[{"audio_id": "h0F8hkVfzV8", "text": {"h0F8hkVfzV8-00000-00001191-00001246": "hard"}}, {"audio_id": "h0N1YQM1dD0", "text": {"h0N1YQM1dD0-00000-00000000-00000708": "what is immutable it can change the value and course of time so let's say you have a variable", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00001-00000708-00001326": "called player and this is object I have a score saying name Jeff it can happen that", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00002-00001392-00001973": "the value of this player score is getting changed how you how you will change that score equals to", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00003-00001973-00002688": "2 if you write the value will get updated what if I write a new player and I'm using a object", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00004-00002688-00003282": "dot assign method this object dot assign method is going to help me to create another object so", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00005-00003282-00003894": "this is kind of copying my object if you copy this player I'm going to copy this player and", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00006-00003894-00004542": "putting in new players value so this whole thing will be copied and when I'm copying I can also add", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00007-00004542-00005184": "another parameter called score code.2 there is a difference in both conditions so check", "h0N1YQM1dD0-00008-00005184-00005718": "the pin comment to understand the differences hit the Subscribe button to stay in the look"}}, {"audio_id": "h11GdZEBkUE", "text": {"h11GdZEBkUE-00000-00000300-00000447": "“태어나자마자 죽는 사람은", "h11GdZEBkUE-00001-00000450-00000587": "어떤 이유일까요?”", "h11GdZEBkUE-00002-00000589-00000731": "인연이죠, 그것도 다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00003-00000733-00000934": "저는 오고 가는 거는", "h11GdZEBkUE-00004-00000937-00001103": "정해져 있다고 봐요, 대략.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00005-00001105-00001299": "전 예지몽 잘 꾸잖아요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00006-00001301-00001422": "예지몽 꿔 보면요,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00007-00001425-00001555": "딱딱 맞아떨어져요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00008-00001558-00001626": "그런 거 보면요,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00009-00001628-00001819": "아니, 10년 전에 꿨는데 맞아요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00010-00001822-00001977": "그러면 신기하지 않아요?", "h11GdZEBkUE-00011-00001980-00002160": "그 정해져 있는 게 있죠.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00012-00002162-00002272": "정해져 있는 게 있고,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00013-00002275-00002423": "안 정해져 있는 게 있겠지만,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00014-00002426-00002574": "정해져 있는 부분들이 있어요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00015-00002577-00002948": "그런데 생사 같은 중요한 문제들은요,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00016-00002950-00003173": "대략 정해져 있다고 봅니다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00017-00003175-00003252": "왜냐하면 우리가", "h11GdZEBkUE-00018-00003255-00003391": "전에 한 짓이 있기 때문에,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00019-00003393-00003543": "그리고 이미 여러 사람들이", "h11GdZEBkUE-00020-00003546-00003708": "카르마로 얽혀 있는 중에", "h11GdZEBkUE-00021-00003710-00003891": "대략 방향이 정해지는 부분이", "h11GdZEBkUE-00022-00003894-00004036": "있을 수밖에 없어요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00023-00004038-00004220": "이게 도로에 차 한두 대 다니면", "h11GdZEBkUE-00024-00004222-00004351": "자유롭게 다닐 수 있지만", "h11GdZEBkUE-00025-00004353-00004620": "수많은 차들이 다 기어 나와 가지고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00026-00004622-00004771": "도로에 쏟아졌다,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00027-00004774-00005069": "그러면 서로서로 자유도가 줄어요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00028-00005072-00005429": "대략 정해집니다. 떠밀려서 가죠.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00029-00005432-00005583": "카르마라는 것도 그래요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00030-00005585-00005750": "우리가 그동안 살아 온 어떤", "h11GdZEBkUE-00031-00005752-00005963": "수많은 선택이 모여 가지고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00032-00005966-00006058": "대략 정해져서", "h11GdZEBkUE-00033-00006060-00006229": "떠밀려 가는 부분이 있어요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00034-00006231-00006342": "그러니까 그 카르마의", "h11GdZEBkUE-00035-00006345-00006495": "그 시절 인연이라고 그러죠.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00036-00006498-00006670": "카르마의 태풍이 불면", "h11GdZEBkUE-00037-00006673-00006787": "여지없는 이유가요,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00038-00006790-00006962": "못 막는 이유가, 인력으로,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00039-00006965-00007057": "떠밀려 갑니다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00040-00007059-00007180": "그러니까 떠밀려 가는 중에도", "h11GdZEBkUE-00041-00007182-00007282": "정신 차려야죠.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00042-00007284-00007362": "실전 보살도는", "h11GdZEBkUE-00043-00007364-00007556": "카르마 무시하고는 안 된다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00044-00007558-00007788": "카르마는 수용하라.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00045-00007790-00008078": "그리고 바라밀로 경영하라.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00046-00008081-00008295": "바꿀 수 있는 건 바꾸면 되고,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00047-00008297-00008416": "그러니까 바꿀 수 있는 부분은", "h11GdZEBkUE-00048-00008418-00008564": "바라밀로 바꾸면 되고,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00049-00008567-00008757": "수용해야 될 부분은 뭡니까?", "h11GdZEBkUE-00050-00008760-00008958": "바꾸기 힘든 부분이고.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00051-00008960-00009108": "경영해야 될 부분은 뭐냐?", "h11GdZEBkUE-00052-00009111-00009224": "바꿀 수 있는 부분이죠.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00053-00009227-00009410": "카르마에는 바꿀 수 있는 게 있고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00054-00009413-00009526": "없는 게 있다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00055-00009528-00009769": "자동차, 꽉 꽉 밀려 있을 때는", "h11GdZEBkUE-00056-00009771-00009867": "내 마음대로 못 해요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00057-00009870-00010020": "미치고 팔짝 뛰어도", "h11GdZEBkUE-00058-00010022-00010093": "어쩔 수가 없어요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00059-00010096-00010205": "그 결을 따라가야지.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00060-00010208-00010308": "그러니까 수용을 해야죠.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00061-00010311-00010516": "수용은 하되 깨어 가지고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00062-00010519-00010730": "활로를 계속 찾아내는 건 필요하다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00063-00010733-00010899": "아직 우리에게는 자유가 있다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00064-00010901-00010989": "여지가 있다.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00065-00010991-00011167": "이런 입장으로 공부하시면 좋겠어요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00066-00011169-00011295": "인생이 그래요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00067-00011297-00011486": "이런 얘기를 누가 안 해 주니까", "h11GdZEBkUE-00068-00011488-00011726": "다 내 자유에 달린 줄 알고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00069-00011728-00011806": "막 해 보다가", "h11GdZEBkUE-00070-00011809-00012043": "낙망하고 좌절하고 하는 거예요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00071-00012045-00012183": "근데 이걸 눈치를 채야 해요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00072-00012186-00012369": "지금 눈에 안 보여서 그렇지", "h11GdZEBkUE-00073-00012372-00012672": "도로에 차 꽉 막힌 상황이구나.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00074-00012674-00012895": "내가 한 선택들, 남들이 한 선택들이", "h11GdZEBkUE-00075-00012897-00013065": "모두, 그게 하나의 거대한", "h11GdZEBkUE-00076-00013067-00013319": "카르마의 장에서, 인과관계의 장에서", "h11GdZEBkUE-00077-00013321-00013456": "나를 압박하고 있구나.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00078-00013459-00013614": "이걸 아셔야 해요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00079-00013617-00013758": "피할 수 없는 부분이 있다고요.", "h11GdZEBkUE-00080-00013760-00013919": "다 피할 수 없는 건 아니고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00081-00013921-00014058": "우리가 지어 가는 게 있고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00082-00014061-00014123": "피할 수 없게, 이제,", "h11GdZEBkUE-00083-00014126-00014287": "예전에 지은 게 올라오는 게 있고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00084-00014290-00014448": "새로 지을 수 있는 게 있고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00085-00014450-00014861": "예전의 구업의 결과물은 수용하고", "h11GdZEBkUE-00086-00014864-00015321": "새로 짓는 업은 내가 경영해서 하자."}}, {"audio_id": "h17qIu7WalE", "text": {"h17qIu7WalE-00000-00002726-00002798": "Okay.", "h17qIu7WalE-00001-00002798-00003192": "So first, let me talk about myself for just a second.", "h17qIu7WalE-00002-00003265-00003820": "I'm a current PhD student in natural language processing at the University of Edinburgh", "h17qIu7WalE-00003-00003820-00004226": "in Scotland, which has its own strike going on right now.", "h17qIu7WalE-00004-00004226-00004412": "Solidarity!", "h17qIu7WalE-00005-00004412-00004640": "(applause)", "h17qIu7WalE-00006-00004772-00005024": "I'm currently in training at Google.", "h17qIu7WalE-00007-00005024-00005129": "Temporarily.", "h17qIu7WalE-00008-00005129-00005253": "In New York.", "h17qIu7WalE-00009-00005253-00005886": "I dictate all my code, because due to a disability, it's hard for me to type much.", "h17qIu7WalE-00010-00005886-00006775": "My roller derby name is Gaussian Retribution, and my Twitter handle is @nsaphra.", "h17qIu7WalE-00011-00006775-00007018": "I just got a tonsillectomy a few days ago.", "h17qIu7WalE-00012-00007018-00007801": "So usually my voice sounds authoritative but alluring, like a sultry James Earl Jones but", "h17qIu7WalE-00013-00007801-00008204": "today I sound like a Muppet.", "h17qIu7WalE-00014-00008204-00008352": "Alright.", "h17qIu7WalE-00015-00008352-00008768": "So there are a lot of kinds of deep neural networks, right?", "h17qIu7WalE-00016-00008768-00009239": "So the simplest kind, the first thing I'll introduce you to is a feed forward neural", "h17qIu7WalE-00017-00009239-00009339": "network.", "h17qIu7WalE-00018-00009339-00009778": "So you have an input x, that is some vector, that goes into some function that involves", "h17qIu7WalE-00019-00009778-00010318": "some matrix multiplication followed by some non-linear thing... output from that goes", "h17qIu7WalE-00020-00010318-00010920": "into some other function, that's a different module, and eventually you get generally like a prediction", "h17qIu7WalE-00021-00010920-00011020": "vector,  ŷ.", "h17qIu7WalE-00022-00011020-00011204": "Erm.", "h17qIu7WalE-00023-00011204-00011408": "There are other kinds, like recurrent.", "h17qIu7WalE-00024-00011408-00011599": "Recurrent networks are like...", "h17qIu7WalE-00025-00011599-00011950": "You can iterate over a bunch of items in a sequence.", "h17qIu7WalE-00026-00011950-00012630": "Because the same module gets repeatedly applied to each item in that sequence.", "h17qIu7WalE-00027-00012630-00012746": "Okay.", "h17qIu7WalE-00028-00013000-00013326": "They can work in parallel.", "h17qIu7WalE-00029-00013326-00013600": "They have like...", "h17qIu7WalE-00030-00013600-00013828": "Generally x is not actually gonna be a vector.", "h17qIu7WalE-00031-00013829-00014379": "It's actually gonna be like a matrix because... it's processing a bunch of inputs in parallel.", "h17qIu7WalE-00032-00014379-00014493": "So.", "h17qIu7WalE-00033-00014493-00015007": "Erm, generally you have your forward pass, which is what happens during inference, when", "h17qIu7WalE-00034-00015007-00015108": "you're trying to produce output.", "h17qIu7WalE-00035-00015108-00015248": "So it goes in.", "h17qIu7WalE-00036-00015248-00015487": "It goes up the computation graph.", "h17qIu7WalE-00037-00015487-00015665": "And produces your output.", "h17qIu7WalE-00038-00015665-00016150": "And then when you're training, you're taking the derivative of the error, and you're passing", "h17qIu7WalE-00039-00016150-00016651": "it back through each module, so you're training the weights of the matrices that are inside", "h17qIu7WalE-00040-00016651-00016851": "those modules.", "h17qIu7WalE-00041-00016852-00017020": "Down to the bottom.", "h17qIu7WalE-00042-00017020-00017084": "So.", "h17qIu7WalE-00043-00017242-00017798": "I don't really get what's happening, you know, during my training or inference time.", "h17qIu7WalE-00044-00017798-00018001": "Like, while it's running, right?", "h17qIu7WalE-00045-00018001-00018215": "I want to see what's happening with the representations.", "h17qIu7WalE-00046-00018215-00018665": "Maybe I want to save some heat maps of the different activations.", "h17qIu7WalE-00047-00018665-00018909": "Maybe I want to look at the concentration of gradients.", "h17qIu7WalE-00048-00018909-00019323": "Which is something where like it indicates whether your network is kind of memorizing", "h17qIu7WalE-00049-00019323-00019698": "as opposed to learning a general function.", "h17qIu7WalE-00050-00019698-00020187": "Maybe I just want to see the magnitude of the error at each module.", "h17qIu7WalE-00051-00020187-00020705": "But all I have is inputs and some PyTorch modules that are trained or not.", "h17qIu7WalE-00052-00020705-00020805": "So...", "h17qIu7WalE-00053-00020806-00020910": "What am I gonna do?", "h17qIu7WalE-00054-00020918-00021004": "Hooks!", "h17qIu7WalE-00055-00021036-00021156": "Yeah!", "h17qIu7WalE-00056-00021248-00021837": "So what happens with a hook is it's a function that you associate with a particular module.", "h17qIu7WalE-00057-00021837-00022537": "So that when the actual function of that module gets run, it simultaneously passes its inputs", "h17qIu7WalE-00058-00022537-00022748": "and outputs to the hook.", "h17qIu7WalE-00059-00022748-00023038": "So this is what would happen during a forward pass.", "h17qIu7WalE-00060-00023038-00023221": "With a forward hook... right?", "h17qIu7WalE-00061-00023221-00023798": "And this is what would happen during a backward pass with a backward hook.", "h17qIu7WalE-00062-00023798-00023945": "So...", "h17qIu7WalE-00063-00023945-00024045": "You can...", "h17qIu7WalE-00064-00024045-00024553": "So in this case, the gradients or derivatives are actually getting passed.", "h17qIu7WalE-00065-00024553-00025286": "Both the gradient at the input and the gradient at the output, are both getting passed to the hook.", "h17qIu7WalE-00066-00025294-00025394": "So it gets both inputs.", "h17qIu7WalE-00067-00025430-00026322": "But that's actually a lot of, basically, raw data that the hook is getting passed, and", "h17qIu7WalE-00068-00026323-00026598": "the type of that data is just like...", "h17qIu7WalE-00069-00026598-00026844": "Ugh the matrix!", "h17qIu7WalE-00070-00026844-00027238": "Uh, tensor that's got this dimension and this dimension and this dimension!", "h17qIu7WalE-00071-00027238-00027500": "And you have no idea what any of them are doing.", "h17qIu7WalE-00072-00027500-00027622": "Usually.", "h17qIu7WalE-00073-00027642-00028450": "So I have a little trick that I use, which is that I set every single hyperparameter", "h17qIu7WalE-00074-00028451-00028802": "associated with some dimension to a prime number.", "h17qIu7WalE-00075-00028802-00029347": "So even if two of them get collapsed, if you've set something to 3 and something to 7, and", "h17qIu7WalE-00076-00029347-00030064": "then you get some kind of input, that's, like, dimension 21, you know where that number came", "h17qIu7WalE-00077-00030064-00030164": "from!", "h17qIu7WalE-00078-00030164-00030416": "You can just reshape it accordingly.", "h17qIu7WalE-00079-00030416-00030852": "So in this case, you can tell where each of the...", "h17qIu7WalE-00080-00030852-00031133": "Like, this is like -- I'm just using a dummy hook.", "h17qIu7WalE-00081-00031133-00031457": "The dummy hook that I wrote just prints out the actual...", "h17qIu7WalE-00082-00031457-00032039": "You know, information about the input and the output types.", "h17qIu7WalE-00083-00032039-00032539": "And you can tell what hyperparameters are associated with what types.", "h17qIu7WalE-00084-00032539-00033424": "Erm, but then it's like... uh! I've got that, like, transformer model from the beginning.", "h17qIu7WalE-00085-00033424-00033672": "There's so many modules.", "h17qIu7WalE-00086-00033672-00034100": "And am I really gonna have to add a hook for every single one of them?", "h17qIu7WalE-00087-00034206-00034332": "Erm, no.", "h17qIu7WalE-00088-00034332-00034590": "You can just add them recursively, actually.", "h17qIu7WalE-00089-00034660-00035206": "You've got this little function named_children(), so named_children() is just going to find", "h17qIu7WalE-00090-00035207-00035775": "you all the child modules of a particular module, and you can just recursively go through", "h17qIu7WalE-00091-00035775-00036088": "the entire computation graph like that.", "h17qIu7WalE-00092-00036282-00036756": "And that's what I like to do, because I don't like to manually associate a hook with each", "h17qIu7WalE-00093-00036756-00036856": "module.", "h17qIu7WalE-00094-00036856-00037015": "All right.", "h17qIu7WalE-00095-00037015-00037710": "I'm gonna just end by talking about the grossest thing I've ever done with a hook.", "h17qIu7WalE-00096-00037710-00038476": "Which is... that... uh, there's this model, long short-term memory networks, LSTMs...", "h17qIu7WalE-00097-00038476-00038926": "PyTorch makes it completely opaque what's going on inside, but I really wanted to look at what", "h17qIu7WalE-00098-00038927-00039457": "was happening in the gating mechanisms, but I didn't actually trust myself to write an", "h17qIu7WalE-00099-00039457-00040009": "LSTM module that was definitely going to give the same outputs as the real one.", "h17qIu7WalE-00100-00040009-00040983": "So I just wrote, like, an LSTM module that ran at the same time as the real LSTM module,", "h17qIu7WalE-00101-00040983-00041406": "and just asserted that the outputs were the same.", "h17qIu7WalE-00102-00041406-00041669": "And that's the most disgusting thing I've ever done with hooks.", "h17qIu7WalE-00103-00041669-00041826": "That's my confession.", "h17qIu7WalE-00104-00041962-00042082": "And actually, that's it!", "h17qIu7WalE-00105-00042202-00042292": "Ha ha!", "h17qIu7WalE-00106-00042292-00042570": "(applause)"}}, {"audio_id": "h1i7DS3x4SA", "text": {"h1i7DS3x4SA-00000-00000079-00000145": "Hello, Reading community.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00001-00000145-00000304": "We hope that you had a great week.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00002-00000304-00000600": "So jumping right into some updates, our first update is around", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00003-00000600-00000955": "a Veterans Day event happening here at RMHS next Friday.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00004-00000955-00001347": "So RMHS will actually hold back to back events on Friday starting at 11 a.m.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00005-00001384-00001755": "The day will start with a dedication of the new Vietnam Veterans Memorial", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00006-00001755-00001960": "and Monument out front of RMHS.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00007-00001960-00002110": "And then we'll move into recognition", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00008-00002110-00002481": "of veterans from all eras, especially Vietnam veterans.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00009-00002502-00002781": "They'll receive the 50th anniversary welcome home lapel button.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00010-00002827-00003274": "And then at 1215, we will shift into a ceremony to name", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00011-00003274-00003449": "officially name the track after the beloved", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00012-00003449-00003799": "and respected Reading Memorial High School teacher and track coach Mr.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00013-00003799-00003949": "Harold Croft. Mr.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00014-00003949-00004354": "Croft is also a highly decorated Vietnam veteran and also a former Reading school", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00015-00004354-00004567": "committee member. So all are invited to attend.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00016-00004642-00004917": "You'll see additional information on the flyer here in the written newsletter.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00017-00005025-00005251": "Second update is around the Reading Symphony Orchestra.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00018-00005263-00005559": "The Reading Symphony Orchestra will host a concert on", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00019-00005559-00005885": "Sunday, November 6th, this upcoming Sunday at 3:30 p.m.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00020-00005885-00006056": "at Enslow Performing Arts Center.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00021-00006056-00006448": "As you may know, this is also the first live concert since the pandemic.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00022-00006502-00006644": "And admission is free to all.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00023-00006644-00006802": "So again, there's a link to a poster", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00024-00006802-00006998": "with more information in the written newsletter.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00025-00006998-00007261": "And our last update is from our health service department.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00026-00007290-00007494": "You'll see in the written newsletter a link to a", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00027-00007645-00008103": "notification from the DPH and the American Academy of Pediatrics", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00028-00008103-00008333": "with suggestions for preventing respiratory illness", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00029-00008333-00008587": "and keeping children healthy during this fall/winter season.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00030-00008666-00008762": "So there's a link to that.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00031-00008762-00009146": "And also just like to also point out that the Health Department has worked", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00032-00009146-00009476": "with Vaccinate Rx to coordinate our next vaccine clinic,", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00033-00009476-00009730": "which will be held on November 16th from 2 to 5 p.m.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00034-00009730-00009780": "at Killam.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00035-00009822-00010151": "You can link through the register through the link in the written newsletter.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00036-00010239-00010439": "Shifting into some shout outs, we have a bunch of shout outs this week.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00037-00010443-00010643": "First is the RMHS Marching Band.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00038-00010643-00010798": "We're thrilled to share that the RMHS", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00039-00010798-00011173": "marching band and color guard came in first in last week's NESBA State finals.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00040-00011202-00011407": "Congratulations. Huge accomplishment.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00041-00011407-00011732": "RMHS also won for best color guard and also for best music.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00042-00011765-00012107": "Our community should be really proud of the 38 students who participated,", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00043-00012128-00012324": "including the nine seniors who worked really hard", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00044-00012324-00012591": "throughout their time here and throughout the season.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00045-00012591-00012908": "We also include in our written newsletter a link to watch the performance.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00046-00013000-00013342": "Second shout out we'd would like to give to an RMHS student, Jack Quinn.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00047-00013342-00013534": "So he's a senior tri-captain.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00048-00013534-00013680": "He placed second at the Middlesex League", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00049-00013680-00014068": "Championship meet on Monday, October 31st to earn Middlesex League all conference.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00050-00014093-00014522": "I think even more exciting is, he set a time of 15:29 in the 5K", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00051-00014522-00014898": "course, the fastest 5K time recorded in school history.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00052-00014927-00015127": "So congratulations on this remarkable achievement.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00053-00015165-00015423": "The boys and girls cross-country team will move on and complete the state", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00054-00015423-00015761": "cross-country finals and cross-country meet at Wrentham on November 12.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00055-00015853-00016178": "Next shout out goes to an RPS staff member and community member Monica Acker.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00056-00016203-00016612": "Congrats to Monica, who is a tutor at Wood End and also an RPS parent,", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00057-00016633-00016904": "for the recent publication of her children's book, Brave Like Mom.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00058-00016946-00017183": "So that book is a touching story about a girl", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00059-00017229-00017559": "whose mom has chronic illness and how she is brave just like her mom.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00060-00017592-00017838": "So in the written newsletter there is a link to an article", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00061-00017838-00018180": "on some local newspaper about Monica and about text.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00062-00018184-00018405": "So congratulations to Monica.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00063-00018405-00018664": "And last like to give a shout out to all those who participated in Coolidge", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00064-00018664-00018814": "Nature's Classroom,", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00065-00018814-00019069": "which was an exciting and fun learning opportunity for all of our students", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00066-00019069-00019173": "last week", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00067-00019173-00019582": "was special recognition to the staff members who spent their time as chaperons.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00068-00019602-00020020": "Ursula Abad, Jerry Coyne, Marianne Cuscuna, Sarah Marchant,", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00069-00020032-00020520": "Ashley Nagel, Kristine Paglia, Paul Simpson, John Thomas and Shannon Turner.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00070-00020520-00020637": "So thank you, your staff.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00071-00020637-00020895": "And you'll see here some of the pictures from that fun time", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00072-00020941-00021175": "and again, a great learning experience for our students.", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00073-00021175-00021375": "As always, let us know if you have any questions or feedback,", "h1i7DS3x4SA-00074-00021408-00021609": "we hope that you have a wonderful weekend. Go, Rockets."}}, {"audio_id": "h1kKqXo7RmI", "text": {"h1kKqXo7RmI-00000-00218656-00218706": "Hello"}}, {"audio_id": "h1nXy0ajAty", "text": {"h1nXy0ajAty-00000-00000400-00000800": "Hello! I’m Sally Stockwell, Director of Conservation at Maine Audubon.", "h1nXy0ajAty-00001-00000800-00001201": "Did you know that Maine is the last true stronghold in the East for wild Brook Trout", "h1nXy0ajAty-00002-00001302-00001700": "and the only state in the continental US with wild populations of Arctic Char and Atlantic Salmon?", "h1nXy0ajAty-00003-00001800-00002200": "You can help protect Maine’s native fish by following a few simple steps while you’re out fishing this season.", "h1nXy0ajAty-00004-00002400-00002801": "First, make sure you’re following the most up to date fishing rules for wherever you’re going.", "h1nXy0ajAty-00005-00002960-00003658": "Second, leave your live baitfish at home before heading out to fish in most of the North Zone, or in designated Heritage Fish Waters in the South Zone.", "h1nXy0ajAty-00006-00003858-00004457": "Third, handle fish with care.  Keep the fish wet and hold the fish gently in the water to revive it before releasing it.", "h1nXy0ajAty-00007-00004457-00005056": "Finally, remember this: certain sizes and weights of lead tackle are not allowed in Maine", "h1nXy0ajAty-00008-00005170-00005669": "as lead tackle is one of the leading causes of death for adult loons.", "h1nXy0ajAty-00009-00006084-00006401": "Let’s keep fishing in Maine great for everyone – including the fish."}}, {"audio_id": "h1BkUFfVHF0", "text": {"h1BkUFfVHF0-00000-00000066-00000258": "Hey everyone, NeuroRebel here.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00001-00000261-00000749": "And this week, we are going to talk about Autistic people and sex.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00002-00000788-00001199": "So if you're interested and want to know more, please stay tuned.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00003-00004767-00005070": "So Autistic people can and do have sex.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00004-00005115-00005157": "Okay.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00005-00005160-00005202": "That's it.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00006-00005209-00005266": "End The video.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00007-00005288-00005394": "We'll talk to you next time.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00008-00005538-00005598": "Just kidding.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00009-00005601-00006099": "I'm not going to let myself off that easily, but there is a misconception out", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00010-00006099-00006924": "there that Autistic people do not have sex or have urges or any of those things.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00011-00007000-00007564": "That are common in a lot of other humans.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00012-00007564-00008155": "Although some Autistic people may not experience sexual urges or have sex.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00013-00008227-00008560": "A lot of us do because we're just human.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00014-00008629-00009160": "There is this myth that Autistic people just can't be sexual", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00015-00009160-00009733": "beings, but that's definitely not true with me or my partners.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00016-00009819-00010338": "I asked on Twitter what other Autistic people's experience with sexuality", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00017-00010338-00010971": "is, because I've found that sex can be a very wonderful sensory experience.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00018-00011000-00011216": "It was a very interesting conversation.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00019-00011240-00011576": "We talked about many things, including the fact that a lot of Autistic people", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00020-00011576-00011945": "commented and said, \"Hey, you know, we're actually very sexual, and some", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00021-00011945-00012103": "of us are even in the kink community.\"", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00022-00012120-00012437": "I do want to mention that there were a great number of people on", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00023-00012461-00012974": "the Twitter community that said that they were also Autistic and asexual.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00024-00013007-00013421": "So the point is just like with neurotypicals and the rest of", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00025-00013421-00014041": "humanity, Autistic sexuality ranges the full sexual spectrum.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00026-00014126-00014488": "A lot of Autistic people on Twitter said that they enjoyed sex is", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00027-00014488-00015071": "because it is, and I agree with this, a pleasurable sensory activity.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00028-00015131-00015902": "A lot of us are sensory seekers and we find pleasure in sex because if you do", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00029-00015902-00016141": "it right, it can be very pleasurable.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00030-00016235-00016793": "Also, Autistic people on Twitter who shared that, for them, the sensory aspects", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00031-00016793-00017309": "of sex are not pleasurable and can even be overwhelming and are off putting.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00032-00017387-00017750": "This also makes sense , because each and every Autistic person has very", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00033-00017750-00018167": "different sensory needs has a unique sensory profile and different sensory", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00034-00018167-00018452": "things that they enjoy or must avoid.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00035-00018542-00019053": "There is no one unified experience of Autistic people and sex but", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00036-00019080-00019242": "I don't expect there should be.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00037-00019248-00019668": "There's not any one experience of neurotypical people with sex either.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00038-00019722-00020058": "Everyone likes different things, everyone's into different things", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00039-00020097-00020310": "and that's just human nature.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00040-00020365-00020716": "These are things people don't want to talk about with regards to Autistic", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00041-00020716-00021519": "people, and it's unfortunate because people are often infantilizing us", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00042-00021522-00021701": "and saying, \"Oh no, they're Autistic.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00043-00021701-00021932": "They couldn't possibly be interested in sex.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00044-00021932-00022113": "They couldn't possibly want to have sex.\"", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00045-00022146-00022398": "This can be very harmful for a lot of reasons.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00046-00022428-00022809": "One big reason being that Autistic and neurodivergent young people", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00047-00022809-00023073": "may not get proper sex education.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00048-00023109-00023620": "There's already a lot of statistics on sex education and just assuming", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00049-00023620-00024273": "abstinence doesn't necessarily have great outcomes compared to when young", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00050-00024273-00024759": "people are  properly educated about how to have safe and consensual sex.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00051-00024873-00025377": "That's another very serious part of needing to have sex education", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00052-00025377-00025728": "or have the conversations about sex with your Autistic or neurodivergent", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00053-00025728-00026101": "children, because assuming they won't have sex and not having the", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00054-00026101-00026745": "conversations with them around sex and boundaries and being able to say no.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00055-00027009-00027474": "We need to have these conversations otherwise we are leaving our youth", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00056-00027477-00028071": "in a very dangerous position when these situations inevitably come up.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00057-00028226-00028346": "I hope I did this one justice.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00058-00028361-00028613": "I'm not going to talk too long about this one.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00059-00028649-00029057": "I just think it's important to talk about why assuming Autistic", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00060-00029057-00029879": "people are never going to have any interest in sex  is harmful", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00061-00029889-00030333": ".  We need to de-stigmatize and open up and be willing to admit", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00062-00030363-00030769": "and share on some of these more intimate topics, with boundaries.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00063-00030775-00031177": "That's as much as I'm willing to share today, know your own personal limits.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00064-00031185-00031521": "If you don't feel like making a YouTube video on this topic,", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00065-00031545-00031728": "I will completely understand.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00066-00031728-00032298": "A very huge and special thank you to my Patreon supporters and Facebook", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00067-00032301-00032866": "subscribers for being the power behind the NeuroRebel content creation engine.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00068-00032870-00033027": "I could not do this without you.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00069-00033059-00033406": "To those subscribers, as a special  thank you, get access to videos like this one", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00070-00033406-00033760": "before they're released to the public, generally about a month in advance.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00071-00033787-00034150": "It's just very small way to say thanks for all of the help that you do to", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00072-00034150-00034666": "make sure I am able to continuously create high quality content.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00073-00034745-00034898": "I'll talk to you all next week.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00074-00034904-00035060": "I put out new videos every Wednesday.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00075-00035081-00035375": "If you found this video helpful, please don't forget to subscribe.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00076-00035408-00035783": "And if you have ideas for a future topic or something you would want to hear about", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00077-00035783-00035954": "in the future, drop a comment below.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00078-00035999-00036113": "I'll talk to you next week.", "h1BkUFfVHF0-00079-00036152-00036203": "Bye"}}, {"audio_id": "h265ZKwfnyy", "text": {"h265ZKwfnyy-00000-00000000-00000280": "[MUSIC PLAYING]", "h265ZKwfnyy-00001-00000685-00000844": "PROFESSOR: In your work, you may spend", "h265ZKwfnyy-00002-00000844-00001195": "a lot of time traveling from place to place and handling", "h265ZKwfnyy-00003-00001195-00001348": "supplies.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00004-00001348-00001573": "There are many useful words and phrases", "h265ZKwfnyy-00005-00001573-00001825": "that will help you to do this in English.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00006-00001825-00002021": "You will travel in a vehicle.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00007-00002021-00002228": "There are many types of vehicles--", "h265ZKwfnyy-00008-00002228-00002719": "for example, a car, truck, ambulance, and boat or plane,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00009-00002719-00002878": "and helicopter.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00010-00002878-00003019": "All are vehicles.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00011-00003019-00003268": "Someone will drive or fly the vehicle.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00012-00003268-00003520": "This person is the driver, or pilot.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00013-00003520-00003961": "When traveling, one vehicle may drive behind, in front of,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00014-00003961-00004222": "or next to another vehicle.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00015-00004222-00004642": "A vehicle can also be in between other vehicles.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00016-00004642-00004915": "When several military vehicles are traveling together,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00017-00004915-00005107": "this is often called a convoy.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00018-00005107-00005428": "Convoys travel in a single file, which means", "h265ZKwfnyy-00019-00005428-00005665": "that each one follows another.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00020-00005665-00005941": "The destination is the place you want to reach.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00021-00005941-00006184": "You may go there in a vehicle.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00022-00006184-00006640": "You can go to, travel to, or drive to a destination.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00023-00006640-00007072": "In a plane or helicopter, you fly to a destination.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00024-00007072-00007284": "Some destinations you may travel to", "h265ZKwfnyy-00025-00007284-00007831": "are a hospital, a camp, a city, a village, a school,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00026-00007831-00007936": "or an airport.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00027-00007936-00008126": "In order to go to the destination,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00028-00008126-00008353": "you need to know how to get there.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00029-00008353-00008632": "A map or signs may help.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00030-00008632-00009061": "You may need to go north, south, east, or west.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00031-00009061-00009247": "You may need to travel straight ahead,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00032-00009247-00009508": "or to turn left or right.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00033-00009508-00009937": "Your destination may be nearby, or it could be far away.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00034-00009937-00010297": "Cars and trucks travel on a paved road, or a dirt road.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00035-00010297-00010513": "Landmarks are things you can see that", "h265ZKwfnyy-00036-00010513-00010723": "help you to know where you are.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00037-00010723-00010958": "You may use landmarks to give directions.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00038-00010958-00011290": "For example, drive over the bridge.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00039-00011290-00011530": "Go straight past the big tree.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00040-00011530-00011755": "Go south past the beach.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00041-00011755-00011917": "Turn right at the market.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00042-00011917-00012224": "Some common phrases when talking about directions are,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00043-00012224-00012422": "\"How far is it from here?\"", "h265ZKwfnyy-00044-00012422-00012577": "\"How do we get there?\"", "h265ZKwfnyy-00045-00012577-00012774": "\"Do you have a map?\"", "h265ZKwfnyy-00046-00012774-00013016": "\"We need to go to the--\" and then a destination", "h265ZKwfnyy-00047-00013016-00013465": "or a landmark-- for example, \"We need to go to the border.\"", "h265ZKwfnyy-00048-00013465-00013653": "While you are traveling, sometimes you", "h265ZKwfnyy-00049-00013653-00013881": "need to stop or wait.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00050-00013881-00014169": "This might happen at a checkpoint or border,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00051-00014169-00014722": "or if you need fuel, or need to load or unload supplies.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00052-00014722-00014963": "You may have to stop if your vehicle breaks down and needs", "h265ZKwfnyy-00053-00014963-00015096": "repairs.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00054-00015096-00015372": "Vehicles often carry supplies.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00055-00015372-00015624": "Supplies are items that people need.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00056-00015624-00015984": "They are often carried on a pallet, or in boxes or bags", "h265ZKwfnyy-00057-00015984-00016131": "on a vehicle.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00058-00016131-00016365": "Supplies need to be loaded onto a vehicle,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00059-00016365-00016611": "and unloaded from a vehicle.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00060-00016611-00016899": "When you talk about supplies, you may ask, how much", "h265ZKwfnyy-00061-00016899-00017002": "or how many?", "h265ZKwfnyy-00062-00017002-00017208": "How much food is in the truck?", "h265ZKwfnyy-00063-00017208-00017482": "How many pallets are on the truck?", "h265ZKwfnyy-00064-00017482-00017678": "When you're traveling and moving supplies,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00065-00017678-00017909": "you may need people to help you.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00066-00017909-00018158": "There are different ways to get this help.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00067-00018158-00018479": "Some are more polite, and some are more forceful.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00068-00018479-00018776": "You can ask a question.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00069-00018776-00019031": "\"Can you please help me unload this water?\"", "h265ZKwfnyy-00070-00019031-00019295": "Or make a request--", "h265ZKwfnyy-00071-00019295-00019505": "\"Please help me unload this Water.\"", "h265ZKwfnyy-00072-00019505-00019718": "Or give a command--", "h265ZKwfnyy-00073-00019718-00019932": "\"Unload this water.\"", "h265ZKwfnyy-00074-00019932-00020154": "Questions and requests are polite ways", "h265ZKwfnyy-00075-00020154-00020370": "to get people to do something.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00076-00020370-00020619": "Commands are the most forceful.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00077-00020619-00020811": "Commands may seem rude or frightening", "h265ZKwfnyy-00078-00020811-00021129": "to other people, especially civilians.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00079-00021129-00021498": "Try to ask questions or make a request when you can.", "h265ZKwfnyy-00080-00021498-00021771": "Please watch this video two or three times,", "h265ZKwfnyy-00081-00021771-00022163": "and practice reading each phrase and saying it aloud."}}, {"audio_id": "h2nAGtTnBkI", "text": {"h2nAGtTnBkI-00000-00000000-00000200": "Batch number in tally Prime"}}, {"audio_id": "h2IPtv7ClFc", "text": {"h2IPtv7ClFc-00000-00000012-00000095": "- Good morning, everybody.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00001-00000095-00000246": "Welcome back to another vlog.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00002-00000246-00000387": "Today is Thursday", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00003-00000387-00000594": "and I'm actually headed to my friend Lyra's house.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00004-00000594-00000882": "We are going on our little walk and chat.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00005-00000882-00001127": "We're gonna walk and like get a little coffee", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00006-00001127-00001488": "and just hang out, get some outside time,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00007-00001488-00001632": "get some steps in.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00008-00001632-00001797": "I get to see her baby.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00009-00001797-00001923": "Ugh, I just love him.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00010-00001923-00002030": "He's so freaking cute.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00011-00002030-00002310": "And he's almost a year old now, which is crazy.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00012-00002310-00002460": "Lyra is one of my friends", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00013-00002460-00002607": "from high school back in Tennessee,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00014-00002607-00002796": "but she's lived here for the last few years,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00015-00002796-00002967": "and she's just the best.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00016-00002967-00003144": "So we're gonna spend some time together.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00017-00003144-00003342": "And then, for the rest of the day today,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00018-00003342-00003564": "I'm not entirely sure what I'm gonna get up to.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00019-00003564-00003906": "I have like a couple errands that I need to run.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00020-00003906-00004167": "And, depending on how much walking we do,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00021-00004167-00004365": "I might try to do some sort of workout.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00022-00004365-00004527": "I kind of hurt my shoulder the other night.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00023-00004527-00004728": "I genuinely think it's 'cause I slept on it weird.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00024-00004728-00004941": "So I've just been trying to take it easy", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00025-00004941-00005079": "and just walk mostly.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00026-00005079-00005247": "But it's feeling a lot better today,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00027-00005247-00005478": "so I think I'll be able to do some sort of a workout,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00028-00005478-00005766": "like a light workout. And then we will see what we get up to", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00029-00005766-00006009": "for the rest of the day. But, it's a beautiful sunny day.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00030-00006009-00006219": "Ahhhh, it's a yellow light...", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00031-00006348-00006441": "And we're gonna start it off", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00032-00006441-00006594": "with one of my favorite things.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00033-00006594-00006738": "Drew and I usually do this on the weekend,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00034-00006738-00006848": "but I'm doing it on a weekday.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00035-00006848-00007020": "And that is a walk and treat.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00036-00007020-00007204": "Those are the two most important things,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00037-00007204-00007380": "a walk and a treat.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00038-00007380-00007463": "So let's do it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00039-00007463-00007708": "(upbeat music)", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00040-00008583-00009083": "♪ Sunburnt skin and yellow sweaters in the summer ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00041-00009130-00009630": "♪ Slushies cherry flavored snow ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00042-00009762-00009988": "♪ Rent your gaze to my love ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00043-00009988-00010284": "♪ 'Til the end of time, love ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00044-00010284-00010784": "♪ Tell me I'm your only one ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00045-00010836-00011268": "♪ I don't wanna lose what I worked so bad to find ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00046-00011268-00011443": "♪ Love, it's your love ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00047-00011443-00011683": "♪ I don't wanna find a date and time ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00048-00011683-00012091": "♪ Where your love's not our love ♪", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00049-00012333-00012546": "It's much later now, it's like noon.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00050-00012546-00012768": "And, oh my God am I sweaty.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00051-00012768-00012866": "But that was so nice.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00052-00012866-00013091": "We walked for probably like three miles or so.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00053-00013091-00013566": "And I actually did some damage at Lululemon, surprisingly.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00054-00013566-00013701": "If you watch my main channel,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00055-00013701-00014007": "I tried some of their stuff in like", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00056-00014007-00014288": "a fitting room try-on video, and it was miserable.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00057-00014288-00014519": "But a lot of people said to give them another shot", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00058-00014519-00014723": "and like maybe try to order some stuff online.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00059-00014723-00015018": "Which, they're basically sold out of everything", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00060-00015018-00015263": "in my size online as well, that I wanted anyway.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00061-00015263-00015528": "And granted, I looked during a sale, so whatever.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00062-00015528-00015741": "But we happened to walk by a Lululemon,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00063-00015741-00015921": "and they had a bunch of sale racks and I was like,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00064-00015921-00016094": "\"Yeah, I wanna try that.\"", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00065-00016094-00016359": "So got some stuff for a main channel video.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00066-00016359-00016488": "So I'm not gonna show you now,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00067-00016488-00016695": "I'll show, you know, in a main channel video soon.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00068-00016695-00016842": "We'll try everything on and everything,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00069-00016842-00017016": "and kind of figure out my sizing.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00070-00017016-00017205": "But like giving them a second chance,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00071-00017205-00017289": "you know what I mean?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00072-00017289-00017429": "So that's fun.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00073-00017429-00017631": "That was like sort of an impromptu thing.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00074-00017631-00017826": "And got to have lots of good chats", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00075-00017826-00017991": "and see beautiful scenery, and I loved it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00076-00017991-00018210": "And now I'm heading home and I'm gonna make some lunch.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00077-00018210-00018360": "I really need to shower now,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00078-00018360-00018588": "because I am profusely sweating.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00079-00018588-00018747": "And I'm not going do a workout", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00080-00018747-00018990": "because I just walked like three, four miles or something.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00081-00018990-00019107": "And I'm feeling great!", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00082-00019107-00019261": "The endorphins are kicking.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00083-00019261-00019461": "One of those like, what do you call 'em?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00084-00019461-00019665": "Celebrity tour buses is going by.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00085-00019665-00019851": "I wonder if you'll be able to see it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00086-00019851-00019977": "There they go.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00087-00019977-00020100": "All right, I started this at a light,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00088-00020100-00020259": "but now I'm driving, so we'll talk later.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00089-00020259-00020342": "We'll catch up later.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00090-00020342-00020469": "I'm home now making lunch.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00091-00020469-00020616": "I'm basically heating up some leftovers.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00092-00020616-00020742": "We had like chicken rice and veggies last night.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00093-00020742-00021030": "But we actually bought way too many veggies,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00094-00021030-00021224": "so I'm air frying some zucchini right now.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00095-00021224-00021456": "And then I've got some chicken and rice in here.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00096-00021456-00021585": "And then I'll just make like a little rice bowl.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00097-00021585-00021813": "But Drew is doing this thing that we saw on TikTok", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00098-00021813-00022158": "where, if you haven't tried the Trader Joe's", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00099-00022158-00022440": "Chili Crunchy Onion, or something like that.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00100-00022440-00022523": "Yeah.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00101-00022523-00022671": "Basically put like a clump of that stuff", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00102-00022671-00022839": "in the pan, in a pan.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00103-00022839-00023031": "And then you put an egg on top of it,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00104-00023031-00023157": "like you crack an egg on top of it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00105-00023157-00023461": "And then it's like you're frying the egg in the chili oil.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00106-00023461-00023646": "Here's what it looks like.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00107-00023646-00023916": "So far it's looking pretty good.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00108-00023916-00024023": "Do you flip it too?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00109-00024023-00024202": "- [Drew] No, I'm just gonna let it steam in here.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00110-00024202-00024285": "- Oh, okay.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00111-00024285-00024433": "Dang!", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00112-00024433-00024735": "That looks really good.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00113-00024735-00024957": "Sexual. Okay, it's hard to tell because I put", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00114-00024957-00025203": "parmesan cheese and balsamic glaze on it,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00115-00025203-00025441": "but we got some zucchini, some chicken and some rice.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00116-00025441-00025779": "And gotta have my favorite golden Kiwi on the side,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00117-00025779-00025862": "obviously.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00118-00025862-00026117": "And then spicy water of the day is", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00119-00026117-00026363": "Aha blueberry pomegranate.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00120-00026363-00026487": "I actually like this one.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00121-00026487-00026604": "Drew said he hates it,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00122-00026604-00026748": "but I really like it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00123-00026748-00026847": "I think it's delish.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00124-00026847-00026982": "And he said his sandwich is good,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00125-00026982-00027152": "and that he would try that technique again.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00126-00027152-00027411": "So, in case you're curious, it turned out pretty good.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00127-00027411-00027619": "Just got outta the shower.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00128-00027619-00027852": "Oh, that was fantastic and amazing.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00129-00027852-00028074": "Trying to go one more day without washing my hair", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00130-00028074-00028254": "because I need to test out a hair tool", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00131-00028254-00028392": "for a main channel video tomorrow.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00132-00028392-00028638": "But, I put on my Old Navy set that I", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00133-00028638-00028808": "showed in a couple vlogs ago, I think.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00134-00028808-00028923": "And I ended up ordering,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00135-00028923-00029055": "like exchanging it for the right size,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00136-00029055-00029141": "and it's so cute.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00137-00029141-00029277": "So here's what it looks like.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00138-00029277-00029583": "It's like a nice little cropped pant moment,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00139-00029583-00029700": "and then a matching tank top.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00140-00029700-00029870": "They also had like a shorts version.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00141-00029870-00030081": "But I don't know, like with fall and winter coming,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00142-00030081-00030213": "I thought pants would be cute.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00143-00030213-00030322": "So, I'm actually...", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00144-00030322-00030558": "It's very echo-y in here, hold on.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00145-00030558-00030693": "I'm actually going to start,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00146-00030693-00030867": "I'm coming in my room to get this book,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00147-00030867-00031064": "but I think I'm gonna like sit on the couch", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00148-00031064-00031200": "and read for a little while.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00149-00031200-00031386": "Because I'm a little bit ahead on some work,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00150-00031386-00031551": "so I'm gonna take advantage of it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00151-00031551-00031803": "And I finished Evelyn Hugo, what is it called?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00152-00031803-00032031": "\"Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo\" last night.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00153-00032031-00032139": "And it was good.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00154-00032139-00032400": "I wasn't like as crazy,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00155-00032400-00032530": "I think it got way over-hyped.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00156-00032530-00032645": "It was a really good book.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00157-00032645-00032841": "I really enjoyed it and I would highly recommend it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00158-00032841-00032961": "I won't give any spoilers.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00159-00032961-00033096": "I just realized I just listed", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00160-00033096-00033204": "off a bunch of spoilers,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00161-00033204-00033297": "but I did enjoy it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00162-00033297-00033393": "I really did enjoy it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00163-00033393-00033476": "But like, I don't know,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00164-00033476-00033559": "I wasn't like blown away.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00165-00033559-00033735": "But, my friend Lara gave me this book,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00166-00033735-00033990": "or she let me borrow it the last time I was at her house.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00167-00033990-00034183": "And it's another book by the same author.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00168-00034183-00034356": "It's called \"Malibu Rising\".", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00169-00034356-00034482": "So I'm gonna try it out.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00170-00034482-00034565": "I'm gonna start this.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00171-00034565-00034706": "This is how you know you're getting old.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00172-00034706-00034789": "When you're just like,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00173-00034789-00034962": "\"I'm just gonna tuck into a nice book.\"", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00174-00034962-00035059": "But I'm really enjoying getting back into reading.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00175-00035059-00035280": "And also I'm trying to read,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00176-00035280-00035373": "I think I mentioned this,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00177-00035373-00035538": "like all of my physical books that I have.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00178-00035538-00035643": "I have this one.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00179-00035643-00035847": "I have \"It Happened One Summer\"", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00180-00035847-00035958": "that I haven't started yet,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00181-00035958-00036077": "but I will after this.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00182-00036077-00036206": "And then I've got like a few more.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00183-00036206-00036441": "And then I think I'm gonna go back to my Kindle.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00184-00036441-00036744": "Or maybe I'll like interchange with the Kindle in between,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00185-00036744-00036852": "'cause it's just so much easier.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00186-00036852-00036945": "Especially at night.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00187-00036945-00037156": "I read like every single night before going to bed,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00188-00037156-00037419": "and it's just like part of my nightly routine.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00189-00037419-00037668": "I like fill out my little journal and then I read,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00190-00037668-00037751": "and it's so peaceful.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00191-00037751-00037950": "And it's just so much easier laying in bed", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00192-00037950-00038160": "reading the Kindle, but I don't know, we'll see.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00193-00038160-00038396": "But for now, we're gonna have some reading time.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00194-00038396-00038638": "(calm music)", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00195-00040595-00040886": "(blender whirring)", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00196-00042291-00042441": "(water splashing)", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00197-00042441-00042524": "Hello.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00198-00042524-00042822": "I was gonna say good morning, but it is fully like 1:00 PM.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00199-00042822-00042958": "So hi, it's the next day.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00200-00042958-00043164": "I'm actually getting ready to do some filming.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00201-00043164-00043329": "It's my first like filming day", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00202-00043329-00043510": "since being in this new setup.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00203-00043510-00043620": "I love it so much.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00204-00043620-00043818": "And everything has held up so far", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00205-00043818-00044007": "with the command strips and all that,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00206-00044007-00044322": "but I'm actually doing an impromptu main channel video.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00207-00044322-00044529": "It was what I showed you yesterday,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00208-00044529-00044676": "all the Lululemon stuff I got.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00209-00044676-00045009": "And then I think I might do a fitting room video today.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00210-00045009-00045092": "I don't know.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00211-00045092-00045234": "It's gonna depend on how much time I have,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00212-00045234-00045372": "because I actually have dinner plans tonight.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00213-00045372-00045550": "I'm gonna meet up with some friends", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00214-00045550-00045852": "that I've been friends with online for like a few years,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00215-00045852-00045966": "but I haven't met in person.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00216-00045966-00046113": "Except I've met one of them in person,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00217-00046113-00046260": "but I haven't met the other in person.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00218-00046260-00046359": "So that'll be really fun.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00219-00046359-00046560": "So we're gonna get like some drinks and some dinner.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00220-00046560-00046686": "It's at one of my favorite places.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00221-00046686-00046863": "It's out near like West Hollywood,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00222-00046863-00047022": "and it's called Gracias Madre.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00223-00047022-00047229": "It's like a vegan place, but it's so good.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00224-00047229-00047394": "It'll be really fun to catch up", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00225-00047394-00047577": "and kind of like hang and have some girl time.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00226-00047577-00047661": "But, in the meantime,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00227-00047661-00047871": "I have a lot of work to do so let's get to it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00228-00047871-00048075": "And also this, ugh.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00229-00048075-00048210": "I did book a hair appointment today", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00230-00048210-00048384": "with a new hair stylist here in LA", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00231-00048384-00048555": "that I have never used before.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00232-00048555-00048723": "She was recommended on Instagram.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00233-00048723-00049175": "So hopefully she can help me fix my baby bangs situation.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00234-00049175-00049425": "(chill music)", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00235-00049821-00049944": "All right. It's a little while later.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00236-00049944-00050244": "I've changed and I actually am wearing", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00237-00050244-00050403": "my cute little handmade shirt", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00238-00050403-00050547": "that I got from the Melrose Trading Post,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00239-00050547-00050715": "if you saw it like a couple of vlogs ago.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00240-00050715-00050824": "It's so cute.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00241-00050824-00050964": "I am just wearing like a", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00242-00050964-00051230": "normal brown colored bra underneath it,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00243-00051230-00051336": "I don't really care.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00244-00051336-00051498": "And the reason I changed is because", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00245-00051498-00051765": "I am going to do a fitting room video today.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00246-00051765-00051963": "I'm gonna head out and do that right now.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00247-00051963-00052077": "Like, it's the afternoon though,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00248-00052077-00052233": "so it's gonna be kind of busy, we'll see.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00249-00052233-00052371": "But we're gonna ignore that.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00250-00052371-00052677": "And this is what I decided to pair it with.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00251-00052677-00053001": "These pants are from ASOS I think, I wanna say?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00252-00053001-00053163": "And they're like probably my favorite pants.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00253-00053163-00053439": "And then my yellow converse, and that's the fit.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00254-00053439-00053584": "Let's go to the fitting room.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00255-00053584-00053834": "(chill music)", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00256-00054939-00055088": "Oh my goodness.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00257-00055088-00055389": "That was an experience, that's for sure.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00258-00055389-00055616": "It was one of those experiences where", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00259-00055616-00055767": "like nothing is going your way.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00260-00055767-00056025": "First of all, I was sweating profusely.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00261-00056025-00056169": "It was super busy in there.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00262-00056169-00056310": "Not to mention it just wasn't the most", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00263-00056310-00056709": "fantastic selection for my size,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00264-00056709-00056879": "if you feel what I'm saying.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00265-00056879-00056988": "But overall it was fine.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00266-00056988-00057155": "Like, I feel fine. I don't feel like sad.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00267-00057155-00057489": "Sometimes I feel like crap after leaving fitting rooms,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00268-00057489-00057663": "but I actually feel fine.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00269-00057663-00057791": "So now I'm gonna head home.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00270-00057791-00058095": "I have about two hours until I have to leave again,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00271-00058095-00058251": "because I'm going out for drinks like I said,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00272-00058251-00058417": "or dinner. I don't know why I keep saying drinks,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00273-00058417-00058500": "it's literally dinner.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00274-00058500-00058625": "Apparently I'm excited to have a drink.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00275-00058625-00058767": "I'm probably just gonna Uber there.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00276-00058767-00058935": "So that is the plan,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00277-00058935-00059047": "is to just like head home,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00278-00059047-00059241": "relax with Drew for a little bit,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00279-00059241-00059445": "and then head back out again.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00280-00059445-00059625": "So let's do it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00281-00059625-00059730": "Ignore my hair.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00282-00059730-00059891": "I was just laying down on the couch.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00283-00059891-00060096": "I think I had dozed off for a second,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00284-00060096-00060234": "but I'm getting ready now,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00285-00060234-00060432": "or I'm gonna start getting ready now.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00286-00060432-00060660": "And I'm trying to decide what I'm gonna wear", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00287-00060660-00060810": "to dinner tonight because", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00288-00060810-00060915": "it's definitely like...", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00289-00060915-00061170": "LA is funny because it'll be like super hot", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00290-00061170-00061330": "during the day and then it cools off at night.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00291-00061330-00061422": "So I'm like,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00292-00061422-00061800": "\"Do I need to wear something more like long sleeve?\"", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00293-00061800-00061884": "Honestly, no.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00294-00061884-00062037": "'Cause it's like 80 degrees outside.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00295-00062037-00062259": "But this is what I came up with so far.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00296-00062259-00062469": "I will be cleaning this room later, but not right now.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00297-00062469-00062736": "So I have this like one shoulder top.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00298-00062736-00062928": "I actually showed this in a main channel video.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00299-00062928-00063279": "This one shoulder top and then this thrifted midi skirt", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00300-00063279-00063402": "go kind of cute together.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00301-00063402-00063607": "And then I was thinking maybe like some cowboy boots.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00302-00063607-00063774": "I don't know if that's too dressed up,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00303-00063774-00063957": "but honestly this place can go either way.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00304-00063957-00064243": "Like it can be really dressy or it can be like pretty cas.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00305-00064243-00064461": "And it is like a Friday night,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00306-00064461-00064754": "so I'm thinking maybe a little more dressy", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00307-00064754-00064854": "might be the vibe.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00308-00064854-00065136": "I've gotta like fix my hair and touch up my makeup.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00309-00065136-00065502": "But, otherwise my only other option, where is it?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00310-00065502-00065709": "The other one that I was kind of thinking", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00311-00065709-00065874": "is this brown dress?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00312-00065874-00065988": "I've worn it before.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00313-00065988-00066225": "I wore it when we came and visited here back in April,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00314-00066225-00066333": "before we moved back.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00315-00066333-00066614": "And it's like kind of a more bodycon type of thing.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00316-00066614-00066824": "This is totally outta focus, okay, great.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00317-00066824-00066948": "But I feel like it might be", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00318-00066948-00067332": "a little too warm out right now for that to happen.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00319-00067332-00067527": "And our reservations are at 7:30,", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00320-00067527-00067649": "the sun sets at like eight.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00321-00067649-00067854": "I'm literally gonna sit outside", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00322-00067854-00068004": "and see how warm it is.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00323-00068004-00068166": "Oh, yeah. It's fine.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00324-00068166-00068249": "It'll be fine.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00325-00068249-00068414": "Anyway. Okay. Enough of that.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00326-00068414-00068627": "Just had to make sure, 'cause my house is frigid.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00327-00068627-00068958": "I just like to keep my AC very, very, very cold.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00328-00068958-00069228": "So I'll grab my cowboy boots.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00329-00069228-00069594": "Then I will actually go ahead and", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00330-00069594-00069945": "grab this cute little purse that I thrifted recently.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00331-00069945-00070179": "It's from thredUP and it's like a hand made", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00332-00070179-00070497": "in Italy cutie little purse like this.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00333-00070497-00070776": "Do I wanna wear something else?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00334-00070776-00070998": "Oh God, I do this all the time.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00335-00071268-00071400": "I can't decide the vibe.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00336-00071400-00071583": "Can you tell I don't get out much?", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00337-00071583-00071679": "I'm just gonna stick with it.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00338-00071679-00071778": "I'm gonna own it. Okay.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00339-00071778-00071913": "Let's touch up our hair and makeup", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00340-00071913-00072088": "and then get some dinner.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00341-00072088-00072338": "(chill music)", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00342-00073280-00073405": "Okay, let's go.", "h2IPtv7ClFc-00343-00075038-00075313": "(cheerful music)"}}, {"audio_id": "h2OSAghht9Y", "text": {"h2OSAghht9Y-00000-00000825-00001225": "Donec sed ex at massa vehicula iaculis", "h2OSAghht9Y-00001-00001413-00001813": "a et nisl. Nam quam nulla, consectetur", "h2OSAghht9Y-00002-00002428-00002790": "id imperdiet at, interdum ut nisl.", "h2OSAghht9Y-00003-00003044-00003262": "Sed pretium nibh id pharetra tincidunt.", "h2OSAghht9Y-00004-00003262-00004437": "In hac habitasse platea dictumst.", "h2OSAghht9Y-00005-00004594-00005185": "Fusce convallis mollis egestas.", "h2OSAghht9Y-00006-00005583-00008310": "Aliquam fermentum, turpis in sodales", "h2OSAghht9Y-00007-00008593-00008770": "convallis, lacus purus pulvinar ipsum,", "h2OSAghht9Y-00008-00008899-00009028": "a mattis magna dolor id dui. Nullam", "h2OSAghht9Y-00009-00009028-00009149": "egestas consectetur massa.", "h2OSAghht9Y-00010-00009149-00009510": "Vivamus tempor lorem non erat fermentum"}}, {"audio_id": "h3xjI-p_UjM", "text": {"h3xjI-p_UjM-00000-00000000-00000195": "(upbeat music)", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00001-00000195-00000368": "- My name is Steven Chen, and I love eating", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00002-00000368-00000638": "the food at the dining halls here at UC Berkeley.", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00003-00000638-00000822": "And today we're gonna go to Crossroads brunch", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00004-00000822-00000998": "and I'm gonna show you how to make my favorite", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00005-00000998-00001387": "dining hall hack, Caramelized Banana French Toast.", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00006-00001387-00001637": "(light music)", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00007-00001812-00001946": "Now we're inside Crossroads,", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00008-00001946-00002380": "we're gonna grab the main ingredient, the French Toast.", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00009-00002380-00002533": "So Crossroads has an awesome selection", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00010-00002533-00002683": "of tons of different fruits.", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00011-00002683-00002950": "You can see some apples, some pears, some oranges,", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00012-00002950-00003137": "and of course, for our banana french toast,", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00013-00003137-00003394": "we're gonna need some bananas.", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00014-00003394-00003499": "The other condiments,", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00015-00003499-00003661": "we're gonna start with some pancake syrup,", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00016-00003661-00003873": "then we're also gonna grab some whipped cream.", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00017-00003873-00004123": "(light music)", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00018-00004767-00005158": "(lighthearted xylophone music)", "h3xjI-p_UjM-00019-00006518-00006860": "(robust xylophone music)"}}, {"audio_id": "h4dYIEyozek", "text": {"h4dYIEyozek-00000-00000000-00017713": "Ghostday - Dark Rap Beat | Rap Instrumental - Beat | Freestyle Rap Beat + (Easy Freestyle Words)"}}, {"audio_id": "h431Crxg90c", "text": {"h431Crxg90c-00000-00000022-00000229": "*weird gasp*", "h431Crxg90c-00001-00000260-00000314": "OH", "h431Crxg90c-00002-00000314-00000378": "MY", "h431Crxg90c-00003-00000378-00000456": "GOD"}}, {"audio_id": "h4DYCAAhvOo", "text": {"h4DYCAAhvOo-00000-00000000-00000200": "machinery for making gypsum board, gypsum board production machinery, gypsum board production machine,"}}, {"audio_id": "h55gESH5xwc", "text": {"h55gESH5xwc-00000-00000023-00000930": "Burly means muscular and athletic."}}, {"audio_id": "h5hX2j6PUPM", "text": {"h5hX2j6PUPM-00000-00000614-00000897": "What's going on boys and girls what's up world", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00001-00000897-00001248": "Austin John plays here and today we're going to be talking about the trial of", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00002-00001248-00001650": "the sword if you have the expansion past DLC and you've already obtained the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00003-00001650-00002100": "master sword from its super secret not secret location you could return to the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00004-00002100-00002505": "kuraki forest and place the master sword back which will bring you into the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00005-00002505-00002901": "trials I'm going to be going over prep for the trials then some helpful hints", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00006-00002901-00003305": "and then covering all three parts of the trials now you may be done with the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00007-00003305-00003789": "first or first two-thirds of the trials and you're stuck on the final part but", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00008-00003789-00004146": "I'm going to recommend watching this video all the way through as there's a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00009-00004146-00004509": "lot of really helpful things that are going to be valid for all three parts of", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00010-00004509-00004898": "the trials plus you're going to be spending like two to ten hours on this I", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00011-00004898-00005303": "think watching a ten minute video all the way through is worth it right also", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00012-00005303-00005657": "if you have a friend who's doing trial of the sword be sure to share this with", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00013-00005657-00006117": "them on social media text them the link whatever first let's talk prep for", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00014-00006117-00006504": "things to cover before we're going to dive in there's a lot of treasure in", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00015-00006504-00006995": "here and very very helpful items hidden inside of some chests set up your shaken", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00016-00006995-00007353": "sensor to look for treasure chests you'll be able to find hidden stuff like", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00017-00007353-00007820": "Royal Guard swords and ancient arrows second thing to know is that you can", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00018-00007820-00008331": "carry stat buffs into the trials so I'd recommend a 30-minute defense buff or", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00019-00008331-00008796": "attack you can cook up one of these with a dragon horn and three armored porgies", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00020-00008796-00009240": "or mighty porgies for attack both of these porgies can be found on the small", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00021-00009240-00009650": "circle lake east of eventide island and i'm sure you know how to farm dragon", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00022-00009650-00010140": "parts by now third if you're not great at taking down a guardian buy shield", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00023-00010140-00010661": "parrying i'd really really really recommend practicing it like a lot and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00024-00010661-00011106": "force max out your hearts if you have a hundred and twenty shrines no problem", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00025-00011106-00011654": "full stamina 27 hearts easy if you're shy of that 120 shrine number then i'd", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00026-00011654-00012071": "recommend doing full hearts and lacking in stamina you're not going to be", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00027-00012071-00012552": "climbing a lot you'll just be limited on your your slow motion air time bow and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00028-00012552-00013002": "arrow stuff for the 120 club up there might as well cook up a hard you radish", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00029-00013002-00013224": "or truffle before you enter for those three", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00030-00013224-00013587": "extra temporary hearts now that we're all set up with prep there's a few", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00031-00013587-00014100": "pieces of advice here every single room as soon as you enter activate stasis to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00032-00014100-00014487": "identify your enemies as well as any other objects that you can interact with", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00033-00014487-00014826": "you'll be finding a lot of weapons in here but you're not going to have our", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00034-00014826-00015338": "BOCES fury and ten savage lonel crushers you have a lot of very weak weapons so", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00035-00015338-00015819": "use the weaker weapons to fight your lower tier enemies as well as stronger", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00036-00015819-00016212": "enemies that you disarmed by the way disarming enemies is going to be key", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00037-00016212-00016587": "also if you didn't know once you start at the beginning trials you won't be", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00038-00016587-00016980": "able to save you need to finish all of them and there are twelve levels if you", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00039-00016980-00017403": "die you have to load your most recent save and start from level one if you", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00040-00017403-00017745": "beat all twelve levels you're going to be returned to the Lost Woods and you", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00041-00017745-00018168": "can choose to start the middle trials at any time also you can save the middle", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00042-00018168-00019113": "trials there are 17 of them and there are 23 final trials when you first start", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00043-00019113-00019494": "you'll be thrown into a matrix like simulation of the great plateau with", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00044-00019494-00019902": "nothing imagine even tide but no champions abilities and no raft for", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00045-00019902-00020370": "smuggling items on board you can only use what you scavenge and pick up you'll", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00046-00020370-00020793": "be starting with a tree branch in your underwear sexy when you first start", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00047-00020793-00021000": "bombs you're going to be a big friend of yours", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00048-00021000-00021402": "they're great against low tier enemies as well as disrupting large groups of", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00049-00021402-00021828": "enemies that are running after you the first room has three bull Coughlin's and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00050-00021828-00022338": "a campfire you can try to sneak up and steal their weapons from the log or just", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00051-00022338-00022578": "climb the tree and bomb all three of them at once", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00052-00022578-00022962": "once all the enemies in the room are defeated scour the entire room and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00053-00022962-00023322": "you're going to be looking for drop two and placed weapons hidden chests that", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00054-00023322-00023742": "beep from your sheikah sensor and metal boxes as well as wooden boxes and crates", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00055-00023742-00024132": "if you took my advice with a thirty-minute defense buff you can still", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00056-00024132-00024573": "scavenge the room but just don't waste too much time once you have a more full", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00057-00024573-00025011": "inventory attack the boxes and crates that you find with your weapons not", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00058-00025011-00025476": "bombs every piece of food in them may save your life so you don't want them", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00059-00025476-00025998": "flying away remember axes take less damage and deal more damage to wooden", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00060-00025998-00026460": "crates and sledgehammers are more effective against metal boxes on floor", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00061-00026460-00026712": "to the Vacaville on the right side of the enemy", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00062-00026712-00027081": "encampment has a bow and there are two barrels next to him that have arrows", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00063-00027081-00027503": "this game is just setting you up for success you can shoot the fire choo-choo", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00064-00027503-00027920": "and glide up with his explosion and fire to the upper areas having an encampment", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00065-00027920-00028305": "while in the air you can shoot enemies in the face easier without them noticing", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00066-00028305-00028772": "you also once you get a wooden shield you can start to farm enemies from the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00067-00028772-00029264": "Volkhov line archers for three just has to choose you can shoot them from far", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00068-00029264-00029643": "away with your newly farmed arrows you'll be finding a lot of arrows in", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00069-00029643-00029913": "this section of the game so don't be afraid to use them", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00070-00029913-00030333": "especially on enemies like you choose that can burst into a ball of flames ice", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00071-00030333-00030807": "or electricity upon death and of course you can use bombs to conserve arrows for", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00072-00030807-00031287": "your more non threatening enemies this room is a great example of the trials", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00073-00031287-00031761": "hidden chests there are two chests on wooden platforms on the walls of this", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00074-00031761-00032195": "room you won't have any fire arrows yet so you most likely have to use the to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00075-00032195-00032643": "choose fire to shoot them down or possibly use their fire to glide up and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00076-00032643-00033108": "then get it and just not kill all them yet anyways you'll have to use a lot of", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00077-00033108-00033618": "effects of enemies death quite a bit especially for choo-choos and kind of", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00078-00033618-00034040": "keys too you've probably collected a bunch of Spears by now so don't be so", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00079-00034040-00034461": "quick as to throw those away they may not have a high power rating but you can", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00080-00034461-00034991": "unleash a lot of attacks quickly and keep your enemies at a distance on floor", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00081-00034991-00035421": "7 you'll be finding a rest area the beginning trials has one rest area the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00082-00035421-00035850": "middle trials has two and the final has three the rest areas are going to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00083-00035850-00036303": "provide you a varying amount of fairies based on the rest level three chests", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00084-00036303-00036762": "with various helpful items for crates with items and food usually for", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00085-00036762-00037221": "mushrooms growing two apples on a tree some other trees three fish in a cooking", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00086-00037221-00037571": "pot if you took my advice on the 30 minute buff then you want to make sure", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00087-00037571-00038043": "that you cook any benefit giving food with a different benefit giving food", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00088-00038043-00038556": "this way it'll cancel them out like cooking iron shroom and a mighty banana", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00089-00038556-00038996": "together you want them just for the hearts not for their effects and there's", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00090-00038996-00039444": "no monster par so don't worry about making dubious suit it can't happen you", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00091-00039444-00039780": "most likely won't need to collect the wood from the trees in here until the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00092-00039780-00040024": "third and that's only to help melt some ice", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00093-00040024-00040612": "faster so it's not even in necessity also you won't really need tree branches", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00094-00040612-00040993": "or coal rock leaves that could fall from the trees here Florrie is where it", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00095-00040993-00041449": "starts to suck a lot this game is going to start to throw lizalfos at you and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00096-00041449-00041815": "they can swim they have ranged attacks and they're fast and they could jump", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00097-00041815-00042319": "from afar so try to separate them as much as possible also this is a great", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00098-00042319-00042898": "enemy to use Spears on and don't be a hero you can use stasis on an enemy and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00099-00042898-00043321": "I'll make hitting agile enemies much easier like a level 9", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00100-00043321-00043762": "there's dr. ox and Wiz robes Eustatius on a wizzrobe and shoot him in the face", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00101-00043762-00044113": "once or twice and then will fall to the ground and that'll make getting damage", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00102-00044113-00044509": "on him much easier floor 10 is the level that a lot of people start to have", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00103-00044509-00044914": "trouble with and there's a bunch of higher tier lizalfos here I recommend", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00104-00044914-00045349": "staying on the circle area and keep knocking them off keeping them off with", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00105-00045349-00045709": "bombs and if they climb up knock them off with a quick combo to get them back", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00106-00045709-00046096": "into the water this may be a little bit more of a devious process but it", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00107-00046096-00046486": "conserves your hearts and that's one of the most important parts here Florida", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00108-00046486-00046831": "leaven is a nice boat ride that you need to create a bunch of vocab lines on", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00109-00046831-00047209": "platforms