banks to pile up reserves,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00537-00259419-00260111": "then the reserves we're creating through our emergency programs will go into the banks,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00538-00260111-00260609": "they will add to net total reserves, but the demand to hold reserves will go up as well.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00539-00260609-00260909": "The banks would just sit on them, just sit on them.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00540-00260909-00261286": "That will mean that it doesn't [00:43:30] spill over into the Fed Funds market and of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00541-00261286-00261684": "course, behind implication was spill over into other markets, other bank lending markets", "csRtmrc5QuE-00542-00261684-00261900": "'cause the banks are gonna hoard the reserves.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00543-00261900-00262676": "This was deliberate, this was a deliberate move once again aimed at maintaining what", "csRtmrc5QuE-00544-00262676-00263191": "in retrospect was an overly tight monetary policy stance whether it is 1.5% or whatever", "csRtmrc5QuE-00545-00263191-00263902": "the number was, because we still have a spending collapse and interest on reserves there, that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00546-00263902-00264543": "became [00:44:00] the new way of not easing monetary policy at a time when it desperately", "csRtmrc5QuE-00547-00264543-00264781": "needed to be eased.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00548-00264781-00265479": "The irony of this, if I may, I know I'm going on for long, but this was October 2008, and", "csRtmrc5QuE-00549-00265479-00266133": "remember at this time, the concern is that policy is ... Must not get any looser, it's", "csRtmrc5QuE-00550-00266133-00266794": "where we need it to be 'cause there's some potential for inflation, a very wrong perspective.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00551-00266794-00267534": "Again in retrospect, [00:44:30] by November, by mid November, late November it's now abundantly", "csRtmrc5QuE-00552-00267534-00267971": "clear to everybody that policy is not too tight and what the economy could desperately", "csRtmrc5QuE-00553-00267971-00268349": "use is some monetary stimulus.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00554-00268349-00269080": "So now, you would think at that point that the Fed officials would say, \"Okay, fine.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00555-00269080-00269377": "Now we want monetary stimulus.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00556-00269377-00269980": "We had better stop paying banks to pile up reserves because that's something that we've", "csRtmrc5QuE-00557-00269980-00270363": "been [00:45:00] doing to prevent monetary stimulus from happening even as we create", "csRtmrc5QuE-00558-00270363-00270480": "more reserve.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00559-00270480-00270952": "So logically let's get rid of the interest on reserves.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00560-00270952-00271280": "That's what you might think they would've done, but they didn't.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00561-00271280-00271807": "They didn't, instead they decided that they were gonna keep this interest on reserves", "csRtmrc5QuE-00562-00271807-00272510": "in place, and the only new policy they pursue is that they would now more aggressively create", "csRtmrc5QuE-00563-00272510-00272935": "reserves, not just create them incidentally to emergency lending, but to create them on", "csRtmrc5QuE-00564-00272935-00273394": "purpose and [00:45:30] in vast amounts, quantitative easing, large scale asset purchases.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00565-00273394-00274117": "But wait a minute, hold on, if interest on reserves served before then to make sure that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00566-00274117-00274707": "however many reserves the Fed created, they didn't serve to stimulate bank lending and", "csRtmrc5QuE-00567-00274707-00274838": "spending.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00568-00274838-00275448": "Why should it be any different that now that you're deliberately creating reserves, won't", "csRtmrc5QuE-00569-00275448-00275881": "that just mean that banks have that many more reserves that they sit on, and we know that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00570-00275881-00276170": "in fact that is exactly [00:46:00] what it meant.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00571-00276170-00276827": "As I put it in testifying to Congress in July, I said, \"You know, this ... If insanity is", "csRtmrc5QuE-00572-00276827-00277611": "thinking that doing the same thing over again will result in a different outcome than before,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00573-00277611-00278006": "then the people at the Fed have seem to be a little bit off their rockers.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00574-00278006-00278704": "Because you have the same policy of credit expansion or reserved expansion that they", "csRtmrc5QuE-00575-00278704-00279103": "have set things up so that it won't matter that they do this, it [00:46:30] won't ease", "csRtmrc5QuE-00576-00279103-00279254": "things.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00577-00279254-00279656": "Now you're just gonna say, \"Well if we ... We're gonna leave that setup in place, and we're", "csRtmrc5QuE-00578-00279656-00280363": "gonna create that many more reserves, but this time it will ease things.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00579-00280363-00280821": "Of course, something did change, something did change, right?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00580-00280821-00281458": "No, they weren't completely insane, so something had to change in their minds between October", "csRtmrc5QuE-00581-00281458-00282250": "2008 and late November 2008, but that allows them [00:47:00] coherently to ... somewhat", "csRtmrc5QuE-00582-00282250-00282853": "coherently to believe that a balance sheet expansion that their ... That the system that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00583-00282853-00283490": "prevented balance sheet expansion from providing stimulus until November 2008 is starting in", "csRtmrc5QuE-00584-00283490-00284184": "December 2008 is going to allow balance sheet expansion to be stimulating.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00585-00284184-00284310": "Did I lose you on that?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00586-00284310-00284510": "Trevor Burrus: No, I'm just ... 'Cause there's also an election in there.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00587-00284510-00284810": "George Selgin: Yeah, I don't think that had anything to do with it.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00588-00284810-00284910": "Trevor Burrus: 'Cause in October to November 2008-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00589-00284910-00285129": "George Selgin: Yeah, I don't think that had anything to [00:47:30] do with it, but the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00590-00285129-00285439": "point is ... Certainly what's true is now they want to stimulate.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00591-00285439-00285873": "They've got the same system in place that makes reserves pile up no matter how many", "csRtmrc5QuE-00592-00285873-00286075": "you create, or why.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00593-00286075-00286501": "But now they're gonna say that creating the reserves, even though they still pile up,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00594-00286501-00286614": "is going to stimulate.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00595-00286614-00286843": "How do they convince themselves that things have changed?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00596-00286843-00286980": "What's changed?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00597-00286980-00287621": "What's changed is between October 2008 and December 2008 is they've got a new theory.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00598-00287621-00287744": "They have a new theory.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00599-00287744-00288265": "The new theory is theory of portfolio [00:48:00] adjustment, etc., that's a theory of how large", "csRtmrc5QuE-00600-00288265-00288882": "scale asset purchases can stimulate the economy even if the purchases ... The reserves that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00601-00288882-00289523": "the purchases create sit in bank's vaults, as it were, without moving.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00602-00289523-00290439": "So a theory has changed, and because the theory has changed, reality should change with it.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00603-00290439-00291082": "This is a little less than completely insane, but it is not completely [00:48:30] sane either.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00604-00291082-00291680": "Tom Clougherty: So we shifted from a system where if the Fed wants to stimulate the economy", "csRtmrc5QuE-00605-00291680-00292070": "somehow, they'll create bank reserves, the banks will be flushed with cash, so they'll", "csRtmrc5QuE-00606-00292070-00292281": "lend more, that will encourage spending.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00607-00292281-00292463": "It's a fairly straight forward transmission.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00608-00292463-00292563": "George Selgin: That's right.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00609-00292563-00292985": "Tom Clougherty: Now we're in a situation where we're going to give the banks lots of reserves,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00610-00292985-00293254": "but we explicitly don't want the banks to lend them out.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00611-00293254-00293354": "George Selgin: That's right.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00612-00293354-00293682": "Tom Clougherty: We want a portfolio balance effect to take place.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00613-00293682-00293782": "What does that really mean?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00614-00293782-00294406": "George Selgin: It means that as [00:49:00] the Fed buys assets in large quantities, of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00615-00294406-00294963": "course the prices of the assets that it's purchasing is going to be bid up, and the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00616-00294963-00295543": "yields of those assets will come down, and the idea is if any interest rates change on", "csRtmrc5QuE-00617-00295543-00296092": "any assets, that should have trickled down effects through arbitrage, right?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00618-00296092-00296802": "That's gonna affect other interest rates including short term rates, so that you are after all", "csRtmrc5QuE-00619-00296802-00297301": "putting downward pressure on short [00:49:30] term rates, but you're not doing it by actually", "csRtmrc5QuE-00620-00297301-00297834": "increasing the scale of lending, and money creation that goes on.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00621-00297834-00298565": "You're just, as it were, achieving a new equilibrium in set of interest rates without any change", "csRtmrc5QuE-00622-00298565-00299193": "in the nominal scale of activity, the total dollars moving around in the economy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00623-00299193-00299771": "Well this is where thinking of monetary policy solely in terms of interest rates becomes", "csRtmrc5QuE-00624-00299771-00300422": "dangerous because [00:50:00] the right way to think about it is yes, interest rates are", "csRtmrc5QuE-00625-00300422-00300621": "instruments, they're means.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00626-00300621-00301039": "We can think of policy setting as setting interest rates, but what we're really doing", "csRtmrc5QuE-00627-00301039-00301707": "is changing the amount of money creation that's going on, that the banking system is engaged", "csRtmrc5QuE-00628-00301707-00302057": "in, and that means more or less lending and so on.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00629-00302057-00302584": "But if you start to think that monetary policy is only about moving interest rates where", "csRtmrc5QuE-00630-00302584-00303176": "that's the ultimate objective, now you can embrace a [00:50:30] portfolio balance theory", "csRtmrc5QuE-00631-00303176-00303809": "where anything that gets interest rates, say short term rates, to go down is great.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00632-00303809-00304430": "Even if it doesn't translate into an increase in bank lending, money creation, deposit growth,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00633-00304430-00304639": "and so on.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00634-00304639-00304782": "This is a big mistake.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00635-00304782-00305438": "I'm not ... It's true that these portfolio affects are not irrelevant when interest rates", "csRtmrc5QuE-00636-00305438-00305741": "change, prices are changing, those are relative prices.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00637-00305741-00306243": "So some economic activities gonna be changing, [00:51:00] but gosh, if what you want is to", "csRtmrc5QuE-00638-00306243-00306822": "get people to spend again, it's ... This is a much more loose connection.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00639-00306822-00307272": "There's a much more doubtful connection between portfolio affect changes and short term interest", "csRtmrc5QuE-00640-00307272-00307843": "rates, and just how much spending and lending are going on, versus the old fashioned adjustment", "csRtmrc5QuE-00641-00307843-00308506": "in short term rates that is caused by creating more Federal Reserve dollars, getting them", "csRtmrc5QuE-00642-00308506-00309188": "into the loan markets, getting more bank deposits created, that [00:51:30] is a much more certain", "csRtmrc5QuE-00643-00309188-00309307": "connection.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00644-00309307-00309858": "Interest rates can fall in different ways, and in some ways the declines don't have much", "csRtmrc5QuE-00645-00309858-00310454": "to do with overall spending activity than in other ways, in other cases they do.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00646-00310454-00310935": "We've moved from a transmission mechanism that ... Where the connection between lowering", "csRtmrc5QuE-00647-00310935-00311448": "interest rates and increasing spending is pretty certain to one where the connection", "csRtmrc5QuE-00648-00311448-00311973": "between lowering interest rates and increasing spending is quite uncertain.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00649-00311973-00312506": "The defenders [00:52:00] of QE or long ... Large scale asset purchases at the Fed and elsewhere,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00650-00312506-00312776": "what they'll do is say, \"We know this policy worked.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00651-00312776-00312911": "Oh, how do you know that?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00652-00312911-00313190": "\"Well look, the interest rates changed.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00653-00313190-00313586": "That's what they're studies show, but if you ask them, and I have asked them.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00654-00313586-00313913": "I said, \"Well okay, but that ... Did that come along with more spending?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00655-00313913-00314073": "Did it reduce unemployment?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00656-00314073-00314568": "Did it actually ultimately achieve the macro economic changes that we really care about?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00657-00314568-00314825": "'Cause we don't care about the interest rate per se.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00658-00314825-00315181": "They would say, \"Well the studies on that are [00:52:30] a little less clear.\"", "csRtmrc5QuE-00659-00315181-00315694": "In other words, no, we have no evidence that that happened, and I don't think it happened", "csRtmrc5QuE-00660-00315694-00315794": "very much.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00661-00315794-00316353": "It's no secret that the recovery was sluggish, but it is perhaps a somewhat well kept secret", "csRtmrc5QuE-00662-00316353-00316960": "that quantitative easing just didn't work very well when it comes to the things that", "csRtmrc5QuE-00663-00316960-00317060": "really matter.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00664-00317060-00317558": "Trevor Burrus: So is the whole thing kind of quixotic, and the endeavor of the Fed,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00665-00317558-00318091": "it doesn't seem to be ... It's made a lot of mistakes, arguably [00:53:00] the Great", "csRtmrc5QuE-00666-00318091-00318220": "Depression, and 2008.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00667-00318220-00318735": "It's trying to figure out the right number in a very complex economy so you could criticize", "csRtmrc5QuE-00668-00318735-00319172": "it on sort of Hayekian or Austrian grounds, no one can really figure out what the right", "csRtmrc5QuE-00669-00319172-00319514": "rate is and things like this, and it makes a lot of mistakes, and some of those mistakes", "csRtmrc5QuE-00670-00319514-00319614": "are cataclysmic.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00671-00319614-00320166": "So is this the kind of thing that is too error prone to continue to exist in the way at least", "csRtmrc5QuE-00672-00320166-00320895": "it does, or there are in the Fed people that is just ... It's not undertaking worth doing", "csRtmrc5QuE-00673-00320895-00320995": "or doing well.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00674-00320995-00321889": "George Selgin: [00:53:30] Well it's easy enough to point to the mistakes the Fed has made,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00675-00321889-00322696": "and to argue as you say along hierarchy and lines that it's unlikely we could have a Federal", "csRtmrc5QuE-00676-00322696-00323340": "Reserve that doesn't make mistakes like this because the ... Both the information required", "csRtmrc5QuE-00677-00323340-00323975": "and the necessary incentives are lacking for it to always be expected to do the right thing.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00678-00323975-00324595": "[00:54:00] But to get from there to saying \"Therefore we shouldn't have a Fed,\" it ... You", "csRtmrc5QuE-00679-00324595-00325123": "can't just jump to that conclusion from those observations.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00680-00325123-00325733": "You have to have an idea in mind of some alternative arrangement that is going to be capable of", "csRtmrc5QuE-00681-00325733-00326244": "addressing these problems, that is gonna do a better job of stabilizing the economy.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00682-00326244-00326942": "Now I did say earlier that in the past we had systems like the Canadian system, Scottish", "csRtmrc5QuE-00683-00326942-00327454": "system that [00:54:30] worked pretty darn well, but they also depended on the existence", "csRtmrc5QuE-00684-00327454-00328250": "of reasonably stable external monetary standard, a precious metal standard that was the foundation", "csRtmrc5QuE-00685-00328250-00328374": "for the whole thing.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00686-00328374-00328936": "I also explained that if you don't have precious metal, if you don't have a commodity standard", "csRtmrc5QuE-00687-00328936-00329344": "of some kind, you've got to have a public authority that's ultimately controlling the", "csRtmrc5QuE-00688-00329344-00329618": "supply of your fiat monetary standard.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00689-00329618-00330247": "So we either have to go to some commodity, [00:55:00] doesn't have to be gold or silver,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00690-00330247-00330347": "could be bitcoin-", "csRtmrc5QuE-00691-00330347-00330448": "Trevor Burrus: Then could be bitcoin.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00692-00330448-00330753": "George Selgin: Some call it a synthetic commodity.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00693-00330753-00331297": "But let's not get into a bitcoin discussion for once.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00694-00331297-00331789": "But if you're not gonna do that, and they're all kinds of reasons why trying to get back", "csRtmrc5QuE-00695-00331789-00332079": "to a metallic standard is very difficult proposition.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00696-00332079-00332263": "Trevor Burrus: See our last episode with you?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00697-00332263-00332405": "[crosstalk 00:55:23] We'll link it in the show notes.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00698-00332405-00332602": "George Selgin: That's right.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00699-00332602-00333228": "Then of course you have to have at least [00:55:30] a skeletal central bank that's responsible", "csRtmrc5QuE-00700-00333228-00333897": "for the total quantity of fiat money, then the question is can we organize things so", "csRtmrc5QuE-00701-00333897-00334530": "that it arranges that quantity, or manage that quantity in a way that's more satisfactory", "csRtmrc5QuE-00702-00334530-00335160": "than what we've seen over the course of the Fed's existence?", "csRtmrc5QuE-00703-00335160-00335335": "I think the answer is yes, we could.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00704-00335335-00335492": "We could do a lot better.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00705-00335492-00336160": "I joined forces with a so called market monetarists and believing [00:56:00] that first of all,", "csRtmrc5QuE-00706-00336160-00336726": "our monetary policy should be oriented towards stabilizing total spending or statistically", "csRtmrc5QuE-00707-00336726-00337115": "it's counterpart of nominal GDP or something like that.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00708-00337115-00337457": "That that alone would be a vast improvement 'cause at least we're trying to do what we", "csRtmrc5QuE-00709-00337457-00337633": "should be trying to do.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00710-00337633-00338097": "Then it becomes a question of what are the right mechanisms for seeing to it that nominal", "csRtmrc5QuE-00711-00338097-00338918": "G&P is stable and a favor there, a more automatic approach so that we don't have to worry about", "csRtmrc5QuE-00712-00338918-00339599": "the [00:56:30] Fed officials being distracted by other concerns, goals, interest pressures.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00713-00339599-00340085": "So these are some of my thoughts, it would help to have a financial system that is itself", "csRtmrc5QuE-00714-00340085-00340570": "less vulnerable to crises, and there's a lot that can be done in that direction.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00715-00340570-00341094": "But it doesn't consist of heaping more regulations on to what we already have.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00716-00341094-00341501": "That's how we've gotten to the place we're at and it has not worked.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00717-00341501-00342329": "It rather consists of appreciating what kinds of deregulation [00:57:00] can help to lead", "csRtmrc5QuE-00718-00342329-00342848": "us to a self regulating arrangement.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00719-00342848-00343348": "That certainly includes getting rid of the promise of bailouts that is such a source", "csRtmrc5QuE-00720-00343348-00343719": "of corrupting factor in our system.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00721-00343719-00344163": "So there's a lot to be said about how we could do better than the present Federal Reserve", "csRtmrc5QuE-00722-00344163-00344827": "arrangement, but saying why don't we just rid of the Fed is not saying very much because", "csRtmrc5QuE-00723-00344827-00345479": "it really just leaves [00:57:30] you with begging all kinds of questions about what", "csRtmrc5QuE-00724-00345479-00345919": "sort of arrangement is supposed to fill that vacuum.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00725-00345919-00346698": "So I think we have to think hard about how we can get from where we are to a better system", "csRtmrc5QuE-00726-00346698-00347404": "and not just think about what we'd like to get rid of 'cause that's only half the story.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00727-00347404-00347504": "Trevor Burrus: Thanks for listening.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00728-00347504-00347845": "This episode of Free Thoughts was produced by Tess Terrible and Evan Banks.", "csRtmrc5QuE-00729-00347845-00348288": "To learn more, visit us on the web [00:58:00] at www.libertarianism.org."}}, {"audio_id": "csVNog9Y4rI", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "csXa0UhMQ7U", "text": {"csXa0UhMQ7U-00000-00000000-00000250": "[music]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00001-00000250-00000420": "Good morning, everybody.  Welcome", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00002-00000440-00000640": "Welcome to START SPEAKING Chinese.", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00003-00000700-00000819": "[music]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00004-00000819-00001220": "[Chinese] [pinyin alphabets] U, V, W", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00005-00001260-00001620": "Welcome to START SPEAKING Chinese.", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00006-00001639-00001900": "I am so glad you are here with us.", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00007-00001920-00002000": "[music]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00008-00002000-00002270": "Time to review. [music]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00009-00002320-00002600": "[Chinese] [music]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00010-00002690-00002990": "Remember, this is a pinyin word.", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00011-00003099-00003310": "Though it may look like, very similar to", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00012-00003350-00003670": "an English spelling, it is not pronounced", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00013-00003717-00004100": "in the same way - nor written in the same way", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00014-00004130-00004330": "as - it is not even memorized or", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00015-00004335-00004730": "understood in the same way as in English.", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00016-00004750-00004880": "[Chinese] [pinyin] zh", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00017-00004900-00004980": "[music]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00018-00005050-00005280": "[Chinese]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00019-00005300-00005480": "[music]", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00020-00005500-00005790": "Be proud of yourself. Keep practicing.", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00021-00005800-00006390": "Count the progress you have made.", "csXa0UhMQ7U-00022-00006450-00006609": "Goodbye for today."}}, {"audio_id": "ctoKy9h2Ua8", "text": {"ctoKy9h2Ua8-00000-00000005-00000723": "Okay so this is the tibia. So this is the top part of the tibia where it would", "ctoKy9h2Ua8-00001-00000723-00001200": "connect with the femur itself. So just like the femur we've got the two", "ctoKy9h2Ua8-00002-00001200-00001992": "condyles you've got your medial and your lateral. Okay then we have our", "ctoKy9h2Ua8-00003-00001992-00002753": "intercondylar eminence which is this raised part right here. We have the", "ctoKy9h2Ua8-00004-00002753-00003321": "tibial tuberosity right here kind of in the front it's a raised region roughened", "ctoKy9h2Ua8-00005-00003321-00004461": "region. This whole section here is the anterior border and then at the bottom", "ctoKy9h2Ua8-00006-00004461-00005137": "you can see this one large projection here that's the medial malleolus."}}, {"audio_id": "ctuQiKzXDG8", "text": {"ctuQiKzXDG8-00000-00000003-00000822": "So, 2019 has been a year... I honestly can't even remember it all... Had to search the", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00001-00000822-00001355": "ole Facebook page just to make this video, but welcome to another year-end", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00002-00001355-00002069": "recap with your host Dakota Wollmer! January 2019, right off the bat I", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00003-00002069-00002700": "reclaimed my youth, inched closer to completing my first novel, added", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00004-00002700-00003396": "More Than Stardust to Amazon Prime, reflected on my personal growth, touched on", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00005-00003396-00003779": "climate change, tried my hand as a caricaturist...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00006-00003779-00004991": "self promoted... a lot... like a lot, revived old dreams and kept you all updated.", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00007-00004991-00005793": "In February I was feeling those film noir vibes.... I started trying to fund the screen", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00008-00005793-00006497": "adaptation before my book was even published... and began editing my novel!", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00009-00006497-00007158": "March was interesting because literally nothing happened aside from", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00010-00007158-00007764": "attempting to cast The Mage Stone way before I should have... And then in April", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00011-00007764-00008397": "we began rehearsals for the REPC original play Alice, in which I was cast", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00012-00008397-00008721": "as the Mad Hattress, and near the end of the month", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00013-00008721-00009438": "I finally self-published The Mage Stone! Only available on Amazon, link in the", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00014-00009438-00010047": "description, free for Kindle unlimited~ And also you get a free ebook with the", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00015-00010047-00010539": "purchase of a paperback copy, so yeah, that's pretty cool...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00016-00010539-00010982": "So, when May came along we started vaguely promoting Revenge From The Dark,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00017-00010982-00011825": "a series I was cast in that begins filming in 2020, in ENGLAND baby! I also", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00018-00011825-00012402": "released the very first promo for The Mage Stone, link in the description.", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00019-00012402-00012863": "Also started a survival job in the same building they used as the outside of", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00020-00012863-00013308": "Arkham Asylum in the Joker movie, fun fact...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00021-00013308-00013955": "Created a Facebook page for The Mage Stone, tried AGAIN to fund a screen adaptation,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00022-00013955-00014580": "started working on book two, got recast as Alice, balanced mom life with my", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00023-00014580-00015150": "acting career, and did an interview for Ky's Korner, The Talk... In June, they", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00024-00015150-00015696": "aired my Ky's Korner interview, link in the description~ I got featured on", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00025-00015696-00016338": "pozeproductions.com, made The Mage Stone free in honor of Pride Month, made an", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00026-00016338-00016925": "update video, took this nifty vid on the D train...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00027-00017264-00017801": "leveled up while also raising funds for Planned Parenthood, released a new", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00028-00017801-00018450": "book cover for The Mage Stone, announced my plans of flying to England, and went", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00029-00018450-00018945": "back to teaching acting, which I forgot to mention is a thing I've been doing", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00030-00018945-00019620": "on and off this year, which technically started in December of 2018... anyway", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00031-00019620-00020198": "July brought about new headshots, the finale of my Wonderland career, aka the", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00032-00020198-00020942": "first, last, and only performance of Alice. I also fell back into the faceapp trap...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00033-00020942-00021485": "created yet another new cover for The Mage Stone, made some concept art", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00034-00021485-00022157": "for the newest promo, link in the description, and finished the month off strong", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00035-00022157-00022914": "with a failed photo shoot! ...yay... In August, I tried new things,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00036-00022914-00023641": "continued teaching acting, owned my anxiety, and updated my reel, link in the description...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00037-00023641-00024270": "September marked my return to Blood Manor! I taught my last acting lesson", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00038-00024270-00024897": "of the season, updated by IMDb, link in the description. I did", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00039-00024897-00025470": "press night in the cemetery room, and October is when I first auditioned for", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00040-00025470-00026183": "the role of of Terranova, more on that later... I also did my Dracula Bath BOOmb review,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00041-00026183-00026789": "link is where you think, but you may want to skip over the rest of October if you're", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00042-00026789-00027377": "squeamish about fake blood or burn makeup. Here's the time stamp...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00043-00027377-00028113": "So, obviously October was the month of Blood Manor. Most of the season I was", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00044-00028113-00028658": "the serial killer victim, but on my final night I was a cannibal, escaped", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00045-00028658-00029436": "from prison, oooh! Also, in between all of that, I did an interview with MeetVenus.com, link", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00046-00029436-00030139": "below, and for Halloween my man and I went as demons!", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00047-00030139-00030786": "In November, we filmed Twenty Twenty, the short film in which I played", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00048-00030786-00031352": "a villain from the future, named Terranova, and not long after we released the trailer!", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00049-00031352-00032361": "Link down below, and sadly... on Thanksgiving I said goodbye to my longtime", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00050-00032361-00033207": "fuzzy companion, Meathead, may he rest in peace... I miss him dearly, but ultimately,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00051-00033207-00033872": "he was old and had a lot of health issues, so I just try to take solace in the fact", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00052-00033872-00034809": "that he's no longer suffering... On a lighter note, December is here, and I have finally", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00053-00034809-00035259": "begun to seek Spanish-speaking voice actors for the translation of More Than", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00054-00035259-00036357": "Stardust. I will be voicing Celeste, of course, yo hablo espanol... un poquito.", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00055-00036357-00036872": "And Twenty Twenty is now available for streaming on Amazon, so check it out when you get the chance...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00056-00036872-00037275": "On Friday the 13th, I was the Christmas Kid, or some thought", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00057-00037275-00038016": "an angel, in Blood Manor’s Krampus, and now I'm just preparing for", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00058-00038016-00038583": "my third funding attempt for The Mage Stone, this time as a pilot! And stay tuned", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00059-00038583-00039321": "for my new demo reel to drop January 1st at midnight. Thank you all so much for", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00060-00039321-00039870": "watching,  listening, and subscribing! If you are not already subscribed,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00061-00039870-00040650": "do that. There's more, lots more, to come in 2020. Merry Impeachmas, by the way!", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00062-00040650-00041084": "I also forgot to mention that I spent three days raising funds for", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00063-00041084-00041838": "Planned Parenthood, again, in December, this month...And, that was really great!", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00064-00041838-00042483": "Unfortunately, I didn't raise enough funds to stay on the staff, but you know, I'm glad", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00065-00042483-00043008": "that I was able to do my part for those three days, because I think, you know,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00066-00043008-00043434": "its a very important issue, and Title 10 funding being stripped away,", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00067-00043434-00044063": "thanks to Trump, means $60M out of their budget, which they could", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00068-00044063-00044594": "be using to help women, not only for, you know, abortions, which is the", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00069-00044594-00045047": "reason it was taken away, even though federal funding can't go", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00070-00045047-00045657": "toward abortion anyway, legally, like what the what. But it also would be for", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00071-00045657-00046455": "pap smears, STI and STD testing and treatment, cancer screenings, all sorts of", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00072-00046455-00046986": "reproductive healthcare! And men, women, non-binary people could all go there", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00073-00046986-00047666": "for treatment or for, you know, screenings or whatever they needed, you know?", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00074-00047666-00048116": "It was for reproductive health in general, it IS for reproductive health in general.", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00075-00048116-00048821": "So, if you have the ability this year, definitely head over to plannedparenthood.org and", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00076-00048821-00049494": "give them a donation. If you can only do one time, that's fine, but", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00077-00049494-00049913": "they're really looking for monthly right now because it helps them", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00078-00049913-00050397": "plan for their budget better and figure out how much of everything they can really", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00079-00050397-00051059": "help people with, so on a month-to-month basis so that, you know, if", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00080-00051059-00051515": "you have it in your heart, it’s the season of giving, right? Even though you know Christmas is over...", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00081-00051515-00052182": "And so is Hanukkah, and the other winter holidays, other than the", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00082-00052182-00052788": "upcoming New Year... Anyway, sorry about my tangent... Anyway, thank you all", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00083-00052788-00053235": "so much for subscribing! Stay tuned for lots more!", "ctuQiKzXDG8-00084-00053235-00053663": "Akright, have a good one. Happy 2020!"}}, {"audio_id": "ct-rnjj1AdY", "text": {"ct-rnjj1AdY-00000-00000000-00000760": "Monte Carlo Polo Club/Stade du Devens: des parcelles du stade du Devens sont occupées", "ct-rnjj1AdY-00001-00000760-00001499": "sans droits ni titres par de mystérieux cavaliers. Entre passe-droits et traitement de faveur,", "ct-rnjj1AdY-00002-00001499-00002057": "que se passe t il entre Spinelli et Mitrano autour du polo?", "ct-rnjj1AdY-00003-00002057-00002734": "Y a t il eu délit de corruption à la base de l'installation complètement illégale", "ct-rnjj1AdY-00004-00002734-00003369": "de ce soit disant club de polo sur les terrains situés sous la buvette du Tennis? Au vu des", "ct-rnjj1AdY-00005-00003369-00004207": "irrégularités et du manque de réaction de la municipalité, la question peut légitimement", "ct-rnjj1AdY-00006-00004207-00004232": "être posée."}}, {"audio_id": "ctCDu2ZPwUI", "text": {"ctCDu2ZPwUI-00000-00000261-00002640": "Hello  and Welcome to the PSA", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00001-00002640-00004739": "Hangouts", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00002-00004739-00006250": "Live", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00003-00006250-00011025": "on air, this  episode", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00004-00011025-00014094": "answers your questions  on showreels, how", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00005-00014094-00017356": "to make them, why", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00006-00017356-00019916": "you should", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00007-00019916-00026230": "have one, and how to make a good showreel", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00008-00026230-00028058": "that  gets", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00009-00028058-00051322": "you", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00010-00051322-00054389": "booked", "ctCDu2ZPwUI-00011-00054389-00360191": "to speak!"}}, {"audio_id": "ctDHtq3KvcE", "text": {"ctDHtq3KvcE-00000-00000138-00000509": "Why Euroleaks? Why are we releasing the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00001-00000509-00000741": "audio recordings from the Eurogroup", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00002-00000741-00000944": "meetings, in which I participated", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00003-00000944-00001122": "representing Greece, as it's finance", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00004-00001122-00001487": "minister in 2015? Because there is no", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00005-00001487-00001721": "transparency in the European Union.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00006-00001721-00001953": "The European Union doesn't seem to", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00007-00001953-00002226": "appreciate, how crucial transparency is", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00008-00002226-00002597": "for democracy. In our indirect democracies", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00009-00002597-00002806": "we vote for representatives, to represent", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00010-00002806-00003059": "us in crucial meetings that make decisions", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00011-00003059-00003294": "that determine our lives, now, in the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00012-00003294-00003497": "present and in the future, and of course", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00013-00003497-00003769": "our childrens lives. If we do not know", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00014-00003769-00004000": "what our representatives say,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00015-00004000-00004149": "while they are representing us,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00016-00004149-00004437": "it is utterly impossible to past judgement", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00017-00004437-00004677": "on them and to decide,
 whether we will", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00018-00004677-00004831": "vote for them again or not.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00019-00004831-00004976": "The failure to keep minutes", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00020-00004976-00005206": "in the Eurogroup is highly motivated,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00021-00005206-00005429": "it is certainly not an oversight.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00022-00005468-00005838": "By not keeping minutes, by not recording", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00023-00005838-00006107": "those meetings in any way,
 they", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00024-00006123-00006476": "are imposing the right of the powerful,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00025-00006476-00006713": "to dismiss the less powerful,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00026-00006713-00006999": "because if you are to represent a
 country", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00027-00006999-00007242": "that is hugely indebted, a country that is", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00028-00007242-00007511": "small, a country that does not carry", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00029-00007511-00007864": "the leverage of a Germany
 or a France.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00030-00007864-00008140": "The absence of minutes means two things.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00031-00008176-00008488": "Firstly, it means that if you clash with a", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00032-00008515-00008872": "powerful, within the Eurogroup,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00033-00008919-00009215": "immediately there are going to be leaks,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00034-00009215-00009397": "that distorted what you said and", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00035-00009409-00009663": "there will be 
no records to any minutes,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00036-00009663-00009811": "to prove otherwise.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00037-00009868-00010101": "Secondly and even more importantly,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00038-00010136-00010456": "even if you manage to strike an agreement", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00039-00010456-00010594": "within the Eurogroup,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00040-00010637-00011085": "that is contributing, somehow, to the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00041-00011086-00011319": "welfare 
of your people, indeed of the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00042-00011319-00011516": "people of Europe, against the oligarchy,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00043-00011543-00011806": "there is no way you can prove that,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00044-00011806-00012066": "that decision was actually reached.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00045-00012169-00012480": "That was my experience in 2015 and", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00046-00012509-00012860": "it occasioned the audio
 recordings", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00047-00012860-00013044": "that you now have access to.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00048-00013077-00013374": "What will you be able to discern trough", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00049-00013374-00013471": "Euroleaks?", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00050-00013600-00013891": "You will be able to ascertain for yourself", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00051-00013924-00014324": "the quality of the proposals that our side", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00052-00014339-00014680": "my ministry, was tabling with the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00053-00014680-00014957": "creditors, with the TROIKA. Now, why is", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00054-00014957-00015188": "this important? Because for years now,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00055-00015188-00015391": "you've been
told trough the systemic media", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00056-00015391-00015569": "that there were no such proposals,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00057-00015569-00015822": "that whatever proposals were being put,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00058-00015822-00016092": "to the Eurogroup, by myself, were just", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00059-00016092-00016392": "bluster, theoretical, ideological", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00060-00016392-00016726": "treatises,
 judge for yourself.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00061-00016756-00016982": "You will hear, the president of the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00062-00017018-00017366": "Eurogroup and other ministers, warn me,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00063-00017404-00017718": "that if I dare
 table written proposals,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00064-00017718-00017875": "within the Eurogroup meetings,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00065-00017962-00018118": "that that will be the end of the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00066-00018118-00018371": "negotiations. That they would have to take", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00067-00018371-00018627": "the proposals, not any agreement, to their", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00068-00018627-00019027": "parliament, effectively annulling any", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00069-00019056-00019324": "bargaining significance that they have.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00070-00019324-00019464": "At the very same time,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00071-00019529-00019784": "they were leaking to the press, that I was", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00072-00019794-00020040": "arriving at the Eurogroup meetings without", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00073-00020040-00020155": "any proposals.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00074-00020155-00020339": "You'll be able to judge for yourself,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00075-00020402-00020579": "just by listening to the discussions.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00076-00020658-00020968": "Who was the true europeanist in there,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00077-00021045-00021305": "who was diplomatic, polite, courteous,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00078-00021384-00021646": "who was entering those discussions,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00079-00021682-00021886": "in the spirit of cooperation", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00080-00021916-00022455": "with an iron will to bring out a mutually", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00081-00022455-00022625": "advantageous agreement and who,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00082-00022657-00022898": "on the other hand and in juxtaposition", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00083-00022946-00023296": "walked in there with
 immense cynicism", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00084-00023352-00023608": "with a rude disposition,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00085-00023679-00024033": "who it was that did not want an agreement", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00086-00024084-00024410": "and all that cared for
, was the immediate", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00087-00024410-00024642": "capitulation of a freshly elected,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00088-00024678-00024893": "democratically, elected government.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00089-00024893-00025093": "You will actually
 hear with your own ears", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00090-00025093-00025280": "that then the German finance minister", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00091-00025280-00025536": "Mr. Wolfgang Schäuble say explicitly,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00092-00025567-00026232": "that he wanted to keep the ECB's profits,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00093-00026232-00026473": "the profits that the European Central Bank", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00094-00026473-00026728": "made,
 by buying and selling greek", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00095-00026728-00026906": "government bonds, that Mr. Schäuble", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00096-00026906-00027179": "wanted to keep that money, for his own", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00097-00027179-00027500": "federal german budget. You will,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00098-00027500-00027795": "also have access to the remarkable", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00099-00027795-00028155": "recordings from the 25. of June
 Eurogroup", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00100-00028155-00028353": "meeting, that was the first Eurogroup", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00101-00028353-00028546": "meeting, when I was presented with", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00102-00028546-00028808": "anything tangible,
 anything on paper.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00103-00028873-00029061": "It was the ultimatum by the TROIKA.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00104-00029105-00029260": "Take it, or leave it, was what", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00105-00029286-00029486": "Jeroen Dijsselbloem,
 the president of the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00106-00029486-00029592": "Eurogroup sent to me.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00107-00029769-00029991": "Interestingly, you will also hear,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00108-00030031-00030431": "within that Eurogroup,
 Wolfgang Schäuble", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00109-00030441-00030841": "to his credit, challenging that ultimatum.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00110-00030935-00031219": "Finding flaws in it, which our side had", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00111-00031219-00031549": "exposed, flaws, when it came to the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00112-00031549-00031771": "financing of of the deal, that was been", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00113-00031771-00031970": "put to us as an ultimatum,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00114-00031970-00032370": "flaws, in particular regarding the legal", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00115-00032370-00032858": "and institutional framing of that", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00116-00032858-00033258": "ultimatum. Despite Wolfgang Schäubles Veto", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00117-00033258-00033556": "of the ultimatum, being put to me, by the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00118-00033556-00033845": "Eurogroup and despite the fact that other", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00119-00033845-00034108": "ministers sided with
 Wolfgang Schäuble,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00120-00034154-00034332": "the president of the Europgroup", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00121-00034332-00034533": "clearly pushed along that way,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00122-00034558-00034667": "by the TROIKA,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00123-00034678-00034895": "that was pulling the strings,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00124-00034924-00035344": "from some other room, insisted,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00125-00035361-00035644": "Yanis, you can take it or leave it.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00126-00035672-00035952": "This will become abundantly clear to you,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00127-00035952-00036099": "so that you gain a feeling", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00128-00036130-00036339": "for how these awful decisions", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00129-00036339-00036571": "are been reached. Why now?", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00130-00036572-00036911": "Why are we making Euroleaks", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00131-00036911-00037203": "available to you, five years later?", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00132-00037263-00037451": "This has to do with a domestic scene in", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00133-00037451-00037615": "Greece. In the last few weeks,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00134-00037615-00037960": "few months, we realized, that the", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00135-00037960-00038099": "powers at be here in Greece,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00136-00038147-00038428": "are weaponizing the fake news,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00137-00038478-00038666": "that were emanating from the Eurogroup", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00138-00038666-00038877": "meetings of 2015. They are", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00139-00038877-00039203": "weaponizing them, in order to explain", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00140-00039203-00039603": "new austerity measures, a new spade of", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00141-00039603-00039790": "foreclosure and evictions.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00142-00039802-00040165": "New legislation for labour that casualizes", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00143-00040165-00040522": "what is left of our collective bargaining.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00144-00040554-00040954": "New austerity and colonial policies,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00145-00040954-00041354": "that speed up, here in Greece and deepen", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00146-00041356-00041740": "the crisis of our society,
 of the many.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00147-00041740-00041956": "While at the very same time", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00148-00041956-00042250": "the European Union, in Brussels,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00149-00042290-00042507": "together with the French, German", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00150-00042507-00042863": "governments, that are very significant in", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00151-00042863-00043072": "mapping out the future of Europe,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00152-00043119-00043458": "are failing spectacularly, 
to improve", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00153-00043482-00043812": "the manner in which important decisions", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00154-00043812-00043950": "are being made.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00155-00043950-00044206": "The Eurogroup still does not keep minutes,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00156-00044244-00044443": "the European Union council is still", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00157-00044485-00044885": "shrouded in total opacity.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00158-00044893-00045115": "It is about time we change this.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00159-00045200-00045430": "If Euroleaks, being released now,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00160-00045489-00045731": "helps push the powers at be in Brussels,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00161-00045791-00045969": "towards more transparency,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00162-00045969-00046220": "at least, towards keeping minutes in these", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00163-00046238-00046530": "meetings, that will be a small victory", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00164-00046577-00046662": "for democracy.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00165-00046705-00046884": "I am often asked, whether releasing", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00166-00046924-00047268": "audio recordings of private conversations", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00167-00047312-00047454": "is the moral thing to do?", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00168-00047588-00047921": "Not only is it, the moral thing to do,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00169-00047963-00048363": "but it is my citizens duty,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00170-00048402-00048630": "my national duty as a Greek", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00171-00048630-00048881": "and my European duty, as an Europeanist,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00172-00048881-00049086": "to release them, to the extend", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00173-00049086-00049373": "that it exposes how awful decisions", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00174-00049373-00049734": "are being made, behind a veil of opacity,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00175-00049734-00050002": "on behalf of people, who are unaware", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00176-00050041-00050293": "of the decisions
 being made on", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00177-00050293-00050391": "their behalf.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00178-00050408-00050612": "Euroleaks is sending a very simple message", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00179-00050648-00050751": "to the powers at be,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00180-00050751-00050968": "at the heart
 of the European Union.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00181-00050974-00051098": "We are not going to rest,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00182-00051098-00051238": "until minutes are taken,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00183-00051238-00051391": "until full transparency,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00184-00051474-00051981": "until light is let into those closed door", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00185-00051981-00052196": "meetings, so that citizens know,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00186-00052196-00052401": "what is being decided on their behalf.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00187-00052466-00052678": "And our message to the citizens of Europe,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00188-00052723-00052907": "To the citizens of Greece, of Germany,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00189-00052907-00053021": "of Portugal, of Spain.", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00190-00053066-00053433": "Join your voices, with our voice,", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00191-00053456-00053623": "so that we can bring down the wall", "ctDHtq3KvcE-00192-00053660-00054014": "that keeps the demos away from democracy."}}, {"audio_id": "cuy2FQYpFEu", "text": {"cuy2FQYpFEu-00000-00000014-00000644": "Hello everyone, I talked about Intermettent Fasting.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00001-00000680-00001167": "The important aspect of intermettent fasting is that", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00002-00001168-00001694": "we give a chance our bodies to burn our body fat.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00003-00001694-00002278": "We shoud change the way of multiple meals a day", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00004-00002282-00002520": "and eat foods at fixed meal time,", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00005-00002640-00002954": "even we are not hungry", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00006-00002988-00003532": "We eat foods because it is meal time.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00007-00003532-00003665": "This must be changed.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00008-00003706-00004120": "During fasting, we feel very hungry.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00009-00004120-00004476": "How to overcome the hungry?", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00010-00004480-00004790": "I think we can do in the following aspects:", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00011-00004790-00005190": "At first, we must overcome our fear.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00012-00005214-00005604": "Because we practice intermettent fasting,", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00013-00005640-00006296": "we fear we have not enough nutrition and low blood sugar.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00014-00006320-00006758": "Especially me, I was a diabetes. I am always afraid of", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00015-00006781-00007314": "risk of life. I might not survive one night because of low sugar.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00016-00007314-00007859": "Thereforce, I found an excuse to me to eat foods.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00017-00007898-00008562": "Actually, when we are hungry, our bodies start", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00018-00008600-00009020": "to consume our body fat.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00019-00009080-00009588": "After a while, you will find you no longer feel very hungry.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00020-00009666-00010270": "This fact tells us you are on comsuming your own fat.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00021-00010270-00011028": "Secondly, we need family members to coperation and supervision.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00022-00011048-00011874": "At the beginning, I was the one to practice intermettent fasting.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00023-00011908-00012434": "My wife cooked and the foods look delicious and smell good.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00024-00012460-00012714": "I could not resistant to the temptation.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00025-00012714-00013084": "In this kind of situation,  we most likely fail.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00026-00013108-00013766": "Later, my wife join me. We both supervise each other.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00027-00013784-00014188": "Whoever goes to kitchen to eat foods", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00028-00014190-00014553": "will get a reminder of no eating.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00029-00014553-00014868": "When I went to kitchen to eat snack quitely.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00030-00014868-00015334": "My wife heard of my eating by hear very functional ears.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00031-00015422-00015584": "This will remind me not eating.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00032-00015584-00015734": "I think twice, then give up.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00033-00015762-00016240": "In this way, we cooperate and supervise each other.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00034-00016252-00016480": "We succeeded.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00035-00016510-00017322": "Thirdly, we will have a lot of uncomfortable because of fasting.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00036-00017364-00017766": "To reduce the feeling, we can add some electrolytes,", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00037-00017822-00018248": "minerals and vitamines to help to reduce the uncomfortable.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00038-00018248-00018930": "We can use water by adding some apple cider vinegar.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00039-00019074-00019528": "Add some lemon jurce and salt.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00040-00019528-00019728": "By drinking it, we can add some electolytes.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00041-00019728-00020204": "minerals and vitamines.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00042-00020204-00020728": "You can also add all nature vitamins", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00043-00020728-00021332": "We can make our bodies have good feelings", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00044-00021332-00021994": "At last, I show you a very efficent and import method to overcome hungry.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00045-00021994-00022324": "It is the famous and popular bulletproof coffee.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00046-00022364-00022784": "Bulletproof coffee has two flavories.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00047-00022810-00023120": "One is the orginal  bulletproof coffee,", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00048-00023146-00023814": "The other is improved bulletproof coffee.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00049-00023824-00024094": "I will demo how to make original bulletproof coffee.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00050-00024094-00024740": "My wife will demo how to make her improved bulletproof coffee.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00051-00024740-00025000": "By drinking this coffee, we will have a feeling", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00052-00025032-00025214": "of full and no hungry.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00053-00025230-00025538": "We can overcome hungry much easily.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00054-00025548-00025918": "We can succeed in intermettent fasting.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00055-00025966-00026272": "We can make our bodies to comsume our own fat.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00056-00026344-00026792": "In our next video,  we will demo how to make bulletproof coffee.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00057-00026820-00027004": "Welcome you all watch.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00058-00027033-00027610": "If you like our video, please subscribe our free channel.", "cuy2FQYpFEu-00059-00027620-00028074": "By sharing with others to support and help us. Thank you very much."}}, {"audio_id": "cuRpLNbc96U", "text": {"cuRpLNbc96U-00000-00000048-00000472": "If all of these features were on the sixth of Apple Watch, the sixth", "cuRpLNbc96U-00001-00000472-00001016": "series of Apple Watch, imagine, and I'm still seeing this on the series seven.", "cuRpLNbc96U-00002-00001248-00001623": "apple fitness plus was introduced a year ago. now i want to see what", "cuRpLNbc96U-00003-00001623-00002216": "apple's website looks like right now. give you an update. okay okay", "cuRpLNbc96U-00004-00002576-00003288": "so i'm gonna have to wait an hour. it started at nine o'clock, i wonder how long it's been."}}, {"audio_id": "cuZAVSUSm_I", "text": {"cuZAVSUSm_I-00001-00001713-00001763": "Welcome to agri tech farming"}}, {"audio_id": "cv1wQ-4kCO4", "text": {"cv1wQ-4kCO4-00000-00000069-00000143": "Hello Again!", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00001-00000143-00000462": "As part of our Online Education Success series,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00002-00000462-00001008": "in this episode of the Explorations Learning Network we'll be discussing,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00003-00001008-00001213": "Asking for Help.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00004-00001213-00001588": "Hi, I'm Avi Anderson and this", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00005-00001588-00001843": "is the Explorations Learning Network", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00006-00001843-00002543": "[music]", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00007-00003879-00004112": "Learning isn't always an easy process.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00008-00004112-00004644": "At first glance, some topics and some information can be difficult to understand.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00009-00004644-00005096": "Many students have difficulty in school not because the material is too difficult", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00010-00005096-00005523": "but more often because they fail to ask for help.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00011-00005523-00006123": "There are a whole bunch of reasons why asking for help is one of the most important skills", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00012-00006123-00006246": "you'll need to learn,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00013-00006246-00006490": "especially if you're taking an online class.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00014-00006490-00007106": "Remember, the key to your success is how well you understand the new information you're", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00015-00007106-00007156": "learning.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00016-00007156-00007715": "Don't be afraid or embarrassed to admit that you need help with a problem or concept,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00017-00007715-00008108": "chances are other students in your class are going to feel the same way.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00018-00008108-00008525": "There are many different ways to ask for and get help;", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00019-00008525-00008794": "and there are many different situations when you may need help;", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00020-00008794-00009282": "and there are many different people there to help.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00021-00009282-00009707": "Your instructor can help you understand the information presented in the class.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00022-00009707-00010164": "Your instructor can also help you understand how the class operates and how to", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00023-00010164-00010629": "navigate all the different functions of your student learning portal.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00024-00010629-00010968": "Librarians and tutors can help you with your assignments", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00025-00010968-00011374": "and it's not considered cheating!", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00026-00011374-00012060": "The people at the HelpDesk can provide assistance with getting online and accessing your class.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00027-00012060-00012519": "There are other people, coaches, councilors, and advisors who can help you", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00028-00012519-00012900": "plan your day, deal with life's little emergencies,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00029-00012900-00013244": "and even figure out ways to pay for an online class.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00030-00013244-00013668": "And all of their help is free!", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00031-00013668-00013938": "Even though you may be sitting at home, alone,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00032-00013938-00014594": "in your ripped-up t-shirt with your hair sticking out in every direction, your teeth ain't been brushed,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00033-00014628-00015061": "your toenails all unclipped and you're just disgusting!", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00034-00015061-00015190": "You're not alone.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00035-00015190-00015890": "There's still a grip of people out in cyberspace ready to help you succeed.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00036-00015903-00016141": "Even looking the way you are right now.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00037-00016141-00016677": "In most cases, your instructor is the first person you should ask for help.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00038-00016677-00017206": "Your instructor for your online class is your number-one, go-to person to ask for help on", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00039-00017206-00017461": "almost any topic.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00040-00017461-00017815": "Most instructors in online education not only teach the course", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00041-00017815-00018331": "but chances are they've taken an online class and even played a critical role in creating", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00042-00018331-00018552": "the course.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00043-00018552-00019002": "Not only are they experts in the subject you're studying but they also know the technical", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00044-00019002-00019229": "side of how the class works.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00045-00019229-00019838": "The instructor doesn't have all the answers but they usually know where to find them.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00046-00019838-00020324": "If they don't know the answer to your question they'll point you in the right direction", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00047-00020324-00020506": "to get the answer.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00048-00020506-00020968": "How you request help is important. There are usually two ways to ask an instructor for", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00049-00020968-00021116": "help.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00050-00021116-00021398": "The first is in the open forum in your class.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00051-00021398-00021663": "In this setting your question is public.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00052-00021663-00022016": "It's just like raising your hand in a regular classroom.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00053-00022016-00022444": "Over here. It's me. Me again.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00054-00022444-00022840": "Don't worry about asking what seems like a simple question,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00055-00022840-00023229": "there may be other students who have the same question.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00056-00023229-00023809": "Asking a question in the open forum is productive when anyone can benefit from the answer.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00057-00023809-00024264": "However, if the question is about a topic that should be private,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00058-00024264-00024564": "like information that only you and the instructor should hear,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00059-00024564-00024879": "then you'll want to ask that question in a 'private' forum", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00060-00024879-00025266": "or through an email directly to your instructor.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00061-00025266-00025852": "Remember that confidentiality is an important part of any school experience.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00062-00025852-00026312": "Student information is protected by federal law through the Family Education Rights and", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00063-00026312-00026560": "Privacy Act.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00064-00026560-00026969": "Your instructor and other school officials are responsible for maintaining the privacy", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00065-00026969-00027122": "of your information", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00066-00027122-00027750": "such as your grades, phone number, address, social security number, attendance records,", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00067-00027750-00028113": "and most other information about your school experience.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00068-00028113-00028488": "However, they can only do that if you help them.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00069-00028488-00029050": "So be sure not to share private information in the open forum of your online class.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00070-00029050-00029389": "The Explorations Learning Network is a production of Clark College", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00071-00029389-00029758": "and is sponsored through generous donations and the support of students", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00072-00029758-00029888": "and faculty", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00073-00029888-00030355": "Mark Gaither is our producer and director and this episode was sponsored by a", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00074-00030355-00030750": "Department of Labor grant administered by the Washington State Workforce", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00075-00030750-00031039": "Training and Education Coordinating Board", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00076-00031039-00031441": "The Workforce Training and Education Coordinating Board is a partnership of", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00077-00031441-00031969": "labor, business, and government dedicated to helping Washington residents obtain", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00078-00031969-00032460": "and succeed in family wage jobs while meeting employers needs for skilled", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00079-00032460-00032566": "workers.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00080-00032566-00032938": "I'm Aviance Anderson for the Explorations Learning Network.", "cv1wQ-4kCO4-00081-00032938-00033146": "Advancing Learning for the Information Age."}}, {"audio_id": "cv7SK1tOb2c", "text": {"cv7SK1tOb2c-00000-00000024-00000363": "#shortvideo Làm gì vậy chó ? Pụt ! Trong một gia đình, thương nuôi những con", "cv7SK1tOb2c-00001-00000363-00000704": "vật như chó và mèo. 2 con vật này thường chơi đùa, cắn nhau.", "cv7SK1tOb2c-00002-00000704-00000804": "Người ta thường có câu.", "cv7SK1tOb2c-00003-00000804-00000904": "Đánh nhau như chó với mèo.", "cv7SK1tOb2c-00004-00000904-00001004": "Nhưng trong video này có tình huống khó đỡ, chó ghé mông xì hơi vào", "cv7SK1tOb2c-00005-00001004-00001038": "mặt mèo, thật trớ trêu..."}}, {"audio_id": "cvi__Cku_W4", "text": {"cvi__Cku_W4-00000-00000864-00001074": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00001-00001374-00001650": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00002-00002010-00002208": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00003-00002610-00002898": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00004-00003162-00003378": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00005-00003660-00003900": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00006-00004170-00004404": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00007-00004692-00004932": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00008-00005250-00005496": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00009-00005784-00006078": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00010-00006408-00007320": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness foreign why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00011-00008592-00008796": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00012-00009120-00009378": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00013-00009732-00009936": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00014-00010344-00010632": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00015-00010896-00011124": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00016-00011394-00011628": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00017-00011898-00012132": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00018-00012426-00012648": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00019-00012984-00013224": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00020-00013512-00013818": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00021-00014141-00014490": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00022-00014813-00015041": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00023-00016284-00016518": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00024-00016722-00017112": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00025-00017466-00017670": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00026-00018078-00018354": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00027-00018618-00018840": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00028-00019122-00019344": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00029-00019632-00019860": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00030-00020148-00020388": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00031-00020706-00020958": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00032-00021246-00021540": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00033-00021876-00022218": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00034-00022542-00022770": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00035-00024054-00024252": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00036-00024576-00024846": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00037-00025188-00025392": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00038-00025806-00026094": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00039-00026352-00026568": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00040-00026850-00027072": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00041-00027360-00027582": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00042-00027882-00028122": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00043-00028433-00028680": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00044-00028974-00029268": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00045-00029598-00029945": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00046-00030270-00030498": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00047-00031782-00031986": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00048-00032304-00032568": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00049-00032922-00033132": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00050-00033534-00033816": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00051-00034080-00034302": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00052-00034578-00034806": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00053-00035088-00035328": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00054-00035610-00035844": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00055-00036168-00036414": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00056-00036702-00036996": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00057-00037326-00037674": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00058-00038004-00038196": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00059-00038718-00038814": "foreign", "cvi__Cku_W4-00060-00039510-00039714": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00061-00040032-00040296": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00062-00040650-00040854": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00063-00041262-00041544": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00064-00041808-00042042": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00065-00042312-00042540": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00066-00042816-00043050": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00067-00043344-00043566": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00068-00043896-00044136": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00069-00044430-00044724": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00070-00045054-00045414": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00071-00045726-00045954": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00072-00047244-00047436": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00073-00047760-00048012": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00074-00048378-00048594": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00075-00048996-00049284": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00076-00049536-00049764": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00077-00050040-00050268": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00078-00050550-00050778": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00079-00051078-00051300": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00080-00051624-00051882": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00081-00052158-00052452": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00082-00052788-00053129": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00083-00053454-00053682": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00084-00054966-00055176": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00085-00055494-00055764": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00086-00056105-00056316": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00087-00056724-00057005": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00088-00057270-00057491": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00089-00057762-00058002": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00090-00058272-00058512": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00091-00058800-00059028": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00092-00059358-00059598": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00093-00059891-00060179": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00094-00060516-00060864": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00095-00061182-00061428": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00096-00062646-00062898": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00097-00063222-00063479": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00098-00063834-00064038": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00099-00064446-00064734": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00100-00064991-00065220": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00101-00065496-00065730": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00102-00066006-00066240": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00103-00066528-00066750": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00104-00067086-00067326": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00105-00067614-00067920": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00106-00068250-00068598": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00107-00068916-00069144": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00108-00070428-00070620": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00109-00070950-00071220": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00110-00071568-00071778": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00111-00072096-00072468": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00112-00072726-00072948": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00113-00073224-00073446": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00114-00073740-00073968": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00115-00074256-00074496": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00116-00074814-00075060": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00117-00075348-00075648": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00118-00075978-00076320": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00119-00076644-00076872": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00120-00078156-00078366": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00121-00078678-00078948": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00122-00079296-00079500": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00123-00079908-00080190": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00124-00080460-00080676": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00125-00080958-00081180": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00126-00081462-00081708": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00127-00081990-00082218": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00128-00082542-00082788": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00129-00083076-00083370": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00130-00083706-00084048": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00131-00084372-00084600": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00132-00085458-00085542": "foreign", "cvi__Cku_W4-00133-00085890-00086088": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00134-00086412-00086670": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00135-00087030-00087234": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00136-00087642-00087918": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00137-00088182-00088416": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00138-00088686-00088914": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00139-00089190-00089424": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00140-00089712-00089946": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00141-00090270-00090510": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00142-00090804-00091104": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00143-00091428-00091788": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00144-00092100-00092340": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00145-00093618-00093816": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00146-00094140-00094392": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00147-00094752-00094962": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00148-00095370-00095658": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00149-00095916-00096138": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00150-00096414-00096642": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00151-00096924-00097152": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00152-00097446-00097674": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00153-00097998-00098250": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00154-00098538-00098832": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00155-00099162-00099510": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00156-00099834-00100062": "why do I feel I am happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00157-00101352-00101538": "how did I become so happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00158-00101868-00102138": "why do I feel I'll always be happy", "cvi__Cku_W4-00159-00102485-00102690": "why does happiness feel like home", "cvi__Cku_W4-00160-00103098-00103380": "why do things always go so wondrously well", "cvi__Cku_W4-00161-00103644-00103866": "why do I always feel happy within", "cvi__Cku_W4-00162-00104142-00104364": "why do I feel happiness everywhere", "cvi__Cku_W4-00163-00104652-00104880": "why does happiness feel so wonderful", "cvi__Cku_W4-00164-00105174-00105414": "why do I wake up with such happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00165-00105726-00105972": "why do my days pass so happily", "cvi__Cku_W4-00166-00106266-00106559": "why do I feel such happiness when I go to sleep", "cvi__Cku_W4-00167-00106896-00107238": "why are all my relationships so filled with happiness", "cvi__Cku_W4-00168-00107561-00107783": "why do I feel I am happiness"}}, {"audio_id": "cvrE4lIbCf8", "text": {"cvrE4lIbCf8-00000-00000368-00000992": "Will thereby doctoral your book in chapter 10. Student which is on the water-soluble vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00001-00000992-00001472": "which are all of your B vitamins and vitamin C were being a unit will recover all the vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00002-00001472-00001984": "minerals will cover the water cycle vitamins first than the fats of the vitamins that will cover", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00003-00001984-00002392": "what are called the major minerals and the trace minerals will go in more detail with those later.