if you hit them directly in the face they're going to fall back and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00110-00047209-00047674": "possibly fall in the water remember Bouck oblems and mob ones can't really", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00111-00047674-00048067": "swim so if you shoot them in the face knocked in the water that's immediate", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00112-00048067-00048556": "death and makes your job much easier floor 12 is the last level of the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00113-00048556-00048973": "beginner trials and you're going to be going up against a blue helix with metal", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00114-00048973-00049408": "shin guards so just keep your distance and take him out normally remember that", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00115-00049408-00049747": "the first time you shoot him in the eye you could grab all the weapons from", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00116-00049747-00050131": "around his neck and it's going to be the last battle of the beginner trials so", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00117-00050131-00050548": "unleash everything you have on them now let's talk about the middle trials the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00118-00050548-00050992": "middle trials first start with a section that focuses a bit on wind dodging", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00119-00050992-00051372": "enemies can be a little difficult in such a small place so don't be afraid to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00120-00051372-00051736": "use cases to get a couple hits off on them especially since you're starting", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00121-00051736-00052108": "with no gear once again also remember that stasis on an", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00122-00052108-00052558": "exploding barrel is totally a thing on the second floor you'll be put up", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00123-00052558-00052951": "against to fire Wiz robes you could stasis them and shoot them in the face", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00124-00052951-00053252": "and they'll fall into the pit of death and that'll make your life a little bit", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00125-00053252-00053714": "easier there's a lot of wind here so use your slow time archery skills to your", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00126-00053714-00053987": "advantage same thing goes for the next floor floor", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00127-00053987-00054341": "three and if you've gotten around to all the barrels and chests you should have a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00128-00054341-00054711": "small collection of various arrows at this point which is going to be very", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00129-00054711-00055130": "helpful floor four is the single guardian just like it once in the room", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00130-00055130-00055550": "is done same remember I said shield parrying super important for this four", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00131-00055550-00055919": "or five is a rest point and the sixth level is going to bring you to a dark", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00132-00055919-00056474": "steamed area anything that emits light shoot it in the face the next floor has", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00133-00056474-00056939": "a lot more enemies just remember that every enemy that has damage now has a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00134-00056939-00057447": "health meter on it and it makes tracking them much easier the floor has a few", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00135-00057447-00057956": "ways robes and now it's a great time to remember to use those ice arrows on fire", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00136-00057956-00058485": "enemies and vice versa floor 9 is the single stationary guardian deflect it", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00137-00058485-00058898": "once and you're done floor 10 is the helix in the dark just like the five", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00138-00058898-00059357": "flow ruin shrine his eye is going to glow pretty bright and his shin guards", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00139-00059357-00059823": "are burnable so he shouldn't give you too much trouble floor 11 is another", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00140-00059823-00060263": "rest point but now there's two fairies yay sneak up make sure to collect both", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00141-00060263-00060741": "of those cook up some goodies and your second piece of armor the next floor 12", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00142-00060741-00061181": "is filled with Guardian Scouts with defense up three they don't really pose", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00143-00061181-00061583": "a threat every time that you get shot it's going to do a quarter of a heart so", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00144-00061583-00061955": "take them out easily floor 13 is several-week", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00145-00061955-00062369": "guardian Scouts the first one has a spear and remember that Guardians are", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00146-00062369-00062780": "weak to Guardian weapons also there's a hidden chest that you need to use my", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00147-00062780-00063212": "niece's for in this room the next room is kind of a combination in the previous", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00148-00063212-00063573": "two and it shouldn't give you any trouble make sure to use arrows on their", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00149-00063573-00064039": "stationary guardian Scouts and then take out the floor guardian Scouts with these", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00150-00064039-00064616": "415 pins you up against too much harder guardian Scouts try to separate them", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00151-00064616-00065061": "also remember that if both of them spin rushing you at the same time only one", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00152-00065061-00065622": "will be stopped by a pillar and floor 16 of the middle trials is your last floor", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00153-00065622-00066143": "it's a major test of strength that means the hardest guardian Scout now you don't", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00154-00066143-00066368": "need to conserve your weapons or arrows since", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00155-00066368-00066706": "the last level so throw everything you've got at them", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00156-00066706-00067144": "time for the final trials the final trial start with a reigning theme and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00157-00067144-00067531": "lots of stall enemies there's going to be a lot of rusty weapons sitting on the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00158-00067531-00067861": "floor in these levels and they attract the lightning so use that to your", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00159-00067861-00068129": "advantage also you'll probably find some", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00160-00068129-00068449": "vocabulary arms just kind of chillin on the ground those are going to be your", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00161-00068449-00068875": "first weapons you can also use Magni psious on a rusty weapon to learn", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00162-00068875-00069329": "lightning to enemies searcher out these first four area as well as there's going", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00163-00069329-00069791": "to be some elemental arrows and grab all the rusty weapons that you can for later", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00164-00069791-00070288": "trust me level 2 has some electric keys and I just learned that they attract", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00165-00070288-00070730": "lightning did not know that was a thing stall is also spawned inside of the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00166-00070730-00071198": "skull with some powerful weapons keep in mind that they only have one HP so use", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00167-00071198-00071567": "spears to take them out while keeping your distance be sure to use magnesium", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00168-00071567-00071926": "to get that buried chest right next to the skull and you're going to find a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00169-00071926-00072424": "Royal Guard sword that's going to help a lot level 3 is a lot of fun you could", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00170-00072424-00072826": "grab a metal chest at the start and just use it to take out all the enemies by", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00171-00072826-00073235": "slamming into their head stall mob legs come out of the ground when you get", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00172-00073235-00073633": "close to their spawn point now is the level that once you've taken out all the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00173-00073633-00074060": "enemies I'm going to recommend getting rid of any bone and wood weapons that", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00174-00074060-00074624": "you can and pick up any metal and rusty weapons that you can level 4 is also a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00175-00074624-00074944": "lot of fun there's going to be a lot of stall bow columns on horseback", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00176-00074944-00075380": "I recommend climbing a tree and using stasis on them to remove them from the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00177-00075380-00075866": "horse then a single shot to the head and you won't need to worry about them", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00178-00075866-00076529": "anymore level 5 we get a stall mix if you have the Hylian Shield I'm sure you", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00179-00076529-00076945": "know how to take care of this guy he's going to drop a fire ice and Electric", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00180-00076945-00077551": "weapon and oh boy are these going to be really helpful going forward all three", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00181-00077551-00077968": "of them sort of a very very specific purpose I'm going to let you know what", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00182-00077968-00078367": "those are when the time comes floor 6 is one of your three rest areas", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00183-00078367-00078785": "and you're probably wondering why you just got flame breaker boots well get", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00184-00078785-00079262": "ready for a lot of flames 4:7 has two flame pebbles and you can", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00185-00079262-00079680": "either let the earth octorok knock them out or hit them with ice and pick", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00186-00079680-00080157": "to take care of them now's your opportunity to turn all of your rusty", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00187-00080157-00080552": "weapons into non rusty ones with this octorok and that's going to fill your", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00188-00080552-00080919": "inventory with some much better weapons on floor 8 there are three", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00189-00080919-00081389": "fire-breathing lizalfos and up dress keep in mind these enemies dive with one", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00190-00081389-00081857": "single ice arrow or swipe from an ice weapon which is good news for you same", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00191-00081857-00082272": "thing goes for The Wiz robes and lizalfos on level 9 although just keep", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00192-00082272-00082751": "in mind that hitting a fire wizzrobe while he stasis with an ice weapon", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00193-00082751-00083220": "doesn't count as an opposite elemental attack so you need to do it without", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00194-00083220-00083643": "stasis on level 10 you're going to find a camp with mob legs with some really", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00195-00083643-00084150": "powerful weapons use your electric weapon to disarm and disable them they", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00196-00084150-00084608": "can't deal much damage once that are unarmed also there's the chest in the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00197-00084608-00085143": "lava with three ancient arrows make sure to grab those level eleven is an igneous", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00198-00085143-00085566": "talus swipe him with your ice weapon to cool him off then swing your", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00199-00085566-00086061": "sledgehammer at him for an easy kill bomb off his arms before he goes off fly", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00200-00086061-00086517": "moan and then you'll be able to keep him cooled off and then mount him again", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00201-00086517-00086988": "level 12 is your second of three rest areas for the final trials at which", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00202-00086988-00087357": "you'll be getting a highly in tunic this is also going to be some spicy peppers", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00203-00087357-00087819": "and hearty radishes here the next few levels are ice based so cooking the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00204-00087819-00088232": "spicy peppers as well as the sizzle fin trout will really help keep you warm", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00205-00088232-00088832": "after your defense up runs out level 13 is pretty simple use fire on the ice", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00206-00088832-00089199": "pebbles to take care of them remember for the harder enemies to disarm them", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00207-00089199-00089633": "with your Thunder blade and then they won't pose much of a threat anymore also", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00208-00089633-00089994": "some of the large icicles in this area if you melt them they give you a chest", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00209-00089994-00090452": "your sheikah sensor should probably tell you which ones those are level 14 has", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00210-00090452-00090819": "some ice enemies that you could take out with your fire arrows there's also going", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00211-00090819-00091457": "to be 3h arrows in the chest in some ice make sure to grab those level 15 is the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00212-00091457-00091941": "larger camp use your fire arrow on the wizzrobe as soon as possible he has a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00213-00091941-00092400": "blizzard rod and it can really really mess you up again use your Thunder blade", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00214-00092400-00092916": "on the stronger enemies to disarm them level 16 is a frost talus treat this", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00215-00092916-00093306": "like the fire talus but you know ice instead of fire and them", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00216-00093306-00093738": "with the fire thing great level 17 is going to be one of the easiest levels", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00217-00093738-00094149": "you're going to be doing it's a Lionel shoot it with an ancient arrow you're", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00218-00094149-00094677": "done I'm serious he just disappears and he's considered dead now if you think", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00219-00094677-00095130": "this is cheap then don't do it and lose a lot of hearts and that's fine you're", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00220-00095130-00095508": "going to have a lot of harder battles ahead of you so I can definitely", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00221-00095508-00096129": "recommend these a Janeiro's level 18 is your final rest area and you're going to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00222-00096129-00096525": "need it there's three fairies here and I hope you have all of your fairies from", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00223-00096525-00096981": "the previous levels as well also there's some Hardy bass make sure to cook those", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00224-00096981-00097377": "bass up one at a time as each one is going to give you temporary hearts and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00225-00097377-00098009": "fully restore all of your hearts level 19 is going to be six dormant Guardians", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00226-00098009-00098484": "use the trees as cover and shield reflect them one at a time once those", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00227-00098484-00099087": "two were taken out another two will wake up automatically and then again level 20", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00228-00099087-00099561": "is a single Roman Guardian he only takes three shield deflects to defeat him also", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00229-00099561-00099888": "there's optional horses if you want to take him out that way but going to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00230-00099888-00100422": "definitely recommend the shield to flex level 21 is the single flying guardian", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00231-00100422-00100875": "personally I've never done a good job with them optimally you just want to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00232-00100875-00101265": "shield deflect them alternatively you could destroy all the propellers so it's", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00233-00101265-00101625": "helpless and lays on the ground and it's actually kind of sad you should put it", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00234-00101625-00102204": "out of its misery level 22 is a whole party of Guardians all three of them a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00235-00102204-00102656": "walking flying and a stationary castle one make sure to take them out one at a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00236-00102656-00103092": "time if you're going to use any ancient arrows here that's fine just make sure", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00237-00103092-00103605": "to keep one or two for later and then finale level 23 you're going to be going", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00238-00103605-00104118": "up against a stationary castle Guardian 10 red bow Copland's with powerful", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00239-00104118-00104427": "weapons on horseback and a Silver Line Oh", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00240-00104427-00104868": "first thing ancient arrow to the lionel he's out of there wherever you choose to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00241-00104868-00105240": "battle these bow Copland's I'm going to recommend being out of range of the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00242-00105240-00105618": "Guardian for the Volkhov lens you can just kill them with one shot with a", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00243-00105618-00106163": "well-placed bomb or a single hit from a spear they're all red basic vocabulary", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00244-00106163-00106529": "can't adjust the more you break them up the easier", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00245-00106529-00106826": "your life is going to be don't bother mounting a horse it's going", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00246-00106826-00107157": "to be a waste of time and you're going to be knocked off immediately and then", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00247-00107157-00107564": "lastly take out that stationary Guardian well there you have it ladies and", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00248-00107564-00107960": "gentlemen that's a pretty solid strategy for taking on every single level for", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00249-00107960-00108380": "trial of the sword I hope it was helpful and I know it was long so thank you for", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00250-00108380-00108734": "sticking around if you have any additional piece of advice be sure to", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00251-00108734-00109050": "drop them in the comment section down below be sure to click the card in the", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00252-00109050-00109661": "top right corner to see my other dlc videos until next time Austin Jon out be", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00253-00109661-00109971": "sure to LIKE this video and subscribe I'm going to be giving you guys lots of", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00254-00109971-00110363": "helpful videos in the next following days and weeks till next time", "h5hX2j6PUPM-00255-00110363-00110872": "Austin Jon out"}}, {"audio_id": "h5omM4XlAK4", "text": {"h5omM4XlAK4-00000-00006473-00006891": "Cliff Lynch: Thank you for joining us. Welcome, we will start very shortly.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00001-00008850-00010260": "Cliff Lynch: Okay. Why don't we go ahead and get started. Welcome, everybody. Thank you for joining us today. I'm Cliff Lynch and I'm the Director of CNI I will be", "h5omM4XlAK4-00002-00010353-00011928": "Cliff Lynch: moderating the session. And I just like to welcome you all this is a special session that is part of the second of our to plenary days for the CNI", "h5omM4XlAK4-00003-00012045-00012279": "Cliff Lynch: virtual meeting and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00004-00012456-00014388": "Cliff Lynch: We are recording this session, the session will be available publicly later and the video of it. There is closed captioning available, please use that if it's helpful. We do have a chat going and there's also a Q AMP a tool.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00005-00014544-00014666": "Cliff Lynch: This session.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00006-00014775-00015660": "Cliff Lynch: Is really, I guess the best way I can describe this as is it's a it's a", "h5omM4XlAK4-00007-00015840-00018465": "Cliff Lynch: It's a react response to the fact that so much has moved virtual in the world. In the last months because of the pandemic. Many of you will be familiar with the clear Fellows Program, which has enjoyed a long and very fruitful relationship with CNI", "h5omM4XlAK4-00008-00018570-00020016": "Cliff Lynch: For years, we have invited the fellows from the recent cohorts of the clear Fellows Program to join us at CNI and they have been very", "h5omM4XlAK4-00009-00020184-00020997": "Cliff Lynch: active, engaged. And I think much beloved presences at our physical meetings.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00010-00021132-00022254": "Cliff Lynch: They often bring great insights. They ask wonderful questions and they're often doing some of the most interesting and innovative.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00011-00022347-00024057": "Cliff Lynch: Things around many of them over the years have become sort of more permanent members of our community, as they have settled into positions at CNI member institutions and stayed engaged with the work we do.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00012-00024198-00024669": "Cliff Lynch: Unfortunately, since we're not meeting in person. We", "h5omM4XlAK4-00013-00024825-00025407": "Cliff Lynch: Don't have an opportunity to meet the current clear fellows to get to know them a little bit so", "h5omM4XlAK4-00014-00025476-00027468": "Cliff Lynch: I thought that as long as we're doing virtual meetings. It really made a lot of sense to schedule a session every meeting and we couldn't do this in the spring, because there just wasn't enough time because we suddenly had to go virtual you know on almost no notice", "h5omM4XlAK4-00015-00027627-00028782": "Cliff Lynch: But my thought was to have them have a session where we take a few of the current fellows and get to know them a little bit and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00016-00028944-00029514": "Cliff Lynch: Give them a little bit of visibility in our community and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00017-00029688-00031224": "Cliff Lynch: Find out what they're doing. Have some conversation with them. A invariably I have found, they're doing fascinating things and they bring really important and valuable viewpoints. So", "h5omM4XlAK4-00018-00031338-00032355": "Cliff Lynch: What I've asked our fellows today to do is to spend around 10 minutes or give or take a little", "h5omM4XlAK4-00019-00032472-00033522": "Cliff Lynch: Telling us who they are, what their background is, what they're working on and to reflect a bit on the current environment.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00020-00033588-00035670": "Cliff Lynch: And the challenges and opportunities that they see in that environment. After we hear from all of our all of our fellows, we will have a little conversation and then I'll open it up to questions from the audience.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00021-00035802-00036387": "Cliff Lynch: As questions occur to you please put them either in the Q AMP. A we're in the chat and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00022-00036510-00037293": "Cliff Lynch: We can also handle audio questions later. If that makes sense. So with that,", "h5omM4XlAK4-00023-00037413-00037989": "Cliff Lynch: Let me, let me turn it over to Nick Tay fuller Medea", "h5omM4XlAK4-00024-00038121-00038346": "Cliff Lynch: To tell us a little bit about", "h5omM4XlAK4-00025-00038463-00039513": "Cliff Lynch: who she is and what she's doing. We started with her because she has a graphic and we figured we just get that other way early on.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00026-00039699-00040998": "Cliff Lynch: And then we'll go on to our other fellows. So I just want to extend a really warm welcome from CNN, I thank you for being here and thank you for all you're doing over to you and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00027-00041376-00042357": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Thank you very much for that introduction cliff and for organizing this panel. Very happy to be here and to participate.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00028-00042405-00043287": "Nicté Fuller Medina: I make the fuller Medina, I am currently a fellow at the UCLA library and data curation in Latin American and Caribbean stay nice", "h5omM4XlAK4-00029-00043344-00043647": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And I'm associate linguist by a linguist by training.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00030-00043671-00045081": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Specifically in socio linguistics and I studied language and believes. And so I just asked for this graphic to orient people in case, not everyone knows that believes is part of Central America, south of Mexico and to the east of what Emma.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00031-00045297-00046947": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so as associate linguists. I'm interested in telling the human story of language how language travels and changes as a result of migration how communities use language as a social mechanism for cultural expression for linguistic agency for linguistic resistance.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00032-00047058-00047619": "Nicté Fuller Medina: How language itself through its lexicon and structure archives community histories", "h5omM4XlAK4-00033-00047862-00048870": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And also how speakers navigate grammars, as well as ideologies when they use multiple languages in the same utterance. In other words, when they, when they code switch", "h5omM4XlAK4-00034-00048909-00050154": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And I work with spontaneous data. So speech that says naturalistic as possible. And I'm work within a quantitative framework, which means that I need lots of data for analysis. I work primarily with interviews.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00035-00050199-00051453": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so for the research agenda that I've just described, having a record of how people spoke at an earlier point in time, and especially having multiple instances of this in multiple interviews is really invaluable.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00036-00051554-00052671": "Nicté Fuller Medina: It provides a linguistic benchmark. And so I'm currently working with a collection of legacy interviews collected in the late 1970s and misty So Maya communities.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00037-00052730-00054305": "Nicté Fuller Medina: In beliefs and this is the project I'm working at at UCLA. Now these interviews were collected for a PhD dissertation by then student Timothy Haggerty, who did his PhD at UCLA.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00038-00054360-00055275": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And as I mentioned that provide a really important linguistic benchmark. But more than that, because they contain narratives of my MSP so community life.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00039-00055304-00056070": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Folklore and spiritual beliefs, as well as languages that was spoken at an earlier point in time and that they were done in Spanish.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00040-00056160-00057390": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Because of the content I reimagine these interviews as cultural patrimony this then positions the collection as a body of knowledge which belongs to the communities as well.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00041-00057558-00058494": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Specifically the communities where these the interviewee communities where the records were created and in this way makes evident the need for repatriation.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00042-00058560-00060104": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so it becomes really important for these records to then be located close to these communities and for the communities to have access to records now standard practice in linguistics is that in the creation of a corpus really", "h5omM4XlAK4-00043-00060312-00061967": "Nicté Fuller Medina: The needs of linguists are what centered and not so much community access. So then we'll organize the corpus according to how it's going to be used for the study of language in terms of building collections in libraries.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00044-00062073-00063540": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Generally speaking, that's not done together with communities and there's a priority in terms of access to scholars, particularly in academic libraries, for example, and the preservation of legacy materials.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00045-00063692-00064667": "Nicté Fuller Medina: I want us. And I want to say a bit about what I mean by repatriation. So now when we think about repatriation maybe what comes to mind is physical artifacts.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00046-00064779-00065781": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Kept in us you and perhaps obtain are taken from communities under less than fair circumstances in some cases outright theft.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00047-00065877-00067122": "Nicté Fuller Medina: But in this case, I'm talking about a femoral. So these are audio recordings, and when I talk about repatriation. I'm talking about a real return of patrimony which was obtained under circumstances.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00048-00067329-00068673": "Nicté Fuller Medina: That can be described as default extractive as practices, supported by or created by a colonial legacy. So what I mean by that is, in terms of collecting or but specifically in terms of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00049-00068778-00069438": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Data collection. It's quite normal. And in fact, standard that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00050-00069543-00070767": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Data can be extracted from the so called Global South, for example, remain in the global north and ANY FINDINGS publications that are created from that data remain in the global north", "h5omM4XlAK4-00051-00070800-00072693": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And then communities where the data was collected don't have access to that body of knowledge and you can think of that in similar ways of what happens with collecting. Now, of course, a lot of institutions such as UCLA are challenging this type of collecting through post custodial collecting", "h5omM4XlAK4-00052-00072852-00073983": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so in working with this collection, while the goals are to preserve the collection because the work that Tim Haggerty didn't document in community life the folklore and the language is indispensable.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00053-00074016-00074877": "Nicté Fuller Medina: It's also a Social Justice Initiative. So in addition to making the collection accessible to scholars through the UCLA library.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00054-00074946-00076464": "Nicté Fuller Medina: We also want to return this patrimony to people. So it has to be repatriated so we want people who best know how to interpret the collection to have access to the collection and that could be the community members local scholars students", "h5omM4XlAK4-00055-00076617-00077595": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And simply putting the collection up online doesn't accomplish this. So we might think of having an open access online collections being accessible to everybody.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00056-00077622-00078957": "Nicté Fuller Medina: But in fact, it doesn't really mean that it's accessible to everybody. Many communities don't have the infrastructure to reliably access an audio collection like this and I'm thinking specifically of course of the communities and believes where the interviews were collected", "h5omM4XlAK4-00057-00079065-00079296": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so in creating the Online Collection.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00058-00079371-00080784": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Which is a major goal of the project. We have to actively challenge default practices. And one of the ways of doing that is co creating with communities to jointly address issues such as an optimization reduction of interviews.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00059-00080823-00081453": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Permissions from interviewees and also the type of representation that communities want", "h5omM4XlAK4-00060-00081576-00081897": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Through the collection now.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00061-00082104-00082782": "Nicté Fuller Medina: In times of pandemic that actually becomes very difficult and I've actually written a blog post.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00062-00082938-00084006": "Nicté Fuller Medina: About this about how covert challenge this framework that I'm trying to use in creating an online collection and repatriating the collection to communities.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00063-00084048-00084984": "Nicté Fuller Medina: I wasn't able to travel to beliefs as I had originally planned in order to do the community collaborative component in order to work with communities.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00064-00085050-00086211": "Nicté Fuller Medina: To co create this corpus. I wasn't able to be on the ground for the capacity building that was planned in beliefs that's been really limited, there is still some capacity building happening.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00065-00086319-00087252": "Nicté Fuller Medina: But not to the extent that was originally planned and so the project has had to be scaled down. Now I talked about the content of the", "h5omM4XlAK4-00066-00087306-00088944": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Narratives. In fact, Timothy. Haggerty co edited a book and a lot of the narratives have been published in this book. And so the way we've scaled down the project now is we're only going to put online to interviews that correspond to the stories that have already been published.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00067-00089151-00090354": "Nicté Fuller Medina: The other issue around the challenge of working during times of quoted is that while Billy's had gone I think about two months without any confirmed", "h5omM4XlAK4-00068-00090402-00091356": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Cases of cool fit. It's currently exploding in beliefs right now and beliefs has the highest number of active cases among the Caribbean community CARICOM states.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00069-00091413-00092232": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so while I recognize the importance of this work and how indispensable, it is to to preserve this data. And while", "h5omM4XlAK4-00070-00092265-00093639": "Nicté Fuller Medina: I've certainly had interest and expressions from community members that it's very important in this moment, it may not be a priority. And so I really have to balance that with how I move forward with the project.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00071-00093732-00095373": "Nicté Fuller Medina: I do want to end though on some positives that have come out of this new world of remote work and virtual communication. And again, I want to be clear, I'm not saying that there's a positive that has come out of the pandemic at all. I want to talk about how remote work has impacted", "h5omM4XlAK4-00072-00095529-00096432": "Nicté Fuller Medina: The work that I'm doing in a positive way. So for, you know, it's so widespread it's become almost natural for us to work.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00073-00096477-00097749": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Virtually. And so that has made it so much easier to bring together a transnational team. So there are two research assistants who are based in Billy's who are working on the project doing transcription work.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00074-00097824-00098424": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And other data management that supported through the clear fellowship research siphon. And then there to", "h5omM4XlAK4-00075-00098511-00098889": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Student research assistance supported through UCLA library.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00076-00098922-00100347": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And we have our project meetings, obviously, virtually on zoom and it's just natural. There's no additional planning that needs to happen. We all have the same expectation that we're going to meet on zoom the work itself really does lend itself to be", "h5omM4XlAK4-00077-00100491-00101595": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Completed remotely. And again, that has been straightforward. There are no special permissions for, you know, having students complete work remotely, that sort of thing. And we've even been able to have", "h5omM4XlAK4-00078-00101706-00102804": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Project meeting with Tim Haggerty, who is still alive and you know the research assistants got a chance to ask him all sorts of questions I got a chance to ask some clarification questions about the interviews.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00079-00102860-00103797": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And without this remote work being such a norm, I would have been trying to find funding to bring Tim Haggerty to UCLA or it may have", "h5omM4XlAK4-00080-00103833-00104895": "Nicté Fuller Medina: You know, involve so many more emails to try to coordinate and get everybody online, but we all have the same expectation. And so that's really help things move along.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00081-00105086-00105972": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so, so far we've completed time logs, we're creating the timeline transcripts and we plan to have interviews up online in January.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00082-00106092-00106808": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Happy to take questions at the end. In the Q AMP. A and just want to say thanks again for having me on the panel.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00083-00106977-00107234": "Cliff Lynch: Thank you so much. That was", "h5omM4XlAK4-00084-00107247-00107475": "Cliff Lynch: just awesome. The number of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00085-00107538-00108756": "Cliff Lynch: Really important issues and insights you just packed into a very small amount of time. Thanks. I'm Christian. Do you want to tell us a bit about what you're doing next.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00086-00108864-00109010": "Christian Casey: I'm always happy to talk about", "h5omM4XlAK4-00087-00109065-00109164": "Christian Casey: The things I'm working on.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00088-00109377-00110721": "Christian Casey: You know, it's the, it's the the thing that everyone loves about academics talk all day. Um, but ok so i. My name is Christian. CASEY I am a clear fellow in the I saw library. I saw is", "h5omM4XlAK4-00089-00110889-00111434": "Christian Casey: That the acronym that we use for the Institute for the Study of the ancient world, which is affiliated with NYU.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00090-00111576-00111635": "Christian Casey: And", "h5omM4XlAK4-00091-00111761-00111978": "Christian Casey: I'm an Egyptologist by training.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00092-00112116-00112278": "Christian Casey: And my research involves", "h5omM4XlAK4-00093-00112470-00113322": "Christian Casey: Doing things with Egypt in language that haven't really been done or have been tried and haven't worked so", "h5omM4XlAK4-00094-00113427-00114702": "Christian Casey: Everyone's probably at least loosely familiar with Egypt and hieroglyphs you've definitely seen them before. You've probably seen them in the context of an inscription on a stone wall or something like that.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00095-00114870-00115184": "Christian Casey: But what you might not have seen as often are the", "h5omM4XlAK4-00096-00115344-00115827": "Christian Casey: The thousands of handwritten text. So when when Egypt wrote each other letters or", "h5omM4XlAK4-00097-00115934-00116604": "Christian Casey: Wrote up contracts and things they didn't actually carve them in stone like in a cartoon. They just used the piracy and ink.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00098-00116664-00117429": "Christian Casey: And when they did that, of course, they didn't draw the glyphs exactly, precisely, they just kind of briefly sketch them out and we can actually see", "h5omM4XlAK4-00099-00117480-00118755": "Christian Casey: From the Old Kingdom around. I think the text is data to around 2500 BC, we can see we have proprietary where they've they've just literally drawn the glyphs with ink on on paper, basically.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00100-00118848-00119694": "Christian Casey: And then we we see a transition all throughout Egypt in history as the scripts develop over time they become more abstract", "h5omM4XlAK4-00101-00119733-00120594": "Christian Casey: The characters no longer look like the hieroglyphs that they originally came from in the same way that the letters of our alphabet no longer look like the hieroglyphs that they came from originally", "h5omM4XlAK4-00102-00120678-00121302": "Christian Casey: They became sort of arbitrary shapes. And that's the thing that I study. I'm really interested in", "h5omM4XlAK4-00103-00121358-00122790": "Christian Casey: This process of script evolution. It has a lot of connections to linguistic evolution. More generally, in fact, it's I I think I demonstrated pretty thoroughly in my dissertation that they are essentially equivalent processes.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00104-00123030-00123180": "Christian Casey: Other there there are differences, of course.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00105-00123311-00125060": "Christian Casey: And there's not, not a whole lot has been done on the way scripts evolve over time. And each option is the perfect test case because we have multiple scripts. We like I said we have thousands of texts, the stuff in these texts is really interesting. So there are", "h5omM4XlAK4-00106-00125196-00125301": "Christian Casey: You know there are", "h5omM4XlAK4-00107-00125408-00126438": "Christian Casey: There, things like legal documents and letters which can be interesting for the study of history, but they're also things like stories and songs and hymns, all these really wonderful things.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00108-00126474-00127158": "Christian Casey: That are difficult to access and their original because they're written in this super obscure ancient script.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00109-00127278-00129300": "Christian Casey: So there's, there's a lot of interesting stuff to do there. The thing that I'm working on now as part of my postdoc is I'm creating a digital tool that allows students and scholars, but people who study the script to search for signs by shape. So what we have right now.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00110-00129432-00130409": "Christian Casey: We have these massive tones that are just lists of all the possible higher attic signs hieratic is the name of the of one of the handwritten scripts.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00111-00130524-00130917": "Christian Casey: So if you're a student and you're trying to learn the script and like in Egyptology course.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00112-00130985-00131721": "Christian Casey: You're given a text and the text is just, you know, like any text. It's just a sequence of random letters that you don't know yet. That's why you're reading it.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00113-00131745-00133056": "Christian Casey: But there's actually no way to look up those letters, without going through the entire list and the list has 1000 things in it, so it's it's really difficult to learn. It's really tedious. What people do most of the time is they take the higher Radek text.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00114-00133146-00133605": "Christian Casey: That's totally incomprehensible to them and they put a transcription in", "h5omM4XlAK4-00115-00133776-00134016": "Christian Casey: Computerized Egyptian hieroglyphic font.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00116-00134256-00135576": "Christian Casey: So you can you can convert one to the other. And then you get the nice little pictures of, you know, birds and animals and things and it's much easier to read and you kind of just sit with those things, side by side until you start to get it and then you", "h5omM4XlAK4-00117-00135684-00136917": "Christian Casey: Then you kind of know enough to use a sign list or something. Another thing that people do is they create their own cross references. So I have a friend and a colleague who made this really wonderful hand drawn", "h5omM4XlAK4-00118-00136953-00138555": "Christian Casey: Like 12 page document that is a sign list where they're sort of roughly sorted the hieratic signs are roughly sorted by shape and we were talking about it one day and I realized that this this thing that I've done for my dissertation where I you know use", "h5omM4XlAK4-00119-00138798-00140397": "Christian Casey: computational techniques to match different shapes to one another and extract the the shapes of letter forms from these ancient texts that could actually be really useful for for creating look ups and things that people really need, if they're studying this language.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00120-00140538-00140751": "Christian Casey: That's the big thing that I'm working on right now.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00121-00140895-00141666": "Christian Casey: I want to create an online tool that allows you to actually go and draw the shape that you're seeing on the page and it will give you a list.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00122-00141696-00142602": "Christian Casey: Of the matching shapes and you know all the other information like which hieroglyphs. They're equivalent to and where you can find them in the sign list and all those kinds of things.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00123-00142647-00143052": "Christian Casey: I think that would be an extremely useful tool, it's just", "h5omM4XlAK4-00124-00143121-00144054": "Christian Casey: Having started working on it. I'm getting a lot of really positive feedback from the Egypt illogical community because this is just a massive gap that could not have been filled before there's really", "h5omM4XlAK4-00125-00144147-00145047": "Christian Casey: You know you can you can hand draw your own sign list. But that's about the only thing you can do to simplify that problem without computers. So it's, it's something that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00126-00145209-00145644": "Christian Casey: Is really useful and wasn't possible before. I think that's really exciting.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00127-00145791-00147144": "Christian Casey: Come on, if I had been speaking cliff, you'll tell me if I just talked forever. Please. I won't be offended in won't be the first time I've been asked to stop talking about these things. Okay, so the other thing I wanted to talk about is", "h5omM4XlAK4-00128-00147249-00147963": "Christian Casey: I guess I could say more about the different things. I do it, I saw so that the higher Radek look up web app project is", "h5omM4XlAK4-00129-00148002-00149697": "Christian Casey: The thing that I'm most passionate about, but it's not the only thing I do. We're also in the library. We are creating various digital tools and data sets for academic libraries, generally. So at the Institute for the Study of the ancient world where this", "h5omM4XlAK4-00130-00149841-00150324": "Christian Casey: Where this big eclectic group of scholars who study the ancient world is", "h5omM4XlAK4-00131-00150432-00150771": "Christian Casey: Defined as broadly as possible. So we have people who", "h5omM4XlAK4-00132-00150990-00151926": "Christian Casey: Study very diverse regions. And one of the things that we found just they found us as I saw has grown", "h5omM4XlAK4-00133-00152091-00153249": "Christian Casey: Is dealing with the different needs of all those people as an academic library is much more challenging than you would think. Because each of these subject areas. So if you if you study", "h5omM4XlAK4-00134-00153360-00154473": "Christian Casey: Ancient China or ancient Egypt, each of these areas has their own, you know, totally different siloed world and way of doing things. So what we try to do in the library is find", "h5omM4XlAK4-00135-00154551-00155178": "Christian Casey: Ways of forming connections between those different approaches. So one of the projects that I just", "h5omM4XlAK4-00136-00155277-00157167": "Christian Casey: Completed a major milestone on it. We're calling it the new titles project for lack of a more creative title, honestly, but it takes all of the new acquisitions in the I saw library and places them on a map of the world. So each book gets a.or several dots on the map.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00137-00157323-00158046": "Christian Casey: And then if you're a scholar at I saw you study, say, the ancient Caucasus and we just got 1000 books in this month.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00138-00158157-00159120": "Christian Casey: 980 of which don't pertain to your subject area in any way you can go look at this map and click on the dots and find which things we've gotten that are actually relevant to you.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00139-00159204-00160422": "Christian Casey: So that's I think it's a really cool project. It's, it's been a lot of work and it's been a huge learning process because I really haven't hadn't done a whole lot of web development. Before I worked more on like machine learning type problems.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00140-00160674-00161646": "Christian Casey: And the last thing, Cliff. I'm sorry. I'm going to run out of time, but I was going to talk more about the effect of of coven I've certainly been less impacted than than many people and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00141-00161694-00162819": "Christian Casey: I don't want to complain too much, but it really has been. It's coming just about the worst possible time for me in my career, especially because I was having such a blast.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00142-00162909-00163803": "Christian Casey: I saw you know, living in Manhattan and walking to work and I saw every day and stuff is wonderful community and an old town house it's it's a", "h5omM4XlAK4-00143-00163833-00164739": "Christian Casey: Block away from the mat. I am whining at this. I'm just whining about all the cool things I was doing before coven I think the biggest impact is probably stuff like this.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00144-00164874-00166359": "Christian Casey: This. This meeting was a great idea. It's, it's really good for us to come and meet and talk to each other. It's still not the same as us just getting to hang out and you know find new people that we would work well with and find out what other people are interested in. I think that's", "h5omM4XlAK4-00145-00166467-00166707": "Christian Casey: The loss of that personal connection has been", "h5omM4XlAK4-00146-00167088-00167979": "Christian Casey: You pretty pretty devastating. I guess I'll go and I don't think I'm exaggerating by saying that it's it's had quite an impact. I think I'll stop there on kind of a sour note.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00147-00167982-00168297": "Cliff Lynch: I'm sorry, I think we all feel that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00148-00168300-00168486": "Christian Casey: Very strongly Christian", "h5omM4XlAK4-00149-00168807-00169758": "Cliff Lynch: I think we all, we all miss that, kind of, you know, in person collaboration that was that was fascinating. I", "h5omM4XlAK4-00150-00169893-00170958": "Cliff Lynch: The, the work with the hieroglyphic languages, really, I think, is a potential game changer and fascinating.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00151-00171198-00171492": "Cliff Lynch: prion tell us about what you're doing.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00152-00171654-00172485": "Brian Robinson: Sure. I'm Brian Robinson currently work in Jackson library at University of North Carolina Greensboro, but then digital collections of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00153-00172629-00173421": "Brian Robinson: My interest surround. Well, I was trained as an American historian my interest around Southern history Southern education.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00154-00173778-00174084": "Brian Robinson: History of Ideas that cultural building and slavery.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00155-00174288-00175341": "Brian Robinson: The project that I'm working on currently is people not property slave these enough Carolina this project abstracts, the name of his slave people from property deals with 26 counties in North Carolina.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00156-00175425-00176469": "Brian Robinson: Properties. If you do not know usually come about. Dude, do sale wanting to sail and documents like Bill sales deed of trust deed to give or merits contracts.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00157-00176523-00177567": "Brian Robinson: Usually the things that are included in those documents are things like cattle or land and in this case and slave people because they were considered property in some ways, and sometimes people", "h5omM4XlAK4-00158-00177747-00179541": "Brian Robinson: Currently we are in the process of transcribing those days we have I think we've collected 15,000 slave deeds. So, in essence, we have the name 15,000 people in which we hope to create a searchable database from the from that, from that data set.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00159-00179763-00180792": "Brian Robinson: My duties range from kind of helping to develop the website recruiting volunteers leading volunteer sessions, because a lot of the things that we do rely heavily on volunteers.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00160-00180855-00181845": "Brian Robinson: lecturing on slavery, North Carolina, helping with grass to expand the project was one of our goals to spend it to more counties in North Carolina, and I also do general resource on", "h5omM4XlAK4-00161-00181974-00183207": "Brian Robinson: Our archival information about Antebellum North Carolina that will help us to identify more names of enslaved people. And one of the things that I have found thus far is tax assessment Liz of North Carolina Revenue Act.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00162-00183270-00184119": "Brian Robinson: At 63 that has provided a significant amount of names and information that we will use later on was this people not private people not properties complete", "h5omM4XlAK4-00163-00184260-00185238": "Brian Robinson: Another project that I'm also somewhat leading is no no longer yours contextualizing emphasizing freedom seekers and a brief history of North Carolina.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00164-00185310-00186084": "Brian Robinson: This project is sponsored by the Association for the Study of African American life and history of the National Park Service through network to freedom.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00165-00186153-00187050": "Brian Robinson: The goal of this project is to create a digital textbook and highlighting a brief history of saving of Carolina while highlighting freedom seekers, which are runaway slaves in North Carolina.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00166-00187119-00188157": "Brian Robinson: This project six to tie in with the strong database that we haven't USCG which is the digital library and an American slavery, specifically the runaway slave advertisement database.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00167-00188259-00188913": "Brian Robinson: In order to contextualize the environment of freedom seekers, we want it to kind of synthesize a lot in history dead a", "h5omM4XlAK4-00168-00189075-00190284": "Brian Robinson: History of slavery in North Carolina, which is somewhat known but relatively unknown. When you think about the history, geography of slavery in America and North Carolina is one of those states that are dead. It's usually left out.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00169-00190407-00191148": "Brian Robinson: The focus is mostly on South Carolina, Virginia and North Carolina, because it did relatively have a small population.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00170-00191232-00192915": "Brian Robinson: It's usually left out of that out of that story. And so our job. My job is to kind of fill in a lot of those voids and understand what was the environment for runaways and why do they want to run away in North Carolina holiday escape and what Ralph today. Take Adam, North Carolina.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00171-00193050-00193404": "Brian Robinson: Let's see some of the challenges with this project is", "h5omM4XlAK4-00172-00193539-00195027": "Brian Robinson: The inability to do interviews, spend time with teachers, community leaders and the archives of each of those aspects of quite important, particularly spending time with community leaders, one of the goals of this project is for it to be.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00173-00195201-00196365": "Brian Robinson: appetizing for the general public. One thing that we want to do is bridge the gap in terms of how we understand race in America and one in a way that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00174-00196404-00197367": "Brian Robinson: We believe we can kind of come to different understanding of that is understanding the development of savory how race is somewhat constructed in the earlier times if America.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00175-00197439-00198393": "Brian Robinson: So by making it a digital textbook. We want it to be filled with send it on kind of multimedia adding a lot of pictures. Lot of database.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00176-00198585-00198903": "Brian Robinson: In order to make this something that people will be attracted to.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00177-00199152-00200178": "Brian Robinson: I'll turn now to kind of talk about some of the challenges I have in general. Oh, being clear fellow and library and having training someone in the background of American history.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00178-00200289-00200991": "Brian Robinson: One thing that I had problem with a new solution initially with this job opportunity was kind of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00179-00201066-00201654": "Brian Robinson: compartmentalizing my skills, you know, really kind of focusing on the kind of Allah car type of way of thinking about what I do.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00180-00201693-00202536": "Brian Robinson: And then it the implicit implicit knowledge that is acquired through a lot of process. I've done before and kind of narrowing it down and figuring out where I fit with", "h5omM4XlAK4-00181-00202575-00204018": "Brian Robinson: With the team because when you're doing a dissertation, you're usually alone usually don't have a lot of people around you is just you. So going from that and then working with a team that does a lot of different things kind of fit finding myself. And that took a little time.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00182-00204333-00205353": "Brian Robinson: In regards to Colvin think it has severely impacted my relationship with supervisors and I didn't have some social good way. But in terms of learning each other. I think I'm", "h5omM4XlAK4-00183-00205554-00206157": "Brian Robinson: Coming from my background and in going into the library, you need the interaction on a daily basis to kind of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00184-00206198-00206919": "Brian Robinson: learn from one another, learning the strengths and weaknesses of each other so that you kind of approach one another to say, hey, I think this would be a good thing to do.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00185-00206952-00207708": "Brian Robinson: Or this wouldn't be a good thing to do was hard to do that when you don't really know the person that will even though I have a great supervisor David is phenomenal.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00186-00207765-00208473": "Brian Robinson: But that time is necessary to kind of understand each other's strengths, weaknesses and pushing each other forward in different ways.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00187-00208686-00209492": "Brian Robinson: The. One of the things I have learned through this process. But typically, because I've focused on writing a number of grants is", "h5omM4XlAK4-00188-00209592-00210954": "Brian Robinson: Thinking about the local community and how we actually engage with them. And so one thing that I'm pushing back against now when we're thinking about grants is is to not corporate ties on research and by resisting kind of abstract language.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00189-00211062-00211721": "Brian Robinson: I find that many academic projects have focuses oftentimes out of touch with the reality of people", "h5omM4XlAK4-00190-00211785-00212648": "Brian Robinson: I'm not saying that, you know, we shouldn't have those things because we need those things. But I think we have to kind of think of more about the town and gown relationship more than we do now.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00191-00212819-00214221": "Brian Robinson: And I guess I'm more of a kind of a blue collar scholar, so I kind of tend to think about community much more than others. So I just, I kind of push on that now and I find it challenging to push back but a useful thing to push back on. So hopefully that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00192-00214329-00214488": "Brian Robinson: That sums up what I had to say.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00193-00214796-00214941": "Cliff Lynch: Thank you, that was", "h5omM4XlAK4-00194-00214950-00215091": "Cliff Lynch: just fascinating.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00195-00215246-00217302": "Cliff Lynch: The, the whole play of different scholarly in organizational cultures that you described, and that whole question of engaging the community, I think, is one that is becoming really much more important for a lot of folks as they think about their work now.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00196-00217410-00218121": "Cliff Lynch: So thank you for just a great synthesis of a lot of things.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00197-00218267-00218316": "Christian Casey: And", "h5omM4XlAK4-00198-00218427-00218742": "Cliff Lynch: Finally, we're going to hear from Asher Stewart.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00199-00218910-00219465": "Cliff Lynch: Enter really interesting work over to you, Asher and welcome.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00200-00219594-00219702": "Azure Stewart: To class and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00201-00219729-00220356": "Azure Stewart: Bethan everyone from CNI for having me join and have all of us on the panel.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00202-00220512-00221025": "Azure Stewart: So I'm as your Stewart. I'm a clear Fellow at NYU as well.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00203-00221133-00221613": "Azure Stewart: My posts a little bit different. I actually work for an engineering library.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00204-00221706-00222690": "Azure Stewart: Prior to coming in. Why you most of my career has been at the intersection of education and stem. I'm not a scientist by trade, but it just so happens", "h5omM4XlAK4-00205-00222773-00223956": "Azure Stewart: A lot of my work has ended up in those different intersections. So my primarily position there was considered an engineering strategists", "h5omM4XlAK4-00206-00224046-00226059": "Azure Stewart: Educational strategists. So I work kind of the intersection between the attendance school and the library and we're working on a variety of different things right now with Kobe going on as you see the way that students are engaging in the classroom is having to change, especially virtually", "h5omM4XlAK4-00207-00226161-00227325": "Azure Stewart: But also we're facing a different dynamic with the kinds of students that we're going to be intersecting with we of course have Generation Z, but also you have generation alpha", "h5omM4XlAK4-00208-00227430-00229179": "Azure Stewart: And so it really a lot of the things that are going on, especially with the pandemic economic fallout from 2008 is really reshape how a lot of students are showing up or also how they're investing in their education or what things that they want out of it.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00209-00229308-00230273": "Azure Stewart: So prior to me coming at a couple colleagues who are really been trying to re understand and rethink about engineering as a field.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00210-00230373-00231921": "Azure Stewart: And how students are prepared. We focus a lot on the technical skills and the intersections of making sure that they're prepared engineering wise, but a lot of the things that are missing out. Are the soft skills and those", "h5omM4XlAK4-00211-00232005-00233310": "Azure Stewart: Interactions, and also giving you guys are seeing a lot of publications and articles written. Now, things that are going on with Facebook and Google about the intersection between", "h5omM4XlAK4-00212-00233490-00234746": "Azure Stewart: AI and race and how things are presented in data. So what I've been doing over the last year is really been meeting with students across different backgrounds.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00213-00234813-00235863": "Azure Stewart: The Brooklyn campus is really unique because we have a lot of first generation students a lot of students of color who are either local within Brooklyn or other areas.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00214-00235946-00237371": "Azure Stewart: Outside of the New York area. So really gotten a chance to sit down and actually do interviews. I'm an ethnography. So I do what you call international ethnography. It's kind of a intersection of social linguistics and education and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00215-00237417-00239133": "Azure Stewart: Anthropology. So I'm really interviewing the students and trying to understand their experiences, being an engineer, but also their preparation, but also trying to figure out other ways to make sure that students are able to", "h5omM4XlAK4-00216-00239267-00239856": "Azure Stewart: I guess not only be prepared, but also to understand the, I guess you wouldn't say", "h5omM4XlAK4-00217-00239921-00240804": "Azure Stewart: How to intersect intersect in these different spaces, but also how to build teams and, you know, being more of a global society. How do you develop", "h5omM4XlAK4-00218-00240896-00241665": "Azure Stewart: And build those leadership skills and also how do you be better aware of the things that you're building technologically", "h5omM4XlAK4-00219-00241713-00242856": "Azure Stewart: Specifically, you have AI and all these other things that are generating stuff. How are you being more informed about the decision making that you're doing as an engineer and being inclusive of other populations.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00220-00242988-00243339": "Azure Stewart: So anyway, so been doing some curriculum development.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00221-00243441-00244041": "Azure Stewart: With some of the insights of what the students are experiencing or what they're not prepared for", "h5omM4XlAK4-00222-00244176-00245184": "Azure Stewart: And so we've been beta testing that have been developing some grants and trying to get funding for it. But more importantly,", "h5omM4XlAK4-00223-00245298-00246167": "Azure Stewart: A lot of this work has been like a catalyst re envision just the local spaces that the students have around in their community.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00224-00246269-00247380": "Azure Stewart: How to think about, you know, the local impact of what's in their community and what's happening to them. We've talked about including", "h5omM4XlAK4-00225-00247461-00249071": "Azure Stewart: You know, NY US based on indigenous lands. How to include the conversation of, you know, those acknowledgments, and how do you interact with them as a scientist, or how do you rediscover what's native to those areas.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00226-00249194-00250938": "Azure Stewart: So it's a lot of trying to think about how we're being responsible scientifically, but also locally and globally as well. So I've been working a lot in those intersections with students and faculty and folks in the library.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00227-00251115-00251712": "Azure Stewart: And then also just the science literacy component to I think there's a lot of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00228-00251835-00252627": "Azure Stewart: Need for students who don't really have the understanding of the writing skills and just the genre of writing.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00229-00252708-00254298": "Azure Stewart: As an engineer and how to build on archives of engineering structural plans that have been based in the city of New York and how different formulations and spaces have changed and how to rethink and re envision those spaces.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00230-00254421-00254511": "Azure Stewart: And make them.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00231-00254616-00255003": "Azure Stewart: You know, renewable but reusable and also", "h5omM4XlAK4-00232-00255192-00255888": "Azure Stewart: honoring those spaces. So those are some of the things that I'm really working on in alignment my project.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00233-00256056-00258078": "Azure Stewart: In terms of coven how my projects really been impacted this past summer, I did like a whole research unit and we were really getting into ethical conversations about research and science and just the litany of things of how to report and how to engage in scientific work.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00234-00258234-00259769": "Azure Stewart: Being an engineer or just part of the college in general. So my work and a lot of ways was impacted like having these conversations remote with students from Abu Dhabi to Shanghai to New York.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00235-00259863-00260505": "Azure Stewart: And many of the students were not really physically working in the lab. Some of them were working with data sets.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00236-00260648-00260748": "Azure Stewart: Virtually", "h5omM4XlAK4-00237-00260865-00261627": "Azure Stewart: And so that presented a big challenge and also with some of the projects were base and dealing with code and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00238-00261780-00263754": "Azure Stewart: Populations and trying to figure out how to intersect with virus and all these things. So it's really hard to sometimes have a conversation about some of these ways of engaging and research, but also an ethics and ethical stances and not releasing the students in person.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00239-00263862-00265377": "Azure Stewart: And I think for some of them. That's a struggle for some of them. It was also an opportunity to re envision how to work with scientific data sets and not necessarily in a laboratory system, which I think in a lot of ways.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00240-00265506-00266442": "Azure Stewart: We sometimes need to go back and relook at what we've done and maybe where we've made mistakes and where we need to be better scientifically and using those archives", "h5omM4XlAK4-00241-00266598-00267348": "Azure Stewart: So that has been a challenge. And just seeing how their energy and doing this online format is definitely difficult", "h5omM4XlAK4-00242-00267453-00268323": "Azure Stewart: Another issue and barriers been funding I've submitted a couple proposals before this all happen and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00243-00268386-00269646": "Azure Stewart: Some of my stuff hasn't been funded, which is really important to get response from students to understand their experiences and how to figure out to better support the ones that we do currently have.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00244-00269823-00270570": "Azure Stewart: And then just overall structurally it's changed and a lot of ways in my library.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00245-00270729-00271527": "Azure Stewart: I have gotten experienced to get a little bit more hands on what's going on. Conversational wise because we're, we've had a lot of retirements", "h5omM4XlAK4-00246-00271560-00272820": "Azure Stewart: Because of code. We've had people who have decided that they wanted to retire or before that had retired. So by proxy it's gotten a little bit more of a hands on experience being there.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00247-00272943-00274086": "Azure Stewart: But I also have gotten to see more kind of the leadership side and the decision making of what positions, they're going to staff and had been on committees for hiring and being in the conversation conversations about", "h5omM4XlAK4-00248-00274122-00274812": "Azure Stewart: What they're going to try and redo and re envision for the library to in terms of positions and staffing", "h5omM4XlAK4-00249-00274917-00275604": "Azure Stewart: So that's been a positive part and and seeing where people make decisions administratively and why", "h5omM4XlAK4-00250-00275730-00276906": "Azure Stewart: So, and then just missing my colleagues to and having those conversations. I think it's really important like Christian. I think it's kind of hard to continue. Sometimes the momentum. If you're not meeting with folks and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00251-00276993-00278586": "Azure Stewart: By and large, a lot of the people that I work with because New York is at the center has just been working with trying to figure out how to even have instruction or reduced instruction in person or to have engineering labs open, that's been a really big focus", "h5omM4XlAK4-00252-00278733-00278790": "Azure Stewart: So, yeah.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00253-00278793-00279021": "Christian Casey: Yeah, I've gotten those emails to as you're about", "h5omM4XlAK4-00254-00279108-00279183": "Christian Casey: Like the engineering", "h5omM4XlAK4-00255-00279345-00280584": "Azure Stewart: Yeah, so we have a maker space pretty close to our library. And that's a really big component that we really collaborate with a bunch of folks between them in the school and so", "h5omM4XlAK4-00256-00280722-00281562": "Azure Stewart: So yeah, it's been a difficulty. So I think that's pretty much it. Most of my experiences and things that are going on.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00257-00281652-00282423": "Cliff Lynch: That's fantastic. Um, what uh, what if, what if, what if, wonderful view of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00258-00282537-00282840": "Cliff Lynch: Of your work and how how your", "h5omM4XlAK4-00259-00282954-00283284": "Cliff Lynch: Your fellowship is unfolding.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00260-00283413-00283449": "Azure Stewart: Just", "h5omM4XlAK4-00261-00283623-00284523": "Cliff Lynch: Well, I think that all of you have done an amazing job and I thank you.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00262-00284742-00285816": "Cliff Lynch: You certainly once again I think proved my assertion that the clear fellows are doing wonderful and fascinating things", "h5omM4XlAK4-00263-00285948-00286224": "Cliff Lynch: And we're doing pretty good for time.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00264-00286350-00287400": "Cliff Lynch: I'll, I'll open this up for a question or two from the audience. And as I say, Please put it in QA or put it in chat or", "h5omM4XlAK4-00265-00287445-00289437": "Cliff Lynch: If you like I can even turn turn your mic on. If you want to ask it by audio if you raise your hands. Well, we're thinking about questions and putting them in. I have, I have one for all of you, just to feel briefly, um,", "h5omM4XlAK4-00266-00289731-00290718": "Cliff Lynch: So I, I, I'd be very interested to hear you say a few words about how you're thinking about your career.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00267-00290775-00292707": "Cliff Lynch: Trajectory after your clear fellowship, where, where do you, where do you go from there. And I know that's a completely unfair question, especially in this environment with so much changing and up in the air. But nonetheless, I'd love to hear your thoughts on that.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00268-00292830-00292947": "Cliff Lynch: Anybody, you want to start", "h5omM4XlAK4-00269-00293514-00293892": "Cliff Lynch: Brian you're grinning. You look like you might like to take a swing at that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00270-00293910-00294195": "Brian Robinson: To be now. I mean, to be honest, I have no idea.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00271-00294411-00294942": "Brian Robinson: Clear is I'll be open me up to like a lot of opportunities and things to think about.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00272-00295122-00295536": "Brian Robinson: I'm anxious to get back to teaching. Of course I'm anxious to get back to", "h5omM4XlAK4-00273-00295641-00296145": "Brian Robinson: Kind of traditional research, but I'm fascinated by Grant related work.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00274-00296313-00296811": "Brian Robinson: I'm fascinated by what the library composers have and its capabilities, um,", "h5omM4XlAK4-00275-00296979-00297525": "Brian Robinson: Is dynamic in a way that I think of putting together a team.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00276-00297636-00298905": "Brian Robinson: Through the library. I'm, I'm not sure what could be done in terms of some of the imaginations. I have with history related projects. So I'm kind of open. I'm very curious. But I honestly, I have no clue.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00277-00299169-00299250": "Fascinating.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00278-00299454-00299628": "Cliff Lynch: Anybody else want to go for that.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00279-00299823-00300096": "Christian Casey: I guess I can, I can talk about it. Um,", "h5omM4XlAK4-00280-00300243-00301560": "Christian Casey: I, I just really don't know the, the future is much more uncertain to me than it was a year ago at this time when I went to see and I actually and I took the train to DC", "h5omM4XlAK4-00281-00301680-00302013": "Christian Casey: I felt very much like I was where I was supposed to be.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00282-00302271-00303429": "Christian Casey: And doing what I was supposed to be doing. And now, the future is just totally unknown even more much more than it was you know grad students talk all the time about there are no jobs and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00283-00303540-00303996": "Christian Casey: Being kind of anxious about it, but nothing like this. It's, yeah.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00284-00304347-00304821": "Christian Casey: I don't know what else I can say about. I feel like I should say more of substance, but no.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00285-00304827-00304875": "It's", "h5omM4XlAK4-00286-00305010-00305061": "Cliff Lynch: No.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00287-00305082-00305328": "Cliff Lynch: I'm Azure jump in.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00288-00305445-00306231": "Azure Stewart: Yeah, I mean I was I'm kind of uncertain to I kind of had looked into roots, maybe potentially staying where I was that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00289-00306402-00306777": "Azure Stewart: I think of anything. I'm really enjoying the library and work.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00290-00306927-00307881": "Azure Stewart: Not really sure what that would even entail if that's an avenue with how things are going. Economically, but also really enjoy", "h5omM4XlAK4-00291-00308016-00308604": "Azure Stewart: Working with faculty and students just kind of reimagining What possibilities could be", "h5omM4XlAK4-00292-00308712-00309792": "Azure Stewart: For how things discipline disciplinary wise can be a little bit different and can bridge opportunities for", "h5omM4XlAK4-00293-00309879-00311175": "Azure Stewart: For learning about different things and just making kind of more of a richer experience because I think we'll need some of those intersections and skills with the students that we have coming for", "h5omM4XlAK4-00294-00311313-00311814": "Azure Stewart: And I think the problems that we have, especially with Kobe and some other", "h5omM4XlAK4-00295-00311958-00313047": "Azure Stewart: I think infectious diseases or potentials. I think it's going to really change how we need to look at what we end up doing.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00296-00313773-00314259": "Nicté Fuller Medina: I want to echo the uncertainty that the other fellows have have mentioned.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00297-00314400-00315303": "Nicté Fuller Medina: That in terms of moving forward. The, you know, the project that I described this really the idea with that project is developing a model.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00298-00315399-00316326": "Nicté Fuller Medina: To then be able to work with additional data sets and repatriate additional data sets that set of data that was transferred to me from Timothy Haggerty", "h5omM4XlAK4-00299-00316398-00317754": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Really inspired a larger project language, culture and history believes in a digital age with the idea that additional data sets would be repatriated and that would also create a model for the region.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00300-00317865-00318507": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And for other institutions, about how they could work with collections like that.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00301-00318759-00319185": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And so certainly I I'm wanting to continue with that work and whether", "h5omM4XlAK4-00302-00319227-00319818": "Nicté Fuller Medina: You know the library, the experience in the library has really opened up an avenue and shown me that that's possible.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00303-00319839-00321615": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Within a large academic library or even the smaller library, but it can also take place within a faculty position in an academic department. There are also other avenues. And so really it's about being open to that and just being patient with our current circumstances.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00304-00321786-00321849": "Nicté Fuller Medina: You know,", "h5omM4XlAK4-00305-00321963-00322344": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Being in the middle of a pandemic and being able to see", "h5omM4XlAK4-00306-00322497-00323010": "Nicté Fuller Medina: What possibilities open up. What possibilities still exist.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00307-00323172-00323211": "Yeah.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00308-00323358-00323433": "Cliff Lynch: Thank you.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00309-00323460-00323628": "Cliff Lynch: Thank you all for those", "h5omM4XlAK4-00310-00323736-00325338": "Cliff Lynch: Very honest answers. I'm the amount of uncertainty in there. I think is a really important message to our community, but I also, I also sense in here a", "h5omM4XlAK4-00311-00325485-00327417": "Cliff Lynch: Trend to thinking in terms of i can i can be both in a, you know, sort of traditional faculty role, sometimes, and other times do new things around new forms of scholarship and communication of scholarship", "h5omM4XlAK4-00312-00327522-00327879": "Cliff Lynch: That I think is, is very exciting.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00313-00328086-00328488": "Cliff Lynch: We have a question in from the audience.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00314-00328611-00330513": "Cliff Lynch: For Brian. Brian, you mentioned the importance of language in how projects and partnerships are framed. Can you talk about examples of where you sharpen your clarified language in proposals or", "h5omM4XlAK4-00315-00330639-00330981": "Cliff Lynch: project plans or elsewhere.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00316-00331311-00332385": "Brian Robinson: Food that's that's loaded I'm partly because that's, that's part of the challenge is that when you think about grants and writing grants, they are looking for certain language.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00317-00332544-00333114": "Brian Robinson: And that's kind of the problem. So one of the things that I found as a challenge, particularly regards to races that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00318-00333336-00334713": "Brian Robinson: People don't think about problems as others do what the problems of the black community is somewhat different than the product, the priorities and the problems of the white community and the language that is used to kind of specify that", "h5omM4XlAK4-00319-00334848-00335685": "Brian Robinson: Is doesn't usually show up in in grants, and this is something I talked to clear about and one of our sessions is", "h5omM4XlAK4-00320-00335778-00336825": "Brian Robinson: I kind of want to get involved with how kind of grants are developed and written and described so some of that language in terms of who applies and why they apply it can be", "h5omM4XlAK4-00321-00336975-00337683": "Brian Robinson: Attacked in a certain way. But I think one of the challenges that I find with the grants is the language of", "h5omM4XlAK4-00322-00337818-00338670": "Brian Robinson: Of the grant itself. And so what I try to do at least on the back end is kind of think creatively about how projects could be developed.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00323-00338736-00339489": "Brian Robinson: So that I can kind of think about problems, problems and abroad way to kind of rectify the situation, but I haven't developed any kind of clarifying language.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00324-00339537-00340194": "Brian Robinson: Because I think if I use very direct language. I don't believe I will get the grant. And sometimes I haven't gotten grants, because of that, so", "h5omM4XlAK4-00325-00340218-00341001": "Brian Robinson: It's really kind of finding back doors and being imaginative of how to think about the project in general that has helped me to kind of get around some of those issues.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00326-00341235-00341262": "Brian Robinson: I", "h5omM4XlAK4-00327-00341277-00342594": "Cliff Lynch: I cannot resist asking as a follow on to that. Have you ever toyed with the idea of doing a stint as a program officer for a major funding organization.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00328-00342708-00343914": "Brian Robinson: Recently, this is this is new. I think clear has really opened me up to thinking about those things. I haven't thought about it before it wasn't even a possibility in my mind before, but now being with clear and kind of thinking through these things I have", "h5omM4XlAK4-00329-00344061-00344235": "Brian Robinson: Definitely thought about doing something like that.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00330-00344337-00345522": "Cliff Lynch: Yeah, I mean, those are just incredibly important position. Sometimes, and you know, can really influence the shape of activities going forward.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00331-00345747-00346161": "Cliff Lynch: Really that's fascinating, um, have we got another question.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00332-00346545-00346662": "Cliff Lynch: I don't see", "h5omM4XlAK4-00333-00346776-00348147": "Cliff Lynch: Any additional questions and we are pretty much at time so I will just take the last minute or two. Oh wait, we have another question. We'll take one more quick question.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00334-00348453-00348474": "Cliff Lynch: We're", "h5omM4XlAK4-00335-00348744-00349089": "Christian Casey: Sorry, I was trying to write an answer and I made the question go somewhere else.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00336-00349152-00349218": "Cliff Lynch: No worries.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00337-00349398-00350508": "Cliff Lynch: Where can we find you. Next, are you presenting or publishing or sharing something soon, how do we how do we follow your work going forward is the is a question.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00338-00350655-00350748": "Cliff Lynch: For everybody", "h5omM4XlAK4-00339-00351441-00351681": "Azure Stewart: I'm working on a publication right now.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00340-00351807-00352866": "Azure Stewart: So is submitted to a Library Journal. I'm just trying to wait to see if I get more feedback, the CFO officially like Final except", "h5omM4XlAK4-00341-00353013-00353439": "Azure Stewart: But I can post my email.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00342-00353577-00354024": "Azure Stewart: I don't have. I'm not fancy. I don't have a website at like Christian yet but", "h5omM4XlAK4-00343-00354216-00354660": "Azure Stewart: Suddenly, so they need to work on. But I could put my email up and everything.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00344-00355437-00356337": "Christian Casey: I'll tell you is your maybe I shouldn't tell people this but I just use Squarespace like I i didn't build websites for my job. And I was like, Screw that. I'm gonna make it automatically", "h5omM4XlAK4-00345-00356391-00356718": "Azure Stewart: I know I have mine by just haven't released it yet. So, but", "h5omM4XlAK4-00346-00357084-00357414": "Cliff Lynch: Nick tip. Brian, you want to jump in on that before we go.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00347-00357483-00357762": "Brian Robinson: What joy. Currently I'm", "h5omM4XlAK4-00348-00357927-00359217": "Brian Robinson: headfirst into this project. I'm a digital textbook. I have a year five year worth of funding. So I have a lot of work to do, because it's definitely me on the project. So I won't be presenting", "h5omM4XlAK4-00349-00359358-00361122": "Brian Robinson: In the recent future and in the short future perhaps maybe october november of next year, usually asked when the season comes around for a lot of programs at conferences. Anyway, so I'll probably be back on the circuit. Then, but", "h5omM4XlAK4-00350-00361281-00362091": "Brian Robinson: In the near future. I don't see me doing anything. So you need to contact me. I can, I can out place my email in the chat and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00351-00362103-00362721": "Cliff Lynch: Thank you. And we look forward to your reemergence with that dictate", "h5omM4XlAK4-00352-00362817-00363945": "Nicté Fuller Medina: I've put up my information I typed it in the answer, I'm not sure if I did that correctly in the Q AMP. A Yeah. So I put in my Twitter handle my email my website is there.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00353-00364116-00364857": "Nicté Fuller Medina: And I'm writing up the project that I'm working on and hope to have that submitted in January.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00354-00364926-00365163": "Nicté Fuller Medina: Wonderful should be coming up later next year.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00355-00365262-00366309": "Cliff Lynch: Or right we will we will put some of this information on the on the page for the for this session for people who want to follow up.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00356-00366501-00367386": "Cliff Lynch: Let me just say really heartfelt thanks, congratulations on the wonderful work you're doing and", "h5omM4XlAK4-00357-00367488-00368142": "Cliff Lynch: Please stay in touch. I'm thinking that a number of people here will probably be in touch with one or another of you.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00358-00368358-00368469": "Cliff Lynch: Following on", "h5omM4XlAK4-00359-00368589-00369075": "Cliff Lynch: And we look forward to continuing to hear about the great work you're doing.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00360-00369192-00369555": "Cliff Lynch: So I really appreciate you joining us. Thank you.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00361-00369669-00369780": "Christian Casey: Thank you very much for having us.", "h5omM4XlAK4-00362-00369936-00370032": "Thank you."}}, {"audio_id": "h5vyOkKRbDk", "text": {"h5vyOkKRbDk-00000-00001944-00002047": "I think the biggest benefits", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00001-00002047-00002322": "for students that might be hidden", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00002-00002322-00002459": "and they don't get to see right", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00003-00002459-00002627": "from the start. Is that actually", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00004-00002627-00002845": "do get to see how an academic", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00005-00002845-00003028": "research is. What kind of materials", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00006-00003028-00003345": "an academic looks at, and I become", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00007-00003345-00003551": "more transparent in that,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00008-00003551-00003710": "in sharing other articles with them", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00009-00003710-00003861": "that they're not required to read,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00010-00003861-00004141": "or introducing them to other films", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00011-00004141-00004287": "that they're not required to see.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00012-00004323-00004553": "And I think that they start to realize", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00013-00004553-00004801": "that to create some kind of course", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00014-00004801-00004996": "like this, whether it's an arts based", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00015-00004996-00005178": "course, or a STEM based course,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00016-00005178-00005455": "that it requires quite a bit of", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00017-00005455-00005713": "research and dedication, and so", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00018-00005713-00005995": "there's less criticism of not being", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00019-00005995-00006201": "prepared, or feeling like the professor", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00020-00006201-00006363": "is flakey, or feeling like the professor", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00021-00006363-00006704": "is not arriving to class prepared,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00022-00006704-00006820": "or having anything for them,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00023-00006820-00006965": "because they can now see how", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00024-00006965-00007187": "much work goes into creating", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00025-00007187-00007312": "a course like this.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00026-00007988-00008138": "I had an interesting situation", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00027-00008138-00008353": "where a non-traditional student", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00028-00008353-00008496": "had started my course and made", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00029-00008496-00008644": "it about four weeks in on the old", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00030-00008644-00008862": "platform, and had to withdraw,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00031-00008900-00009007": "for whatever reason,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00032-00009007-00009136": "and wan't gonna come back", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00033-00009136-00009370": "until this next year, and it was", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00034-00009370-00009581": "kind of a really awesome experience", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00035-00009581-00009757": "to have, because they came back,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00036-00009757-00009957": "they finished, they were really", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00037-00009957-00010131": "successful, they created this really", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00038-00010131-00010508": "wild, surreal personal documentation", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00039-00010508-00010870": "piece that was crazy! And wonderful.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00040-00010870-00011036": "And I actually asked that student", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00041-00011036-00011172": "if they would mind coming in and", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00042-00011172-00011298": "giving me some feedback,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00043-00011298-00011406": "their a junior at this point,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00044-00011406-00011695": "so they've had a little bit more", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00045-00011695-00011866": "time with university, and time and", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00046-00011866-00012121": "different classes to compare to.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00047-00012121-00012332": "And she was very supportive,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00048-00012332-00012457": "she was really excited at the film", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00049-00012457-00012683": "choices being totally different,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00050-00012683-00012993": "she was really happy at the accessibility", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00051-00012993-00013141": "for the articles, she felt like she could", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00052-00013141-00013244": "read them anywhere,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00053-00013244-00013450": "but she did say she thought", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00054-00013450-00013731": "it was critical that the films were diverse.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00055-00013760-00013883": "That they had different voices.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00056-00014476-00014669": "So this year so far, I've had two", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00057-00014669-00014946": "rounds of student evaluations back.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00058-00014946-00015118": "And students never like taking quizzes,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00059-00015118-00015282": "so that is always a complaint,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00060-00015282-00015594": "is taking the quizzes. However they", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00061-00015594-00015779": "are excited about my films, many,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00062-00015779-00015966": "most of the feedback I get, sometimes", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00063-00015966-00016104": "even in a personal email from a", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00064-00016104-00016273": "student says, these are some of my", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00065-00016273-00016412": "new favorite films, I never really", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00066-00016412-00016582": "understood how that worked,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00067-00016582-00016734": "or why it worked, but I'm really", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00068-00016734-00017101": "interested in this, and that's amazing,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00069-00017101-00017236": "and it feels really good to know", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00070-00017236-00017437": "that they are responding to that.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00071-00017437-00017600": "I've also had a few students who", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00072-00017600-00017763": "were so angered by some of the", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00073-00017763-00017932": "articles I showed them.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00074-00017932-00018155": "One of them is challenging the film", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00075-00018155-00018466": "Lady Bird as being a direct replica", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00076-00018466-00018668": "of another film that came out in 2002", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00077-00018668-00018816": "called Real Women Have Curves,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00078-00018816-00018925": "which is actually a stage play", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00079-00018925-00019230": "written by a Latinx writer and director.