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00004-00002392-00002984": "But I remember that from what we learned in chapter 1 that vitamins are organic. That", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00005-00002984-00003336": "doesn't mean you find a farmers market. That means that they have could have carbon their", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00006-00003336-00003744": "structures are built on a carbon skeleton, whereas minerals are inorganic sets with the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00007-00003744-00004272": "main differences combines minerals. They both can have similar functions in the body. Anyhow,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00008-00004272-00004752": "and in the water-soluble vitamins like the name implies our Salem water so they can be carried", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00009-00004752-00005368": "in water and up up the good news there is there there absorbed and transported very easily. The", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00010-00005368-00005896": "bad news is any excess it in almost every case just enters your urine, you lose them", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00011-00005896-00006416": "so if you have, so it's so you really can't store almost all of your water so vitamins,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00012-00006416-00006959": "if you consume more vitamin C than you need. This morning the restless become a pass-through you B12", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00013-00006959-00007520": "is it if is an exception be 12 is a water sample vitamin, but up to five years worth of it pain you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00014-00007520-00008072": "ask can be stored in the liver, so water cycle vitamins are are absorbed and transported very", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00015-00008072-00008584": "easily because they can be dissolved right in the watery plasma of your blood. But the downside is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00016-00008584-00009224": "excess is lost in your urine. So these you don't really have to worry about toxicity because levels", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00017-00009224-00009680": "don't build up to two hyphae if you consume too much vitamin C unless you reach just ridiculous", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00018-00009680-00010168": "numbers. It shouldn't hurt you. But the downside is they need to be consumed on a very regular", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00019-00010168-00010624": "basis because you can't store the excess, so you can even talk muscle and vitamin C. Let's say you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00020-00010624-00011112": "take a thousand millirems of items he for a day or a day for some reason not saying you should or", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00021-00011112-00011760": "or why you do that, but that's a you are you better off taking 250 mg four times a day or", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00022-00011760-00012464": "at least 500 mg twice a day than you would a thousand milligrams once a day right. That is,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00023-00012464-00012888": "some of the basics about the water so vitamins will billable dive in the much more detail, let's", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00024-00012888-00013391": "let's going it started. Also, as were going to the list of encoded individual nutrients. I am to be", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00025-00013391-00013832": "calling on a couple of documents I have sitting here in the classroom or in the course shell I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00026-00013832-00014288": "have of this is a document from the FDA about the bottoms minerals so as I have a couple things like", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00027-00014288-00014776": "to say. From there and then I have my own document that that I put together size on make sure that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00028-00014776-00015304": "we have all of the key stuff in one place has were going through this video so I will become bouncing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00029-00015304-00015904": "off the park. When little bit just the okay the icebreaker like this one. What is the role of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00030-00015904-00016368": "vitamins in keeping you healthy absolutely meets a single minerals but what do vitamins do right. We", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00031-00016368-00016800": "all know we need vitamins, we ought we all know that we should be consuming foods that are rich", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00032-00016800-00017320": "in vitamins or supplementing with vitamins. These types of things. But why what are they actually do", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00033-00017424-00017912": "what foods are best in delivering vitamins to take extra vitamins. When you feel rundown or as", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00034-00017912-00018480": "though you are getting sick wire and it's always a great questions so early in the morning my 30s.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00035-00018680-00019120": "My throat is not ready. What is the role of vitamins in keeping you healthy. So the key", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00036-00019120-00019560": "thing here is vitamins do not provide energy for not worth any calories or when he when someone", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00037-00019560-00019984": "talks about B vitamins. They often talk about them as the energy vitamins and I think that's how I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00038-00019984-00020544": "would describe them as a group as well but they don't exit provide any energy. So bite it vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00039-00020664-00021216": "power the processes that allow us to use our macronutrients. So the reason that B vitamins are", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00040-00021216-00021808": "considered energy vitamins is because almost every step in the metabolic pathways that allow you to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00041-00021808-00022424": "turn carbohydrates, lipids, proteins into energy rely on B vitamins and submit multiple covered", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00042-00022424-00022936": "examples as we go through so the best analogy that I have for this is a mansion house right", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00043-00023008-00023432": "to your house that the foundation is the concrete right you got that, and you've got the the boards", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00044-00023432-00023848": "that make up the walls and things like that was those really big structures that the majority", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00045-00023848-00024560": "of your house are made of. So would drywall not a fan on carpenter would drywall concrete right", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00046-00024560-00024992": "the that the huge majority of your house would be your macronutrients like a carbs and lipids in", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00047-00024992-00025632": "your proteins, how to vitamins, minerals function there to be like the nails and screws or whatever", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00048-00025632-00025983": "else you hold things together with threats of so your your but your vitamins would be like the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00049-00025983-00026504": "nails and screws that are holding all those things together they're not a huge part of the house by", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00050-00026504-00026968": "weight or by volume. But you but your house wouldn't function without them. If you remove", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00051-00026968-00027416": "vitamins, remove minerals, you will dive in that the essential vitamins, minerals are there there", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00052-00027416-00028160": "called that because I did a true enough deficiency can can lead to death so sets, like look at them", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00053-00028160-00028560": "so that you and that the carbs lives and proteins do most of the work, but they couldn't do their", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00054-00028560-00029024": "job without things like vitamins I what foods are best in delivering vitamins. This we talk", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00055-00029024-00029495": "a lot about bioavailability. So how you cook and prepare your foods matter the type of foods matter", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00056-00029648-00030504": "normal. Overall, I believe in getting vitamins in in there in its preformed state, meaning getting", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00057-00030504-00031120": "vitamins that are in the form that your body needs them. So for example you got. You can consume", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00058-00031120-00031608": "beta-carotene you consume vitamin A because beta-carotene is that it is a precursor to vitamin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00059-00031608-00032032": "A and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A, but genetics they have shown that some people", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00060-00032032-00032560": "have deficiencies that make that very difficult maybe 30+ percent of people so are you better", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00061-00032560-00033136": "off getting beta-carotene and asking your body to turn it into vitamin A or consume vitamin A. My", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00062-00033136-00033696": "personal opinion is your better off consuming the money directly so that that one. This is one of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00063-00033696-00034120": "the benefits of consuming animal products, animal products generally have the nutrients that are in", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00064-00034120-00034552": "the same form that we need them as were a lot more similar to an animal that we are to a plant", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00065-00034552-00034976": "so we don't really use beta-carotene right we can eat it, but we need to turn into something else.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00066-00035048-00035440": "Just like when you consume the essential fatty acids. Your body still has to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00067-00035520-00035904": "turn like with a week, flaxseed's to get the essential fatty acids of your body", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00068-00035904-00036480": "is to convert that ALA into EPA and into DHA in the conversion is pretty poor so I think you're", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00069-00036480-00036904": "better off consuming fish or getting fish oil in getting that right in the in the best format so", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00070-00036960-00037408": "so this is weighing on Anna. I'm a big fan for looking at nutrient dense foods. I'm a big fan of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00071-00037408-00037888": "organ meats and seafoods in the because these are your and get the vitamins in the form that your", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00072-00037888-00038328": "body needs them. But if you nothing wrong with getting vitamins from plants. It's just have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00073-00038328-00038840": "to understand that plants have compounds called anti-nutrients that can actually impair digestion", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00074-00038840-00039376": "and absorption of some some nutrients and you you probably will need more because your you're", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00075-00039376-00039808": "getting them in a less bioavailable statement of their inlet again is not abiding never look at", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00076-00039808-00040512": "the iron right. The iron in on the heme iron. It's in meat is absorbed much better than the nonheme", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00077-00040512-00040944": "are that some plant foods so you can get all the air you need from plant foods is need to get more", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00078-00040944-00041520": "of it so so the less bioavailable a nutrient is the more that you need to consume, because", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00079-00041520-00042008": "that your your digesting and absorbing an action getting to use a small percent of it. So back to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00080-00042008-00042416": "that question. What foods are best in delivering vitamins you want to find foods that are nutrient", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00081-00042416-00042792": "dense that have a lot of vitamins and you want to make sure they're prepared and will talk about the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00082-00042792-00043192": "stupid one. Make sure they're prepared in a way we are not destroying the nutrients, but also", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00083-00043192-00043728": "prepared in the way we release nutrients so things like of fermentation is is a good way to actually", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00084-00043728-00044280": "release nutrients that you take if you take up had a cabbage and turning the sauerkraut. That's our", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00085-00044280-00044688": "cots can have maybe 10 times more vitamin C in it than that in the cabbage did a part of that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00086-00044688-00045056": "is because you're getting from the microbes. The did the fermentation directly so conical stuff.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00087-00045112-00045480": "Why do you take extra vitamins. When you feel rundown or as though you're getting sick.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00088-00045552-00045824": "That's quite a task knew that question, but about a my answer.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00089-00045888-00046264": "We have something to call the cochlear and the house is not medical advice but of someone", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00090-00046264-00046856": "feeling the getting sick or someone is sick the rest of us will will the person sick as well,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00091-00046856-00047320": "but the rest of us up are trying to worry about before your prevention will increase our intake", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00092-00047320-00048072": "and if you nutrients so this up the cocktail that we use has some vitamin C in it. It has vitamin D", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00093-00048072-00048624": "in it. Vitamin A letting those are those of the three key vitamins when it comes to immunity.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00094-00048624-00049104": "There's also lysine, which is amino acid that that it does appear to have some antiviral properties", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00095-00049160-00049608": "and zinc hunting. Zinc is very important when when you're sick so that's kind of our cocktail", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00096-00049608-00050072": "did not not medical device not telling you to do that but the answer for me to this question is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00097-00050072-00050560": "yes. When when and if we if we feel like getting sick or someone is sick. We will increase our", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00098-00050560-00051152": "intake of those nutrients there so wire were not. II just explained why trying to snow stimulate", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00099-00051152-00051512": "the immune system a little bit. Give it a little tiny do something. These things are miracles, but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00100-00051512-00052016": "give it a tiny boost for it for a few days to to hopefully keep you from getting sick or", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00101-00052016-00052391": "keep you from being sick. As long so if you have a different answer. Feel free to ship", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00102-00052776-00053279": "direct to order learning objectives here for chapter 10. Remember not covering all the vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00103-00053279-00053728": "here just the water cycle vitamins describe the vitamins differ from the energy nutrients which", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00104-00053728-00054088": "should be your carbs of the proteins and how fat Siebel vitamins differ from water", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00105-00054240-00054648": "so vitamins to cup. We talked about the water so vitamins will come back top of the fat Siebel and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00106-00054648-00054879": "identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00107-00054879-00055248": "food sources for each of the be vitamin C leave your thumb a checklist of the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00108-00055248-00055560": "of the food you should be eating. If you if you're not getting enough. These nutrients,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00109-00055632-00056079": "and of course you would know that unless you are tracking your diet and that's why like Cronometer", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00110-00056079-00056560": "and my fitness pal should be tracking your diet that just even for a few days and if it looks like", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00111-00056560-00056984": "your diet is deficient in a certain nutrient and come back to this PowerPoint come back to these", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00112-00056984-00057528": "things and see where can I get a few foods to boot to bump up my intake and then identify the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00113-00057528-00057991": "main roles efficiency symptoms and food sources for vitamin C which is the other water so vitamin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00114-00058167-00058712": "what else about the just in general thing, but is minerals a very important not always believed", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00115-00058712-00059184": "that if you get the macronutrients under control than these things become a little less important.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00116-00059184-00059655": "What I mean by that is if you focus on eating the highest quality carbohydrate you can find", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00117-00059655-00060136": "the highest quality fats. You can find in the highest quality programs you can find, chances are", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00118-00060136-00060591": "your you're taking care of most of the vitamins and minerals. Now there are some nutrients in a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00119-00060591-00061064": "highlight them as we get as we go through. There are some nutrients that even on a really healthy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00120-00061064-00061536": "diet. You may not be getting enough of things like iodine and magnesium. Whenever we bump in one of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00121-00061536-00061967": "those. I'll explain why someone eating really healthy diet still might not be getting enough", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00122-00061967-00062344": "and impossible, highlight that but I think generally speaking, if you're reading a really", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00123-00062344-00062824": "good quality diet with a lot of whole foods, then your risk of nutrient deficiency is pretty low", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00124-00062912-00063264": "unless you're in the shoot. You don't meet all those pillars we talked about with meal planning,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00125-00063264-00063736": "like there's an overriding your diet so you're always getting the same nutrients but not getting", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00126-00063736-00064248": "others to look at them in the ideal submit rights it should you some of items are not mad I just", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00127-00064248-00064736": "told you at a time when we do they have not saying we don't take vitamin A pills every day or zinc", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00128-00064736-00065296": "tablets every day. This is a few days a year. We, we bump up or intake of these things. So I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00129-00065296-00065920": "think that like the name implies, a supplement is a supplement. It should supplement a healthy diet,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00130-00065920-00066528": "vitamins won't make up for a crappy diary. We talked about that little bit with some fiber", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00131-00066528-00067152": "supplementation member I said that if you you know if you have a poor diet and you submit with fiber", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00132-00067152-00067632": "you could actually make things worse because you could be you be absorbing even less of the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00133-00067632-00068016": "minerals in your diet because the fibers can be pulling it through your body. But if eating", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00134-00068016-00068472": "a high-fiber diet with a lot of whole foods in it yesterday to lose some of those minerals from your", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00135-00068472-00068920": "food but you eating so many more because you're eating healthy foods that you're not creating", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00136-00068920-00069544": "efficiency thrust. There are situations like that. Where were supplementing a poor diet can be almost", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00137-00069544-00070032": "worse for you than not doing it all up to the strictest remember that really focus on quality", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00138-00070032-00070528": "foods and whole foods in and avoiding foods that have a bunch of empty calories, and chances are", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00139-00070528-00070952": "you can be meeting most of your nutrient needs. Though kitchen 99 effects on the way there and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00140-00070952-00071456": "then look at your diet track at using something like the Cronometer wrapper or website and see", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00141-00071456-00071896": "okay here's a couple nutrients I need to try to find little more of an and bump up that intake", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00142-00072088-00072480": "okay an overview of the vitamins so they support nutritional health", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00143-00072480-00072832": "and the main reason we need them. Like I told you that they kind of the function is the the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00144-00072832-00073240": "nails and screws holding this home together so they critically important evenly don't", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00145-00073240-00073808": "eat a lot of them right. You need to you need million of grams early milligrams or micrograms", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00146-00073808-00074224": "of the vitamins, minerals, whereas you need a grams of the macronutrients", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00147-00074376-00075000": "they they primarily function as coenzyme sick. The primary function as as the ignition for", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00148-00075000-00075400": "your enzymes. Enzymes are made of protein, and we know that enzymes are super important", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00149-00075400-00075872": "that power almost every metabolic reaction your entire body. But we would not be here without", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00150-00075872-00076328": "without the enzymes and supporter metabolism, but those enzymes are like a car doesn't have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00151-00076328-00076824": "the doesn't have an ignition the the vitamins and skinny vitamins and minerals, especially", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00152-00076824-00077392": "vitamins function X the is ignition the turn on the enzymes so that they can power our metabolism", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00153-00077392-00077784": "so you would not have metabolism without enzymes, and you are not a life without metabolism", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00154-00077856-00078208": "right differences from energy yielding nutrients. I mentioned this to this. Remember that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00155-00078424-00078856": "you macronutrients. They provide the energy they have. That's why there's for calories in a gram of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00156-00078856-00079344": "carbs for calories in a grandma protein 9 cal in a gram of fat because there that there the nutrients", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00157-00079344-00079872": "that we actually extract energy from vitamins and minerals don't provide energy directly may take a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00158-00079872-00080280": "B complex pill. It doesn't have any calories in it because vitamin of the B vitamins don't", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00159-00080280-00080936": "have in any energy but it they allow us to extract energy from our macronutrients so structurally how", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00160-00080936-00081400": "the different but you see that their individual units what protein is can it be a chain of amino", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00161-00081400-00081992": "acids. A triglyceride is to have these long fatty acid tails that are chains of carbons", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00162-00081992-00082456": "and then carbohydrate carbohydrates are to be chains of your monosaccharides like glucose,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00163-00082456-00082824": "whereas your vitamins are just individual units. So there's nothing there's nothing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00164-00082824-00083320": "to tear apart nothing to break down, which is why they don't yield any energy to talk", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00165-00083320-00083832": "about no energy yielded out food contents ASME different. The main thing I look at you with", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00166-00083904-00084528": "generally speaking, the vitamin and mineral content of food is it has started to drop and and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00167-00084528-00084840": "mainly with minerals and minerals a whole separate story because minerals can't be", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00168-00084840-00085176": "created right that the plants that the plants and animals that you consume. They", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00169-00085176-00085688": "can generate they can make vitamins that only minerals minerals come from the soil so really", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00170-00085688-00086344": "when I went be guarded and I and I'm all for soil health and and good agriculture up a plants plants", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00171-00086344-00086752": "can really only be as healthy as the soil that the groaning and animals can really only be as", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00172-00086752-00087304": "healthy as the plants they consume. So that's slept very true, but more more so with minerals", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00173-00087456-00087784": "and vitamins are and what similarities they have energy yielding nutrients. We talked about their", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00174-00087784-00088184": "organic so that that they'd they are bait built around carbon they just don't have the long", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00175-00088184-00088712": "chains of carbons are bioavailability me some type of vessel and will come back to that but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00176-00089048-00089488": "to what's this term here. Bioavailability of steel see a lot and you talk vitamins and minerals", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00177-00089488-00089944": "the rate and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used so say that if the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00178-00089944-00090552": "bioavailability of of a nutrient is 90% and that means that 90% of what you put in your mouth", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00179-00090552-00091168": "will be digested and absorbed and used if the bioavailability is 50% will be a lot lower so", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00180-00091168-00091648": "a real good example. Let's say, like calcium selected Calc calcium that you find in a container", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00181-00091648-00092264": "of yogurt is going to be very bioavailable so the still not all that. Let's say that the of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00182-00092264-00092776": "the majority of the calcium in a container of yogurt you are going to digest, absorb and use", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00183-00093024-00093720": "the the calcium in spinach not the case because spinach has these anti-nutrients like oxalate's", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00184-00093720-00094288": "that decrease bioavailability so there's there's about as much calcium in a serving of spinach as", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00185-00094288-00094744": "there is in a serving of yogurt, but you're only going to build to digest and absorb and use about", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00186-00094744-00095328": "5% of its what a small fraction so that means that the calcium in spinach is not bioavailable", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00187-00095328-00095824": "the calcium and dairy products is and that's that's come exception there. There are plenty", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00188-00095824-00096344": "of plants we can get calcium from but that's really good example. So what else could influence", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00189-00096400-00096712": "bioavailability. Let's look at the list here and talk about a few more things", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00190-00096712-00097120": "influenced by the efficiency of digestion. So again it doesn't matter what you you're not", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00191-00097120-00097648": "what you eat. Your what you absorb. So if you if you eat something that can't be digested properly", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00192-00097712-00098192": "then it can't be absorbed and if it can't be absorbed. You can use it and that's were cooking", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00193-00098192-00098784": "comes into play right so cooking cc preparation on the belles lettres last part list. Cooking", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00194-00098784-00099216": "does destroy some nutrients, but also makes other nutrients more available, so it was, so I think", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00195-00099216-00099928": "the net change is good. So cooking your food it as a species when we started to harness the power", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00196-00099928-00100520": "of fire and cook our food, it made our food more bioavailable. It made the nutrients in our food", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00197-00100520-00100976": "more about bioavailable and it's been a, and spent a net positive to preparing your food.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00198-00100976-00101392": "So if you repair your food properly. Yes, you will destroy some nutrients but the nutrients", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00199-00101392-00101864": "that are left behind are going to be more bioavailable. So there some excepts that rule,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00200-00101928-00102480": "but generally speaking that's the case so if you policy the carrots rate when you cooked carrots", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00201-00102480-00102944": "you release more beta-carotene than if you eat them raw. So nothing against eating carrots rock", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00202-00102944-00103296": "but of the prep preparation does matter within the same time you want to make sure", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00203-00103296-00103888": "not destroying your nutrients. When you. Foods so more gentle preparation methods like lightly", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00204-00103888-00104552": "sautéing vegetables would be better than than than certain cooking methods. If you're going to a boil", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00205-00104552-00105072": "or eat steam vegetables than one thing you can do is actually you will lose a lot of nutrients", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00206-00105072-00105608": "in the water. So one thing you can do if you steam vegetables is don't throw that water out", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00207-00105608-00106032": "ready to give it you could drink that water. Or you could use that water is like a base for", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00208-00106032-00106576": "soups or stews in the nutrients that actually were leached out of the Rockley. For example,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00209-00106576-00107096": "would still be in that liquid she could still you could still get them right and of the one", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00210-00107096-00107600": "the middle weekly step previous nutrient intake and nutrient nutrition status of your body is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00211-00107600-00108048": "always trying to maintain homeostasis so that the more deficient you are in a nutrient,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00212-00108048-00108608": "the higher percent of it you will absorb if you're constantly consuming calcium your body will", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00213-00108608-00109111": "decrease the absorption of calcium see don't get too much, but if you're never consuming something", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00214-00109111-00109808": "like iron your body will up regulate the the absorption of iron to all those are true synthetic", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00215-00109808-00110192": "and fortified foods influence bioavailability. So let's look at it like an example would be like a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00216-00110192-00110728": "calcium fortified orange juice, for example. So if they were to put if they were to put a a less", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00217-00110728-00111304": "bioavailable form calcium like calcium carbonate in there then it wouldn't be very bioavailable,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00218-00111304-00111800": "but the the calcium fortified orange juice as I've seen. They use a more bioavailable form", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00219-00111864-00112544": "called calcium citrate malate I believe and so that the calcium in a calcium for orange juice", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00220-00112544-00113056": "is basically as bioavailable as the calcium from a glass milk, so that so that the nutrients that go", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00221-00113056-00113464": "into the foods matter a lot. You see, like a lot your breakfast cereals have a whole bunch of of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00222-00113464-00113848": "nutrients added to them while they're really only as good matter what they say on the side of the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00223-00113848-00114416": "box, but having 100% of a certain vitamin there only as good as how I'm bioavailable that form", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00224-00114416-00115111": "is our site. The basics of bioavailability and are not what you eat. Your what you will, you absorb", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00225-00115232-00115720": "precursors so precursors are substances that are converted to an active form of the vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00226-00115720-00116224": "of the best example that Artie mentioned we beta-carotene, beta-carotene is not essential.