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00080-00019230-00019585": "And so there's an article that talks about", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00081-00019585-00019895": "how Lady Bird kinda lifted this story", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00082-00019895-00020226": "and appropriated it onto a white background,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00083-00020226-00020428": "and so some of the students got very, very", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00084-00020428-00020576": "angry about this, because they really", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00085-00020576-00020806": "loved Lady Bird, and they did their own", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00086-00020806-00021055": "research, and watched the other film", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00087-00021055-00021256": "and came to a conclusion either way.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00088-00021256-00021390": "I might not have agreed with some", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00089-00021390-00021591": "of their conclusions, but they actually", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00090-00021591-00021777": "took the time to do the research,", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00091-00021777-00022042": "and to me that's winning.", "h5vyOkKRbDk-00092-00022042-00022300": "Subtitles by the Amara.org community"}}, {"audio_id": "h66Pft_jed0", "text": {"h66Pft_jed0-00000-00000120-00000220": "¡Esta aquí arriba!", "h66Pft_jed0-00001-00000268-00000368": "¡Esta aquí arriba!", "h66Pft_jed0-00002-00000882-00001006": "Hay uno bajando las escaleras.", "h66Pft_jed0-00003-00002824-00002976": "Tienes esto, amigo.", "h66Pft_jed0-00004-00003740-00003896": "¡Oh, vamos a hacer esto!", "h66Pft_jed0-00005-00003956-00004124": "¡Ja ja ja ja ja jaaaa!", "h66Pft_jed0-00006-00005352-00005462": "¡Te robaste mi kill!", "h66Pft_jed0-00007-00005512-00005654": "Ah... lo siento...", "h66Pft_jed0-00008-00005654-00005854": "Creí... Creí que te estaba ayudando.", "h66Pft_jed0-00009-00007266-00007390": "¿Que estas haciendo? ¡Vamos!", "h66Pft_jed0-00010-00010098-00010172": "¡HACKERS!", "h66Pft_jed0-00011-00013202-00013276": "Allí hay otro.", "h66Pft_jed0-00012-00015718-00015847": "¡Whoa! ¿Qué estas haciendo?", "h66Pft_jed0-00013-00018822-00019006": "Bueno, ¿Qué pasa?, ¿Qué ves?", "h66Pft_jed0-00014-00020844-00020982": "Lo siento, mi juego crasheo.", "h66Pft_jed0-00015-00022738-00022938": "¡Pero que- AAAAAAaaH!", "h66Pft_jed0-00016-00024338-00024606": "Grills, ¡estoy noqueado! El tiene como 1 de vida, ¡agarralo!", "h66Pft_jed0-00017-00025630-00025730": "¡Ven aquí!", "h66Pft_jed0-00018-00025744-00025944": "No puedo parar de lagearme..", "h66Pft_jed0-00019-00027294-00027424": "¡Si, muy bien!", "h66Pft_jed0-00020-00027452-00027570": "¡Sigue corriendo!", "h66Pft_jed0-00021-00028039-00028214": "Amigo..", "h66Pft_jed0-00022-00028958-00029024": "¡Vete!", "h66Pft_jed0-00023-00029024-00029189": "¡¡Ah!! ¡No te dejare aquí!", "h66Pft_jed0-00024-00029189-00029389": "¡Vete ahora, o los dos perderemos!", "h66Pft_jed0-00025-00035806-00035928": "¿¡¿Estas bromeando?!?", "h66Pft_jed0-00026-00035928-00036222": "¡Estas bromeando, a-apuesto que tuviste como, una Kill!", "h66Pft_jed0-00027-00036222-00036474": "¡Yo tengo 7 kills! ¡Tu solo una!", "h66Pft_jed0-00028-00036474-00036874": "¡¡Deberías saber que soy el numero 34 en la clasificación mundial!!", "h66Pft_jed0-00029-00036874-00037340": "*lloriqueo inentendible de niño de 10 años*", "h66Pft_jed0-00030-00037340-00037630": "\"Buen trabajo, te hice una alita de pollo\" -PU", "h66Pft_jed0-00031-00038676-00040400": "Subtitulos: ¡Spargo & Juessa!"}}, {"audio_id": "h7xHhGVr2U0", "text": {"h7xHhGVr2U0-00000-00000042-00000367": "so", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00001-00000367-00000878": "we're doing an experiment where we decided let's look at the hundred million", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00002-00000878-00001334": "children who don't go to school and by that I mean literally they don't go to first", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00003-00001334-00001513": "grade not because they are truants", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00004-00001513-00001892": "but because there is no school and so we've gone into two villages", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00005-00001892-00002294": "where there is no literacy there are no street signs the strees doesn't have a", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00006-00002294-00002546": "name", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00007-00002546-00002923": "and we dropped off", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00008-00002923-00003272": "as many tablets as there are children Android tablets with", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00009-00003272-00003690": "hundreds and hundreds of apps on them all geared to children and", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00010-00003690-00004166": "reading and the question is can these children learn to read on there own", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00011-00004166-00004553": "and when I say dropped off the tabloids I literally mean", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00012-00004553-00004947": "left the boxes within less than five minutes", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00013-00004947-00005467": "the kids opened up the box, had never seen a cell phone let alone a tablet", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00014-00005467-00005778": "figured out how to turn it on and at the end of the week", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00015-00005778-00006079": "the average child was using 57", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00016-00006079-00006642": "app's per day the following week those kids were running around this village", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00017-00006642-00006981": "competing with each other as to who could say ABCD", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00018-00006981-00007330": "you know, the whole alphabet. A, correctly and B, the fastest", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00019-00007330-00007666": "in a year from now will they be able to read", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00020-00007666-00008044": "that's the question", "h7xHhGVr2U0-00021-00008044-00008546": "if they can, that would be transformational"}}, {"audio_id": "h7JRa_J-A1E", "text": {"h7JRa_J-A1E-00000-00105470-00106392": "So today we watch our mind very, very deeply", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00001-00106611-00108316": "for extraneous thoughts, for goals that are not our will, and are not our Father's Will.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00002-00108750-00109314": "Our only function is the one that God gave to us.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00003-00109564-00109914": "Our only function is salvation.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00004-00110518-00112006": "And our text reading today, from Chapter 9, focuses on the acceptance of reality.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00005-00112268-00112702": "It focuses on what we truly want:", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00006-00112990-00113683": "knowing our will and the Will of God exactly as it is.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00007-00114142-00114842": "We clearly are shown that our will is not the ego's.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00008-00115122-00115906": "Our will is not to know a substitute reality. Our will is to know reality.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00009-00116342-00116706": "We have associated reality with fear.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00010-00117022-00117414": "But reality is not fearful at all.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00011-00117878-00118702": "We have been arbitrarily associating something beyond our awareness with something that we do not want.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00012-00118911-00119494": "We have believed that reality is fearful.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00013-00119826-00120835": "The Holy Spirit sees the truth in us, beyond illusions, and offers us salvation.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00014-00121100-00123124": "The experience of the oneness, of the eternal love, of the innocence, and freedom that was given us in creation by God.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00015-00123518-00123894": "We cannot rely on the ego for anything.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00016-00124272-00124528": "The ego knows nothing.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00017-00124830-00125726": "A divided mind cannot communicate because it speaks for different things to the same mind.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00018-00126220-00126690": "Confused communication does not mean anything.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00019-00127085-00128502": "How sensible can these messages be when asking for what you do not want?  And this is what happens when we ask the ego.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00020-00128990-00129344": "Because we are asking for what we do not want.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00021-00129535-00130064": "Today we ask for what we truly want.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00022-00130250-00130898": "Reality. Truth. And God.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00023-00131512-00131750": "We will not turn against God,", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00024-00132074-00132490": "nor will we believe that God is demanding sacrifice.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00025-00132904-00133304": "God is the universal giver who gives only love.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00026-00133692-00134758": "And we remember the certainty of our journey and destination when Jesus tells us,", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00027-00134868-00135888": "'Ultimately, everyone must remember the Will of God, because ultimately everyone must recognize himself.'", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00028-00136120-00136772": "'This recognition is the recognition that his will and God's are one.'", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00029-00137354-00137886": "We lay aside all erroneous thoughts, all false pursuits.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00030-00138134-00139202": "We lay aside all goals of time and space, and sink deep within to the Kingdom of Heaven.", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00031-00139530-00140312": "When a distracting thought arises today, tell yourself:", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00032-00140410-00141016": "'This thought reflects a goal that is preventing me from accepting my only function.'", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00033-00141346-00142114": "Tell yourself: 'On this clean slate let my true function be written for me.'", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00034-00142426-00143660": "And remember,  'My only function is the one God gave me. I want no other, and I have no other.'", "h7JRa_J-A1E-00035-00143958-00144796": "My only function is the one God gave me. Amen."}}, {"audio_id": "h7MjOkm02BM", "text": {"h7MjOkm02BM-00000-00000128-00000362": "The story of ETERNA begins with a shirt", "h7MjOkm02BM-00001-00000422-00000622": "And the goal to make the most out of it.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00002-00000819-00000955": "Perfect wearing comfort", "h7MjOkm02BM-00003-00001204-00001298": "Highest quality", "h7MjOkm02BM-00004-00001650-00001891": "Sustainable and fair production", "h7MjOkm02BM-00005-00002356-00002556": "Sounds like 2021.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00006-00002640-00002946": "But we have been doing this since 1863.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00007-00003655-00003855": "Because of that, we're two steps ahead.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00008-00003967-00004460": "Already today, the biggest part of our shirts is certified with OEKO-TEX Made in Green.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00009-00004561-00004909": "Until 2023, we will reach 100% Made in Green.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00010-00005338-00005584": "Sustainability is part of our DNA.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00011-00005721-00005811": "Not only since yesterday.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00012-00006100-00006196": "Not tomorrow.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00013-00006363-00006563": "Not only because it's a trend.", "h7MjOkm02BM-00014-00006700-00006900": "We are two steps ahead."}}, {"audio_id": "h7aLOeUXSGU", "text": {"h7aLOeUXSGU-00000-00000406-00001059": "Aaron Ross Powell: Welcome to Free Thoughts from Libertarianism.org and The Cato Institute.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00001-00001059-00001671": "I’m Aaron Ross Powell, editor of Libertarianism.org and a research fellow here at The Cato Institute.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00002-00001671-00001998": "Trevor Burrus: I’m Trevor Burrus, a research fellow at The Cato Institute’s Center for", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00003-00001998-00002098": "Constitutional Studies.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00004-00002098-00002384": "Aaron Ross Powell: Joining us today is our colleague Dan Mitchell, Senior Fellow at The", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00005-00002384-00002571": "Cato Institute.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00006-00002571-00002978": "America got its start in anger about taxes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00007-00002978-00003490": "So what would that founding generation think of our tax regime today?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00008-00003490-00003838": "Daniel Mitchell: I would like to think that they would be very upset.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00009-00003838-00004428": "It’s not just that government is so much bigger in doing so many things that are so", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00010-00004428-00004885": "contrary to the animating spirit of the American Revolution.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00011-00004885-00005433": "But the income tax, the way we collect money, the intrusiveness, the nosiness, the way you", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00012-00005433-00005985": "have to lay your life bare to the IRS, I assume for a generation that had very, very small", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00013-00005985-00006428": "government, and what little government that did exist back then was financed by a few", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00014-00006428-00006959": "excise taxes and trade taxes, I would think they would be – they would go ballistic", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00015-00006959-00007059": "over the income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00016-00007059-00007442": "Trevor Burrus: Well, they didn’t even – what they actually did to the tax collectors, I", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00017-00007442-00008072": "find this to be fascinating when the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts – I mean they", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00018-00008072-00008475": "tore these people’s houses and they went to their – the mob got up, went to their", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00019-00008475-00008782": "houses, tore them apart by their hands, tarred and feathered people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00020-00008782-00009131": "Not condoning that, but how against taxes they actually were.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00021-00009131-00009507": "But then the income tax comes – what year did the income tax come along?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00022-00009507-00009909": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, we had an income tax during the Civil War.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00023-00009909-00010400": "I think it lasted from 1862 to 1872.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00024-00010400-00010875": "But that was always said to be temporary and it turned out to be temporary.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00025-00010875-00011139": "We then had another income tax come in, in 1894.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00026-00011139-00011712": "But that was ruled unconstitutional in 1895 and then we got the income tax amendment,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00027-00011712-00012153": "the Sixteenth Amendment in the 1913 on a terrible, dark day.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00028-00012153-00012357": "The income tax began.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00029-00012357-00012568": "At least the modern version of the income tax began.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00030-00012568-00013140": "Well, the top tax rate is seven percent, one two-page tax form, 14 pages of instructions", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00031-00013140-00013501": "and that has morphed into the monstrosity that we have today.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00032-00013501-00013616": "Trevor Burrus: Yeah.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00033-00013616-00013716": "What is that?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00034-00013716-00013856": "Let’s talk about the monstrosity.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00035-00013856-00014101": "What is the top tax rate?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00036-00014101-00014261": "How many tax rates are there?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00037-00014261-00014361": "Daniel Mitchell: How bad is it?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00038-00014361-00014461": "Trevor Burrus: How bad is it?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00039-00014461-00015026": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, probably the simplest thing to look at is it’s 75,000 and changed", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00040-00015026-00015177": "pages long.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00041-00015177-00015651": "If you go to the IRS website, last time I checked, you could download about a thousand", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00042-00015651-00016427": "different forms and the number of tax rates which actually is a – almost a trivial issue", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00043-00016427-00016632": "in terms of the complexity of the tax code.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00044-00016632-00016965": "The actual number of tax rates I think right now is seven.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00045-00016965-00017551": "But that’s nothing compared to all the exclusions, deductions, credits exemptions, preferences.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00046-00017551-00017882": "Those are the things that make the tax code the nightmare that it is today.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00047-00017882-00018229": "Aaron Ross Powell: What’s motivating all that nightmare?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00048-00018229-00018617": "So taxes can be very high, but they could be radically simpler than what we have now.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00049-00018617-00018734": "I mean you want to collect a lot of money.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00050-00018734-00019261": "You just write a one-page law that says we’re going to take X percent of whatever you earn.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00051-00019261-00019926": "So all those exemptions and loopholes as they’re often called, are those there to raise more", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00052-00019926-00020359": "money or hide taxes or what’s the motivation behind all of this?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00053-00020359-00020847": "Daniel Mitchell: I think the simple way to think about it is in 1913, we had this relatively", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00054-00020847-00021423": "simple introductory income tax and it was like a ship going out to sea.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00055-00021423-00022120": "Well, 102 years later, there are layers upon layers of barnacles on that ship.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00056-00022120-00022659": "In theory, episodes like the 1986 Tax Reform Act were designed to scrape the barnacles", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00057-00022659-00022760": "off the ship.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00058-00022760-00023172": "Of course they only scraped off about maybe one-fourth of the barnacles and in some cases,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00059-00023172-00023535": "they were the wrong barnacles because one thing to understand about all these different", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00060-00023535-00024218": "provisions of the tax code is sometimes the complicating provisions are designed to mitigate", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00061-00024218-00024362": "a penalty that shouldn’t exist.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00062-00024362-00024731": "For instance you shouldn’t be double-taxed on income that is saved and invested.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00063-00024731-00025178": "Well, I don’t know how many thousands of pages of the tax code are designed to things", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00064-00025178-00025682": "such as IRAs and 401(k)s but I’m glad those pages are there.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00065-00025682-00026160": "Now what I would prefer to have is no pages because we wouldn’t have any double taxation", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00066-00026160-00026348": "of income that’s saved and invested.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00067-00026348-00026735": "But some of these provisions are better than nothing, but of course many of the provisions", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00068-00026735-00027436": "are there to put in penalties, to put in loopholes that don’t have any justification and those", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00069-00027436-00027835": "exist because over decades, the different lobbyists that go to the Ways and Means Committee", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00070-00027835-00028194": "and the House and the Finance Committee and the Senate, they’ve succeeded in having", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00071-00028194-00028685": "provisions that benefit their clients.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00072-00028685-00029273": "Maybe these are provisions that lower taxes but only for one very narrow group of people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00073-00029273-00029588": "Well, as a libertarian, I like it when government gets less money.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00074-00029588-00029917": "But I don’t really like it if government gets less money just because someone hires", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00075-00029917-00030285": "a good lobbyist and gets some – gets the playing field tilted in their direction.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00076-00030285-00030692": "Aaron Ross Powell: Is there also an attempt to social engineer via the tax code?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00077-00030692-00031017": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, there’s certainly an attempt to social engineer in the sense", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00078-00031017-00031748": "of trying to control or steer behavior or bribe people into doing things that politicians", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00079-00031748-00031848": "like.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00080-00031848-00032245": "So the charitable contributions, deduction and the tax code, well, don’t we all care", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00081-00032245-00032345": "about churches?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00082-00032345-00032976": "Don’t we care about symphonies and ballets and art museums and the Salvation Army?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00083-00032976-00033076": "Well, yeah.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00084-00033076-00033201": "OK, we all care about those things.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00085-00033201-00033462": "Well, do we need something in the tax code to bribe us?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00086-00033462-00034052": "Well, only one-third of people roughly itemize on their tax returns, so obviously two-thirds", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00087-00034052-00034412": "of people who are giving to charity in this country are doing it even though they’re", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00088-00034412-00034667": "not getting a charitable deduction.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00089-00034667-00035140": "So I think that a lot of the mess that’s there, people rationalize and decide after", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00090-00035140-00035240": "the fact.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00091-00035240-00035602": "Well, oh, if we didn’t have this provision, nobody would buy a house or nobody would give", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00092-00035602-00035735": "to their local church.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00093-00035735-00036219": "I think that’s nonsensical but it has in some sense been absorbed into the collection", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00094-00036219-00036410": "consciousness of tax people in Washington.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00095-00036410-00036803": "Trevor Burrus: Now you mentioned the phrase “double taxation” which – can you clarify", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00096-00036803-00036915": "exactly what that means?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00097-00036915-00037056": "Daniel Mitchell: Yeah.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00098-00037056-00037648": "That’s very important economically but it’s a term that requires some explanation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00099-00037648-00038230": "In theory, what we should have is a tax system that doesn’t have any bias between income", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00100-00038230-00038597": "that you consume today and income you consume in the future.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00101-00038597-00038742": "Now what’s income you consume in the future?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00102-00038742-00039074": "It’s just a tax geek way of saying saving and investing.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00103-00039074-00039482": "But right now in our tax code, if you consume your after-tax income today – because think", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00104-00039482-00039582": "about it this way.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00105-00039582-00039682": "You earn income.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00106-00039682-00039869": "You pay tax on your income and you have some after-tax income.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00107-00039869-00039980": "What are you going to do with that?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00108-00039980-00040296": "Well, there are really only two things you can do with it – consume it now or consume", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00109-00040296-00040396": "it in the future.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00110-00040396-00040669": "Consuming in the future as I said is saving and investing.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00111-00040669-00041048": "If you consume now, the federal government by and large leaves you alone.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00112-00041048-00041389": "I mean if you fill up your tank with gas, there’s a federal excise tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00113-00041389-00041784": "But other than a few little penny – anything like that, the federal government doesn’t", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00114-00041784-00042040": "tax you for consuming income right away.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00115-00042040-00042549": "But if you consume your income in the future, we have all these examples of what are called", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00116-00042549-00043061": "“double taxation” between the corporate income tax, the capital gains tax, the double", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00117-00043061-00043249": "tax and dividends and the death tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00118-00043249-00043688": "If you save and invest, you can be subject to as many as four different layers of tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00119-00043688-00044005": "that you don’t get hit with if you consume your income right away.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00120-00044005-00044405": "So obviously there’s a huge bias against savings and investment in the tax code, a", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00121-00044405-00044636": "huge bias in favor of consumption.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00122-00044636-00044770": "Why does this matter?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00123-00044770-00045212": "Because every single economic theory, even the Marxists and the Socialists would agree", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00124-00045212-00045508": "that you have to have capital formation for economic growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00125-00045508-00045955": "You have to set aside some of today’s income to finance tomorrow’s prosperity and yet", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00126-00045955-00046293": "our tax system treats people who do that almost like they were criminals.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00127-00046293-00046767": "Aaron Ross Powell: You mentioned earlier though that we – often we tax things that we want", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00128-00046767-00047136": "less of and we give tax breaks on things we want to encourage.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00129-00047136-00047568": "But it seems like saving and investing are things that unquestionably we want to encourage.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00130-00047568-00047733": "So why are we taxing them more?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00131-00047733-00048111": "Daniel Mitchell: Ah, that’s because who does the saving and investing?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00132-00048111-00048443": "Those evil, bad, awful, rich people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00133-00048443-00048886": "When you have a tax system that is so driven politically at least by a lot of the class", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00134-00048886-00049335": "warfare discussions, well, we can’t get rid of the death tax because only rich people", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00135-00049335-00049435": "pay that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00136-00049435-00049824": "We can’t get rid of the capital gains tax because that’s for the rich.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00137-00049824-00050158": "If you go through all the different debates and the discussions we’ve had about the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00138-00050158-00050691": "various forms of double taxation in our country, it largely is driven by class warfare.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00139-00050691-00050969": "The politicians want to collect a certain amount of money.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00140-00050969-00051184": "Who’s the easiest target?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00141-00051184-00051438": "Well, those evil, awful, bad, rich people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00142-00051438-00051758": "Aaron Ross Powell: I mean one of the common things we hear especially from people on the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00143-00051758-00052374": "left is that the rich, because they can get accountants who know all of the loopholes", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00144-00052374-00052889": "or because they’re politically connected, are paying much less tax than they ought to", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00145-00052889-00053126": "and they’re certainly not paying their fair share.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00146-00053126-00053416": "So [0:08:50] [Indiscernible] I mean we want the rich to pay their fair share, right?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00147-00053416-00053820": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, from a libertarian perspective, the fair share was that the law", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00148-00053820-00053953": "should treat everyone equally.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00149-00053953-00054245": "Well, what is it that’s [Indiscernible] about the Supreme Court equal justice under", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00150-00054245-00054345": "law?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00151-00054345-00054499": "To me, that’s just a flat tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00152-00054499-00054895": "Now of course as a libertarian, ultimately I would like to shrink the federal government.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00153-00054895-00055101": "So we didn’t need any broad-based tax whatsoever.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00154-00055101-00055473": "We got along just fine before 1913 without an income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00155-00055473-00055933": "But if we’re going to have an income tax, I do think it should treat everybody equally.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00156-00055933-00056342": "When you look at the treatment of rich people, it’s a bizarre combination.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00157-00056342-00056848": "The rich as defined by say the top 20 percent, top 10 percent, however you want to classify", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00158-00056848-00057179": "it, they do pay a disproportionate share of the tax burden.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00159-00057179-00057416": "Now it depends are you measuring just the income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00160-00057416-00057567": "Are you measuring all taxes?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00161-00057567-00058035": "But no matter how you slice it, the top 10 percent are paying way more than their share", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00162-00058035-00058436": "of income and they’re certainly paying a disproportionate share of the overall tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00163-00058436-00058754": "take and a huge share of just the income tax take.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00164-00058754-00059261": "Now that being said, the definition of taxable income matters a lot because when you’re", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00165-00059261-00059795": "measuring income, what happens is a lot of rich people, if they want to, they can just", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00166-00059795-00060113": "go into their financial accounts on a computer.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00167-00060113-00060601": "Within nanoseconds, they can change their entire investment portfolio to tax-free municipal", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00168-00060601-00060701": "bonds.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00169-00060701-00060927": "The federal government does not tax municipal bonds.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00170-00060927-00061454": "So you could be a billionaire and your federal income tax can be zero because all your investments", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00171-00061454-00061560": "are in municipal bonds.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00172-00061560-00061824": "So that’s one of the costs of high tax rates.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00173-00061824-00061939": "Go back say to the 1950s –", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00174-00061939-00062742": "Trevor Burrus: Is that why Warren Buffett paid a less rate than this secretary, that", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00175-00062742-00062860": "thing?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00176-00062860-00062982": "That was going around, Warren Buffett.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00177-00062982-00063179": "I paid a lower tax rate than my secretary.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00178-00063179-00063508": "Is it because she was paying income tax and he probably wasn’t?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00179-00063508-00063617": "Daniel Mitchell: No.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00180-00063617-00063990": "In that case it was because Warren Buffett was bad at math.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00181-00063990-00064328": "Actually, I don’t actually think he was bad at math.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00182-00064328-00064792": "I think he was just willing to make a political point and prevaricate a little bit because", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00183-00064792-00065196": "what Warren Buffett wasn’t counting, he was looking at – back then, we had the 15", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00184-00065196-00065508": "percent double tax on dividends and capital gains.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00185-00065508-00065649": "Warren Buffett was saying, “Oh, look at this.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00186-00065649-00066004": "I’m paying 15 percent and my secretary is paying –” whatever it was at the time,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00187-00066004-00066351": "25 or 28 percent and say, “Oh, my tax rate is lower.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00188-00066351-00066980": "Well, what Warren Buffett wasn’t including is the fact that that capital gains and dividend,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00189-00066980-00067405": "that was already taxed 35 percent of the federal level, not to mention there was a 40 percent", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00190-00067405-00067717": "death tax waiting at the backend.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00191-00067717-00068124": "So he was just being political and not being terribly honest.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00192-00068124-00068556": "But rich people, if they want to – I thought you were going to give the example of Ross", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00193-00068556-00068656": "Perot.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00194-00068656-00068985": "When he ran for president in 1992, he was saying, “Oh, my tax rate is very low.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00195-00068985-00069404": "Well, the reason his tax rates were very low, almost all his portfolio was municipal bonds.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00196-00069404-00069560": "The same thing with Teresa Heinz Kerry.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00197-00069560-00069839": "That came up a little bit in the 2004 campaign.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00198-00069839-00070252": "So rich people, if they want to, can choose to pay zero tax or they can put their entire", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00199-00070252-00070514": "portfolio in what are called growth stocks.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00200-00070514-00070634": "What are growth stocks?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00201-00070634-00070785": "Those are ones that don’t pay dividends.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00202-00070785-00071016": "Why would somebody buy a stock that doesn’t pay a dividend?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00203-00071016-00071254": "Because they expect that the stock is going to rise in value.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00204-00071254-00071380": "So it’s called a growth stock.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00205-00071380-00071745": "Well, the one thing the federal government hasn’t figured out how to do yet is to tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00206-00071745-00071902": "unrealized capital gains.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00207-00071902-00072360": "So if you’re a rich person, and you’re watching your fortune build up because you’ve", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00208-00072360-00072837": "bought stocks that are rising in value, until you sell those stocks, the government can’t", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00209-00072837-00073019": "impose any double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00210-00073019-00073306": "So they’re not getting any revenue.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00211-00073306-00073699": "So rich people, if they want to, if you push tax rates up to the levels we had in the 50s", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00212-00073699-00074120": "and 60s and 70s, they’re simply going to change their behavior in ways where the federal", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00213-00074120-00074243": "government doesn’t get any money.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00214-00074243-00074791": "Trevor Burrus: Can you expand on that, on how – the data that we have about how rich", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00215-00074791-00075048": "people change their behavior in response to the tax rate?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00216-00075048-00075287": "I know that has happened a lot in history.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00217-00075287-00075802": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, I think the most persuasive data is from the 1980s.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00218-00075802-00076267": "The IRS every year puts out something called the Statistics of Income Bulletin and if you’re", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00219-00076267-00076577": "a really wonky tax geek, it’s very fascinating reading.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00220-00076577-00077055": "You can see by income levels how much different people earn.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00221-00077055-00077383": "Not individual people but in terms of the aggregates.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00222-00077383-00077589": "How much did people over a million dollars make?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00223-00077589-00077783": "How much did people over $100,000 make?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00224-00077783-00078039": "How much did people between $30,000 and $40,000 make?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00225-00078039-00078139": "Not only that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00226-00078139-00078374": "You can see the sources of their income.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00227-00078374-00078636": "Was it wage and salary income?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00228-00078636-00078858": "Was it dividends, capital gains?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00229-00078858-00079032": "You can see what deductions they took.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00230-00079032-00079354": "How many people in different income classes took the home mortgage interest deduction?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00231-00079354-00079518": "And so on and so forth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00232-00079518-00079943": "So it’s a wealth of data but the one thing I notice as I went back and I looked at that", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00233-00079943-00080454": "data for 1980 – because that’s when we had a top income tax rate of 70 percent.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00234-00080454-00080911": "And you can look at the rich and that – traditionally at Washington, that gets defined as $200,000", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00235-00080911-00081011": "or above.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00236-00081011-00081446": "You look at the rich people in 1980 who were affected by the 70 percent top tax rate and", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00237-00081446-00081673": "you can see how much money they paid.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00238-00081673-00082037": "The IRS collected about $19 billion from those people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00239-00082037-00082508": "By 1988, Reagan had lowered the top tax rate all the way down to 28 percent.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00240-00082508-00082768": "A lot of our left wing friends said, “Oh, this is unfair.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00241-00082768-00082922": "The rich won’t pay anything.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00242-00082922-00083130": "The treasury is going to be starved of revenue.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00243-00083130-00083593": "Well, what does the Statistics of Income Bulletin from the IRS showed?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00244-00083593-00084247": "Rich people, again, making more than $200,000 a year or above, in 1988 at a 28 percent tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00245-00084247-00084525": "rate paid five times as much money to the treasury.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00246-00084525-00084781": "Now it’s not all because of the lower tax rate.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00247-00084781-00085132": "Some of it was because of inflation, population growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00248-00085132-00085370": "Who knows how many different factors were involved?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00249-00085370-00085483": "But there’s no question.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00250-00085483-00086011": "We had a steroid version of the Laffer curve going on in the 1980s because rich people", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00251-00086011-00086140": "decided, “Hey!", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00252-00086140-00086505": "At a 28 percent tax rate, I’m going to earn more income.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00253-00086505-00086656": "I’m going to – and this is critical.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00254-00086656-00087217": "I’m going to report more income and the IRS wound up getting a lot more money.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00255-00087217-00087674": "So if you want to soak the rich, keep tax rates reasonable so that they don’t have", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00256-00087674-00088393": "incentives to pile their money into municipal bonds and just do tax-motivated types of investing.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00257-00088393-00088527": "Aaron Ross Powell: You mentioned the Laffer curve.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00258-00088527-00088676": "Can you tell us what that is?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00259-00088676-00089081": "Daniel Mitchell: The Laffer curve is simply the notion that if you have a zero percent", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00260-00089081-00089410": "tax rate, the government is not going to collect anything.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00261-00089410-00089659": "If you have a 100 percent tax rate, well, guess what.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00262-00089659-00090029": "The government is probably not going to collect anything because outside of – unless you’re", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00263-00090029-00090358": "maybe a genetic communist, that the government is going to steal every penny you make.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00264-00090358-00090577": "You’re not going to make any money.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00265-00090577-00090976": "So the notion of the Laffer curve – and by the way, even Paul Krugman would agree", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00266-00090976-00091131": "that there’s a Laffer curve.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00267-00091131-00091552": "The whole debate on the Laffer curve is where – what’s the shape of the curve?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00268-00091552-00091964": "In other words, somewhere between zero and 100 percent is a tax rate that will maximize", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00269-00091964-00092064": "revenue.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00270-00092064-00092685": "Now by the way, I should stress I have zero interest in maximizing revenue for the government.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00271-00092685-00093163": "I want the tax rates set at the growth maximizing point, which is going to be a very, very low", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00272-00093163-00093589": "rate, which is necessary to finance the few legitimate functions of the federal government.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00273-00093589-00094217": "But the whole point is, is that the Laffer curve is simply an intuitive way telling people", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00274-00094217-00094526": "that hey, a hundred percent tax rate is going to be too high.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00275-00094526-00094783": "Ninety percent too high, eighty percent too high.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00276-00094783-00095095": "Maybe at 70 percent Paul Krugman raises his hand and says, “Oh yeah, I think that’s", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00277-00095095-00095195": "a good idea.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00278-00095195-00095710": "But most sensible people, you’re going to get down around 40, 30, 25 before they say,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00279-00095710-00096087": "“OK, that’s where you maximize revenue in the long run,” and then people who actually", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00280-00096087-00096438": "care about freedom and liberty and economic growth are going to say, “Oh, but let’s", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00281-00096438-00096816": "go down to a tax rate of five percent or ten percent because that’s what’s going to", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00282-00096816-00096933": "maximize growth and freedom.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00283-00096933-00097303": "Trevor Burrus: Has that changed a lot in the sense that – the kind of tax rates we have", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00284-00097303-00097906": "had in the past, 90 percent I think before Kennedy took office and 70 percent before", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00285-00097906-00098090": "Reagan took office.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00286-00098090-00098230": "Are those really discussed anymore?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00287-00098230-00098849": "Have we kind of won the battle for over 50 percent tax rates being a good idea?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00288-00098849-00099407": "Daniel Mitchell: I would like to say yes but at several times in my adult life, I thought", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00289-00099407-00099714": "we won the battle against Keynesian economics.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00290-00099714-00099886": "But it’s like a Freddy Krueger movie.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00291-00099886-00100282": "It comes out from the grave, whenever there’s a downturn and politicians have an excuse", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00292-00100282-00100605": "to spend money.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00293-00100605-00101098": "On the notion of very high tax rates, let me give you an example of why I’m worried.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00294-00101098-00101593": "This whole Thomas Piketty book, where he is explicitly arguing that you should have tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00295-00101593-00102170": "rates of 70, 80 percent and wealth taxes and death taxes and of course lots of double taxation", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00296-00102170-00102399": "on top of that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00297-00102399-00102854": "The Paul Krugman types of the world say before that – Obama has never been asked, “What", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00298-00102854-00103194": "do you think is the highest tax rate anybody should ever pay?”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00299-00103194-00103642": "But I wouldn’t be surprised if in his heart of hearts he thinks it should be way up at", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00300-00103642-00104036": "that level, because for every question he has ever asked, it could be a question about,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00301-00104036-00104366": "“What do you think of the sunny weather today?” he says the rich should pay more.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00302-00104366-00104615": "I’m exaggerating but only slightly.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00303-00104615-00105207": "So I do think that there are – on the left, we had made a lot of progress in the 1980s", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00304-00105207-00105622": "where they – we hadn’t won them over on the issue of double taxation but we had won", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00305-00105622-00105808": "them over on the issue of tax rates.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00306-00105808-00106265": "So you had Bradley and Gephardt and other sort of reasonable centrist democrats.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00307-00106265-00106766": "I mean even Bill Clinton sort of said, “Well, you don’t want tax rates to get up too high.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00308-00106766-00107344": "I’m not sure that Hilary Clinton or Barack Obama today would be able to pinpoint when", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00309-00107344-00107496": "tax rates get too high.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00310-00107496-00107838": "Aaron Ross Powell: Just to clarify something.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00311-00107838-00108058": "We talked about we have graduated income taxes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00312-00108058-00108514": "We’re talking about these really high rates, the 90 percent or the 70 percent.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00313-00108514-00108891": "Do we mean like if there was the 90 percent tax rate in the past, that people making a", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00314-00108891-00109344": "lot of money paid a full 90 percent of everything that they earned?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00315-00109344-00110048": "Daniel Mitchell: They paid 90 percent of their taxable income above wherever the income tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00316-00110048-00110224": "bracket kicked in.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00317-00110224-00110608": "But they didn’t earn and report nearly as much taxable income.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00318-00110608-00111115": "One of the reasons that Reagan supposedly became a supply-sider is that back when he", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00319-00111115-00111613": "was a movie star, he learned that if you made more than a certain number of movies a year,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00320-00111613-00112017": "there was no benefit because there probably weren’t that many effective tax shelters", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00321-00112017-00112267": "when you were a movie star.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00322-00112267-00112508": "So you get up to that 90 percent tax bracket.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00323-00112508-00112608": "What’s the point?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00324-00112608-00112989": "Aaron Ross Powell: We see that when professional athletes, free agents, will sign a – for", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00325-00112989-00113590": "a lower amount in a low tax state because it comes out to more than a much bigger contract", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00326-00113590-00113690": "in a higher tax state.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00327-00113690-00114065": "Trevor Burrus: But is that something that people really do?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00328-00114065-00114502": "Some people would be thinking, OK, look, you say – we talked 70 percent of your income", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00329-00114502-00114690": "above $300,000 a year.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00330-00114690-00115319": "Well, if you’re a salaried employee, you don’t have the ability to stop working on", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00331-00115319-00115419": "whatever, November.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00332-00115419-00115864": "Yeah, and just be like, well, the rest of my year is going to the federal government.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00333-00115864-00116013": "So I’m going to go to Tahiti.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00334-00116013-00116201": "That’s not how salaried employees work.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00335-00116201-00116703": "So does that kind of dissuading actually come in for people who aren’t hourly employees", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00336-00116703-00116830": "or picking up work on …", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00337-00116830-00117003": "Aaron Ross Powell: Well, it’s not just that you would stop working.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00338-00117003-00117457": "It’s that – I mean even at 90 percent, you’re still taking home 10 percent of that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00339-00117457-00117901": "So if your boss says, “Hey, I would like to give you a raise,” I mean even 10 percent", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00340-00117901-00118242": "of that raise getting kept is better than not taking the raise, right?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00341-00118242-00118648": "Daniel Mitchell: This is something, when I first got involved in tax issues, I confess", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00342-00118648-00119005": "I wondered about too because I was getting my salary.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00343-00119005-00119105": "OK.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00344-00119105-00119458": "Well, if my tax rate goes up, I’m not going to be happy.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00345-00119458-00119573": "What am I going to do?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00346-00119573-00119673": "My tax rate goes down.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00347-00119673-00119773": "I’m going to be happy.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00348-00119773-00120225": "But it’s not like I’m going to type faster when I’m writing a paper about fiscal policy.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00349-00120225-00120480": "But here’s the thing I eventually learned.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00350-00120480-00120875": "The rich are not the same as the rest of us or at least not the same as me.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00351-00120875-00121305": "Maybe you two are millionaires and you should be buying me dinner every night.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00352-00121305-00121794": "But if you look at – again, that same IRS Statistics of Income Bulleting that I talked", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00353-00121794-00122276": "about, you look at that data and what you find is that rich people don’t rely on wage", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00354-00122276-00122411": "and salary income.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00355-00122411-00122839": "For those making more than a million dollars every year, two-thirds of their income is", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00356-00122839-00123326": "from business and investments and when you get business and investment income, guess", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00357-00123326-00123426": "what.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00358-00123426-00123745": "You do have a lot of control over the timing, level and composition of your income.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00359-00123745-00123976": "So you can decide, OK, it’s November.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00360-00123976-00124158": "I’m going to go to Tahiti.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00361-00124158-00124555": "Now, I can’t decide that working for Cato, not to mention the fact that the people on", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00362-00124555-00124780": "the seventh floor might say, “Where’s Dan Mitchell?”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00363-00124780-00125255": "But it doesn’t save me anything on taxes because OK, I got the salary and certain amounts", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00364-00125255-00125623": "being taken out by the IRS and I don’t have any flexibility.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00365-00125623-00126039": "But if you’re one of these people making over a million – or heck, over $10 million,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00366-00126039-00126467": "81percent of your income – the last time I checked anyhow and I can’t imagine it", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00367-00126467-00126789": "would have changed – is from non-wage and salary sources.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00368-00126789-00127175": "So you’re one of those people who can get on to your computer to your financial accounts", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00369-00127175-00127359": "and invest in municipal bonds.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00370-00127359-00128028": "If you have business income, you have tremendous ability to accelerate and defer and then re-characterize", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00371-00128028-00128494": "and you can decide, OK, I’m going to take this pile of money and invest it rather than", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00372-00128494-00128879": "declare it as income, which by the way is a perfectly legitimate thing to do because", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00373-00128879-00129273": "if it’s being invested, it’s no longer income going to you but the point is that", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00374-00129273-00129446": "you have all the flexibility.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00375-00129446-00129958": "So yes, you can respond in a very significant way to changes in tax policy and it really", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00376-00129958-00130310": "has a big effect on savings and investment decisions for the economy.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00377-00130310-00130726": "Aaron Ross Powell: So far most of what we discussed has been stuff that’s bad for", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00378-00130726-00130890": "rich people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00379-00130890-00131595": "But does the tax code, the high level of taxes, those 75,000 pages, harm low-income Americans", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00380-00131595-00131695": "as well?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00381-00131695-00132120": "Daniel Mitchell: Low-income Americans don’t really pay federal income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00382-00132120-00132487": "A matter of fact, they get a wage subsidy called the earned income credit through the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00383-00132487-00132587": "federal income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00384-00132587-00132895": "So it’s like a negative tax for them.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00385-00132895-00133340": "For lower middle income and middle income people, they’re by and large wage and salary", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00386-00133340-00133440": "people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00387-00133440-00133704": "So a lot of them can file like a 1040EZ.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00388-00133704-00133983": "It’s not overly complicated for them.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00389-00133983-00134416": "It probably does cost them stress and anxiety because even if you have a simple tax return,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00390-00134416-00134572": "people just tend to get very nervous.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00391-00134572-00134700": "Well, am I missing something?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00392-00134700-00134937": "Is the IRS going to come after me?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00393-00134937-00135532": "So even people like that will go to H&R Block or TurboTax or something like that just because", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00394-00135532-00135799": "they’re nervous about what the tax system holds for them.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00395-00135799-00136326": "I would say the main reason that lower and middle income people are hurt by the tax code", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00396-00136326-00136750": "is not what’s happening to them in terms of their direct tax liability.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00397-00136750-00137323": "It’s what’s happening to the economy in terms of long range economic growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00398-00137323-00137882": "It seems like the economy grows three percent next year instead of two percent or two percent", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00399-00137882-00137982": "instead of three percent.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00400-00137982-00138469": "We don’t think of that as being a big thing and actually if we’re planning on dying", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00401-00138469-00138598": "next year, it’s not a big thing.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00402-00138598-00139057": "We probably wouldn’t notice the change to our living standards if the economy grew two", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00403-00139057-00139280": "versus three or three versus two.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00404-00139280-00139832": "But when you go out a couple of decades and with the power of compounding, it makes an", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00405-00139832-00139932": "enormous difference.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00406-00139932-00140367": "If the economy grows say one percent a year – let’s say you’re France or Italy.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00407-00140367-00140521": "You’re growing one percent a year.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00408-00140521-00140807": "It takes you 70 years to double your GDP.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00409-00140807-00141259": "On the other hand, if you have 3.5 percent growth, which is what America almost averaged", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00410-00141259-00141621": "from much of our nation’s history, you double your GDP in 20 years.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00411-00141621-00142071": "Now think about it from the perspective of a lower income person.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00412-00142071-00142341": "You’re not comfortable.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00413-00142341-00142602": "You have to work every day or at least five days a week.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00414-00142602-00143001": "You can’t really afford to take a lot of breaks.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00415-00143001-00143522": "If your economy is growing one percent a year, 20 years down the road, that’s an enormous", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00416-00143522-00143846": "difference versus an economy growing three or four percent a year.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00417-00143846-00144262": "So I think we don’t appreciate how important economic growth is.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00418-00144262-00144534": "I sometimes use examples of this.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00419-00144534-00144808": "If you go back to 1964 – and this staggers people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00420-00144808-00144972": "I didn’t believe it when I first saw it.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00421-00144972-00145073": "But I checked the numbers.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00422-00145073-00145258": "You go back to 1964.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00423-00145258-00145617": "Singapore and Jamaica had the same level of per capita GDP.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00424-00145617-00145788": "Trevor Burrus: Singapore and Jamaica.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00425-00145788-00145888": "Daniel Mitchell: Singapore and Jamaica.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00426-00145888-00145988": "Trevor Burrus: Wow.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00427-00145988-00146385": "Daniel Mitchell: And now Singapore is well above the United States and their per capital", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00428-00146385-00146696": "GDP is something like 15 times as high as Jamaica.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00429-00146696-00146796": "Why?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00430-00146796-00147213": "It’s simply the difference of compounding of five to six percent economic growth year", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00431-00147213-00147675": "after year versus one to two percent economic growth year after year.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00432-00147675-00148163": "So when I think lower and middle income people and I think about the tax code, I think about", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00433-00148163-00148657": "the fact that we are shooting ourselves in the foot with high tax rates and double taxation", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00434-00148657-00148828": "and that’s slowing down our rate of growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00435-00148828-00149252": "Even though in an advanced, mature, industrial economy like ours, it might only be the difference", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00436-00149252-00149533": "between 3.5 percent growth and 2.5 percent growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00437-00149533-00149880": "In the long run, it adds up to a lot for people’s living standards.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00438-00149880-00150358": "Trevor Burrus: Is that data pretty clear in the sense that – we look at a place like", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00439-00150358-00150769": "Scandinavia where there’s lower growth rates but higher taxes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00440-00150769-00151326": "I mean is it a pretty open-and-shut case that higher taxes kill growth rates and higher", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00441-00151326-00151671": "government spending is not good for growing the economy?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00442-00151671-00151840": "Is that a pretty open-and-shut case?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00443-00151840-00152171": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, I think it’s an open-and-shut case.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00444-00152171-00152397": "But here’s the reality of it.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00445-00152397-00152849": "If you look at the – say the Economic Freedom of the World index published by Fraser in", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00446-00152849-00153292": "conjunction with Cato and other think tanks around the world, you will notice that they", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00447-00153292-00153722": "have five major categories for what determines a nation’s prosperity.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00448-00153722-00154076": "Fiscal policy is only one of them and it only counts 20 percent of your grade.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00449-00154076-00154279": "You also have rule of law and property rights.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00450-00154279-00154700": "You have trade policy, regulation policy and monetary policy.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00451-00154700-00155428": "So if you’re Sweden or Denmark, you get a very bad score on fiscal policy.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00452-00155428-00155653": "But you get a very high score on the other categories.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00453-00155653-00156110": "As a matter of fact, countries like Denmark usually score above America on these non-fiscal", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00454-00156110-00156234": "policy measures.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00455-00156234-00156603": "So I think that Sweden and Denmark and some of these other Nordic nations, I think they’re", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00456-00156603-00156900": "hurting themselves with high tax rates and a big welfare state.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00457-00156900-00157120": "But they tend to be very free market in other areas.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00458-00157120-00157284": "Now it’s still hurting them.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00459-00157284-00157763": "If you go back to 1970, Sweden was one of the richest countries in the world, in the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00460-00157763-00158060": "top five.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00461-00158060-00158386": "Maybe in some cases top 10, depending on who’s doing the measuring.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00462-00158386-00158807": "Well now Sweden has dropped about 15 places, not because they’re poor today than they", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00463-00158807-00159271": "were in 1970 but because they’ve been growing two percent a year and other countries have", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00464-00159271-00159622": "– like Hong Kong and Singapore five to six percent a year.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00465-00159622-00159870": "But other countries, say three to four percent a year.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00466-00159870-00160467": "So you will slowly fall behind other countries once you adopt the big government, the high", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00467-00160467-00160636": "taxes, the welfare state.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00468-00160636-00161008": "Now I will say at least Sweden and Denmark did it right.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00469-00161008-00161167": "They did the wrong thing in the right way.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00470-00161167-00161624": "They got rich first when government was small and then they adopted the welfare state.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00471-00161624-00162027": "Now if you’re already rich and you adopt the welfare state and you start growing only", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00472-00162027-00162472": "one to two percent a year, compared to three to four percent a year, well, you’re a rich", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00473-00162472-00162572": "country.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00474-00162572-00162872": "It’s still nice to live in Sweden and Denmark.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00475-00162872-00163091": "They’re very civilized places.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00476-00163091-00163428": "They have actually better rule of law and property rights than we have in America.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00477-00163428-00163791": "It might get a little bit cold in the winter but no one is going to complain about living", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00478-00163791-00164241": "in Sweden and Denmark if your other choice is to live in Paraguay or Botswana.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00479-00164241-00164784": "Trevor Burrus: You mentioned previously – I think it was related to this or it might be", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00480-00164784-00164995": "just an entirely different topic.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00481-00164995-00165442": "In terms of growth and you mentioned the corporate tax rate, which you called “double taxation”.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00482-00165442-00165974": "So now as we hear about the corporate tax rate being either extremely high for America,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00483-00165974-00166530": "which is bad for growth – one of the highest in the world, if not the highest in the world.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00484-00166530-00167063": "Other people have argued that the corporate tax rate maybe shouldn’t even exist at all.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00485-00167063-00167300": "How does that – what is your take on corporate taxation?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00486-00167300-00167764": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, the bad news is that we do have the highest corporate tax rate", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00487-00167764-00167864": "in the world.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00488-00167864-00168030": "Trevor Burrus: That’s taxing the profits of corporation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00489-00168030-00168205": "Daniel Mitchell: Taxing the profits of corporation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00490-00168205-00168545": "Some people sometimes say, “Well, no, no, it’s really the United Arab Emirates.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00491-00168545-00168861": "But that’s a tax only – it’s only a severance tax on oil companies.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00492-00168861-00169361": "If you have a – some regular company, there’s zero percent corporate income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00493-00169361-00169565": "So we have the highest corporate income tax in the world.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00494-00169565-00169828": "We used to be second but Japan lowered their rate.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00495-00169828-00170385": "That’s a bad thing unquestionably because corporations are mobile.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00496-00170385-00170847": "Corporate investment, business investment, it can cross borders relatively simply.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00497-00170847-00171170": "But then of course we compound the damage of the high corporate tax rate because we", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00498-00171170-00171567": "then double tax dividends and capital gains and of course I already mentioned we have", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00499-00171567-00171815": "the death tax on top of that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00500-00171815-00172433": "Now, having said that, assuming you have an income tax, I do think business income should", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00501-00172433-00172533": "be taxed.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00502-00172533-00172737": "But I think it should be taxed only one time.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00503-00172737-00172848": "So you can make a choice.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00504-00172848-00173391": "Well, do you tax that income one time at the level of the company or do you follow it to", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00505-00173391-00173766": "shareholders and tax it one time at the level of the shareholder?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00506-00173766-00174210": "Administratively speaking, it’s easier to tax the company rather than track down in", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00507-00174210-00174496": "some cases hundreds of thousands of shareholders.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00508-00174496-00174655": "But you could do it either way.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00509-00174655-00175159": "But don’t do it both ways and whatever way you choose to do it, have the rate be competitive", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00510-00175159-00175259": "and low.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00511-00175259-00175678": "Aaron Ross Powell: While we’re on the topic of corporations who can move, can shift to", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00512-00175678-00175999": "countries that have lower taxes, one of the things you’ve written about in the past", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00513-00175999-00176109": "is tax competition.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00514-00176109-00176751": "Daniel Mitchell: Tax competition is simply the notion that especially in a globalized", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00515-00176751-00177341": "economy, labor and capital, jobs and investment can cross national borders.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00516-00177341-00177936": "I think this really kicked off in a big way back about 1980 when Reagan and Thatcher cut", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00517-00177936-00178153": "individual income tax rates.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00518-00178153-00178597": "You saw a change in global investment and migration patterns.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00519-00178597-00178991": "But then it really began to also take effect on corporate taxes where Ireland deserves", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00520-00178991-00179091": "a lot of credit.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00521-00179091-00179427": "They used to have a corporate tax rate way up at 50 percent.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00522-00179427-00179769": "Then they lowered it to this bifurcated 30 and 10 system.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00523-00179769-00180104": "The European Union said, “Oh, that’s unfair to have a bifurcated system.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00524-00180104-00180383": "So Ireland sort of stuck a finger in their eye and said, “OK.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00525-00180383-00180733": "We will just have one low rate for everything of 12.5 percent.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00526-00180733-00181142": "You saw big benefits for Ireland with that and other countries were forced not only to", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00527-00181142-00181517": "lower their individual income tax rates because of Reagan and Thatcher, but they were forced", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00528-00181517-00181991": "to lower their corporate income tax rates because of Ireland and then heck, it’s even", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00529-00181991-00182376": "applied to things like dividend taxes and capital gains taxes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00530-00182376-00183076": "Because if you’re a well-to-do investor in Europe and you’re being taxed at very", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00531-00183076-00183338": "high rates and being double taxed, what are you going to do?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00532-00183338-00183763": "You’re going to move your investments to Switzerland or Luxembourg or Miami or Cayman", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00533-00183763-00183892": "or something like that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00534-00183892-00184090": "So countries had to lower their double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00535-00184090-00184416": "A lot of countries got rid of their wealth taxes, the death taxes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00536-00184416-00184925": "Heck, the richest person in Sweden had moved to Switzerland, the head of IKEA, the founder", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00537-00184925-00185026": "of IKEA.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00538-00185026-00185126": "And guess what.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00539-00185126-00185432": "Sweden recently got rid of their death tax and wealth tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00540-00185432-00185571": "He moved back.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00541-00185571-00185980": "So that’s just an example with one person where it makes a difference in terms of what", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00542-00185980-00186130": "your tax policy is.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00543-00186130-00186634": "So I think tax competition is a very important liberalizing force in the global economy because", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00544-00186634-00186817": "it sort of handcuffs politicians.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00545-00186817-00187269": "It tells them you may want to rape and pillage rich people but guess what.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00546-00187269-00187670": "The geese that laid the golden eggs can fly away if you’re mistreating them too much.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00547-00187670-00188311": "I think what we saw from 1980 until about end of last decade was a very positive cycle", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00548-00188311-00188471": "of tax competition.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00549-00188471-00188987": "What worries me now is operating through international bureaucracies like the OECD.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00550-00188987-00189391": "High tax governments have gotten together to try to constrain tax competition.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00551-00189391-00189636": "They want to create something akin to an OPEC for politicians.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00552-00189636-00189988": "Trevor Burrus: I’ve heard you often say that one of the most important characteristics", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00553-00189988-00190199": "of a tax code is that it’s neutral.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00554-00190199-00190430": "What do you mean by it being neutral?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00555-00190430-00190829": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, I suppose I should first say there’s no such thing as a neutral", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00556-00190829-00191171": "tax code because if you’re going to tax people for earning income, you’re obviously", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00557-00191171-00191602": "changing the tradeoff between labor and leisure.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00558-00191602-00192121": "That being said, you should minimize the distortions in the tax code so that you are as close to", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00559-00192121-00192232": "neutral as possible.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00560-00192232-00192449": "Now we already talked about double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00561-00192449-00192577": "Well, what’s that about?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00562-00192577-00193017": "It’s about creating neutrality between income that’s consumed today and income that’s", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00563-00193017-00193117": "consumed in the future.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00564-00193117-00193497": "That’s why you want to get rid of double taxation on saving and investing.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00565-00193497-00193886": "But you also want neutrality in the sense that you don’t want politicians saying,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00566-00193886-00194199": "“OK, if you earn money as a carpenter, you have zero tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00567-00194199-00194502": "If you earn money as a plumber, you get taxed 50 percent.”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00568-00194502-00194764": "Trevor Burrus: We have way too many carpenters then.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00569-00194764-00195066": "Daniel Mitchell: That’s a hypothetical example of a distortion.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00570-00195066-00195672": "But in that 75,000-page tax code, we have lots of real world examples of distortions.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00571-00195672-00196144": "Sometimes these distortions are very technical, dealing with the so-called depreciation schedule", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00572-00196144-00196510": "for one type of business investment versus another type of business investment.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00573-00196510-00196982": "Sometimes it’s distortion as I said in the form of double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00574-00196982-00197345": "Sometimes it’s – well, actually, one of the worst and biggest distortions and absence", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00575-00197345-00197730": "of neutrality in the tax code is the healthcare exclusion.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00576-00197730-00198240": "If you had Michael Cannon or Mike Tanner here, they would wax poetic about how this causes", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00577-00198240-00198725": "a third party payment – payer problem because people have this artificial incentive to get", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00578-00198725-00199126": "as much of their compensation as possible in the form of tax-free fringe benefits.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00579-00199126-00199516": "That has messed up the healthcare system in addition of course to Medicare and Medicaid", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00580-00199516-00199684": "and other government interventions.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00581-00199684-00200241": "But you want neutrality because you want – if you want growth and prosperity, you want people", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00582-00200241-00200721": "making decisions on the basis of what makes economic sense, not on the basis of what minimizes", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00583-00200721-00200850": "their tax bill.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00584-00200850-00201174": "But if you have high tax rates at a complicated system, guess what.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00585-00201174-00201491": "That’s what people are going to focus on, at least to some degree.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00586-00201491-00201750": "Aaron Ross Powell: Would a flat tax be better than what we have now?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00587-00201750-00202162": "Daniel Mitchell: It would be infinitely better than we have right now because everyone thinks", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00588-00202162-00202565": "the flat tax is about having a low rate and yes, that’s part of it.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00589-00202565-00203130": "But really the biggest part of the flat tax is neutrality because it gets rid of not only", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00590-00203130-00203285": "all the double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00591-00203285-00203708": "But it also gets rid of all the loopholes, preferences, deductions, credits, exemptions", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00592-00203708-00203858": "and so on and so forth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00593-00203858-00204346": "So obviously if you have some type of income tax with a rate above zero, it’s not going", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00594-00204346-00204523": "to be perfectly neutral.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00595-00204523-00204973": "But for whatever amount of money the government is going to raise, the flat tax does it in", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00596-00204973-00205529": "the least damaging, least distortionary, most neutral way possible, which of course is why", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00597-00205529-00205887": "politicians don’t like it because they like having that power.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00598-00205887-00206332": "I mean the whole reason politicians spend their lives in Congress trying to get on the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00599-00206332-00206740": "Ways and Means and Finance Committees is because you don’t even have to hold fundraisers.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00600-00206740-00206916": "Lobbyists come up where they throw checks at you.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00601-00206916-00207273": "PACS [0:34:29] [Phonetic] seek you out to give you money, whereas if you’re on the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00602-00207273-00207589": "post office and Civil Service Committee, nobody cares about you.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00603-00207589-00208176": "Well, the reason that those tax rating committees are so powerful is because we have this complicated", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00604-00208176-00208827": "but very important, very intrusive, 75,000-page tax code.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00605-00208827-00209162": "You get rid of that, replace it with a flat tax and guess what.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00606-00209162-00209435": "Ways and Means and Finance turn it to harmless oversight committees.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00607-00209435-00209928": "Trevor Burrus: I’ve heard too sometimes libertarians talk about – economists in", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00608-00209928-00210288": "general but a consumption tax would be better.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00609-00210288-00210602": "What is a consumption tax and would that be better than an income tax?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00610-00210602-00211148": "Daniel Mitchell: A consumption tax is simply any tax system that doesn’t double tax savings", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00611-00211148-00211248": "and investment.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00612-00211248-00211588": "Now normally we think a consumption tax is something that you pay at the cash register,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00613-00211588-00211719": "like a national sales tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00614-00211719-00212088": "Well, that is a consumption tax because there’s no double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00615-00212088-00212383": "A value-added tax, you don’t pay it at the cash register.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00616-00212383-00212767": "It’s paid at each stage of the production process but it’s the consumption tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00617-00212767-00212867": "Why?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00618-00212867-00212967": "Because there’s no double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00619-00212967-00213183": "The flat tax is a consumption tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00620-00213183-00213283": "Why?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00621-00213283-00213790": "Well, it has sort of a vaguely similar approach to our current tax system that you file an", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00622-00213790-00214167": "annual tax return to be a postcard instead of a thousand different forms.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00623-00214167-00214453": "But it’s the consumption tax because there’s no double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00624-00214453-00214877": "So what a consumption tax really means – because that’s a public finance term.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00625-00214877-00215306": "What it really means is simply a tax system where income is taxed only one time.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00626-00215306-00215450": "Now why is that consumption?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00627-00215450-00215963": "Because over your life cycle, the amount you earn tends to be the amount that you spend.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00628-00215963-00216077": "So it’s a consumption tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00629-00216077-00216283": "Now some people say, “Well, hold on a second.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00630-00216283-00216421": "What if you leave some money to your kids?”", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00631-00216421-00216598": "Well, your kids are going to consume that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00632-00216598-00217044": "So at some point, any income you earn is going to get consumed and if you tax that income", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00633-00217044-00217342": "only one time, you’re taxing consumption one time.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00634-00217342-00217717": "Aaron Ross Powell: Among the consumption, the kinds of consumption taxes, what do you", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00635-00217717-00218066": "think of a national sales tax or a value-added tax?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00636-00218066-00218407": "Daniel Mitchell: If – this is a giant “if”.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00637-00218407-00218928": "If we could take the Sixteenth Amendment, repeal it, and replace it with something so", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00638-00218928-00219362": "ironclad that even Ruth Bader Ginsburg and John Roberts couldn’t decide an income tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00639-00219362-00219596": "was ever constitutional again, yes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00640-00219596-00220098": "A national sales tax or a value-added tax would be better than our current system just", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00641-00220098-00220329": "like a flat tax is better than our current system.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00642-00220329-00220906": "They’re all in theory low rate, neutral, no-double taxation tax systems.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00643-00220906-00221454": "The reason I tend to be especially suspicious of a value-added tax is because most politicians", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00644-00221454-00221915": "who talk about the VAT, they’re talking about adding it on top of the income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00645-00221915-00222075": "Well, what do you get there?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00646-00222075-00222277": "You simply give the government more money to spend.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00647-00222277-00222752": "I think that’s one of the reasons why when Europe adopted the VATs in the late 60s, early", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00648-00222752-00223165": "70s, I think it led to an expansion in the size of government.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00649-00223165-00223584": "I’m very glad we don’t have a VAT because I suspect our politicians would do the same", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00650-00223584-00223684": "thing.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00651-00223684-00223821": "Trevor Burrus: Do you see that’s a real possibility though?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00652-00223821-00224112": "Does that come up in a serious way?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00653-00224112-00224421": "Is it something you fear on having a VAT within 20 years, 30 years?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00654-00224421-00224944": "Daniel Mitchell: I view that as the Armageddon battle of fiscal policy and I do think it", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00655-00224944-00225135": "will take place sometime soon.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00656-00225135-00225628": "As a matter of fact, I’m actually afraid it’s more likely to come about when Republicans", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00657-00225628-00226040": "are in office because if you’re a Republican especially if you sort of tend to be a big", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00658-00226040-00226421": "government Republican, you’re looking at the corporate income tax and you’re looking", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00659-00226421-00226612": "at our current income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00660-00226612-00226737": "You have some vague understanding.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00661-00226737-00226925": "Boy, this system is kind of anti-growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00662-00226925-00227342": "But you’re also thinking because you’re not a committed small government person.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00663-00227342-00227659": "Well, we do need to raise more money because we have all this Medicaid and Medicare and", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00664-00227659-00228104": "ObamaCare and social security spending and the baby boom generation retiring.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00665-00228104-00228429": "So boy, we want to raise more money but we don’t want to do it with this tax system", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00666-00228429-00228590": "that we already have that’s very bad for growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00667-00228590-00228994": "So let’s put in this other tax system because somewhere I thought I heard somebody telling", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00668-00228994-00229242": "me that consumption taxes aren’t as bad for growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00669-00229242-00229342": "OK.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00670-00229342-00229442": "That’s right.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00671-00229442-00229583": "They’re not as bad for growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00672-00229583-00229769": "But that doesn’t mean that they’re good for growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00673-00229769-00229955": "They’re just not as bad for growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00674-00229955-00230446": "When you add them on top of a system that’s already very anti-growth, well, then you become", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00675-00230446-00230546": "France.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00676-00230546-00230994": "Aaron Ross Powell: It seems like a national sales tax or value-added tax would be particularly", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00677-00230994-00231546": "harmful to lower income Americans though because right now, they’re not paying much of anything", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00678-00231546-00231763": "in federal income tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00679-00231763-00232617": "But they also spend a huge chunk of their income on retail goods, on food, on various", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00680-00232617-00233009": "things that would suddenly cost a lot more whether they’re paying a higher sales tax", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00681-00233009-00233304": "or the cost was baked into the retail price.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00682-00233304-00233819": "Daniel Mitchell: Yeah, that unfortunately is why democrats have been a little bit hesitant", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00683-00233819-00233940": "about pushing a VAT.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00684-00233940-00234392": "I mean I think most democrats at the end of the day will want the VAT because they’re", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00685-00234392-00234687": "going to want to – they’re not going to want to reform entitlements and something", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00686-00234687-00234802": "is going to have to give.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00687-00234802-00235098": "So they will decide, OK, let’s get this new source of revenue.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00688-00235098-00235603": "But they’re reluctant or at least they express reluctance because they say they don’t want", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00689-00235603-00235911": "poor people and lower middle income people being subject to tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00690-00235911-00236425": "Now, the people who propose the national sales tax as a replacement for the income tax and", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00691-00236425-00236831": "those are people I actually view as allies, they have something called a “prebate”.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00692-00236831-00237212": "Now it’s called a “prebate” because the government would send a check to households", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00693-00237212-00237942": "once a month based on projected sales tax revenue on spending up to the poverty line.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00694-00237942-00238385": "That would in effect be sort of like the family-based allowance that we have in the current system", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00695-00238385-00238678": "or the family-based allowance that’s in the flat tax.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00696-00238678-00239014": "So everyone gets to earn a certain amount of money to keep hearth and home together", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00697-00239014-00239164": "before taxes kick in.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00698-00239164-00239565": "If you have a national sales tax, you can only really do it through a prebate system.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00699-00239565-00239946": "Under a value-added tax system in Europe, they don’t really have anything to protect", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00700-00239946-00240083": "low income people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00701-00240083-00240458": "So if you’re one of these – in one of these countries like Denmark or Sweden, where", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00702-00240458-00240834": "the value-added tax is 25 percent, it’s hidden from you.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00703-00240834-00241162": "You don’t know you’re paying that much because you never see it on a sales register,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00704-00241162-00241373": "a receipt or anything like that.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00705-00241373-00241808": "But boy, does that have a negative effect on living standards for everybody, but of", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00706-00241808-00242119": "course it’s especially hard-hitting for people with low incomes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00707-00242119-00242465": "Trevor Burrus: So what does the ideal tax policy look like then?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00708-00242465-00242976": "A lot of these that we’ve thrown out, it needs to be neutral and not double taxation.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00709-00242976-00243486": "And other than not wanting that much taxation and in terms of policy, what is the best way", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00710-00243486-00243709": "to run any size of government with taxation?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00711-00243709-00244196": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, as I said, in my fantasy world, we have the central government back", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00712-00244196-00244584": "where the founding fathers envisioned, where you don’t need any broad-based tax, whatsoever.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00713-00244584-00244958": "But my fantasies usually don’t come true, I’m sad to say.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00714-00244958-00245480": "So if we have anything even approaching the current government we have now or God forbid", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00715-00245480-00245871": "the Leviathan that’s sort of baked into the cake because of poorly-designed entitlements", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00716-00245871-00246679": "and demographic change, some sort of lowest possible rate, consumption-based tax is the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00717-00246679-00247316": "least damaging way of raising any particular amount of money you’re trying to raise.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00718-00247316-00247919": "Now obviously if you have a government like France that’s consuming 57 percent of GDP,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00719-00247919-00248210": "that’s still going to be a very damaging tax system.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00720-00248210-00248694": "On the other hand, if you’re Hong Kong and your government is consuming 18 percent of", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00721-00248694-00249223": "GDP, well, then you can probably raise money without having it – have too much of a negative", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00722-00249223-00249323": "effect on growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00723-00249323-00249744": "Trevor Burrus: So you would be looking to the lowest one where you’re balancing the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00724-00249744-00250192": "budget [0:41:37] [Indiscernible] revenues over time even if it’s 57 percent of GDP.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00725-00250192-00250442": "But that’s still going to hurt growth, as you were saying.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00726-00250442-00250790": "Like that – to balance those revenues would be – would still hurt growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00727-00250790-00250917": "Daniel Mitchell: Yes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00728-00250917-00251319": "Well, for several reasons, first of all, government spending in it of itself hurts growth because", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00729-00251319-00251729": "you’re diverting resources from the productive sector of the economy and usually when governments", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00730-00251729-00252088": "are spending money, they’re doing things like subsidizing people for not working.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00731-00252088-00252523": "So a lot of government spending – maybe not physical as human capital spending.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00732-00252523-00252967": "The economic evidence on that tends to be more mixed but transferring consumption spending", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00733-00252967-00253476": "as public finance economists categorize these things, those types of outlays definitely", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00734-00253476-00253954": "have a negative effect on the economy, even if tax revenues sort of floated down from", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00735-00253954-00254054": "heaven.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00736-00254054-00254165": "You didn’t have to have a tax code.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00737-00254165-00254434": "That type of government spending would still be bad for growth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00738-00254434-00254812": "But then in the real world, because money doesn’t float down from heaven, at least", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00739-00254812-00255450": "not that – it has never come into my pockets, when you have a tax code, well, it’s simply", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00740-00255450-00255838": "a question of how much damage you’re doing on top of the damage caused by the government", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00741-00255838-00255938": "spending.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00742-00255938-00256479": "If you have the lowest possible rate, consumption-based tax – and of course in France it would still", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00743-00256479-00256627": "be a very high rate.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00744-00256627-00257017": "But if you try to raise revenue in the least damaging way, well then the additional damage", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00745-00257017-00257502": "on top of the damage caused by the government spending is going to be X whereas if you raise", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00746-00257502-00257967": "your tax system with a class warfare tax code with lots of double taxation, then the economic", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00747-00257967-00258162": "damage might be 3X or 4X.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00748-00258162-00258535": "Trevor Burrus: In 1986, we had this – we mentioned a couple of times.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00749-00258535-00259328": "We had a very good reform that turned – I think it was like 14 tax brackets into 2 basically,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00750-00259328-00259428": "right?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00751-00259428-00259635": "Twenty-eight percent and 14 percent is the top rate.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00752-00259635-00259965": "Now, it has been creeping up in different ways with George H.W.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00753-00259965-00260410": "Bush and now we’re sitting at about 39 percent or so.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00754-00260410-00260960": "We have books like the Piketty book and we have national debt of substantial size and", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00755-00260960-00261460": "we have this idea of a coming social security entitlements crisis and like a loss of the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00756-00261460-00262036": "consensus possibly that low taxes are good and always more and more spending, the possibility", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00757-00262036-00262170": "of a VAT.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00758-00262170-00262389": "So are you – what are you going to see?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00759-00262389-00262600": "What are we going to see in the next 10, 20 years?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00760-00262600-00263193": "Are you expecting a real push for higher taxes because of the – where the left is moving,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00761-00263193-00263572": "a real push from a revenue where all these things is – is it going to get worse before", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00762-00263572-00263672": "it gets better?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00763-00263672-00263830": "Aaron Ross Powell: Or is it just going to keep getting worse?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00764-00263830-00263930": "Trevor Burrus: Yeah.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00765-00263930-00264330": "Daniel Mitchell: Well, if I had to bet money, I think it will keep getting worse.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00766-00264330-00264736": "Like a lot of libertarians, I tend to sometimes be dour and pessimistic about – because", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00767-00264736-00265102": "you just look at the public choice incentives of politicians to make government bigger and", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00768-00265102-00265202": "bigger.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00769-00265202-00265598": "But on an operational day to day basis, I try to be optimistic because I do think there", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00770-00265598-00266233": "is still a streak of independence and libertarian type thinking among the American people.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00771-00266233-00266679": "You look at these cross-country polls where they ask people, “Is it government’s responsibility", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00772-00266679-00266963": "to give you a job, a house?” and so on and so forth.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00773-00266963-00267413": "Americans do answer those questions in a much more favorable way to liberty than say Europeans", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00774-00267413-00267560": "will answer those questions.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00775-00267560-00268103": "So I do think that it’s not hopeless and I come to work every day at CATO because I", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00776-00268103-00268436": "think the fight is very much worth having and I think it is possible to win.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00777-00268436-00268917": "But winning that battle means we have to at some point reform the entitlement programs.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00778-00268917-00269312": "We have to at some point figure out how to decentralize programs back to the state and", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00779-00269312-00269778": "local governments because they don’t belong in Washington and we’re never going to achieve", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00780-00269778-00270188": "these spending reforms if politicians think there’s new revenue coming to Washington.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00781-00270188-00270645": "That’s why fighting the value-added tax – I referred to it earlier as an Armageddon", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00782-00270645-00270745": "battle.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00783-00270745-00271114": "I really think it’s an Armageddon battle because if the other side gets a VAT, then", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00784-00271114-00271670": "not only will I sort of have the usual libertarian pessimism about corrupt politicians, big spending", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00785-00271670-00271770": "politicians.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00786-00271770-00272079": "But then I will think, oh my god, we’ve just given these alcoholics the keys to the", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00787-00272079-00272206": "liquor store.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00788-00272206-00272345": "At that point, OK, well, let’s see.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00789-00272345-00272553": "Do I move to Australia?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00790-00272553-00272653": "Estonia?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00791-00272653-00272753": "Cayman Islands?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00792-00272753-00272853": "What could I do?", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00793-00272853-00273096": "Because I would really, really be pessimistic at that point.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00794-00273096-00273612": "Here’s the little – the dirty little secret about fiscal policy and taxes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00795-00273612-00274157": "Behind closed doors, I think a lot of leftist politicians actually understand you can’t", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00796-00274157-00274406": "raise that much money with class warfare taxes.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00797-00274406-00274614": "They talk about it.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00798-00274614-00275115": "They demagogue about it, but they understand to some degree that if you put in place these", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00799-00275115-00275746": "1970s style tax rates of 70 percent or going back to the 1950s, 90 percent, they know people", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00800-00275746-00275940": "are going to change their behavior.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00801-00275940-00276476": "So if they want to finance the giant welfare state, that’s sort of baked into the cake,", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00802-00276476-00276632": "they better come up with a VAT.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00803-00276632-00277082": "But it doesn’t mean they won’t also try to increase other tax rates as well.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00804-00277082-00277545": "But they know on the other side that a VAT is the only way we can have a European-sized", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00805-00277545-00277682": "government in the US.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00806-00277682-00277915": "Aaron Ross Powell: Thank you for listening.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00807-00277915-00278340": "If you have any questions, you can find us on Twitter at FreeThoughtsPod.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00808-00278340-00278810": "Free Thoughts is produced by Evan Banks and Mark McDaniel.", "h7aLOeUXSGU-00809-00278810-00279307": "To learn more, find us on the web at www.Libertarianism.org."}}, {"audio_id": "h8_t2ZerYE4", "text": {"h8_t2ZerYE4-00000-00000008-00000343": "Perhaps the most tilt-inducing champion in all of league, apart from teemo.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00001-00000343-00000687": "To counter him, pick someone like Kayle since she can very easily deny him if she times", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00002-00000687-00001045": "her own ultimate right, Lissandra works quite in the same way as Kayle but also has the", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00003-00001045-00001509": "CC to stop him, and Ryze can actually deny his Ult as well if he times his own just right!", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00004-00001509-00001943": "Annie for her burst and CC, Diana for her shield and engage potential and Leblanc for", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00005-00001943-00002131": "her increased mobility make other good counters too.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00006-00002131-00002492": "Fizz's passive is BS and it permanently ghosts him and also makes him take less damage from", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00007-00002492-00002592": "basic attacks.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00008-00002592-00002950": "His Q makes him dash a fixed distance forward through a target and applies the passive from", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00009-00002950-00003136": "his W to all targets he passes through.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00010-00003136-00003507": "His W resets his autos and will deal bonus magic damage and grant him extra range on", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00011-00003507-00003607": "his next auto.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00012-00003607-00003979": "If the target has been marked by Fizz previously, and has the mark for at least 2 seconds then", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00013-00003979-00004089": "the bonus damage gets tripled.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00014-00004089-00004189": "If it kills a unit then it gets its cooldown reduced to 1s and also grants him the mana", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00015-00004189-00004289": "back.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00016-00004289-00004486": "His E is perhaps the most rage inducing ability in league.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00017-00004486-00004920": "It allows Fizz to jump to his trident becoming untargetable for .75 seconds and will then", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00018-00004920-00005127": "deal damage when he lands also slowing enemies.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00019-00005127-00005227": "If it is used in quick succession then it will not slow.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00020-00005227-00005506": "Finally, his ultimate will make him throw bait at an enemy champion also slowing him", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00021-00005506-00005606": "for a large amount.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00022-00005606-00005870": "If it does not hit a champion then it will still fall on the map.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00023-00005870-00006139": "The radius of hit increases the further the bait travels.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00024-00006139-00006572": "After 2 seconds a large fish will pop up knocking enemies back and the baited one up also dealing", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00025-00006572-00006672": "magic damage.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00026-00006672-00007023": "It might be hard to lane and farm with Fizz but if he's full health when he hits level", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00027-00007023-00007381": "3 you can easily expect an engage and you will die from it if you don't dodge some of", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00028-00007381-00007481": "what he has to hit you with.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00029-00007481-00007763": "In terms of spells, the most common set is actually to take Teleport with him since he", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00030-00007763-00007934": "has a pretty hard time laning in the beginning.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00031-00007934-00008331": "Ignite is the other choice and if he takes it I can almost guarantee you he'll engage", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00032-00008331-00008431": "at level 3.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00033-00008431-00008700": "You on the other hand should take teleport as well or a defensive spell like Barrier", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00034-00008700-00008896": "since cleanse does not remove the bait.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00035-00008896-00009224": "As for power spikes, as I've been mentioning before his level 3 is insane when it comes", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00036-00009224-00009552": "to damage and level 6 is also his very valuable engaging tool.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00037-00009552-00009959": "A simple sheen will really make you fear his enhanced W hit and a Zhonyas will make the", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00038-00009959-00010340": "fish feel even more annoying with 3.25 seconds of invulnerability.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00039-00010340-00010746": "His early is complicated in the lane, mid game is amazing and falls off a bit late game.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00040-00010746-00011084": "Thanks for tuning in, good luck in your match and remember: His bait is a skillshot which", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00041-00011084-00011265": "he can easily miss if you try to dodge it.", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00042-00011265-00011624": "His W will deal triple damage if you have been marked for over 2 seconds and save your", "h8_t2ZerYE4-00043-00011624-00011988": "most important abilities for after he's used his E. Ultimately, have fun doing it!"}}, {"audio_id": "h8MzHTFg5z0", "text": {"h8MzHTFg5z0-00000-00001350-00002038": "I am hopeful about opportunities brought up by COVID-19 for libraries to innovate to serve", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00001-00002038-00002721": "communities deeply affected by the pandemic, and for us to advocate for universal broadband,", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00002-00002721-00003411": "copyright matters, open access and yes, climate change - as per events I have coordinated with", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00003-00003411-00003843": "IFLA CPDWL and the New Professionals with ALA.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00004-00003843-00004617": "We ought to impact public policy to continue providing access to information to better", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00005-00004617-00005048": "people's lives, education and lifelong learning.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00006-00005048-00005737": "I am worried about the sustainability of IFLA and library associations; their revenues and", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00007-00005737-00006436": "membership engagement being affected by the economic crisis resulting from the pandemic.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00008-00006436-00007081": "As President of IFLA, I would work with the Secretary General and Governing Board to move forward", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00009-00007081-00007744": "a risk analysis and management programme  for IFLA and seek new revenues of income", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00010-00007744-00008425": "that will include online continuing education for associations, institutions, and librarians,", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00011-00008425-00009096": "and online professional programmes to support associations to equip themselves with tools", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00012-00009096-00009589": "that would work and help them increase  positive results in these areas.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00013-00009589-00010445": "I am also worried about how we sustain access to digital resources as a result of COVID.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00014-00010445-00011195": "I will work for IFLA to use its power to support a sustainable environment with fair prices,", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00015-00011195-00011724": "and the best availability for eBooks and other online resources.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00016-00011724-00011814": "Together!", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00017-00012125-00012605": "After more than 12 months of living in a COVID-19 world, it can be challenging to imagine the", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00018-00012605-00012913": "future of libraries in a post-COVID world.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00019-00012913-00013368": "I know from my own experience, COVID-19 has changed the way that we deliver services,", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00020-00013368-00013638": "how we work, and how we plan for the future.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00021-00013638-00014097": "COVID-19 has been more than a health crisis – is has also been a social and economic", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00022-00014097-00014197": "crisis,", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00023-00014197-00014543": "and these three factors must be considered as we consider the future.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00024-00014543-00015006": "From an economic perspective, there will be more pressure to secure funding and many of", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00025-00015006-00015336": "us will be prioritising our services within stretched budgets.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00026-00015336-00015797": "And, each of us has personally experienced the social impact – on ourselves, families,", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00027-00015797-00016013": "friends, colleagues and our communities.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00028-00016013-00016401": "Although COVID’s impact has varied across the globe, it will be one of the great", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00029-00016401-00016605": "markers of the 21st century.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00030-00016605-00017118": "Our libraries have responded well, with great skill, speed and creativity to ensure that services", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00031-00017118-00017344": "remain accessible, particularly to the most vulnerable.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00032-00017344-00017740": "We have developed new services and accelerated our digital delivery.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00033-00017740-00018262": "So, I am far more excited than I am worried about libraries in a post-COVID world.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00034-00018262-00018747": "I’m excited by the way people have taken to the media to say how much they've missed libraries", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00035-00018747-00018847": "being open.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00036-00018847-00019262": "I’m excited by how this gratitude has changed our relationship with governments as they", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00037-00019262-00019719": "have seen the incredible reach and value of our services.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00038-00019719-00020240": "It has been fantastic to see the record number of nominations in the current IFLA elections", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00039-00020240-00020394": "– the highest ever.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00040-00020394-00020858": "Nominations come from across the globe, from colleagues at all stages of their careers.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00041-00020858-00021383": "It is a demonstration of the commitment and willingness by you to support and progress", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00042-00021383-00021483": "IFLA priorities.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00043-00021483-00021850": "It demonstrates your belief in the values and work of IFLA.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00044-00021850-00022311": "We can be very proud of our Professional Units – they have been more active in the last", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00045-00022311-00022519": "12 months than ever before.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00046-00022519-00023050": "There is no doubt that this commitment and enthusiasm will carry forward to the future.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00047-00023050-00023368": "It will make us an even stronger global voice for libraries.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00048-00023368-00023881": "So – let’s work together to imagine and deliver the next phase of libraries supporting", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00049-00023881-00024003": "our global community.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00050-00024322-00024893": "It excites me so much to see how wonderfully, creatively, and flexibly libraries worldwide", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00051-00024893-00025080": "have responded to the crisis.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00052-00025080-00025524": "Most of the library buildings were closed, but the staff thought of innovative programmes", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00053-00025524-00025679": "to keep their visitors.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00054-00025679-00026175": "In a matter of days, they became adjusted to the new demands.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00055-00026175-00027010": "It is really amazing how librarians in medical, research institute, public, special, national libraries", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00056-00027010-00027679": "have been activated to provide secure, valid, and timely information.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00057-00027679-00028442": "The role of librarians highlighted as crucial social partners fighting the direct and side-effects", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00058-00028442-00028558": "of the pandemic.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00059-00028558-00029450": "I will never forget the old woman staying next to our house saying “the ring in my", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00060-00029450-00030154": "door bell from the librarian bringing me the books, is the most wonderful sound in my loneliness”.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00061-00030154-00030743": "On the other hand, I observe serious concerns according to the financial sustainability", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00062-00030743-00031485": "of libraries, the new virtual environment, the new demands for digital content and", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00063-00031485-00032133": "of course, the huge issue of the access to information to all and the lifelong learning opportunities.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00064-00032133-00032806": "I will work closely with incoming President Barbara to work on how to help libraries and", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00065-00032806-00033563": "associations recover, intensifying IFLA's orientation to maximize its support to libraries and to", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00066-00033563-00033637": "associations.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00067-00033637-00034301": "Last week, I moderated an event with the same issue with the 5 IFLA Presidents.", "h8MzHTFg5z0-00068-00034301-00034650": "This was a hot topic and I will do my best on this."}}, {"audio_id": "h8MMBAfkGLE", "text": {"h8MMBAfkGLE-00000-00000024-00000416": "Have you ever looked online at a home that is cluttered with dirty clothes", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00001-00000416-00000903": "and dirty dishes and stuff everywhere? What are your thoughts when you see that?", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00002-00000960-00001448": "They don't take care of their home right? Or there is so much stuff you cannot see the home", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00003-00001448-00002048": "features or maybe you're looking at their family photos more than you are the house.", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00004-00002048-00002464": "Staging a home is one of the most important steps in selling your home fast", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00005-00002464-00002984": "and for top dollar. Now you don't typically have to go spend money on a staging company.", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00006-00003064-00003592": "Although, there are some situations where this might be best. In most cases I would guide my", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00007-00003592-00004208": "sellers using the furniture and items they already have to make their home shine.The biggest part", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00008-00004208-00004648": "of staging a home for sale is decluttering and packing away those items you don't need.", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00009-00004736-00005256": "Every client has a different situation and we look at that situation to determine what is the", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00010-00005256-00005888": "best strategy for staging their home. Thank you so much for watching! Be sure to watch the next one", "h8MMBAfkGLE-00011-00005888-00006504": "don't forget to like and subscribe and if you have any questions put a comment below."}}, {"audio_id": "h8Oh5bejB2U", "text": {"h8Oh5bejB2U-00000-00000008-00000704": "I was trying to keep myself upbeat, especially when product iterations didn't go well,", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00001-00000704-00001184": "and for the majority of my stay product iterations didn't go well because in manufacturing", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00002-00001264-00001704": "it's like one or zero. It's like the product works and it's shippable, or it's not shippable.", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00003-00001704-00002192": "There's no in between. So even if the product was a little better and still not shippable,", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00004-00002192-00002704": "it would still be such a downer every time. So it was really really hard. This–pretty", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00005-00002704-00003392": "much no one spoke English, and–which means that I wasn't speaking, like I was silent", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00006-00003392-00003984": "a lot of the time. Even at work there was only one Chinese person who spoke English,", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00007-00003984-00004432": "so most of the people I interacted with was based on body language, and I had to learn the", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00008-00004432-00004936": "Chinese body language which is very different from the Lebanese or American body language.", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00009-00005096-00005408": "And small things like... I couldn't go to restaurants that didn't have pictures in", "h8Oh5bejB2U-00010-00005408-00006136": "their menu, otherwise I can't order. Um... and then I was–I was very alone the whole time."}}, {"audio_id": "h8Y9bZ2ms40", "text": {"h8Y9bZ2ms40-00000-00000006-00000276": "this is River and we are going to see if we", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00001-00000276-00000618": "can find anything while magnet fishing in the water let's see", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00002-00001278-00001404": "so did you catch something", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00003-00001998-00002778": "yeah so far I've got some some nails oh that's a nice that's a nice throw", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00004-00003367-00003597": "You can do it", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00005-00004061-00004242": "nice nice", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00006-00004482-00004626": "you feel some resistance?", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00007-00004932-00006252": "Pulling... Suspense...You got something oh yes you do. Look at that you caught something. Is that a treasure", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00008-00006504-00006930": "oh and then the nail yeah okay what is this", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00009-00007326-00007481": "okay it's just some rocks", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00010-00007580-00007912": "The first catch of the day uh.", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00011-00008159-00008286": "down here", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00012-00008712-00009408": "got some magnetic rocks yes all right are you gonna cast it all right", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00013-00009612-00009978": "well I think my my foot caught it sorry about that", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00014-00011028-00011262": "I heard \"pock\" I think it ended on the wood", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00015-00011508-00011616": "In the wood yes", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00016-00011982-00012174": "it's quite a busy area right here", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00017-00012432-00012720": "all right let's see what we got here", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00018-00013278-00013919": "you got something oh I think it's a piece of wood still, no?  Yeah it was it was wood oh", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00019-00013919-00014772": "I got something. You do? oh yes I think it's another nail this very heavy is it yeah okay", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00020-00015072-00015438": "oh I got another one of those things okay", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00021-00015780-00015947": "another Rusty treasure", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00022-00016169-00016302": "what are we gonna do with all that stuff", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00023-00016794-00016844": "nothing", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00024-00018078-00018696": "Look at all that mess. All right so the best place to throw it now", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00025-00018696-00019122": "I guess is over there yeah I think that's supposed to build the bridge", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00026-00019470-00019608": "that's a beaver dam right there", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00027-00020034-00020084": "okay", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00028-00021894-00022608": "oh I got something you do is that the bolt it's a bolt from yesterday oh it", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00029-00022608-00023160": "is unless it's another one I might because the one fell uh right under the bridge yeah", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00030-00023568-00023730": "I don't think there's anything of value", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00031-00023940-00023990": "yeah", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00032-00023990-00025074": "it might be it might be the one that we caught yesterday yeah I doubt it but", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00033-00025860-00025950": "good job", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00034-00026208-00026477": "yeah there's a turtle in there I don't think she said that though", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00035-00027570-00028062": "nothing", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00036-00028295-00028941": "oh yes I do you got something no oh another one on those uh  metal thingies", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00037-00029130-00029214": "Back in the pile", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00038-00030888-00031452": "I guess that's my spot yeah that's the spot for all the junk is. It's sad though yeah", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00039-00031764-00031950": "you barely found anything", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00040-00032520-00032598": "I will say", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00041-00033330-00034050": "oh it's lifted up just a bunch of junk", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00042-00034848-00034914": "all right", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00043-00037110-00037728": "My turn to cast it? okay that's okay", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00044-00037842-00038370": "There you go all right let's see if you get something", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00045-00039840-00039936": "Nothing on the bottom?", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00046-00040176-00040680": "No. Big piece of our last cast for today because we got a couple things come look at it", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00047-00040806-00041478": "We caught these 2 things, these things, caught a couple of nails,  some things left over with the bridge", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00048-00041719-00042209": "I'm about to throw it, trying to get it right there.", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00049-00042305-00042520": "And let's see how it goes.", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00050-00042528-00042618": "all right let's try this", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00051-00042618-00043578": "Whenever you want. Oh is that the police? no. It looked like a police guy. We're good all right", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00052-00043812-00044550": "where was it oh it's in the bushes oh no I hope he doesn't get stuck", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00053-00044754-00045552": "it was funny okay you got it some yeah all right", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00054-00046302-00046458": "huh look at this we try", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00055-00046920-00047724": "come on in the bushes again. All right this time for real. all right", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00056-00049914-00050551": "I heard the splash yeah that's good okay alrighty", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00057-00050940-00051207": "Hope we get something.", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00058-00051420-00051600": "I won't say you never know", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00059-00052122-00052308": "wow this car has some problems", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00060-00053304-00053628": "well nothing just a bunch of mud", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00061-00053964-00054588": "well I guess that's it for today then maybe tomorrow well maybe tomorrow", "h8Y9bZ2ms40-00062-00054678-00055404": "well you got a nice catch now we're I guess we're gonna do is recycle it bye-bye guys bye"}}, {"audio_id": "h8cq0SBPdDE", "text": {"h8cq0SBPdDE-00001-00000439-00000953": "I'm Ahn Baek-Lynn, owner chef of Millennial Dining.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00002-00000970-00001250": "The Millennal Dining is a dining bar", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00003-00001269-00001730": "directing a thousand year-long cooking.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00004-00001754-00002190": "What kind of food millennials will want to eat in the future.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00005-00002202-00002529": "While I was thinking about it, I opened up this restaurant.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00006-00002545-00002760": "I say, \"I want to cook something", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00007-00002780-00003015": "that stimulates your desire.\"", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00008-00003041-00003427": "In the United States, three-star Michelin chefs are removing", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00009-00003439-00003671": "meat from their menus.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00010-00003691-00003941": "Because it's one of many reasons.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00011-00003964-00004345": "Vegetarianism reduces the probability of getting diseases.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00012-00004362-00004864": "Can we eat more sustainably?", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00013-00004880-00005485": "Now we don't starve to death. Regarding food,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00014-00005505-00005766": "how about having a valuable bite?", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00015-00005783-00005936": "I think about this a lot.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00016-00005954-00006180": "So after the current situation threatening the health,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00017-00006200-00006525": "vegetable-oriented dishes will matter.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00018-00006566-00006868": "I believe that we will develop more.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00019-00006895-00007377": "I think I want to remain a philosopher rather than a chef.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00020-00007395-00007800": "They say chef is someone who cooks delicious food.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00021-00007820-00008218": "In a way that conveys my philosophy,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00022-00008232-00008513": "I think I chose the language of cooking.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00023-00008545-00008943": "Even if it's not necessarily a dish, I hope my philosophy remains.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00024-00008958-00009456": "One of the philosophies is where what we eat comes from.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00025-00009484-00009914": "I think it'd be nice to have more thoughts about the ingredients.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00026-00009933-00010263": "There are a lot of amazing ingredients in Jeju.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00027-00010289-00010557": "Jeju seaweed, Jeju beet, carrot.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00028-00010579-00010971": "Even lemons and bananas come from Jeju Island.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00029-00010996-00011311": "The ingredients that I love in Jeju...", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00030-00011325-00011836": "It is Jeju black garlic fermented in the Jeju sea breeze.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00031-00011854-00012360": "Using that, seafood from Jeju Island...", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00032-00012376-00012939": "I made this ink pasta that can give off the feeling of the sea.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00033-00012950-00013449": "Seaweed, which is the most attractive and sensual ingredient in Jeju Island.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00034-00013475-00013968": "Seaweed goes into all the dishes.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00035-00013981-00014446": "Because when I make sampling water, I put a lot of seaweed and kelp.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00036-00014475-00014816": "So I think the savory taste comes from seaweed.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00037-00014833-00015396": "The most impressive thing was that at my friend's house in Jeju Island,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00038-00015416-00015839": "I just picked all the ingredients right in front of it and cooked.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00039-00015850-00016379": "Even if there was no vegetable field there, there was so much food in front of it.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00040-00016400-00016615": "So, the grass there...", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00041-00016633-00016897": "Herbs there, and I cooked with them.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00042-00016920-00017060": "It was so delicious.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00043-00017089-00017457": "I think it was a special experience that can only be felt in Jeju.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00044-00017483-00017733": "My favorite book is...", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00045-00017772-00018160": "This is Chef René Redzepi’s Noma Fermentation Guide.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00046-00018196-00018650": "There are a lot of fermented dishes here.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00047-00018682-00019200": "The advantage of fermentation is that it has a very savory taste.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00048-00019233-00019550": "I think the savory taste comes from fermentation.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00049-00019563-00020001": "I learn a lot of the savory taste from that book.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00050-00020026-00020464": "So, I make natural wine and soybean paste and soy sauce myself.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00051-00020480-00020714": "In a way that's in line with everything.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00052-00020740-00021008": "It is the recipe that I love.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00053-00021035-00021229": "And there's another reason why I like it.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00054-00021256-00021719": "Normally, Northern Europe doesn't have vegetable dishes.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00055-00021738-00021971": "Everyone eats a lot of meat.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00056-00021983-00022351": "But this chef ferments a lot of vegetables.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00057-00022384-00022605": "You can eat it all year round.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00058-00022616-00022838": "You can think that meat and seafood comes first in northern Europe.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00059-00022860-00023076": "You might think it is the common sense.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00060-00023091-00023407": "When it's fermented, it's in all the regions.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00061-00023436-00023660": "You can eat vegetables all year round.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00062-00023669-00023988": "So I think that was really good.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00063-00024017-00024300": "I think food that gets closer to nature", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00064-00024326-00024666": "It's a food that makes you full even if you don't eat a lot.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00065-00024666-00024977": "In English, it's called Eudaimonic Happiness.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00066-00024995-00025302": "I think it's a food that makes you feel full.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00067-00025334-00025853": "I don't think there can be obesity and high blood pressure when your mind is full.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00068-00025874-00026633": "Even if you take a bite, if you eat something with good ingredients,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00069-00026641-00026841": "I think the adult disease will go away.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00070-00026855-00027200": "I think many diseases will definitely go away.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00071-00027212-00027524": "So, I hope that those dishes are", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00072-00027533-00027852": "The food that's closer to nature.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00073-00027875-00028443": "It's hard to get close to humans in the non-face-to-face era.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00074-00028457-00029175": "I hope that life and food culture that get closer to nature will develop.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00075-00029204-00029869": "Humans seem to be persuaded by something that stimulates their instincts.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00076-00029881-00030631": "No matter how good it is, whether it's right or wrong,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00077-00030649-00030999": "I think stimulating it persuades humans.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00078-00031034-00031361": "Ethical, right and cheap.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00079-00031395-00031892": "I thought it would be persuasive, but it wasn't.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00080-00031911-00032293": "What persuades people is", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00081-00032308-00032680": "how much it stimulates the desire.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00082-00032704-00032984": "The concept of Millennial Dinning", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00083-00033004-00033833": "It is the presentation that is sensual and sensational.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00084-00033846-00034288": "People know this is a vegan restaurant,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00085-00034312-00034568": "Rather than being known as vegan,", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00086-00034582-00034850": "It conveys the beauty that only vegetables can give.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00087-00034863-00035016": "I hope it becomes that kind of place.", "h8cq0SBPdDE-00088-00035041-00035468": "Whether it's an amazing dish or natural wine."}}, {"audio_id": "h92-AAM-_EY", "text": {"h92-AAM-_EY-00000-00000703-00000830": "In the elevator", "h92-AAM-_EY-00001-00001203-00001230": "one person, dead or alive"}}, {"audio_id": "h9ibYTdsSu0", "text": {"h9ibYTdsSu0-00000-00000176-00000336": "so what means how did you destroy her life", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00001-00000672-00001368": "through which ways through drugs and addiction and promiscuity", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00002-00001368-00002320": "and shame and killed and bitterness and hatred oh my god how long did you enter her life", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00003-00002552-00003048": "jesus mighty name how long did you enter her life oh i've been in her life since she was 12.", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00004-00003048-00003392": "she was 12. she was 12. how did you destroy her relationships", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00005-00003624-00003776": "how did you destroy her relationships", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00006-00004015-00005200": "anger and violence physical violence words out of the mouth demon you tormented her long enough", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00007-00005272-00005624": "today is your last day in this body and you will leave right now in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00008-00005744-00006104": "oh they go find the name of jesus christ command you out right now out of her body", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00009-00006224-00006536": "jesus is more than you find the name of jesus", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00010-00006864-00007352": "find the name of jesus christ anywhere you are in her body commend you out of her body in jesus name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00011-00007552-00008016": "out in jesus mighty name out in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00012-00008240-00008584": "out in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00013-00008928-00009592": "in the name of jesus command you out every spirit your demon of lust", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00014-00009664-00010016": "demon of torments out in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00015-00010400-00010808": "out in jesus mighty name out of her body in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00016-00011016-00011432": "jesus will not leave you alone you'll be cast out into the pit", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00017-00011432-00011792": "in the name of jesus out in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00018-00012224-00012344": "out in jesus mighty", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00019-00012344-00013184": "name out in jesus mighty name all over her body in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00020-00013472-00013919": "in the mighty name of jesus christ in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00021-00014136-00014272": "in jesus mighty name", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00022-00014768-00015584": "you're free in jesus mighty name jesus my team stand up stand up stand up", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00023-00016104-00016152": "how are you", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00024-00016368-00017104": "i i feel so free Jesus Christ i set you free wave your hand say thank you jesus thank you jesus", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00025-00017104-00017768": "thank you jesus my name's fiona and i'm from washington and i came to the race to deliver", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00026-00017768-00018280": "conference honestly because my daughter said she wanted to be delivered from her demons", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00027-00018280-00018968": "and while they were praying for her i was crying i just felt my body tense up my voice", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00028-00018968-00019784": "changed and it started talking about all of my hidden sins like masturbation and addiction", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00029-00019888-00020624": "and anger and bitterness and rage and violence all of my dirty little secrets that i have", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00030-00020624-00021304": "hit i had hidden the demons didn't want to let me go they said i had other demons and i just feel so", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00031-00021304-00021992": "light now and so free and i just want to give glory to god he set me free and", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00032-00022168-00022624": "those who are free are free indeed and you know if you're struggling", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00033-00022624-00023248": "with anything just bring it before the lord get on your knees get on your face you know", "h9ibYTdsSu0-00034-00023320-00023984": "command it out he's given us that authority to cast out demons and yeah that's it"}}, {"audio_id": "h9mQWZtQOgo", "text": {"h9mQWZtQOgo-00000-00000400-00000906": "Johannes Breit: Hello and welcome to our conference session entitled:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00001-00000909-00001555": "\"Being the change that others don't want: Asserting and resisting racial hierarchies in mid century North America\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00002-00001610-00002445": "My name is Johannes Breit, but I'm also known as commiespaceinvader on the subreddit, and I will be chairing the session.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00003-00002450-00003048": "\"Being the change others don't want\" looks at strategies, language, and culture of protests and counter protests in the United States and Canada, centered on the subject of fascism and race.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00004-00003100-00003725": "The panel focuses on a variety of actors engaging in protests and counter protests.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00005-00003745-00004305": "On questions of framing and reframing protests and agendas.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00006-00004350-00005120": "As well as on reaction and reflection of social upheaval, all centered around the topics of race and fetches", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00007-00005193-00005895": "By asking questions about language effectiveness of protests, and the role of so called moderates,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00008-00005925-00006687": "this panel presents a historical perspective on subjects that are ever more present and urgent in this very age.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00009-00006780-00007383": "With that all set, it is my great pleasure to introduce the first of our three speakers today:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00010-00007398-00007926": "Tyler Wentzell is a Canadian historian, lawyer, and military officer,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00011-00007978-00008646": "and is presently military faculty at the Canadian Forces College in Toronto, Canada.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00012-00008697-00009621": "He will be presenting his paper “Fascists in Hogtown: Toronto’s Reaction and Resistance to the National Unity Party during the Summer of 1938”", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00013-00009705-00010135": "Tyler Wentzell: The National Unity Party was Canada's first national Fascist Party.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00014-00010138-00010479": "It unified fringe groups from Nova Scotia to British Columbia,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00015-00010568-00011055": "With the purported goal of uniting all Canadians - French or English, Protestant or Catholic.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00016-00011108-00011727": "However, their goal was, in their own words: \"Unity of Canada for all Canadians\", with some exceptions.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00017-00011768-00012421": "The National Unity Party was flagrantly xenophobic and anti semitic, made regular use of Nazi salutes and symbols,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00018-00012463-00012974": "and advocated for the halt to Jewish immigration, and the deporting of Jews already in Canada to Madagascar,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00019-00012977-00013488": "or, with a Canadian twist, a new colony to be established in Hudson's Bay.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00020-00013510-00014071": "In early July 1938 the National Unity Party held its founding conference in Kingston, Ontario.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00021-00014168-00014796": "The Kingston city council had refused the group access to public buildings, and had refused to grant them a permit for a public march.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00022-00014809-00015247": "So the Kingston conference was held in secret in somebody's home.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00023-00015263-00015612": "The same was somewhat true in Toronto, or \"Hogtown\" as it was often called.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00024-00015615-00015996": "Toronto City Council refused the group access to public venues,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00025-00015999-00016318": "but it would not interfere in the rental of a private venue.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00026-00016320-00017010": "So, the National Unity Party planned its first rally in Toronto on July 4 at Massey Hall, one of the largest venues in the city.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00027-00017030-00017585": "I won't to attempt to cover how every group reacted to the arrival of the National Unity Party in Toronto.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00028-00017606-00018359": "Instead I will focus on the three organizations that organized counter protest events on the very same night as the National Unity Party rally.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00029-00018522-00019134": "The first group was the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. This was the principal Social Democratic Party in Canada at the time.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00030-00019200-00019493": "For Canadians, this was the original New Democratic Party.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00031-00019495-00020280": "At the time it was roughly analogous to the Socialist Party of America, or the Independent Labour Party or the left wing of the Labour Party in the UK.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00032-00020340-00021077": "It was a new party with a reasonable following. 1935 was its first federal election, where they won seven of 245 seats.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00033-00021090-00021495": "Which is to say that it had a voice, but it was a long way from forming a government", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00034-00021600-00021850": "The second group was the League for Peace and Democracy.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00035-00021852-00022473": "The organization was principally run by the Communist Party of Canada, which was the Canadian section of the Communist International", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00036-00022533-00023330": "At the time they were employing the Popular Front strategy of publicly forsaking revolution, and instead courting popularity with liberals and social democrats.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00037-00023333-00023847": "The League for Peace and Democracy was an important forum, in which this sort of collaboration took place.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00038-00023973-00024708": "The third and final group was the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party. This was the most militant left wing group in Toronto at the time.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00039-00024762-00025131": "It had split from the left opposition, i.e. the Trotskyists, in 1934,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00040-00025167-00025838": "and in response to the growth of fascism in Toronto, they unified with the Workmen's Circle, a Jewish working class organization,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00041-00025841-00026406": "and the Toronto Libertarian Group, the anarchists, to establish the Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00042-00026452-00027145": "The National Unity Party rally was held on the Fourth of July at Massey Hall, and it was attended by between 1500 and 2500 people.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00043-00027177-00027550": "It was a ticketed event, and guarded by 85 blue-shirted stormtroopers.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00044-00027553-00028018": "Police protection on foot and on horseback was provided outside the hall.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00045-00028021-00028636": "Also of note were several members serving in the Canadian military at the time, who attended the rally in uniform.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00046-00028707-00029189": "The first protests against the National Unity Party rally was organized by the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00047-00029208-00029745": "It was held at Queen's Park that night: the home of Ontario's provincial parliament. About 500 people attended", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00048-00029775-00030642": "The rally was barely a news item, except that one of the speakers, who wore a mask protect his identity, took to the podium to announce that he had worked with the National Unity Party,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00049-00030687-00031130": "and he had stolen documents that showed that they were in part funded by money from Germany,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00050-00031133-00031526": "that they had smuggled revolvers across the American border at Niagara Falls,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00051-00031529-00032124": "and that ex-German military officers were providing their young members training in military tactics.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00052-00032198-00032651": "The largest counter rally that night was held at Maple Leaf Gardens, the largest venue in the city.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00053-00032723-00033269": "10,000 or so people attended the meeting under the auspices of the Canadian League for Peace and Democracy.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00054-00033296-00033980": "Speakers included A.A. MacLeod, a Communist Party of Canada leader and the national director of the Canadian League for Peace and Democracy.,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00055-00034003-00034520": "R.L. Calder, a Montreal lawyer and the vice-chairman of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00056-00034550-00035313": "the Reverend Salem Bland, John W. Buckley of the Trades and Labour Council, and former American ambassador to Germany William Dodd.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00057-00035379-00035645": "So this was a relatively broad group of people.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00058-00035666-00035946": "At 10,000 people, this was a large gathering, certainly,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00059-00035949-00036506": "but a crowd of a similar size regularly attended sporting events in the same numbers at the same venue.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00060-00036545-00037170": "For instance, Maple Leaf Gardens the following week hosted a wrestling match between Vic Christie and “the Masked Marvel”,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00061-00037173-00037787": "and in the days before TV, a crowd of this size was was fairly normal for a venue like this.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00062-00037804-00038407": "The noisiest rally was held by the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party, the leading organization within the Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00063-00038438-00039323": "They assembled between 200 and 500 demonstrators, and they started their activities less than a block away from Massey Hall, whereas the other rallies were several blocks away.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00064-00039448-00040144": "This group held two rallies protesting smaller fascist meetings earlier in the summer, and both had been broken up by the police.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00065-00040210-00040780": "Both groups, The League for a Revolutionary Workers Party and the police, had learned from each encounter and adapted accordingly.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00066-00040825-00041511": "At the first rally an officer had been struck by a sign. So at the second rally the police took away the LRWP signs.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00067-00041560-00042558": "At this third rally, The League for a Revolutionary Workers Party carried very few signs, and instead the women of the group concealed sweaters that bore anti fascist slogans,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00068-00042561-00043093": "and they hid them under their coats, taking off the coats to reveal the slogans at the appointed time", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00069-00043126-00043874": "And this time, unlike the first two rallies, the police did not wait for the crowd to become raucous or to begin their planned march.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00070-00043877-00044416": "Instead they cracked down as soon as William Krehm, the leader of the group and subject of my next book,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00071-00044461-00044678": "took to the soapbox to give his speech.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00072-00044681-00045126": "As soon as he stepped up on the podium and started to speak, the police ordered him to stop.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00073-00045129-00045703": "Krehm ignored them. He continued to speak. He denounced the fascists, and he denounced the police as tools of the fascists.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00074-00045753-00046098": "Two members of the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party came to assist Krehm,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00075-00046101-00046578": "as well as a, from what I can tell, unaffiliated protester, and all four were arrested.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00076-00046614-00047258": "Mounted units then moved in to disperse the crowd, and they continued to patrol while the National Unity Party rally continued,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00077-00047261-00047586": "only disrupted by two women, who apparently had snuck into the event,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00078-00047616-00048022": "and attempted to shout down the main speaker Adrien Arcand from the balcony.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00079-00048025-00048375": "Blue-shirted stormtroopers threw these two women out onto the street.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00080-00048428-00049325": "So a few thoughts on these reactions. First, let's not lose sight of the fact that the number of anti-fascist rally goers that night outnumbered the fascists.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00081-00049364-00050038": "Massey Hall played host to 1500 to 2500 people, either members or supporters of the National Unity Party.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00082-00050041-00050525": "In contrast 12,000 or so people went out to protest fascism that night.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00083-00050624-00051278": "Second, participation in the protest events was in excess of the membership of the groups that organized them.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00084-00051309-00051694": "The League for a Revolutionary Workers Party never had more than 100 members,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00085-00051697-00052485": "but they were able to get 200 to 500 people out on the streets for a planned direct confrontation with the National Unity Party.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00086-00052500-00053006": "The Communist Party of Canada likely numbered never more than 25,000 members nationally,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00087-00053009-00053694": "but they were able to sell 11,000 tickets to fill Maple Leaf Gardens. Interest went well beyond their membership.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00088-00053827-00054450": "Third, you will note that I've not mentioned any rallies organized by the Liberal Party, which formed both the provincial and federal governments at the time,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00089-00054455-00054882": "the Conservative Party, major religious groups, or other large community groups.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00090-00054885-00055278": "That's because there were none. The political mainstream was largely silent.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00091-00055312-00056194": "The moderate groups, as groups, took no action, although many of their members certainly attended the aforementioned rallies, especially the League for Peace and Democracy rally.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00092-00056197-00056533": "The center was fairly quiet, while the fringe was noisy.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00093-00056601-00057210": "Fourth, even in the face of a subject that all three of these groups certainly agreed upon: the cause of anti-fascism,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00094-00057213-00057528": "they could not work together, even on this important occasion.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00095-00057565-00058246": "The League for a Revolutionary Workers Party invited both the Communist Party of Canada and the Canadian League for Peace and Democracy,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00096-00058249-00058692": "as well as the co operative Commonwealth Federation, to be part of their anti-fascist committees.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00097-00058708-00058814": "They declined.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00098-00058827-00059350": "The Communist Party's League for Peace and Democracy tried to work with the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00099-00059353-00059855": "and although these two groups had had some positive collaboration regarding the Spanish Civil War,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00100-00059845-00060490": "the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation did not want to be associated with the communists. Even on this, the occasion of this important event.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00101-00060493-00060729": "These groups just simply could not work together.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00102-00060762-00061272": "Now certainly protests and demonstrations are not the only way to express resistance to a fascist movement.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00103-00061316-00061902": "But it is telling that there are only three very separate protests, and the expressions of solidarity amongst them are few.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00104-00061983-00062286": "Why is this? Well certainly some of it was by design.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00105-00062289-00062709": "The League for Peace and Democracy, for instance, argued that confronting the fascist directly", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00106-00062736-00063146": "only gave them the attention that they needed to grow into a mass movement.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00107-00063149-00063672": "Indeed, the Communist Party press, who always had harsh words for Trotskyists or near Trotskyists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00108-00063720-00064251": "said that the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party was largely responsible for the growth of the fascist movement.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00109-00064350-00065010": "But mostly I think the indifference was largely because the majority of Torontonians were indifferent to the dangers of Nazism,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00110-00065013-00065286": "and many, even if they did not go so far as to don a blue shirt,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00111-00065328-00065918": "were sympathetic to a form of fascism rooted in reinforcing their own sense of Britishness and Canadianness.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00112-00065921-00066309": "And solidarity against the fascist movement did not grow in the wake of the summer of 1938.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00113-00066366-00067090": "Instead, it was stymied by independent intervening events, that being German foreign policy.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00114-00067093-00067470": "Over the summer there were rumors of German spies attempting to enter Canada,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00115-00067512-00068114": "former Prime Minister R. V. Bennett announced the discovery of German plan to seize Anticosti Island in the St. Lawrence,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00116-00068116-00068506": "and the German annexation of the Sudetenland two months later,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00117-00068518-00069031": "took away a great deal of the support that the National Unity Party at first seem to enjoy.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00118-00069078-00069811": "But it would be a mistake to view this as a widespread rejection of Nazism and anti-Semitism, that the National Unity Party represented.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00119-00069852-00070534": "The reaction that undid the National Unity Party was not a backlash against their racist ideas or of their political ideals,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00120-00070537-00070935": "but rather it was a backlash against their relationship with the German state.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00121-00070953-00071794": "In the summer of 1938 the National Unity Party was not defeated, nor even meaningfully marginalized, by any kind of anti fascist solitary in Toronto.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00122-00071797-00072555": "This incident certainly provides lessons for future resistors to fascist movements. Thank you.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00123-00072700-00072878": "Johannes Breit: Thank you so much, Tyler.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00124-00072881-00073898": "Next our panel will hear from Ryan Abt. Ryan Abt is a PhD candidate in United States history, and he will be presenting his paper:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00125-00073901-00074938": "\"Everyone I Don’t Like is Hitler: The Appropriation of Anti-Nazi Axioms by American Fascists, 1944-1949\" ​", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00126-00075001-00075626": "Ryan N. Abt: In late June of this year, amidst the abundant protests against discrimination towards people of color,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00127-00075629-00075988": "against police brutality, and against the maintenance of racist symbols,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00128-00076036-00076575": "a US county DA lawyer reposted a picture and caption on Facebook.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00129-00076578-00077318": "The meme stated: \"Wedding bands that were removed from Holocaust victims prior to being executed, 1945\",", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00130-00077321-00077616": "and had an image of people holding rings from a box.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00131-00077630-00078090": "The post said \"Each ring represents a destroyed family.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00132-00078093-00078394": "\"Never forget, Nazis tore down statues.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00133-00078397-00078598": "\"Nazis banned free speech.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00134-00078601-00078902": "\"Blamed economic hardships on one group of people.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00135-00078905-00079058": "\"Instituted gun control.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00136-00079061-00079272": "\"Sound familiar?\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00137-00079332-00079998": "One rightfully wonders, how did the Holocaust, representing the racially motivated and intentional murder of roughly 6 million Jews,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00138-00080017-00080340": "become an analogy for opposing anti-discrimination protests?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00139-00080353-00080944": "How did an event so clearly representing the dangers of discrimination and racial hatred", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00140-00080958-00081602": "come to not only represent the dangers of gun control, based on an erroneous claim that the Nazis banned all guns,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00141-00081605-00082098": "but also become a central analogy in silencing claims of racial discrimination?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00142-00082144-00082750": "The answer in part comes from the way that the society of the 1940s, represented by the educators I studied,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00143-00082753-00083282": "perceived of the origins, meaning, and lessons drawn from Nazi racial policies.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00144-00083339-00084044": "They presented discrimination as a tool used by the Nazis to gain power domestically, and to subvert enemies internationally.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00145-00084098-00084891": "In both cases, they saw fomenting prejudice as a method used by the Nazis to \"divide and conquer\" their enemies.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00146-00084909-00085469": "The educators responded by overlooking racial and religious differences in order to create performed unity.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00147-00085529-00086194": "In the post war period, however, conservative and far right educators criticized domestic liberals, socialists, and communists", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00148-00086197-00086492": "when they challenged racism and discrimination in America.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00149-00086558-00087226": "Importantly, they argued that the leftists were attempting to \"divide and conquer\" the country to prepare for Communist rule.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00150-00087229-00088076": "In other words, they tied what had previously been seen as a Nazi method to all leftists through the category of totalitarianism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00151-00088178-00088961": "Thus the coverage of the liberation of German concentration camps, which might have represented the dangers of the persecution of either racial or political enemies,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00152-00088985-00089634": "instead served to solidify anti-totalitarian, primarily anti-communist, rhetoric as the Cold War developed.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00153-00089637-00090149": "Rhetoric that often silenced victims of racial, religious, and political discrimination.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00154-00090242-00091136": "Much of the World War Two era propaganda produced for, or utilized by schools in the United States, centered around the danger of Nazi tactics of subversion.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00155-00091172-00092102": "American educators believed that Nazi persecution of the Jews and others resulted primarily from political calculations, rather than ideological devotion.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00156-00092180-00092564": "I'm going to focus on a particular film entitled \"Greater Victory\" as an example.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00157-00092600-00093491": "It's produced by the National Coalition of Christians and Jews, and it signifies the impulses of a great number of the anti-discrimination materials produced for schools.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00158-00093530-00094151": "According to this film and many educators, the subversive effects of Nazi racism threatened the United States.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00159-00094226-00094822": "In \"Greater Victory\" two escaped German soldiers, seeking to accomplish some nefarious act of subversion,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00160-00094825-00095309": "explain to an American relative that the Nazis are not defeated in 1944.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00161-00095378-00095786": "A soldier states that they've already prepared to overthrow the United States internally.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00162-00095834-00096614": "The soldier said: \"It's so easy. First we make them hate the Jews. Then we make them hate the Catholics. Then we make them hate the Protestants.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00163-00096635-00097301": "\"And when they're all so busy fighting each other we'll take over. It worked in Belgium, Austria, France, and it will work here.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00164-00097355-00098111": "He further stated that: \"We Germans have spent years planting our ideas here: Race hatred. Religious antagonism. Class hatred.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00165-00098165-00098708": "The two soldiers clearly laid out for Americans the perceived strategy and danger of the Nazis.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00166-00098777-00099539": "Racial conflict served as a political tool used by the Nazis to defeat foes. Not as a strongly held component of their ideology.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00167-00099632-00100670": "Together with numerous textbooks, intercultural education pamphlets, and other anti-discrimination films, a singular message about the dangers of Nazism came to the fore.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00168-00100721-00101486": "Even if defeated militarily, Nazis and their domestic allies sought to divide and conquer America in order to defeat and control it.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00169-00101534-00101898": "The solution also seemed clear: Americans needed unity.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00170-00101901-00103031": "Importantly, these anti-Nazi texts presented the actual racial ideology of the Nazis as of secondary importance to the Nazis' use of racism to spread discontent and disunity.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00171-00103115-00103722": "Though some noted the racism of the Nazis, they all emphasized that the danger lay in Nazi methods,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00172-00103725-00103958": "not in the system's ideological components.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00173-00104000-00104566": "Said differently: Creating divisions and prejudice among people signified Nazism,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00174-00104569-00104914": "while prejudiced beliefs and actions did not necessarily do so.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00175-00104917-00105668": "This meant that as a solution, educators emphasized a kind of performed unity, which often ignored real conflics and grievances.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00176-00105811-00106261": "An issue over the nature of intercultural education in New York City elucidates this issue.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00177-00106290-00106824": "Herbert Chaimas, a leftist organizer of the teacher training program on intercultural education,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00178-00106834-00107450": "brought in speakers who provided scientific evidence of the equality of all humans, taught the values of various cultures,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00179-00107453-00107794": "and criticized organizations which promoted discrimination.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00180-00107817-00108206": "However, he was opposed by rightist teachers who criticized this method,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00181-00108209-00108921": "and fixated strictly upon performed unity and the highlighting of positive aspects of various cultures, ignoring any grievances.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00182-00108993-00109554": "In one example, teachers sent by Mary Riley of the conservative Catholic Teachers Association,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00183-00109557-00109859": "complained of presenters in Chaimas' in-service.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00184-00109950-00110506": "The teacher found herself surprised that one of the speakers, a Roma Gans,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00185-00110509-00111216": "speaking on Catholics in the World Pattern of Peoples, stood \"against all of the following which we as Catholics represent\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00186-00111267-00111774": "One might expect that from the teacher's surprise, registered by her emphasis of the word \"against\",", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00187-00111777-00112133": "might have arisen from some anti-Catholic statement by Gans.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00188-00112188-00113002": "Instead, the teacher stewed at Gans speaking in opposition to popular, but virulently anti-semitic, Catholic outlets", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00189-00113005-00113258": "such as Father Coughlin’s radio show and the Brooklyn Tablet.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00190-00113340-00114118": "In other words, the censure of those such as father Coughlin, not his open anti-Semitism, raised the teacher's ire,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00191-00114121-00114801": "because such criticism undermined the perception of unity, which she believed would create its reality.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00192-00114900-00115242": "Mary Riley, who also worked for the New York City Board of Education,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00193-00115245-00116014": "signifies how cries for unity, originally meaning opposition to prejudice, could transform into the enforcing of consensus,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00194-00116017-00116220": "and the silencing of victims of discrimination.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00195-00116313-00117417": "In one wartime article she decried that “the unscrupulous policy of a part of the press in magnifying race episodes is producing hate-mongers”.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00196-00117432-00118486": "For Riley, and her conservative allies on the board, the airing of racist, “malicious acts\", not the acts themselves, represented the problem of racism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00197-00118502-00118886": "The image of cultural unity was more important than the reality.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00198-00118889-00119555": "In another case, Riley demonstrated how rightists associated leftists with Nazism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00199-00119571-00119775": "While on the Advisory Committee on Human Relations,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00200-00119781-00120390": "a Dr. Adele Sicular produced a plan for dealing with an “un-American” incident involving two teachers.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00201-00120393-00120840": "All evidence suggests that these teachers had espoused racist or anti-semitic attitudes.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00202-00120843-00121130": "Nevertheless, Riley, who was also on the committee,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00203-00121133-00121594": "urged Sicular to form a “complete” definition of un-American,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00204-00121597-00121842": "one which did not ignore leftist un-Americanism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00205-00121890-00122411": "Using Sicular's plan to attack left liberals and communists, Riley demanded that:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00206-00122445-00123034": "“Class against class is as fascistic as pitting religion against religion and race against race.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00207-00123037-00123675": "\"Hitler in Germany and left-wingers in New York City use the same technique, namely, “Divide and conquer”,\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00208-00123705-00124634": "\"for here as in Europe the Jew versus Catholic propaganda is creating a split in the population through which the anti-Americans will enter and take over.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00209-00124707-00125294": "Riley's involvement in the plan allowed her to reorient a program designed to combat domestic prejudice.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00210-00125297-00125759": "Using terminology associated with anti-Nazism, “Divide and Conquer”,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00211-00125829-00126642": "Riley associated left wingers with Hitler by fixating on the Nazis perceived method of attack, rather than on their ideological purposes.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00212-00126645-00126972": "Though only a single example in one school district in the United States,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00213-00127053-00127797": "the use of language which invoked an image of Nazism to tar left leaning liberals and communists reverberated throughout the entire Cold War.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00214-00127891-00128661": "With the coming of McCarthyism, right wing extremists consistently accused outright, and through associative language, their liberal opponents of using Nazi methods.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00215-00128670-00129339": "This signaled for Americans that these perceived enemies of democracy might accomplish the same murderous results as seen in the liberated camps.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00216-00129355-00129838": "They attacked federal aid for education as “a mess of Nazi spinach” as it strengthened the federal government.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00217-00129901-00130154": "They attacked UN efforts at \"world government\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00218-00130157-00131072": "comprised of the Hitlerian technique in which “an idea is expressed and repeated over and over again [until] it will finally come to be accepted as true”.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00219-00131100-00132015": "They found “Brotherhood Week” program, which criticized previous generation’s racial policies similar to those “employed by Hitler who urged children to inform on their parents”.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00220-00132028-00132590": "Ultimately, the late 1940s saw conservatives appropriate language anti-racists had used to combat the Nazis.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00221-00132593-00133233": "They utilized these terms and ideas to associate liberals and communists with the recently viewed atrocities of Nazi Germany.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00222-00133243-00133714": "And this helped domestic fascists both side-step accusations of their own similarities to the Nazis", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00223-00133717-00134557": "and provided fear-laden examples of the consequences of an oft-invoked, ever present, but never arrived, liberal-aided communist takeover.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00224-00134573-00134804": "Johannes Breit: Thank you so much, Ryan.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00225-00134864-00135394": "Johannes Breit: The final presentation in our panel will be from Megan Hunt.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00226-00135397-00136013": "Dr. Megan Hunt is a teaching fellow in American history at the University of Edinburgh.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00227-00136017-00136845": "She will be presenting her paper: \"Bringing the Millennium to Birmingham: To Kill a Mockingbird and Racial Protest in Alabama’s Magic City\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00228-00136951-00137995": "Megan Hunt: On April 3rd, 1963, residents of Birmingham, Alabama woke to triumphant newspaper reports of \"a new day\", penned by its mayor-elect elect Albert Boutwell.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00229-00138012-00138658": "A segregationist, Boutwell was unlikely to bring the Millennium to Birmingham, according to Martin Luther King, Jr.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00230-00138661-00139446": "But he touted himself as a racial moderate, and celebrated his victory immediately at an illustrious North Alabama premiere of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00231-00139569-00140418": "Here, in front of 600 of the city's most prominent citizens, Boutwell welcomed Birmingham schoolchildren Mary Badham and Philip Alford,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00232-00140421-00141070": "the young actors now immortalized as Scout and Jem Finch, to the stage at the segregated Melba Theater.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00233-00141073-00141360": "He promised them a better Birmingham.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00234-00141378-00141734": "Across town, April 3rd marked the beginning of \"Project X\":", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00235-00141737-00142254": "A consolidated effort to draw attention to the city's appalling conditions and entrenched racism,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00236-00142287-00143114": "as part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, or SCLC's, wider push for federal civil rights legislation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00237-00143131-00143690": "Deferred until after the mayoral election, it emerged as a turning point in the civil rights movement,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00238-00143693-00144625": "the breakdown in social order forcing President John F. Kennedy to finally acknowledge civil rights as a ‘moral issue’ and propose federal legislation in Congress.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00239-00144634-00145058": "But in the Alabama House of Representatives the language was much less calm.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00240-00145123-00145598": "Jefferson County delegates cried \"anarchy\", and argued that their city had", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00241-00145601-00146274": "\"been invaded by foreigners who would by force and violence attempt to overthrow laws that may not be to their liking\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00242-00146277-00146680": "\"This cannot be tolerated in any free, democratic society.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00243-00146818-00147748": "When viewed together, the election, premiere and \"Project X\" offer a composite image of the city's culture and self image as it entered a defining era of racial tension.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00244-00147805-00148226": "Various groups attempted to manage and propagate these competing visions of the city,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00245-00148229-00148789": "as white Birmingham moderates willfully denied the civil rights protests that were happening just streets away.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00246-00148813-00149500": "To its black residents, Birmingham in the early 1960s was a police state, long synonymous with oppressive racial violence.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00247-00149529-00150022": "In April 1960, Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Harrison Salisbury described how", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00248-00150025-00150648": "\"every medium of mutual interest, every reasoned approach, every inch of middle ground has been fragmented.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00249-00150682-00151213": "\"not only by weapons, but by the mob, the police, and the many branches of the state's apparatus.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00250-00151276-00151734": "Bull Connor was one of several city officials who filed libel suits against Salisbury,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00251-00151737-00152254": "taking particular issue with his coverage of attacks on black churches and Jewish synagogues.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00252-00152290-00153226": "Such writing apparently invited \"the false inference that city commissioners encouraged or condoned racial hatred or religious intolerance\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00253-00153301-00153974": "The cases against Salisbury and the New York Times were eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court, but not until 1966.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00254-00153977-00154183": "This was on First Amendment grounds.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00255-00154222-00154642": "But they portray an underlying obsession with image amongst Birmingham's powerful.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00256-00154645-00155083": "Despite this, their commitment to racial segregation endured.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00257-00155110-00156121": "In December 1961 the city's governing commission closed sixty-seven city parks, eight swimming pools, and four golf courses, rather than integrate them under federal order.