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00227-00116224-00116808": "Beta-carotene is not a vitamin. Beta-carotene is a precursor to vitamin A that that's a precursor", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00228-00116808-00117456": "would be something is, one step away or something that is converted to an active form of the organic", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00229-00117456-00118088": "organic nature. Fresh foods naturally contain vitamins that they can be readily destroyed during", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00230-00118088-00118640": "processing. So again, how you process and how you prepare foods matters. See what one example would", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00231-00118640-00119192": "be like you to hate you a lot here produces frozen will that that freezing process you might lose", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00232-00119192-00119872": "about 1/4 of the nutrients that are that are that are in the in that bag of peas or whatever, but it", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00233-00119872-00120383": "does preserve the rest of nutrients very well. So you so you you buy those peas you store those peas", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00234-00120383-00120896": "and then a month later you eat those peas you you had that initial loss, but to preserve the rest,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00235-00120896-00121511": "whereas when foods are sitting outside say you you you go to the store and you see in season peas in", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00236-00121511-00121959": "the produce aisle every day that been sitting there every every minute that they been off of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00237-00121959-00122496": "the vine so to speak. They have been loose. Losing nutritional quality of some say that shown that if", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00238-00122496-00123008": "you let like us. It had spinach set out bird had let that little bull of spinach set out for a few", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00239-00123008-00123568": "days before you consume it. It might've lost 30 or 40% of sufficient value soap soap CCA guy,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00240-00123568-00124064": "medically of these processing methods do matter. The fresher the better is one of the reasons I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00241-00124064-00124535": "like gardens right we live. We literally we have hydroponic gardens and how so we will we will cut", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00242-00124535-00125056": "our vegetables and put them in a mouse right so they were so there so there wasn't any time for", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00243-00125056-00125688": "them to be to for them to lose that nutritional value so comical thing I to all the stuff matters", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00244-00125688-00126048": "we don't overthink it if you eating a bunch of whole foods and eating a bunch of healthy foods", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00245-00126048-00126592": "yesterday to be losing nutritional value by him sautéing your vegetables a little bit, but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00246-00126592-00127000": "you also made some other ones more bioavailable and there's usually plenty to go around", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00247-00127183-00127600": "rights of dose level effects when it comes to toxicity. So we mentioned earlier that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00248-00127600-00127848": "water-soluble vitamins are really smart, stored,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00249-00127904-00128335": "so toxicity is not generally a big deal because excess is lost in urine this to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00250-00128335-00128872": "be a bigger conversation. We talk about the facts of the vitamins because they are stored with them", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00251-00128872-00129383": "with water so vitamin since that since you lose the excess I'd say deficiencies are more common,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00252-00129383-00129816": "like making sure that you have to have a constant supply of them since there's nowhere to store", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00253-00129816-00130576": "most of them toxicity so you see here just, like, the dose makes the poison as they say on the left", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00254-00130576-00130959": "ear. As you progress in the direction of more. The effect gets better and better with no end in", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00255-00130959-00131544": "sight. I'm real life is seldom fair like this one in of it without saying in in in in a fictitious", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00256-00131544-00132016": "world than more be better. Like how much vitamins each. You can consume as much as possible,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00257-00132016-00132536": "how many official pills you take a day as much as possible. That's not true. The second one as you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00258-00132536-00132984": "progress in the direction of more. The effect reaches a maximum and then a plateau becoming", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00259-00132984-00133456": "no better with higher doses, so this would be something where especially the water so vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00260-00133456-00133880": "yes you reach a point where you you make sure you're getting an optimal intake. Anything above", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00261-00133880-00134365": "that is really just making your more expensive so that the excess would be lost. But even then,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00262-00134365-00134840": "is a limit to that. Like vitamin C yes the excess you lose in urine, but man, if you start getting", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00263-00134840-00135464": "over 3 g a day you start season problems so I would say with water so vitamins. This might be", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00264-00135464-00135936": "true in most cases, except there is an extreme. There is a point where that's no longer the case", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00265-00135936-00136384": "that on the far right, which is called a bell curve. This is almost always, we look our talk", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00266-00136384-00136912": "my nutrition right not having enough something is bad, but having too much of something is also bad", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00267-00136912-00137400": "you want to find that happy medium. Now that that you see that bell curve there on the far left", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00268-00137400-00137920": "side would probably have the RDA we are making sure you're getting enough to not be deficient", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00269-00137920-00138464": "on the far right side we have the up the UL the tolerable upper intake level before before things", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00270-00138464-00138984": "become toxic. Somewhere in the middle is the optimal intake and that's really tricky because", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00271-00138984-00139392": "we don't know that number is you know what the floor as we know what the ceiling is we don't know", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00272-00139392-00139952": "what the optimal intake for you for that nutrient is but somewhere in between those two extremes", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00273-00140008-00140480": "are as you progress in the direction of more. The effect reaches an optimum at some intermediate", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00274-00140480-00141024": "dose that be our optimal intake level and then declines showing that more is better. Up to a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00275-00141024-00141576": "point and increasingly harmful. Beyond that point that too much can be as harmful as too little is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00276-00141576-00141992": "true for most nutrients that that's that's the stance that I would take for really all nutrients", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00277-00141992-00142448": "are just saying that with your water several vitamins. If you eat if you consume too much.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00278-00142536-00143144": "Thankfully most of the system you lost your anyways are so match these deposits if you want to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00279-00143240-00143688": "affect subscription, transport, storage, and excretion that be solubility. So how easily", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00280-00143688-00144152": "something is carried to your gut and carried into your bloodstream, etc. readily destroyed", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00281-00144152-00144840": "things in organic things again organic meeting carbamate structures not not to farmers market.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00282-00144840-00145336": "So the so vitamins are are are to be destroyed in ways minerals are right for minerals. The key", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00283-00145336-00145792": "is were the minerals ever there because they had to be from the soil. So if you could if you grow", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00284-00145792-00146272": "food in nutritious, nutrient dense mineral rich soil is going to bed and be plenty minerals and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00285-00146272-00146800": "then the key is unlocking them and making them bioavailable, but vitamins can be destroyed by", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00286-00146800-00147320": "cooking and processing methods inactive forms that are converted active forms those your precursors,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00287-00147320-00147800": "beta-carotene being the best example of the gift your next their example beta-carotene", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00288-00147800-00148304": "being a precursor in an adverse effects in high doses use the UL that number. The UL", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00289-00148304-00148896": "is one of our DRI's from an earlier chapter, the tolerable upper intake level for the go above that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00290-00148896-00149512": "number you can because you can develop toxicities ties the two kinds of solubility fat motorcycle", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00291-00149512-00149960": "more is better is not the case. Excessive intake of vitamins from supplements may be harmful and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00292-00149960-00150480": "that certainly were easy toxicity it's it's it's hard to eat a diet that becomes toxic,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00293-00150480-00150856": "but with supplements you actually can consume too much of things that people you know", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00294-00150856-00151368": "you you just getting a supra-physiological or unnatural doses. If you supplementation like how", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00295-00151368-00151848": "could you eat that much of that nutrient. What you can't be you can easily do it in supplement form.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00296-00151904-00152216": "Okay, as we haven't talked about that's able enough we have a whole chapter coming up but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00297-00152216-00152768": "we talked about so solubility water several vitamins there adjusted their absorbed writing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00298-00152768-00153216": "on the right there in the water of that watery's the six or 7 L of fluid there in your gut. Today", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00299-00153216-00153640": "there to be absorbed right into your bloodstream and carried to your blood to whether needed. So", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00300-00153640-00154344": "is your water cycle vitamins very easy to absorb and transport. But in excess just spills over into", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00301-00154344-00154928": "the urine and not all of it is can be recaptured so we lose excess in our urine fat sometimes are", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00302-00154928-00155512": "different so fat. Several vitamins are digested and absorbed with fat. Remember fat like longchain", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00303-00155512-00155992": "fats there to be absorbed into your lymphatic system, not your bloodstream. So, first of all,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00304-00156048-00156512": "if there's fat several vitamins in a meal there has to be fat Met meal for you to absorb", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00305-00156576-00157000": "like I think of an example latent not, but she my name and anything but like a total", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00306-00157000-00157480": "my total has of cereals were they say total reason ran whenever hundred percent of all these items", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00307-00157480-00158080": "minerals okay so there's 100% of the vitamin A in in this bowl of total, but if you eat the cereal", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00308-00158080-00158640": "which is now fattened with skim milk, which is, in effect, then yes, there's vitamin A in that meal,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00309-00158640-00159376": "but it will not be absorbed and and it be because you need fat enemy in a meal to absorb the fat so", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00310-00159376-00159920": "vitamins I did in my sink number. II say that a meal needs to have 8 g of fat in it to properly", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00311-00159920-00160424": "absorb the fat so vitamins is not just that so vitamins. Other things are fats able to like the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00312-00160424-00160928": "carotenoids, like if you had if you have a salad for example, if salad has no fat in it, then", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00313-00160928-00161360": "you're not been absorb the beta-carotene anywhere near the same level as you would if that meal had", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00314-00161360-00161792": "fats up with some nuts on it with some seeds on it a little bit of fat in a vinaigrette or something", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00315-00161792-00162392": "and now you're in absorb. Let's say 500% more of the carotenoids from those for most plants,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00316-00162464-00162968": "so you need fat to absorb that so vitamins and I must say that 8 g a day is a magical number", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00317-00163045-00163408": "is a fair number right, some with a number has to be higher but I want to terrify you,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00318-00163408-00164000": "and a hefty 20 g of fat every meal. I think 8 g is it is is a fine number to shoot for", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00319-00164000-00164456": "art and that's a small number if you eat three meals a day on the of a grams of fat in each", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00320-00164456-00164912": "meal. You're not eating in effect unless you're on a super low calorie diet rate even even people in", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00321-00164912-00165624": "low fat diets that the AMD are for fat is still 20 to 35 is in your calories salts of 20% your", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00322-00165624-00166200": "calorie should be coming from fat no matter what kind, either on so fat, so vitamins need fat to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00323-00166200-00166728": "be absorbed, digested and absorbed properly there and be carried into your lymphatic system than the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00324-00166728-00167160": "other big difference is fat so vitamins are stored right, there's their stored in your body tissues.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00325-00167160-00167768": "So for example let's say you work as a lifeguard guard all summer. Your outside your you you have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00326-00167768-00168208": "your shirt off a lot exposing love skin and remember that's how your body produces vitamin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00327-00168208-00168712": "D so you be like hitting the cluster on your skin makes vitamin D. So if you make a whole bunch of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00328-00168712-00169272": "vitamin D during the summer you can go the entire winter MSN you should do this but but some people", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00329-00169272-00169696": "can go the entire winter without consuming any vitamin D in the be fine as they can live on", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00330-00169696-00170160": "the vitamin D stores that they created during the summer, or what with the fat so vitamins that this", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00331-00170160-00170736": "is where like hot occasional high doses work just as well, as a bunch of little doses reservoir", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00332-00170736-00171256": "so vitamins that's not true. A high dose because lose the excess so fat so vitamins like with like", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00333-00171256-00171776": "vitamin D supplementation me in my family we do some of vitamin D meal once a week so once weekly", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00334-00171776-00172352": "biscuit take a decent sized dose dose and we would take it with a fattier meal in the absorb enemy,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00335-00172352-00172808": "live off it for the next for the next week same thing. So again, I'm a big fan of organ", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00336-00172808-00173288": "meats and like. For example, liver is liver is probably the best source by Vinay on the planet", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00337-00173392-00173752": "so but I don't recommend eating liver every day. I think you can actually eat too much liver right.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00338-00173752-00174352": "I recommend you never consume more than a pound of liver week because it's so nutrient dense. And", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00339-00174352-00174816": "it's got so many of these that so vitamins that you could start to see toxicity issues so I have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00340-00174888-00175312": "in 11th they have a serving of liver week and that live off those that so vitamins for a few", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00341-00175312-00175784": "days and I did that a repeat test to be the main difference is been fat and water. Several vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00342-00175784-00176288": "water cycle. Vitamins are readily absorbed but excess is lost in urine but in and they're not", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00343-00176288-00176816": "stored except for supper be 12 of fat so vitamins need fat to be absorbed,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00344-00176816-00177440": "but their stored so you don't have to consume them all the time. I activity lumber and skip this", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00345-00177632-00178104": "as I can. I can go through everything nutrient to this detail would be here all day,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00346-00178104-00178776": "but so the activity is to assign a single water so vitamins a single vitamin to a group and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00347-00178776-00179088": "you can answer these kind of questions, but you can find this information real easily.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00348-00179088-00179472": "I will love him, talk about quite a bit of his. We go to the divisional nutrients", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00349-00179472-00180016": "I have liked up again. This FDA document that I felt like to use. So, for whatever vibe you're", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00350-00180016-00180448": "looking at you I learned about it. What is it do what are its main functions will cover that today.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00351-00180448-00180808": "Explain your vitamin signs and deficiencies in name of deficiency disease, so, so some of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00352-00180808-00181312": "them do will talk about things like polite run very very today. I'm what's the RDA term of the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00353-00181312-00181866": "RDA is enough of a nutrient for her to meet the needs of 98% of the healthy population", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00354-00181866-00182320": "is not your goal. The RDA is the floor that is the bare minimum, you should be consuming", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00355-00182320-00182752": "the optimal intake is going to be higher on list three foods that are good are excellent", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00356-00182752-00183072": "sources of your vitamin. That's great in the know if you're trying to boost your intake", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00357-00183128-00183672": "and then is toxicity an issue generally is going to be with fats on vitamins and if there is what", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00358-00183672-00184064": "is there a tolerable upper intake level. You can certainly go through that project yourself.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00359-00184288-00184600": "I just just obsolete. We talked about these kind of things quite a bit already", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00360-00184600-00185120": "so water so vitamins your B vitamins and vitamin C absorbed in the blood travel were freely", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00361-00185120-00185584": "the excess to the kidneys detect and remove excess in the urine, so it is possible to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00362-00185584-00186032": "reach toxic levels, but you really have to do with supplements you were talking about the megadoses", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00363-00186104-00186648": "there are some people to believe in taking 2030 4050 g of vitamin C a day, I've seen you. There", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00364-00186648-00187104": "are some recommendations to basically increased don't do this, but I'm to increase your vitamin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00365-00187104-00187560": "C intake until you develop diarrhea and then back off between some people are taking 60 or", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00366-00187560-00188080": "70 g of vitamin C a day. You could never do that. Naturally I also don't don't do that,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00367-00188152-00188536": "but the requirements of the important parts the water so vitamins there needed and frequent", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00368-00188536-00189016": "frequent doses 1 to 3 times a day really at every meal because the excess is it you're not storing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00369-00189016-00189600": "it for later you you you use it or you lose it fat so vitamins there absorbed with with longchain", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00370-00189600-00190056": "fatso into lymphatic system than the blood they have to be carried because there are not water.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00371-00190056-00190584": "Siebel have to be carried by transport proteins are there carried in your lipoproteins like LDL", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00372-00190584-00191224": "and HDL other stored solar storing cells associate with fatso fatso vitamins are stored with fact", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00373-00191328-00191696": "they they remain in your fat in your fat storage so that you do, you do have doses", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00374-00191696-00192280": "you based your storing them for later. So toxicity is much more common because you are storing them", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00375-00192280-00192840": "and you don't need them needed in periodic doses, perhaps weeks or even months I/you mentioned every", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00376-00192840-00193264": "every week I might get a dose of organ meats and every week I might get her two weeks I might get", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00377-00193264-00193912": "a big dose of vitamin D is, how we do things I let's go through the B vitamins finally.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00378-00194064-00194496": "So, without B vitamins. The body would lack energy. So that's why they're called the energy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00379-00194496-00195136": "vitamins. But remember, they do not provide energy directly they power that the enzymes that power", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00380-00195136-00195616": "the metabolic processes that allow you to get energy from your from your calorie containing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00381-00195616-00196152": "foods, carbs, lipids and proteins so they help there about your body use macronutrients for fuel.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00382-00196152-00196696": "They are coenzymes process that you'll see also a picture your but dumped that day they turn on", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00383-00196696-00197192": "the protein portion of an enzyme activated. So, without coenzymes enzymes cannot function. So,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00384-00197192-00197768": "without B vitamins you would run out of energy is not because the B vitamins give you energy it", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00385-00197768-00198328": "will interact with it if it's because the enzymes that harvest energy from your food would no longer", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00386-00198328-00198912": "be functioning so RDAs in the eyes become what will talk about the kind of individually but time", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00387-00198912-00199432": "I have the numbers right here. We get to them, but I remember the RDA is just that floor. The bare", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00388-00199432-00200024": "minimum adequate adequate intake is can be when we can't set in RDA art RDS like what vitamin C", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00389-00200024-00200384": "we know that we know exactly how much vitamin C a typical person needs to not get scurvy,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00390-00200440-00200880": "but some of these nutrients. We can't do that right they don't they week we can't set that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00391-00200880-00201408": "number. A good example would be blooming with fatso vitamins, but vitamin K be a good example", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00392-00201408-00201848": "because we don't know how much by McCabe getting from your guts with Targus exec and how much you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00393-00201848-00202256": "should eat of vitamin D great example we don't know how we don't know where you live and how", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00394-00202256-00202720": "much her outside to her sunscreen are not so we don't we don't know how much vitamin D your body", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00395-00202720-00203488": "is producing so we can't tell you how much you should be consuming okay vitamins give us energy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00396-00203488-00203928": "false, they are they, they allow us to get energy from other nutrients so that several times now.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00397-00204032-00204504": "See what a coenzyme is so the enzyme is that Warren weight born Jewish yellowish oranges think", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00398-00204504-00205184": "that's to be a protein but the end of the ignition that turns on the enzyme is going to be going to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00399-00205184-00205648": "be divided and so enzymes are worthless without without vitamins or or minerals to power them so", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00400-00205648-00206071": "these are called coenzymes. If this if this was a mineral to be called a cofactor will come back", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00401-00206071-00206760": "to that in a couple chapters I let's get started. So here we have we have thiamine first that which", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00402-00206760-00207352": "is of vitamin B1 so it's part of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate which is a very important", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00403-00207352-00207856": "enzyme for energy metabolism sees here the thiamine is needed to convert pyruvate to acetyl", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00404-00207856-00208319": "Co. way. So, without thiamine basically your inurement your metabolism your glucose metabolism,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00405-00208319-00208904": "which shut off because glycolysis turns glucose into into pyruvate and then pyruvate needs to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00406-00208904-00209448": "become acetyl Co. way to run through the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. Thiamine is also needed", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00407-00209448-00210040": "for nerve and muscle function so that's gonna be a that's to be a big deal. There would also have so", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00408-00210040-00210544": "critical functions and energy production supports proper proper heart function. I have some I have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00409-00210544-00210919": "some foods will come back to the deficiency. What you see here with this child has something", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00410-00210919-00211480": "called beriberi and sleazy that edema that that that that space get them printed to state stuck", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00411-00211480-00212144": "in that in in the foot. There was the FDA page say so the conversion food and energy nurse and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00412-00212144-00212667": "function of said all that are as far as a policy was also the thiamine food is when a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00413-00212667-00213064": "charm getting our average intake meets or exceeds recommendations is something is very important.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00414-00213119-00213567": "I like to focus in the vitamins and minerals that we struggle to get the ones that almost everyone", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00415-00213567-00214144": "gets we don't need to be on his bed as much time talking about, which is here for thiamine the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00416-00214144-00214767": "the recommended dietary intake is 1.5 mg but getting there is very easy. I have a few you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00417-00214767-00215088": "see your list of food sources. You can look at this, but I will give you the ones that I have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00418-00215167-00215680": "many quality sources throughout the food groups, including organ meats, pork, and whole grains,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00419-00215680-00216471": "asparagus and Brussels sprouts are good examples and then on the the FDA site beans and peas", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00420-00216471-00217048": "enriched grain products like breads and cereals, nuts, pork, sunflower seeds and whole grains,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00421-00217048-00217488": "so lots and lots of good examples there and I love this these charts here in the book. As you can see", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00422-00217560-00218200": "it's actually showing you the the thiamine amounts in all these different foods so they're all over", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00423-00218200-00218671": "the place that like a gives you these at excellent and sometimes unusual sources are to see you know,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00424-00218671-00219071": "like if you're not getting enough time and you're really worried about it. Then look at this list", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00425-00219071-00219519": "and find the longest bars and try to consume them cc pork is just off the charts compared to other", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00426-00219584-00220119": "other flesh, not sure why. Then you see soymilk and acorn squash being a really good examples.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00427-00220119-00220592": "There rights that is thiamine generally don't talk too much about that when the beriberi", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00428-00220592-00221112": "being that important to nutrient deficiency. Next we have riboflavin's is to be vitamin B2", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00429-00221192-00221623": "it serves. This is when we have talked about serves as a coenzyme and energy metabolism.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00430-00221623-00222344": "So flee, then mono nucleotide or FM and and and Flavin adenine dinucleotide is the only", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00431-00222344-00222928": "talked by sees here that FAD becomes FA DH two. That's one of the two electron carriers.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00432-00222928-00223616": "We talked about and metabolism most casino chips at each FA DH to harvest electrons and hydrogens", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00433-00223616-00224264": "enough to make two ATP in the electric transport chain so riboflavin it is a is a big part of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00434-00224264-00224767": "of your energy metabolism. The name to Flavin that she talks about the color so", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00435-00224767-00225400": "is an interesting fact. This is him this. This is the one that you take a multivitamin and you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00436-00225400-00225823": "wonder why your your peas going in the dark. It's basically riboflavin, but it's acting named of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00437-00225823-00226256": "the fact of how much how how much it changes your your urine color when you consume it.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00438-00226256-00226848": "Okay, let's see. Recommendations come back to them. Deficiencies cause inflammation of membranes", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00439-00226848-00227223": "you can see like some inflammation in the mucous membrane's of the mouth things like that.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00440-00227223-00227704": "There is no toxicity because giving water so vitamin you just pee out the excess and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00441-00227704-00228264": "make sure you're in pretty I guess what else I have here for riboflavin might be too critical", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00442-00228264-00228752": "functions and energy production protect cells from oxidative damage which is which is a good thing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00443-00228752-00229184": "to keep your DNA from being damaged by it is light-sensitive to look back to the food sources,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00444-00229184-00229728": "but this is the main reason why the Duchess is coming up. This is why you don't see a lot of milk", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00445-00229728-00230216": "and clear glass containers anymore because the UV light, and light can destroy riboflavin so you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00446-00230216-00230823": "are better off buying your milk in in containers that are dark like his elect up on the white milk", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00447-00230823-00231328": "jug jugs of the clear milk jug. There will be a difference in riboflavin intake. There", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00448-00231328-00231800": "are content rights of the sources I have them look at the ones the book have milk meet and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00449-00231800-00232448": "organ meats are all good sources, spinach, eggs, and broccoli are good as well than the FDA site", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00450-00232536-00233040": "riboflavin conversion of food into energy growth and development in red blood cell formation", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00451-00233112-00233848": "you need 1.7 mg per day and the list of food sources eggs enriched grain products, meats, milk,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00452-00233848-00234388": "mushrooms, poultry, seafood like oysters and spinach. I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00453-00234496-00234967": "which the following is not true about riboflavin that would be that it is destroyed by cooking.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00454-00234967-00235471": "It's not distribute cooking is destroyed by light and that's what drove the milk containers. Here is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00455-00235471-00235880": "the sum this more examples from the book notice livers off the charts like that that II do not", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00456-00235880-00236496": "I deliver is the most nutrient dense food in the planet in the liver from a healthy animal like a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00457-00236567-00237064": "organic grass fed beef livers on like that just extremely nutritious, so nutritious that I that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00458-00237064-00237471": "I put a cap on how much I recommend people eat and I am at the it's, I think everyone should", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00459-00237471-00238080": "and I you probably don't think everyone should but you should not eat too much of it is you. You see", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00460-00238080-00238616": "your one one serving of liver would meet all your needs. But when you see that though. Just remember", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00461-00238616-00239008": "that you need to be eating it several times a day. So if you have liver with with your supper and you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00462-00239008-00239360": "didn't get any right of the rest the day that's not a good situation but you're going to find a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00463-00239360-00239896": "look at the list of foods is everywhere. I next that niacin to mice in the first one has", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00464-00239896-00240512": "a couple different forms to niceness to chemical structures nicotinic acid and nicotinamide which", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00465-00240512-00240976": "nicotinamide is the one that that the major form of nice in your blood. But the reason these forms", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00466-00240976-00241576": "are important is because of supplementation your people when you suddenly these nicotinic acid is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00467-00241576-00242344": "would be one that hits more rapidly absorbed and utilized so it can lead to some interesting things", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00468-00242344-00242864": "like skin flushing, but the nicotinamide is can it be like if you find a nice and it's in no flush", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00469-00242864-00243471": "niacin it will have nicotinamide but if there are concerns about niacin it, be it be to have intake", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00470-00243471-00243912": "intake impact in the liver and nicotinamide be more likely to do that, but I'm out of not", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00471-00243976-00244512": "not not too concerned about that the this study only stays I ever seen that shown that niacin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00472-00244512-00245096": "can cause any issues with liver were talking about levels 10 times higher than even I would recommend", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00473-00245096-00245504": "as like a prescription dose right night you there are prescription niacin's that you can that you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00474-00245504-00246112": "can use and I and I think you have to go 10 times past those doses before you you worried about", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00475-00246112-00246767": "them to deliver but yet not medical advice. So we niacin for the two coenzyme forms that are power,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00476-00246767-00247408": "power, metabolic reactions, but the key one is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD to go back", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00477-00247408-00247985": "to we just said riboflavin riboflavin forms and FA DH to which is part of your metabolism nice", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00478-00247985-00248592": "and even more important because NAD forms the NADH is and remember when you're metabolizing glucose", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00479-00248592-00249240": "you generate 10 of these NADH's and each one of them is worth three ATP to the huge majority of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00480-00249240-00249928": "the energy that your body produces is carried on NAD which is built with niot niacin so sees there", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00481-00249928-00250376": "carries hydrogens and their electrons and then we have NADP which is the faucet form not near", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00482-00250376-00251008": "as important us a nice recommendations of the RDA is stated in what are called niacin equivalents", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00483-00251008-00251632": "and I have that here for you so I 2020 mg would be would be the intake that the FDA recommends", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00484-00251719-00252319": "as far as as far as functions. The F FDA page has cholesterol production, conversion of food", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00485-00252319-00252728": "and energy, digestion and nervous system function so argosy very very important.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00486-00252871-00253423": "The body does manufacture niacin from tryptophan so it occurs only after protein. Since his needs", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00487-00253423-00253767": "have been met. So you need to make sure getting ample protein because if your body", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00488-00253767-00254167": "needs tryptophan to build proteins and certainly not in a bill niacin with it. So you need to have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00489-00254167-00254704": "this excess in that kind of amino acid pools. They talk about so you don't get enough niacin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00490-00254784-00255367": "you see here the condition of the image. This is called pellagra or niacin deficiency. It apps it", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00491-00255367-00255736": "can for Kent to can lead to death. You see here cause death in the southern United States in the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00492-00255736-00256264": "early 1900s until we started to fortify our food products. Now that was actually very big deal.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00493-00256367-00257032": "Niacin toxicity so again. Large doses certainly can lead the issues but were talking very,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00494-00257032-00257680": "very large doses. I niacin is less vulnerable to food preparation losses than other vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00495-00257680-00258112": "that here's the food sources they have, so I'll read the ones from from my mind sources as well,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00496-00258208-00258896": "so niacin I sits vitamin D3. We talked about the two forms good sources meat, fish, asparagus,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00497-00258896-00259440": "and organ meats mention that skin flushing can become interesting. I've done that before,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00498-00259440-00259752": "to some purpose. I used to work with the pharmacy where I would do their training", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00499-00259816-00260223": "and I took volunteers and we took a high dose of niacin just to see what happened what happened.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00500-00260223-00260712": "One guy in his head look like a cherry tomato is a the skin flushing really hit him weirdest,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00501-00260712-00261096": "having fun with that but then I didn't think it bothered me at all. II go to the car after", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00502-00261096-00261608": "it was done to get in the car and I turn your conditioner on that contrast and temperature", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00503-00261608-00262104": "just boom immediately causes cause my skin to flush and so I have felt it and it's it's quite", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00504-00262104-00262536": "interesting. I had a roommate in college that is that. Also, his cholesterol was high. The", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00505-00262536-00262968": "doctor recommended niacin, which will which will see here is call of high dose niacin therapy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00506-00262968-00263448": "is used to help decrease cardiovascular disease risk. It's called Niaspan, but should be done", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00507-00263448-00263860": "under a doctor's supervision due to the rare of the potential risk of elevated liver and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00508-00263860-00264240": "weight than that, but might so my friend was doing this and he would just sit there in the morning", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00509-00264240-00264632": "and just like his skin was crawling. That was this kind of skin flushing effect, but it did. It was", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00510-00264632-00265152": "unbelievable yet. She had a familial genetic condition of familial hypercholesterolemia,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00511-00265152-00265568": "and he was able to bring his cholesterol down without any other cholesterol or medication he", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00512-00265568-00265968": "was delivering his cholesterol down a few hundred points I would. I was just I was shocked by it", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00513-00266056-00266904": "right so seekers of other food sources so beings beef enriched grain products not support poultry,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00514-00266904-00267272": "seafood, and whole grains know you have your notice that these food lists are really,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00515-00267272-00267648": "really similar if you're getting these kinds of foods that's why said you don't to worry much", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00516-00267648-00268008": "about nutrient deficiencies. If you get if you do that if you're eating the foods that check all", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00517-00268008-00268768": "these boxes that in the day you should have enough of these nutrients. I next is biotin so biotin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00518-00268858-00269400": "is coenzyme the carries activated carbon dioxide so you need for the Krebs cycle of the TCA cycle.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00519-00269400-00269944": "It delivers carbon to pyruvate to form oxo acetate, meaning that without biotin. The last", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00520-00269944-00270368": "step of the Krebs cycle can't start the first step of the cup cycle. I don't care if you know exactly", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00521-00270368-00270864": "what is needed, but this is what I mean when I say there needed to generate energy outs and is also", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00522-00270864-00271512": "needed for gluconeogenesis which is the conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose and fatty acid", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00523-00271512-00272128": "synthesis we need biotin to break down your food to make glucose and make fats also needed for the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00524-00272128-00272584": "breakdown of fatty acids and amino acid cc it's everywhere but it's widespread. The reason so it's", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00525-00272584-00272952": "critically important that you getting enough biotin, but the reason we don't spend a ton of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00526-00272952-00273520": "time talking about it is because it's everywhere so that if you're eating food, you shouldn't. You", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00527-00273520-00273968": "shouldn't have any real concerns or so biotin is B7. I have critical functions and energy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00528-00273968-00274472": "production. Also important, and since the new fats in the body. What you saw here. Good sources", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00529-00274472-00275080": "include organ meats, beef, almonds, walnuts and Swiss chard. My wife grows that I love that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00530-00275144-00275808": "can see what's the government sites. A soul energy production protein carbon fat metabolism covered", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00531-00275808-00276576": "all that where is a found over the 300 µg a day where is a found avocados, cauliflower, eggs,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00532-00276576-00277248": "fruits like raspberries, liver, pork, salmon, and whole grains. So, no, no, tolerable and upper", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00533-00277248-00277696": "intake level student whereby toxicity and finding enough of it just eat food you should be good", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00534-00277792-00278528": "write up pantothenic acid. So part of the chemical structure of CoA. So when you take remember that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00535-00278528-00279200": "dumb. For example to acetyl Co. way pyruvate you take that third carbon off turn in carbon dioxide", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00536-00279200-00279792": "becomes a two carbon acetyl group you at the Co. way which needs pantothenic acid and I have acetyl", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00537-00279792-00280536": "Co. it, which is that which is the keystone of our entire metabolism something that you put this one", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00538-00280536-00281152": "on that list because it's just it's found in some places self widespread food like it is mentioned,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00539-00281152-00281752": "so it's functions conversion of food and energy fat metabolism, hormone production nervous system", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00540-00281752-00282392": "function and red blood cell formation eat 10 mg of a day is widespread food but is readily destroyed", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00541-00282392-00282856": "by freezing canning and refining processes which abuts but it's everywhere sore losing a chunk", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00542-00282856-00283320": "of it since it's everywhere. It's still not a big deal. I'm speaking of everywhere where we find it,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00543-00283392-00284168": "avocados, beans and peas, broccoli, eggs, milk, mushrooms, poultry, seafood, sweet potatoes,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00544-00284168-00284752": "whole grains, and yogurt. So there's a long list there again the night and showing you the list of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00545-00284752-00285408": "foods because it is everywhere and that's why deficiency is so rare next of vitamin B6 so I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00546-00285408-00285936": "would say in when I when I think of the B vitamins like your folate and B12 are the and the niacin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00547-00285936-00286472": "of the first read, think of a B6 is a is a very important one as well. This year we have three", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00548-00286472-00287088": "different forms. Yvette pyridoxal. Pyridoxine and pyridoxine mean not a huge deal, but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00549-00287088-00287840": "that the soap conversion to the content coenzyme PLP which is needed for amino acid metabolism", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00550-00287840-00288344": "and carbon and fatty acid metabolism is needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00551-00288344-00288776": "or serotonin. We covered a few chapters ago and is needed for the synthesis of team", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00552-00288776-00289432": "so you which we using in red blood cells nucleic acids and lecithin so B6 is stored exclusively", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00553-00289432-00289928": "in muscle tissue is a kind of a neat Panama neat little side side affect there. I will talk with", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00554-00289928-00290384": "him being stored very very much, but them so important for their health, muscle, health, etc.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00555-00290704-00291144": "I know that I have here is that B6 help prevent homocysteine from building up in the blood.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00556-00291144-00291592": "So homocysteine is become like sledges your blood spill over some vacation, but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00557-00291592-00292000": "it is an independent respect of heart disease. You do not want to have elevated homocysteine levels.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00558-00292000-00292528": "If you do, B12, folate and B6 are the treatment, but there's no medical treatment needed. No", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00559-00292528-00293064": "prescription needed more of these B vitamins can help your body get rid of this. This", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00560-00293064-00293544": "homocysteine going where what it is but but is important right where you get it. I put", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00561-00293544-00294184": "organ meats of fish like tuna as well as chicken. Let's see what that FDA says here", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00562-00294640-00295224": "to B6 you need to milligrams a day's a very small amount needed for immune function.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00563-00295224-00295760": "Nervous system function, protein, carbon fat metabolism and rebuts a production it's found", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00564-00295760-00296416": "in chickpeas in fruits other than citrus and not citrus fruits, potatoes, salmon and tuna", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00565-00296768-00297168": "arts you see that alcohol can lead to B6 deficiencies", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00566-00297168-00297536": "because they impact it's of its absorption so generally speaking,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00567-00297536-00297960": "alcoholics are good people that we consider to be a very high risk for B vitamin deficiencies", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00568-00297960-00298616": "because of absorption issues, but also poor diet, etc. a B6 if the toxicities can certainly", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00569-00298696-00299256": "can lead to neurological problems. B6 is often used it to to treat some neurological problems", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00570-00299256-00299640": "nutrients a strong word but it's been linked to improvements in carpal tunnel syndrome,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00571-00299640-00300176": "and a few other things as well. I would talk about food sources. See you see the list", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00572-00300392-00300840": "is pause and take a look at those make sure eating basically whatever become one of the slides just", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00573-00300840-00301336": "posit make sure eating you know enough of them to reach that RDA at the bare minimum, but it's", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00574-00301336-00301728": "a panel at those bars together a GoToMeeting those for foods on getting way past that…", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00575-00301800-00302344": "A redline I'm moving on our next we have full weight and just mention this is one", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00576-00302344-00302888": "of my one of my favorites so also known as full sin or full it acid", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00577-00303152-00303680": "so is a primary coenzyme form is called tetra hide your folate I transfers one", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00578-00303680-00304264": "carbon compounds during metabolism so converts B12 to its coenzyme form is needed to make DNA", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00579-00304264-00304696": "and that's a really big deal. It also regenerates methionine from homocysteine, so I just mention", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00580-00304696-00305200": "that folate will help you get rid of homocysteine it does so by regenerating it in the methionine", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00581-00305200-00305680": "was incising DNAs can be the key here at this but when you think of folate and folate intake almost", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00582-00305680-00306264": "everyone thinks of venting neural tube defects of folate very important early in pregnancy as the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00583-00306264-00306704": "neural tube which is where the spinal cords going to be is developing in an infant's ability on", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00584-00306704-00307360": "the first up for six to to seven weeks of during pregnancy fully critically important from a neural", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00585-00307360-00307888": "tube defects neural tube defects used to be very common in the US until we started to fortifier", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00586-00307888-00308312": "grain products with folate. So now whenever you're eating and rich grain products. You will him", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00587-00308400-00308896": "you will you'll be to be getting hopefully in a fully to prevent these kind of problems", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00588-00309176-00309584": "might so come back to the apple before we get there with folate to see what the two sites. A", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00589-00309680-00310048": "full 8/Bullock acid important for pregnant women and women women women get bullied, pregnant", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00590-00310048-00310520": "absolute booth agree with that prevention of pre-birth defects that's that's a key reason to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00591-00310520-00311040": "consume folate protein metabolism and red blood cell formation is you keep mentioning rebuts", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00592-00311040-00311584": "a formation that's why B vitamin deficiencies can can cause certain types of anemia, a fully", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00593-00311584-00312128": "deficiency would cause a macro civic anemia so sentiment B12. So basically you have anemia", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00594-00312128-00312592": "react your you have too few red blood cells, but they're too big and are not regular caring oxygen.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00595-00312592-00312984": "II like to put this way, the reasoning of his big red blood cells is there supposed to be dividing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00596-00312984-00313672": "into but without these nutrients you can't get proper cell division's need 400 µg a day. If", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00597-00313672-00314064": "you can, of your pregnant are capably coming pregnant you would double that number at 800,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00598-00314064-00314656": "but food intake, asparagus, avocado, beans and peas enriched grain products like bread, cereal,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00599-00314656-00315104": "pasta, and rice talked about fortification program, their green leafy vegetables like", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00600-00315104-00315856": "spinach and orange juice and on my sheet and on bounce around a bit on the trade all these things", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00601-00315856-00316544": "so folate, which is B9 very important to note the full it full of gas are not the same thing. So", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00602-00316544-00317048": "you see that synthetic full. It can be is is more bioavailable. There is there is a key difference", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00603-00317048-00317576": "there so folate is a general term for a group of waters, I will be up B vitamins, also known as B9", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00604-00317712-00318176": "full of gas. It refers to the oxidized synthetic compound that's used in supplement supplements", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00605-00318176-00318688": "and food fortification best food sources from from my list are beef liver and other organ", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00606-00318688-00319240": "meats of pastor chicken, leafy green vegetables very important in DNA production cell division", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00607-00319240-00319952": "and cell differentiation to talk about preparing the neural tube, etc. deficiencies cause elevated", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00608-00319952-00320424": "homocysteine levels. Mention that and neural tube defects in the first eight weeks of pregnancy.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00609-00320520-00321192": "Okay so here we see folate's absorption and activation not not a big deal. Not a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00610-00321192-00321824": "big deal here, but felt folate in our food, we have to get the break if the breakdown I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00611-00321824-00322504": "just like to do other things then you have to activate the folate before it's rated be used", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00612-00322656-00323248": "more facts about folate bioavailability ranges from 5200% increase need during things that I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00613-00323248-00323872": "probably should double that intake from 400 to 800 µg a day during pregnancy of folate disposal it", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00614-00323872-00324448": "secreted by the liver into your bile member that the bile is stored in your gut to emulsify fats,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00615-00324448-00324888": "but it's also way your body get rid of things and that than that. If you're eating a very low fiber", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00616-00324888-00325336": "diet. Most this is gonna be reabsorbed again, but if not, some will be trapped and carried out", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00617-00325336-00325832": "neural tube defects and mentioned several times now supplement use during pregnancy. I'm one month", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00618-00325832-00326240": "before conception through the first trimester and that's really important thing the five what", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00619-00326240-00326632": "if capably coming pregnant. We all know her babies come from. If you can become pregnant,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00620-00326632-00327040": "you should already be consuming this it's it's worth that you'll take a prenatal vitamin", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00621-00327040-00327552": "if you could become pregnant because I've missed neural tube defects occur really early in", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00622-00327552-00327960": "pregnancy and you might be. I'm an avid students to say that another pregnant for like nine or 10", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00623-00327960-00328440": "weeks was too late. So if you're capably coming pregnant you should be doing these things already", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00624-00328536-00329120": "are so full it anemia it is, mention this if your folate or B12 deficient", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00625-00329120-00329416": "you. You're not getting a proper red blood cell division Syrian Avenue to eager and have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00626-00329515-00330016": "was called a macro civic anemia macro meeting large, so your Brett, you have too few red blood", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00627-00330016-00330584": "cells, but they'll be will be too big and they won't carry oxygen properly covered. All that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00628-00330688-00331120": "policy food sources heat and oxidation astray. Folate same as most of your other vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00629-00331120-00331640": "talk to anemia, but that I to fully food sources that mention a couple things that you can look at", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00630-00331640-00332648": "this list here next to B12 were almost done with the B vitamins here to vitamin B12 and folate", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00631-00332648-00333496": "depend on each other for activations requires that important. That means that you find here I they", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00632-00333496-00334080": "they kinda can hide problems with one another, so a whole bunch of B12 can mask a fully deficiency", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00633-00334080-00334504": "a whole wonderful lake and master B12 deficiency. The key is to get both of them together.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00634-00334504-00334976": "I really never recommended one without the other, like a somebody if you if you're having anemia", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00635-00334976-00335416": "we are having an issue and you agree not sure if it's B12 or full its culprit will simple solution", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00636-00335416-00335976": "is just to use a B complex or increased intake of both, but depth but they are needed there. Both", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00637-00335976-00336408": "need of regeneration methionine from homocysteine. So again if you have homocysteine levels are", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00638-00336408-00337016": "elevating your blood medical device, but I recommend getting folate, B12 and B6 for sure.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00639-00337016-00337568": "And also I recommend something called cooling cannot nonmedical pace just friends talking", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00640-00337648-00338168": "so B12 is needed for the synthesis of DNA and RNA what you mean. That's why you know you need", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00641-00338272-00338808": "you. You need B12 to for proper cell division right individual roles of the vitamin B12,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00642-00338808-00339336": "so on top of just the basic cell division stuff. B12 is needed for nerve function. So if you have", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00643-00339336-00339888": "a B12 deficiency can lead to some neurological problems of digestion and absorption is a neat", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00644-00339888-00340432": "one because of something that happens in the stomach to the stomach generates a compound called", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00645-00340432-00340960": "intrinsic factor and intrinsic factor is needed for the proper digestion and absorption of B12.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00646-00340960-00341384": "This is why think that if you were to tell me like if you don't, without knowing what I know will", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00647-00341656-00342144": "if you were to tell me name and nutrient that the typical American is not to worry about. I say B12", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00648-00342208-00342616": "right it is in all animal products which the average American consumes about 200 pounds", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00649-00342616-00343256": "mental proxy or it is you only need micrograms of it which means a microgram is a thousandth of a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00650-00343256-00343728": "milligram right so we don't need a lot of it, it's in all animal products with the typical American", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00651-00343728-00344280": "eats and B12 is stored up to five years were to stored in your liver to view her to tell me what's", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00652-00344280-00344624": "a nutrient that you never have to worry about. I think it's us what the problem is millions of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00653-00344624-00345224": "Americans are not have low vitamin B12 levels in the body and I think it's because of poor stomach", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00654-00345224-00345752": "health. I think that you as we get older or we are. We eat poorly our stomach as a function very", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00655-00345752-00346240": "well were having issues with intrinsic factor rubbing issues with digestion and absorption.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00656-00346240-00346672": "This is why if you have a B12 deficiency. They might they might try to treat it with supplement,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00657-00346672-00347200": "but most the time they just go to injections B12 injections they bypass your G.I. tract altogether", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00658-00347200-00347648": "and just dump it in your bloodstream. So I think that most people most Americans", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00659-00347704-00348008": "and left leg and let your beginning. You're not finding these foods because there", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00660-00348008-00348632": "in animal products. The typical American if there B12 deficient it's because of gut", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00661-00348632-00349088": "issues more than intake issues and that's why they use that B12 injections as a treatment", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00662-00349216-00349720": "arts where we get B12 food sources found almost exclusively in animal products nest because", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00663-00349720-00350072": "it really comes from microorganisms, but that that that that that give the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00664-00350072-00350552": "nutrients to animal products but dump I see things like so bioavailability of issues,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00665-00350632-00351128": "but again all animal products are going have plenty of it. There's no toxicity level. See", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00666-00351128-00351696": "yourself B12 plays important role in nerve health of the innocents is mention that B12 is the only", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00667-00351696-00352168": "large so vitamin that stored in any large amounts was from the liver is necessary to have adequate", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00668-00352168-00352744": "stomach acid and a protein called intrinsic factor for proper absorption is that that B12 is not only", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00669-00352744-00353192": "animal products and less food is fortifies you can find foods that B12 added no problems there", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00670-00353352-00353768": "best food sources include organ meats like beef liver and seafood", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00671-00353832-00354416": "and then went on this list. Here we have dairy products, eggs, fortified cereals, meats, poultry,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00672-00354472-00355152": "seafood like clams, trout, salmon had it and tuna in the intake needed is 6 µg a day very small", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00673-00355152-00355784": "number and deficiencies can cause neurological problems and elevated homocysteine levels:", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00674-00355880-00356536": "I just mentioned: we talked about talked about the homocysteine levels so choline", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00675-00356536-00357080": "is is is a vitamin -like substance right it's not, so it's not like technically a vitamin but it is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00676-00357080-00357568": "essential meaning need to consume Sue so cooling is an essential nutrient. It is commonly good", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00677-00357568-00358096": "with the B vitamins min because of function. It's used to make lecithin and acetylcholine,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00678-00358208-00358720": "which is a neurotransmitter so it's manufactured from methionine. So if you're if you're if you're", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00679-00358832-00359216": "back and back and impact. Homocysteine levels. That's why choline intake is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00680-00359216-00359704": "is linked to lowering homocysteine levels. It is a conditionally essential nutrient. If you don't", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00681-00359704-00360232": "have enough methionine and then adequate intake don't know how much right that that's kind of a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00682-00360232-00360872": "tricky tricky issue to hear, but the RNC will I gotta jump ahead to my vitamin -like substances", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00683-00360872-00361496": "on this document and pot associate is watching us on YouTube. You don't feel have access these these", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00684-00361496-00362088": "course resources but to choline. I have your is not a true vitamin is alive like substance", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00685-00362088-00362720": "very important for fat/cholesterol metabolism and transport important. Homocysteine metabolism,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00686-00362720-00363320": "so food sources include egg yolks, grass fed butter potatoes and cauliflower", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00687-00363320-00363800": "and this is an important one. Deficiencies can cause fat accumulation in the liver", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00688-00363800-00364272": "possibly can possibly is is is not fully understood, possibly leading to nonalcoholic", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00689-00364272-00364776": "fatty liver disease. So I if someone has failed liver disease which is becoming more more", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00690-00364776-00365232": "of a problem, especially nonalcoholic I liver disease. I deftly recommend getting", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00691-00365232-00365624": "more nutrient intake of all sorts of nutrients but pulling is really high up on that list.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00692-00365824-00366184": "I just a few of the things here's of these non-vitamins just feel other other kind of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00693-00366184-00366648": "important things but that I we haven't don't worry about these as much, but in also tall as part of", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00694-00366648-00367184": "cell membranes carnitine is needed for they call the carnitine shuttle it's needed to transport", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00695-00367184-00367752": "fatty acids into your into your mitochondria for oxidation and metabolism of pop up is para", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00696-00367752-00368344": "amino benzoic acid bacteria did that a lot because they actually make full of gas out of it, but does", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00697-00368344-00368840": "matter to us as much about bioflavonoids is the chamomile the phytochemicals chemical compounds", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00698-00368840-00369360": "that are found in foods. That's why we don't eat individual nutrients. We foods and and that's why", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00699-00369360-00369848": "we we try to we try to create supplements that the Tocco here's a combo me know seems to be good from", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00700-00369848-00370312": "spinach less is put that in the pill form doesn't work right when you eat spinach your consuming", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00701-00370312-00370856": "thousands of compounds that are working together so spinach makes you healthier than any spinach", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00702-00370928-00371600": "extract supplement ever put as far as we know now I so interactions among the B vitamins. This is", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00703-00371600-00372152": "having the interactions are are a huge deal but dump almost every nutrient in your body is going", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00704-00372152-00372656": "to have synergistic relationships, meaning that the 22 nutrients help each other and make them", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00705-00372656-00373120": "work better than almost every nutrient is also can have an antagonistic relationship to which means", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00706-00373120-00373656": "that this nutrient will impair the absorption of this nutrient MOC though I with minerals", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00707-00373656-00374088": "like high intakes of one mineral decreased absorption of others. That is there. There's", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00708-00374088-00374520": "there's constant interactions. If you if you put all the vitamins and minerals, chart", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00709-00374520-00374976": "that put all the webs from the Lions from where they connect, whether for good or bad reasons,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00710-00374976-00375584": "it would look like a really messy spiderweb. I to interactions among the B vitamins", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00711-00375584-00376096": "each B vitamin coenzyme is involved in energy metabolism, both directly and indirectly talked", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00712-00376096-00376680": "about lap deficiencies vitamin deficiencies seldom show up in isolation, because again, if you're", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00713-00376680-00377128": "if you're so malnourished that you have beriberi because you not getting enough of firemen,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00714-00377192-00377712": "then you're probably deficient other nutrients well and the blogger being up a nice efficiency", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00715-00377792-00378344": "toxicity, very rare. Access is limited to your insights why it's very rare.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00716-00378432-00378824": "The main issues with toxicity would be with high high doses with supplementation", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00717-00379056-00379840": "I so sorry B vitamins now vitamin C or ascorbic acid ascorbic acid vitamin C protects against", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00718-00379840-00380272": "oxidative damage that's Weitzen antioxidants or protects against free radical damage", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00719-00380272-00380816": "it become something called the Hydro acerbic acid which readily accepts hydrogens to become his", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00720-00380816-00381248": "or her gas so it's functions as an antioxidant. I'll talk about theories letting its most", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00721-00381248-00381696": "important, but does the front fender body against free radical sort of those free radicals are the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00722-00381696-00382256": "unstable creations in the body there unstable because they have an unpaired electron. And there", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00723-00382256-00382720": "only to be happy if they go harbor select from somewhere to their place either molecule with one", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00724-00382720-00383168": "or more unpaired electron will oxidative damages can like it's been like will be a little bullet", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00725-00383168-00383720": "that shoots to your cells trying to steal electron once it does that it creates this cascade effect", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00726-00383720-00384328": "because now wherever it stolen electron. There is now an unpaired electron. It's unhappy so so these", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00727-00384328-00384832": "up so antioxidants function by neutralizing these free radicals but just imagine them as", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00728-00384832-00385320": "bullets that shoot to your cells and do damage they can damage DNA damage cell structures etc.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00729-00385424-00385968": "so oxidative stress of free radicals may and then then antioxidants make their opening these there", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00730-00385968-00386376": "are there is there's a theory of aging called the free radical theory of aging which base he says", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00731-00386376-00386936": "that we decay because of for your accumulation of radical damage and if you consume antioxidants", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00732-00386936-00387552": "than that should slow that damage I describe the role vitamin C and its relationship to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00733-00387552-00388056": "oxime stress free radicals. I just kinda did so. Free radicals are unstable and vitamin C can help", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00734-00388056-00388856": "neutralize them before they cause op more oxidant stress in the body. I vitamin C loses electrons", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00735-00388856-00389360": "easily, allowing it to perform as an antioxidants of giving the electron to these these free", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00736-00389360-00389904": "radicals, antioxidants are protective against free radicals. These are unstable molecules because", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00737-00389904-00390392": "they have one or more unpaired electrons was that all lap vitamin C protects cells and tissues from", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00738-00390392-00390920": "these unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress, which plays a role in disease development", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00739-00391072-00391776": "rights. Vitamin C is a cofactor's vibrancy is a cofactor in college information so colleges like", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00740-00391776-00392352": "this well imagine like three Robeson, nodding it together, breaking it. Collagen is the most most", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00741-00392352-00393000": "numerous protein your body, what makes up a ton of different parts of you CC here. It's like the back", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00742-00393056-00393592": "about 30% of your bones are protein and its collagen so collagen is that if you took all", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00743-00393592-00394072": "the problems I your body collagen would be the biggest pile and you need vitamin C to make it", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00744-00394072-00394592": "and that's why you look at obscurity, which is vibrancy deficiency your new teeth fall out wounds", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00745-00394592-00395048": "don't heal. It's because of the collagen issue without vitamin C you can build collagen without", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00746-00395048-00395568": "collagen you can build a human right so it's a cofactor in college information matrix are bone", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00747-00395568-00396080": "and tooth formation. A conversion of something called proline to hydroxy pulling is also a", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00748-00396080-00396552": "cofactor in other reactions is not the only thing vibrancy does but it's the reason that that the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00749-00396552-00397112": "most serious one of hydroxylation of card counting this talk about Cardiff carnitine be needed to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00750-00397112-00397640": "to break down fat argument tablets. That's the conversion of tryptophan to serotonin conversion", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00751-00397640-00398200": "of tyrosine to norepinephrine or noradrenaline and and for making hormone so vitamin C has lots and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00752-00398200-00398720": "lots of functions and we need the collagen one is the victim. Other goals vitamin C", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00753-00398808-00399248": "prevention and treatment of the common cold again. I think this is true. A slight but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00754-00399248-00399624": "consistent shortening acculturation so I don't think vitamin C is a miracle.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00755-00399624-00399944": "While the anything is when you're when you're fighting infection, but there are things that can", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00756-00400000-00400464": "help you fight off a little faster. Vitamin C also deactivates histamines of allergy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00757-00400464-00400816": "issues and maybe vitamin C could be something beneficial for a little more in your diet,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00758-00400920-00401304": "disease prevention, treatment rules being studied again and you see there are lots of studies done", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00759-00401304-00401800": "on very high doses of vitamin C using vitamin C for also to doing things but the jury still out.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00760-00401904-00402400": "Stress does increase vitamin C needs because the adrenal glands release vitamin C and hormones in", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00761-00402400-00402864": "the blood to the adrenal glands or a lot of your vitamin C is concentrated and this is why like", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00762-00402864-00403296": "our ancestors that he knows detail. They knew how important it was to eat the adrenal glands", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00763-00403296-00403696": "because that was a good place to get vitamin C when you couldn't be consuming plant products", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00764-00403696-00404240": "may be live and live in Arctic climate in the middle of winter something. What a small stress", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00765-00404240-00404696": "about Missy smoking increases the need for vitamin C which let me be to call things I", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00766-00404696-00405232": "have here so deficiency causes scurvy. I mentioned that the best you figured that out with up with", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00767-00405232-00405688": "pipe pipe not pirates, but with sailors in the in the British Navy. They say that up to a million", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00768-00405688-00406104": "sailors would've died at this before they figured out, but they go out for months at a time on these", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00769-00406104-00406752": "boats they be eating like salted meat and and and beer. Basically, and they be getting scurvy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00770-00406752-00407256": "and dying to be one month of the time without any vibrancy and they and the they fix this issue by", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00771-00407256-00407744": "consuming citrus fruits made may be adding a lime to their beer. These types of things. So that's", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00772-00407744-00408272": "what so is actually epidemiological work looking at the sailors that had very restrictive diets", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00773-00408272-00408968": "that led to the understanding that scurvy is a vitamin C deficiency are the causes scurvy.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00774-00408968-00409392": "It has many important functions with the most important roles are its antioxidant properties", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00775-00409392-00409880": "and its role in collagen synthesis protects lung tissue and white blood cells from free radical", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00776-00409880-00410488": "damage that's wet so it helps with immunity and lung function. Dietary intake enhances iron", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00777-00410488-00410943": "absorption which can be a good or bad things that usually cut so biting it if your iron levels are", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00778-00410943-00411456": "low than consuming iron rich foods with vitamin C will increase your absorption sets normally good.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00779-00411456-00412000": "But if you have hemochromatosis or your iron levels are too high and you would want to limit", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00780-00412000-00412584": "iron intake but also limit but it's intake because it increases absorption so it's so as I mean when", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00781-00412584-00413128": "I say can be good or bad. Vitamin C regenerates vitamin E's is a really good relationship. These", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00782-00413128-00413552": "two nutrients there both antioxidants and they work together because they of vitamin C", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00783-00413552-00414160": "can regenerate by many slimy can go back out and do its job again. Smokers require more than the", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00784-00414160-00414728": "average person. Good food sources include peppers, especially red peppers to red peppers have two or", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00785-00414728-00415320": "three times more vitamin C than green peppers, strawberries, broccoli, papaya and pineapple", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00786-00415320-00416047": "and then vitamin C is is very sensitive to heat, light and oxidation see with the FDA page has for", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00787-00416047-00416688": "us here, vitamin C, antioxidant collagen connect tissue formation immune function and wound healing", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00788-00416752-00417335": "need 60 mg a day. And if you're a smoker you want to bump that up. Where is found broccoli, Brussels", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00789-00417335-00417984": "sprouts, cantaloupe, citrus fruits and juices like oranges and grapefruit kiwifruit peppers,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00790-00417984-00418735": "strawberries, tomatoes and tomato juice five and see deficiency we talked about the scurvy already", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00791-00418735-00419280": "notable signs of deficiency. The gums bleed easily around the teeth and capillaries under", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00792-00419280-00419696": "the skin break spontaneously to see these pinpoint hemorrhages there on the right and then was called", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00793-00419696-00420216": "the score view to comes of this. Because without collagen. These tissues are breaking down too easy", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00794-00420216-00420712": "like that. Like the lining of your blood vessels so scurvy talked about its sudden death death", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00795-00420712-00421088": "from massive internal bleeding and hopefully you never seen on the scurvy, but it used to", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00796-00421088-00421784": "be a very serious problem, especially especially with sailors. I vitamin C toxicity. This is really", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00797-00421784-00422239": "company to supplementation so we talked about diarrhea, G.I. distress. I mentioned this earlier.