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00258-00156138-00156722": "Then Mayor Art Hanes offered little ambiguity as to the symbolism behind his hardline decision:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00259-00156725-00157176": "\"You for opening the parks?\" He told a resident. \"Then friend, you're for integration.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00260-00157290-00158193": "Black and white children, denied their usual recreational sites in the name of massive resistance, came to communicate two extraordinarily different images of the city.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00261-00158232-00158694": "Images that came to a head in front of the world press in spring 1963.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00262-00158697-00159351": "At just 10 years old, Mary Badham was the youngest person ever nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00263-00159396-00160029": "and was provided with a \"police and sirens escort to the downtown movie theater\" for her hometown premiere.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00264-00160122-00160798": "Less than a month later, on May 2nd, that same police department arrested over 600 black high school students,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00265-00160801-00161295": "generating what Aldon Morris calls \"a human drama that could not be ignored by major media\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00266-00161355-00162086": "With the jails full, hundreds of additional students who marched on May 3rd were met with billy clubs, fire hoses, and dogs,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00267-00162089-00162342": "viciously attacked as they attempted to reach City Hall.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00268-00162403-00162898": "Morris highlights the effort that the SCLC took to avoid, rather than provoke, Bull Connor.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00269-00162937-00163691": "But it remains evident that the mainstream media had initially shown little interest in the Birmingham campaign until this violence.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00270-00163719-00164302": "After the first day of peaceful sit-ins, Fred Shuttlesworth lamented the lack of local coverage, arguing:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00271-00164305-00164700": "\"We have ceased to be Page seven copy. We're front page business.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00272-00164739-00165765": "He then acknowledged an unwilling ally in Governor George Wallace, elected in November 1962 on a platform of bold resistance to desegregation efforts.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00273-00165813-00166182": "Singling out the Birmingham News and the Birmingham Post-Herald in particular,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00274-00166185-00166974": "Wallace publicly recalled what he called \"big black headlines\" about recent racial violence in Albany, Georgia, and Greenwood, Mississippi,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00275-00166977-00167322": "but criticized a complete news blackout about Birmingham.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00276-00167360-00168083": "Providing only perfunctory lists of those arrested, and sycophantic praise of local law enforcement, school heads, and sound judgment,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00277-00168131-00168539": "the local press adopted what Newsweek called \"an ostrich like stance\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00278-00168587-00169676": "On April 5th, 1963, an editorial called for \"responsible Negro leadership, as outside agitators are who are here stirring up trouble have nothing to lose\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00279-00169718-00170126": "\"They make a profession of trouble making and take from it profitable returns.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00280-00170168-00170750": "\"Such protesters\", the Post Herlad continued, \"have no concern for our city, its people, or its problems\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00281-00170753-00171430": "The paper called for patience, restraint, and intelligence from city officials and police, as seen in Albany.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00282-00171433-00171908": "Such behaviors had \"won the respect and sympathy of people all over the country\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00283-00172067-00172733": "So when rapidly spreading disorder prompted the Kennedy administration to push local power structures for a biracial settlement in Birmingham,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00284-00172763-00173645": "and propose federal legislation, it was because of the courage and determination of black students and high schoolers, rather than the efforts of local elites.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00285-00173693-00174548": "These young people undermined any illusion of progress that white moderates had pointed to in Boutwell's election, and the child-centric gradualism of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00286-00174606-00175308": "After all, local cinemas had otherwise refused to play the so-called \"social justice\" film since it's release the previous Christmas,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00287-00175347-00175800": "and had only capitulated after months of lobbying from the Junior Chamber of Commerce.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00288-00175848-00176556": "The protests that began across town on the same day as the premiere, would eventually receive so much national and international media attention", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00289-00176577-00177306": "that they became a central point of inquiry for European journalists reviewing \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" at the Cannes Film Festival in France.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00290-00177357-00177726": "The film's star, Gregory Peck, faced what the Associated Press called", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00291-00177729-00178500": "\"a barrage of questions on Birmingham\" during a 45 minute press conference, and was eventually given a standing ovation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00292-00178529-00178998": "Tangled in a web of national mythmaking, the California born actor revealed", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00293-00179001-00179636": "\"I have never felt intolerance. I'm thankful that I was born in an area where this type of prejudice doesn't exist.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00294-00179696-00180362": "Deflecting racial tensions to the South alone, Peck participated in the internal orientalism noted by scholars", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00295-00180366-00180742": "such as David Jansson, Leigh Anne Duck, and Joseph Crespino,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00296-00180745-00181498": "propagating a longstanding US nationalist discourse that enabled segregation to not only endure but reproduce.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00297-00181526-00182354": "After all, despite the apparent symbolism of Atticus' courage and Boutwell's election in Birmingham, white attitudes were hardly softening in Alabama.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00298-00182432-00182963": "In 1961 Martin Luther King warned the Freedom Riders that they would \"never make it through Alabama\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00299-00183014-00183470": "Brutal attacks in Anniston and Birmingham proved the legitimacy of his concerns.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00300-00183473-00183922": "Images of a burning bus and bleeding activists splashed across International Papers,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00301-00183925-00184385": "the head of Birmingham's Chamber of Commerce embarrassed by them on a trip to Tokyo.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00302-00184490-00185405": "But while some white Alabamians responded with concern for the unwelcoming image of their cities and state, 96% of them voted for George Wallace.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00303-00185444-00185958": "With Alabama a one party state, Wallace's real battle came in the Democratic primary.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00304-00185961-00186692": "Here he won in a runoff, but he did not win Birmingham, or Jefferson County more generally, where one in five Alabamians lived.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00305-00186773-00187374": "As Governor, Wallace therefore saw Bull Connor as his crucial ally in the state's largest metropolitan area.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00306-00187377-00188039": "\"On segregation\", the Birmingham News noted, \"Wallace and Connor stoke the same fiery furnace\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00307-00188110-00189064": "Despite technically having no official role in Birmingham's new political system, Connor held on to his power, largely because of Police Department loyalty and Wallace's support.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00308-00189087-00189936": "They would work together soon after the protest began, to propose a bill that increased appeal bonds in the city from $300 to $2500.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00309-00189975-00190558": "Such measures reflected the powerful threat that the SCLC posed to organized white supremacy,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00310-00190561-00190977": "despite the relative failure of their recent campaign in Albany, Georgia.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00311-00191028-00192006": "\"Unless the agitators can be controlled, Birmingham may wish it had Bull Connor in City Hall, and someday may return to even harsher policies\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00312-00192009-00192657": "\"lest it succumb to the degredation of Washington and other great American cities\", the Charleston News and Courier reported.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00313-00192687-00193581": "This editorial, reprinted in the Birmingham Post-Herald, invited white residents to ponder their recent choice of mayor, which had placed the fate of their city in the hands of a moderate.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00314-00193626-00194190": "It also explains Wallace's outspoken desire to see racial disturbances on the covers of the local press", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00315-00194193-00194556": "which had placed him incongruously in unison with Fred Shuttlesworth.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00316-00194587-00195373": "For politicians like Wallace and Connor, the threat of black activism and the subsequent concessions from white power structures was business as usual.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00317-00195406-00195950": "Undermining Boutwell's control of the city highlighted the hypocrisy and ineffectiveness of moderates,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00318-00195953-00196462": "forcing Birmingham residents to choose between the moderate and hardline response to black protests.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00319-00196531-00197102": "In an article largely given over to moderate complaints that King's protests were \"poorly timed and misdirected\",", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00320-00197105-00197802": "even Time Magazine lamented that \"the fuss made Bull Connor seem indispensable too many Birmingham residents\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00321-00197805-00197936": "Thank you.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00322-00197979-00198102": "Johannes Breit: Thank you, Megan.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00323-00198133-00198486": "Johannes Breit: We will now start with the discussion portion of the panel,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00324-00198504-00199092": "and I want to kick this off by posing the question to you all", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00325-00199130-00199980": "of unity / anti-extremist, which seems to be a subject that is present in every presentation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00326-00199991-00200856": "How would you say that historically what we're seeing here is emphasis of this often constructed dichotomy?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00327-00200953-00201868": "Ryan N. Abt: I think in many cases unity often operated as a way of excluding,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00328-00201980-00203458": "because if the fascists, if those on the far right, in these cases could express what they meant by unity as those who agree or disagree with this particular position,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00329-00203604-00204258": "obviously they could exclude whichever set of people that they wanted to,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00330-00204261-00205448": "for example, in my case, often oftentimes Mary Riley and other educators would express that they had no problem, they had nothing against Jews.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00331-00205459-00206361": "It was the Jewish communists who didn't do things the right way, who made the rest of the Jews look bad.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00332-00206386-00206756": "Abt, Ryan N: . That was who they were against, and so they could say:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00333-00206789-00207592": "\"Unify with us behind these systems and beliefs. Do the things that we want you to do. Don't cause trouble\", so to speak.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00334-00207615-00207962": "\"And you can be a part of this, this group, this unity.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00335-00207965-00209250": "And so what it did was, it obviously excluded certain sections, but it also defaulted whole groups to not acceptable until they cross lines and agree with us,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00336-00209253-00209664": "so Jews were seen as communists until they came and agreed with", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00337-00209766-00210096": "moderates or the right or whatever position was being espoused.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00338-00210129-00211030": "Tyler Wentzell: In the case of the National Unity Party in Canada, as the name implies, that unity was was obviously a central concept for them,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00339-00211033-00211767": "and in some circles their proposal for a \"better Canada\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00340-00211878-00212569": "was viewed to be progressive, in that it was not anti-Catholic or-anti Protestant", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00341-00212583-00213594": "Tyler Wentzell: So in some ways it was viewed to be a progressive idea, therefore some people were more comfortable getting behind it", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00342-00213607-00213862": "than they might otherwise have been.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00343-00213865-00214490": "But it is striking to me that although the ideology that they presented, especially through the modern lens,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00344-00214493-00215148": "but even at the time was so extreme in terms of the degree to which they sought to marginalize", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00345-00215212-00215887": "immigrant Canadians and First Nations and people of color, their message was very simple.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00346-00215989-00217015": "Tyler Wentzell: You could you could put it on the bumper sticker. People could understand it. It was very simple to communicate. It didn't leave a lot of room for hairsplitting.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00347-00217078-00217526": "For how many angels dance on the head of a pin kind of discussions.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00348-00217529-00217698": "I found no records of the", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00349-00217765-00218710": "Manitoba fascists, and the Nova Scotia fascist, and the British Columbia fascist having detailed arguments about specific aspects of their platform.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00350-00218713-00218989": "They just had kind of a simple unifying concept.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00351-00219042-00219682": "Which contrast starkly with the debates that exists between the Communist Party of Canada", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00352-00219685-00220344": "and the quasi-Trotskyist League for a Revolutionary Workers Party, which would quibble about the tiniest detail.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00353-00220398-00221223": "And couldn't work together, even for a very, very limited kind of activity that everyone agreed was important.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00354-00221929-00222230": "Megan Hunt: And I think for me the, I guess the main emphasis is just this idea of who gets to speak for Birmingham was quite often the language that was used", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00355-00222233-00222884": "and that kind of then feeds into this sort of repression of", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00356-00222891-00223704": "You know, what the press is saying, whether that's the national press or the local press. There's a real sense that the image of the city is at stake here.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00357-00223734-00224217": "Megan Hunt: And those who criticizes, particularly if they are classed as outsiders,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00358-00224277-00224674": "that they are kind of you know that they're the ones who are bringing this disrepute.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00359-00224677-00225444": "There's never any real sense that actually maybe it's our, you know, horrendous record on civil rights or", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00360-00225471-00225802": "the levels of white violence that we see in the city.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00361-00225805-00226053": "There's no real sort of soul searching", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00362-00226121-00226446": "in the press that that might actually be what's doing the damage.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00363-00226449-00226908": "It's very much kind of deflected on to whoever is making the noise at the time.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00364-00226944-00227230": "Megan Hunt: And I think what's interesting is the way that the press, sometimes,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00365-00227233-00227915": "can be quite open about the segregationist values of people like George Wallace and Bull Connor", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00366-00227925-00229003": "and can not necessarily say they are wrong, but it can definitely indicate that it recognizes that these things don't sit well on the national scene,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00367-00229011-00229514": "They don't entice businesses to Alabama.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00368-00229517-00230031": "All of that is very conscious in the elites in Birmingham,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00369-00230042-00230446": "but at the same time, they don't think that people like Martin Luther King are any better.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00370-00230449-00230880": "And so that's why there's this constant emphasis on on moderation", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00371-00230883-00231348": "and making sure that moderate local voices are heard.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00372-00231357-00232190": "So there really does seem to be a kind of complete disparaging on of both sides of what they would see as extremists.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00373-00232230-00232959": "Megan Hunt: And the idea that if one is allowed to out shout the other, then it's hardly", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00374-00232979-00233394": "surprising that people then go and vote for people like Bull Connor or George Wallace,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00375-00233397-00233826": "because there is this perception that it is a choice between the two extremes,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00376-00233846-00234437": "and the moderates try to insert themselves into that and say that they offer solutions,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00377-00234451-00234862": "but what they actually do is they don't really say anything,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00378-00234865-00235496": "and then they wonder why people merge more towards what they see as extremes", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00379-00235502-00236144": "Megan Hunt: So I think what you see is a real failure for those moderates to really assert what they do that's different,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00380-00236154-00236601": "because obviously for Martin Luther King and for his allies,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00381-00236623-00237162": "\"Albert Boutwell is just a dignified Bull Connor\" is the exact language that they use,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00382-00237165-00237637": "This is someone who's still overtly a segregationist, so by their standards is no different.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00383-00237733-00238250": "Whereas they would also argue that people like King are extremists as well.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00384-00238253-00239323": "So it's that real kind of middle ground, and who they believe speaks for them, that I think is really interesting. But then at the same time, fail to realize that they offer very little.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00385-00239542-00240156": "Ryan N. Abt: I wonder how much of the discussion of unity has to do with the obsession with image?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00386-00240166-00241276": "That the trail of this image to whether it's, on a national level, the outside world, or in Birmingham, the rest of the country?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00387-00241339-00242314": "Abt, Ryan N: How much is the discussion of unity to represent whatever group it is that's claiming unity as a norm,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00388-00242317-00242932": "and also that is moderate and it's acceptable to you know to those outside. Did you all see that?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00389-00243030-00243789": "Tyler Wentzell: Certainly all of the groups in the story I was telling. I frame it as respectability.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00390-00243894-00244130": "Everyone was chasing respectability.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00391-00244133-00244839": "The National Unity Party was chasing respectability, in that it was very much shrouding itself with", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00392-00244905-00245686": "with the exception of the Nazi trappings, obviously, they were still very much shrouding themselves in the vernacular", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00393-00245689-00246004": "in the imagery of being good Britons,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00394-00246010-00246544": "being good members of the British Empire and upholding all of those ideals.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00395-00246551-00247232": "Tyler Wentzell: The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the Canadian League for Peace and Democracy, we're very much shrouding themselves in", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00396-00247256-00247642": "\"This is how respectable people resist this kind of movement.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00397-00247645-00247969": "We're going to be over here. We're not going to come close to you.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00398-00248000-00248738": "We are going to quietly protest in a very civilized way. We will not march. There will be no violence, etc.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00399-00248741-00249776": "And then you have this small group that sets that respectability off to the side and says: \"No, now is the time for action. The time for words is past.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00400-00249833-00250202": "Megan Hunt: Yeah. I think with Birmingham, it's that idea that", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00401-00250223-00250726": "that this change is happening in spite of the people in power.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00402-00250729-00251223": "Bizarrely, you have a new moderate mayor who's just been elected,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00403-00251230-00251756": "but you also have an existing political system in the city that just refuses to leave office.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00404-00251767-00252556": "So actually, a lot of the kind of tension in Birmingham is obviously massively exacerbated by the fact that you literally have", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00405-00252594-00253390": "two political systems coexisting, and even at the the premiere of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" you have Boutwell on the stage", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00406-00253414-00253902": "with members of the previous Commission. That's meant to be their farewell.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00407-00253905-00254491": "But then the next day they keep showing up for work, and they literally refuse to leave their offices.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00408-00254535-00255148": "Megan Hunt: So, you have a very conscious battle of, you know, who's actually in charge here,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00409-00255153-00255398": "and therefore who gets to make decisions.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00410-00255401-00256334": "And that just seems to really evaporate any opportunity for middle ground, because people are just really grappling for power.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00411-00256373-00256892": "Megan Hunt: And so I think it shows that those those racial moderates who technically have been elected,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00412-00256985-00258073": "that this change, regardless of what that is, whether it's a kind of real hardline segregation or whether it is desegregation, it will happen in spite of them.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00413-00258134-00258902": "It will happen in spite of Albert Boutwell. It will happen in spite of people like Atticus Finch, the people that he represents.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00414-00258925-00259371": "Megan Hunt: I guess I'm not sure if that speaks exactly to what you're saying,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00415-00259400-00260694": "but I think it rings true for me that these people are technically in power, but they are being cast aside because they don't offer anything in this moment really.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00416-00260731-00261458": "Johannes Breit: I think that one subject I saw mentioned several times now in your answers, as well as in your papers,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00417-00261461-00261784": "and that I find particularly interesting is", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00418-00261806-00262658": "the sort of role of the local moderate as the ideal role of moderation that we should listen to,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00419-00262661-00263038": "because this is dating back to pretty much every revolution,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00420-00263041-00263762": "and social upheaval after the French Revolution is chalked up to the outside agitator as a sort of", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00421-00263867-00264275": "I want to say boogie man that comes in and", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00422-00264281-00264930": "does all the things we tend to see as negative, meaning violent protests and so on and so forth.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00423-00264933-00265787": "So I think that portraying oneself as local and as moderate is a very powerful tool in terms of", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00424-00265937-00266274": "how legitimacy works in situations of social upheavals.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00425-00266277-00266573": "Would you see that reflected within your subjects,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00426-00266606-00267341": "as well as this focus on the peacefulness and the rejection of violence as a tool of legitimacy as well?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00427-00267348-00268214": "Tyler Wentzell: So in the case of the National Unity Party in Toronto, it sort of cut both ways in terms of who was the outside agitator", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00428-00268217-00268830": "and that has shifted from, say, newspaper coverage at the time to the the subsequent scholarship on the matter.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00429-00268850-00269826": "So at the time the loudest, noisiest anti-fascist resistors were centered around the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00430-00269829-00270282": "which was a predominantly Jewish organization.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00431-00270285-00270502": "The membership was overwhelmingly Jewish.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00432-00270505-00270954": "Almost all of the members I've been able to identify were born in Canada.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00433-00270957-00271730": "Their parents, however, were of the generation that fled Eastern Europe just before the 1905 pogroms.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00434-00271749-00272862": "So they were often framed in the literature of the National Unity Party, of the supporting groups who wanted to frame the issue as", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00435-00272870-00273494": "\"Fascism is the solidification of our Britishness\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00436-00273497-00274387": "The League for a Revolutionary Workers Party, which was in fact almost completely homegrown. Young men and women who had been born in Toronto.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00437-00274409-00274718": "Tyler Wentzell: They were presented as the outside agitators.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00438-00274721-00275132": "They were presented as elements of the Judeo-Bolshevik myth.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00439-00275270-00275627": "Tyler Wentzell: Conversely, the scholarship that has developed since then -", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00440-00275744-00276563": "That's why I referred to the \"arrival\" of the National Unity Party, because there was an indigenous to Toronto fascist movement.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00441-00276602-00277619": "But it was fairly minor relative to the leadership that had arrived from Montreal, where the movement had greater support and deeper roots.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00442-00277664-00278518": "Tyler Wentzell: So subsequent literature discussing this movement in Toronto has then framed the fascist leadership as coming to Toronto,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00443-00278521-00278849": "as being outside agitators from Montreal.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00444-00278894-00279354": "So we see that shift of \"who are the outside agitators?\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00445-00279357-00280135": "but both sides very much trying to frame the other as being \"the foreign\", \"the other\", \"the different\" outside agitators.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00446-00280141-00280699": "Megan Hunt: In Birmingham, the, the outside agitator obviously is someone like Martin Luther King", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00447-00280926-00281507": "And that's language that he was fully expecting by that point in his career.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00448-00281508-00282107": "Megan Hunt: It's a term that had been used many, many times before, and would be used many times again.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00449-00282127-00282574": "And it's something that he kind of tackled head on in his Letter from Birmingham Jail.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00450-00282577-00283450": "He talks about why he's in Birmingham, and he explicitly says \"because I have organizational ties here\", \"because I was asked to come here\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00451-00283530-00284202": "And so he's often criticized, even by some sort of black elites, black moderates in in the city,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00452-00284205-00284794": "for not giving this new moderate city government a chance.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00453-00284823-00285393": "Megan Hunt: And so they really argue that it's constantly this language of patience and restraint,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00454-00285417-00286209": "whether that's coming from white or black critics, and obviously he takes on that criticism in the letter.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00455-00286218-00286654": "And he says how many times can we hear the word \"wait\"?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00456-00286657-00287142": "and that anyone who tries to put a time frame on another man's freedom", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00457-00287145-00287398": "and uses all of this language", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00458-00287429-00287970": "Megan Hunt: And yet you know at the time it was very obvious, when you look at Alabama in those days,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00459-00287973-00288538": "to point to the kind of hardline segregationist and people like George Wallace and people like that.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00460-00288555-00288934": "But Albert Boutwell, he'd been Lieutenant Governor.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00461-00288937-00289893": "He had referred to the 1957 civil rights act as a piece of monstrous legislation in a radio address that he did for the white citizens council.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00462-00289916-00291158": "He was also the co-author of the pupil placement plans, the freedom of choice plans that let white parents completely bypass the obligations of Brown versus Board of Education.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00463-00291177-00291422": "And so this is someone who's touted as a moderate,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00464-00291425-00292797": "and yet has done more actively to prevent desegregation than than some of the hardliners who might have articulated more extreme views.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00465-00292805-00293608": "But in terms of the power that someone like Boutwell had in Alabama, these are the kinds of people who are actively preventing desegregation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00466-00293638-00294038": "Which is why King can see that, and he articulates that.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00467-00294041-00294802": "But it's interesting then, that those people who are actually doing the most to to uphold the power structures of white supremacy", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00468-00294805-00295212": "are the ones who also articulate themselves as being in the middle.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00469-00295226-00295690": "And you know they they literally justify their own existence through that,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00470-00295703-00296576": "through moderation, through constantly using this language of outside agitators, whether that's on either side,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00471-00296589-00297599": "and yet they are actually the ones who are confining the options of people in Birmingham much more.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00472-00297602-00298478": "Ryan N. Abt: What I really noted was, as Dr. Wenzel pointed out, that moderates tended to accept fascism as", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00473-00298498-00298758": "acceptable to some degree, and certainly didn't oppose it. Right?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00474-00298761-00299288": "He talked about the radicals being the ones who who opposed the fascists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00475-00299298-00300064": "and in my case in the educators, the New York City Board of Education, was conservative, moderate, and liberal.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00476-00300082-00300474": "It was made up of a number of those central groups.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00477-00300477-00302177": "But Mary Riley, who was on the conservative end, had no problem getting liberals to agree with, to work with her position, and ultimately her attacks on the intercultural education.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00478-00302188-00303810": "So as Andrew Pfeffer pointed out in \"Bad Faith\", liberals were complicit in kind of the post war, Cold War, McCarthyism attack on communists that, as I pointed out, did utilize this language", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00479-00303819-00304718": "of anti totalitarianism that borrowed a lot of understandings of what the Nazis had done.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00480-00304721-00305753": "And as as far as this term \"divide and conquer\" shows up, I think it's a term that notes absolutely the idea of outside agitators,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00481-00305767-00306826": "and it was used by educators, particularly in the south, but even later in New York City, during that the periods of desegregation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00482-00306829-00307448": "A lot of times desegregationists in Texas, another area that I study,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00483-00307456-00308109": "used the term \"divide and conquer\" to say that communists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00484-00308125-00308750": "Jewish organizations, NAACP, which they also labeled as communists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00485-00308753-00309358": "were all working in the South to stir up racial prejudices through desegregation,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00486-00309359-00309658": "and that that was an effort at divide and conquer.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00487-00309661-00310458": "And in this they often used that term \"divide and conquer\", but a number of others to suggest that what these groups were doing,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00488-00310461-00311394": "what the NAACP was doing, was akin to what the Nazis had done to create subversive activities", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00489-00311405-00311634": "just to create racial struggles.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00490-00311637-00312134": "They constantly said \"we didn't have any racial problems until the NAACP came in and stirred everything up\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00491-00312137-00312692": "And so you absolutely see that rhetoric used that way.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00492-00312722-00313458": "Megan Hunt: I think another thing that's interesting that you see, certainly in Birmingham and in Alabama more generally,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00493-00313461-00314330": "is the way the hard line segregationist like George Wallace want to draw attention to racial disturbance", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00494-00314333-00314622": "as a way to kind of justify their own existence as well.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00495-00314633-00315488": "So this outside agitator language is, on the one hand, something that moderates use to articulate their position and why they're necessary.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00496-00315557-00315798": "To sort of justify themselves.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00497-00315804-00316293": "But also I think one of the most interesting things that I came across was the fact that", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00498-00316329-00317535": "Fred Shuttlesworth is literally citing George Wallace as a reason why. George Wallace is an unlikely ally against the press, because both of them for very different reasons are saying", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00499-00317574-00317758": "\"Why are we not front page news?\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00500-00317761-00318369": "And the fact that the governor of Alabama wants racial disturbances on the front of the paper local papers", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00501-00318477-00318969": "is something that initially was quite strange to get your head around.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00502-00319008-00319536": "But obviously the moderates and the local press are deliberately trying to play this down.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00503-00319566-00320319": "And so these these press strategies alone demonstrate these divisions within white Birmingham, and the state more generally.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00504-00320332-00321226": "Whereas those who are  very firmly on the right actively want this kind of sort of showdown because it affirms why they're necessary.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00505-00321289-00322196": "And what's interesting, then, is that, to a certain extent, you might expect the local press to deliberately try and kind of keep this stuff under wraps,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00506-00322201-00322733": "so that it doesn't reach national level.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00507-00322750-00323536": "But once it does, there's almost this sense that Wallace knows that he benefits from that kind of politics,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00508-00323560-00323914": "and even a lot of people who would have previously considered themselves moderate", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00509-00323917-00324598": "start to argue that actually his kind of hard line stance or Bull Connor becomes increasingly attractive to them.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00510-00324622-00324994": "And then you even have places like Time Magazine, saying,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00511-00325018-00325998": "almost that \"Yeah. You can see why people like Bull Connor have appeal if this is the level of disturbance.\", and saying nothing about white violence,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00512-00326001-00326451": "nothing about the way that protesters are handled for quite some time.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00513-00326452-00327875": "But arguing that you can see the appeal of this kind of politics if the alternative, if you have a moderate in power, is that people like King come and starts to take over the city.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00514-00327889-00329212": "So the way that that shifts, and the way that you have these unlikely alliances between the governor and the civil rights protesters around the lack of media attention, is quite strange", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00515-00329431-00329629": "Megan Hunt: But either way, leads to no change.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00516-00329652-00330186": "Ryan N. Abt: Yeah, certainly there's interesting ways that both both groups also", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00517-00330189-00330982": "not just wanting the image of the protest, not just wanting the image of what's happening to be out there,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00518-00330985-00332244": "on both of the more radical sides, but in education in Texas you certainly see the radical segregationists", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00519-00332250-00332991": "sparking conflict, and there's in Mansfield in 56 there's", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00520-00333099-00333846": "a 500 person riot outside of a school that is attempting to integrate that keeps the black students out.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00521-00333849-00334080": "And in that case, Eisenhower doesn't send any troops.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00522-00334116-00334966": "And a lot of times, what the segregationists say in letters to editors and whatnot, is \"This is what happens.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00523-00334969-00335609": "\"You've destroyed a perfectly good community by trying to come in and integrate.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00524-00335616-00336258": "Ryan N. Abt: So they spark violence themselves, and then accuse anyone coming in from the outside.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00525-00336261-00336831": "\"This is what happens when you try to do anything in this community that might create change.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00526-00336912-00337419": "And a Senator from Georgia writing in the 57 and Central High School, Little Rock", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00527-00337432-00338054": "accuses Eisenhower of being Hitlerian and sending in jackbooted stormtroopers", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00528-00338057-00338506": "and accusing him of totalitarian and Hitlerian tactics,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00529-00338509-00339362": "Again in an issue sparked by local radical desegregationists, and then of course the governor.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00530-00339394-00340042": "Johannes Breit: I mean, in this sense it would probably be possible to say \"everyone I don't like is a communist\", really.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00531-00340045-00340502": "Because I also got the very strong sense that", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00532-00340513-00341370": "even when when people are opposing something like the National Unity Party, which is seen as as definitely something of an outside force", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00533-00341373-00341801": "being that they are strongly associated with Nazi Germany", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00534-00341812-00342629": "even then it's a problem that the people who are opposing racism or opposing fascism are painted generally as communists", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00535-00342640-00342886": "as a way to delegitimize them,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00536-00342889-00343434": "and to tmake them out as as something even more foreign or dangerous than the fascists are.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00537-00343437-00343705": "And I think that it's really fascinating that", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00538-00343728-00344266": "this is something that seems to work even up until today", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00539-00344269-00344907": "as a tactic to discredit people and to discredit a movement for change really.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00540-00344936-00345238": "Ryan N. Abt: One thing I would notice, that I think during the period that I study,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00541-00345241-00346001": "obviously in the 30s and 20s there had been anti-communism and this \"everyone I don't like this is communist\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00542-00346052-00346186": "thing that you pointed out,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00543-00346189-00346853": "But through the course of the late 1940s, a lot of what happens is", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00544-00346879-00347883": "ideas of anti-Nazism do get tied up even with communism, and so you have a conflation of a lot of the issues under this category of totalitarianism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00545-00347896-00348745": "And so by stating that Communists and Nazis are both totalitarian, then a lot of the ways that the Nazis", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00546-00348826-00349250": "used and gained power then became associated with communists.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00547-00349253-00349890": "That you see a lot of conflation of concentration camps and gulags, and therefore death camps and gulags.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00548-00349907-00350498": "And so though a lot of times you do see the accusations of communism,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00549-00350501-00350990": "when you look at some of the language of what they're attributing to communists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00550-00351000-00351914": "they're attributing images of Nazism to communists or to groups that they're wanting to accuse of communism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00551-00351917-00352419": "So I think that's a really fascinating aspect of of these accusations of communism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00552-00352451-00353459": "Or that often their tinge didn't - around the edges there's this combination of communism with Nazism in the minds of many", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00553-00353483-00354330": "Tyler Wentzell: Another layer to those complications in my era, in the 1930s, was anti-Stalinist Marxism,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00554-00354333-00354794": "where lowercase c communists are Marxists", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00555-00354845-00355334": "could also be anti-Stalinist and anti-Soviet Union,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00556-00355337-00355746": "and therefore on the outside of the Communist Party,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00557-00355749-00356150": "and therefore an enemy of that family of communists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00558-00356153-00356567": "which led to all these additional complications,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00559-00356636-00357598": "which when you look at the newspaper coverage, just creates this mess of who is for or against what", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00560-00357601-00358022": "because the anti-fascists are often painted as pro-communists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00561-00358037-00358686": "which is an unfair narrowing of the concept.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00562-00358689-00358829": "But as you point out, Joe", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00563-00358843-00359270": "That's how you discredit people at that time,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00564-00359273-00359762": "by conflating anti-fascism with pro-communism you marginalized those ideas,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00565-00359765-00360106": "and then even amongst those people who actually are pro-communist,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00566-00360109-00360302": "What kind of communist are they?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00567-00360305-00361080": "And then the infighting that occurs through that group is very problematic for them working together,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00568-00361088-00361699": "but affords this tremendous opportunity for organizations like the National Unity Party,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00569-00361707-00362082": "or even less extreme right wing groups,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00570-00362085-00362859": "to paint any kind of anti-fascist resistance as just being either pure communism or veiled communism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00571-00362931-00363930": "Megan Hunt: So there's no... I haven't come across any explicit in the press use of the word \"communism\" when describing these sort of protests,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00572-00363933-00364431": "but I think essentially they can be ...", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00573-00364451-00364715": "... they're interchangeable with things like \"outside agitator\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00574-00364744-00365158": "And many of those other kinds of terms that are regularly used.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00575-00365161-00365791": "And so I think even the delegates from Birmingham and from the surrounding Jefferson County,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00576-00365821-00366430": "They, in the Alabama House of Representatives, say that their city has been \"invaded by foreigners\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00577-00366433-00366620": "That's their exact phrase.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00578-00366626-00367126": "And they also say \"this cannot be tolerated in any free democratic society\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00579-00367129-00367874": "So, I think we can definitely make the leap for them there about what they're actually implying about about these protesters,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00580-00367916-00368210": "and the way that that language is interchangeable.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00581-00368213-00368827": "They also explicitly use the word anarchy and anarchists, so yeah.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00582-00368848-00369458": "Ryan N. Abt: Certainly, the term \"Americanism\" shows up in New York City, in Texas, among educators.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00583-00369461-00370129": "Does it also in Birmingham at that time, or is that not a concept that was utilized?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00584-00370213-00370324": "Megan Hunt: Yeah.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00585-00370381-00370862": "Megan Hunt: Not explicitly, but they do talk about the degradation of American cities,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00586-00370865-00371533": "and the idea that if Birmingham gives into these protests that it will lose", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00587-00371599-00372394": "it will be degraded in the way that ... I think they named New York, Washington, DC in particular", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00588-00372493-00373188": "I think they they're making very conscious references to big industrialized cities with big black populations,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00589-00373261-00374140": "and arguing that if this kind of protest is tolerated places like Birmingham will lose their ...", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00590-00374144-00374721": "... their American, yeah their Americanism, or their distinctive ...", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00591-00374734-00375214": "I guess to a certain extent they're probably thinking specifically about being Southern cities as well,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00592-00375217-00375510": "and the idea that they would lose that sort of distinction,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00593-00375513-00376206": "but they do talk about the degradation of American cities by protesters and anarchists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00594-00376229-00376586": "Which is definitely linked", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00595-00376589-00377084": "Johannes Breit: I think it's fascinating that we have talked a lot now about the", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00596-00377162-00377810": "exterritorialization of those we do not see as explicit in the context of the protests,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00597-00377813-00378106": "or of those who are not seen as explicit, but a majority of the people.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00598-00378109-00378863": "But seeing how we are talking about North America and Canada and the US,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00599-00378867-00379623": "one thing I was wondering is regularly, these days, free speech is brought up as", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00600-00379689-00380270": "a sort of blanket justification for a lot of things in contemporary political discourse,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00601-00380273-00381250": "and I was wondering how is this subject, if at all, reflected within your areas of expertise?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00602-00381255-00381358": "Is it used at all?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00603-00381361-00382157": "Is it, is there a British or Anglo-American exceptionalism invoked surrounding free speech?", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00604-00382312-00382702": "Tyler Wentzell: In the Canadian context, the free speech debate came up a great deal.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00605-00382768-00383250": "There was a number of debates about whether or not the Toronto City Council should intervene", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00606-00383253-00383656": "and make sure that the National Unity Party could not get a venue,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00607-00383725-00383906": "in order to have their speech at all.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00608-00383909-00384379": "So the mayor at the time was actually on the board of directors for Massey Hall.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00609-00384415-00384898": "And he was asked specifically to intervene to see if they could maybe shut down the event", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00610-00384901-00385057": "to make sure that they couldn't get", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00611-00385135-00385570": "couldn't get the hall for that evening, and he declined to do so.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00612-00385573-00386440": "They did not allow the National Union Party to have their rallies in in a public venue, or to have a public march.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00613-00386485-00386930": "And there's a great deal of support in the newspapers, like a lot of letters to the editor saying that", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00614-00386933-00387451": "\"this is a matter of free speech, we should not be deplatforming this kind of organization\".", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00615-00387565-00388453": "Tyler Wentzell: However, most of the public outcry was only really focused on ensuring the National Unity Party had their opportunity to speak.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00616-00388492-00389110": "It wasn't so much about making sure that the protesters had the opportunity to conduct peaceful protests.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00617-00389113-00389635": "The peaceful protests, which sometimes did turn violent, but was not violent on this particular night,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00618-00389737-00390298": "they were framed as being the dangerous anarchists, the threats to law and order.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00619-00390301-00390686": "Their concerns were not framed through the free speech lens.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00620-00390689-00390841": "It was very much a one sided:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00621-00390886-00391370": "\"We need to ensure that the National Unity Party is given the opportunity to speak.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00622-00391373-00391657": "At least in the media coverage at the time.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00623-00391677-00392510": "Ryan N. Abt: In New York City, certainly in the 1930s, early 1940s, free speech is part of Americanism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00624-00392513-00392652": "Its scientific.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00625-00392700-00393114": "Educators should allow the free speech, to such a degree that in some teachers journals,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00626-00393117-00393981": "there were people advocating for allowing fascists and racists opportunities to speak at student programs, in front in front of students.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00627-00394107-00394798": "And then, of course, having someone else speaking \"on behalf of Americanism and democracy\" or whatnot,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00628-00394801-00395009": "So free speech was certainly advocated,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00629-00395101-00396026": "but the fixation in the later 1940s, as part of that was what educators thought of as propaganda analysis.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00630-00396029-00396578": "How do you know what someone's trying to say and trying to have you believe and whatnot.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00631-00396581-00396825": "So there was a focus on propaganda analysis.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00632-00396834-00397565": "In the late 1940s, the people that had promoted propaganda analysis were called communists, and silenced.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00633-00397570-00398174": "And then the move became that propaganda should be kept out of schools,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00634-00398177-00398910": "and so you saw an assault on the UN and on UNESCO, who tried to, according to some,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00635-00398913-00399485": "destroy home education by teaching these subversive materials in class.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00636-00399518-00399910": "And so there was much less of a discussion of free speech,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00637-00399913-00400753": "other than to say that by getting rid of propaganda in the schools - this will allow Americans to keep their freedom of speech.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00638-00400793-00401862": "Megan Hunt: I guess the interesting thing about free speech as advocated or rallied around in Alabama in this point in history in the 60s,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00639-00401865-00402290": "is that, so I mentioned in my paper that in", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00640-00402310-00402766": "the various commissioners in Birmingham filed for libel against Harrison Salisbury,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00641-00402769-00403392": "who is a Pulitzer winning Journalist who'd written this big piece about Birmingham in 1960,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00642-00403404-00403722": "and they obviously filed libel against him.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00643-00403725-00404170": "But there was also a similar case brought by people in Montgomery,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00644-00404172-00404638": "because they argued that they were also denigrated by this journalism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00645-00404641-00405488": "So there's a real sense in the state that the national media is trying to present Alabama in a certain way.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00646-00405506-00406696": "And they wanted to push back against that, and these claims were eventually pushed out by the Supreme Court on First Amendment grounds.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00647-00406715-00407214": "But I think similar to what everyone else has said, really, it's this kind of free speech debate", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00648-00407217-00407552": "only it quite often seems to veer in one direction.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00649-00407556-00407818": "It only seems to apply to one group.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00650-00407821-00408564": "Certainly in terms of who's arguing they're being silenced is often quite one sided.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00651-00408580-00409618": "So certainly the Alabama courts were very supportive of this idea that the national press was presenting the state in this egregious manner.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00652-00409633-00410305": "And so they were found guilty in Jefferson County courts.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00653-00410335-00410838": "Salisbury himself faced twenty one years in jail, and and also fines.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00654-00410841-00411290": "So there's a real distinction between the local courts, obviously.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00655-00411293-00411724": "And then eventually these cases reach the Supreme Court, and it takes six years.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00656-00411760-00412402": "So it is a really interesting case in terms of how the media is being represented in within the state,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00657-00412405-00413018": "and this idea that national media is so very different from the local state media,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00658-00413047-00413585": "and what that means for free speech in the state itself is really interesting.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00659-00413618-00414158": "But I think then you also have to think about the way the national media and US nationalism,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00660-00414161-00414680": "obviously, was very much invested in the Southern exceptionalism idea as well.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00661-00414712-00414929": "That actually, you know, that these...", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00662-00414930-00415570": "Not to say that these reports into the south were necessarily false in any way,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00663-00415574-00415862": "or to show any sympathy with people like Bull Connor,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00664-00415865-00416216": "but it is important, I think, that if you think about the way ...", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00665-00416222-00416546": "In my paper I talked about even people like Gregory Peck saying:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00666-00416549-00416908": "\"Well, you know, I was born in California. We don't have prejudice there.\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00667-00416917-00417526": "Megan Hunt: You know there is this kind of commitment of US nationalism to this idea that race is a Southern problem,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00668-00417529-00417798": "that I think we need to think about as well", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00669-00417801-00418328": "when we're thinking about how the media presents these issues.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00670-00418330-00418706": "Johannes Breit: So thank you for this very interesting discussion", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00671-00418709-00419166": "and those very enlightening contributions.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00672-00419169-00420178": "I would now like to hand over to you for closing remarks and final conclusions from you the panelists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00673-00420293-00420456": "Tyler Wentzell: Thank you, Joe.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00674-00420463-00421243": "Tyler Wentzell: So even though our three papers are very different in many ways, and it stretches across three decades.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00675-00421305-00421882": "I was struck by a number of things that seem to run true throughout.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00676-00421885-00422378": "Joe already touched on some of this, but I'll just amplify my main takeaways from this conversation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00677-00422381-00423213": "One of which is that fascist and racist groups, their ideology and belief very much lends itself to", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00678-00423347-00424058": "to a degree of unity, to a degree of solidarity that allows them to act as a cohesive body.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00679-00424061-00424626": "Conversely, the groups that oppose them, that are pushing for some kind of social change", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00680-00424791-00425430": "do not necessarily lend themselves to a solidarity amongst their different interests,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00681-00425433-00425702": "amongst their different core ideals.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00682-00425709-00426186": "But it seems that that's a key concept for understanding which groups are successful", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00683-00426189-00426757": "and which groups are less successful in resisting fascist and racist organizations.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00684-00426764-00427034": "Tyler Wentzell: And lastly, the idea of respectability.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00685-00427037-00427971": "That idea that the moderate, attempting to maintain their respectability, their standing in society,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00686-00428107-00428626": "running headlong into other groups that are clamoring for that change,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00687-00428629-00429103": "and see the time for that polite conversation as having come to an end.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00688-00429129-00429542": "Tyler Wentzell: Those are the three things that I see is running throughout all of our papers,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00689-00429545-00429954": "and major takeaways for what we are going through today.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00690-00429970-00430256": "Ryan N. Abt: One thing that I see as running through all of these", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00691-00430274-00431221": "is that the right wing, racist, segregationist, fascist groups often want to sideline", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00692-00431239-00431666": "the idea of their own racism.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00693-00431669-00432490": "They don't want people to look at that so much as they want to look at the political methods of their opponents.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00694-00432493-00432953": "So both want to fixate on protests of their opponents", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00695-00432957-00433470": "and make accusations of divisive nature of those protests,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00696-00433473-00434210": "that it destroys unity, or nation, or whatever the group happens to be.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00697-00434241-00434394": "Ryan N. Abt: So that's one way that they do it.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00698-00434397-00435010": "And the other is they fixate on the political, rather than the ideological.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00699-00435013-00435562": "So they look at the methods of the federal government, the methods of an opposing group,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00700-00435563-00436114": "and that's where they make accusations against their opponents.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00701-00436117-00436487": "So they would make accusations of what the opponent says it's propaganda.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00702-00436492-00436834": "It's an extreme use of federal power.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00703-00436837-00437246": "It's a divide and conquer method to subvert.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00704-00437249-00437875": "Or that it's anti-parent education in some of the cases that I see.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00705-00437887-00439105": "And so oftentimes fascists, to ignore, to push to the side, their own problematic offensive racial ideology", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00706-00439120-00440290": "is to make accusations that the real Nazis and totalitarians are those who use X political methods or whatnot to act.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00707-00440293-00440814": "And it is those political methods that makes Nazis Nazis or makes communists communists.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00708-00440849-00441358": "Megan Hunt: I guess a lot of our discussion is obviously focused on moderate, the idea of political moderation.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00709-00441371-00442025": "And they found a cinematic icon in Atticus Finch, and they paraded their \"new day\" before the nation's media.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00710-00442079-00442814": "Megan Hunt: And and so I think the, just to kind of come back to the premiere a little bit more because I think it kind of fits with some of these points:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00711-00442868-00443426": "Presumably, the people in the cinema that night in Birmingham spent very little time dissecting the fact that", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00712-00443429-00443864": "in the courtroom in the film, African Americans are restricted to the balcony.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00713-00443942-00444194": "Obviously, the film is being set in the 1930s.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00714-00444197-00444866": "And yet, African Americans were restricted to the balcony that very night, as the Melba was a segregated cinema.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00715-00444888-00445538": "So it's hard to imagine that any black cinema goers, if indeed there were any on that night, were stood in awe of Atticus Finch.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00716-00445541-00446142": "The way that those confined to the balcony in the film do as he passes out after Tom Robinson's trial.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00717-00446214-00446830": "Megan Hunt: And many black residents had already resented and resisted what was known as \"the dark and filthy steps\"", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00718-00446833-00447279": "that led to the colored balcony of the Melba Theater where their feet always stuck to the floor.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00719-00447384-00448126": "And President George W. Bush actually used a story of a child who remembered the segregated cinemas in Birmingham", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00720-00448129-00448693": "when he reflected on the significance of the Civil Rights Act in 2004", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00721-00448693-00448866": "at the 40th anniversary.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00722-00448869-00449804": "And so, Dale Long, who says he was just a child in 1964, already understood his parents' limited enthusiasm for cinema trips.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00723-00449839-00450170": "And so he reflected on the indignities of segregation,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00724-00450173-00450782": "the significance of federal legislation first proposed due to protests in Birmingham itself.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00725-00450785-00451006": "Megan Hunt: So I think that probably shows more than anything,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00726-00451009-00451342": "how the the protests that were happening just streets away", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00727-00451345-00451707": "were so removed from what was obviously happening in the cinema that night", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00728-00451712-00452229": "and these different forms of political moderation that we've talked about", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00729-00452243-00452586": "and how then in George W. Bush's telling of this story,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00730-00452589-00453159": "it's the federal government that then intervened and made sure that these indignities were put to rest.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00731-00453160-00453879": "Megan Hunt: So there's a lot of work being done there around racial moderation and who's narrative of that story is told.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00732-00453897-00454546": "Johannes Breit: Thank you so much for these closing thoughts, for these final thoughts.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00733-00454549-00455329": "And as someone who has both studied fascism, and Nazism, and its racism as well as", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00734-00455389-00455666": "revolutionary upheaval in the context of Germany.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00735-00455669-00456193": "It's been such a joy to moderate this panel and to hear from all of you for ...", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00736-00456253-00457018": "Johannes Breit: You could have set someone here talking about the revolution in Germany 1918/19, and it wouldn't have seemed", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00737-00457066-00457876": "displaced for the interesting subjects and things we discussed today on moderates, on communists,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00738-00457939-00458452": "on those wanting to change and those seeking to delegitimize it and to legitimize themselves.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00739-00458509-00459026": "Johannes Breit: So from me personally, as well as from the AskHistorians subreddit:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00740-00459029-00459612": "A heartfelt thank you to all our panelists for participating in this conference,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00741-00459612-00460086": "and experimenting with us on the format of the digital conference.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00742-00460089-00460839": "And also from me personally, as well as AskHistorians, and I assume from our panelists as well:", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00743-00460841-00461306": "Thank you: our attendees, our viewers, our watchers", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00744-00461309-00461590": "for looking at this panel, for watching it,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00745-00461593-00462097": "for giving us these 90 minutes and listening to us give our presentations,", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00746-00462107-00462250": "and talk about our thoughts.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00747-00462253-00462862": "I hope you will find the time to also ask us questions in the subreddit.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00748-00462865-00463457": "And once again: thank you! And until the next time.", "h9mQWZtQOgo-00749-00463665-00463957": "Captions by Knut Ola Naastad Strøm"}}, {"audio_id": "h9exjzQ-iLU", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "h9LlZOamJAE", "text": {"h9LlZOamJAE-00000-00000008-00000416": "you see, none of the water is falling out, because you know, there's a hole in them.", "h9LlZOamJAE-00001-00000536-00000927": "there's actually something blocking them. it just gets the pencil right here,", "h9LlZOamJAE-00002-00001136-00001440": "was the case, and it's flocking the water.", "h9LlZOamJAE-00003-00001655-00001848": "i don't want to do it."}}, {"audio_id": "hqnkXr8E2w8", "text": {"hqnkXr8E2w8-00000-00000285-00000407": "SETH LADD: My name is Seth Ladd.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00001-00000407-00000737": "And I want to welcome you to another of our broadcasts", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00002-00000737-00001104": "live, talking all about the Dartiverse with Dartisans as", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00003-00001104-00001390": "we eat dar-- taters.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00004-00001390-00001647": "Anyway, we have really awesome special guests here today", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00005-00001647-00001747": "talking lots of stuff.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00006-00001747-00001907": "It's been a little while, so I want to catch up", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00007-00001907-00002039": "everyone on the news.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00008-00002039-00002452": "We'll talk about the events in the Dart world and meet more", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00009-00002452-00002527": "community members.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00010-00002527-00002677": "So with that, let's go to the Hangout and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00011-00002677-00002857": "I'll introduce everybody.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00012-00002857-00003183": "From the Seattle Dart team, we have Dart engineers Bob", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00013-00003183-00003388": "Nystrom and Nathan Weizenbaum.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00014-00003388-00003595": "Say hello, guys.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00015-00003595-00003611": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: Whatup.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00016-00003611-00003661": "BOB NYSTROM: Hey.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00017-00003661-00003752": "SETH LADD: Thanks for joining us.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00018-00003752-00004192": "And also from Seattle, Kevin Moore, a community member,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00019-00004192-00004436": "open source contributor, and all around", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00020-00004436-00004529": "great software engineer.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00021-00004529-00004576": "Hi, Kevin.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00022-00004576-00004704": "Thanks for joining us.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00023-00004704-00004827": "KEVIN MOORE: Good to see you guys.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00024-00004827-00004912": "Nice to be here.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00025-00004912-00005049": "SETH LADD: So we got a lot of stuff to cover.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00026-00005049-00005233": "So why don't we go ahead and dive into it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00027-00005233-00005516": "Let's go over some of the news that we've been seeing.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00028-00005516-00005779": "And a special shout-out to Chris Buckett over", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00029-00005779-00005849": "there from the UK.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00030-00005849-00006032": "He's been doing a great job every week or so collecting", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00031-00006032-00006162": "the news for us.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00032-00006162-00006346": "And a couple items I want to call out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00033-00006346-00006759": "First, of course, last week, two weeks ago, was Google I/O.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00034-00006759-00006987": "And all those videos are now live.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00035-00006987-00007223": "So if you're interested in catching up with--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00036-00007223-00007484": "let's see, we had Lars and Kasper give a talk.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00037-00007484-00007768": "We had Dan and DJ give a talk.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00038-00007768-00007942": "We had Ray Cromwell give a talk.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00039-00007942-00008281": "And then Jaime and I had a Code Lab.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00040-00008281-00008598": "All the videos, the PDFs from the Code Lab, are now all", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00041-00008598-00008758": "posted on Google I/Os site.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00042-00008758-00009029": "So you got to definitely check all those out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00043-00009029-00009272": "I think it went really well, a lot of good questions.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00044-00009272-00009492": "And I hope you can watch those.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00045-00009492-00009684": "Let's also see what Chris has collected for us", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00046-00009684-00009957": "on his blog, Dartwatch.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00047-00009957-00010170": "We should probably point out that Brandon Donaldson has", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00048-00010170-00010351": "been doing a good job collecting lots of different", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00049-00010351-00010842": "examples of different bits and parts of the Dart language.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00050-00010842-00011073": "And so if you're interested in learning more about those,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00051-00011073-00011358": "c.dart-examples.com.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00052-00011358-00011668": "And we'll post all of the links in the show notes.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00053-00011668-00011904": "But Brandon has been doing a good job with lots and lots of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00054-00011904-00012101": "different examples there for you to see what the language", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00055-00012101-00012213": "looks like.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00056-00012213-00012506": "The DartFlash library, which is--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00057-00012506-00012946": "its author, Bernhard Pichler, is pitching as a safe haven", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00058-00012946-00013288": "for ex-Flash developers moving over to Dart,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00059-00013288-00013402": "has started a blog.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00060-00013402-00013697": "And he's got an open source game written in Dart using his", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00061-00013697-00013803": "DartFlash library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00062-00013803-00013913": "So definitely check that out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00063-00013913-00014152": "If you have any experience with ActionScript 3, this", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00064-00014152-00014343": "might be interesting to you.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00065-00014343-00014627": "John Evans continues his work on Buckshot.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00066-00014627-00014906": "In fact, today he just released a screenshot of his", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00067-00014906-00015037": "new Tree control.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00068-00015037-00015315": "And John Evans is one of our earliest adopters of Dart and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00069-00015315-00015625": "one of the authors of a growing client", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00070-00015625-00015815": "site, MVVM type framework.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00071-00015815-00016041": "So if you're interested in building client-side web apps", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00072-00016041-00016190": "with Dart, definitely check out the work", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00073-00016190-00016359": "John has been doing.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00074-00016359-00016568": "Let's talk about some of the upcoming events.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00075-00016568-00016870": "And this is definitely where Kevin and Bob can shed some", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00076-00016870-00017006": "good color here.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00077-00017006-00017371": "This weekend is a hackathon in Seattle--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00078-00017371-00017648": "actually, at the Google offices in Freemont--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00079-00017648-00017806": "to learn and play all about Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00080-00017806-00018005": "Kevin, tell us a little bit about what you expect to see", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00081-00018005-00018130": "and happen at the Seattle Dart Hackathon.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00082-00018389-00018474": "KEVIN MOORE: I'm happy to.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00083-00018474-00018619": "Oh, and it looks like our video is finally", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00084-00018619-00018744": "up, which is great.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00085-00019025-00019261": "Seth had coordinated a bunch of hackathons around the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00086-00019261-00019341": "world, actually.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00087-00019341-00019539": "Was it in April, mostly, or May?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00088-00019539-00019683": "SETH LADD: Yeah, something like that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00089-00019683-00019935": "KEVIN MOORE: And I realized there was none in Seattle.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00090-00019935-00020142": "And I knew there were guys in Seattle working on Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00091-00020142-00020380": "And so I basically was just the squeaky wheel and said", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00092-00020380-00020623": "it'd be great to have an event here in Seattle.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00093-00020623-00021066": "And so with some amazing collaboration with Seth and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00094-00021066-00021329": "Bob and friends at the Fremont office here in Seattle, we're", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00095-00021329-00021542": "going to have a hackathon on Saturday.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00096-00021542-00021822": "And so basically, this is an opportunity for those that are", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00097-00021822-00022064": "interested in Dart can play around or want to learn can", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00098-00022064-00022322": "get together, meet some people that are actually on the Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00099-00022322-00022663": "team at Google, and have a chance to write some software,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00100-00022663-00022871": "meet other people that are interested in Dart, and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00101-00022871-00023079": "hopefully learn and have a good time.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00102-00023079-00023248": "SETH LADD: And how much is this free", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00103-00023248-00023373": "hackathon this weekend?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00104-00023709-00023886": "KEVIN MOORE: The retail price is $99.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00105-00023886-00024132": "But if you register now, you'll get", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00106-00024132-00024335": "in for free, I believe.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00107-00024335-00024460": "SETH LADD: Awesome.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00108-00024613-00024826": "KEVIN MOORE: We're going to do bagels and doughnuts.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00109-00024826-00025132": "And we'll provide lunch and some snacks and dinner.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00110-00025132-00025332": "So you'll be well fed.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00111-00025332-00025523": "And, of course, the Wi-Fi is free.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00112-00025523-00025836": "SETH LADD: And when is this free hackathon this weekend?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00113-00025836-00026261": "KEVIN MOORE: We're starting at 9:00 AM on Saturday in the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00114-00026261-00026320": "Freemont office.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00115-00026320-00026475": "For those that live in Seattle, you'll know what the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00116-00026475-00026668": "neighborhood is.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00117-00026668-00027204": "And we have an event bright page we'll send a link to for", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00118-00027204-00027305": "people to register.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00119-00027305-00027622": "And this afternoon, hopefully I'll send out an email to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00120-00027622-00027904": "people there with details about where to show up.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00121-00027904-00028289": "And if you have ideas for projects you'd like to work on", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00122-00028289-00028544": "or like to see worked on, you can register for those things.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00123-00028544-00028895": "So take a look at the show notes once the video gets", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00124-00028895-00029208": "published and you'll be able to see details there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00125-00029208-00029394": "And just make sure you register so we know how many", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00126-00029394-00029488": "to plan for.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00127-00029488-00029529": "SETH LADD: Awesome.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00128-00029529-00029645": "Yes, definitely register.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00129-00029645-00029733": "Bring your friends.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00130-00029733-00029831": "We have lots of space.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00131-00029831-00029972": "And it's going to be a lot of fun.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00132-00029972-00030225": "And this is a good segway over to talk to Bob because Bob is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00133-00030225-00030601": "going to grace us with his introduction to Dart talk,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00134-00030601-00030792": "which is also going to premiere at OSCON.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00135-00030792-00031144": "And so, Bob, talk to us a little bit about your OSCON", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00136-00031144-00031322": "event and what you hope to talk about there in your", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00137-00031322-00031539": "presentation.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00138-00031539-00031730": "BOB NYSTROM: You can't say that it's going to premiere at", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00139-00031730-00032113": "OSCON if I'm also doing it at the Dart Hackathon.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00140-00032113-00032280": "It can't premiere in both places.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00141-00032280-00032405": "SETH LADD: That is true.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00142-00032701-00033259": "BOB NYSTROM: So my OSCON talk is basically not so much an", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00143-00033259-00033414": "introduction to the language itself.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00144-00033414-00033615": "It skims over the language.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00145-00033615-00034017": "But it's mostly a contextual talk to just describe why we", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00146-00034017-00034361": "thought it was a good idea to make Dart, and a bit about at", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00147-00034361-00034684": "the high level why it's designed the way it is.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00148-00034684-00034910": "Hopefully, it will be entertaining.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00149-00034910-00035211": "But I make no promises.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00150-00035211-00035606": "And then mostly for my own personal benefit, I'll be", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00151-00035606-00036060": "doing the same talk this Saturday at the hackathon as a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00152-00036060-00036122": "dress rehearsal.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00153-00036122-00036537": "You know when '90s bands decide to come back and do a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00154-00036537-00036824": "reunion tour, and before they do the real tour, they do some", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00155-00036824-00036888": "club dates?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00156-00036888-00037088": "This will be like my club date, except that I'm not", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00157-00037088-00037240": "actually a famous '90s band.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00158-00037240-00037352": "I'm just some guy.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00159-00037352-00037734": "SETH LADD: So this is the intimate club setting before", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00160-00037734-00037998": "you sell out as a big artist and you play the arena shows.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00161-00037998-00038066": "BOB NYSTROM: Exactly, right.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00162-00038066-00038184": "SETH LADD: OK, awesome.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00163-00038184-00038524": "So remind us, when is OSCON and where is it this year?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00164-00038524-00038878": "BOB NYSTROM: OSCON is next week.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00165-00038878-00039047": "I think it goes from Monday to Friday.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00166-00039047-00039089": "I don't know.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00167-00039089-00039336": "I'm only there from Wednesday to Friday.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00168-00039336-00039500": "It's in Portland, Oregon.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00169-00039500-00039736": "I think it's always in Portland.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00170-00039736-00039888": "And it's awesome.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00171-00039888-00040222": "There's a lot of big pile of nerds all getting together", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00172-00040222-00040369": "doing nerd stuff.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00173-00040369-00040486": "My talk is on Thursday.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00174-00040486-00040780": "If you're going to be at OSCON, my talk is on Thursday", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00175-00040780-00041136": "at 10:40 in the morning, I think.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00176-00041136-00041386": "I should probably know this.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00177-00041386-00041524": "And it's going to be awesome.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00178-00041524-00041829": "And by awesome, I mean I might do something embarrassing that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00179-00041829-00041975": "you could laugh at.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00180-00041975-00042112": "SETH LADD: And you have some sort of Office", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00181-00042112-00042291": "Hours, is that right?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00182-00042291-00042331": "BOB NYSTROM: I do.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00183-00042331-00042428": "I do, indeed.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00184-00042428-00042730": "So I signed up for Office Hours, which I think basically", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00185-00042730-00042949": "just means it's a time and a place where you", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00186-00042949-00043066": "can find me at OSCON.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00187-00043066-00043497": "So that Thursday afternoon, I have some Office Hours and you", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00188-00043497-00043627": "can go bug me.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00189-00043627-00043826": "Or if you just see me wandering around, you can bug", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00190-00043826-00043904": "me then too.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00191-00043904-00043992": "SETH LADD: Awesome.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00192-00043992-00044319": "And do you know if your presentation at OSCON is going", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00193-00044319-00044554": "to be video recorded at all?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00194-00044554-00044740": "BOB NYSTROM: I think it is going to be recorded.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00195-00044740-00045076": "But I don't know if it's going to be put online.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00196-00045076-00045262": "I don't know exactly what the details are.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00197-00045262-00045416": "I know OSCON records all the talks.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00198-00045416-00045605": "But I don't seem to see them appear on YouTube.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00199-00045605-00045678": "I don't know if they--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00200-00045678-00045914": "SETH LADD: Yeah, I think you have to buy in a package deal", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00201-00045914-00046009": "or something.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00202-00046009-00046360": "We'll see if we can get a recording for everyone at home", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00203-00046360-00046513": "to follow along if you can't be there at OSCON.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00204-00046513-00046715": "But, of course, if you're going to be there, Bob's an", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00205-00046715-00046777": "awesome guy.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00206-00046777-00047038": "He's really active on the mailing list, really friendly.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00207-00047038-00047244": "And so certainly step up, say hi, even if you", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00208-00047244-00047370": "can't make his talk.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00209-00047370-00047583": "Let us know what you think about Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00210-00047583-00047812": "BOB NYSTROM: So what I'm thinking I'll probably do is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00211-00047812-00048073": "I'll just record the talk separately myself, just do a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00212-00048073-00048357": "screencast and put up there, just so--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00213-00048357-00048496": "I've done all the work to rehearse it, I might as well,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00214-00048496-00048709": "might as well get as much mileage out of it as I can.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00215-00048709-00048835": "SETH LADD: Yeah, great.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00216-00048835-00048996": "KEVIN MOORE: That'll be the studio recording.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00217-00048996-00049035": "BOB NYSTROM: That's right.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00218-00049035-00049232": "SETH LADD: That's right, yes, highly produced.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00219-00049232-00049500": "BOB NYSTROM: I'll dub some crowd sounds so it feels a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00220-00049500-00049782": "little more live and then we'll go from there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00221-00049782-00050025": "SETH LADD: And one other event I have coming up, it's quite", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00222-00050025-00050237": "in the future, though, November 11 and 12.