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00798-00422239-00422704": "You basically if you want to know what your tolerable level of vitamin C intake for you would", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00799-00422704-00423216": "be you increase your intake and tell you have G.I. problems than you back off, don't do that until", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00800-00423216-00423743": "you the people. Some people believe in mega dosing on nutrients like this. I am not one of them, but", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00801-00423743-00424232": "I guess that's you can you can consume so much of this that it can lead to diarrhea, G.I. distress,", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00802-00424296-00424768": "so don't do that. I generally recommend just in some studies of seen on blood vessel house, etc.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00803-00424768-00425320": "I recommend never going about this again is my my thoughts but I recommend deftly not consuming more", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00804-00425320-00425832": "than 3 g or 3000 mrem vibrancy a day. There's no reason for that much either, but that's where you", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00805-00425832-00426408": "start. Some studies have shown the blood vessel issues. I am interference of medical regimens.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00806-00426408-00426856": "High doses not recommended with certain medical conditions of the big big went to me being that", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00807-00426856-00427432": "hemochromatosis. If you have too much iron and you do not want to be increasing iron absorption", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00808-00427576-00428008": "eyes of vitamin C and food have Artie read off a couple lists. There you can pause this and", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00809-00428008-00428400": "take a look, but you'll see that it's not not too difficult to get enough of it. As", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00810-00428400-00429064": "long as reading some eating healthy foods right we did it. Now the lesson is over.", "cvrE4lIbCf8-00811-00429064-00429464": "You should've learn to describe how vitamins differ from the energy nutrients we did that"}}, {"audio_id": "cvDt1cKC5pu", "text": {"cvDt1cKC5pu-00000-00004067-00004196": "thank you [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00001-00004196-00004298": "foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00002-00004298-00004398": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00003-00004398-00009204": "[Music] thank you [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00004-00009204-00009693": "the most improbable event of the 20th century occurred in Havana Cuba the Revolutionary", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00005-00009693-00010435": "Victors marched in and the national complexion changed completely they had been liberated", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00006-00010435-00010943": "the survivors of the old regime escaped as best they could taking with them only a few", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00007-00010943-00011682": "meager effects such as the Cuban Treasury and other art objects it wasn't always easy", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00008-00011682-00012514": "to smuggle a loot out of Cuba and so secret meetings were being held all over the island", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00009-00012514-00013463": "this story of robbery double cross and murder begins with just such a meeting [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00010-00013463-00014440": "friends [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00011-00014440-00016467": "of capero I am who are you never mind who I am it's the mission that counts let's get", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00012-00016467-00017146": "on with it as an American Gambler and gangster you're above suspicion of course you know", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00013-00017146-00017650": "that our government has been overthrown you know I heard that shut up but not for long", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00014-00017650-00018367": "we'll be back and if you think you're seeing executions now oh boy", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00015-00018367-00019184": "but of course in order to finance a great kind of revolution it has been necessary for", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00016-00019184-00020250": "us to uh steal the Cuban treasure shut up let us proceed you're going to lose your Casino", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00017-00020250-00020720": "so you'll be leaving Cuba anyway you have a big year and you can leave anytime you wish", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00018-00020720-00021411": "such as immediately therefore I'm going to entrust you a solemn Trust here we have one-fourth", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00019-00021411-00021943": "of the Cuban treasure your group is", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00020-00021943-00022669": "there your way for us to contact you and relief you of the money one-fifth of which will be", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00021-00022669-00023773": "paid to you do you understand I get the whole picture now you do the rest senores [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00022-00023773-00024761": "americanos Cubano", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00023-00024761-00025747": "is saludo", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00024-00025747-00027132": "and now the", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00025-00027132-00027232": "gold", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00026-00027232-00029530": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00027-00029530-00030156": "you two had better get into the car the general doesn't know in English I'll be his translator", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00028-00030156-00030774": "for you buenos", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00029-00030774-00034548": "now it's time to go adios I'll see you later huh", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00030-00034548-00035159": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00031-00035159-00036380": "foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00032-00036380-00036991": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00033-00036991-00037601": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00034-00037601-00038281": "conspiracy had been made the Cuban treasury was now in the gentle hands of Renzo capetto", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00035-00038281-00038862": "the most trustworthy man ever to be deported from Sicily they thought they were smart but", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00036-00038862-00039377": "little did they know that I Sparks Moran was an American agent luckily I had been able", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00037-00039377-00040012": "to work my way into the crew by posing as an notorious gum machine burglar from Chicago", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00038-00040012-00040838": "my real name is xk150 hey you come on down here and help with this how'd it go folksie", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00039-00040838-00041469": "we had a hairy little Chase but we got the stuff crazy hey Colonel Grande you can bring", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00040-00041469-00042122": "your men aboard what happens with all that mob I don't know I thought we just have an", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00041-00042122-00042790": "officer or two but it looks like we're gonna have a little difficulty you think of a weather", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00042-00042790-00043696": "remove them and grab that loot cause you're my big strong swinging brain you're sweet", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00043-00043696-00044491": "baby", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00044-00044491-00045763": "a little oh all right boys get ready to go peep Take the Wheel Jack you and uh Clark's", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00045-00045763-00046001": "Sparks get ready to cast off", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00046-00046001-00047706": "well well this is a beautiful night for styling", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00047-00047706-00048259": "and so we left Cuba forever sailing into the most astounding adventure to be inflicted", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00048-00048259-00049127": "upon man and what a group we were The Big Cheese was Renzo capetto Alias Capo Rosetto", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00049-00049127-00049950": "Alias strato pizzetti Alias zeppo staccato Alias Shirley LaMore at 15 he served his first", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00050-00049950-00050522": "stretch for rolling a drunk in a lobby of the Waldorf Astoria New Year's Eve 1934. in", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00051-00050522-00051125": "1940 he was involved in an unsuccessful attempt to nominate Benito Mussolini for the Republican", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00052-00051125-00051883": "ticket during the war he was rejected by the Navy Marines and the SS now deported he has", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00053-00051883-00052358": "retained his contacts with a Syndicate and is still regarded as a dangerous character", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00054-00052358-00053362": "[Music] Mary Bell Monahan Alias Mary Monahan Bell Alias Bell Mary Monahan Alias Monahan", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00055-00053362-00053900": "Maribel they say she was a gunmall just because Lucky Luciano gave her a Rolls-Royce every", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00056-00053900-00054279": "Christmas and they can't really prove that she sneaked into the Hollywood Bowl with a", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00057-00054279-00054797": "Tommy Gun and rubbed out the convention of police Chiefs in 1956. oh I know that she", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00058-00054797-00055311": "got nailed cold when she was pushing heroin to the laundry room at Boys Town but I'm willing", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00059-00055311-00055955": "to give anyone the benefit of the doubt especially when she's as crazy looking as Maryvale this", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00060-00055955-00056553": "is happy jack Monahan so called because he developed a muscle spasm in his cheeks from", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00061-00056553-00057180": "watching too many Humphrey Bogart pictures Happy Jack's record is very his only crimes", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00062-00057180-00057686": "having been committed after his sister Mary Bell talked Renzo into giving him a job up", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00063-00057686-00058214": "until that time happy jack had been a tennis bone sleeping under the bleachers at Forest", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00064-00058214-00058751": "Hills and mooching Nichols in the BMT Subway since taking up with Renzo he has become a", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00065-00058751-00059439": "well-known dice loader and murderer the most obscure member of the dark quartet is Pete", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00066-00059439-00060107": "Peterson Jr son of Pete Peterson senior famed Vaudeville bird mimic Pete Jr inherited his", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00067-00060107-00060561": "father's talent for animal imitations but unfortunately blew his brain out of whack", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00068-00060561-00061142": "while imitating a whooping crane at the Elks convention picnic in Oshkosh in 1942. since", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00069-00061142-00061636": "then anyone has been able to convince Pete of anything Renzo found him struggling along", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00070-00061636-00062186": "as a pickpocket at Jones Beach and took him with him in his exile since then he has been", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00071-00062186-00062767": "Renzo's faithful servant shining his shoes and rubbing out his enemies in return Renzo", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00072-00062767-00063707": "permits him to imitate any animal that comes into his head", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00073-00063707-00064557": "that for instance was a mating call of a Himalayan Yak there they are my Shipmates I didn't know", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00074-00064557-00065057": "where they were taking those unsuspecting Cubans but I knew they were taking and so", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00075-00065057-00066505": "with grim faces we set our Helm against the perilous future foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00076-00066505-00067425": "anything to say peace [Music] how about you jack what do you think we should do you love", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00077-00067425-00068115": "oh now honey is there any way from maribel's big man to talk I love her we've got to get", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00078-00068115-00068476": "rid of at least half of these Cubans without making the rest of them suspicious", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00079-00068476-00069872": "I've used to the achieving fishermen by the name of Hemingway duck hooked on a sea monster", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00080-00069872-00070472": "in these Waters a couple of years ago and he was dragged for Miles got a lot of publicity", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00081-00070472-00071057": "we're gonna show these boys the greatest sea monster they ever saw in their lives Jack", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00082-00071057-00071625": "in my trunk there's some Garden rakes used for weeding Tomatoes you get them and and", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00083-00071625-00072355": "sharpen them like scalpers Pete you mix up a mess of olive oil and green ink and snag", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00084-00072355-00073030": "some seaweed from Over the side a jack what are you gonna do sharpen up the garden rakes", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00085-00073030-00073633": "good boy peace how about you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00086-00073633-00075113": "does he have to do that all right jack", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00087-00075113-00075437": "ET", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00088-00075437-00077336": "we've had a good life together haven't we baby know it oops Winters in Tijuana Summers", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00089-00077336-00078070": "and Cicero remember that wonderful trip we took to Monte Carlo you mean at the time we", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00090-00078070-00078617": "heisted all those hundred dollar chips sure", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00091-00078617-00079027": "I'll admit I couldn't really hear anything through that door but I was sure they were", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00092-00079027-00080027": "up to no good I knew it was up to me to stop them now I'll forget into Parts Unknown it's", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00093-00080027-00080782": "like a second honeymoon you know something we ought to get married now don't be a drag", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00094-00080782-00081086": "baby", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00095-00081086-00081670": "how much Jack do you think's in that stronger there's plenty of Cuban sugar though what", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00096-00081670-00082781": "are we gonna do with all of it [Music] I don't know I always wanted to open up a home for", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00097-00082781-00083430": "the age of hoodlums baby you got a heart as big as all Outdoors", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00098-00083430-00085043": "[Music] a government agent lives in constant peril I devised my undetectable radio set", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00099-00085043-00085693": "using simulated hot dogs for knobs and tubes inside of dill pickles while watching a number", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00100-00085693-00086425": "of sewer workmen during lunch hour comes in mighty handy believe you me one little slip", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00101-00086425-00086945": "and I could be headed for Davey Jones Locker", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00102-00086945-00087569": "hello Havana this is Agent XK 150. over", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00103-00087569-00088382": "I'm making my first official report so far not too much has happened but I'm anticipating", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00104-00088382-00089023": "Renzo capetto and his gang are on board as suspected I am with him I will call you again", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00105-00089023-00090264": "soon one of these days this is Agent XK 150 signing off [Music] all right what's happening", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00106-00090264-00093152": "just having a bite [Music] gee that looks good and if I join you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00107-00093152-00093397": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00108-00093397-00094370": "come to Mama [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00109-00094370-00094857": "good morning", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00110-00094857-00095756": "the general says good morning you gorgeous beautiful creature [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00111-00095756-00096120": "General", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00112-00096120-00096849": "foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00113-00096849-00097213": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00114-00097213-00098789": "would you tell the general that I feel that he'd be most at home barbecuing slowly over", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00115-00098789-00099276": "a hot spit um", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00116-00099276-00100780": "you must be a glucky for punishment", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00117-00100780-00101025": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00118-00101025-00101744": "s who you want you're too good for this life", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00119-00101744-00102595": "you're young and you're innocent you should get out well we're gonna use good", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00120-00102595-00103558": "are you on well they're getting is great you're a victim of circumstance I try I do try you're", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00121-00103558-00104445": "a crazy mixed up kid I am perfectly adjusted to my life of crime now what is your story", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00122-00104445-00104920": "oh well you see I'm beyond help but you're not you can find a clean young man to marry", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00123-00104920-00105724": "and I haven't got the time but I can help you Mary Bell [Music] you can turn blue don't", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00124-00105724-00106054": "worry Mary Bell Our Savior a guy", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00125-00106054-00107372": "that's a comforting alternative [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00126-00107372-00107928": "a secret agent should never sleep but there I was dreaming of Mom's Apple Pie while up", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00127-00107928-00108680": "on Deck Lorenzo and his Cutthroats were taking the first step killing an innocent human and", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00128-00108680-00109205": "pretending some imaginary monster did it just so they would be panicked into changing course", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00129-00109205-00109530": "so that Renzo could steer them to his own picked destination", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00130-00109530-00109972": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00131-00109972-00112566": "[Applause] [Music] geez wait one minute then give the alarm [Music] but what none of us", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00132-00112566-00113300": "knew was that the monster invented by Renzo had already been invented by somebody else", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00133-00113300-00116666": "by a couple of other monsters", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00134-00116666-00116964": "I guess [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00135-00116964-00117110": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00136-00117110-00117258": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00137-00117258-00117404": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00138-00117404-00119344": "please go ahead well I don't think it was anything human that killed your soldier I've", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00139-00119344-00120197": "seen the tracks and the claw wounds on their body now in my studied opinion those soldiers", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00140-00120197-00121167": "were attacked by some weird creature from the sea came in did your boys in and vanished", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00141-00121167-00125019": "again [Laughter] it was so funny get a creature how silly did you really think", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00142-00125019-00125201": "it foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00143-00125201-00125336": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00144-00125336-00126841": "[Music] the junior says these waters are very dangerous so we must flood a new cars", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00145-00126841-00127867": "[Music] a brave General tostola didn't miss an excuse to blow the trip and change course", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00146-00127867-00128749": "we've got a glint in his eye pure gold maybe won't have to knock them all off", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00147-00128749-00129826": "you boys are getting careless I told you to kill one not two it was not against your count", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00148-00129826-00130892": "okay take a wheel well you know I I thought it was only one well I can't figure this out", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00149-00130892-00131644": "so we were going somewhere I didn't know Washington didn't know Renzo didn't know we all had to", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00150-00131644-00132510": "find out gentlemen I think we ought to make our decision", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00151-00132510-00133352": "now has anybody got an idea about what about where we're going I thought it was for sure", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00152-00133352-00134014": "we were going on oh no that's been changed well General tostado thinks we ought to change", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00153-00134014-00134509": "course in order to escape the monster okay", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00154-00134509-00135291": "let's go to India I've always wanted to see that it's like a child actually I think we", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00155-00135291-00135775": "ought to go to Khan it really swings this time of the year and will you listen so strange", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00156-00135775-00137854": "my friends I always had a secret desire always wanted to go to Bali you know", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00157-00137854-00138461": "Bali Bali Bali", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00158-00138461-00138732": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00159-00138732-00139002": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00160-00139002-00139274": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00161-00139274-00140438": "this is Agent xk150 calling agent xk120 via 190 SL come into benefit now the first thing", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00162-00140438-00140913": "we've got to think about is to escape this pinky monster now if you take a look at the", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00163-00140913-00141380": "chart you'll notice there's a lot of deep water just north of Puerto Rico too deep for", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00164-00141380-00142017": "the monster to live in well how do you know he can't live in deep water because of his", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00165-00142017-00142601": "feet he's a walker and he's got to stay at the bottom all right stupid rides too oh well", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00166-00142601-00143186": "we get to Puerto Rico we'll take the strong box ashore oh he's an American I won't be", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00167-00143186-00144019": "noticed I'll take a plan at the theater Hilo take the box with me I can say unequivocally", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00168-00144019-00144830": "without the slightest qualm of doubt that this gang is heading for bounty I think the", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00169-00144830-00145903": "government should watch for us at the Panama Canal over", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00170-00145903-00147374": "he won kept their strong box out of his side okay it's a deal [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00171-00147374-00147852": "foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00172-00147852-00148394": "Are we almost there oh about six or eight hours", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00173-00148394-00149599": "another lucky shooter pause the point", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00174-00149599-00150224": "you're ravishing you're sick listen I have a plan as soon as we get there we'll wait", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00175-00150224-00150826": "for night and when Renzo isn't looking we'll jump off and swim for sure through shark infested", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00176-00150826-00151457": "water so no one will follow us then we'll steal a sailing dinghy and head for Brazil", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00177-00151457-00152384": "how do you like it I think it's Grand you ought to do it well I meant you too [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00178-00152384-00152891": "I wouldn't ride on the same bus with you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00179-00152891-00153390": "now Pete I want you to listen carefully", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00180-00153390-00154109": "on the North Coast of the Big Island there's a teeny Speck of land called La Isla del borracho", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00181-00154109-00154702": "named after one of Columbus's lieutenants should be deserted by now we ought to be able", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00182-00154702-00155621": "to land there huh good now there's a reef around the island and a very narrow opening", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00183-00155621-00156347": "which we have to go through I am going to run this yacht on the Rocks right at the entrance", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00184-00156347-00156961": "now during the Panic we'll take the strong box load it on a skiff and head for sure a", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00185-00156961-00157954": "peep when we get over 30 feet of water I'll give you a signal and then I want you to capsize", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00186-00157954-00158159": "the boat you understand", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00187-00158159-00159251": "later Pete will come back and dive for it you understand everything hit the rocks and", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00188-00159251-00159675": "then we put the box in the skiff and then we dump it over 30 feet of water so we can", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00189-00159675-00166762": "come back and get it [Music] let's run that shouldn't be", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00190-00166762-00167484": "on board anyway foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00191-00167484-00167661": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00192-00167661-00167839": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00193-00167839-00168016": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00194-00168016-00168192": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00195-00168192-00168548": "come on", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00196-00168548-00169327": "it's all right be calm everybody the boat's insured [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00197-00169327-00169642": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00198-00169642-00170275": "foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00199-00170275-00174411": "row row row your boat gently up the creek merrily merrily merrily merrily I'm going", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00200-00174411-00175233": "to be sick", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00201-00175233-00175507": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00202-00175507-00175937": "you know this reminds me of one time on Lake Minnetonka Louise Schmidt and I were paddling", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00203-00175937-00176572": "along when what do you think happened [Applause] [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00204-00176572-00178299": "as soon as he can estimate the situation but you can tell el General", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00205-00178299-00179177": "It's gotta be through giving orders around here oh look you men have no money and you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00206-00179177-00179822": "have no guns in your U.S soil that's all right I'm on your side Pete I want you to search", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00207-00179822-00180413": "the island see if anybody lives here Jack you take one of the lifeboats and Road ashore", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00208-00180413-00181198": "make your way to San Juan and run us a fishing boat and plenty of diving gear uh-huh", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00209-00181198-00182413": "just even get your Amendment bill is a lean too or something to keep the rain off ensive", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00210-00182413-00183341": "Market [Music] s", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00211-00183341-00183961": "[Applause] [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00212-00183961-00184580": "foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00213-00184580-00186365": "[Music] why well the way I figured these Cubans aren't very much at diving Jack Pete and I", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00214-00186365-00187107": "are all pretty good spear fishermen will go down find a strong box and hide it in a hole", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00215-00187107-00187862": "in the reef after that we'll tell the Cubans that it's no use give up it'll be safe there", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00216-00187862-00188863": "for months even years until we're ready to come back and get it you like it Booksy sometimes", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00217-00188863-00193302": "you are so smart you make me sick", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00218-00193302-00198738": "[Music] foreign [Music] [Applause] [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00219-00198738-00199958": "[Music] thank you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00220-00199958-00200058": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00221-00200058-00200257": "foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00222-00200257-00200357": "[Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00223-00200357-00200554": "[Music] [Laughter]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00224-00200554-00201151": "very lovely where did you meet", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00225-00201151-00202185": "oh no that must mean they're in love [Music] I wish you many happy returns of the day well", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00226-00202185-00203285": "isn't that a ring you're wearing Mr Perez it's a wedding ring", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00227-00203285-00203550": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00228-00203550-00204848": "all about 20 bottles 10 regulars Mass spear guns the works oh I did it as usual well okay", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00229-00204848-00205709": "we're gonna start diving this afternoon I brought something else on with me too", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00230-00205709-00206408": "[Applause] Carmelita I'd like you to meet renza capetta my sister Mary Bell Mr Pete", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00231-00206408-00207171": "Peterson and well I don't know who the large woman with him is for Athena Perez hi hello", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00232-00207171-00207671": "everybody you found this woman in San Juan well she was living in a sort of sorority", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00233-00207671-00208481": "house down by the docks she's awful friendly why don't you come on with me honey I'll show", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00234-00208481-00208852": "you how sorority huh", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00235-00208852-00209496": "I have the honor to report that my men will be ready one hour ready for what dive to the", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00236-00209496-00210783": "Strand box you mean your Menace divers yes they are Cuban Army frog man [Music] I had", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00237-00210783-00211392": "the situation well in hand Maribel was weakening as I'm sure you've noticed then she came into", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00238-00211392-00211871": "my life I didn't see her coming but somehow I sensed her presence and knew that my life", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00239-00211871-00211990": "was changed forever", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00240-00211990-00212681": "hello who are you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00241-00212681-00213739": "Sparks Moran as a trained Espionage agent I could tell that she was attracted to me", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00242-00213739-00214294": "but I wanted Maribel and Mary Bell wanted Renzo and Renzo wanted to go [Music] you all", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00243-00214294-00214394": "right oh yes", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00244-00214394-00214935": "all right we're ready I don't know but I'm ready", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00245-00214935-00215092": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00246-00215092-00215771": "oh no", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00247-00215771-00218848": "[Music] [Applause] thank you no [Applause] [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00248-00218848-00220548": "[Applause] [Music] [Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00249-00220548-00223381": "[Music] good luck Booksy [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00250-00223381-00223948": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00251-00223948-00224514": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00252-00224514-00225227": "box had begun but the sea was cluttered up with Cubans dispersed by General tostada to", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00253-00225227-00225898": "search independently all those Cubans alone in the Deep this was a chance for Renzo to", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00254-00225898-00226892": "again become the sea monster [Music] a lonely Cuban had found one of the many wrecks on", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00255-00226892-00227815": "the bottom [Music] and Renzo had found the lonely Cuban", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00256-00227815-00228813": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00257-00228813-00231079": "[Music] ly executed", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00258-00231079-00231860": "the victim was dead The Killers delighted but not satisfied Renzo must have another", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00259-00231860-00233114": "Court of Latin blood [Music] we waited sensing the dangers below", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00260-00233114-00233704": "while the Unholy three sought new prey [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00261-00233704-00234930": "it didn't take them long to find it [Music] foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00262-00234930-00235180": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00263-00235180-00237119": "it's too dangerous for you here let's run away and live a little no no I'm in love with", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00264-00237119-00237744": "the fox Miranda sea how can you be in love with him he's an idiot you ought to be in", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00265-00237744-00238331": "love with me no I'm in love with kids and I don't care if you've never seen you again", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00266-00238331-00239535": "[Applause] oh if I'd only pay my life insurance premium I'd kill myself I know nothing kid", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00267-00239535-00244154": "you guys for one hour no you come with me I'll show you how much to the Jungle you've", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00268-00244154-00246871": "seen one jungle you see them all you come with me you'll see and you like", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00269-00246871-00246971": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00270-00246971-00247673": "monster well let's pick up and go home no I am enough we will not stop until we have", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00271-00247673-00248214": "to scrambler from now on we'll dive with fear guns crazy", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00272-00248214-00248361": "[Music] mango [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00273-00248361-00248509": "[Music] foreign [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00274-00248509-00250367": "gee thanks porcina but it really wasn't necessary oh do not like mango oh yeah I like [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00275-00250367-00250467": "it", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00276-00250467-00250567": "is", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00277-00250567-00251065": "well I don't think that's going to matter at all okay I'm going back now Mr Peterson", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00278-00251065-00253809": "he is waiting for me now adios person [Music] wow wow", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00279-00253809-00254546": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00280-00254546-00255283": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00281-00255283-00256915": "are you all right Paul Cena oh I'm all right my hero hey move forward Happy Jack oh come", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00282-00256915-00258977": "on I tagged you to them damn yes [Music] oh I don't know what you said manga but it sure", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00283-00258977-00259251": "was wonderful is [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00284-00259251-00259771": "I feel the same way mango I never felt like this in my whole life", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00285-00259771-00260379": "[Music] oh I know mango I know", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00286-00260379-00260639": "well here comes", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00287-00260639-00262200": "hi Jack who's your friend well this is mango Perez 14 is daughter gee she's almost as pretty", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00288-00262200-00263418": "as her mother yeah she's wonderful yeah but can't she do imitation well I don't know and", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00289-00263418-00263883": "I don't care because I love her God you're gonna marry her yeah well why not why not", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00290-00263883-00265020": "if you marry mango can I marry portina I'll be your father forget about voice caller Zach", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00291-00265020-00265905": "oh we can not talk here we cannot talk he made big trouble yeah I just had a fight with", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00292-00265905-00266829": "him you know Pete I'm getting tired all this running around you know what I'd like to do", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00293-00266829-00267481": "I'd like to marry mango and settle down here well I could start a tennis club they don't", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00294-00267481-00268068": "have clubs they have rackheads you know you're right but you know something though you do", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00295-00268068-00268754": "the same thing myself say why don't we rub them all out and this way we can keep the", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00296-00268754-00269508": "strong box for ourselves oh yes well even Mary Bell hey I don't know about her well", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00297-00269508-00270189": "she is my sister of course we could keep her around to do the housekeeping sure and she'll", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00298-00270189-00271541": "get over losing Renzo sure wow how about it is it a deal they've been cheating on their", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00299-00271541-00271767": "income tax anyway", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00300-00271767-00272503": "first beating the boys they know we should be diving this afternoon I think they're somewhere", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00301-00272503-00273260": "in the jungle [Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00302-00273260-00273527": "watch this what is this today's", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00303-00273527-00273846": "very angry that's tough yeah [Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00304-00273846-00273946": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00305-00273946-00274046": "[Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00306-00274046-00275323": "Carmelita will you talk so we're busy I will tell him to cut down to 20 for a fifth of", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00307-00275323-00276404": "June gin nothing who wants to buy his improbable wife come on General tests started let's get", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00308-00276404-00276657": "going for another squirrels", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00309-00276657-00276911": "[Music] [Applause] eat please", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00310-00276911-00277011": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00311-00277011-00279409": "all right baby listen you hold on to these because I can't use them without Peter Jack", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00312-00279409-00283530": "to help me huh I'll keep them warm for you [Music] [Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00313-00283530-00284216": "[Music] [Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00314-00284216-00286151": "all right [Music] Lorenzo capetto had at last found the strong box and the unknown partner", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00315-00286151-00286874": "had found Renzo capetto [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00316-00286874-00287471": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00317-00287471-00294043": "[Music] [Applause] [Music] all right [Music] [Applause] [Music] foreign [Music] [Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00318-00294043-00295834": "[Music] [Applause] [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00319-00295834-00298784": "[Music] please [Music] I go [Music] [Applause]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00320-00298784-00300992": "what'd you have to do it Renzo why did I have to do what don't play games with me why'd", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00321-00300992-00301642": "you kill her Jack I swear I had nothing I just don't play games we all saw the same", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00322-00301642-00302224": "five incisions in those brown Marshall that you asked Mary but I gave her the rakes before", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00323-00302224-00302692": "I went under someone played you had two more in your trunk just in case you said remember", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00324-00302692-00303126": "yeah I remember but they're still there I can't convince him honey maybe you can sorry", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00325-00303126-00303977": "man I'm gonna have to go along with Jack do you think I didn't or what else can I think", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00326-00303977-00304584": "who made that monster about a thin air I don't try to tell me it's real and now that's you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00327-00304584-00305175": "well I am I always believed in it but it's gotta be real either that or the Cubans are", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00328-00305175-00305640": "trying to kill us off I can't buy that I don't care what you buy from now on we're gonna", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00329-00305640-00306083": "die with Spirits like the rest of them we've got to get rid of the rest of those Cubans", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00330-00306083-00309080": "as quickly as possible I will start tomorrow morning with tostado Jack Pete [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00331-00309080-00309630": "possible death notwithstanding the courageous General and two of his men Dove once more", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00332-00309630-00311258": "into the deadly sea but as usual they were not alone Renzo waited for them to separate", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00333-00311258-00312430": "[Music] one pulled away and then there were two [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00334-00312430-00312788": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00335-00312788-00314606": "[Music] into the forbidding void with the killers closing in [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00336-00314606-00315686": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00337-00315686-00316515": "Observer stood watching over a pathetic bit of cloth all that remained of mango at last", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00338-00316515-00316826": "tostada had found his goal in his own watery grave", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00339-00316826-00320961": "[Music] foreign [Music] the general diet is all General shirt his greedy murderers let", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00340-00320961-00321810": "his body drift away while I congratulated each other", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00341-00321810-00322278": "Happy Jack found the scrap of a dress and knew what had happened to his beloved suddenly", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00342-00322278-00322378": "[Music] don't touch me oh honey go ahead try to talk yourself out of it trying to talk", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00343-00322378-00325399": "yourself cool this time baby boy tell me the Cubans did it only they were on board pulling", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00344-00325399-00326706": "into jail now baby you gotta believe it", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00345-00326706-00327444": "foreign [Music] Mary Bell I saw what he did yet I killed your brother and now you've got", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00346-00327444-00328078": "to leave Mary Bell and there's no one to help you but me oh Mary Bell I love you so much", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00347-00328078-00328598": "I could split get on", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00348-00328598-00328750": "what do you do to my man oh shut up", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00349-00328750-00330567": "[Applause] oh thank you [Music] [Applause] it was dusk I could tell because the sun was", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00350-00330567-00330898": "going down [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00351-00330898-00332472": "Cuba rights in your all my arm is finished I don't care about the proximity I don't want", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00352-00332472-00333133": "him to kill any more of my men neither do I Colonel I think we must go to shield in", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00353-00333133-00333974": "the morning you can go anywhere you like I'm going home to America", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00354-00333974-00334869": "[Music] now I can't go back there anymore", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00355-00334869-00335772": "I got an uncle there who's been asking me for years to help them stamp grapes beginning", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00356-00335772-00335989": "to appeal to me", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00357-00335989-00337439": "Mary Bell hates me I know but I love you it's kind of nice having somebody love you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00358-00337439-00338100": "wouldn't you try to love me you might like it I guess I can try she pressed her hot Latin", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00359-00338100-00338638": "lips against mine and I forgot everything but Carmelita but our silent partner was not", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00360-00338638-00339010": "going to let me forget", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00361-00339010-00339448": "this was it there was been one thing a responsible trusted representative of the United States", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00362-00339448-00340436": "government could do at a time like this get out of there", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00363-00340436-00341426": "I'd just like one more chance  to explain", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00364-00341426-00342000": "it's all right doesn't really matter no matter where you go or what you do or you need to", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00365-00342000-00342410": "kill I love you till the day I die", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00366-00342410-00342759": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00367-00342759-00345160": "thank you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00368-00345160-00355199": "Lorenzo loved Mary Bell but he was the skipper and decided to go down ahead of his ship [Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00369-00355199-00355537": "thank you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00370-00355537-00355637": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00371-00355637-00355737": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00372-00355737-00355837": "[Music]", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00373-00355837-00355937": "foreign", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00374-00355937-00356313": "[Music] that I would like it I think of course we'd have to live on the salary of an American", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00375-00356313-00357051": "spy which is 41.50 a week I don't care he was so strong so intelligent you see how you", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00376-00357051-00357734": "solve this whole case you're this might still feel in the whole world I'm not really as", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00377-00357734-00358197": "smart as I look Karma later you see I I have to admit that all that time I thought Renzo", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00378-00358197-00358823": "and the Cubans were trying to steal that strong box but I was wrong a real killer was a monster", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00379-00358823-00359449": "so what you're beautiful", "cvDt1cKC5pu-00380-00359449-00359727": "so I got the girl and guess who got the gold [Music]"}}, {"audio_id": "cvJg6hffARu", "text": {"cvJg6hffARu-00000-00000496-00000868": "Given the prior probabilities, the probability of A and the", "cvJg6hffARu-00001-00000868-00001250": "probability of B, and given the conditional probability,", "cvJg6hffARu-00002-00001250-00001623": "the probability of B given A, we can systematically", "cvJg6hffARu-00003-00001623-00001880": "compute the posterior probability, that is, the", "cvJg6hffARu-00004-00001880-00002196": "probability of A given B, using the tableau approach", "cvJg6hffARu-00005-00002196-00002602": "in the following example. The stock price of Hooli per", "cvJg6hffARu-00006-00002602-00002942": "share is considered. The probability of it going up is", "cvJg6hffARu-00007-00002942-00003338": "90%. Given that the stock price went up, the market was", "cvJg6hffARu-00008-00003338-00003820": "good 75% of the time, fair 20% of the time, and bad 5%", "cvJg6hffARu-00009-00003820-00004128": "of the time. When the stock price went down,", "cvJg6hffARu-00010-00004128-00004630": "those numbers were 60%, 30%, and 10%, respectively.", "cvJg6hffARu-00011-00004630-00004902": "Given each market condition, find the probability of", "cvJg6hffARu-00012-00004902-00005390": "the stock price going up and down. Extracting all the", "cvJg6hffARu-00013-00005390-00005644": "given information, we have that the prior probabilities", "cvJg6hffARu-00014-00005644-00006050": "are: the probability of the stock price going up is 0.9,", "cvJg6hffARu-00015-00006050-00006412": "and the probability of it going down is 1 minus", "cvJg6hffARu-00016-00006412-00006762": "the probability of it going up, which is equal to 1 minus", "cvJg6hffARu-00017-00006762-00007364": "0.9, which equals to 0.1. The conditional probabilities", "cvJg6hffARu-00018-00007364-00007626": "are: the probability of a good market given that the", "cvJg6hffARu-00019-00007626-00008038": "stock price went up is 0.75, the probability of a fair", "cvJg6hffARu-00020-00008038-00008414": "market given that the stock price went up is 0.2, the", "cvJg6hffARu-00021-00008414-00008648": "probability of a bad market given that the stock price", "cvJg6hffARu-00022-00008648-00009056": "went up is 0.05, the probability of a good market given", "cvJg6hffARu-00023-00009056-00009416": "that the stock price went down is 0.6, the probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00024-00009416-00009700": "of a fair market given that the stock price went down is", "cvJg6hffARu-00025-00009700-00010026": "0.3, and the probability of a bad market given that the", "cvJg6hffARu-00026-00010026-00010442": "stock price went down is 0.1. We will need to compute", "cvJg6hffARu-00027-00010442-00010928": "the posterior probabilities. For part a, we will calculate", "cvJg6hffARu-00028-00010928-00011240": "the probability of the stock price going up and down,", "cvJg6hffARu-00029-00011240-00011652": "given a good market. Recall that the probability of the", "cvJg6hffARu-00030-00011652-00011958": "stock price going up is 0.9, the probability of the stock", "cvJg6hffARu-00031-00011958-00012352": "price going down is 0.1, the probability of a good market", "cvJg6hffARu-00032-00012352-00012736": "given that the stock price went up is 0.75, and the", "cvJg6hffARu-00033-00012736-00012941": "probability of a good market given that the stock price", "cvJg6hffARu-00034-00012941-00013618": "went down is 0.6. Let B represent a good market. Then", "cvJg6hffARu-00035-00013618-00014060": "we have the following table. For each outcome A, we", "cvJg6hffARu-00036-00014060-00014294": "will use the given conditional probability and prior", "cvJg6hffARu-00037-00014294-00014634": "probability to find the joint probability which will help", "cvJg6hffARu-00038-00014634-00015163": "us calculate the posterior probability. So, for the", "cvJg6hffARu-00039-00015163-00015438": "outcome that the stock price goes up, we have the", "cvJg6hffARu-00040-00015438-00015890": "conditional probability 0.75 times the prior probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00041-00015890-00016530": "0.9, which gives us the joint probability 0.675.", "cvJg6hffARu-00042-00016530-00016776": "For the outcome that the stock price goes down,", "cvJg6hffARu-00043-00016776-00017118": "we have the conditional probability 0.6 times the", "cvJg6hffARu-00044-00017118-00017446": "prior probability 0.1, which gives us the joint probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00045-00017446-00018174": "of 0.06. Adding up the two probabilities 0.675 and 0.06", "cvJg6hffARu-00046-00018174-00018446": "we can obtain the probability of a good market which", "cvJg6hffARu-00047-00018446-00019014": "comes out to be 0.735. Using this, we can now calculate", "cvJg6hffARu-00048-00019014-00019316": "the posterior probability by dividing the joint probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00049-00019316-00019662": "by the probability of a good market. The resulting", "cvJg6hffARu-00050-00019662-00020004": "posterior probabilities are as follows. The probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00051-00020004-00020296": "of the stock price going up given a good market is", "cvJg6hffARu-00052-00020296-00020688": "0.918, and the probability of the stock price going down", "cvJg6hffARu-00053-00020688-00021164": "given a good market is 0.082. To check your answer,", "cvJg6hffARu-00054-00021164-00021474": "the sum of the two posterior probabilities should give", "cvJg6hffARu-00055-00021474-00021820": "you 1. Therefore, given a good market, the probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00056-00021820-00022552": "of the stock price going up is 91.8% and down is 8.2%.", "cvJg6hffARu-00057-00022552-00022916": "For part b, we will calculate the probability of the stock", "cvJg6hffARu-00058-00022916-00023474": "price going up and down given a fair market.", "cvJg6hffARu-00059-00023474-00023920": "Recall that the probability of the price going up is 0.9,", "cvJg6hffARu-00060-00023920-00024242": "the probability of the stock price going down is 0.1,", "cvJg6hffARu-00061-00024242-00024538": "the probability of a fair market given that the stock price", "cvJg6hffARu-00062-00024538-00024908": "goes up is 0.2, and the probability of a fair market given", "cvJg6hffARu-00063-00024908-00025554": "that the stock price goes down is 0.3. Let B represent", "cvJg6hffARu-00064-00025554-00025880": "a fair market. For each outcome A, we will use the", "cvJg6hffARu-00065-00025880-00026114": "tableau approach to calculate the posterior", "cvJg6hffARu-00066-00026114-00026568": "probabilities. For the outcome that the stock price goes", "cvJg6hffARu-00067-00026568-00026958": "up, we have the conditional probability 0.2 times the", "cvJg6hffARu-00068-00026958-00027288": "prior probability 0.9 which gives us the joint probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00069-00027288-00027977": "0.18. For the outcome that the stock price goes down,", "cvJg6hffARu-00070-00027977-00028314": "we have the conditional probability 0.3 times the", "cvJg6hffARu-00071-00028314-00028660": "prior probability 0.1, which gives us the joint probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00072-00028660-00029122": "0.03. Adding up the two joint probabilities we have", "cvJg6hffARu-00073-00029122-00029752": "0.21, the probability of a fair market. Using this, we can", "cvJg6hffARu-00074-00029752-00030002": "divide the joint probability by the probability of a", "cvJg6hffARu-00075-00030002-00030310": "fair market to get the posterior probabilities.", "cvJg6hffARu-00076-00030310-00030812": "So we have 0.18 divided by 0.21, giving us the posterior", "cvJg6hffARu-00077-00030812-00031518": "probability 0.857, and we have 0.03 divided by 0.21,", "cvJg6hffARu-00078-00031518-00031986": "giving us the posterior probability 0.143. Checking", "cvJg6hffARu-00079-00031986-00032508": "our answer, we can see that they sum up to 1.", "cvJg6hffARu-00080-00032508-00032784": "Therefore, given a fair market, the probability of the", "cvJg6hffARu-00081-00032784-00033516": "stock price going up is 85.7% and down is 14.3%.", "cvJg6hffARu-00082-00033516-00033852": "Lastly, for part c, we will calculate the probability of the", "cvJg6hffARu-00083-00033852-00034288": "stock price going up and down given a bad market.", "cvJg6hffARu-00084-00034288-00034672": "Recall that the probability of the stock price going up is", "cvJg6hffARu-00085-00034672-00035106": "0.9, the probability of the stock price going down is 0.1,", "cvJg6hffARu-00086-00035106-00035356": "the probability of a bad market given that the stock", "cvJg6hffARu-00087-00035356-00035726": "price goes up is 0.05, and the probability of a bad", "cvJg6hffARu-00088-00035726-00036190": "market given that the stock price goes down is 0.1.", "cvJg6hffARu-00089-00036190-00036572": "Let B represent a bad market. For each outcome A,", "cvJg6hffARu-00090-00036572-00036786": "we will use the tableau approach to calculate the", "cvJg6hffARu-00091-00036786-00037198": "posterior probabilities. For the outcome that the stock", "cvJg6hffARu-00092-00037198-00037566": "price goes up, we have the conditional probability 0.05", "cvJg6hffARu-00093-00037566-00037910": "times the prior probability 0.9 which gives us the", "cvJg6hffARu-00094-00037910-00038368": "joint probability 0.045. For the outcome that the stock", "cvJg6hffARu-00095-00038368-00038626": "price goes down, we have the conditional probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00096-00038626-00039050": "0.1 times the prior probability 0.1, which gives us the", "cvJg6hffARu-00097-00039050-00039582": "joint probability 0.01. Adding up the two joint", "cvJg6hffARu-00098-00039582-00039954": "probabilities we have 0.055, the probability of a bad", "cvJg6hffARu-00099-00039954-00040518": "market. Using this, we can divide the joint probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00100-00040518-00040802": "by the probability of a bad market to get the posterior", "cvJg6hffARu-00101-00040802-00041608": "probabilities. So, we have 0.045 divided by 0.055,", "cvJg6hffARu-00102-00041608-00042062": "giving us the posterior probability 0.818, and we have", "cvJg6hffARu-00103-00042062-00042612": "0.01 divided by 0.055, giving us the posterior probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00104-00042612-00043072": "0.182. Checking our answer, we can see that they sum", "cvJg6hffARu-00105-00043072-00043784": "up to 1. Therefore, given a bad market, the probability", "cvJg6hffARu-00106-00043784-00044494": "of the stock price going up is 81.8% and down is 18.2%.", "cvJg6hffARu-00107-00044494-00044800": "Here is an exercise that you can try. Remember to", "cvJg6hffARu-00108-00044800-00045010": "pause the video before checking your solution.", "cvJg6hffARu-00109-00045010-00045232": "Good luck!"}}, {"audio_id": "cvNWcmYFZKU", "text": {"cvNWcmYFZKU-00000-00000000-00000412": "Balloon barrage", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00001-00000412-00000766": "C'mon darling! Come on.", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00002-00000766-00000962": "But what is this?", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00003-00000962-00001208": "Where am I supposed to go?", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00004-00001208-00001425": "If there is no hole anywhere!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00005-00001425-00001733": "Behold! My dog ​​walks like a person! Ha ha", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00006-00002108-00002250": "How long will it last?", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00007-00003408-00003641": "Surely if I encourage her, she can overcome the challenge.", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00008-00003704-00003825": "Let's go champion!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00009-00003887-00004270": "Champion! Champion! Champion!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00010-00004270-00004512": "Champion! Run!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00011-00004691-00004987": "C'mon darling. Champion!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00012-00005008-00005316": "Champion! Ha ha", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00013-00005458-00005550": "C'mon darling.", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00014-00005587-00005662": "Let's go!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00015-00006445-00006704": "What's wrong? What can't you pass honey?", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00016-00006704-00007029": "Daddy, your head is completely gone ...", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00017-00007029-00007141": "Let's go.", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00018-00007970-00008204": "Let's go! Let's go!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00019-00009216-00009537": "Very well!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00020-00009654-00009900": "I don't know if it happens to you with your dogs,", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00021-00009900-00010091": "but for Dasha the balloon inflator", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00022-00010091-00010304": "he is one of his enemies haha", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00023-00011033-00011250": "Daddy, don't use the pump!", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00024-00011250-00011533": "It is a super dangerous tool.", "cvNWcmYFZKU-00025-00012966-00013070": "Leave it!"}}, {"audio_id": "cvUm5lHoxMU", "text": {"cvUm5lHoxMU-00000-00000043-00000320": "Smile2jannah", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00001-00000320-00000696": "These are the pictures from Srinagar where National Security Advisor", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00002-00000696-00000974": "Ajit Doval is... these are the images of Ajit Doval", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00003-00000974-00001324": "interacting with common people", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00004-00001324-00001736": "hold on hold on, hold on hold on, hold on hold on", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00005-00001736-00002212": "\"Common people?\" mate it seems like they're the only people", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00006-00002212-00002556": "India has just released a propaganda video where", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00007-00002556-00002889": "they claimed the National Security Advisor", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00008-00002889-00003572": "went to speak to the \"common people\" of Kashmir. Normally propaganda videos try", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00009-00003572-00004220": "to be 'somewhat' clever and subtle, but it seems they weren't even trying in this one.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00010-00004252-00004818": "I would be surprised but then again it is the home of Bollywood, an industry", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00011-00004818-00005310": "which has made a name by it's unrealistic stunts and storylines.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00012-00005354-00005804": "Let's have a look at this 'wannabe' Bollywood production.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00013-00005804-00006196": "First of all these guys seem so out of place", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00014-00006196-00006695": "they're surrounded by closed shops.  I mean have a look.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00015-00006723-00007140": "Not a single shop is open. You find me one shop mate that's open!", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00016-00007140-00007983": "Secondly, look at the cameras. They are so invasive. They are literally poking the back of", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00017-00007983-00008463": "their heads. And look at the armed soldiers just walking past casually just", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00018-00008463-00008900": "as a reminder in case they don't say something out of line.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00019-00008970-00009520": "Not to mention the guy speaking to them looks like he's wanted by the police.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00020-00009540-00010242": "In fact throughout the whole video he seems to be talking at them rather than with them.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00021-00010266-00010516": "As you guys know there's a curfew,", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00022-00010516-00010924": "which means people can't  leave their homes or gather in groups.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00023-00010924-00011708": "But somehow these people find themselves lined up-and by force if needed-", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00024-00011732-00012166": "in conversation with a government official...", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00025-00012166-00012650": "and oh yeah there's a vendor who's managed to cook some food", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00026-00012650-00012910": "in front of some closed shops.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00027-00012910-00013130": "God knows how he managed to do that", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00028-00013560-00014054": "Did my man just say \"whatever Allah does is for the better\" are you taking the mick?", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00029-00014055-00014731": "Modi and the BJP have made this decision and they can retract it.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00030-00014731-00015176": "Don't try blame this on Allah you Class A crook...", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00031-00015176-00015762": "wallahi you're a crook, you are a crook. You are a crook.", "cvUm5lHoxMU-00032-00016335-00016541": "you"}}, {"audio_id": "cvV2nQO_HIg", "text": {"cvV2nQO_HIg-00000-00000089-00000325": "Hello there and welcome back.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00001-00000325-00000706": "You are watching Drinkin' About Birds, the show where we drink and talk about birds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00002-00000706-00001524": "My name is Zack and today we have this rosé from Natura, which is a Chilean producer and", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00003-00001524-00001950": "it's decorated with a couple of species, actually.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00004-00001950-00002092": "These are not the same bird.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00005-00002092-00003123": "The lower one is a Eurasian blue tit, the upper one... we don't actually know.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00006-00003123-00003296": "It could be a number of different species.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00007-00003296-00003650": "They are all in the genus Poecile.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00008-00003650-00004098": "Some of these are called tits, others are called chickadees, it depends what side of", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00009-00004098-00004276": "the Atlantic you're on.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00010-00004276-00004669": "Bird ID is very geography-dependent.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00011-00004669-00005182": "So before you can identify a species of bird, you have to know where you are and generally", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00012-00005182-00005516": "what birds are found there.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00013-00005516-00006194": "Every species of bird has an expected range where you can expect to find them, and if", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00014-00006194-00006479": "you're outside that range it's still possible but it's much less likely.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00015-00006479-00007123": "And that especially applies to trying to ID a bird based on field marks, because you have", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00016-00007123-00007706": "to know the set of species that are likely to occur in your area before you can narrow", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00017-00007706-00007845": "them down using field marks.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00018-00007845-00008318": "'Cause if you're looking at a hawk and it has a red tail, if you're in North America", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00019-00008318-00008779": "it's probably a red-tailed hawk, but if you're in the UK, they don't have red-tailed hawks,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00020-00008779-00009011": "so it could be a red kite or something else.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00021-00009011-00009407": "So you really have to be aware of where you are.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00022-00009407-00009952": "Both of these species are songbirds, and that's a term that you're going to hear quite a lot,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00023-00009952-00010364": "so I think it's worth taking some time to unpack it.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00024-00010364-00010734": "That requires us to go into avian taxonomy a little bit.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00025-00010734-00011314": "Now, avian taxonomy at the nitty-gritty level is Byzantine, it's always changing.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00026-00011314-00011854": "There's a lot of contentious debate around which species belong in which genus or which", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00027-00011854-00012068": "family.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00028-00012068-00012445": "It's really not worth sweating the details for most people, I don't think.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00029-00012445-00012997": "But if you get a good idea of the broad strokes of avian taxonomy, I think that's valuable,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00030-00012997-00013298": "so we're going to spend a little time on it.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00031-00013298-00013716": "Birds are vertebrates of the class Aves.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00032-00013716-00014215": "Aves just means birds, in various languages but especially Latin.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00033-00014215-00014773": "Within birds, most of the higher level divisions are orders.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00034-00014773-00015103": "Orders are named in the format \"blank-formes.\"", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00035-00015103-00015559": "Some of these are easy to figure out, like Pelecaniformes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00036-00015559-00015909": "Others are a little tricker, like Phoenicopteriformes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00037-00015909-00016309": "But that's the general format.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00038-00016309-00016750": "One of these orders is worth paying particular attention to, because it's very important,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00039-00016750-00017006": "and that is Passeriformes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00040-00017006-00017256": "These are also known as passerine birds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00041-00017256-00017625": "Passeriformes roughly means \"sparrow-shaped\".", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00042-00017625-00018073": "These are colloquially known as songbirds, that's kind of a loose grouping.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00043-00018073-00018628": "More properly you can refer to them as perching birds, and that refers to an anatomical trait", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00044-00018628-00018842": "that's shared by members of this order.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00045-00018842-00019490": "They have a tendon running down the back of their leg and that tendon causes the toes", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00046-00019490-00019924": "to tighten when weight is placed upon the leg.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00047-00019924-00020461": "What that allows them to do is sleep in trees without falling off their little perch.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00048-00020461-00020986": "Most birds are able to fly and that's a huge survival advantage as long as they keep their", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00049-00020986-00021329": "wits about them because it means they can escape from predators.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00050-00021329-00021864": "But, birds still have to sleep, and when they sleep they are potentially vulnerable.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00051-00021864-00022454": "But, because they have this adaptation where they can sleep on tree branches without falling", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00052-00022454-00022908": "off, that gives them an extra leg up in terms of survival.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00053-00022908-00023472": "It's thought that this group of birds originated about 47 million years ago in what is now", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00054-00023472-00023721": "Australia.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00055-00023721-00024519": "And from there they radiated out and they colonized every other continent except Antarctica,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00056-00024519-00025082": "and they became extremely diverse, and so now they make up the bulk of living birds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00057-00025082-00025823": "There are about 10,700 species of birds that have been formally described scientifically.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00058-00025823-00026145": "About 6,500 of those are in Passeriformes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00059-00026145-00026961": "They are hugely diverse, and they are quite varied in terms of habitat, lifestyle, diet,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00060-00026961-00027776": "nesting, behavior, plumage, just all sorts of diversity within this group.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00061-00027776-00028082": "The term songbird is a little bit of a misnomer.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00062-00028082-00028620": "There's a subgroup within passerines called oscine passerines, and those are birds that", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00063-00028620-00029087": "have an especially highly developed syrinx, so they are capable of producing much more", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00064-00029087-00029794": "complex and, to our ears, melodious songs than birds outside of this group.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00065-00029794-00030470": "Birds make all kinds of sounds, vocalizations and otherwise, so it's worth distinguishing", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00066-00030470-00030783": "between songs and calls.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00067-00030783-00031454": "Songs are so called because they serve a sexual or territorial function.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00068-00031454-00032063": "It's typically a bird that is either advertising for a mate or declaring its ownership over", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00069-00032063-00032283": "a particular territory.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00070-00032283-00032698": "And those things go hand in hand because when birds are evaluating potential mates, they", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00071-00032698-00033252": "look at the qualities of the individual, but they also look at the quality of the territory", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00072-00033252-00033494": "that it supposedly holds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00073-00033494-00034259": "So birds will sing to attract a mate and to declare their ownership over a territory,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00074-00034259-00034730": "and once they have attracted a mate and the territory is established, they will keep singing", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00075-00034730-00034975": "to maintain it.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00076-00034975-00035626": "Calls are any vocalization that doesn't qualify as a song, so that's a much broader category.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00077-00035626-00036485": "Oscine passerines will have the most complex and interesting songs among birds, but not", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00078-00036485-00036724": "all of them have interesting songs.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00079-00036724-00037203": "There are about 140 families within Passeriformes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00080-00037203-00037365": "One of those families is Paridae.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00081-00037365-00038076": "There are about 63 species worldwide, they're pretty widely distributed between North America,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00082-00038076-00038382": "Europe, Asia and Africa.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00083-00038382-00038979": "They do not occur in South America, including in Chile, where this wine is from, which is", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00084-00038979-00039079": "interesting.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00085-00039079-00039360": "And they don't occur in Australasia so much.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00086-00039360-00039812": "But anywhere else, you will find members of this family.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00087-00039812-00040230": "They are typically forest-dwelling birds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00088-00040230-00040674": "Most of them are non-migratory or they're very short distance migrants.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00089-00040674-00041344": "They are sexually monomorphic like the red-tails that we talked about last time.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00090-00041344-00041982": "They are cavity nesters, which means they don't build a nest out of sticks or leaves", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00091-00041982-00042259": "or cattails or reeds or whatever.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00092-00042259-00042926": "They find a cavity, that's generally a hole in the side of a tree, whether a naturally", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00093-00042926-00043496": "ocurring cavity or something that's been excavated beforehand by a species like a woodpecker.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00094-00043496-00043690": "And they will build a nest in there.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00095-00043690-00044385": "They will typically line it with moss or other soft materials that they can gather from nearby.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00096-00044385-00045302": "If there are no trees available, some of these species nest in desert, they can potentially", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00097-00045302-00045519": "use burrows in the ground as well.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00098-00045519-00045721": "But most of them are forest-dwelling.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00099-00045721-00046213": "Visually they tend to be stout little birds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00100-00046213-00046719": "They don't have much of a neck so their head is just kind of perched atop their body.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00101-00046719-00047521": "They tend to have a short, sharp, stout bill, and that's partly due to their feeding preferences.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00102-00047521-00047965": "Most of these birds are insectivores a lot of the time.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00103-00047965-00048353": "They're not like flycatchers, they're not going after flying insects so much as they're", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00104-00048353-00048738": "finding little worms and caterpillars that are crawling around in trees.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00105-00048738-00049218": "That's a behavior known as gleaning, which is a word I love.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00106-00049218-00049935": "But a lot of them live in colder climates, and because they are non-migratory, when insects", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00107-00049935-00050315": "are not super available they have to be able to switch to other food sources.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00108-00050315-00051137": "So in that instance they will switch over to eating mostly seeds, buds, fruits, whatever's", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00109-00051137-00051291": "available in wintertime.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00110-00051291-00051920": "And many of them will cache food during the fall so that they have more of a supply during", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00111-00051920-00052063": "the winter.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00112-00052063-00052404": "They are kind of charming little birds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00113-00052404-00052632": "They're a lot of fun to watch.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00114-00052632-00053526": "They tend to occur in flocks, including mixed-species flocks, where you have a bunch of birds that", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00115-00053526-00053877": "depend on similar food sources, even if they're not the same species, they'll just kind of", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00116-00053877-00054439": "move through an area and pick over whatever's in the bushes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00117-00054439-00055072": "Depending where you are in the U.S., you might have mountain chickadees, chestnut-backed", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00118-00055072-00055550": "chickadees, Carolina chickadees are pretty common in the southeast.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00119-00055550-00056133": "Titmice, in the eastern United States it's mostly tufted titmice, but in the western", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00120-00056133-00056491": "part there are four or five other species that you can find.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00121-00056491-00057049": "I'm most familiar with the black-capped chickadee, which is the common species that occurs in", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00122-00057049-00057182": "the midwest of the United States.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00123-00057182-00057625": "We also have tufted titmice, which are adorable.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00124-00057625-00058327": "I actually was TA for an ornithology course during grad school and we did a mist-netting", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00125-00058327-00058908": "and bird banding lab so I actually got to hold one of these little guys.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00126-00058908-00059606": "Holding a bird is kind of a wonderful experience, they're very soft and warm, and they feel", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00127-00059606-00060037": "super fragile so it's sort of an anxious experience.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00128-00060037-00060563": "A lot of birds when you hold them, my sense is that they just think to themselves \"well,", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00129-00060563-00061238": "I guess I'm dead now\" and they just sort of stop moving, which is helpful but kind of", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00130-00061238-00061338": "sad.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00131-00061338-00061438": "Chickadees are not like that.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00132-00061438-00061538": "Chickadees are pretty feisty.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00133-00061538-00061989": "I got to hold this one and it spent several minutes just chewing on my cuticle.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00134-00061989-00062169": "And it actually really hurt.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00135-00062169-00062802": "They have quite a strong bill despite how small it is, so it's kind of like being attacked", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00136-00062802-00063010": "by someone with safety scissors.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00137-00063010-00063573": "They're not shy, especially if there are feeders around or if you're in an area where people", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00138-00063573-00064169": "habitually feed birds, chickadees will get right up in your face and be like \"Where's", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00139-00064169-00064275": "the birdseed?\"", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00140-00064275-00064936": "They are present year-round and you will see them puffed up almost spherically in the winter", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00141-00064936-00065499": "because feathers are really good insulating material and they're just trying to stay warm.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00142-00065499-00066172": "They're especially cute when they're all puffed up and round.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00143-00066172-00066764": "Chickadees are a wonderful example of birds that are named through onomatopoeia, which", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00144-00066764-00067137": "means they are named after the sound they make.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00145-00067137-00067490": "Chickadees are known for having this scolding call where they say \"chick-a-dee-dee-dee\"", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00146-00067490-00068186": "and I'll find a recorded example and edit it in here...", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00147-00068186-00068536": "That is a call, it's not their song.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00148-00068536-00069203": "Their song is learned so it varies between species and between individuals within a species", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00149-00069203-00069846": "but it's typically a whistled note, one high and then a few lower notes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00150-00069846-00070253": "I'll edit in an example here... cool.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00151-00070253-00071160": "That's known as the \"fee-bee\" song, although phoebe is another example of a bird that's", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00152-00071160-00071306": "named after a song it makes.