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00223-00050237-00050602": "If you're in the Bay Area, be sure to stop by and check out", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00224-00050602-00050924": "Learn Game Engine Development with Dart and WebGL.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00225-00050924-00051055": "This is really cool.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00226-00051055-00051340": "John McCutcheon and Don Olmstead are putting together", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00227-00051340-00051603": "a two day class to teach you all about game development", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00228-00051603-00051861": "using WebGL and programming everything in Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00229-00051861-00052159": "And these are hard-core game developers, familiar in C and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00230-00052159-00052316": "C++ and C#.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00231-00052316-00052478": "And I think it's really encouraging, at least for me,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00232-00052478-00052934": "to see guys that would have targeted machine code before", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00233-00052934-00053255": "and find programming the browser now really interesting", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00234-00053255-00053400": "and exciting thanks to Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00235-00053400-00053642": "And so that's in the middle of November.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00236-00053642-00053900": "If you're around, check that out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00237-00053900-00054216": "Don gave a talk in San Francisco a couple weeks ago", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00238-00054216-00054365": "about using WebGL in Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00239-00054365-00054516": "And I believe that got recorded.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00240-00054516-00054863": "You can find that on Adam Smith's Google+ feed.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00241-00054863-00055049": "So if you want a little teaser there, check that out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00242-00055049-00055348": "But it's cool to see more developers, not just endemic", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00243-00055348-00055617": "web developers, come to Dart in the browser.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00244-00055617-00055937": "So keep that on the radar.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00245-00055937-00056202": "That's what I have for news and events.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00246-00056202-00056422": "I think one of the big things that we saw come out in the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00247-00056422-00056716": "past couple weeks was Bob's article on", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00248-00056716-00057001": "Dart language M1 changes.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00249-00057001-00057465": "What we're trying to do is get ready for this concept of a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00250-00057465-00057683": "public beta, public SDK.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00251-00057683-00057913": "And to do that, of course, we need to draw a line in the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00252-00057913-00058066": "sand, if you will, around language", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00253-00058066-00058341": "changes, and try to say--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00254-00058341-00058546": "excuse me-- this is the stuff we're going to do soon.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00255-00058546-00058647": "This is the stuff we'll do later.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00256-00058647-00058814": "This is the stuff we don't think we'll do.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00257-00058814-00059041": "The stuff we're doing soon, we're labeling as M1.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00258-00059041-00059267": "And I think we're getting really close to what that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00259-00059267-00059317": "looks like.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00260-00059317-00059573": "And Bob took the time to write up a really great article,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00261-00059573-00059790": "which is on dartlang.org.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00262-00059790-00059959": "If you go into Articles, you can see", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00263-00059959-00060121": "Milestone 1 Language Changes.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00264-00060121-00060357": "And I thought we could spend a few minutes talking about some", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00265-00060357-00060776": "of the more exciting ones that Kevin, Nathan, and Bob might", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00266-00060776-00060971": "have on their radar, excites them, or", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00267-00060971-00061078": "interests them the most.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00268-00061078-00061258": "We're not going to cover everything in here.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00269-00061258-00061412": "But I don't know.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00270-00061412-00061641": "Kevin, have you seen some of the recent language", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00271-00061641-00061928": "changes come down?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00272-00061928-00062075": "KEVIN MOORE: Oh, wow, you put me on the spot.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00273-00062075-00062128": "SETH LADD: I did.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00274-00062128-00062351": "You should have the entire site memorized.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00275-00062351-00062410": "BOB NYSTROM: No pressure, man.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00276-00062410-00062514": "No pressure.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00277-00062514-00062634": "KEVIN MOORE: Oh, wow.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00278-00062634-00062814": "Actually, it's what's funny is the things I'm most excited", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00279-00062814-00063187": "about are things that are tracked and owned, but have", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00280-00063187-00063395": "yet to come in.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00281-00063395-00063867": "Nathan's work on the pub stuff I'm super excited about.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00282-00063867-00064083": "Obviously, the big discussion-- and I was", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00283-00064083-00064490": "involved with that as well-- is the notion of an interface", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00284-00064490-00064711": "is going away and it's all going to be classes.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00285-00064711-00065042": "And that obviously was a big argument and discussion.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00286-00065042-00065197": "I think it's been resolved really well.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00287-00065197-00065505": "And obviously, the philosophy that keeping the language as", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00288-00065505-00065859": "simple as possible but no simpler--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00289-00065859-00066143": "I think Einstein said something around those lines--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00290-00066143-00066218": "is a good idea.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00291-00066218-00066529": "So that discussion has been really healthy, I think.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00292-00066529-00066791": "And honestly, I think the most important thing is just", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00293-00066791-00067113": "watching how the community has been involved with the Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00294-00067113-00067342": "team and the discussion groups.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00295-00067342-00067485": "The team has been very responsive.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00296-00067485-00067799": "Seth has been spectacular about talking to people.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00297-00067799-00068018": "So it's been really fun to get plugged in to the ground floor", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00298-00068018-00068201": "in that respect.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00299-00068201-00068470": "And from my perspective looking at what's coming", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00300-00068470-00068635": "through, just seeing everything tighten up and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00301-00068635-00068956": "decisions getting locked down is exciting, so that we know", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00302-00068956-00069081": "the more code you write in Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00303-00069081-00069304": "And I've written a bunch so far.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00304-00069304-00069536": "Hopefully, that means less churn later, which is always a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00305-00069536-00069596": "good thing.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00306-00069596-00069730": "SETH LADD: And I think that's the idea.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00307-00069730-00069966": "If we lock down the language a little bit now, the other", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00308-00069966-00070283": "pieces can start building on with more assumptions.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00309-00070283-00070603": "Bob or Nathan, what's some of the stuff that you saw coming", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00310-00070603-00070873": "down with these M1 changes that you're looking forward to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00311-00070873-00071141": "or found really interesting?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00312-00071141-00071330": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: Go on, Nathan.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00313-00071330-00071816": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: Let me look through--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00314-00071816-00072395": "I'm also pretty excited about the removal of explicit", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00315-00072395-00072449": "interfaces.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00316-00072449-00072871": "I think it's a good sign that we're moving towards cleaning", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00317-00072871-00073392": "up some of the unnecessary stuff that the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00318-00073392-00073698": "language has built up.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00319-00073698-00074690": "I think some of the new features like method cascades", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00320-00074690-00075281": "are a potentially really interesting way of doing a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00321-00075281-00076163": "jQuery style way of writing code that deals with a lot of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00322-00076163-00076770": "accessors in chaining and stuff that without having to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00323-00076770-00076970": "declare a bunch of temporary variables--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00324-00077241-00077286": "I don't know.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00325-00077286-00077404": "What do you think, Bob?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00326-00077404-00077504": "BOB NYSTROM: Oh, nice, nice.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00327-00077504-00077846": "You just passed that on to me.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00328-00077846-00078275": "So one of the things that I think is going to be cool once", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00329-00078275-00078428": "we have it and we can start poking with it", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00330-00078428-00078683": "is re-export support.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00331-00078683-00079019": "So one of the things that people talk a lot about Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00332-00079019-00079360": "as a point of confusion is the difference between the hash", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00333-00079360-00079569": "import and hash source.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00334-00079569-00079874": "And even once people understand it, there's a lot", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00335-00079874-00080098": "of stuff they don't like about hash source.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00336-00080098-00080360": "So one of the things that I'm interested in playing with is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00337-00080360-00080488": "trying to just not use it at all.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00338-00080488-00080744": "So if you look at the pub code base right now, it's not using", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00339-00080744-00080791": "hash source.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00340-00080791-00080900": "It just uses hash import.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00341-00080900-00081276": "And it basically treats every file as its own library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00342-00081276-00081523": "And I think, in general, I think that's a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00343-00081523-00081638": "better model for Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00344-00081638-00081841": "I enjoy using Dart more that way.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00345-00081841-00082113": "But there's a couple of things that you can't do if you write", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00346-00082113-00082316": "all your code like that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00347-00082316-00082627": "And one of those is pulling something from another file,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00348-00082627-00082887": "but then have it appear to be coming from you.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00349-00082887-00083104": "And re-export is going to plug that hole.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00350-00083104-00083500": "So I'm hoping that once that's out and we can start playing", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00351-00083500-00083832": "with it that that'll get us a step towards just not having", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00352-00083832-00084331": "to use source at all and maybe keeping it in the language,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00353-00084331-00084624": "but getting rid of it in terms of a feature that you use in", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00354-00084624-00084709": "Idiomatic Dart code.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00355-00084709-00085044": "Because I think that makes Dart simpler to reason about", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00356-00085044-00085215": "where you can just say, oh, you just compose stuff using", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00357-00085215-00085406": "hash import.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00358-00085406-00085688": "But we'll have to do some experimentation to see how", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00359-00085688-00086044": "well that actually works and if there's these weird", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00360-00086044-00086270": "consequences that we aren't thinking about.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00361-00086270-00086700": "But I think that has the potential to make just", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00362-00086700-00087077": "Idiomatic Dart a little easier to work with and reason about.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00363-00087371-00087495": "So that's cool.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00364-00087495-00087729": "SETH LADD: Brandon from the moderator asks, can you", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00365-00087729-00088024": "guesstimate on the M1 aim for completion?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00366-00088024-00088316": "And I don't think we ever really have a good idea when", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00367-00088316-00088392": "that's going to happen.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00368-00088392-00088756": "I think this is on the sooner side than later side, though.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00369-00088756-00089103": "I think we want to get M1 ironed out so the other pieces", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00370-00089103-00089157": "can be built.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00371-00089157-00089521": "But I don't think we have an actual time frame for this.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00372-00089521-00089893": "BOB NYSTROM: Language design is surprisingly hard.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00373-00089893-00090100": "If for kicks you decide to make your hobby programming", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00374-00090100-00090327": "language, it's an interesting learning process.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00375-00090327-00090631": "And one of the things that's tricky about it is you can't", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00376-00090631-00090925": "tell if a design decision is good until you've implemented", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00377-00090925-00091232": "it and a decent amount of code that uses it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00378-00091232-00091608": "So your iteration loop for cranking on the language is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00379-00091608-00091665": "pretty slow.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00380-00091665-00091856": "And it makes it hard to be like, oh, yeah,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00381-00091856-00091936": "here's all the features.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00382-00091936-00092005": "They're going to be great.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00383-00092005-00092155": "And then they're done and then the language is done.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00384-00092713-00092973": "SETH LADD: There's another question on the moderator here", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00385-00092973-00093139": "that asks about mixins.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00386-00093139-00093298": "Can you shed some light on what mixins might", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00387-00093298-00093357": "look like in Dart?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00388-00093357-00093557": "And I thought we could address this now, what we're talking", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00389-00093557-00093784": "about, some of the upcoming language changes.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00390-00093784-00094022": "Have we heard anything about mixins from", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00391-00094022-00094236": "where you guys sit?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00392-00094236-00094389": "BOB NYSTROM: I've heard bits and pieces.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00393-00094684-00095154": "I don't know exactly what the status is or--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00394-00095154-00095348": "[INAUDIBLE].", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00395-00095348-00095572": "I don't think the syntax been nailed down yet.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00396-00095868-00096162": "My understanding is that the basic idea should be pretty", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00397-00096162-00096399": "close to what you assume, if you're familiar with the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00398-00096399-00096696": "concept of mixins, in that you can--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00399-00096696-00097033": "my understanding is basically you can define a class that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00400-00097033-00097401": "takes another class and effectively copies and pastes", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00401-00097401-00097552": "those methods into your class.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00402-00097552-00098099": "So it gives you some of the multi-way composition that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00403-00098099-00098418": "multiple inheritance gives you without the crazy dispatch", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00404-00098418-00098716": "shenanigans that C++ gives you.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00405-00098716-00098885": "KEVIN MOORE: It doesn't modify that class hierarchy, correct?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00406-00099558-00099836": "BOB NYSTROM: It's a complicated question.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00407-00099836-00100209": "I think the effect of semantics that you will see is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00408-00100209-00100321": "that, no, it doesn't.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00409-00100321-00100649": "But I think the way the semantics end up being", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00410-00100649-00101203": "described in the spec may make it appear that they are.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00411-00101203-00101856": "The spec describes things in an idealized, abstract", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00412-00101856-00101963": "semantics way.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00413-00101963-00102357": "And in that description, I think mixins will look like", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00414-00102357-00102706": "they are more persistent in the class hierarchy, whereas", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00415-00102706-00103117": "in practice I think it will more or less feel like those", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00416-00103117-00103246": "methods just get slurped in.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00417-00103246-00103542": "And everything feels like it's been flattened out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00418-00103542-00103819": "But all of this is still up in the air, so don't hold", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00419-00103819-00103900": "me to any of it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00420-00103900-00104126": "SETH LADD: Yeah, I believe it came up at I/O. And it's", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00421-00104126-00104234": "definitely on the road map.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00422-00104234-00104607": "And so I know we're trying to get M1 out the door.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00423-00104607-00104816": "So I think we'll see this sooner than later.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00424-00104816-00105004": "And I know there's a lot of people asking for mixin.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00425-00105004-00105328": "So I think this is a highly anticipated feature.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00426-00105328-00105536": "BOB NYSTROM: One of the things that I'm excited about is that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00427-00105536-00105842": "because we're getting rid of interfaces, if you look at the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00428-00105842-00106273": "core library right now, it looks like it was designed,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00429-00106273-00106531": "especially the collections, by people that were thinking Java", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00430-00106531-00106753": "even though they were writing Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00431-00106753-00106889": "Everything is an interface and there's this", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00432-00106889-00107045": "hidden concrete class.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00433-00107045-00107370": "And because we're getting rid of interfaces, I think we have", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00434-00107370-00107510": "a chance to simplify a lot of that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00435-00107510-00107798": "So my hope is that a lot of those things will just be", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00436-00107798-00108156": "classes, and that by default, you'll just being able to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00437-00108156-00108375": "sub-class them.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00438-00108375-00108774": "So it's possible that even before mixins or in the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00439-00108774-00108994": "language that you'll be able to do a little more code", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00440-00108994-00109157": "re-use than you can do with Dart right now.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00441-00109157-00109518": "Right now, if you want to re-use some of the existing", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00442-00109518-00109727": "code that implements collections, it's really,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00443-00109727-00109823": "really nasty and hairy.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00444-00109823-00109955": "You have to go into core [INAUDIBLE].", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00445-00109955-00110090": "And there's platform differences", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00446-00110090-00110151": "and stuff like that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00447-00110151-00110404": "So I'm hoping that by getting rid of explicit interfaces,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00448-00110404-00110582": "even some of that stuff will get surfaced", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00449-00110582-00110844": "a little more easily.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00450-00110844-00110978": "SETH LADD: If you're interested in what else is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00451-00110978-00111288": "coming down the pipe for the new Dart M1 changes, go on to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00452-00111288-00111708": "dartlang.org and look for Milestone 1 Language Changes", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00453-00111708-00111965": "from the Articles section, or just search for M1 Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00454-00111965-00112127": "Language Changes.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00455-00112127-00112198": "I think you'll find it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00456-00112198-00112541": "There's a lot more in there that we didn't cover, and some", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00457-00112541-00112650": "really interesting things in there,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00458-00112650-00112825": "like an as_cast operator.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00459-00112825-00113047": "I'll leave you with that little teaser.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00460-00113047-00113339": "So certainly do catch up on what's happening in the Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00461-00113339-00113455": "language world.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00462-00113455-00113633": "But we also care a lot about the developer", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00463-00113633-00113710": "experience in Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00464-00113710-00113966": "Dart's a lot more than just a language.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00465-00113966-00114166": "It's a whole batteries included project.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00466-00114166-00114211": "And one of the--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00467-00114211-00114508": "BOB NYSTROM: Way of life.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00468-00114508-00114794": "SETH LADD: It's a way of thinking.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00469-00114794-00115088": "One of the other anticipated features that I really think", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00470-00115088-00115271": "is going to blow open the doors for third-party", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00471-00115271-00115550": "developers is our pub package management system.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00472-00115550-00115954": "And that's a great topic here for our guests Bob and Nathan", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00473-00115954-00116142": "and then Kevin.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00474-00116142-00116354": "So Bob and Nathan, you guys are working on pub.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00475-00116354-00116775": "And Kevin, you've put forth a proposal standard for what", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00476-00116775-00116926": "these packages might actually look like.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00477-00116926-00117023": "So let's dive into--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00478-00117023-00117136": "BOB NYSTROM: Which is awesome, by the way.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00479-00117136-00117283": "SETH LADD: Yeah, good job.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00480-00117283-00117382": "KEVIN MOORE: Thank you.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00481-00117382-00117543": "SETH LADD: Let's get started a little bit.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00482-00117543-00117765": "Bob and Nathan, can you spend just a minute talking about", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00483-00117765-00117892": "what pub is?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00484-00117892-00118042": "What is this going to mean to the Dart developer?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00485-00118364-00118519": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: Pub is a package manager.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00486-00118519-00119168": "So fundamentally, it's a way of declaring which", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00487-00119168-00119906": "dependencies your library or application uses, and fetching", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00488-00119906-00120196": "those dependencies from an external source, and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00489-00120196-00120533": "installing them so that they're available locally.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00490-00120533-00120728": "BOB NYSTROM: And dealing with versions.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00491-00120728-00121029": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: It handles version constraints so you can", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00492-00121029-00121617": "say, I rely on version greater than or equal to 1.0 of this", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00493-00121617-00122192": "package and less than or equal to 2.5 of this other package.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00494-00122192-00122642": "And it'll traverse the whole dependency tree of everything", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00495-00122642-00122993": "that those packages depend on, and just figure out a whole", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00496-00122993-00123617": "constellation of packages at specific versions that will", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00497-00123617-00123824": "work for your app.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00498-00123824-00124233": "It'll be able to update packages to the latest", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00499-00124233-00124371": "versions when you want to do that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00500-00124650-00125323": "So right now, it can install packages from git repositories", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00501-00125323-00125552": "and from the Dart SDK.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00502-00125552-00126470": "We are working on getting a package repository on", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00503-00126470-00127041": "dartlang.org up and running that will eventually have a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00504-00127041-00127663": "way for Dart developers out in the wild to create packages,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00505-00127663-00127968": "upload them there, and make them available for other Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00506-00127968-00128298": "developers to use.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00507-00128298-00128413": "And it's pretty exciting.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00508-00128413-00129140": "It's an important step on the road to an ecosystem of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00509-00129140-00129427": "libraries available for Dart developers to use.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00510-00129728-00129882": "SETH LADD: One of the first packages that I think we'll", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00511-00129882-00130117": "see is Kevin's Dart lib.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00512-00130117-00130444": "And maybe that will conform to his proposed standard for what", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00513-00130444-00130518": "a package looks like.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00514-00130518-00130870": "So I find it interesting that pub is about pulling a package", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00515-00130870-00131168": "down and making it available to your programs so you can", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00516-00131168-00131238": "easily import it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00517-00131238-00131482": "But it doesn't really speak too much about what's inside", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00518-00131482-00131523": "the package.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00519-00131523-00131660": "And I think that's where Kevin comes in.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00520-00131660-00132042": "So Kevin, can you give us an idea of what your idea of what", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00521-00132042-00132133": "a package looks like?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00522-00132133-00132267": "What are some of the assets in there?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00523-00132267-00132346": "How do they relate?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00524-00132346-00132545": "And what would you like to see?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00525-00132545-00132773": "KEVIN MOORE: Absolutely.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00526-00132773-00133102": "I've spent time in a lot of different worlds, obviously in", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00527-00133102-00133519": "the .NET world, and they have their NuGet solution, which", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00528-00133519-00133728": "has come on in the last--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00529-00133728-00133978": "oh, lord-- year now, and has made a lot of inroads.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00530-00133978-00134300": "And obviously, anyone who's done node, is familiar with", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00531-00134300-00134649": "MPM-- and RubyGems been around for a long time.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00532-00134649-00134797": "And actually, one of the first things I said was", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00533-00134797-00135042": "please make pub more--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00534-00135042-00135380": "not only do what RubyGems does, but do more what bundler", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00535-00135380-00135518": "does-- again, for those that are familiar", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00536-00135518-00135664": "with the Ruby world--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00537-00135664-00135925": "because bundler goes to the next step in making sure that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00538-00135925-00136041": "you understand what you install,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00539-00136041-00136190": "you understand versions.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00540-00136190-00136393": "And it's a really powerful solution.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00541-00136393-00136688": "So I was super excited to see that we were just discussing", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00542-00136688-00137111": "before we went live here that I think for a lot of people,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00543-00137111-00137320": "this notion of package management, dependency", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00544-00137320-00137645": "management, is now in the top list, along with you better to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00545-00137645-00137983": "have a collection class and a model for events.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00546-00137983-00138108": "Yes, that is a shameless dig.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00547-00138425-00138550": "BOB NYSTROM: We need to get all the right people in the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00548-00138550-00138683": "right room for that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00549-00138683-00138808": "KEVIN MOORE: Exactly.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00550-00139075-00139358": "The pub spec talked a lot about how do you get source", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00551-00139358-00139716": "down and define your dependencies, which is great.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00552-00139716-00140012": "But one of the nice things that are bad things in the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00553-00140012-00140150": "Ruby world, at least--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00554-00140150-00140433": "and this probably applies to other things-- is there's many", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00555-00140433-00140695": "ways to lay out your directory and your assets within a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00556-00140695-00140926": "package or within a gem or whatever else.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00557-00140926-00141239": "And having a decent convention around that is really helpful.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00558-00141239-00141506": "So an example would be if I had to find a GitHub", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00559-00141506-00141810": "repository for a package.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00560-00141810-00142049": "As someone that browses in GitHub, I want to see samples", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00561-00142049-00142111": "for that library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00562-00142111-00142358": "I want to see tests for that library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00563-00142358-00142662": "I want to see I for that library, all these things.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00564-00142662-00142922": "But I think that dependency on that library in terms of the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00565-00142922-00143320": "code I access, it's nice that there's an explicit notion of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00566-00143320-00143519": "the code I'm importing is everything in the lib", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00567-00143519-00143761": "directory and only in the lib directory.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00568-00143761-00144164": "And so having those things be laid out and at least having a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00569-00144164-00144323": "convention around it is super useful.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00570-00144323-00144700": "And so I created a package called Dart blank lib, which", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00571-00144700-00144920": "plays off the Dart lib library I made, which", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00572-00144920-00145049": "actually has content.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00573-00145049-00145344": "And Dart blank lib is a few things.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00574-00145344-00145659": "One, it's a straw man of how I think a package", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00575-00145659-00145738": "could be laid out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00576-00145738-00146144": "And once pub moves further in the pub spec, file format", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00577-00146144-00146394": "moves forward, that'll get updated to match that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00578-00146394-00146573": "And it's also I think really useful for anyone that just", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00579-00146573-00146690": "wants to start with a library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00580-00146690-00147141": "It starts with a silly, simple, stupid [? live ?] lib.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00581-00147141-00147272": "I think it just adds two numbers together.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00582-00147272-00147399": "It has a little sample app.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00583-00147399-00147694": "It actually has a unittest that verifies that I can add", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00584-00147694-00147931": "two numbers together, again, really difficult.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00585-00147931-00148264": "The idea is instead of just forking this, you download it,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00586-00148264-00148559": "extract it, rename things as you go.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00587-00148559-00148806": "But then things are laid out in a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00588-00148806-00148941": "reasonable set of defaults.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00589-00148941-00149130": "Again, this is not agreed upon.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00590-00149130-00149549": "But it lends nicely with what we have in the RubyGems world", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00591-00149549-00149876": "and the NuGet world and the MPM world, and Python world", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00592-00149876-00149988": "for that matter.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00593-00149988-00150149": "So I think it's a good place for people to start.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00594-00150149-00150317": "And hopefully, its pub spec and other", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00595-00150317-00150540": "things evolve forward.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00596-00150540-00150729": "That will evolve as well and tighten up.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00597-00150729-00151008": "And I'm always happy to get feedback.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00598-00151008-00151222": "SETH LADD: And did you mention this is on GitHub, that you", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00599-00151222-00151295": "can find it how?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00600-00151295-00151327": "KEVIN MOORE: Yep.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00601-00151327-00151460": "We'll post a link.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00602-00151460-00151686": "It's under Kevmoo, is my account GitHub.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00603-00151686-00151908": "And so a bunch of my [INAUDIBLE] is there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00604-00151908-00152118": "And that's one of them.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00605-00152118-00152371": "SETH LADD: Speaking of Dart fun, you mentioned Dart lib,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00606-00152371-00152614": "that you extracted this Dart blank lib from.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00607-00152614-00152924": "What is Dart lib?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00608-00152924-00153206": "KEVIN MOORE: I spent a few years at Microsoft, about", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00609-00153206-00153448": "three, working on their frameworks, working on some of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00610-00153448-00153600": "their GUI frameworks.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00611-00153600-00154145": "And so I really got into this framework state of mind around", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00612-00154145-00154297": "how do you think about factoring out", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00613-00154297-00154538": "code, making it reusable?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00614-00154538-00154740": "And in the .NET world, I ran forward and did something", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00615-00154740-00154908": "called the bag of tricks, which a lot of people played", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00616-00154908-00155101": "with, related to Silverlight and [INAUDIBLE]", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00617-00155101-00155304": "and other .NET things.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00618-00155304-00155497": "When I started doing JavaScript work, I made a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00619-00155497-00155908": "closure library, closure compiler library, related to a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00620-00155908-00156239": "bunch of work that my company did, Pixel Lab.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00621-00156239-00156423": "And so I wanted to play that forward into Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00622-00156423-00156827": "And so Dart lib is basically a collection of stuff, most of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00623-00156827-00157027": "which I think is pretty reasonable to say this is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00624-00157027-00157128": "relatively common.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00625-00157128-00157417": "And so by doing a bunch of work on--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00626-00157417-00157719": "I'm calling it innumerable to map to the .NET model so that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00627-00157719-00158420": "you can do chained .where, .from, .select, .average, some", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00628-00158420-00158629": "of the things you're used to with links index and .NET,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00629-00158629-00158798": "along with some other collection helpers.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00630-00158798-00159025": "I have a whole retained graphics model that plays on", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00631-00159025-00159276": "top of canvas that has hit testing and some other things", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00632-00159276-00159416": "I'm playing with.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00633-00159416-00159671": "So basically, I'm working on my own little project for fun.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00634-00159671-00159967": "It's an idea I've had for almost 10 years now about", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00635-00159967-00160302": "simulating and playing with different election methods,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00636-00160302-00160408": "voting methods.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00637-00160408-00160487": "[INAUDIBLE]", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00638-00160487-00160572": "moderator works.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00639-00160572-00160955": "And so as I'm running with that vote.dart project, I call", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00640-00160955-00161120": "it, I'm adding things to Dart lib.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00641-00161120-00161544": "And the idea is if people want size and repped, if they want", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00642-00161544-00161807": "an event model, a disposable model, it's always good to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00643-00161807-00162044": "share these concepts and not be reinventing the wheel.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00644-00162044-00162217": "So I'm using it for my projects.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00645-00162217-00162426": "I've already taken a few patches from some other folks.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00646-00162426-00162696": "And I'm happy to collaborate with others.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00647-00162696-00163020": "Please forks and hold requests.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00648-00163020-00163286": "I'm excited to expand out some of these base libraries.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00649-00163286-00163781": "And certainly what makes the .NET world awesome and MPM and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00650-00163781-00164006": "RubyGems, there always seems to be this handful of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00651-00164006-00164164": "libraries that everyone uses.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00652-00164164-00164289": "And it makes just--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00653-00164642-00164750": "even with the sink included.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00654-00164750-00164920": "And so this adds some nice chrome to the sink and a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00655-00164920-00165214": "shower and a stove.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00656-00165214-00165442": "And hopefully it will make using Dart more fun and more", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00657-00165442-00165596": "productive for a lot of people.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00658-00165596-00165883": "SETH LADD: I think it not only reduces the amount of work you", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00659-00165883-00166109": "have to do to get started with the project, but it's really", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00660-00166109-00166398": "nice to have these common bits of functionality across Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00661-00166398-00166637": "projects so that a Dart developer can approach", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00662-00166637-00166844": "multiple different projects and feel more", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00663-00166844-00166947": "comfortable more quickly.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00664-00166947-00167239": "So I think there's a lot there when you have that convention", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00665-00167239-00167539": "over configuration, or just simply the shared convention", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00666-00167539-00167714": "of what the common libraries are.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00667-00167714-00167843": "So definitely, thank you for that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00668-00167843-00168020": "And it's really cool to see that you're already taking", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00669-00168020-00168162": "patches for that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00670-00168162-00168579": "The question I love to ask our external community members is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00671-00168579-00168813": "what is some of the things you'd like to see from the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00672-00168813-00168933": "Dart project?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00673-00168933-00169020": "You've written a lot of code.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00674-00169020-00169145": "I'm sure you have a couple ideas.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00675-00169505-00169660": "KEVIN MOORE: What would I like to see from the Dart project?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00676-00169660-00170137": "I actually started writing a list of these things.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00677-00170137-00170681": "There's some outstanding bugs around field instantiate,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00678-00170681-00171012": "final static variables with const, and this weirdness", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00679-00171012-00171247": "there that's causing some issues in my own library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00680-00171247-00171420": "I'd love to see--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00681-00171420-00171494": "go ahead.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00682-00171494-00171727": "BOB NYSTROM: Is it that you want non-const final statics?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00683-00172077-00172125": "KEVIN MOORE: Both, actually.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00684-00172125-00172322": "Const final statics don't work yet.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00685-00172322-00172512": "There's bugs on it that I'm tracking, and just waiting for", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00686-00172512-00172707": "those to be resolved.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00687-00172707-00172960": "If anyone loads up the Dart lib--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00688-00172960-00173470": "and actually, you get errors in the Dart editor.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00689-00173470-00173583": "Thankfully, it [INAUDIBLE]", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00690-00173583-00173649": "everything works.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00691-00173649-00173905": "But you'll see all kinds of errors come up.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00692-00173905-00174290": "Other things that've been discussed are being able to do", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00693-00174290-00174554": "[? key ?] statements against classes, so emulate what an", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00694-00174554-00174692": "[? enum ?] is.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00695-00174692-00174915": "I think those issues are being tracked there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00696-00174915-00175156": "BOB NYSTROM: That actually does work now and is going to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00697-00175156-00175446": "stop working.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00698-00175446-00175534": "KEVIN MOORE: I get warnings on it now.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00699-00175534-00175686": "So you're saying it's actually going to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00700-00175686-00175798": "completely stop working?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00701-00175798-00176073": "BOB NYSTROM: So right now in Dart, you can do the Java type", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00702-00176073-00176132": "safety [? node ?]", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00703-00176132-00176459": "pattern where you have an [? enum ?] like class that has", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00704-00176459-00176611": "static instances of itself.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00705-00176611-00176932": "And then you can switch on those.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00706-00176932-00177378": "And the changes we're making to switch to constrain it will", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00707-00177378-00177657": "I think at least until it's been specified right now", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00708-00177657-00177838": "nullify that pattern, unfortunately.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00709-00177838-00178103": "But I know they're talking about loosing it up a bit to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00710-00178103-00178235": "basically keep that working.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00711-00178551-00178713": "KEVIN MOORE: So I pre-file my bug now?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00712-00179217-00179340": "We joke around about that stuff.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00713-00179340-00179689": "Obviously, I think the Dart team is doing a good job to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00714-00179689-00179833": "keep the first release tight.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00715-00179833-00179958": "BOB NYSTROM: [INAUDIBLE].", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00716-00180137-00180198": "KEVIN MOORE: Go ahead.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00717-00180198-00180375": "[? BOB NYSTROM: Enums ?] are a valid concern.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00718-00180375-00180626": "And at least we had a pattern for a while.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00719-00180626-00181027": "So I think it's a gap that we know we want to fill somehow.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00720-00181027-00181441": "And I just don't know if we've really filled it yet.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00721-00181441-00181652": "KEVIN MOORE: I'll take no solution in the short term", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00722-00181652-00181781": "better than a broken solution that we", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00723-00181781-00182001": "have to support forever.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00724-00182001-00182333": "So that's awesome.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00725-00182333-00182500": "Oh, and really quickly, we talked about an event model", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00726-00182500-00182686": "which people discussed.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00727-00182686-00182904": "I have an implementation that basically maps", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00728-00182904-00183001": "to the closure library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00729-00183001-00183198": "It actually allows my code to just map to what the closure", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00730-00183198-00183423": "[INAUDIBLE] have done.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00731-00183423-00183582": "So having that formalized, I think that's something that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00732-00183582-00183916": "would be actually good to have in the core framework.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00733-00183916-00184104": "And then these other things that've been discussed a lot,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00734-00184104-00184295": "I'd love to have generic methods.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00735-00184295-00184489": "That's something that's brought up by a few people.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00736-00184489-00184742": "And so those aren't super needed for B1.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00737-00184742-00185072": "Obviously, that's something that can be added later.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00738-00185072-00185551": "And then related to the mixins thing, I'd much rather have", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00739-00185551-00185843": "extension methods, which is a model that is exists in C#.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00740-00185843-00186060": "But obviously, for a lot of these things, a lot of people", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00741-00186060-00186263": "just want their pet feature from their favorite language.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00742-00186263-00186617": "And if it doesn't gel, we'll always be mad, but we have to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00743-00186617-00186745": "stick to the spirit of the language.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00744-00186745-00187102": "So I'm not expecting 100% alignment with everything I", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00745-00187102-00187177": "love about .NET.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00746-00187177-00187368": "Because at the same time, I can run it in a browser, which", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00747-00187368-00187525": "I can't do with C#.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00748-00187525-00187928": "So I'll take the good with the bad.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00749-00187928-00188000": "SETH LADD: Good list.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00750-00188000-00188024": "Thanks.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00751-00188024-00188141": "And it sounds like you're already plugged in to the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00752-00188141-00188215": "issue tracker.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00753-00188215-00188297": "And that's the best way.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00754-00188297-00188743": "And so if you, watching this at home, have ideas, certainly", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00755-00188743-00189215": "join the mailing list, dartlang.org/mailing-list, or", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00756-00189215-00189449": "you can file issues and bugs at dartbug.com.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00757-00189449-00189675": "So lots of good ways to get a hold of us.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00758-00189675-00189849": "It's an all and open source project.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00759-00189849-00190152": "And we have lots of engineers active on the mailing list and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00760-00190152-00190228": "answering the issues.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00761-00190228-00190662": "So we'd love to hear what you have on your short list of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00762-00190662-00190913": "things you want to see for the project.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00763-00190913-00191099": "We should probably also mention, before we move into", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00764-00191099-00191705": "the Q&A section here, is that pubs in the SDK today-- and as", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00765-00191705-00191896": "Nathan mentioned, you can install stuff from git now.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00766-00191896-00192137": "So you have the bases of pub are there working.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00767-00192137-00192517": "Kevin's start lib is there, working on GitHub.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00768-00192517-00192639": "You can pull that down and play with that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00769-00192639-00192913": "So a lot of the stuff we're talking about today is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00770-00192913-00193187": "operational in some form and coming online very quickly.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00771-00193187-00193546": "And so it's definitely a good place for you guys to play,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00772-00193546-00193802": "experiment, try your libraries, and then give us", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00773-00193802-00194239": "that feedback as we roll into this M1 phase of the project.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00774-00194239-00194490": "BOB NYSTROM: I will throw out the caveat, though, that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00775-00194490-00194643": "you're certainly welcome to start poking at", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00776-00194643-00195090": "pub, but it's at 0.0.0.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00777-00195090-00195199": "We're still in active development.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00778-00195199-00195617": "So we reserve the right to break everything, set your", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00779-00195617-00195742": "computer on fire.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00780-00196118-00196424": "KEVIN MOORE: Don't close [? the bet. ?]", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00781-00196424-00196559": "BOB NYSTROM: You're certainly welcome to try it out.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00782-00196559-00197022": "But you're taking your life into your own hands if you do.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00783-00197022-00197232": "Hopefully, it won't set your computer on fire.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00784-00197232-00197283": "SETH LADD: Right.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00785-00197283-00197448": "Yeah, I don't think we have that bit enabled.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00786-00197448-00197877": "But the flip side of that is it's a good opportunity to try", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00787-00197877-00198077": "it out and let us know what are the use cases that you", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00788-00198077-00198209": "need to get solved.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00789-00198209-00198504": "Because now we can take the opportunity to break stuff to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00790-00198504-00198665": "make sure we hit those major use cases.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00791-00198665-00198924": "So I think that's, to me, what keeps this project really", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00792-00198924-00199115": "exciting right now is that, yes, things", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00793-00199115-00199240": "are moving very quickly.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00794-00199240-00199536": "But you're part of something new, something that's going to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00795-00199536-00199732": "be big, right at the early stages.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00796-00199732-00200080": "And that's really exciting, to see it be born and grow, and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00797-00200080-00200400": "maybe even help influence its design.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00798-00200400-00200551": "So we've got a couple questions from the moderator", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00799-00200551-00200604": "for you guys.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00800-00200604-00200742": "Let's see if we can answer some of these.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00801-00200742-00200910": "These are all voted up from the community.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00802-00200910-00201157": "We've already answered some of them.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00803-00201157-00201561": "But this one comes up a lot, is the Dart widget control", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00804-00201561-00201589": "[INAUDIBLE]", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00805-00201589-00201947": "library on the roadmap based on closure library", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00806-00201947-00202052": "or a port of it?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00807-00202052-00202295": "And do we have any sort of timing?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00808-00202295-00202440": "I know that the Seattle team's working on", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00809-00202440-00202571": "some sort of UI library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00810-00202571-00202727": "You guys are there in Seattle.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00811-00202727-00203088": "Have you see anything happen there, or what's going on?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00812-00203088-00203215": "BOB NYSTROM: I definitely see stuff happening.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00813-00203215-00203550": "There are people working on it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00814-00203550-00203941": "As far as whether it's based on closure, it's maybe heavily", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00815-00203941-00204148": "inspired by closures is a good description.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00816-00204148-00204293": "It's not a straight port.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00817-00204293-00204463": "And I don't think there's an intention for it to be a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00818-00204463-00204551": "straight port.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00819-00204551-00204906": "But I think closure is probably the widget framework", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00820-00204906-00205254": "that is the closest mental model at hand when they're", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00821-00205254-00205460": "designing that stuff.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00822-00205460-00205832": "As far as roadmap and timeframe, there's the usual", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00823-00205832-00206152": "we don't usually make predictions stuff.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00824-00206152-00206501": "We'd like it really soon because we know people totally", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00825-00206501-00206600": "want it really bad.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00826-00206600-00206888": "And we'd like it to be out there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00827-00206888-00207144": "But I don't know what the timing is.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00828-00207144-00207392": "SETH LADD: And I think, again, it helps when the language", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00829-00207392-00207605": "settles down a little bit, and then the library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00830-00207605-00207823": "So these things build on each other.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00831-00207823-00208057": "And just to me, at the top, really, is that UI library.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00832-00208057-00208294": "So a lot of stuff I think has to happen before that lands.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00833-00208294-00208631": "But there are a bunch of open source projects out there that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00834-00208631-00208919": "are trying to build a MVVM framework too.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00835-00208919-00209182": "So it doesn't have to come from the Dart project", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00836-00209182-00209369": "necessarily for you guys to get started.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00837-00209369-00209573": "We mentioned John Evans with Buckshot.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00838-00209573-00209865": "Another one we just saw came out yesterday on git release--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00839-00209865-00210023": "we just found on GitHub yesterday--", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00840-00210023-00210262": "I think it's Dart MVVM.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00841-00210262-00210511": "There's a port of pure MVC.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00842-00210511-00210636": "I'm sure there's others.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00843-00210636-00210844": "Chris Buckett has a good list of community projects.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00844-00210844-00211009": "So in other words, there are options out there if you guys", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00845-00211009-00211055": "are interested.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00846-00211055-00211408": "And Kevin with his Dart lib is taking cues and inspiration", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00847-00211408-00211510": "from closure as well.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00848-00211510-00211898": "And so I think there's a lot to get started with, for sure.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00849-00211898-00211923": "Let's see.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00850-00211923-00212167": "Neo from New York City writes, is Google eating its own dog", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00851-00212167-00212494": "food by using Dart internally on Google projects?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00852-00212494-00212835": "So while we won't comment on any internal projects, we can", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00853-00212835-00213101": "say there are internal teams checking out Dart and giving", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00854-00213101-00213294": "us good feedback.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00855-00213294-00213548": "The tricky part there is that, as you can probably imagine,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00856-00213548-00213973": "the Google infrastructure has a unique set of constraints.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00857-00213973-00214373": "And so we try to balance building Dart for our open", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00858-00214373-00214644": "source developers, the external developers, who we", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00859-00214644-00214888": "really see as our primary audience, but also try to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00860-00214888-00215073": "balance that with our internal customer needs.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00861-00215073-00215287": "And so we play this tricky balancing game.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00862-00215287-00215467": "But there are internal teams looking at it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00863-00215467-00215831": "But I think we're squarely interested in making this and", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00864-00215831-00216252": "keeping this an open source project for all developers out", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00865-00216252-00216330": "there to use.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00866-00216330-00216575": "And that's one of the things that excites me at least about", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00867-00216575-00216840": "Dart because it's not just for Google by Google.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00868-00216840-00217146": "This is really to help all developers, not just even", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00869-00217146-00217342": "endemic web developers, to build awesome", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00870-00217342-00217615": "stuff for the web.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00871-00217615-00217957": "John Evans writes, how is pub for Windows coming along?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00872-00217957-00218260": "Guys, guys?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00873-00218260-00218471": "BOB NYSTROM: Every day or two, Nathan and I poke each other", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00874-00218471-00218759": "and say, not it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00875-00218759-00218953": "The actual quantity of work that we need to do for Windows", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00876-00218953-00219067": "support is pretty small.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00877-00219067-00219427": "There's a couple of places in the code base that don't work.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00878-00219427-00219575": "And we have to fix those.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00879-00219575-00219753": "So basically when it's shelling out to a couple of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00880-00219753-00220202": "things, we need to do some Windows specific stuff there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00881-00220202-00220748": "And we will do that relatively soon.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00882-00220748-00220887": "I'm not sure what the timeframe is.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00883-00220887-00221244": "But probably the best way to describe this is we don't", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00884-00221244-00221519": "officially support any operating system with pub.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00885-00221519-00221632": "It's still under development.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00886-00221632-00221757": "SETH LADD: How convenient.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00887-00221959-00222361": "BOB NYSTROM: But definitely, I can say for me, I'm very", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00888-00222361-00222712": "cognizant that the longer we delay working on Windows, the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00889-00222712-00222869": "more technical debt we're accruing.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00890-00222869-00223113": "And I don't want to be deep in that hole.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00891-00223113-00223396": "So right now, I don't have a lot of time to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00892-00223396-00223461": "be working on pub.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00893-00223461-00223685": "But as soon as I can get back to it, it's really high on my", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00894-00223685-00223851": "list of stuff that I want to do.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00895-00223851-00224259": "Because I think it's very important for pub to be a good", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00896-00224259-00224464": "citizen and to work equally well across", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00897-00224464-00224631": "all operating systems.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00898-00224631-00224802": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: I don't think we'll consider it done", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00899-00224802-00224936": "until it supports Windows.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00900-00224936-00225089": "BOB NYSTROM: Definitely not.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00901-00225089-00225196": "SETH LADD: I like that mentality.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00902-00225196-00225488": "And it's not an excuse or cop out or anything, but I do want", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00903-00225488-00225698": "to say, of course, that Dart is open source.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00904-00225698-00226001": "And I believe the pub tool-- is the pub tool in a separate", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00905-00226001-00226121": "repository?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00906-00226121-00226211": "What is that?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00907-00226211-00226413": "BOB NYSTROM: So pub is in the main repo.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00908-00226413-00226571": "And it has to be in the main repo.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00909-00226571-00226958": "If you imagine farther down the future when Pub is closer", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00910-00226958-00227203": "to done, what you would do is you would", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00911-00227203-00227260": "install the Dart SDK.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00912-00227260-00227316": "SDK.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00913-00227316-00227725": "And all that really needs to include is a Dart VM and pub", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00914-00227725-00227833": "so that then you can get all the other", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00915-00227833-00227932": "packages through pub.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00916-00227932-00228083": "But pub does have to be there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00917-00228083-00228512": "It's part of your batteries included bootstrap process.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00918-00228512-00228629": "So Pub is in the main repo.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00919-00228629-00229001": "But the hosting site, the package hosting site we're", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00920-00229001-00229266": "working on, that Nathan's working on, pub.dartlang.org,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00921-00229266-00229488": "that's in a separate repository.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00922-00229488-00229659": "SETH LADD: That's what I thought, OK.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00923-00229659-00229746": "We take patches.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00924-00229746-00229982": "I believe we've taken even a patch from John and others.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00925-00229982-00230267": "And so step on up, I guess.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00926-00230267-00230348": "We'll definitely get to it.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00927-00230348-00230466": "But it is open source.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00928-00230466-00230550": "And we've taken patches.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00929-00230550-00230846": "So that's cool.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00930-00230846-00231133": "Lattice Lava, a guy really active on the mailing list,", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00931-00231133-00231400": "writes, Dart's library system is known to be changed", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00932-00231400-00231548": "sometime in the future.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00933-00231548-00231727": "Are there any details on that already?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00934-00231727-00231944": "And will it allow creating a package management system", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00935-00231944-00232216": "completely independent of the language without the need to", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00936-00232216-00232341": "specify the package: scheme?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00937-00232603-00232821": "Yeah, go ahead and see if you can get that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00938-00232821-00233008": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: I think package colon is going to be", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00939-00233008-00233634": "around for at least a while, partially because of the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00940-00233634-00234419": "constraints of supporting both browser development and server", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00941-00234419-00234590": "side development.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00942-00234590-00235061": "For the browser, it's very important that the actual", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00943-00235061-00235773": "files that you use as your libraries are available in a", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00944-00235773-00236042": "place that the web server can see them and then serve them", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00945-00236042-00236192": "to the browser.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00946-00236192-00236556": "And the package directory solution does a good job of", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00947-00236556-00236802": "managing that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00948-00236802-00237338": "I think we have some hopes that the syntax for it will", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00949-00237338-00238008": "evolve into something more palatable, possibly even", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00950-00238008-00238310": "something that doesn't require you to write package colon.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00951-00238310-00238596": "But I think the fundamental import structure will be", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00952-00238596-00238880": "pretty similar for the foreseeable future.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00953-00238880-00239069": "BOB NYSTROM: So the high level goal that Lattice Lava is", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00954-00239069-00239544": "talking about is will Dart the language support multiple", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00955-00239544-00239713": "independent package managers?", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00956-00239713-00240040": "And that was definitely a design constraint when Kasper", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00957-00240040-00240209": "was coming up with the package colon stuff.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00958-00240209-00240886": "So the idea is we basically need to have this minimum", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00959-00240886-00241166": "interface, this minimum level of abstraction, that all Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00960-00241166-00241441": "implementations support, and that that gives you just", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00961-00241441-00241623": "enough of a port to jam in your own", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00962-00241623-00241757": "package management system.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00963-00241757-00242142": "And the package colon prefix, as syntactically ugly as it", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00964-00242142-00242394": "is, is basically that port.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00965-00242394-00242998": "So the idea is every Dart implementation is hard coded", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00966-00242998-00243406": "to know what to do with a package colon import.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00967-00243406-00243784": "But all that does is swizzles your URL to something.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00968-00243784-00244025": "And you can implement your own package manager.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00969-00244025-00244339": "And as long as it generates something that ends up at that", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00970-00244339-00244610": "swizzled URL, you can have whatever incoming semantics", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00971-00244610-00244790": "you want for that.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00972-00244790-00244961": "So that's the idea.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00973-00244961-00245248": "It still doesn't feel totally baked yet.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00974-00245248-00245516": "And definitely, I would certainly like the", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00975-00245516-00245596": "syntax to be better.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00976-00245596-00245867": "And it's something that I'm hoping we can", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00977-00245867-00245991": "turn the crank on.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00978-00245991-00246364": "But there's never any timeframe or anything.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00979-00246364-00246585": "NATHAN WEIZENBAUM: I've actually got to run.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00980-00246585-00246640": "Goodbye, everyone.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00981-00246640-00246678": "SETH LADD: All right.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00982-00246678-00246773": "Thank you Nathan.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00983-00246773-00247004": "And I think with that, we've ran up most of the good", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00984-00247004-00247135": "questions on there.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00985-00247135-00247396": "And I want to take again this opportunity to thank all our", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00986-00247396-00247615": "special guests: Nathan, Bob, Kevin.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00987-00247615-00247807": "Thank you guys so much.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00988-00247807-00248192": "Best of luck with pub, your talk at OSCON, the hackathon", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00989-00248192-00248337": "this Saturday.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00990-00248337-00248494": "I'll see you guys there, and anyone else that's", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00991-00248494-00248726": "going to be there too.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00992-00248726-00248894": "And just a lot of good stuff happening around Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00993-00248894-00249087": "And so to follow along, of course, we have the Dart", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00994-00249087-00249539": "mailing list, misc@dartlang.org.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00995-00249539-00249858": "We have the issue tracker, dartbug.com.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00996-00249858-00250341": "Of course, the Google+ page, +Dart, and the hashtag, which", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00997-00250341-00250713": "I see being used on Twitter and Google+, #dartlang.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00998-00250713-00250877": "So lots of ways to follow along.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-00999-00250877-00250988": "And we'll do more of these.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-01000-00250988-00251239": "And so we hope to see you next time at another", "hqnkXr8E2w8-01001-00251239-00251398": "broadcast of Dartisans.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-01002-00251398-00251565": "And we hope to see you in the mailing list.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-01003-00251565-00251733": "And thank you for trying Dart.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-01004-00251733-00252071": "So thanks, guys, and we'll see you next time.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-01005-00252071-00252167": "KEVIN MOORE: Take care.", "hqnkXr8E2w8-01006-00252167-00252292": "SETH LADD: Aloha."}}, {"audio_id": "hqonf4DjL-o", "text": {"hqonf4DjL-o-00000-00000091-00000421": "EAGER LION 2015 RECENTLY WRAPPED UP IN AQUABA, JORDAN.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00001-00000421-00000883": "OVER TEN THOUSAND INTERNATIONAL MILITARY PERSONNEL PARTICIPATED IN THE EXERCISE, OF WHICH FIVE", "hqonf4DjL-o-00002-00000883-00001203": "THOUSAND REPRESENTED U.S. CENTRAL COMMAND HEADQUARTERS.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00003-00001203-00001705": "THIS EXERCISE CONSISTED OF A SERIES OF SIMULATED SCENARIOS, INCLUDING BORDER SECURITY, COMMAND", "hqonf4DjL-o-00004-00001705-00002064": "AND CONTROL, CYBER DEFENSE AND BATTLE SPACE MANAGEMENT.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00005-00002064-00002384": "THE NAVY NURSE CORPS RECENTLY CELEBRATED ITS 107TH BIRTHDAY.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00006-00002384-00002789": "NAVY NURSES PARTICIPATE IN HUMANITARIAN AND COMBAT SUPPORT MISSIONS.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00007-00002789-00003200": "PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT ESTABLISHED THE NAVY NURSE CORPS IN 1908.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00008-00003200-00003692": "USS GEORGE WASHINGTON DEPARTED HER HOMEPORT OF YOKOSUKA, JAPAN FOR THE LAST TIME.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00009-00003692-00004119": "AFTER HER 2015 PATROL IN THE PACIFIC, SHE WILL HEAD TO VIRGINIA FOR A MID-LIFE REFUELING", "hqonf4DjL-o-00010-00004119-00004290": "COMPLEX OVERHAUL.", "hqonf4DjL-o-00011-00004290-00004737": "AND FINALLY, RESULTS ARE EXPECTED TO BE POSTED LATER THIS WEEK BUT FOR NOW CHECK OUT THE", "hqonf4DjL-o-00012-00004737-00004997": "ADVANCEMENT QUOTAS ON AH.MIL", "hqonf4DjL-o-00013-00004997-00005183": "FOR THESE STORIES AND MORE VISIT NAVY.MIL."}}, {"audio_id": "hqvgQHiwmIg", "text": {"hqvgQHiwmIg-00000-00000000-00000200": "Calculate the area of Triangle"}}, {"audio_id": "hqTvHLThfNk", "text": {"hqTvHLThfNk-00000-00000000-00000372": "LIKE THIS VIDEO", "hqTvHLThfNk-00001-00001905-00002090": "So tell me more about the leadership retreat.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00002-00002112-00002176": "When was it?", "hqTvHLThfNk-00003-00002192-00002340": "What outcomes were you looking for?", "hqTvHLThfNk-00004-00002364-00002514": "What challenges did you encounter?", "hqTvHLThfNk-00005-00002546-00002696": "I just got back from the retreat.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00006-00002702-00003022": "It was very successful and there were positive team outcomes.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00007-00003036-00003334": "I am confident that I could replicate the same for your company,", "hqTvHLThfNk-00008-00003344-00003615": "as this is not the first retreat for which I have been leader.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00009-00003718-00003826": "and a challenge?", "hqTvHLThfNk-00010-00003826-00004034": "It was difficult to get buy-in at first.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00011-00004044-00004220": "but I have Myers-Briggs training", "hqTvHLThfNk-00012-00004242-00004694": "so I understand people and how they best work in teams and as individuals.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00013-00004786-00004928": "Great.  Thank you so much.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00014-00004940-00005078": "Do you have any questions for me?", "hqTvHLThfNk-00015-00005094-00005374": "Just one.  What is the timeframe for the final decision?", "hqTvHLThfNk-00016-00005378-00005604": "You will hear from  us within 10 days.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00017-00005638-00005802": "We are vetting final candidates.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00018-00005806-00006068": "Thank you so much for this opportunity to come in.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00019-00006082-00006250": "I look forward to hearing from you.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00020-00006831-00007004": "I think she would be perfect actually.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00021-00007018-00007554": "Her skills and interests align with our goals and she will bring exceptional experience that we currently don't have on the team.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00022-00007554-00007868": "She also strikes me as a very proactive and positive worker.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00023-00007876-00008254": "I have to check her references.  But first I want to do a virtual scan.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00024-00008332-00008660": "Let's make sure we aren't hiring someone who is wanted for some crime.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00025-00010128-00010250": "Let me Google her.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00026-00010266-00010462": "She probably has a Linkedin Profile.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00027-00010480-00010786": "Let's see if she has been endorsed for any special skills.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00028-00010960-00011112": "OK.  No Linkedin.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00029-00011172-00011304": "Well that's a little strange.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00030-00011350-00011536": "But she does have a Twitter account.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00031-00011592-00011834": "Let's see what she says and who she follows.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00032-00011912-00011986": "O.K.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00033-00012038-00012322": "Looks like she's confident that she's getting this position.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00034-00013430-00013663": "Well looks like our search continues.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00035-00013752-00014244": "Had this person been more vigilant about her online persona, she might in fact have had a new position.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00036-00014291-00014913": "Perhaps in the future she will be more savvy about the connections between her personal life and her public social persona.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00037-00014919-00015213": "and she will reflect on how she wishes to appear to others.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00038-00015219-00015446": "Most especially prospective employers.", "hqTvHLThfNk-00039-00015510-00015658": "Where did she go wrong?"}}, {"audio_id": "hrywyiWH8QE", "text": {"hrywyiWH8QE-00000-00000000-00000554": "Copyright law gives creators such as authors and artists the exclusive right", "hrywyiWH8QE-00001-00000554-00001254": "to copy, modify, distribute, perform and display their creative works. Fair use is", "hrywyiWH8QE-00002-00001254-00001802": "a defense to copyright infringement. Fair use lets you use someone's copyrighted", "hrywyiWH8QE-00003-00001802-00002301": "work without permission as long as you do it in a way that adds new meaning to", "hrywyiWH8QE-00004-00002301-00002856": "the work. Each fair use case is its own fact-specific inquiry in which courts", "hrywyiWH8QE-00005-00002856-00003470": "are guided by the four factors of fair use. One: purpose and character of the use.", "hrywyiWH8QE-00006-00003470-00004296": "Two: nature of the underlying work. Three: amount and substantiality taken and four:", "hrywyiWH8QE-00007-00004296-00004851": "the effect on the market. Fair use protects many different categories of", "hrywyiWH8QE-00008-00004851-00005405": "uses including parodies, critiques, educational uses and socially beneficial", "hrywyiWH8QE-00009-00005405-00006132": "mass digitization projects like Google Books. Parodies are works that imitate", "hrywyiWH8QE-00010-00006132-00006623": "other works to make fun of, criticize or comment on the original work. A famous", "hrywyiWH8QE-00011-00006623-00007136": "example of a parody being protected by fair use is 2 live crews' rendition of", "hrywyiWH8QE-00012-00007136-00007539": "pretty woman which poked fun of and ridiculed the original version by Roy", "hrywyiWH8QE-00013-00007539-00007804": "Orbison. (Snippet of Pretty Woman plays.)", "hrywyiWH8QE-00014-00008269-00008843": "The Supreme Court held that 2 live crews' parody was a fair use because it", "hrywyiWH8QE-00015-00008843-00009230": "ridiculed the innocent nature and outdated tropes of the original song.", "hrywyiWH8QE-00016-00009230-00009710": "Fair use also protects broader categories of criticism such as comments,", "hrywyiWH8QE-00017-00009710-00010238": "scholarship and other forms of research. A documentary filmmaker may be able to", "hrywyiWH8QE-00018-00010238-00010667": "use copyrighted clips to comment on the subject matter and educate the public.", "hrywyiWH8QE-00019-00010667-00011129": "One notable example involves a documentary chronicling Muhammad Ali's", "hrywyiWH8QE-00020-00011129-00011647": "life. The filmmaker used copyrighted clips of Ali's fight against George", "hrywyiWH8QE-00021-00011647-00012083": "Foreman in Zaire and the court found that the filmmaker was likely to succeed", "hrywyiWH8QE-00022-00012083-00012472": "on the merits of the fair use defense because the documentary was a", "hrywyiWH8QE-00023-00012472-00013000": "combination of comment, criticism, scholarship and research. Fair use can", "hrywyiWH8QE-00024-00013000-00013463": "also protect digital applications that use copyrighted works for a different", "hrywyiWH8QE-00025-00013463-00013955": "purpose that transforms those works. In the Google Books case, Google digitized", "hrywyiWH8QE-00026-00013955-00014381": "thousands of books to make them searchable. This was a fair use because", "hrywyiWH8QE-00027-00014381-00014938": "it transformed the books from content into data which facilitated research and", "hrywyiWH8QE-00028-00014938-00015425": "made it easier for users to identify appropriate works. These examples are non", "hrywyiWH8QE-00029-00015425-00015881": "exhaustive but they provide a glimpse into the broad spectrum of creative uses", "hrywyiWH8QE-00030-00015881-00016420": "that fair use protects. If you want to learn more about fair use there's", "hrywyiWH8QE-00031-00016420-00016841": "several resources online that you can visit. On the Berkman Klein Center's", "hrywyiWH8QE-00032-00016841-00017323": "digital literacy resource platform, you can check out our fair use infographic,", "hrywyiWH8QE-00033-00017323-00017975": "podcast and our guide for teachers."