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00153-00071306-00071891": "Okay, I'm going to move on to talking about the wine in just a minute, but by way of transitioning", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00154-00071891-00072321": "I would like to leave you with this quote by Aldo Leopold from his book A Sand County", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00155-00072321-00072447": "Almanac.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00156-00072447-00073180": "He's talking about banding chickadees in Wisconsin in order to study their annual survival, and", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00157-00073180-00075686": "he's talking about one particular chickadee that seemed to survive longer than other members", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00158-00075686-00076084": "of its cohort.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00159-00076084-00076757": "And he says: Isn't that great?", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00160-00076757-00076889": "Okay.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00161-00076889-00077354": "On to the wine.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00162-00077354-00077807": "So let's talk about the wine a little bit.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00163-00077807-00078358": "Like I said, this is a rosé, and rosé is kind of an interesting category because it", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00164-00078358-00079143": "defies the usual... the easiest division within wine is, red or white?", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00165-00079143-00079354": "And rosés are kind of neither.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00166-00079354-00079687": "So, what is a rosé?", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00167-00079687-00080468": "Rosé is a type of wine, it's not a type of grape like chardonnay is.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00168-00080468-00081154": "Rosé is wines that has a little bit of pigment and other compounds derived from the skin", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00169-00081154-00081554": "of grapes, but not enough to qualify as a red wine.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00170-00081554-00082078": "So when you're making wine you start with grapes, you press those grapes to release", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00171-00082078-00082930": "the juice, and that produces a mass of both juice and smashed up skins and seeds and potentially", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00172-00082930-00083263": "stems and some other parts of the plant.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00173-00083263-00083712": "If you're making white wine you want to start with the juice alone, so you want to separate", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00174-00083712-00084093": "the juice from all the solid stuff as soon as possible.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00175-00084093-00084841": "If you're making red wine, you leave the juice in contact with the skins as it ferments.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00176-00084841-00085641": "As the juice ferments, the yeast is converting sugar into alcohol, which is the part of wine", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00177-00085641-00086218": "that we all know and love, and alcohol is a very good solvent, so as the alcohol sits", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00178-00086218-00086781": "in contact with the grape skins, it leaches out various compounds that are in the skins", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00179-00086781-00087207": "and the seeds and the stems.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00180-00087207-00087702": "Fermentation also produces quite a bit of heat, and that heat just helps the alcohol", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00181-00087702-00087988": "extract those compounds.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00182-00087988-00088496": "Some of those compounds are flavor related, so like tannins are part of what makes red", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00183-00088496-00088837": "wine dry your mouth out.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00184-00088837-00089005": "Others are related to color.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00185-00089005-00089538": "So there's a class of compounds that are found in grape skins called anthocyanins.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00186-00089538-00090182": "Those are responsible for the blue or purple color that's in grape skins, but they're also", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00187-00090182-00090924": "responsible for blue and pink and purple colors in various flowers, fruits, leaves... lots", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00188-00090924-00091281": "of plants produce these.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00189-00091281-00091610": "If you're making rosé wine, there's a couple of ways to do it.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00190-00091610-00092197": "One is that you keep the juice in contact with the skins for just a little while.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00191-00092197-00092593": "You keep them in contact for a period of hours.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00192-00092593-00093050": "Whereas the full fermentation process might take weeks or months.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00193-00093050-00093527": "You keep them in contact just long enough to leach out a little bit of those pigments.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00194-00093527-00093961": "And that gives it this nice pinkish color.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00195-00093961-00094159": "You probably can't see that super well.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00196-00094159-00094419": "It's definitely not a white wine.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00197-00094419-00095139": "Rosé is typically not the result of just mixing red and white wine together, and in", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00198-00095139-00095606": "some countries like France that's actually illegal except in certain regions where it's", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00199-00095606-00095832": "a recognized part of the winemaking process.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00200-00095832-00096138": "But it's definitely frowned upon in most of the world.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00201-00096138-00096343": "So what is this rosé?", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00202-00096343-00096632": "Having established what rosé is, what is this rosé?", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00203-00096632-00097145": "Like I said, it's from Chile, it's called Natura.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00204-00097145-00097666": "This winery is very big on how sustainable and organic they are.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00205-00097666-00098614": "And that's really the bulk of the information on this wine label is about purity and natural-ness", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00206-00098614-00099521": "and all these nice-sounding terms that don't ultimately mean that much in my opinion.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00207-00099521-00099899": "They also say \"made with organic grapes.\"", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00208-00099899-00100693": "That is actually a quirk of U.S. food and drug labeling laws.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00209-00100693-00101210": "If you want to market wine as organic wine, it has to not only be made from organically", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00210-00101210-00101680": "grown grapes, but the winemaking process itself is also regulated.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00211-00101680-00102302": "So if you want to market an organic wine, you cannot add any additional sulfites beyond", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00212-00102302-00102727": "what are produced in the winemaking process naturally.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00213-00102727-00103427": "Sulfites have been used for ages by winemakers as a preservative.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00214-00103427-00103947": "If they're used judiciously they're not noticeable in terms of flavor and they have no harmful", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00215-00103947-00104708": "effects, but just because of labeling requirements in the United States, you can't have added", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00216-00104708-00104968": "sulfites if you want to label it as organic.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00217-00104968-00105391": "You have to label it as \"made with organic grapes.\"", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00218-00105391-00105839": "You can make wine without adding sulfites, but it just tends to have a much shorter shelf", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00219-00105839-00106126": "life, so there are definitely disadvantages to doing that.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00220-00106126-00106625": "The rear label of this wine kind of drives me nuts.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00221-00106625-00107433": "Because they have a lot of sort of ad copy about the wine, and they have the various", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00222-00107433-00107903": "warnings that are required by law, like if you're pregnant, don't drink wine... in terms", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00223-00107903-00108289": "of what to expect when you actually drink this wine, there's very little.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00224-00108289-00108671": "There's very little information about what it's supposed to taste like, or when you should", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00225-00108671-00109029": "drink it or what kind of food you might want to have with it.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00226-00109029-00109782": "And I don't need all that information, but it is helpful to have, and instead they have", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00227-00109782-00110594": "a lot of what I would call \"platitude-based marketing\" about how pure this wine is and", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00228-00110594-00110774": "about how good you can feel about drinking it.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00229-00110774-00112773": "Let me just read this off: Like, thats... what does any of that mean?", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00230-00112773-00113205": "What I dislike about it, what bothers me about it, is that it kind of assumes that I'm going", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00231-00113205-00113777": "to be drinking wine anyway, it sort of treats wine as a commodity, something that you're", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00232-00113777-00114433": "just going to need regardless, and so your ultimate choice is between various wines.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00233-00114433-00115034": "And rather than giving you information about the taste of the wine, or what it might be", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00234-00115034-00115600": "like to enjoy it, they're just saying, like, you don't have to feel bad about enjoying", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00235-00115600-00115700": "this wine.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00236-00115700-00116042": "Which suggests that I should feel bad about enjoying other wine.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00237-00116042-00116739": "I don't know what kind of nefarious stuff they're alleging takes place at other wineries.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00238-00116739-00117367": "I should point out that most people's wine buying decisions are not super rigorous.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00239-00117367-00117789": "My understanding is that most people basically decide what kind of wine they want, and that", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00240-00117789-00118285": "can be as simple as red or white, and then they figure out what price point they're comfortable", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00241-00118285-00118892": "with, and at that point you go to the liquor store and whatever label grabs your eye is", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00242-00118892-00119127": "what wine you're going to buy.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00243-00119127-00119834": "I am clearly a consumer who responds positively to bird art on my wine labels.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00244-00119834-00120151": "But other people respond to different things.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00245-00120151-00120824": "I assume this winery has done their market research and figured out what percentage of", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00246-00120824-00121568": "potential customers will respond positively to this natural, organic, rah-rah type marketing.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00247-00121568-00121794": "I'm a little skeptical.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00248-00121794-00122358": "So there's very little information about the wine itself and what it should be like, is", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00249-00122358-00122479": "the point that I'm trying to make.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00250-00122479-00122979": "And I kind of agree with that approach, because I've had a few glasses of this now and I have", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00251-00122979-00123345": "to say, it pretty much just tastes like wine to me.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00252-00123345-00123778": "There's not a lot more depth to it than that.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00253-00123778-00123878": "And that's okay.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00254-00123878-00124307": "I mean, you're not always looking for a rich or profound experience with wine.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00255-00124307-00124602": "Some wine is made to just be simple and tasty.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00256-00124602-00125197": "The whole emotional-slash-moral appeal rubs me the wrong way, I guess.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00257-00125197-00125374": "That's just me.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00258-00125374-00125852": "Like I said, it's fine, it's tasty.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00259-00125852-00126024": "I would drink more of it.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00260-00126024-00126229": "So that's all I have for this time.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00261-00126229-00126585": "Again, thank you for watching and I hope to see you next time.", "cvV2nQO_HIg-00262-00126585-00126833": "I am Zack and this has been Drinkin' About Birds."}}, {"audio_id": "cw52ZA51ve4", "text": {"cw52ZA51ve4-00000-00000440-00001027": "It is now time to turn to examining the sources and subjects of IHL.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00001-00001027-00001714": "Examining the sources and subjects of IHL involves asking two main questions: where", "cw52ZA51ve4-00002-00001714-00002396": "we should look in order to find the rules of IHL and whom these rules bind?", "cw52ZA51ve4-00003-00002396-00003169": "The two most important sources of international law, and IHL, are treaties and customary law.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00004-00003169-00003790": "We will look at treaties and custom in sections 2 and 3 of this chapter materials.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00005-00003790-00004611": "We will also briefly analyze in section 4 whether some IHL norms are superior to others.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00006-00004611-00005172": "We will therefore consider the hierarchy between rules of IHL.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00007-00005172-00006000": "Sections 5 and 6 will address the two most important subjects of international law:", "cw52ZA51ve4-00008-00006000-00006220": "states and international organizations.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00009-00006226-00006763": "We will see that both are also important subjects of IHL.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00010-00006763-00007592": "Finally, section 7 will pay a particular attention to armed groups because they are obviously", "cw52ZA51ve4-00011-00007592-00008142": "significant actors involved in armed conflicts.", "cw52ZA51ve4-00012-00008142-00008740": "As we will see, the basic models of international law make the inclusion of armed groups as", "cw52ZA51ve4-00013-00008740-00009192": "well as the legal nature of their commitments controversial."}}, {"audio_id": "cwpk5m82XHQ", "text": {"cwpk5m82XHQ-00000-00000000-00001156": "In the name of God the merciful peace, mercy and blessings of God required a very technical project partner is", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00001-00001184-00001816": "successful and existing intermediate and high profits as the seasons. Required cooperating partner and United", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00002-00001816-00002240": "demanded livelihoods halal. And feasibility studies and existing process and are available in full", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00003-00002240-00003232": "I have all the experience and the staff is ready and the whole work", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00004-00003232-00003990": "remotely. Through the Internet everyone can participate with me in it", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00005-00003990-00004564": "((nssaa foreign men)) provided employment crisis conditions. And the", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00006-00004564-00004986": "distribution of tasks for both sides. I'll do a new idea does not exist in", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00007-00004986-00005452": "the Arab world completely developing the current project. Expected", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00008-00005452-00005950": "profits after a good development and may be twice as much current", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00009-00005950-00006912": "profits. To inquire more about details and guarantees and possibilities", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00010-00006922-00015476": "And be an employee either women or men did not differentiate the", "cwpk5m82XHQ-00011-00015476-00047172": "terms and got there. Thanks to everyone"}}, {"audio_id": "cwqu-w3Dg00", "text": {"cwqu-w3Dg00-00000-00000034-00000770": "In September 2014, I had made a video on Pandya Munda from Khunti District,", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00001-00000827-00001528": "who was declared dead and his pension was stopped for nearly a year.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00002-00001556-00001755": "Pandya's cause has finally seen the light of day.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00003-00002246-00002716": "I used to get my pension but now it has been stopped.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00004-00002750-00003000": "- How long since you have received a pension?", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00005-00003008-00003238": "- A very long time.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00006-00003279-00003479": "- Why has your pension stopped?", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00007-00003510-00003960": "- The bank tells me that no money has come into my account.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00008-00004044-00004454": "- Did you visit the government officials regarding your plight?", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00009-00004508-00005108": "- I did go to the bank to complain and realized that my adhar card has come in half too.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00010-00005136-00005936": "I have many financial expenses of my family like education which I cannot pay for.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00011-00005990-00006958": "I have stopped paying for my children's education as my small piece of land cannot match expenses.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00012-00007186-00007766": "After making the video I prepared an requisition letter", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00013-00007790-00008462": "and submitted it along with my community to the tahsildar officer on 7th october 2014.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00014-00008510-00008954": "This letter stated the issue that Pandya Munda was facing.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00015-00009008-00009608": "After receiving the letter the tahsildar immediately perused the request.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00016-00009638-00009908": "The pension requistion letter was recieved by me", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00017-00009932-00010182": "after which I immediately looked into the matter.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00018-00010208-00011154": "They had declared him dead and I informed the operator to update Pandya's details and restart his pension.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00019-00011204-00011624": "Everyone makes mistakes and we took steps to rectify our mistakes.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00020-00011674-00012028": "Sometimes if our records show missing people or deaths", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00021-00012082-00012472": "people can send a request to rectify the details after which we update our records.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00022-00012576-00012982": "Amita Tutti met with the officials and sent and official requistion letter.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00023-00012997-00013454": "The officer in-charge look into the matter and finally resolved our issue.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00024-00013468-00013994": "Our pension which was stopped has finally been restarted.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00025-00014054-00014900": "I am very happy and hope that any future mistakes like these get rectified by the officials.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00026-00014928-00015368": "I have great respect for Amita.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00027-00015428-00016482": "I visited the officials and they finally ratified me with all my payments through a cheque.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00028-00016548-00017040": "Other people from my community also got their pension, which is a months pay right now.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00029-00017208-00017608": "I cannot explain how happy I am now.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00030-00018010-00018732": "I would like to thank all the officials especially the tahsildar for taking this initiative.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00031-00018770-00019554": "The officials have listed Pandya Munda's name and have made him eligible for old age pension.", "cwqu-w3Dg00-00032-00019614-00020050": "I am Amita from Jharkhand, reporting for IndiaUnheard."}}, {"audio_id": "cxuHnkvcGzo", "text": {"cxuHnkvcGzo-00000-00001210-00002041": "well we have returned for part two of dead at night welcome back everybody to another", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00001-00002041-00002875": "episode of call of duty black ops 4 zombies this is part 2 of what once was a very chaotic and just", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00002-00002875-00003379": "clustered you know kind of like game setting cuz you guys can see right now then I'm still", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00003-00003379-00003988": "looking for that stupid box to get that stupid alistair gun so I can go on ahead and proceed to", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00004-00003988-00004495": "fully destroy these zombies but it's becoming a bit of a hassle as I can't seem to find the", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00005-00004495-00005284": "box and I also can't seem to find the ways of getting that gun so it's a double-edged sword", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00006-00005284-00005737": "right now but either way guys if you guys are new to the channel hit that subscribe button", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00007-00005737-00006280": "slap a big fat like down below don't be a loser and turn on all notifications to never miss any", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00008-00006280-00006943": "of the gaming content we have on the channel all the boxes over there okay fed enough fit", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00009-00006943-00007642": "enough I didn't even know that that stupid light wasn't even shining ah Jesus okay well", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00010-00007642-00008338": "uh this is not good and the reason why this isn't good is because a Brandel round started", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00011-00008338-00009055": "that [ __ ] is going right for the for the box you can already tell where's the box bro it's", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00012-00009055-00009787": "all the way out there it's in the middle of the woods we're in the middle of cook land look at", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00013-00009787-00010699": "this man we're in the middle of Martian man hugs Martian Mickey town bro oh god oh god oh Jesus", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00014-00010973-00012440": "oh god yes thank God for the fire sale oh my god no oh god oh god what is this I'm trying to get", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00015-00012440-00012836": "everything I can because I'm not sure those stupid dolls are gonna hold up to be honest", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00016-00012836-00014113": "oh my god give me the weapon that I've been asking for please God no no I don't want any of this what", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00017-00014113-00015011": "I want is the weapon of death Oh God Oh what is that what is that what is that what is that what", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00018-00015011-00016094": "was that oh god this thing is gonna run out soon I don't even know how I'm alive guys oh my god", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00019-00016094-00017294": "this is so bad you guys have no idea how bad this is yes we got it we're out we are out of", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00020-00017294-00017960": "here that's the only actually no what no no no no no no no we're not out because we're gonna", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00021-00017960-00018524": "go and pack a punch this hell yeah we're gonna pack a punch of that big boy we're gonna keep", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00022-00018524-00019163": "that around oh look at that look at this thing of beauty now let's get the hell out of here", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00023-00019163-00019637": "again guys I do appreciate all of you guys just watching this if you guys want to go in ahead", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00024-00019637-00020327": "and watch more black ops content then be sure to check out the official black ops for zombies", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00025-00020327-00020840": "playlist located down below if you're a gamer I appreciate your support and if you're only here", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00026-00020840-00021305": "for something specific then I hope I can change your mind and sitting back and watching these", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00027-00021305-00021701": "episodes because listen it's fun it's fun okay if you don't if you don't like fun something's", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00028-00021701-00022318": "wrong with you all right that's just the way it is r.i.p etiqa let's just get the hell out", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00029-00022318-00023371": "of here man they upgrade yes oh my god this is going to be an extremely long video yep I'm gonna", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00030-00023371-00023968": "go ahead and continue doing what I'm about to do watch this I'm gonna show you guys my beautiful", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00031-00023968-00024778": "strategy my strategy of the gods all right on top of that I'm gonna drink this and get all my", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00032-00024778-00025708": "perks oh my god yes look at this circle I am I am invincible watch I'm gonna show you guys just how", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00033-00025708-00026497": "invincible I am I just need all of these [ __ ] to stay away from me that's all I want them to", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00034-00026497-00027694": "do is fully stay away from me oh my god IIIi can't I can't do my plan III can't proceed with my plan", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00035-00027694-00028831": "because this [ __ ] is here Jesus III really I can't proceed with my plan daddy oh that sucks", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00036-00028831-00029923": "III can't proceed with my plan this this is bad this this [ __ ] gonna cost me everything", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00037-00030130-00030682": "yeah I need these guys to just bounce III need them to bounce and if they don't bounce then I", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00038-00030682-00031435": "can't execute my plan but you know what I'm actually kind of glad that I used the I use", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00039-00031435-00031936": "that one thing that can allow me to get like all the perks or whatever as it does help me", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00040-00031936-00032854": "out a lot that's right get it oh he needs help get out of there go help him go help him I'm", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00041-00032854-00033442": "telling you go help him you're lucky you're lucky I got that freaking uh mo lab there", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00042-00033442-00034351": "Oh get away from me do it I hate this guy get away get away you swine this is my circle this", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00043-00034351-00035128": "is my spot get away I swear if he goes down I'm not gonna pick him up I'm not gonna pick", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00044-00035128-00035908": "him up just because right now we're fighting for territory and I think both me and him know that", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00045-00035908-00036664": "this is like the best spot but we're just like we're fighting for it anyways so oh my god man", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00046-00036821-00037559": "I don't know what's going on these zombies are all I can slow-mo right now so damn dude talk", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00047-00037559-00038291": "about talk about hardcore I don't know what the circles for like to be honest so I don't", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00048-00038291-00039110": "I don't know maybe it's something important maybe this guy this guy is gonna take all my kills and", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00049-00039110-00040265": "he is going to I hate you I hate you so [ __ ] much this is my this is my domain you understand", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00050-00040265-00040730": "me Mikey I'm telling you guys like if you play zombies with me get away get away from the spot", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00051-00040730-00041684": "cuz this is my spot I don't like when people mess around with black tq4 too much other yeah this", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00052-00041684-00042668": "guy this guy's an ass I don't know I I might go somewhere else now just cuz but then again like", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00053-00042668-00043409": "I said before this this houses everything like you know oh yeah kill him kill him aw damn it", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00054-00043622-00044600": "oh I was I was only I was only hoping I I was only hoping that perhaps maybe someone", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00055-00044600-00045287": "was gonna like just wreck him but that is what it is justly I just knifing these damn zombies", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00056-00045287-00045950": "and he's copying my style like I said before like when I'm in it but I'm in competitive", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00057-00045950-00046781": "mode like just get away from me III become I become a savage man you get into my circle and", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00058-00046781-00047678": "you will die this is my UI circle yeah are you know what I'll just demonstrate I'll demonstrate", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00059-00047678-00049322": "my brutality I'll demonstrate my brutality I'll kill all the zombies oh man oh this is bad look", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00060-00049322-00049760": "at how all these zombies are getting smoked over there and that's all because he oh boy", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00061-00049760-00050549": "he has the gun to see that that that's what makes it so much worse that's what makes it", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00062-00050549-00051029": "so much worse is the fact that he also has the gun so it's like oh my god dude", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00063-00051498-00052292": "Oh oh my god wait a minute wait a minute what the hell at whoa I have like vampire mode on or", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00064-00052292-00053424": "something oh no no no oh yo pick me up where do you go pick me up that's right good Beach there", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00065-00053424-00054210": "laddie good Beach well I have no other choice I'm gonna have to drink this thing to get all", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00066-00054210-00054948": "my perks back now that I have all my perks I am back in action yeah this this may not be a this", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00067-00054948-00055497": "may not be a good strategy for me I'm gonna have to bail I'm gonna have to bail quick now I'm gonna", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00068-00055497-00056121": "sit up here now I do want to say one thing guys um as I mentioned earlier rest in peace Attica", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00069-00056121-00056991": "I feel I feel so bad that you know everything that he went through happened why is my thing", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00070-00056991-00058050": "shaking is the werewolf here I hope not and you know just just to let you guys know if you ever", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00071-00058050-00058505": "know anybody who's going through something or something's going on involving an individual", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00072-00058505-00059076": "just talk to them just check up on people just you know message them ask them like hey are you", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00073-00059076-00059535": "good is everything good with you you know cuz it's always good to check up on somebody just", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00074-00059535-00060167": "to make sure they're okay so like I said before just if you have a friend who's going through", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00075-00060167-00060692": "something guys just uh check up on them and see how they are and just you know carry on", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00076-00060692-00061503": "from there I'm going back to my spot it's very sad like i i i i didn't think Etica was gonna do what", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00077-00061503-00062255": "he did to be honest I don't think anybody did but I I just hope that uh going forward oh geez", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00078-00062255-00063222": "go pick your boy up go pick your boy up home biscuit don't shoot my damn zombies I hate", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00079-00063222-00063816": "this guy I promise if he goes down he's gonna be the first person that I'm just gonna laugh at", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00080-00063979-00065159": "if this dude goes down first I will laugh at him look at that heat yeah look at his inverted homo", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00081-00065159-00066104": "like this guy he's he's such an ass man oh boy okay that's right take him down take him down", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00082-00066104-00066875": "please take him down please I would love nothing more than to see the zombies just take his ass", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00083-00066875-00068138": "down thank God you left thank God he left now I have full control over my position yep oh they're", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00084-00068138-00068777": "reviving him don't tell me he's gonna come back if he comes back I'm gonna be so pissed and it", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00085-00068777-00069527": "looks like he's coming back is he coming back no he's not oh yeah look at this this is my", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00086-00069527-00070076": "beautiful strategy like I told you guys in the previous episode don't sleep on me man this is", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00087-00070076-00070667": "my beautiful strategy I will get so many kills and so many points with this watch this wait", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00088-00070667-00071435": "for the right moment and then shoot they can't touch her after that like legit but again I will", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00089-00071435-00071936": "say guys we are gonna have part three so I hope you guys tune back in for part three but yeah", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00090-00071936-00072491": "like you know for what etiquette did this is this is just a reminder to check up on people", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00091-00072491-00073136": "to make sure that friends and family are okay and to always reinsure yourself that you know", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00092-00073136-00073604": "you're always gonna be there for somebody even when even when they are not sure themselves you", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00093-00073604-00074207": "know you know you you the last thing you want to do is think that someone's doing okay but in", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00094-00074207-00074774": "actuality like they they need help you know so best thing to do is just check up on somebody", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00095-00074774-00075386": "make sure they're okay and just take it from there you know it's it's not it's not a cool", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00096-00075386-00075794": "thing it's it's a very sad thing what happened with Etica is very sad I hope that the joke", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00097-00075794-00076325": "on legacy lives on and I hope that uh you know people remember him for what he didn't who he was", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00098-00076506-00076977": "don't tell me that guys coming back they all need to get away", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00099-00076977-00077766": "this is my strategy this is my house look at this I am controlling dozens", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00100-00077766-00078441": "of zombies at my own whim look at this the minute they step to me it's over aah", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00101-00078441-00079755": "watch watch watch watch look at ad they're done 304 kills we have 304 kills by ourselves right", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00102-00079755-00080397": "now so if anyone out there is watching this you can use I'm telling you you guys can use", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00103-00080397-00080955": "this strategy but just be very careful because if you're playing with me get away from me because", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00104-00080955-00081495": "this is my strategy you know what I'm saying but if you're playing by yourselves or with others", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00105-00081495-00082059": "take this strategy into heavy consideration because it works I'm telling you right now", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00106-00082059-00082695": "it works as you guys can see I am just sitting in one spot and I am controlling everything at", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00107-00082695-00083469": "my own will oh yeah watch this watch this yep go ahead who wants to come at me who wants to come", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00108-00083469-00083949": "at daddy I'll fire another actually no what you're not you're not worth you're not you're not worth", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00109-00083949-00084966": "me wasting that upon oh whoa yay anybody else does anyone else want to be a martyr today she'll last", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00110-00084966-00085659": "one yeah she's the last one alright let's see what happens here oh no is he coming back oh", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00111-00085659-00086415": "no no get away get away don't come back don't come back no no don't come back all you piece", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00112-00086415-00087027": "of crap how many kills we got three hundred and twenty-seven kills man you piece of garbage leave", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00113-00087027-00087693": "don't come here to leave get away get away get away get away get away although who is this guy", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00114-00087693-00088529": "fire is better no how about you how about you just get away that that's all I would want that", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00115-00088529-00089144": "that's all I would want is for everybody to just get the hell away from me that's", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00116-00089144-00089867": "all I want is for all of these individuals to get the hell away from me because I am better", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00117-00089867-00090548": "off on my own then working with a group of people you better bounce home biscuit", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00118-00090548-00091481": "you better bounce that's all I'm telling you man why isn't he leaving now he's gonna take", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00119-00091481-00092744": "my strategy now he's gonna take my strategy and incorporate that wonderful yeah all right", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00120-00092744-00093419": "let me just go ahead and just throw this down over here real quick all right so yeah this is", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00121-00093419-00094121": "this is gonna this is gonna favor me a lot this is going to favor me a lot oh my god", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00122-00094121-00094769": "this is going to favor me a lot just because I already know what's about", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00123-00094769-00095222": "to happen that's right yeah look at that they're all they're all walking", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00124-00095222-00096422": "into that oh god oh god oh god all right yeah see I told you guys this strategy", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00125-00096422-00096962": "works perfect for me I could do so many different strategies by myself right now", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00126-00096962-00097628": "yeah you guys would have thought you guys would have thought right now", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00127-00097628-00097937": "look at this these zombies are getting flung around like yesterday's hot dogs", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00128-00098230-00099109": "look at that there there is no there is no conceivable chance that they're gonna win that's", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00129-00099109-00100018": "right get it get get electrocuted this is not what I was looking forward to I need these zombies to", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00130-00100018-00101044": "all get away from me look at the amount of points that oh no oh boy oh I don't have a shield they", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00131-00101044-00102124": "broke a must shield okay can I shoot this down here I mean at the same time like I said before", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00132-00102124-00102793": "like we do have the advantage but you know all I gotta say to this is tune back in for partner mode", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00133-00102793-00103765": "Jesus yeah just to back in for partner oh yeah this is a screw screw them screw all of these", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00134-00103765-00104896": "idiots man you guys are idiots you guys are idiots all of you guys are idiots you know what I'm gonna", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00135-00104896-00105577": "go I'm gonna go and pick up the shield either way guys like I said before to back in for part number", "cxuHnkvcGzo-00136-00105577-00106081": "three and I'll be seeing you all down the comments section below have a great day everybody peace"}}]