}}, {"audio_id": "hrFpLDX4F-c", "text": {"hrFpLDX4F-c-00000-00000802-00001325": "after two days in Lhasa for altitude adjustment were headed out to the base", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00001-00001325-00001994": "camp of Everest but the first stop was your casa the drive is around the 270", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00002-00001994-00002468": "kilometers but it took us about five hours to get there because of the speed", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00003-00002468-00003096": "limit and there I saw the weirdest way of limiting speed ever rather than", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00004-00003096-00003645": "giving a speed limit it shows the minimum time to the next checkpoint so", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00005-00003645-00004148": "you will need to remember the time you arrive at a given checkpoint and ensure", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00006-00004148-00004745": "you don't get to the next checkpoint too early sometimes it's limited to one hour", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00007-00004745-00005444": "sometimes it's 26 minutes it's like a rolling math test if you see cars taking", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00008-00005444-00005910": "a breaker right before the checkpoint yes you've guessed it they arrived too", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00009-00005910-00006450": "early and they obviously don't want a speeding ticket it's a unique phenomena", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00010-00006450-00007122": "on highway g3 1:8 why I don't know the view on the way to your Casa is special", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00011-00007122-00007634": "it's very barren but the Jade color river that runs along the side made it", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00012-00007634-00008145": "look so beautiful in its own way I've never seen correct mountains like this", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00013-00008145-00008643": "I guess it's from the snow and ice melting and freezing we encountered a", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00014-00008643-00009171": "sandstorm that was quite magnificent everything afar disappeared in the storm", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00015-00009171-00009761": "I thought we were lucky to witness this special phenomena but it turns out that", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00016-00009761-00010340": "this happens every afternoon geez what a climate the peaceful river that", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00017-00010340-00010893": "accompanied us most of the way later on I learned that it's actually Yahoo some", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00018-00010893-00011525": "buti'm one of the highest major river in the world is lower part in Muto area", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00019-00011525-00012135": "forms a yahoo sambhu Grand Canyon the deepest Canyon in the world if you asked", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00020-00012135-00012768": "me to summarize the trip in one word I think it would be windy I was talking in", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00021-00012768-00013308": "many clips but now that I'm listening to them I have no idea what I was saying", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00022-00013308-00013733": "All I can hear wind only a few are usable for the", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00023-00013733-00014960": "original soundtrack. So the altitude here is over 5000 meters! And we're entering the Everest National", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00024-00014960-00015600": "Let's see if I can zoom this. Haha. Lot's of characters and letters are already falling off.", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00025-00015600-00015888": "National reservere.", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00026-00015984-00016304": "We're almost there! See the snow mountains?", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00027-00016304-00016800": "I'm just walking to see if there's a washroom. I'd better not run...", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00028-00016800-00017568": "I feel a little bit dizzy. Oh! I don't feel much bad like headache or anything like that but", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00029-00017568-00018608": "I do feel if I work a little bit like, like lift heavy stuff or run I do feel a little bit dizzy.", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00030-00018608-00019648": "Even though it was late April, toques, scarves, gloves basically anything that is windproof and warm is recommended", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00031-00019651-00020251": "sunglasses ultra moisturizing lip balms and anything that keeps moisture within", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00032-00020251-00020785": "you is essential too I actually had a pretty bad nosebleed when going through", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00033-00020785-00021310": "a security checkpoint as I handed the identity cards to the officer my nose", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00034-00021310-00021904": "has started to bleed non-stop I marked the counter well with my DNA it was very", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00035-00021904-00022454": "funny the officer told me that he had nose bleeding almost every day when he", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00036-00022454-00022979": "first got to Tibet it finally stopped after week or two - his body got used to", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00037-00022979-00023516": "the climate luckily that was my only one for the whole trip there is a spot", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00038-00023516-00023969": "on the way to the camp where you can see the full view of Everest and other", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00039-00023969-00024398": "mountains with the snake shaped erode we were about to be on", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00040-00024398-00024917": "it was amazing in person one of the best views I've ever seen and photos can't", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00041-00024917-00025224": "really do it justice", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00042-00035726-00036200": "Everest basecamp is where climbers get ready to challenge", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00043-00036200-00036600": "mount Everest however the base camp is no longer the", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00044-00036600-00037074": "real one they moved the visitors based him a few kilometers away from the", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00045-00037074-00037788": "mountain to reduce pollution and disruption of the environment so this is", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00046-00037788-00038718": "the camp we're staying overnight it's getting cold outside we're putting on", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00047-00038718-00039419": "more clothes so that we don't get freezing cold and inside we have", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00048-00039428-00040136": "so the insid we have this (poop) to warm that up", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00049-00040136-00041136": "Hi. It's me again. It's sunset time so let see if I can... ummm...", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00050-00041136-00041802": "Yeah, you can see that the mountain busy turns a little", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00051-00041802-00042324": "bit pink gold is really pretty and lots of people are taking pictures of that fully", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00052-00042324-00043184": "dressed up. I'm laughing because my mom used a sleeping bag. So that she doesn't get colder.", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00053-00043584-00044744": "My hand is freezing. Giant jacket, long... snow pants.  It's freezing here!", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00054-00044888-00045360": "Looking back it was a fun experience but at that time it", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00055-00045363-00045941": "seemed like a huge mistake to me it was so darn cold it's the first time I feel", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00056-00045941-00046472": "so unpleasant to have my head on. a frozen head and I can't bury it under", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00057-00046472-00046956": "the blanket because there wasn't enough oxygen I heard someone in the neighbor", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00058-00046956-00047488": "tent talking nonstop all night people say that's also a reaction to altitude", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00059-00047488-00048069": "on the way back to Lhasa we stopped at a Tibetan village for one day the", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00060-00048069-00048561": "village had only been open to non Tibetans for 21 days it's quite obvious", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00061-00048561-00049065": "that we were the unwelcome to outsiders by the way they looked and talked about", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00062-00049065-00049680": "us when we walked around the village Suriname a loco was very nice to show us", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00063-00049680-00050181": "around her house and shared with us a glimpse of their life she was the only", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00064-00050181-00050652": "girl in the village who pursued her studies and went to university in", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00065-00050652-00051144": "citroen province I finally got to see the tools they used to make yak butter", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00066-00051144-00051669": "traditionally however just like many other Tibetans we've asked they don't", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00067-00051669-00052140": "use it anymore machining is way more efficient it must use to take them a", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00068-00052140-00052883": "long time to make enough a yak butter for the whole family every day", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00069-00053727-00054416": "super sir did you probably told me that oh no do", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00070-00054416-00055654": "you need to go to Goku you son Julia Julia though is fully understandable I", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00071-00055654-00056186": "still feel a little bit sad that I didn't find any handmade a yak milk tea", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00072-00056186-00059198": "during the whole trip I got a chance to try out uncooked meat which is a bit", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00073-00059198-00059675": "scary for me who doesn't even like a medium-rare steak it was a local", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00074-00059675-00060442": "antelope butchered and dried oh my it was very potent it can be a snack were", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00075-00060442-00061057": "eaten with a meal suriname aset she was not used to cooked meat just like we're", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00076-00061057-00061879": "not used to the raw ones okay I don't know why I want a video this but it's", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00077-00061879-00062800": "pretty fun first you can enjoy the view fully outdoor and you have a four holes", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00078-00062800-00063037": "here", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00079-00063154-00064240": "yeah I guess an IV go here it must be really cold not a magical poop it was a", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00080-00064240-00064852": "unique experience to go further deeper and higher into Tibet the views the", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00081-00064852-00065335": "people and the customs are very different from Lhasa era I put on the", "hrFpLDX4F-c-00082-00065335-00066798": "area in my wish list hoping to challenge the Rio extreme next time"}}, {"audio_id": "hrGS9xKaRb4", "text": {"hrGS9xKaRb4-00000-00001434-00001760": "Please describe the game - what is it like, what do you do?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00001-00001760-00002124": "The game is about going down a well wearing guns for shoes", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00002-00002124-00002470": "so you just basically you keep falling down this well", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00003-00002470-00002722": "seeing what's up", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00004-00002722-00002966": "seeing what's down actually", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00005-00003040-00003425": "so the main gimmick of the game is that you are wearing this thing called the gunboots", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00006-00003514-00003792": "it looks like this.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00007-00003905-00004294": "And so if you press jump while you're jumping you shoot downwards", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00008-00004294-00004762": "and the objective is to keep going down.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00009-00004812-00005288": "So every time you beat a level you get to choose from these sets of 3 random upgrades", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00010-00005348-00005940": "I'll get this which will enable me to burn the enemies away when I stomp on them", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00011-00006559-00006927": "So you are showcasing your game here - what's the name of the game", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00012-00006927-00007206": "Our game is Clockwork damage.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00013-00007216-00007366": "Why should people play it?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00014-00007425-00007663": "So, a couple years ago when we started development", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00015-00007663-00008059": "we've seen that in mobile there's not really very good quality games", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00016-00008059-00008484": "and the games that there were, even if some of them had decent graphics, they didn't have", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00017-00008500-00008826": "the in-depth story that true gamers really like to see.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00018-00008826-00009319": "I like a story that also you can change by the decisions you take and so on", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00019-00009319-00009685": "so we decided to do a game that has a very powerful story", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00020-00009698-00009930": "It's exclusive for mobile, at least for now", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00021-00009931-00010260": "so for iOS and Android - also for nVidia Shield", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00022-00010260-00010500": "so you could use a gamepad", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00023-00010531-00010865": "and you'll find the simpleness - that is action RPG", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00024-00010904-00011311": "I think you'll find really fun to play, and you can customize a lot of the things you can do in the game", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00025-00011311-00011637": "a lot of the weapons in unique ways", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00026-00011728-00012122": "Yesterday I saw that there is a lot of different weapon options - you can switch the weapons - can you do it?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00027-00012148-00012458": "Absolutely yeah, so we can switch the weapons within the game", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00028-00012458-00012861": "without stopping so we can shoot different weapons for example", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00029-00012861-00013141": "I really like this one where we", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00030-00013141-00013523": "can use lightning to shoot several ones at the same time", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00031-00013523-00014031": "now we can also go to the workshop and customize a lot of things here", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00032-00014031-00014347": "so we can choose the different hats, the engine as well", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00033-00014347-00014782": "or even the armor as well.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00034-00015541-00015840": "The name of the game, what is it?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00035-00015840-00016382": "So this game is Galak-Z: The Dimensional. It's a spaceship shooting a game coming to Playstation 4 and PC later this year", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00036-00016516-00017088": "It's sort of a roguelike take, a modern sort of artificial intelligence and physics-based", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00037-00017123-00017437": "roguelike take on the classic spaceship shooter", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00038-00017437-00017783": "from you know the old school kind of 2D shooting games", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00039-00017783-00018082": "So the game starts with you - you're having a mission you come in from outer space", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00040-00018082-00018434": "and you fly into these caves, you can see I have this cave here", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00041-00018434-00018750": "this is my target here so I'm gonna find my way in here", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00042-00018768-00019010": "Everytime I play this this is gonna be a procedurally generated cave", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00043-00019041-00019229": "So it's always different?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00044-00019266-00019646": "Yeah, it's always different, different squads of enemies, different groups", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00045-00019647-00019853": "There's some enemies there", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00046-00019937-00020127": "So I played this game yesterday", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00047-00020138-00020438": "and there's a lot of physics going on, could you tell us a bit about that?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00048-00020438-00020769": "So the whole world is based on Newtonian physics so everything's got real amounts of float and mass", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00049-00020949-00021449": "you know it's in outer space - we cheated a bit to feel a bit more arcadey and fun", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00050-00021449-00021761": "Is there some kind of story going on, why are you doing these missions?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00051-00021816-00022309": "So there was supposed to be a giant peace treaty with the Imperials and the Earth", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00052-00022362-00022748": "And the earth fleet went out to meet them and then go over the terms", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00053-00022748-00022995": "And there was a giant ambush", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00054-00022995-00023315": "And they got wiped out the earth fleet is almost completely gone now.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00055-00023315-00023893": "I noticed the cell shading style is very specific and hard to pull of, could you tell us a bit more about that?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00056-00023954-00024460": "So the game is sort of 2D and 3D, it's a mix, you know it functions on a 2D plane but a lot of the", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00057-00024461-00024761": "ships and stuff have to be 3D", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00058-00024761-00025053": "the toon shading is just something we've spent a lot of time tuning and kind of working on", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00059-00025060-00025450": "to really make it kind of match stylistically a lot of the old anime we were looking at for reference.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00060-00026370-00026702": "[The game] What is it, please tell me something about it", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00061-00026720-00027022": "Yeah, Rollers of the Realm is a video game that combines", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00062-00027023-00027501": "classic arcade pinball and fantasy role-playing games", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00063-00027501-00027939": "Well this game combines two completely different game genres", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00064-00027942-00028410": "that haven't really been mashed together the way that we have", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00065-00028422-00028788": "So it's very innovative and it's easy to play", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00066-00028826-00029322": "So you can start playing right away but it has a lot of depth to the gameplay so", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00067-00029322-00029535": "can get in quickly but then you", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00068-00029535-00029848": "you can really get interested in it.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00069-00029848-00030019": "it's very similar to", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00070-00030019-00030337": "regular pinball on a high level", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00071-00030337-00030406": "But", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00072-00030406-00030823": "you can see there's enemies on the field that you need to defeat", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00073-00030823-00031229": "and you have to use your pinball flippers to try to attack them", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00074-00031670-00032067": "So basically my game is called Pixel Pirate", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00075-00032067-00032362": "It's a kind of famicom", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00076-00032362-00032563": "super Famicom", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00077-00032563-00032703": "or NES", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00078-00032703-00033015": "Super NES hybrid", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00079-00033015-00033196": "I'm using the NES restrictions", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00080-00033419-00033693": "Okay, so what do you mean by these restrictions?", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00081-00033693-00034138": "So the NES was a great console", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00082-00034138-00034319": "it had a lot of great games", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00083-00034319-00034687": "but its restrictions with color", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00084-00034687-00034880": "and how many sprites you could have", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00085-00034880-00035005": "those kinds of things", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00086-00035080-00035290": "were kind of what made game look the way they did", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00087-00035423-00036035": "so I've used those restrictions but also used modern technologies to create this game.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00088-00036081-00036393": "Here you are, the main character. You're Pete.", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00089-00036470-00036582": "You can jump, you can punch, you can run", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00090-00036912-00037050": "OW! AAAUW", "hrGS9xKaRb4-00091-00037167-00037871": "So the idea from the game is a cross between Super Mario and Monkey Island, if you will."}}, {"audio_id": "hsf0R9cN7nY", "text": {"hsf0R9cN7nY-00000-00001644-00002150": "Hello again! We're going to talk about clustering, and I'm going to show you some different clustering", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00001-00002150-00002502": "methods.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00002-00002502-00002751": "With clustering, there's no \"class\" attribute.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00003-00002751-00003247": "We're just trying to divide the instances into natural groups, or \"clusters\".", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00004-00003247-00003814": "For instance, imagine the iris dataset that we looked at in the last course.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00005-00003814-00003976": "Imagine deleting the class attribute.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00006-00003976-00004421": "Of course (you might remember) there are 3 kinds of iris, and in the iris dataset there", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00007-00004421-00004969": "are 50 of each kind: iris setosas, iris versicolors, and iris virginicas.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00008-00004969-00005355": "The dataset gives the petal length, and petal width, and so on.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00009-00005355-00005793": "If you deleted the \"class\" attribute, the question is: could you recover the 3 classes", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00010-00005793-00006354": "by clustering the data? You'll be trying that in the activity after this lesson.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00011-00006354-00006861": "The different kinds of clustering algorithms produce different sorts of representations", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00012-00006861-00007114": "of clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00013-00007114-00007464": "One way of thinking about clusters is to imagine disjoint sets.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00014-00007464-00008125": "We take the instance space and divide it into sets such that each part of the instance space", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00015-00008125-00008256": "is in just one cluster.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00016-00008256-00008652": "Or the clusters might overlap, as shown in the second picture.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00017-00008652-00008831": "You might have overlapping clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00018-00008831-00009420": "If you have overlapping clusters, you might have probabilistic assignment of instances.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00019-00009420-00009896": "So a, b, c, d, e, are instances and there are 3 clusters here.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00020-00009896-00010596": "Instance a has 0.4 probability of belonging to cluster 1, and 0.1 probability for cluster", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00021-00010596-00010906": "2, and 0.5 probability for 3.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00022-00010906-00011250": "Fourthly, we might have a hierarchical clustering method.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00023-00011250-00011731": "Here the instances are along the bottom and a and g get clustered together at the bottom level.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00024-00011731-00012020": "In fact, you can see the clusters at the bottom level.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00025-00012020-00012445": "Then these clusters join together at the next level up, and so on, until at the very top", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00026-00012445-00012757": "level all the dataset is just one big cluster.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00027-00012757-00013359": "It's called a dendrogram, that kind of tree.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00028-00013359-00013813": "The first algorithm we're going to look at is called \"KMeans\": it does iterative distance-based clustering.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00029-00013813-00014409": "First, we want to specify the desired number of clusters, we call that k.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00030-00014409-00014862": "Then the algorithm chooses k points at random as cluster centers.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00031-00014862-00015447": "It assigns all the instances in the dataset to their closest cluster center.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00032-00015447-00015932": "Then it takes each cluster and calculates the centroid of the instances in it--that's", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00033-00015932-00016186": "the mean of all of the instances.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00034-00016186-00016475": "These centroids are new cluster centers.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00035-00016475-00016965": "It goes back to the beginning and carries on until the clusters centers don't change.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00036-00016965-00017506": "At some point when you re-calculate the cluster centers you get just the same numbers you", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00037-00017506-00017729": "had before.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00038-00017729-00018270": "This algorithm minimizes the total squared distance from instances to their cluster centers.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00039-00018270-00018606": "Unfortunately, it's a local minimum, not a global minimum.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00040-00018606-00018862": "You get different results with different random number seeds.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00041-00018862-00019401": "We're going to look at it in Weka: we're going to look at KMeans clustering.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00042-00019401-00020101": "I've opened the weather dataset, and on the Cluster panel I'm going to open SimpleKMeans.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00043-00020151-00020643": "It's got some parameters here: the number of clusters, we've set this for 2 clusters;", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00044-00020643-00021117": "we can have different distance functions; and the random number seed here.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00045-00021117-00021340": "Let's just run it.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00046-00021340-00021507": "Here we get 2 clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00047-00021507-00021937": "One's got 9 instances and the other's got 5 instances.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00048-00021937-00022637": "The total squared error is 16.2--that's what we're trying to minimize.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00049-00022876-00023506": "The thing is that if we run this with a different random number seed, say 11, then we're going", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00050-00023506-00023689": "to get different clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00051-00023689-00024120": "There are 6 instances in one cluster and 8 in another cluster.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00052-00024120-00024776": "Here the total squared error is 13.6.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00053-00024776-00025328": "If we were to do it again with another seed, let's say 12, we get a different clustering", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00054-00025328-00025532": "again.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00055-00025532-00026041": "Going back to the slide, you can see that for each different random number seed we get", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00056-00026041-00026445": "a different clustering, and that doesn't seem like a very good thing.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00057-00026445-00026576": "Although maybe it's the dataset.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00058-00026576-00027157": "Maybe with a more proper dataset, we might get better results, more consistent results.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00059-00027157-00027754": "But in KMeans, it's always dependent on the initial assignment of the cluster centers,", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00060-00027754-00027994": "the initial choice of cluster centers.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00061-00027994-00028408": "XMeans, also in Weka, is an extended version of KMeans.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00062-00028408-00028932": "It selects the number of clusters itself--with KMeans, you've got to specify that.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00063-00028932-00029418": "For XMeans, you can specify a minimum and a maximum for this number.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00064-00029418-00030030": "It uses kD-trees, which are sophisticated data structures, to make it operate pretty quickly.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00065-00030030-00030462": "Unfortunately, though, XMeans cannot handle nominal attributes.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00066-00030462-00030910": "Let's look at another method.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00067-00030910-00031326": "EM is a probabilistic clustering method.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00068-00031326-00031632": "It stands for Expectation Maximization.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00069-00031632-00032008": "I'm going to go to the cluster panel and choose EM.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00070-00032008-00032606": "There are some parameters here.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00071-00032606-00032881": "We've got here the number of clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00072-00032881-00033313": "That's set to -1, that means EM will try to determine the number of clusters itself.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00073-00033313-00033532": "I'm going to set that to 2.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00074-00033532-00033913": "Then I'm going to run EM.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00075-00033913-00034077": "Here I get 2 clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00076-00034077-00034481": "In fact, these are the clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00077-00034481-00035249": "For each of the attribute values, I get kind of a probability that the \"outlook\" is going", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00078-00035249-00035706": "to be \"sunny\" and \"overcast\" and \"rainy\", in each of the clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00079-00035706-00036191": "We get the probability by dividing this by the total here.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00080-00036191-00037044": "Given those probabilities, if we had a new instance we could calculate for it the probabilities", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00081-00037044-00037195": "for each cluster.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00082-00037195-00037885": "Actually, EM uses as an overall quality measure a thing called the \"log likelihood\".", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00083-00037885-00038438": "Back to the slide, we've got two clusters with these prior probabilities.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00084-00038438-00038876": "Within each cluster, we've got the probability of each attribute for a nominal attribute;", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00085-00038876-00039211": "and for numeric attributes we've got the mean and standard deviation.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00086-00039211-00039682": "Let's look at another, final clustering method.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00087-00039682-00040037": "This is a hierarchical clustering method called Cobweb.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00088-00040037-00040359": "Back in Weka, let me just run Cobweb.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00089-00040359-00040789": "It's got some rather magic parameters here.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00090-00040789-00040947": "I'm going to choose 0.3.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00091-00040947-00041334": "It's a bit of a black art, actually, using Cobweb.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00092-00041334-00041677": "I'm going to run this.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00093-00041677-00042425": "I'll get a tree, which I can visualize--on the right-click method, I can visualize this tree.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00094-00042425-00043296": "Going back to the slide, this is the tree that we get for the weather data, with 10", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00095-00043296-00043393": "clusters.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00096-00043393-00043839": "You can see these clusters at the bottom level, and then these clusters at the level above,", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00097-00043839-00044149": "and one cluster at the very top.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00098-00044149-00044210": "That's clustering.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00099-00044210-00044373": "In clustering, there's no class value.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00100-00044373-00044877": "There are different representations of clusters, and different algorithms produce different", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00101-00044877-00045088": "kinds of representation.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00102-00045088-00045545": "KMeans is the simplest, standard clustering method.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00103-00045545-00046124": "It's an iterative, distance-based method.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00104-00046124-00046297": "It can take different distance metrics.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00105-00046297-00046667": "We were using the Euclidean distance, but you can select different distances metrics", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00106-00046667-00046903": "in Kmeans and Xmeans.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00107-00046903-00047349": "It's really hard to evaluate clustering, and we're going to be looking at that in the next", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00108-00047349-00047406": "lesson.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00109-00047406-00047671": "Meanwhile, go and do some clustering with the activity.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00110-00047671-00048176": "Have a look at the course text, if you like, and we'll see you in the next lesson.", "hsf0R9cN7nY-00111-00048176-00048399": "Bye for now!"}}, {"audio_id": "hsGV0Iwl42u", "text": {"hsGV0Iwl42u-00000-00001534-00001734": "Most shell species live in the soil,", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00001-00001760-00001960": "but mussels live on it.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00002-00002210-00002576": "They attach themselves to stones, other mussels and shells, but also to sand flats,", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00003-00002634-00002860": "where sand mason worms have fixed the soil.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00004-00003329-00003572": "They can form a mussel bed on this hard substrate.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00005-00003886-00004166": "Mussels hold on with a kind of beard of wires.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00006-00004280-00004602": "At the end of these so-called byssus wires there are adhesive feet,", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00007-00004674-00004882": "and they stick even with strong currents.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00008-00005108-00005334": "If they want, they can also move themselves with these wires.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00009-00005870-00006070": "Mussels are the natural filters of the Wadden Sea.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00010-00006242-00006598": "A mussel can pump 1.5 liters of water per hour along its gills.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00011-00006784-00007266": "The current mussel population can thus filter all the water in the Wadden Sea in just 2 weeks.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00012-00007590-00007842": "Mussels convert algae into organic material,", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00013-00007866-00008130": "which in turn serves as a nutrient for other organisms.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00014-00008372-00008578": "They excrete the so-called pseudo-poop,", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00015-00008606-00008806": "where mussels themselves can rise above.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00016-00008960-00009280": "With this poo, mussels form nutrient-rich mud flats together.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00017-00009434-00009634": "This is a special habitat", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00018-00009634-00009932": "that is very attractive to all kinds of organisms,", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00019-00009968-00010168": "both small and large.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00020-00010386-00010586": "Mussels are so-called bio builders", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00021-00010648-00010954": "and they do not only create an ideal environment for themselves,", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00022-00010992-00011192": "but also for many other species.", "hsGV0Iwl42u-00023-00011460-00011816": "They are therefore crucial to the biodiversity of the Wadden Sea."}}, {"audio_id": "hsIGTxB4eTo", "text": {"hsIGTxB4eTo-00000-00000046-00000180": "[I want to look fit...]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00001-00000180-00000256": "[But I also want to eat Tteokbokki...]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00002-00000256-00000360": "[But I also want to eat Tteokbokki] [So stressful!!!]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00003-00000360-00000516": "[I can't go out]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00004-00000516-00000700": "['cause I'm worried I'll binge...]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00005-00000700-00000869": "[Everyone seem to lose weight easily, why cant I?]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00006-00000869-00001038": "[It's depressing!!!]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00007-00001038-00001202": "[I regret eating again...]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00008-00001202-00001318": "[I'm so tired]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00009-00001360-00001746": "Hey, I'm Jessie from Dano, here to talk all about  healthy diets and sustainable lifestyle.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00010-00001746-00002020": "Today is our sixth habit-shaping class.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00011-00002020-00002458": "This might be the most important one out of the six.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00012-00002458-00002848": "[Habit-shaping class] [Lesson 7]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00013-00002848-00003206": "So far, we talked about how to successfully lose weight", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00014-00003206-00003422": "and how to do it better.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00015-00003422-00003846": "This time, we'll talk about the negative feelings that everyone comes across while losing weight.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00016-00003846-00003986": "Feeling guilty after eating too much,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00017-00003986-00004124": "feeling worried because you're not losing weight...", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00018-00004124-00004754": "Today's going to be about how to  handle and get over these emotions.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00019-00004754-00005236": "So I hope you listen into this sixth lesson.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00020-00005236-00005528": "[Lesson six: handling negative feelings from dieting.]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00021-00005528-00005756": "A lot of you ask me these questions.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00022-00005756-00005962": "Do you never overeat?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00023-00005962-00006220": "Do you never get stressed about your body and diet?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00024-00006220-00006490": "I also actually overeat at times,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00025-00006490-00006670": "I get stressed and I regret doing it.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00026-00006670-00007134": "I also get anxious if I don't see results in my body compared to the effort I put in.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00027-00007134-00007430": "I'm a human too, so I also feel those negative emotions.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00028-00007430-00007718": "But compared to how I was in the past,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00029-00007718-00008442": "I learnt how to quickly handle and get out of negative emotions, rather than feeling those emotions less.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00030-00008442-00008726": "In psychology, there's a term called 'mental fitness'.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00031-00008726-00009188": "There are lots of similarities between  physical fitness and mental fitness.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00032-00009188-00009390": "Let's assume we're hiking up a hill.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00033-00009390-00009824": "If we worked out regularly, had lots of muscle mass, and have good cardiovascular endurance,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00034-00009824-00010202": "we would be able to hike up the hill with ease.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00035-00010202-00010474": "But if we're weaker and our endurance level is low,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00036-00010474-00010724": "we're likely to give up in the middle.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00037-00010724-00010882": "It works the same for mental fitness.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00038-00010882-00011474": "Not only when we're trying to lose weight, but when we are stressed, sad, or are mentally shocked,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00039-00011474-00011648": "we go into a deep pit.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00040-00011648-00012010": "To get out of that pit, we have to have mental strength.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00041-00012010-00012308": "If you lack that strength,  it's really difficult to get out of the pit,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00042-00012308-00012588": "and you keep sliding back down into the pit.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00043-00012588-00012788": "What we have to keep in mind here is that", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00044-00012788-00013191": "mental strength, just like training for muscular strength,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00045-00013191-00013513": "can get stronger with repeated training.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00046-00013513-00013625": "I also used those methods.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00047-00013625-00013818": "I don't avoid those pits,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00048-00013818-00014247": "but I have enough mental strength to  quickly get out of them,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00049-00014247-00014450": "and I'm going to share with you how I do that.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00050-00014450-00014716": "[Lesson 6: Dieting emotion mallet.]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00051-00014716-00015108": "I'm going to hand you an \"emotion mallet.\"", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00052-00015108-00015376": "Let's imagine we're playing whac-a-mole.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00053-00015376-00015538": "Sadness can pop up,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00054-00015538-00015700": "anxiousness can pop up,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00055-00015700-00016108": "or guilt, stress, and lethargy can pop up.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00056-00016108-00016714": "I'll hand you five mallets to target  each of these negative emotions.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00057-00016714-00017142": "I hope you use the appropriate mallet  to whack your negative emotions.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00058-00017142-00017262": "Let's start!", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00059-00017280-00017492": "[01. Anxiety mallet]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00060-00017492-00017736": "The first mallet is the anxiety mallet.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00061-00017736-00017916": "You often get anixous when you're on a diet, right?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00062-00017916-00018224": "\"I'm going out with my friend today, what if I overeat?\"", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00063-00018224-00018384": "\"What if I don't keep the promises I made myself?\"", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00064-00018384-00018730": "\"Is my diet on track, as I planned?\"", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00065-00018730-00019054": "If you're feeling anxious like this,  I suggest you use this mallet.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00066-00019054-00019558": "Try to imagine the most comfortable environment you can possibly imagine.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00067-00019558-00019904": "It could be something you don't remember, like when you're in your mother's womb.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00068-00019904-00020270": "It could be a bed in a warm room.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00069-00020270-00020678": "It could be a hammock on the beach,  hung on palm trees.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00070-00020678-00021200": "It doesn't matter what, but it has to be the most comforting and stable environment you can envision.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00071-00021200-00021534": "A space where you're confident that  nothing can hurt you.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00072-00021534-00021806": "Tell yourself that you are safe and comforted,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00073-00021806-00022054": "and take deep breaths with your eyes closed.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00074-00022054-00022542": "In my mind, I'm seeing the peaceful Alps  that I saw during my honeymoon.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00075-00022542-00022782": "Set that in your mind in advance.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00076-00022782-00022950": "Let's try it with me.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00077-00022950-00023140": "Close your eyes, and take deep breaths.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00078-00023408-00023814": "I'm sitting on a patch of grass in the Swiss Alps.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00079-00023814-00024092": "Like this, even if we just did it for five seconds,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00080-00024092-00024246": "do you feel more refreshed?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00081-00024246-00024870": "Keep a snapshot of the warmest and the safest environment you can imagine in your mind.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00082-00024870-00025190": "When you feel anxious, hold this mallet up,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00083-00025190-00025446": "and try meditating, even just for five seconds.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00084-00025446-00025660": "[02. Lethargy mallet]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00085-00025660-00026050": "The second mallet is a 'lethargy mallet' you can use when you feel like you have no energy.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00086-00026050-00026508": "If you keep on thinking that you have to  manage your diet and work out,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00087-00026508-00026666": "you might think,  \"why am I doing this in the first place?\"", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00088-00026666-00027014": "There are times you have  no motivation to continue the diet.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00089-00027014-00027294": "Do a self-diagnosis first.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00090-00027294-00027698": "First, how much time do you spend  working out every day?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00091-00027698-00028156": "How many times do you feel during the day  that you should work out?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00092-00028156-00028595": "How much time do you think about managing your diet?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00093-00028595-00029008": "How much time do you spend  on sleeping and taking a break?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00094-00029008-00029516": "And lastly, how long has this lethargy persisted?", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00095-00029516-00029714": "If you're lacking time for rest,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00096-00029714-00030194": "and you think about working out  and having a good diet too often,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00097-00030194-00030577": "your lethargy might come from wanting to do well.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00098-00030577-00030870": "If that's the case, rather than  pushing yourself to do something,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00099-00030870-00031292": "I recommend you to have time for you to do nothing.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00100-00031292-00031842": "If you think you have to do something,  then you often end up not wanting to do it.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00101-00031842-00032092": "But if you don't have to do anything,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00102-00032092-00032474": "you might feel a new flame in your heart.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00103-00032474-00032844": "Choose a weekend, don't make any plans,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00104-00032844-00033234": "and don't think about what to eat or when to work out.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00105-00033234-00033418": "Just have a day off to rest.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00106-00033418-00033796": "When you regain your mental energy as you rest up,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00107-00033796-00034004": "then use that energy", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00108-00034004-00034386": "to plan something with willingness.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00109-00034386-00034536": "If you're at that stage,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00110-00034536-00034766": "wear nice clothes and shoes,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00111-00034766-00034904": "head out and take a walk,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00112-00034904-00035104": "or go to a cafe to read a book.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00113-00035106-00035316": "If you try doing things you don't normally do,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00114-00035316-00035712": "you'll naturally be able to get out of the pit of lethargy.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00115-00035712-00035914": "[03. Stress mallet]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00116-00035914-00036378": "The third mallet is a stress mallet to deal with stress.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00117-00036378-00036680": "Nobody is completely stress-free.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00118-00036680-00036928": "There are stresses that build up,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00119-00036928-00037226": "and there are stresses from a shocking event.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00120-00037226-00037538": "If you don't handle these stresses as they come,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00121-00037538-00037812": "these build up to become a physical illness.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00122-00037812-00038092": "Especially when you're on a diet,  there are lots of stressful moments.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00123-00038092-00038274": "That might be from hurtful comments from others,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00124-00038274-00038550": "or from when your weight-loss doesn't go as planned.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00125-00038550-00038880": "The way to handle these stress well", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00126-00038880-00039112": "is to express your stress physically.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00127-00039112-00039322": "Shout, move your body", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00128-00039322-00039534": "or describe different situations.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00129-00039534-00039974": "Help yourself express your emotions physically.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00130-00039974-00040136": "The easiest way to do this", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00131-00040136-00040318": "is to scream under a blanket.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00132-00040318-00040566": "If you can't yell because you live in a small space,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00133-00040566-00040812": "you can scream without sound.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00134-00040812-00041146": "Other people can't hear you,  but you can let out your stress.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00135-00041146-00041378": "It's also good to let it out with your body.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00136-00041378-00041518": "Exercising would be best,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00137-00041518-00041666": "but you can dance,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00138-00041666-00041794": "or flutter your feet.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00139-00041794-00042342": "If you try to externally express the stress  you feel in your mind,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00140-00042342-00042576": "that will help you handle that stress.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00141-00042576-00042924": "But stress ranges from something you can  handle by letting out a scream", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00142-00042924-00043116": "to something more fundamental.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00143-00043116-00043618": "For example, you might continually be stressed from  your relationship with your boss at work,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00144-00043618-00043836": "or stress from your family relationships.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00145-00043836-00044138": "So, this mallet I shared today", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00146-00044138-00044798": "is to help you get out of the stressful pit, quickly.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00147-00044798-00045156": "It's not to resolve these fundamental causes of stress.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00148-00045156-00045698": "Of course, finding the root cause and resolving it is the most important for chronic stress.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00149-00045698-00046260": "But, the method I shared today will  help you resolve everyday stresses.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00150-00046260-00046466": "[04. Regret mallet]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00151-00046466-00046704": "The fourth mallet is a 'regret mallet.'", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00152-00046704-00046936": "When we're on a diet, we regret every day.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00153-00046936-00047072": "After a drink,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00154-00047074-00047218": "after a late night snack,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00155-00047218-00047380": "after you skip a workout...", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00156-00047380-00047740": "There are moments you regret because you couldn't keep the promises you made to yourself.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00157-00047740-00048142": "But regretting itself doesn't help you  lose weight and help you change.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00158-00048142-00048532": "The more important thing is to plan out for your future.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00159-00048532-00048952": "So rather than regretting,  you should think about what to do next.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00160-00048952-00049072": "But this is hard.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00161-00049072-00049340": "Personally, I focus on the days left in my life.,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00162-00049340-00049522": "For example, I'm thirty now.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00163-00049522-00049748": "If I assume I live until 90, I have 60 more years left.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00164-00049748-00050144": "If you convert that into months, that's 720 months.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00165-00050144-00050592": "That means, if I flip the calendar 720 times, I die.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00166-00050592-00050834": "So it makes each day feel more important.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00167-00050834-00051616": "So, rather than regretting, I try to think how to make good decisions with my next 720 opportunities.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00168-00051616-00052262": "That way, I can flip my thinking,  and get myself out of the regretful pit.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00169-00052262-00052632": "For example, I had the sichuan mala spice soup  with my friends last night.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00170-00052632-00052844": "Since I ate something spicy, I craved for sweets.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00171-00052844-00052986": "So I had sweet snacks.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00172-00052986-00053490": "Of course, I regretted because  my stomach felt weird, and my body felt heavy.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00173-00053490-00053664": "But rather than focusing on regret,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00174-00053664-00053976": "I planned out my meals for the next day.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00175-00053976-00054120": "I have three chances the next day,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00176-00054120-00054264": "and another three the next day.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00177-00054264-00054641": "There are more than enough chances  for me to make up for my mistake,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00178-00054641-00054900": "so I think to myself to make better choices next.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00179-00054900-00055248": "That helps me safely get out of this pit of regret.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00180-00055248-00055472": "[05. Depression mallet]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00181-00055472-00055767": "The fifth mallet is a depression mallet.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00182-00055767-00056072": "Depression is not something  I can talk about lightly or simply.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00183-00056072-00056296": "There are lots of different ways  to recover from depression.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00184-00056296-00056762": "And sometimes, you need drugs  even at some early stages of depression.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00185-00056762-00056894": "So today,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00186-00056894-00057186": "I'm going to talk about slight feelings  of depression when you're on a diet.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00187-00057186-00057444": "Before we dive into the pit of depression,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00188-00057444-00057786": "I'll talk about ways to pull you out of it.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00189-00057786-00058150": "Think about someone you admire and like.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00190-00058150-00058424": "It could be a teacher you really liked as a child,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00191-00058424-00058564": "it could be your mom,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00192-00058564-00058738": "and it could be a celebrity you like.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00193-00058738-00059334": "Imagine what that person would say if they were to  write an encouraging letter to you right now,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00194-00059334-00059512": "and say that to yourself!", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00195-00059512-00059791": "For example, if my mom were to send me a letter,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00196-00059791-00059962": "she would say that I am valuable as is.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00197-00059962-00060508": "Even if you don't do anything, or try anything,  your existence is valuable to me!", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00198-00060508-00060682": "She would say something like that.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00199-00060682-00061116": "The best thing you earn from this practice,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00200-00061116-00061520": "is that, if you use your own language to  talk about and make judgements about yourself,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00201-00061522-00061916": "you'll only focus on the negatives,  since you're feeling down.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00202-00061916-00062334": "But if you move away from your own perspective,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00203-00062334-00062712": "and see yourself from the eyes of someone you love,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00204-00062712-00062882": "you'll see yourself more objectively", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00205-00062882-00063160": "and tell yourself something more kind.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00206-00063160-00063350": "Although you might feel depressed,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00207-00063350-00063466": "you would have words you want to hear.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00208-00063466-00063784": "You'd want to hear something kind and encouraging.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00209-00063784-00063966": "But it's hard to say that yourself,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00210-00063966-00064164": "so you borrow someone else's eyes", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00211-00064164-00064438": "and tell yourself what you need to hear.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00212-00064438-00064920": "This way, you can raise yourself up from feeling down", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00213-00064920-00065502": "and give yourself enough energy  to help you out of the pit of depression.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00214-00065502-00065840": "[Habit shaping class] [Lesson 6: Dealing with emotions that come with dieting]", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00215-00065840-00066944": "Today, we talked about ways to improve your mental strength to help you out of these emotional pits.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00216-00066944-00067270": "So, we looked into anxiety, lethargy,  stress, regret and depression.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00217-00067270-00067882": "I shared with you mallets to  help you whack these five emotions.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00218-00067882-00067986": "Today's homework!", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00219-00067986-00068878": "Write down one of the five emotions you felt as you try to lose weight and shape your habits.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00220-00068878-00069420": "Then, share what you plan to do with the appropriate emotion mallet that I shared today.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00221-00069420-00069586": "Or, a review of what you tried out.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00222-00069586-00069808": "It'd be great if you could leave those in the comments.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00223-00069808-00069966": "I'll read the comments one by one", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00224-00069966-00070304": "to see what emotions you find difficult to handle,", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00225-00070304-00070812": "and what emotions prevent you from shaping your habits and give you hardships.", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00226-00070812-00071026": "Then, I'll see you in the next class!", "hsIGTxB4eTo-00227-00071026-00071208": "Bye!"}}, {"audio_id": "huplikT3oIE", "text": {}}, {"audio_id": "huJntnfsAy0", "text": {"huJntnfsAy0-00000-00000522-00001096": "Summarizing is taking some information and restating the main ideas", "huJntnfsAy0-00001-00001096-00001370": "in as few words as possible.", "huJntnfsAy0-00002-00001370-00001980": "Students can summarize orally, by drawing a picture,", "huJntnfsAy0-00003-00001980-00002652": "in writing, or even by acting out the main ideas of a lesson.", "huJntnfsAy0-00004-00002652-00003320": "A summary does not include opinions. It's just about the facts.", "huJntnfsAy0-00005-00003332-00003878": "Summarizing can take time for students to learn because they tend to include", "huJntnfsAy0-00006-00003878-00004358": "either too much information or not enough.", "huJntnfsAy0-00007-00004394-00004884": "So the teacher needs to show how to summarize many times.", "huJntnfsAy0-00008-00004884-00005494": "And the students need lots of practice until they understand.", "huJntnfsAy0-00009-00005506-00005696": "Let's review.", "huJntnfsAy0-00010-00005696-00006372": "Summarizing is restating the main ideas in as few words as possible.", "huJntnfsAy0-00011-00006384-00007245": "It can be done orally, by drawing pictures, in writing or by acting it out.", "huJntnfsAy0-00012-00007266-00007959": "Students need lots of examples and practice to learn summarizing."}}, {"audio_id": "hvwHstf26po", "text": {"hvwHstf26po-00000-00001500-00001762": "How to make a bardot neckline jumpsuit", "hvwHstf26po-00001-00001805-00002002": "without creating any fabric leftovers ?", "hvwHstf26po-00002-00002002-00002370": "download the PDF pattern", "hvwHstf26po-00003-00002562-00003074": "and follow this step-by-step sewing tutorial", "hvwHstf26po-00004-00004172-00004680": "Hello everyone and welcome to this youtube channel dedicated to the creation of zero waste clothing", "hvwHstf26po-00005-00004774-00005362": "In this video i am going to show you how to make a jumpsuit with a bardot neckline, available as shorts or trousers", "hvwHstf26po-00006-00005392-00006336": "The pattern for this jumpsuit is available in PDF from sizes 34 to 42 on the website milanavjc.com in the DIY section", "hvwHstf26po-00007-00006390-00007342": "For a better understanding on how to use this digital pattern, a video tutorial is also available on the pattern download page", "hvwHstf26po-00008-00007488-00008496": "If the width of the fabric is larger than the one indicated in the recommendations, you can always use the remaining fabric to make the belt longer or to make some kind of matching accessory", "hvwHstf26po-00009-00008546-00009068": "Once you have pinned the entire pattern on to the fabric, you can cut everything out", "hvwHstf26po-00010-00009110-00009918": "To make things easier, I advise you to start by cutting the horizontal lines first and separating the different blocks of the pattern as you move along", "hvwHstf26po-00011-00012392-00013047": "Once your jumpsuit is cut out, you can make small cuts at each notch present on every segment of the pattern", "hvwHstf26po-00012-00013806-00014558": "You should also mark the placement of the belt loops on the top and the two legs with chalk or a magic pen", "hvwHstf26po-00013-00015047-00015612": "To reinforce the belt, cut to size a piece of interfacing using the pattern", "hvwHstf26po-00014-00016704-00017586": "The first step consists of overcasting the side edges and the crotch of each leg, as well as the outline of the pocket pouches as indicated on the diagram", "hvwHstf26po-00015-00017794-00018338": "If you don't have a serger, you can always use the zig zag stitch on your sewing machine", "hvwHstf26po-00016-00018890-00019402": "Between the side edge notches of the shorts/trousers, position the two pocket pouches right sides together", "hvwHstf26po-00017-00019464-00020704": "If you have chosen a size 34 or 36, be careful, check the seam allowance indicated on your pattern et move the pouches accordingly so you don't find yourself with too small a pockets", "hvwHstf26po-00018-00021988-00022714": "Next assemble the 4 pocket pouches with their respective sides and don't forget to secure your stitches at the beginning and then end", "hvwHstf26po-00019-00023910-00024338": "Press the sides and the pockets, laying the seams towards the outside", "hvwHstf26po-00020-00024556-00025120": "Next topstitch at 5mm from the edge to keep the pocket pouches flat and to the front", "hvwHstf26po-00021-00025716-00026406": "Once you have topstitched everything, fold the left leg on itself right sides together and pin the side", "hvwHstf26po-00022-00026639-00026882": "Pin also the outline of the pocket", "hvwHstf26po-00023-00027206-00027545": "Repeat these steps for the second leg, the right leg", "hvwHstf26po-00024-00028220-00028788": "Assemble the sides, respecting the seam allowance indicated on your pattern", "hvwHstf26po-00025-00028802-00030127": "When you arrive near the edge of the pocket, slow down, sew up to 1cm underneath the edge of the pocket, plant your needle, turn your fabric, and without cutting your thread, sew along the edge of the pockets at 1 cm", "hvwHstf26po-00026-00030152-00031022": "Same thing for the other side of the pocket, at the crossing of the seam allowances, plant your needle, turn the fabric and continue assembling the sides", "hvwHstf26po-00027-00031214-00031477": "Repeat these steps on the right leg", "hvwHstf26po-00028-00031526-00032342": "You will notice that the left pocket and the right pocket are not the same shape, but trust me, this is completely normal.", "hvwHstf26po-00029-00032974-00033330": "Next press the side seam towards the front of the jumpsuit", "hvwHstf26po-00030-00033792-00034600": "Once everything has been pressed, turn one if the legs inside out and slide the other leg - which is still the right way around - inside", "hvwHstf26po-00031-00034640-00035192": "Position the crotch notches together and pin everything together", "hvwHstf26po-00032-00036750-00037426": "Then sew the two legs at 1cm from the edge making sure you secure your stitches at the beginning and the end", "hvwHstf26po-00033-00038252-00038782": "Press open with an iron the edges of the seam at both ends of the crotch on the front and back", "hvwHstf26po-00034-00039914-00040584": "Overcast the entire edge of the waistline, making sure all the seam edges lay as you pressed them..", "hvwHstf26po-00035-00040628-00041246": "that is to say open on the center front and center back, and lay forward for the sides", "hvwHstf26po-00036-00041980-00043240": "For the bottom of the shorts, I advise you to first preform the hem edge by folding 4cm to the inside, then using this line, fold again at 2cm", "hvwHstf26po-00037-00044756-00045326": "Once both of your hems have been preformed, sew them at around 2mm from the edge of the hem", "hvwHstf26po-00038-00046382-00046602": "Press them flat", "hvwHstf26po-00039-00046674-00047116": "And ... there we go, the shorts are finished", "hvwHstf26po-00040-00047306-00048032": "TOP So now, for the top, you can overcast the bottom, the sides, the top and the armholes", "hvwHstf26po-00041-00048868-00049438": "Take the bias in the colour of your choice, open it up and position it on the right side of the fabric", "hvwHstf26po-00042-00049520-00050100": "Next sew in the groove of the bias making sure the edge of the bias is aligned with the edge of the armhole", "hvwHstf26po-00043-00051196-00052017": "Cut the bias at the end of the armhole and fold it inwards making sure it is no longer visible from the outside", "hvwHstf26po-00044-00052479-00053010": "Topstitch the bias at around 1mm from the edge and you get a perfect finish", "hvwHstf26po-00045-00054036-00054634": "Once both of your armholes are finished, fold the top, right sides together, and pin the center back", "hvwHstf26po-00046-00055529-00056034": "Assemble the center back on your machine, respecting the seam allowance indicated on your pattern", "hvwHstf26po-00047-00056998-00057244": "Press open the edges of the center back seam..", "hvwHstf26po-00048-00057510-00058200": "and pin the top with the shorts by positioning the notches and seams together", "hvwHstf26po-00049-00060666-00061170": "Once you have pinned everything together, sew it all at 1cm from the edge", "hvwHstf26po-00050-00062214-00062494": "Press the waistline seam towards the bottom", "hvwHstf26po-00051-00063420-00063620": "Now we can start on the belt loops", "hvwHstf26po-00052-00064222-00064786": "Fold the ends of the belt loops towards the middle, following the seam allowance indicated on your pattern", "hvwHstf26po-00053-00065686-00066026": "Next fold the belt loops in two and crease the middle with an iron", "hvwHstf26po-00054-00066258-00066974": "Once all four belt loops are preformed, sew the edges at 1cm making sure you secure the stitches at the beginning and the end", "hvwHstf26po-00055-00067726-00068210": "Turn the belt loops making sure the corners are positioned correctly", "hvwHstf26po-00056-00068718-00069322": "Do not hesitate to thin out the extra fabric in the corners if the folding technique is not for you", "hvwHstf26po-00057-00069954-00070240": "Next press the belt loops to flatten them", "hvwHstf26po-00058-00071104-00071454": "And topstitch the two ends at around 1mm from the edge", "hvwHstf26po-00059-00072384-00073090": "Position them on the jumpsuit at the waist using the markings in chalk from before", "hvwHstf26po-00060-00073382-00074060": "When pinning, make sure you only take one layer of the jumpsuit - otherwise you will not be able to get into it later on", "hvwHstf26po-00061-00075764-00076398": "Sew the belt loops onto the jumpsuit with a topstitch at 2mm from the edge lengthwise", "hvwHstf26po-00062-00076686-00077388": "Do not hesitate to really secure your stitches at the beginning and the end as this is and area put under quite a bit of tension", "hvwHstf26po-00063-00078094-00078612": "Now that the belt loops are finished, the best part ... the bardot neckline", "hvwHstf26po-00064-00078872-00079360": "Take the three parts of your flounce and start by overcasting the sides of each one", "hvwHstf26po-00065-00080114-00080600": "Then pin the two smallest flounces together lengthways", "hvwHstf26po-00066-00081428-00081766": "And pin the main flounce to the two ends", "hvwHstf26po-00067-00083122-00083758": "Next assemble the three flounces together, respecting the seam allowance indicated on your pattern", "hvwHstf26po-00068-00086276-00086616": "Press these seams open", "hvwHstf26po-00069-00087410-00087610": "And preform the hem at the bottom of the flounce", "hvwHstf26po-00070-00087658-00088264": "Note that this hem is the same as the one on the bottom of the shorts, so you can use the same technique to preform", "hvwHstf26po-00071-00088548-00088900": "Topstitch the hem at 2mm from the edge", "hvwHstf26po-00072-00090004-00090918": "For the top of the flounce, overcast the edge, making sure that the seams hidden underneath stay open", "hvwHstf26po-00073-00091544-00092062": "To allow for the elasticated band, fold the top of the flounce at 5cm all the way around", "hvwHstf26po-00074-00092538-00092926": "Topstitch this fold at 4cm from the edge", "hvwHstf26po-00075-00093602-00094136": "Once you arrive near the end, leave an opening of around 5cm so we can add the elastic band inside", "hvwHstf26po-00076-00094818-00095426": "Using a safety pin, insert the elastic band into the opening", "hvwHstf26po-00077-00096962-00097728": "Once you retrieve the elastic band at the other end of the opening, assemble the two ends together at 1cm", "hvwHstf26po-00078-00098206-00098642": "You can then make a couple of small stitches to keep the seam edges open", "hvwHstf26po-00079-00098790-00099616": "Now that your elastic band in properly inserted, close the 5cm opening by joining the two stitches and securing all stitches at the beginning and end", "hvwHstf26po-00080-00100250-00101150": "To fix the bardot neckline onto the jumpsuit, position the back of the flounce on the back of the top, sliding the top inside", "hvwHstf26po-00081-00101694-00102822": "Once you have retrieved the back of the top from underneath, let it overlap by 3cm, and fix the seam allowance from the elastic band to the top making sure the two back seams are face to face", "hvwHstf26po-00082-00103516-00104078": "Do not pull on the elastic band as you might gather the top as well", "hvwHstf26po-00083-00104096-00105166": "However, do not hesitate to pull the flounce towards the bottom of the jumpsuit to stop it from getting caught in the pins. Only the seam allowance from the elastic band should be pinned to the top", "hvwHstf26po-00084-00106028-00106648": "Sew this seam allowance to the top at around 7mm from the edge", "hvwHstf26po-00085-00107054-00107680": "Once again, do not hesitate to pull the flounce away from the stitches to stop it from getting caught in the seam", "hvwHstf26po-00086-00109240-00109740": "Repeat the same steps for the front of  the flounce and top", "hvwHstf26po-00087-00110970-00111785": "For the label holder, position the two triangles right sides together, and sew together the point  at 5mm from the edge", "hvwHstf26po-00088-00112018-00112692": "Turn it right side out and press to flatten the triangle", "hvwHstf26po-00089-00113256-00114116": "If you have a label, sew it onto the triangle, if not, this triangle will just allow you to differentiate between the back and the front of your jumpsuit", "hvwHstf26po-00090-00115428-00116061": "To finish the back, make a 1cm fold on the piece of top that is overhanging", "hvwHstf26po-00091-00116648-00117064": "You can then pin it, inserting the label in the middle of the back", "hvwHstf26po-00092-00117788-00118202": "Topstitch everything at around 1mm from the edge", "hvwHstf26po-00093-00119106-00119668": "And there we have it, your jumpsuit is almost finished, all that needs taking care of now is the belt", "hvwHstf26po-00094-00119876-00120376": "Take your pieces of interfacing and fix them to the belt with the help of an iron", "hvwHstf26po-00095-00121038-00121598": "Preform the ends inwards at 1cm  and fold the belt in two", "hvwHstf26po-00096-00122196-00122840": "Fold the edges inwards also so that your belt can pass through the belt loops", "hvwHstf26po-00097-00124806-00125385": "Topstitch the outline of the belt at around 1mm from the edge to close everything up", "hvwHstf26po-00098-00126909-00127758": "With the help of a safety pin, slide the belt through the belt loops starting with the front of course", "hvwHstf26po-00099-00127790-00128590": "Et voilà ! Your jumpsuit is now finished. I hope that you enjoyed this video and that it helped you", "hvwHstf26po-00100-00128630-00129250": "Do not hesitate to leave me comments and feedback, whatever they are. I will be happy to read them all !", "hvwHstf26po-00101-00129250-00129396": "See you soon !"}}, {"audio_id": "hw9aioZw8cY", "text": {"hw9aioZw8cY-00000-00000056-00000640": "well hi everyone uh welcome to my talk uh i'm aditi i'm a software engineer working at isovelyn", "hw9aioZw8cY-00001-00000712-00001400": "and this talk features a joint work with martinez a bit of context into why debugging kubernetes", "hw9aioZw8cY-00002-00001400-00002224": "networking is relevant for us martinez and i work on psyllium which is an open source cni", "hw9aioZw8cY-00003-00002336-00003048": "powered by ebpf and we work with one of the most sophisticated set of users", "hw9aioZw8cY-00004-00003048-00003679": "uh and to enable them uh to network and secure their communities clusters", "hw9aioZw8cY-00005-00003792-00004184": "uh so yeah let's get started in this talk i'm going to share", "hw9aioZw8cY-00006-00004184-00004704": "our debugging experiences and present a new tool that we have developed using ebpf", "hw9aioZw8cY-00007-00004856-00005664": "so let's take a common kubernetes cluster where our request is coming on to kubernetes node and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00008-00005728-00006392": "it's being delivered to a service part so the request traffic will first get processed at neck", "hw9aioZw8cY-00009-00006456-00007023": "it'll then get routed to linux kernel networking stack and then uh it'll traverse", "hw9aioZw8cY-00010-00007023-00007823": "from host network namespace to the pod network namespace via a couple of uh v devices pair", "hw9aioZw8cY-00011-00007936-00008512": "so whenever there are network connect connectivity issues we start with control plane checking all", "hw9aioZw8cY-00012-00008512-00009096": "the configurations are correct our services our services are deployed the service part is up and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00013-00009096-00009752": "running and we always make sure that it's not the dns but today i want to draw attention to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00014-00009752-00010464": "a key component that often are treated as a black box and that's the linux kernel network debugging", "hw9aioZw8cY-00015-00010464-00011208": "linux current networking is hard and let's zoom in to see why that is so this is a detailed network", "hw9aioZw8cY-00016-00011208-00011872": "flow diagram of linux kernel network internals and as you can see there are overwhelming number of uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00017-00011952-00012568": "packet processing functions so when you send a single packet uh it requires many", "hw9aioZw8cY-00018-00012568-00013256": "many hubs until it reaches its destination uh so sure there are like packet counters and uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00019-00013336-00014080": "stats that you can observe uh but these are not enough uh to get to the root cause uh because", "hw9aioZw8cY-00020-00014080-00014824": "kernel state can't be observed in real time uh in an easy manner so we have this internal", "hw9aioZw8cY-00021-00014824-00015640": "uh joke uh that whenever we're trying to track a packet in linux kernel uh it's like finding waldo", "hw9aioZw8cY-00022-00015696-00016263": "one can easily feel lost when they fall down the rabbit hole of linux kernel networking", "hw9aioZw8cY-00023-00016368-00017152": "so next we are gonna look at some of our uh uh most godu tools so one of our most favorite tools", "hw9aioZw8cY-00024-00017152-00017704": "is tcp dump and you always reach for is whenever there are like network connectivity issues and i", "hw9aioZw8cY-00025-00017704-00018472": "agree that uh it's a good tool to start your debug routine but the problem with tcp down is that it", "hw9aioZw8cY-00026-00018472-00019176": "only gives you high level information because uh the tcp tap tcp dump tap points are at the", "hw9aioZw8cY-00027-00019176-00019904": "periphery of linux kernel networking stack but in real life situation is much more complex and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00028-00019960-00020504": "either the packets are dropped in the neck or in the stack or in the pod network name space", "hw9aioZw8cY-00029-00020504-00021256": "uh and so and so forth so next up moving on to like traditional logging based methods uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00030-00021256-00021992": "whenever developers don't have access to good uh debugger they always rely on logging based", "hw9aioZw8cY-00031-00022136-00022600": "debugging so kernel exposes this print k function which you can use", "hw9aioZw8cY-00032-00022600-00023184": "to add debugging statements in the kernel code but it requires recompiling the kernel", "hw9aioZw8cY-00033-00023184-00023728": "and in many cases reboot so it's not a viable option in production environments", "hw9aioZw8cY-00034-00023800-00024384": "if you're not careful with uh your debug statements uh it can cause kernel panics", "hw9aioZw8cY-00035-00024736-00025280": "in short it's it's very slow uh it has very slow debugging cycles because uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00036-00025280-00025856": "it requires many many iterations uh let's say you ruled out that dns is not the issue here", "hw9aioZw8cY-00037-00025856-00026432": "and you wanna now trace packets going to the cube api server you can't easily do that", "hw9aioZw8cY-00038-00026600-00027008": "so moving on to uh some some of the generic tracing tools uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00039-00027064-00027832": "so a couple of examples are perf or vp of trace uh superf is a performance measuring tool that also", "hw9aioZw8cY-00040-00027832-00028600": "allows you to trace calls to some of the network uh linux kernel network uh functions and if you", "hw9aioZw8cY-00041-00028600-00029112": "have used for before then you can identify uh the snippet that i've added uh on the slide", "hw9aioZw8cY-00042-00029232-00029880": "so in this case i'm using perf record to record all the calls that are going to uh escape", "hw9aioZw8cY-00043-00030032-00030616": "free skb free function that which is which is invoked whenever a packet is dropped in the kernel", "hw9aioZw8cY-00044-00030704-00031304": "and per script is then used to dump traces uh that are collected from perf record", "hw9aioZw8cY-00045-00031383-00032088": "and as you can see uh the output uh is very limited uh it doesn't have", "hw9aioZw8cY-00046-00032088-00032576": "uh limit it has very limited filtering capabilities so if you're trying to debug", "hw9aioZw8cY-00047-00032576-00033208": "a dns issue you can't specify hey i want to trace all the packets that are going to port 53.", "hw9aioZw8cY-00048-00033344-00033824": "uh there is no information about let's say for example source or destination ip addresses", "hw9aioZw8cY-00049-00033824-00034440": "ports uh and as i mentioned before whenever you use sport record you have to specify what", "hw9aioZw8cY-00050-00034440-00035088": "function you're trying to trace uh calls to and in many cases uh you don't have that information", "hw9aioZw8cY-00051-00035088-00035960": "when you're starting out with debugging an issue so we we approach this debugging uh problem in a", "hw9aioZw8cY-00052-00036032-00036712": "very different manner so uh not all network connectivity issues involve", "hw9aioZw8cY-00053-00036712-00037376": "packet drops and uh if i want to introduce introspect kernel uh network state in a", "hw9aioZw8cY-00054-00037528-00038216": "in a fine-grained manner then is there any uh way to get a list of all packet processing functions", "hw9aioZw8cY-00055-00038376-00039224": "next up we want to get callbacks to uh whenever these functions are executed so that we can", "hw9aioZw8cY-00056-00039224-00040160": "analyze kernel state uh uh in a more detailed uh fashion but more importantly uh we're gonna filter", "hw9aioZw8cY-00057-00040160-00040760": "this callbacks only for traffic that's relevant for us so this is the wish list that martinez and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00058-00040760-00041496": "i came up with and uh this brings to brings me to the second part of my presentation where uh where", "hw9aioZw8cY-00059-00041496-00042256": "we are gonna find answers to these questions uh using ebpf so ebpf has captured the imagination", "hw9aioZw8cY-00060-00042256-00043224": "of many in recent years uh and uh companies like facebook netflix isovalene uh are using ebpf to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00061-00043224-00043952": "solve a spectrum of use cases uh to so so to set the context for our new tool uh let's look at what", "hw9aioZw8cY-00062-00043952-00044832": "ebpf is so ebpf is an internal virtual machine uh that safely executes native code on certain events", "hw9aioZw8cY-00063-00044928-00045432": "it's highly programmable and it's performing because the code is executed directly in", "hw9aioZw8cY-00064-00045432-00046240": "the kernel and because of this reasons uh it's touted as the javascript for the kernel and uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00065-00046296-00046712": "let's unpack this information uh with an end-to-end workflow uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00066-00046712-00047400": "next so here i have uh a simple uh bpf program where i've added a cr", "hw9aioZw8cY-00067-00047400-00048128": "k probe to one of the uh network functions in linux kernel and k probes is a debug mechanism", "hw9aioZw8cY-00068-00048304-00049056": "in linux kernel where it allows you to execute bpf programs whenever any kernel instruction", "hw9aioZw8cY-00069-00049056-00049864": "is executed so when you attach a k probe uh in your bpf program to a linux learner function uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00070-00049864-00050464": "your bpf program will be executed whenever uh that function is called so in this case as you can see", "hw9aioZw8cY-00071-00050528-00051112": "uh i'm getting call back or rather i hope that i'll get called back whenever ip local", "hw9aioZw8cY-00072-00051112-00052112": "deliver function is executed and skb is the linux representation of packet so in this program uh i'm", "hw9aioZw8cY-00073-00052112-00052952": "going to parse that skb uh dump some fields uh and let's look at what how we can compile it next so", "hw9aioZw8cY-00074-00052952-00053736": "this program is compiled using clang which outputs an elf uh binary that contains bpf byte code", "hw9aioZw8cY-00075-00053816-00054455": "it's it next fed to an ebpf loader so the loader is going to parse the uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00076-00054520-00055432": "elf uh file and uh the binary and uh it's gonna set the context for this uh uh program which", "hw9aioZw8cY-00077-00055432-00056048": "includes like setting the type so in this case the program type is bpf prog type k probe and this", "hw9aioZw8cY-00078-00056048-00056712": "type is going to decide what kernel state this my program is going to have access to next uh the", "hw9aioZw8cY-00079-00056712-00057400": "loader triggers loading and verification of this program so in the previous slide i mentioned that", "hw9aioZw8cY-00080-00057479-00058304": "bpf the kernel ensures that bpf programs are run safely so ebpf verifier is tasked with ensuring", "hw9aioZw8cY-00081-00058304-00059096": "that uh the verifier will ensure that your program doesn't have a null pointer dereferences or it's", "hw9aioZw8cY-00082-00059096-00059752": "not trying to access any out of bound memory uh and whether your program terminates or not", "hw9aioZw8cY-00083-00059816-00060448": "and if you have written fair amount of uh bpf if you're done a fair amount of bpf programming", "hw9aioZw8cY-00084-00060448-00061096": "then i'm sure you have interesting stories to tell about uh how you fought with the verifier", "hw9aioZw8cY-00085-00061167-00061879": "so once uh the verifier approves your program is just compiled to native code and i mentioned", "hw9aioZw8cY-00086-00061879-00062424": "earlier that ebpf follows an event-driven model so what does it mean in this case", "hw9aioZw8cY-00087-00062600-00063296": "in my program i've attached a k probe to ip local deliver function so this function uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00088-00063432-00064216": "delivers packet to a local destination uh so let's say a packet is delivered on the eth0 interface", "hw9aioZw8cY-00089-00064216-00064840": "on your kubernetes node and uh it's supposed to be uh delivered to a local leader in part", "hw9aioZw8cY-00090-00064840-00065560": "then uh the packet will be uh executed by ip local deliver function where it reassembles", "hw9aioZw8cY-00091-00065560-00066296": "ip fragments and uh hands it off to the next level layers excuse me which is the transport layer", "hw9aioZw8cY-00092-00066352-00067040": "so uh in this case it's going to generate an event and my bpf program is going to be executed", "hw9aioZw8cY-00093-00067192-00068056": "and as the bpf program if you uh uh if you can see uh just before it returns uh it it writes this uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00094-00068056-00068856": "notification to bpf map so bpf map is a shared data structure between kernel and user space and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00095-00068856-00069752": "that's how kernel relays this information into the uh user space so great yeah uh just as we", "hw9aioZw8cY-00096-00069752-00070528": "uh traced uh callbacks to the ip local deliver function can we just get a list of all the uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00097-00070528-00071080": "net kernel network packet processing functions and just keep like a hard coded list", "hw9aioZw8cY-00098-00071192-00071936": "not exactly because kernel function signature can change across kernel versions so k probe api is", "hw9aioZw8cY-00099-00071936-00072840": "is considered unstable so how do we reliably get debug information about different kernel function", "hw9aioZw8cY-00100-00072840-00073728": "signatures so that's where btf comes into play uh btf is short for bpf type format and it's a", "hw9aioZw8cY-00101-00073728-00074448": "debug format that stores information like function signatures different uh data structures that are", "hw9aioZw8cY-00102-00074448-00075208": "defined in kernel and so and so forth but the cool thing about btf is that it's super compact", "hw9aioZw8cY-00103-00075208-00076168": "so in recent kernels it's packaged in kernels by default so kernel exposes it exposes its own debug", "hw9aioZw8cY-00104-00076168-00076968": "information like function signature and different data structure types via asus fs interface uh and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00105-00077096-00077904": "yeah okay so uh just to get a sense of what btf information looks like uh i've dumped a uh uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00106-00078008-00078776": "btf information for a simple uh function that accesses the skb uh structure and on the", "hw9aioZw8cY-00107-00078776-00079392": "right you can see that it gives you information about various types so if you start at the top", "hw9aioZw8cY-00108-00079520-00080136": "it tells you that there is a pointer to the structure sk buff and what different members", "hw9aioZw8cY-00109-00080136-00080696": "does the escape of structure has and what are their respective offsets but one important", "hw9aioZw8cY-00110-00080696-00081360": "type then i want to highlight here is the func proto func proto defines a function signature", "hw9aioZw8cY-00111-00081360-00081880": "so what kind of arguments does a function accept what what's the written type is", "hw9aioZw8cY-00112-00082064-00082376": "so with this uh let's revisit our wish list", "hw9aioZw8cY-00113-00082480-00083256": "so we mentioned that hey we wanted a reliable way to get the list of all the network uh processing", "hw9aioZw8cY-00114-00083256-00083768": "uh network packet processing uh functions in the kernel and we can easily get that information", "hw9aioZw8cY-00115-00083768-00084608": "from the btf file next we can attach k probes to all of them so just as k probes allow you to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00116-00084608-00085384": "execute bp a function when a function is executed k red probes are allow you allow your bpf programs", "hw9aioZw8cY-00117-00085384-00086056": "to be executed when a function that it's uh where the function where the k rate probe is attached is", "hw9aioZw8cY-00118-00086056-00086984": "uh return and uh more importantly we can easily uh filter callbacks using with the help of bpf maps", "hw9aioZw8cY-00119-00087112-00087800": "so with this background i'm really excited to present peru peru is an ebpf based linux", "hw9aioZw8cY-00120-00087800-00088568": "kernel debugger and peru is short for packet where are you conceptualization of this tool", "hw9aioZw8cY-00121-00088568-00089144": "uh the credit for conceptualization of this tool goes to martinez and next we are going to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00122-00089256-00090168": "take a walkthrough of the peru internals peru consists of a user space agent uh written in go", "hw9aioZw8cY-00123-00090248-00091104": "and it interfaces with user to collect uh filter information so uh let's say i'm trying to debug", "hw9aioZw8cY-00124-00091104-00091872": "traffic that's going to the cube api server part so i run peru with this filter parameters where i", "hw9aioZw8cY-00125-00091872-00092768": "set the protocol to tcp destination ipsec to the cube api pod ip and the destination port is set to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00126-00092888-00093680": "443 next perl goes ahead and programs this information in this filter map which is a bpf map", "hw9aioZw8cY-00127-00093808-00094616": "it then uses the celium uh excuse me sorry it then uh uses the psyllium evpf loader uh to collect", "hw9aioZw8cY-00128-00094616-00095336": "uh btf information for the underlying kernel so in this case it's gonna do a call to this sysfs", "hw9aioZw8cY-00129-00095336-00096136": "interface uh it's gonna search all the kernel uh functions and then it's just gonna uh get iterate", "hw9aioZw8cY-00130-00096136-00096800": "over that list and uh filter them to collect uh pack uh collect functions that accept skb", "hw9aioZw8cY-00131-00096800-00097448": "as one of the parameters and just a reminder skb is the packet representation in the linux kernel", "hw9aioZw8cY-00132-00097568-00098608": "it then goes ahead and loads our ebpf programs to all these functions uh so in this particular case", "hw9aioZw8cY-00133-00098608-00099200": "uh i'm interested in getting uh callbacks from the linux kernel whenever my packet goes through", "hw9aioZw8cY-00134-00099264-00100040": "all the uh network functions in the linux kernel so uh for example uh in the previous", "hw9aioZw8cY-00135-00100040-00100664": "example we saw how my bpf program was executed or whenever i p local deliverer function was called", "hw9aioZw8cY-00136-00100720-00101392": "uh so the e0 for example is is the first event that gets uh called whenever my packet", "hw9aioZw8cY-00137-00101392-00102168": "is executed by ip local deliver ip local deliver is then gonna hand off that packet to uh parse", "hw9aioZw8cY-00138-00102168-00102832": "t uh layer four which is like tcp in this case so that's going to be e1 uh the one thing that i want", "hw9aioZw8cY-00139-00102832-00103488": "to highlight here is that uh my bpf program is going to filter all these callbacks based on the", "hw9aioZw8cY-00140-00103559-00103983": "uh filter information that it receives from the bpf map", "hw9aioZw8cY-00141-00104232-00104792": "all right so uh in the beginning of the presentation i mentioned that linux kernel", "hw9aioZw8cY-00142-00104792-00105488": "networking is treated as a black box and uh because of the uh complexity that's involved so", "hw9aioZw8cY-00143-00105568-00106111": "uh with the help of peru i i hope i can convince you to give it a try and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00144-00106111-00106664": "see how easy it is to debug linux kernel networking issues so in the lower half of", "hw9aioZw8cY-00145-00106664-00107400": "uh of the clip i'm running peru with a set of filters uh so for example i'm filtering traffic", "hw9aioZw8cY-00146-00107400-00108016": "destined to 1.1.1.1 our destination port 80 and protocol is set to tcp", "hw9aioZw8cY-00147-00108288-00108983": "so i have added an iptable rule here which is going to drop packets to this destination and port", "hw9aioZw8cY-00148-00109072-00109559": "tupu and whenever i run a call request it's going to generate output trees", "hw9aioZw8cY-00149-00109768-00110408": "and i'm going to know that oh okay yeah this is where my packet is getting dropped so in the next", "hw9aioZw8cY-00150-00110480-00111168": "few slides we're going to look at real world examples and how peru helped us to debug those", "hw9aioZw8cY-00151-00111424-00112320": "scenarios so the first example i have a kubernetes cluster where i'm running a multi-homing setup", "hw9aioZw8cY-00152-00112320-00112952": "what does it mean so in this setup a pod is assigned ip addresses from uh two different", "hw9aioZw8cY-00153-00112952-00113792": "ip subnets so let's uh do a request walkthrough from right of the screen to the left uh where a", "hw9aioZw8cY-00154-00113792-00114544": "pod is trying to reach the queue api server port in my cluster so the port does a curve request", "hw9aioZw8cY-00155-00114711-00115272": "where the source ip address is set to the power ip address and the destination is the cube service", "hw9aioZw8cY-00156-00115272-00115928": "cluster ip this request is going to hit the iptable rule that's installed by q proxy", "hw9aioZw8cY-00157-00116040-00116583": "and the rule says states that hey uh all the traffic that's destined to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00158-00116583-00117400": "uh cube service cluster ip uh it needs to be denatured to cube api server forward ip address so", "hw9aioZw8cY-00159-00117400-00118016": "after the rule we can see that the destination ip address has been translated from the cluster ip to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00160-00118016-00118672": "the ip address of the cube api server part uh this request reaches the destination kubernetes node", "hw9aioZw8cY-00161-00118735-00119200": "and it's routed through the eth1 interface and then is delivered uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00162-00119200-00119776": "to the cube api server part now the queue api server part is going to send a reply back", "hw9aioZw8cY-00163-00119840-00120408": "the source ip address is uh correctly set to the ip address of the cube api server and the", "hw9aioZw8cY-00164-00120408-00121024": "destination ip address is the ip address that was uh that was received in the request packet", "hw9aioZw8cY-00165-00121088-00121864": "and this packet is being routed through e0 not eth1 and there is no surprise that this reply", "hw9aioZw8cY-00166-00121864-00122496": "never reaches the source so let's see how peru helps and helps us in debugging this uh issue", "hw9aioZw8cY-00167-00122759-00123440": "so here uh i'm right i'm running peru with a bunch of filters i'm filtering traffic", "hw9aioZw8cY-00168-00123496-00124280": "going to uh destination port 443 which is the uh which is where cube api server pod is listening on", "hw9aioZw8cY-00169-00124335-00125183": "and i've set the protocol to tcp and i invite you to look at the output of peru here the nf", "hw9aioZw8cY-00170-00125311-00126224": "so this is the trace of all the kernel functions that my traffic of interest is going through so nf", "hw9aioZw8cY-00171-00126224-00126976": "hook slow uh is the kernel function that's executed to implement uh iptable rules and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00172-00127040-00127696": "we can see that the source ip address in this case is still set to 190 to 168 and not the ip", "hw9aioZw8cY-00173-00127696-00128432": "address from uh the the subnet where that's used to connect to the cube api server so that's why", "hw9aioZw8cY-00174-00128432-00129159": "this packet will uh will be dropped when when it's sent out of the e1 interface next up uh we", "hw9aioZw8cY-00175-00129159-00129800": "frequently have mtu mis configuration issues in our clusters so i have a simple setup here where", "hw9aioZw8cY-00176-00129800-00130624": "uh i have a single node kubernetes cluster uh my udp pod is uh getting traffic from an external", "hw9aioZw8cY-00177-00130624-00131544": "uh entity and that extra and the size of the udp packet is uh pretty large and uh the sender has", "hw9aioZw8cY-00178-00131544-00132152": "said uh don't fragment bit on this request so this request is going to traverse through", "hw9aioZw8cY-00179-00132152-00132808": "uh the eth1 interface on the kubernetes node and then uh it's going to uh traverse through the v8", "hw9aioZw8cY-00180-00132864-00133544": "devices pair and then it's going to be delivered to the udp pod and uh based on the mtu information", "hw9aioZw8cY-00181-00133544-00134272": "we can see that there is a mismatch so let's see what happens to the traffic so again i'm running", "hw9aioZw8cY-00182-00134272-00135032": "peru but this time i have changed i've set the protocol to udp uh the destination port is 443 and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00183-00135088-00135752": "uh i have i have a new filter here which says output mirror uh which is going to print a bunch", "hw9aioZw8cY-00184-00135752-00136504": "of skb uh members here so as you can see uh the there is a mismatch between packet length", "hw9aioZw8cY-00185-00136504-00137320": "and uh mtu that's configured on the if index and the if index 18 refers to the eth one and seven", "hw9aioZw8cY-00186-00137320-00138216": "refers to the v0 and as a result this packet will be dropped so lastly there is a security", "hw9aioZw8cY-00187-00138216-00138888": "mechanism in linux kernel it's called reverse path filter it essentially ensures that the", "hw9aioZw8cY-00188-00138888-00139624": "source uh address set on packet a received packet is routable via the same interface that it came in", "hw9aioZw8cY-00189-00139624-00140264": "and this is to ensure that there are no spoofed uh packets where i p address the source ip address is", "hw9aioZw8cY-00190-00140408-00140976": "so in this case uh i have a i have an incoming request uh coming to my pod uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00191-00141048-00141752": "let's say this is my service pod and the request is translated dna to my pods so the destination", "hw9aioZw8cY-00192-00141752-00142392": "is set to the pod ip address so when this request is received on the eth1 interface on my", "hw9aioZw8cY-00193-00142480-00143176": "kubernetes node there is an rp filter configured on this interface by default and it's set in", "hw9aioZw8cY-00194-00143176-00143912": "the strict mode so this request will be dropped because if you look at the uh ip route table here", "hw9aioZw8cY-00195-00144096-00144344": "it says that all the traffic that's uh", "hw9aioZw8cY-00196-00144456-00145296": "that's uh destined to 10.0.0 24 subnet uh it needs to be received on the ve30 interface but", "hw9aioZw8cY-00197-00145296-00146024": "in this case we are receiving it at ease one so uh let's see what information peru gives us here", "hw9aioZw8cY-00198-00146128-00147064": "so this time i have set the destination ip filter uh which is set to my pod ips and we can see that", "hw9aioZw8cY-00199-00147064-00147648": "the packet is being dropped and let's see why that is so just before the packet is dropped", "hw9aioZw8cY-00200-00147648-00148424": "we can see that uh there is a callback from fib validate source function so this kernel function", "hw9aioZw8cY-00201-00148424-00149248": "essentially executes the rp reverse path filter logic uh where it it it will uh check if what the", "hw9aioZw8cY-00202-00149248-00149984": "source ip address on this packet is and if it's received on the interface uh that it's expected to", "hw9aioZw8cY-00203-00150144-00150880": "so here are the peru highlights uh peru is an ebps based open source tool to debug kernel networking", "hw9aioZw8cY-00204-00150936-00151512": "and it does so uh by abstracting kernel networking details but more importantly", "hw9aioZw8cY-00205-00151568-00152504": "peru exposes advanced filtering capabilities and it prints packet level metadata so that you can", "hw9aioZw8cY-00206-00152504-00153416": "introspect a kernel in a fine-grained manner and it's portable across kernel versions so uh some", "hw9aioZw8cY-00207-00153416-00154416": "acknowledgements uh super uh uses the ebpf uh uh kernel functionality uh and based on k probe uh so", "hw9aioZw8cY-00208-00154416-00155224": "uh thanks to bpf kernel developers steven rosted for uh k probes uh we are using the bpfsn printf", "hw9aioZw8cY-00209-00155224-00156056": "btf function that's exposed in the kernel uh so that we can print skb members in a safe manner and", "hw9aioZw8cY-00210-00156056-00157016": "furrow uses psyllium evpf uh go library as an ebpf loader to load our uh to load ebpf uh functions", "hw9aioZw8cY-00211-00157016-00157680": "and lastly uh we recently discovered that i there is this new function a new tool it's", "hw9aioZw8cY-00212-00157680-00158752": "called ipv ipf ipf trace2 and it has some similar uh functionalities as uh peru and it was released", "hw9aioZw8cY-00213-00158752-00159392": "before peru so we are acknowledging it here so yeah thanks for your time and i open it for", "hw9aioZw8cY-00214-00159392-00159800": "questions you"}}, {"audio_id": "hwAKf1I0G7E", "text": {"hwAKf1I0G7E-00000-00000986-00001048": "Hello", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00001-00001229-00001493": "Today in Davai Supernatural powers,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00002-00001810-00002345": "we gonna learn the supernatural concentration power of warriors.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00003-00002355-00002536": "How to do it. Level one.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00004-00002697-00002902": "Take a first finger - this finger,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00005-00003018-00003159": "put it to the nose", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00006-00003213-00003603": "and do the exhale. Exhalation.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00007-00004020-00004184": "Very well with the first level.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00008-00004186-00004325": "Now the second level.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00009-00004395-00004715": "Put the first finger into the first place", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00010-00004717-00004924": "and the second finger into your ear,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00011-00004929-00005178": "ah and now exhale.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00012-00005530-00005595": "Neutral.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00013-00005643-00005901": "Pay attention, now we gonna do the third part,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00014-00005903-00006292": "and we gonna switch focus to our knees.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00015-00006294-00006437": "Be prepared. Be prepared.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00016-00006439-00006619": "Your focus - into your knees.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00017-00006700-00007001": "We go through level one, through level two...", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00018-00007005-00007122": "into level three.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00019-00007123-00007203": "So, level one,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00020-00007453-00007545": "level two,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00021-00007733-00007973": "level three. We watch our knees.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00022-00008056-00008196": "Knees. We knees.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00023-00008198-00008326": "watch our knees", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00024-00008328-00008618": "And then by a single gaze -", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00025-00008620-00008989": "we switch from knee to knee,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00026-00008991-00009110": "and we do... Hop!", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00027-00009215-00009443": "and it was right knee. Relax.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00028-00009500-00009763": "Hop! The left knee. Hop! Relax.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00029-00009765-00010043": "Hop! The right knee. Relax. Hop - hop!", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00030-00010045-00010645": "Hop-hop-hop-hop-hop...", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00031-00010800-00011001": "And now...", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00032-00011274-00011348": "relax!", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00033-00011350-00011673": "I hope you learnt something,", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00034-00011675-00011944": "and if you practice it daily, -", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00035-00011948-00012463": "you gonna be &%#$^^^%***±§ of warrior.", "hwAKf1I0G7E-00036-00012466-00012648": "See you next time."}}, {"audio_id": "hwResIU602I", "text": {"hwResIU602I-00000-00000010-00000203": "TO 1:30 ON CHRISTMAS DAY.", "hwResIU602I-00001-00000203-00000210": "TO 1:30 ON CHRISTMAS DAY.", "hwResIU602I-00002-00000210-00000363": "TO 1:30 ON CHRISTMAS DAY. >>> THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S", "hwResIU602I-00003-00000363-00000370": "TO 1:30 ON CHRISTMAS DAY. >>> THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S", "hwResIU602I-00004-00000370-00000977": "TO 1:30 ON CHRISTMAS DAY. >>> THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S  OFFICE IS ASKING EVERYONE TO BE", "hwResIU602I-00005-00000977-00000984": ">>> THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S  OFFICE IS ASKING EVERYONE TO BE", "hwResIU602I-00006-00000984-00001034": ">>> THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S  OFFICE IS ASKING EVERYONE TO BE WEARY OF CHANGING ICE", "hwResIU602I-00007-00001034-00001041": "OFFICE IS ASKING EVERYONE TO BE WEARY OF CHANGING ICE", "hwResIU602I-00008-00001041-00001074": "OFFICE IS ASKING EVERYONE TO BE WEARY OF CHANGING ICE  CONDITIONS.", "hwResIU602I-00009-00001074-00001081": "WEARY OF CHANGING ICE  CONDITIONS.", "hwResIU602I-00010-00001081-00001147": "WEARY OF CHANGING ICE  CONDITIONS. THE UNSEASONABLY WARM DECEMBER", "hwResIU602I-00011-00001147-00001154": "CONDITIONS. THE UNSEASONABLY WARM DECEMBER", "hwResIU602I-00012-00001154-00001211": "CONDITIONS. THE UNSEASONABLY WARM DECEMBER  HAS CAUSED A FEW LAKES TO", "hwResIU602I-00013-00001211-00001217": "THE UNSEASONABLY WARM DECEMBER  HAS CAUSED A FEW LAKES TO", "hwResIU602I-00014-00001217-00001267": "THE UNSEASONABLY WARM DECEMBER  HAS CAUSED A FEW LAKES TO BEGIN DETERIORATING.", "hwResIU602I-00015-00001267-00001274": "HAS CAUSED A FEW LAKES TO BEGIN DETERIORATING.", "hwResIU602I-00016-00001274-00001378": "HAS CAUSED A FEW LAKES TO BEGIN DETERIORATING. THE THAW-FREEZE CYCLES HAVE", "hwResIU602I-00017-00001378-00001384": "BEGIN DETERIORATING. THE THAW-FREEZE CYCLES HAVE", "hwResIU602I-00018-00001384-00001641": "BEGIN DETERIORATING. THE THAW-FREEZE CYCLES HAVE  OPENED UP LARGE CRACKS AND ICE", "hwResIU602I-00019-00001641-00001648": "THE THAW-FREEZE CYCLES HAVE  OPENED UP LARGE CRACKS AND ICE", "hwResIU602I-00020-00001648-00001808": "THE THAW-FREEZE CYCLES HAVE  OPENED UP LARGE CRACKS AND ICE HEAVES ON A FEW AREA LAKES.", "hwResIU602I-00021-00001808-00001815": "OPENED UP LARGE CRACKS AND ICE HEAVES ON A FEW AREA LAKES.", "hwResIU602I-00022-00001815-00002072": "OPENED UP LARGE CRACKS AND ICE HEAVES ON A FEW AREA LAKES. RIGHT NOW THE AREA OF WALKER BAY", "hwResIU602I-00023-00002072-00002078": "HEAVES ON A FEW AREA LAKES. RIGHT NOW THE AREA OF WALKER BAY", "hwResIU602I-00024-00002078-00002175": "HEAVES ON A FEW AREA LAKES. RIGHT NOW THE AREA OF WALKER BAY OF LEECH LAKE IS EXTREMELY", "hwResIU602I-00025-00002175-00002182": "RIGHT NOW THE AREA OF WALKER BAY OF LEECH LAKE IS EXTREMELY", "hwResIU602I-00026-00002182-00002332": "RIGHT NOW THE AREA OF WALKER BAY OF LEECH LAKE IS EXTREMELY  UNSTABLE, DUE TO LATE FREEZING", "hwResIU602I-00027-00002332-00002338": "OF LEECH LAKE IS EXTREMELY  UNSTABLE, DUE TO LATE FREEZING", "hwResIU602I-00028-00002338-00002509": "OF LEECH LAKE IS EXTREMELY  UNSTABLE, DUE TO LATE FREEZING  AND A LARGE CRACK THAT", "hwResIU602I-00029-00002509-00002515": "UNSTABLE, DUE TO LATE FREEZING  AND A LARGE CRACK THAT", "hwResIU602I-00030-00002515-00002615": "UNSTABLE, DUE TO LATE FREEZING  AND A LARGE CRACK THAT EXTENDS FROM FIRST POINT TO THE", "hwResIU602I-00031-00002615-00002622": "AND A LARGE CRACK THAT EXTENDS FROM FIRST POINT TO THE", "hwResIU602I-00032-00002622-00002772": "AND A LARGE CRACK THAT EXTENDS FROM FIRST POINT TO THE  MIDDLE OF WALKER BAY.", "hwResIU602I-00033-00002772-00002779": "EXTENDS FROM FIRST POINT TO THE  MIDDLE OF WALKER BAY.", "hwResIU602I-00034-00002779-00002879": "EXTENDS FROM FIRST POINT TO THE  MIDDLE OF WALKER BAY. THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE", "hwResIU602I-00035-00002879-00002886": "MIDDLE OF WALKER BAY. THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE", "hwResIU602I-00036-00002886-00003039": "MIDDLE OF WALKER BAY. THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE REMINDS EVERYONE THAT NO ICE", "hwResIU602I-00037-00003039-00003046": "THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE REMINDS EVERYONE THAT NO ICE", "hwResIU602I-00038-00003046-00003199": "THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE REMINDS EVERYONE THAT NO ICE SHOULD EVER BE CONSIDERED SAFE.", "hwResIU602I-00039-00003199-00003206": "REMINDS EVERYONE THAT NO ICE SHOULD EVER BE CONSIDERED SAFE.", "hwResIU602I-00040-00003206-00003303": "REMINDS EVERYONE THAT NO ICE SHOULD EVER BE CONSIDERED SAFE. CHECK WITH LOCAL BAIT SHOPS,", "hwResIU602I-00041-00003303-00003309": "SHOULD EVER BE CONSIDERED SAFE. CHECK WITH LOCAL BAIT SHOPS,", "hwResIU602I-00042-00003309-00003410": "SHOULD EVER BE CONSIDERED SAFE. CHECK WITH LOCAL BAIT SHOPS,  RESORTS, GAS STATIONS AND", "hwResIU602I-00043-00003410-00003416": "CHECK WITH LOCAL BAIT SHOPS,  RESORTS, GAS STATIONS AND", "hwResIU602I-00044-00003416-00003470": "CHECK WITH LOCAL BAIT SHOPS,  RESORTS, GAS STATIONS AND OTHER FISHERMAN FOR ICE", "hwResIU602I-00045-00003470-00003476": "RESORTS, GAS STATIONS AND OTHER FISHERMAN FOR ICE", "hwResIU602I-00046-00003476-00003680": "RESORTS, GAS STATIONS AND OTHER FISHERMAN FOR ICE  CONDITIONS.", "hwResIU602I-00047-00003680-00003686": "OTHER FISHERMAN FOR ICE  CONDITIONS.", "hwResIU602I-00048-00003686-00003783": "OTHER FISHERMAN FOR ICE  CONDITIONS. ALSO, ALWAYS CARRY A CELL PHONE", "hwResIU602I-00049-00003783-00003790": "CONDITIONS. ALSO, ALWAYS CARRY A CELL PHONE", "hwResIU602I-00050-00003790-00003897": "CONDITIONS. ALSO, ALWAYS CARRY A CELL PHONE  AND LET SOMEONE KNOW WHERE", "hwResIU602I-00051-00003897-00003903": "ALSO, ALWAYS CARRY A CELL PHONE  AND LET SOMEONE KNOW WHERE", "hwResIU602I-00052-00003903-00003993": "ALSO, ALWAYS CARRY A CELL PHONE  AND LET SOMEONE KNOW WHERE YOU WILL BE AND YOUR EXPECTED", "hwResIU602I-00053-00003993-00004000": "AND LET SOMEONE KNOW WHERE YOU WILL BE AND YOUR EXPECTED", "hwResIU602I-00054-00004000-00004210": "AND LET SOMEONE KNOW WHERE YOU WILL BE AND YOUR EXPECTED  RETURN TIME.", "hwResIU602I-00055-00004210-00004217": "YOU WILL BE AND YOUR EXPECTED  RETURN TIME.", "hwResIU602I-00056-00004217-00004370": "YOU WILL BE AND YOUR EXPECTED  RETURN TIME. YOU SHOULD ALSO CARRY A MAP AND", "hwResIU602I-00057-00004370-00004377": "RETURN TIME. YOU SHOULD ALSO CARRY A MAP AND", "hwResIU602I-00058-00004377-00004481": "RETURN TIME. YOU SHOULD ALSO CARRY A MAP AND  PAY ATTENTION TO ANY WARNING", "hwResIU602I-00059-00004481-00004487": "YOU SHOULD ALSO CARRY A MAP AND  PAY ATTENTION TO ANY WARNING", "hwResIU602I-00060-00004487-00004524": "YOU SHOULD ALSO CARRY A MAP AND  PAY ATTENTION TO ANY WARNING SIGNS THAT ARE POSTED."}}, {"audio_id": "hwSHYJh3JO8", "text": {"hwSHYJh3JO8-00000-00000450-00001139": "Hi, we are Dubai's fourteenth best boy band, 13 Daze, and we're sitting here in the beautiful Lock, Stock & Barrel", "hwSHYJh3JO8-00001-00001450-00002058": "We like to think we are much cooler than we are so Ace of Spades by Motörhead", "hwSHYJh3JO8-00002-00004750-00005531": "Considering we know nothing about Dubai life, except this bar, I'm gonna say Rage Against the Machine - Wake Up", "hwSHYJh3JO8-00003-00007182-00007703": "Would have to be something dancy, so, Long Tall Sally - Little Richard", "hwSHYJh3JO8-00004-00009378-00009800": "Something chilled out like Skin And Bones from Foo Fighters", "hwSHYJh3JO8-00005-00011619-00012080": "I think our favorite to play right now because he is so incredible on it", "hwSHYJh3JO8-00006-00012156-00012460": "would be Parallel Universe by Chili Peppers"}}, {"audio_id": "hwTIi7s0wBc", "text": {"hwTIi7s0wBc-00000-00001080-00001896": "Hello, this is the humble ukulele, one of the most popular instruments in the world now. First", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00001-00001896-00002808": "of all I'll talk about this ukulele. This is all koa, this is all koa wood: the neck, the back,", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00002-00002904-00003568": "the sides. And Koa is a wood indigenous to Hawaii. It's a very kind of dense", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00003-00003656-00004352": "kind of wood, and it gives you a very kind of mid-range... yeah... very a bit of sparkle at the", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00004-00004352-00004960": "top - a very kind of mid-range kind of mellow, kind of sound, and that gets better with age.", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00005-00004960-00005104": "[Strumming]", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00006-00005104-00005260": "This is a particularly particularly", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00007-00005260-00005310": "[strumming]", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00008-00005310-00005820": "warm sweet sound.", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00009-00005820-00005960": "Another thing about the ukulele", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00010-00005960-00006520": "is different from a lot of instruments it's called it's got re-entrant tuning and what that means is", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00011-00006520-00006644": "[plucking individual string]", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00012-00006736-00007488": "high string, a lower string [pluck] and then a lower string again, [pluck] and then a high string at the bottom", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00013-00007488-00007980": "[pluck]; [plucking each string individually]", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00014-00008104-00008584": "and that gives a very distinct kind of sound.", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00015-00008584-00008784": "[Strumming]", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00016-00009080-00009808": "Okay, this is a tune called, ah for American audiences it was called The Beach at Waikiki,", "hwTIi7s0wBc-00017-00009920-00010283": "but it's a Hawaiian tune called The Golden Hula."}}, {"audio_id": "hxhfBgi4wLI", "text": {"hxhfBgi4wLI-00000-00000000-00006075": "LMA © - Private archive - ANTEPRIMA / SPOILER -  Extra Rare Unseen Watch the full video - click the \"like\" thumb up, subscribe to the channel and activate the notification bell, and watch the info at the top right when are visible. Watch the full video."}}, {"audio_id": "hxSxOIM-vju", "text": {"hxSxOIM-vju-00000-00000000-00000200": "In this short video, we're going to take a look at some of the best home design ideas.", "hxSxOIM-vju-00001-00000200-00000400": "From modern to traditional, we'll have a look at some of the most popular interior design trends.", "hxSxOIM-vju-00002-00000400-00000600": "If you're interested in interior design, be sure to check out this house tour!", "hxSxOIM-vju-00003-00000600-00000800": "We'll show you some of the best home design ideas out there, from small tweaks to large renovations.", "hxSxOIM-vju-00004-00000800-00001000": "Whether you're a first-time homeowner or an experienced one,", "hxSxOIM-vju-00005-00001000-00001200": "this video is a great way to get ideas for your own home!"}}, {"audio_id": "hykkyxYoMdQ", "text": {"hykkyxYoMdQ-00000-00000985-00001272": "Which tradition was started in Haridwar’s", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00001-00001281-00001393": "‘Har ki Pauri’", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00002-00001402-00001656": "by this educationist and politician", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00003-00001664-00002060": "whose powerful speeches mesmerized everyone?", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00004-00002068-00002231": "Let’s find out!", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00005-00002810-00003189": "Madan Mohan Malaviya was born in Prayagraj", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00006-00003198-00003398": "and completed his primary education", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00007-00003406-00003603": "from the Pathshala system", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00008-00003627-00003882": "where he became famous", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00009-00003891-00004145": "for reciting the Bhagavad Gita.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00010-00004214-00004496": "Malaviya-ji was very interested in Sanskrit", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00011-00004504-00004781": "and he wanted to pursue MA in Sanskrit,", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00012-00004844-00005076": "but he couldn't do it", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00013-00005084-00005260": "due to financial difficulties.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00014-00005341-00005680": "That is why he started to work", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00015-00005707-00006109": "as a teacher to provide for his family.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00016-00006224-00006667": "He decided to join politics in 1886", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00017-00006676-00007014": "and during an Indian National Congress session", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00018-00007022-00007208": "he showcased his capability", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00019-00007217-00007486": "by giving a powerful speech.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00020-00007605-00007902": "His speech was so impactful", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00021-00007910-00008070": "that it landed him a job", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00022-00008079-00008651": "as an editor in a weekly magazine called Hindustan.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00023-00008659-00008900": "After that, he started pursuing LLB.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00024-00008990-00009225": "After completing his LLB, he became", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00025-00009234-00009459": "an advocate in High Court", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00026-00009467-00009782": "and started practising law in 1893.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00027-00009853-00010188": "He persuaded the British Government", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00028-00010196-00010470": "to use Devanagari in Indian courts", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00029-00010478-00010756": "by using his legal prowess.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00030-00010849-00011292": "This was an important decision back then", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00031-00011318-00011585": "that made it easier for Indians", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00032-00011594-00011856": "to file petitions in courts.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00033-00011917-00012217": "In 1922, 170 protestors were arrested", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00034-00012226-00012496": "in Chauri Chaura during Gandhiji’s", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00035-00012504-00012677": "Non-cooperation movement and", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00036-00012685-00012978": "were given a death sentence.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00037-00013008-00013356": "Malaviyaji took the responsibility to save them,", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00038-00013421-00013753": "and during the 1923 trial,", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00039-00013762-00014287": "he convinced the court to acquit 151 protestors.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00040-00014351-00014573": "Malaviyaji was not only practising law", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00041-00014581-00014919": "but also working in the field of education.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00042-00014981-00015429": "He was on a mission to educate the youth of India", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00043-00015530-00015786": "That is why he decided to focus", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00044-00015795-00016008": "his attention to education", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00045-00016017-00016189": "after quitting his law practice.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00046-00016260-00016529": "He wanted to combine the traditional", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00047-00016538-00016761": "teachings of Taxila and Nalanda", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00048-00016770-00017031": "universities with Western education", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00049-00017039-00017356": "to empower Indian youth.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00050-00017438-00017645": "For this, Malaviyaji paid a visit to", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00051-00017653-00017884": "Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00052-00017893-00018018": "of Darbhanga", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00053-00018027-00018177": "to ask for a donation", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00054-00018185-00018358": "to establish the university.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00055-00018392-00018603": "But it wasn’t easy", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00056-00018611-00018867": "to convince him to donate.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00057-00018916-00019147": "Despite Malaviyaji’s efforts,", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00058-00019185-00019470": "the Maharaja did not relent.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00059-00019530-00019821": "Then one day, Maharajaji saw Malaviyaji", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00060-00019829-00020117": "recite the Bhagavad Gita,", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00061-00020125-00020386": "and was so impressed that he decided", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00062-00020394-00020748": "to donate 25 lakh rupees for the university.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00063-00020803-00021222": "Malaviyaji was finally able to collect", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00064-00021231-00021700": "1 crore 34 lakh rupees because of his convincing power.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00065-00021737-00022019": "Finally, Benaras Hindu University", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00066-00022027-00022311": "was established in 1916", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00067-00022320-00022687": "Malaviyaji had a fantastic political career", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00068-00022695-00022971": "and he was elected as the Congress president four times.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00069-00023000-00023248": "During this time, he popularised the slogan", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00070-00023257-00023730": "‘Satyamev Jayate’ by using it in his speech", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00071-00023794-00024095": "which is the foundation of the Judiciary of India today.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00072-00024153-00024464": "He did not let the Britishers build a dam", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00073-00024472-00024678": "on the Ganga", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00074-00024686-00024944": "and signed an agreement with them", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00075-00024952-00025211": "to never build a dam there.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00076-00025254-00025431": "It is because of this agreement", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00077-00025439-00025678": "that the Ganga still remains a holy river", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00078-00025686-00025978": "and devotees can offer their prayers", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00079-00025987-00026172": "without any problems.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00080-00026237-00026497": "Not only this, but he also started", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00081-00026506-00026705": "the tradition of the famous 'Ganga Aarti'", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00082-00026713-00027032": "of Haridwar’s Har ki Pauri which has become", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00083-00027041-00027337": "the identity of Haridwar today.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00084-00027366-00027582": "Malaviyaji was an inspiration", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00085-00027591-00027820": "and he inspired great people like Gandhiji", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00086-00027829-00028135": "and Rabindranath Tagore.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00087-00028168-00028514": "Maybe that is why, Rabindranath Tagoreji", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00088-00028523-00028753": "honoured Malaviyaji by bestowing him", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00089-00028762-00028949": "with the title of ‘Mahamana’.", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00090-00028958-00029338": "The Indian government immortalized the great deeds", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00091-00029347-00029595": "of ‘Mahamana’ Malaviyaji by awarding him", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00092-00029604-00029807": "the Bharat Ratna in 2014", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00093-00029815-00029972": "for his contributions", "hykkyxYoMdQ-00094-00029980-00030337": "in the field of education."}}, {"audio_id": "hyqI9EpHodc", "text": {"hyqI9EpHodc-00000-00000225-00000942": "Cheon Seo Jin finally gets the punishment he deserves for the crimes that Cheon Seo Jin has committed all this time.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00001-00000942-00001635": "in episode 14 of the penthouse drama, Cheon Seo Jin was completely devastated and couldn't do anything else.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00002-00001635-00002049": "Cheon Seo Jin really doesn't have the slightest passion in her life.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00003-00002049-00002843": "this is because Cheon Seo Jin just felt cheated by shim suryon who jumped and made Cheon Seo Jin a suspect.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00004-00002843-00003588": "besides, Ha Eun Byeol who is her favorite daughter is the one who finally punished Cheon Seo Jin.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00005-00003588-00004310": "in the trial Ha Eun Byeol really made Cheon Seo Jin not move and did not even dare to look at her daughter.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00006-00004310-00004801": "Ha Eun Byeol then continued to expose all of Cheon Seo Jin's crimes until the end.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00007-00004801-00005253": "but Cheon Seo Jin again had to endure the wound because he had to see his daughter commit", "hyqI9EpHodc-00008-00005253-00005578": "suicide in front of him using a necklace.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00009-00005578-00006024": "Cheon Seo Jin was crying and finally decided to go to prison.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00010-00006024-00006512": "in prison Cheon Seo Jin looks very stressed and can't speak a word.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00011-00006512-00007045": "even when asked by the police Cheon Seo Jin just nodded and shook her head.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00012-00007045-00007595": "Cheon Seo Jin's hair also fell out badly because of Cheon Seo Jin's stress.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00013-00007595-00008164": "Cheon Seo Jin really seems to have no passion for life because there is nothing she can do anymore.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00014-00008164-00008885": "Ha Eun Byeol, the only person who inspired her, left her and chose to live her own life.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00015-00008885-00009398": "it then made Cheon Seo Jin very stressed and really desperate.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00016-00009398-00009981": "Cheon Seo Jin then cut her hair short and was given a chance to see Ha Eun Byeol.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00017-00009981-00010562": "but Cheon Seo Jin did not meet Ha Eun Byeol and only saw Ha Eun Byeol from afar.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00018-00010562-00011188": "Cheon Seo Jin just wants to make sure that Ha Eun Byeol is truly happy and living a decent life.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00019-00011188-00011705": "After confirming that Ha Eun Byeol really lived a decent life, Cheon Seo Jin then decided", "hyqI9EpHodc-00020-00011705-00012143": "to end his life while looking at Ha Eun Byeol.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00021-00012143-00012832": "Cheon Seo Jin committed suicide with an apology note to Ha Eun Byeol and took a lot of drugs.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00022-00012832-00013363": "Cheon Seo Jin finally died and left Ha Eun Byeol forever.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00023-00013363-00014184": "Cheon Seo Jin really has got the punishment she deserves, because no one can kill her except herself.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00024-00014184-00014751": "so suicide is appropriate for Cheon Seo Jin who is the most evil character.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00025-00014751-00014933": "What do you think?", "hyqI9EpHodc-00026-00014933-00015316": "do you have any thoughts and opinions regarding this?", "hyqI9EpHodc-00027-00015316-00015977": "don't forget to write your theories and opinions in the comments column so that the admin also knows other information.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00028-00015977-00016784": "don't forget to subscribe to this channel, and like and share this video so that your friends also know about this information.", "hyqI9EpHodc-00029-00016784-00017028": "see you on the next video."}}, {"audio_id": "hyvsbEUtX5g", "text": {"hyvsbEUtX5g-00000-00000129-00000572": "4.1c Averages - Weighted Mean", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00001-00000572-00001666": "A weighted mean or weighted average are values that occur more often,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00002-00001666-00002614": "have a larger impact on the average or the mean.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00003-00002614-00004650": "To calculate the total, we multiply the value by the frequency or how often it occurs.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00004-00004650-00005036": "We will look at this in the following example.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00005-00005036-00005783": "In example one, it states in a survey students were asked how many siblings they had.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00006-00005783-00006042": "The results are shown below.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00007-00006042-00006645": "Calculate the average number of siblings of the survey responders.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00008-00006645-00007519": "First, we must determine which of these columns is the value and which is the frequency.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00009-00007519-00008045": "The value is what we are looking at, so the number of siblings is the value.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00010-00008045-00009136": "The frequency or how often is the number of responses.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00011-00009136-00010984": "Next, we must multiply each of the values times the frequencies.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00012-00010984-00011741": "The first value is zero siblings and there were eight responders, zero times eight is zero.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00013-00011741-00012237": "In the second, the value was one sibling and thirty eight responses,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00014-00012237-00012519": "which gives us thirty eight.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00015-00012519-00013163": "In the third, we have two times twenty one which, results in forty two.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00016-00013163-00013677": "In the fourth, we have three times which, results in forty five,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00017-00013677-00014339": "and finally we have four times two which, results in eight.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00018-00014339-00015176": "After we have multiplied all of these, we must then find the total.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00019-00015176-00015685": "When we add these up, we get 133.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00020-00015685-00015961": "We then must find a second total,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00021-00015961-00016493": "and that is the total number in the frequency column.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00022-00016493-00017052": "When we add up the frequency column, we get eighty four.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00023-00017052-00017906": "We then must do the total divided by the frequency total.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00024-00017906-00018635": "The total was 133 and we need to divide that by eighty four.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00025-00018635-00018846": "When we type this into the calculator,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00026-00018846-00019472": "we find that the answer is one point five eight.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00027-00019472-00020550": "This is the average number of siblings for this survey.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00028-00020550-00021107": "In example two, we look at another weighted mean.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00029-00021107-00021587": "In this weighted mean, we're looking at GPA or grade point average.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00030-00021587-00021981": "Grade point average is calculated as a weighted average.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00031-00021981-00022580": "The credits of a course are considered the frequency of the course.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00032-00022580-00023467": "In this way, classes that are more credits have a larger effect on grade than classes with fewer credits.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00033-00023467-00024045": "Calculate the GPA of the following report card.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00034-00024046-00025052": "In the example above, it showed that we had frequency was the credits.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00035-00025052-00025916": "Therefore, the frequency is the credits, the grade must be the value.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00036-00025916-00027054": "Now that we know columns of frequency and value, we may multiply each.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00037-00027054-00027510": "When we multiply the frequency and value of the English course,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00038-00027510-00027764": "we get twelve point eight,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00039-00027764-00028556": "that of the math course is twenty, the history course is eight point four,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00040-00028556-00029234": "and finally the PE course is pint seven or zero point seven.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00041-00029234-00029830": "Remember, we then must add up this value to find the total.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00042-00029830-00030442": "When we add this up, we get forty one point nine.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00043-00030442-00030768": "We then also must add up the frequency column.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00044-00030768-00031420": "As you can see, the frequency column is not in the same location as it was in example one.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00045-00031420-00031725": "You must ensure that you are picking the frequency column,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00046-00031726-00032186": "which is why labeling the tops of the columns maybe helpful.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00047-00032186-00032670": "When we add the frequency column, we get thirteen.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00048-00032670-00033106": "Remember, that we are doing the total divided by the frequency.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00049-00033106-00033759": "The total was forty one point nine and the frequency was thirteen.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00050-00033759-00034342": "When we type this into the calculator, we get an answer of three point two two.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00051-00034342-00034882": "Grade point average is always rounded to the 100's place,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00052-00034882-00036078": "which means there are always two decimal places in a grade point average.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00053-00036078-00036599": "In summary, finding a weighted average or weighted mean,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00054-00036599-00037228": "means that you must first identify the frequency column then the value column,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00055-00037228-00037960": "multiply all frequencies times values, add up that to give you your total,", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00056-00037960-00038422": "and then add up the frequency column to give you your total frequency.", "hyvsbEUtX5g-00057-00038422-00039004": "You then divide the total by the frequency to find the weighted mean."}}, {"audio_id": "hyyXL6TrtPY", "text": {"hyyXL6TrtPY-00000-00000036-00000240": "I'm Allan Gyngell from the Crawford School", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00001-00000240-00000504": "and the HC Coombs Policy Forum.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00002-00000504-00000824": "And it's a great pleasure for us to have here in the studio", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00003-00000824-00001160": "at the university today Jean-Marie Guéhenno,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00004-00001160-00001676": "who is the CEO and President of the International Crisis Group.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00005-00001676-00001996": "It's a great pleasure to welcome you to Canberra, Jean-Marie.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00006-00001996-00002060": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Thank you.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00007-00002204-00002608": "(Allan Gyngell) For those who don't know the International Crisis Group,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00008-00002608-00002920": "I think it's one of the most innovative and interesting", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00009-00002920-00003315": "nongovernmental organizations around.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00010-00003315-00003672": "And I want to ask you about that very shortly.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00011-00003672-00003892": "But it certainly needs someone in charge of it", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00012-00003892-00004280": "who has a very distinguished background", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00013-00004280-00004432": "in some very difficult issues,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00014-00004432-00004860": "including international diplomacy, conflict resolution,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00015-00004860-00005048": "and peacekeeping.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00016-00005048-00005584": "And they couldn't have chosen better than Jean-Marie,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00017-00005584-00005948": "who comes to the job most recently", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00018-00005948-00006320": "from a position as professor at Columbia University", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00019-00006320-00006656": "and director of the Center for Conflict Resolution there.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00020-00006656-00006756": "And before that,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00021-00006756-00007056": "from a distinguished and,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00022-00007056-00007252": "I think, record-breaking stint", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00023-00007252-00007556": "as undersecretary General of the United Nations", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00024-00007556-00007972": "for Peacekeeping Operations between 2000 and 2008.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00025-00007972-00008184": "And even earlier than that,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00026-00008184-00008516": "you're in the French Foreign Service,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00027-00008516-00009120": "including a stint as Head of Policy Planning there.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00028-00009120-00009584": "So all of that shapes up to prepare you very well", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00029-00009584-00009852": "for the very difficult task you've now got.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00030-00009852-00010392": "And I wanted to begin by asking if you could say something about the ICG", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00031-00010392-00010680": "and what it does and how it does it.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00032-00010680-00010948": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Well, the Crisis Group was created as a reaction", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00033-00010948-00011364": "to the policy failures of the Yugoslav wars.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00034-00011364-00011768": "A sense that many conflicts develop", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00035-00011768-00012072": "and get terrible for the population", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00036-00012072-00012336": "because of ignorance and indifference.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00037-00012336-00012632": "And if you could fight ignorance and fight indifference,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00038-00012632-00012756": "you could make progress.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00039-00012756-00013124": "And so the concept of Crisis Group is pretty straightforward.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00040-00013124-00013612": "We send in analysts in the conflict areas or close to the conflict areas,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00041-00013612-00014112": "developing an analysis that is objective,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00042-00014112-00014300": "that is impartial,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00043-00014300-00014552": "and then not stopping there.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00044-00014552-00014840": "Making sure that we have policy recommendations", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00045-00014840-00015168": "and that we push for those policy recommendations", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00046-00015168-00015532": "with any country, any actor, any stakeholder", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00047-00015532-00015663": "who can influence the conflict.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00048-00015663-00015828": "I'd like to say the Crisis Group, in a way,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00049-00015828-00016119": "is the foreign ministry of all those who have no foreign ministry.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00050-00016119-00016180": "We are not --", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00051-00016180-00016484": "Our job is not to defend a particular national interest.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00052-00016484-00016892": "Our job is to speak for all the people who are the victims of conflict", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00053-00016892-00017372": "and propose and push for practical,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00054-00017372-00017804": "pragmatic solutions that end the conflict or prevent it.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00055-00017804-00018044": "(Allan Gyngell) It seemed to me at a lot of the jobs I've had", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00056-00018044-00018448": "that the work of Crisis Group", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00057-00018448-00018808": "was in some ways reminiscent of quite old fashioned skills", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00058-00018808-00019084": "which you no longer see from diplomatic reporting", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00059-00019084-00019352": "and even from newspaper reporting.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00060-00019352-00020076": "You've got people on the ground in the areas doing their job and then,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00061-00020076-00020428": "as you say, turning it into recommendations.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00062-00020428-00020672": "Who is your main audience for all of this?", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00063-00020672-00020864": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Well, the main audience is, of course --", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00064-00020864-00021264": "I mean, all the foreign ministries of concerned countries", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00065-00021264-00021524": "are very interested in what we say.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00066-00021524-00021780": "The parties to conflict are very interested in what we say", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00067-00021780-00022312": "because they know that they will hear from us the unvarnished truth", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00068-00022312-00022660": "and they often search themselves for solutions.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00069-00022660-00023184": "And we engage with them and try to convince them to find a solution.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00070-00023184-00023604": "And then, of course, the general public who wants to make sense of this world", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00071-00023604-00024168": "comes to crisis group reports because they offer objective analysis.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00072-00024168-00024360": "(Allan Gyngell) You're going to be talking tonight", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00073-00024360-00025096": "about reconfiguring the international response to conflict.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00074-00025096-00025648": "Why is such reconfiguration required and what does it involve?", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00075-00025648-00025836": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Well,  we have been used to a world", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00076-00025836-00026364": "where conflict was essentially a state-state conflict.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00077-00026364-00027076": "And where the number of powers that really structured the international scene", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00078-00027076-00027295": "was fairly limited.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00079-00027295-00028000": "It was essentially a top down world with the states as the pillars.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00080-00028000-00028327": "And now, we are seeing a much more bottom up world", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00081-00028327-00028632": "where events, circumstances,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00082-00028632-00028920": "often dictate the reactions of states,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00083-00028920-00029436": "where states are often overwhelmed by what is happening,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00084-00029436-00029744": "and where the number of states involved is much greater", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00085-00029744-00029892": "than it used to be.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00086-00029892-00030560": "So a world in which 30, 40 states operate follows quite different rules", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00087-00030560-00030727": "and different processes than a world", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00088-00030727-00031180": "in which a handful of states are really the dominant powers.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00089-00031180-00031280": "(Allan Gyngell) Okay.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00090-00031280-00031468": "You wrote, recently,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00091-00031468-00031580": "\"Throughout the world,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00092-00031580-00032068": "it seems crisis is gripping national politics.\"", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00093-00032068-00032732": "And any Australian over the past weeks would recognize all of that.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00094-00032732-00032936": "How do you define this crisis", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00095-00032936-00033252": "and what does it matter to conflict resolution?", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00096-00033252-00033772": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Well, I think that politics were always defined", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00097-00033772-00034068": "in the confines of the nation state", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00098-00034068-00034312": "and the notion of the public space", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00099-00034312-00034620": "in which you compete for political programs", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00100-00034620-00034832": "was really strongly imbedded.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00101-00034832-00035212": "Now you see a number of actors", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00102-00035212-00035440": "who transcend states", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00103-00035440-00035688": "and you see a great skepticism", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00104-00035688-00036048": "on the notion of a comprehensive political program.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00105-00036048-00036448": "That is, in part, the result of the end of the Cold War,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00106-00036448-00036744": "which was, in a way, the end of ideologies,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00107-00036744-00037160": "where you had strong ideologies structuring political life.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00108-00037160-00037452": "Now, that's come to pass.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00109-00037452-00037532": "And so --", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00110-00037532-00037900": "But that doesn't mean that people don't want to act collectively.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00111-00037900-00038192": "But they are less looking for political answers.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00112-00038192-00038772": "Hence, a crisis of,  in many countries, of politics.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00113-00038772-00039064": "You see in Europe a great fragmentation of politics,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00114-00039064-00039416": "a sense of impotence, of politics.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00115-00039416-00039996": "And the darker side of that is how extremist movements,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00116-00039996-00040356": "extreme fundamentalism,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00117-00040356-00040720": "especially Islamist fundamentalism,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00118-00040720-00041280": "then provide a cheap and most dangerous outlet", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00119-00041280-00041540": "to a sense of lack of purpose,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00120-00041540-00042028": "lack of collective purpose of these disenfranchised people.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00121-00042252-00042564": "(Allan Gyngell) You've already mentioned that one of the distinctive features", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00122-00042564-00042900": "about the current international system", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00123-00042900-00043368": "is the emergence of non-state actors.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00124-00043368-00043756": "And you've talked about fragile states and ungoverned spaces,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00125-00043756-00044272": "which obviously preoccupy  a lot of Crisis Group's work.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00126-00044272-00044468": "In this part of the world,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00127-00044468-00044732": "we're highly conscious, too, of another feature", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00128-00044732-00044960": "of the current international system,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00129-00044960-00045312": "which is the emergence of a strong state,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00130-00045312-00045640": "in China, with growing international influence,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00131-00045640-00045812": "not just in our part of the world.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00132-00045812-00046144": "I wonder if I could ask you how you see China,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00133-00046144-00046360": "currently and in the future,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00134-00046360-00046788": "contributing to global order and conflict resolution", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00135-00046788-00047116": "and the issues that Crisis Group is interested in.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00136-00047116-00047492": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Well, I've seen China gradually assert,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00137-00047492-00047640": "taking a more assertive role.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00138-00047640-00047800": "I saw it in peacekeeping", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00139-00047800-00048252": "where I saw the growth of Chinese participation in peacekeeping.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00140-00048252-00048836": "One thing to show that it could be a good citizen of the world.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00141-00048836-00049096": "At the same time,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00142-00049096-00049740": "it is not yet clear how China will integrate in the multilateral system,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00143-00049740-00050160": "which requires to have a fundamentally symmetrical view", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00144-00050160-00050372": "of international relations,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00145-00050372-00050712": "not a hierarchical view.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00146-00050712-00051108": "And China, there is --", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00147-00051108-00051504": "In a way, there is a tension between its sense", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00148-00051504-00051860": "that it has to become a global power,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00149-00051860-00052176": "its desire not to have enemies,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00150-00052176-00052532": "which means also not to have allies, as they say. [chuckles]", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00151-00052532-00053476": "And which means that China is hesitant to take on strong positions.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00152-00053476-00053567": "At the same time,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00153-00053567-00053716": "it needs a stable world", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00154-00053716-00054088": "and it's now too big to just abstain.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00155-00054088-00054396": "And so I think, in the --", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00156-00054396-00054688": "we see conflicting signals, in a way,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00157-00054688-00054836": "coming from China", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00158-00054836-00055176": "because it is pursuing different objectives.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00159-00055176-00055440": "On the one hand, it wants to remain,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00160-00055440-00055979": "in a way, a quiet power that doesn't rock the boat.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00161-00055979-00056067": "At the same time,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00162-00056067-00056252": "it sees a world in which precisely,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00163-00056252-00056360": "there are fragile states,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00164-00056360-00056848": "there are situations where abstention is not an answer.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00165-00056848-00057072": "It's certainly concerned about Iran,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00166-00057072-00057244": "the rise of jihadism.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00167-00057244-00057564": "It seems that if you don't deal with those weak states", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00168-00057564-00057764": "where jihadism can take hold,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00169-00057764-00058000": "then jihadism could strike home.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00170-00058000-00058167": "And so that challenges, in a way,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00171-00058167-00058488": "fundamental concepts of sovereignty for China", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00172-00058488-00058976": "and the balance between engagement and abstention.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00173-00058976-00059200": "And I don't think China, at this stage,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00174-00059200-00059355": "has found a full answer yet.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00175-00059355-00059620": "It's looking for it.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00176-00059620-00059884": "(Allan Gyngell) One of the things that you --", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00177-00059884-00060279": "jobs that you had before you took this", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00178-00060279-00060404": "was as a special envoy", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00179-00060404-00060628": "for both the Arab League and the United Nations", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00180-00060628-00061072": "in dealing with Syria.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00181-00061072-00061448": "That jihadism and those whole issues which are,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00182-00061448-00061740": "as you were saying, directly relevant to China", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00183-00061740-00062067": "and to the rest of the world,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00184-00062067-00062391": "come together very much there.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00185-00062391-00062891": "What hope do you see now for the situation there?", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00186-00062891-00063160": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Well, I was working on,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00187-00063160-00063464": "directly on, Syria in 2012.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00188-00063464-00064188": "And it would have been less difficult in 2012 to reach a settlement than now", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00189-00064188-00064391": "because the more a conflict endures,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00190-00064391-00064864": "whether it is in Syria or in Somalia or in South Sudan,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00191-00064864-00065184": "the more we see a tendency to fragmentation.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00192-00065184-00065612": "And today, Syria is infinitely fragmented,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00193-00065612-00065796": "which means that today,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00194-00065796-00066184": "we cannot be looking for the kind of comprehensive ceasefire", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00195-00066184-00066352": "that we tried in 2012.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00196-00066352-00066508": "It failed in 2012,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00197-00066508-00066604": "but it barely failed.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00198-00066604-00066784": "There was a moment of hope.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00199-00066784-00066904": "Certainly today,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00200-00066904-00067212": "to try for a comprehensive ceasefire in Syria", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00201-00067212-00067480": "is completely unrealistic.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00202-00067480-00067992": "And so that is why the present special envoy of the United Nations,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00203-00067992-00068124": "Staffan de Mistura,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00204-00068124-00068392": "is trying for what he calls local freezes.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00205-00068392-00068652": "And he has focused on a freeze in Aleppo.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00206-00068652-00069200": "And we at Crisis Group have drawn attention to Aleppo.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00207-00069200-00069388": "At the moment,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00208-00069388-00069556": "these efforts are not yet succeeding", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00209-00069556-00070108": "because both camps still believe that they can win.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00210-00070108-00070480": "I believe, and I think our analysts at Crisis Group believe that", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00211-00070480-00070724": "there is more and more a stalemate,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00212-00070724-00070880": "but there is not,  among the parties,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00213-00070880-00071212": "a perception of a stalemate, sadly.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00214-00071212-00071596": "And so long as there is not yet the perception of a stalemate,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00215-00071596-00072020": "then the fight goes on as each side believes it can crush the other.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00216-00072020-00072596": "Certainly, that is the belief of the Syrian government in Aleppo.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00217-00072596-00072972": "And the opposition,  the mainstream opposition --", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00218-00072972-00073292": "I'm not talking about al-Nusra -- or the Islamic State.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00219-00073292-00073628": "But the mainstream opposition in the south may think that", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00220-00073628-00073996": "it has momentum and that it can have further gains.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00221-00073996-00074716": "And so that prevents progress on local freezes.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00222-00074716-00075164": "I think, eventually,  there will be such freezes", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00223-00075164-00075340": "and the question will be then,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00224-00075340-00075776": "in which national framework?", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00225-00075776-00076360": "I believe that the talk about breaking up Syria is very dangerous.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00226-00076360-00076928": "I think the Syrians want Syria to stay a unified country.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00227-00076928-00077208": "But certainly it will require much devolution of power,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00228-00077208-00077420": "local security arrangements,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00229-00077420-00077824": "and very solid security guarantees,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00230-00077824-00078252": "which probably mean that the various groups will need to be sure", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00231-00078252-00078788": "that they have some kind of control over part of the security establishment,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00232-00078788-00079112": "because they won't believe in just words.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00233-00079112-00079540": "And I'm afraid that  this solution is still far off.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00234-00079540-00079648": "(Allan Gyngell) Okay.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00235-00079648-00079820": "On that rather pessimistic note,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00236-00079820-00080104": "really, thank you very much, Jean-Marie Guéhenno,", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00237-00080104-00080256": "for joining us here at the ANU.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00238-00080256-00080324": "Thank you.", "hyyXL6TrtPY-00239-00080324-00080408": "(Jean-Marie Guéhenno) Thank you."}}, {"audio_id": "hyLjxR-4yKQ", "text": {"hyLjxR-4yKQ-00000-00000000-00000500": "systematic reviews and systematic maps are specific methods for reviewing research", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00001-00000500-00001105": "literature that aim to maximize transparency objectivity and", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00002-00001105-00001710": "comprehensiveness and they do that by having a suite of methods along the", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00003-00001710-00002203": "process of conducting a review that in each stage aims to maximize those things", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00004-00002203-00002766": "and it starts out for example by establishing the methods that you plan", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00005-00002766-00003345": "to use in a protocol and having that peer reviewed and having the methods", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00006-00003345-00003942": "behind it produced through consensus of your review group and the methods that", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00007-00003942-00004335": "you then use to conduct the review will include things like searching across", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00008-00004335-00004962": "multiple databases using a tried and tested search string screening articles", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00009-00004962-00005328": "for relevance against an a priori pre-established set of inclusion", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00010-00005328-00005996": "criteria and extracting data in a specific way and synthesizing it", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00011-00005996-00006380": "according to the plans that you set out at the beginning and the reason we have", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00012-00006380-00006914": "systematic reviews and systematic maps is that the traditional way that we might", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00013-00006914-00007497": "synthesize literature from an evidence base could be susceptible to a number of", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00014-00007497-00008013": "different biases for example if someone was to conduct a review or a", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00015-00008013-00008400": "meta-analysis let's say but base that on studies that they're already familiar", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00016-00008400-00008679": "with maybe they go to a shelf and take off articles that they've been", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00017-00008679-00009386": "collecting the problem there would be the subconscious bias or potentially", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00018-00009386-00009782": "deliberate bias could creep in and the results that you get might not be", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00019-00009782-00010203": "representative of the real body of evidence so I've been working with", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00020-00010203-00010615": "systematic reviews for a number of years across a range of different topics", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00021-00010615-00011075": "sometimes these have been dedicated systematic review projects but often when", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00022-00011075-00011571": "we start a project we want to know the state of knowledge on a particular topic", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00023-00011571-00012179": "so many projects have a literature review as the first part of their work", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00024-00012179-00012561": "package or their work as a whole and that's the case with a recent", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00025-00012561-00012953": "project I've been working on called BONUS RETURN which has had a systematic", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00026-00012953-00013547": "review as one work package within a longer more elaborate suite of different", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00027-00013547-00014137": "studies and so in this project we've conducted a systematic map or two very", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00028-00014137-00014676": "closely related systematic maps looking at what eco technologies have been used", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00029-00014676-00015291": "to reuse carbon and nutrients and it's particularly relevant to the Baltic Sea", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00030-00015291-00015747": "so within the BONUS RETURN project we actually started off before conducting", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00031-00015747-00016291": "the systematic maps conducting a very quick thematic synthesis it's called", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00032-00016291-00016741": "where we weren't quite sure what people meant by the term eco technology so we", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00033-00016741-00017167": "conducted a systematic review of research literature where people had", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00034-00017167-00017617": "talked about the word eco technology in various different forms and tried to", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00035-00017617-00017992": "build a conceptual model of what people meant by the word eco-technology", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00036-00017992-00018361": "so that we could be sure what was relevant and what wasn't relevant to the", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00037-00018361-00019012": "project that we then undertook with two later systematic maps and that thematic", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00038-00019012-00019567": "synthesis really helped us to define what an eco technology is so", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00039-00019567-00019903": "when we think about how long it takes to conduct a systematic review or a", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00040-00019903-00020263": "systematic map it's a little bit like how long is a piece of string they", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00041-00020263-00020820": "really take a huge range of different times some can be very quick I've been", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00042-00020820-00021226": "involved with one that took about six weeks some can be quite time-consuming", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00043-00021226-00021663": "one of my colleagues recently conducted took about four or five years", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00044-00021663-00022138": "but it really depends firstly how big the evidence base you're dealing with is", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00045-00022138-00022609": "and secondly how detailed you are the kind of information you're extracting", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00046-00022609-00023023": "and the kind of synthesis that you want to conduct there are always processes", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00047-00023023-00023353": "where you have to pause and think and that reflection can take quite a long", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00048-00023353-00023898": "time but we've recently conducted an analysis of the amount of time that's", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00049-00023898-00024256": "needed for a systematic review or a systematic map and that's based on", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00050-00024256-00024658": "around 80 reviews and maps that are published by the collaboration for", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00051-00024658-00025039": "environmental evidence which is an organization that coordinates review and", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00052-00025039-00025641": "map publishing and we found that on average it takes I think around 164 days", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00053-00025641-00026408": "of person hours or person time for a systematic review and about 206 I think", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00054-00026408-00026812": "days for a systematic map but the variability around those estimates is", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00055-00026814-00027510": "quite large so we've used those data to produce a tool called predictor.org", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00056-00027510-00028148": "and that tool allows people to tweak the defaults a little bit to tailor the", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00057-00028149-00028563": "estimation of how long it takes to conduct a review or a map to their own", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00058-00028563-00028857": "project so they might know for example how many search results they're likely", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00059-00028857-00029189": "to get or they might know certain activities that they definitely want to", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00060-00029189-00029595": "do and some that they don't and they can use that tool to get an estimation of", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00061-00029595-00030191": "how long it's likely to take so if I was asked to give some tips or advice for", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00062-00030191-00030488": "someone who might want to do a systematic review or a systematic map", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00063-00030488-00030855": "I think the first thing I'd say would be to connect with one of the many", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00064-00030855-00031275": "communities that is kind of community of practice and network of people who are", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00065-00031275-00031674": "interested in systematic reviews and maps and their methods and there are", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00066-00031674-00031956": "various organizations that do this there's the Collaboration for", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00067-00031956-00032337": "Environmental Evidence (CEE) who work in environmental subjects", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00068-00032337-00032747": "there's the Cochrane Collaboration what's now called Cochrane who work in the", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00069-00032747-00033189": "field of health care and Campbell who work in Social Welfare crime and justice", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00070-00033189-00033576": "and international development and there's some overlap in the scope of", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00071-00033576-00034053": "these communities but it's each one is a voluntary group of people who are very", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00072-00034053-00034425": "interested in the methodology and they have a lot of advice and support in", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00073-00034425-00034872": "terms of guidance documents or kind of helpful advice for people who are", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00074-00034872-00035352": "starting out and there are a lot of methodology articles as well", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00075-00035352-00035841": "that can provide advice for various different steps along the way maybe the", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00076-00035841-00036180": "easiest thing to do is connect with someone who's conducted a systematic", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00077-00036180-00036633": "review but everyone's very friendly so it's very easy to reach out and ask a", "hyLjxR-4yKQ-00078-00036633-00036841": "question"}}, {"audio_id": "hyb8sOcfbT4", "text": {"hyb8sOcfbT4-00000-00000000-00001100": "bitcoin,crypto live,price analysis,bitcoin live,crypto news,free bitcoin 2019,free usd,live bitcoin,bk crypto,crypto,bitcoin btc,bitcoin 2019,price prediction,btc,btc 2019,bitcoin analysis,bk news,bitcoin crypto,free bitcoin,bitcoin trading,march 2019,bk,bitcoin price,live crypto trading,btc bitcoin,bitcoin news today,bitcoin today,btc usd,bitcoin usd,crypto news live,bitcoin price prediction,bitcoin news,bitcoin price 2019", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00001-00001396-00001992": "Thank you for joining me everybody Thursday, March 28th, and we had a little bumps in Bitcoin", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00002-00001992-00002264": "I wanted that jump back on and do a quick", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00003-00002296-00002443": "BTC update", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00004-00002443-00002840": "to show you what the charts are saying and how you can profit from it like a", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00005-00002848-00003347": "Boss if this is your first time tuning in congratulations, baby, you are now rocking with the best", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00006-00003347-00003566": "My name is became known as a crypto traitor", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00007-00003590-00004007": "I'm the boasts of these charts as you will soon find out every day", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00008-00004007-00004502": "I graced this microphone with my voices another day. You get the profit as a result. Today is no exception", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00009-00004503-00005153": "So make sure you jump back in time go to a two days ago, March 26. I posted posted this video", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00010-00005153-00005738": "Well Bitcoin fall, we was a teetering around thirty nine hundred dollars", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00011-00005778-00006044": "So now that we bounced up a little bit", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00012-00006044-00006398": "I wanted to give the other side of the story and", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00013-00006436-00006920": "Look at what Bitcoin would have to do if it continues to go higher?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00014-00006981-00007233": "Also, I wanted to shout out my man. Mr. Ron", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00015-00007293-00007823": "For coming through with the super check donation. Thank you, sir is good to see you", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00016-00007823-00008214": "You've been rockin out with us, you know for a long time not to appreciate the support", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00017-00008214-00008498": "But make sure if you haven't done it check that video out", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00018-00008536-00008888": "You'll see what BTC looks like to the town and today's video", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00019-00008889-00009632": "We will talk about it going up higher and what that would indeed entail and so this is the chart", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00020-00009632-00009947": "This is a thirty three minute chart, right?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00021-00010011-00010253": "if we look at the 343 a", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00022-00010336-00011114": "Couple areas. I wanted to highlight on this. I'm really just looking at the down right because in order", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00023-00011209-00011832": "To go higher we must understand what it took to go lower and where that energy came from", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00024-00011850-00012569": "So if we start with these two squares up here right one and two this was kind of like the first breakdown", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00025-00012596-00013040": "big big big breakdown that kind of shocked the world, you know and start at this whole", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00026-00013150-00013844": "Six-month sell off that we've had right but all of that energy, you know that negative sentiment negative energy", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00027-00013844-00014077": "We can capture in two", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00028-00014130-00014392": "Intersections this Fibonacci right there. Boom", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00029-00014478-00014678": "You're doing a like boom. Boom", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00030-00014829-00014955": "Right", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00031-00014955-00015635": "Put it on the seven and the 343 or the 231 because it's a 343 sometimes, you know, the waves work different ways", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00032-00015672-00016052": "But what this shows us from breakdown to breakdown", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00033-00016113-00016313": "Is that this green line?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00034-00016404-00017101": "Right. Yeah the 3/2 that's going to be a reversal lunge right Green is positive, right?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00035-00017154-00017579": "And when you break down break down it almost acts as like a catch basin", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00036-00017634-00018080": "To try to level you out a little bit and you notice this box right here", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00037-00018144-00018571": "We can encode this like orange. Maybe this is like our wonky zone", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00038-00018575-00019216": "This is limbo land but the 2 2 2 2 to 6 is where things start to turn around a little bit", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00039-00019217-00019648": "So you see me drop crash boom hit that little rubber bands on right here went", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00040-00019701-00019901": "whoa, and now we're", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00041-00019938-00020091": "consolidated and", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00042-00020091-00020719": "Showing a little bit of a floor right there on that green zone. That's what you want. Right? And this is that", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00043-00020795-00021379": "3450 so as far as I'm concerned, you know as long as we stay above 3 4 5", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00044-00021513-00021623": "That's good", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00045-00021623-00022339": "That means that the floor is in and it's not a matter of if but when we will see BTC rise higher", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00046-00022557-00022757": "Let's do this", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00047-00022820-00023428": "Right and so again don't get lost in the sauce and candles, you know, just trying to play it day by day", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00048-00023429-00023932": "I really don't need a mic coming on here and doing these quick Bitcoin update videos", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00049-00023932-00024421": "But because I just put 1 playing Bitcoin down and it's possible", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00050-00024422-00024814": "I figured I'd go on and show you guys how to chart it going higher", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00051-00024837-00025270": "Right, so we know that this 3 2 is the floor that green line down there is the floor", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00052-00025270-00025876": "I'll just move, you know move this thing down a little bit so we can get it off the screen", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00053-00026019-00026527": "This trend line right here is a very very very port and trim line from the bottom of that", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00054-00026595-00027022": "To the bottom of that, right? That is a very very very", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00055-00027075-00027676": "Important trend line. This is essentially the channel that we're riding on right now", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00056-00027714-00028051": "it's confirmed a few times it confirmed as", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00057-00028127-00028327": "support right there", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00058-00028352-00028814": "support right there and now it looks like", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00059-00028938-00029239": "It wants to be resistance and this is what I tell you", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00060-00029239-00029798": "We have to look for the place where the floor becomes the ceilings and the ceilings become the floors", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00061-00029864-00030226": "If we did a sideways fibonacci running off this thing", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00062-00030357-00030557": "Right. I", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00063-00030606-00030806": "Would imagine", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00064-00031489-00031689": "That doesn't really help us", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00065-00033522-00033755": "Because we don't have any other", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00066-00033831-00034031": "info down here", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00067-00034068-00034664": "To ride on this is why I said if Bitcoin Falls, it's gonna fall to you know", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00068-00034665-00035357": "Somewhere down there basically to catch itself, but it looks like it wants to pop up right the problem", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00069-00035409-00035843": "The problem is that the more we don't have the volume in number two", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00070-00035934-00036548": "We're running out of quick energy right to be honest this little pop right here", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00071-00036672-00037283": "could have just as easily been associated to the maximum sine wave coming back and now", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00072-00037393-00037587": "after we run into", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00073-00037587-00038051": "Our two to six zone we could see a pull back", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00074-00038052-00038513": "If we don't break out, then we're gonna start to breakdown and where will we catch?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00075-00038536-00039036": "We will catch right here right around 38 50, right?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00076-00039096-00039773": "We need a big pop right? But even then even then we're gonna need to pop above", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00077-00039921-00040103": "This top, right?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00078-00040103-00040553": "and so essentially if we turn the candles on we'll need to get to", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00079-00040572-00041066": "Confirm out of this down cycle because we got three signs pointing to down", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00080-00041172-00041675": "We will need to break doubt and stay higher than 40", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00081-00041781-00041918": "54", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00082-00041918-00042287": "What is this 33 on the seven for about two days?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00083-00042390-00042635": "Once we do that if we do that", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00084-00042636-00043043": "I will come back on and I will make a video and I will show how Bitcoin is going higher", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00085-00043068-00043448": "Right, but now it's in like limbo land literally in limbo land", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00086-00043509-00043832": "And it's no strong direction either way", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00087-00043839-00044543": "How do we notice we notice because all the intersections are going up going down going up and down and the 231 is relatively flat", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00088-00044583-00044783": "It's no clear direction", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00089-00044824-00045578": "Formed so I hope this helps with regards to the interim and understand what BTC is going on and how it's working", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00090-00045606-00046010": "If you appreciate this insight, make sure you give this video a thumbs up", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00091-00046011-00046271": "It really helps in getting the word out to all of our subscribers", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00092-00046341-00046541": "and if you want to know more", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00093-00046575-00047058": "Jump on over to balsa Bitcoin calm. This is the number one crypto trading resource on the internet", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00094-00047058-00047739": "I have a Facebook group number one Bitcoin group in the world. Just click that link right there. You can also follow me on", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00095-00047818-00048174": "trading view wanted to top published authors on there and", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00096-00048193-00048660": "lastly you can check out the different products and packages that we have I think one of the most", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00097-00048802-00049479": "Easiest ways to accumulate wealth is to never take a big loss and that's what the boss method does better than anything", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00098-00049480-00049944": "So I'll wrap all of that information up in three different packets is easy for you can tear it off", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00099-00049944-00050469": "Whatever works best for you to profit package. I will be delivering in this hand selected list this morning", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00100-00050543-00050616": "to the guys", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00101-00050616-00050740": "I wanted to wait", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00102-00050740-00051270": "You know 24 to 48 hours just to see if BTC was gonna break out break down what was going on?", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00103-00051270-00051654": "But there will be a new profit package as soon as I'm done with this video", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00104-00051709-00052380": "So check it out, you know boss of Bitcoin calm. Thank you so much for your support. I do appreciate you", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00105-00052396-00052905": "Leave me a comment down below if you have a coin that you want to see charted after this video", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00106-00052905-00053361": "I'm gonna jump on in the comments and probably do two or three videos just from the comments alone", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00107-00053362-00053592": "So if you made it this far in a video, that's your reward", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00108-00053592-00054027": "Show me what you want to see charter and then i'ma jump in there and get it the faith", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00109-00054027-00054297": "That being said everybody is that time of the day signing out", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00110-00054322-00055012": "Oops, boy became no matter where you state Brazil debate, California all the way back out fool jerk money", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00111-00055037-00055290": "Good night. Good morning, and good day", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00112-00055394-00055594": "Till we meet again. Stay cryptic y'all", "hyb8sOcfbT4-00113-00055657-00055857": "Yes"}}, {"audio_id": "hz0VkqsoU8Y", "text": {"hz0VkqsoU8Y-00000-00000006-00000615": "welcome to lazy Arquitecto automation today, we will show you how to improve", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00001-00000615-00001872": "your productivity with AutoCAD layout tabs. AutoCAD layout tabs should be seen", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00002-00001872-00002565": "as templates for AutoCAD paper space. they can contain title blocks, drawing tags", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00003-00002565-00003339": "drawing legends, special notes, and so on. so you can use in all of your", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00004-00003339-00003911": "drawings. so they can save you time if you know how to use them.so let's take a", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00005-00003911-00004500": "look at some awesome tips that can help you work smarter with AutoCAD layout tabs", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00006-00004500-00005369": "first, always import AutoCAD layout templates or DWG files.", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00007-00005369-00006132": "Simply, right-click on the Layout tab and select from template. then select your template", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00008-00006132-00006758": "or AutoCAD file, then you can pick the layout names.", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00009-00006875-00007490": "as you can see, I have my title block with my tags and all of the information", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00010-00007490-00008183": "that I needed. second, you can also copy AutoCAD layout tabs from open drawings", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00011-00008183-00008998": "to do this simply type DC and enter. this will open the design center in AutoCAD", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00012-00008998-00010069": "here, simply choose the layout tabs right click on it and pick add layouts.", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00013-00010902-00011620": "third, autocad layout tutorial. learn how to modify autocad layout tabs. don't do right click to rename", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00014-00011620-00012270": "layout tabs, simply double click on it", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00015-00012275-00012985": "don't copy layout tabs by doing right click and copy,", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00016-00013222-00014128": "just press ctrl key, click and drag the Layout tab to the desired position.", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00017-00014552-00015431": "also don't delete autocad layout tabs individually, simply press shift,", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00018-00015431-00016141": "Click the first layout tab, and then click the last one. now you can delete many layout", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00019-00016141-00016847": "tabs at once. and this conclude today's lessons of AutoCAD layout tabs.", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00020-00016847-00017615": "If you got helped today, you help, share! I upload videos every Tuesday, so don't forget to", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00021-00017615-00018128": "like the video, subscribe, and turn the notification bell on. I'm the lazy", "hz0VkqsoU8Y-00022-00018128-00019102": "Arquitecto, see you in the next tutorial!"}}, {"audio_id": "hzwVSpUAZ84", "text": {"hzwVSpUAZ84-00000-00000523-00000699": "[Johannes] Hello hello hello.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00001-00000743-00001029": "Welcome to yet another episode of DiEM TV.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00002-00001093-00001319": "This is a Faces of DiEM25 episode", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00003-00001323-00001653": "a series exploring the people making our movement", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00004-00001659-00002143": "where we discuss inspirational stories that are behind those people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00005-00002183-00002589": "and why and how they took the step from citizen to activism and politics.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00006-00002596-00002786": "I am Johannes Fehr,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00007-00002833-00003129": "I am volunteer coordinator for DiEM25", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00008-00003153-00003303": "speaking to you from Berlin", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00009-00003329-00003693": "and I'm really happy that I'm joined here tonight", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00010-00003743-00003953": "by these people:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00011-00004023-00004329": "Nina, Lilia and Jonas.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00012-00004366-00004649": "Welcome to the Faces of DiEM episode.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00013-00004696-00004853": "Good to have you, thank you", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00014-00004859-00005206": "for taking the time to speak to all of us.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00015-00005363-00005819": "All of you have been Diemers that are active on the ground,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00016-00005883-00006196": "helping, as we are in this current situation,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00017-00006206-00006563": "on having a war on European soil", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00018-00006623-00006906": "and helping people who are suffering from that war.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00019-00006959-00007319": "And we are going to speak about this topic tonight,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00020-00007329-00007716": "on how to be active on the issue by helping people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00021-00007723-00008253": "and, of course also, furthermore, what everyone can do", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00022-00008283-00008499": "to help trying to end this war.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00023-00008633-00008839": "But before we go into detail about that,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00024-00008886-00009179": "I would ask you to introduce yourself, shortly.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00025-00009223-00009416": "I would like to start with Nina.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00026-00009453-00009743": "Just tell us a little bit about you.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00027-00009783-00009983": "Where are you, who are you.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00028-00010039-00010546": "[Nina] Hi, everyone, my name is Nina. I am 27, nearly.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00029-00010553-00011053": "I come from Serbia originally, but I also have a Bulgarian origin", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00030-00011063-00011289": "and I'm currently based in Montenegro.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00031-00011506-00011743": "[Johannes] Great, thank you very much.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00032-00011803-00011913": "Lilia", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00033-00012316-00012616": "[Lilia] Hello, everybody. My name is Lilia.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00034-00012639-00012929": "I am coming from Bulgaria,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00035-00012939-00013233": "but I also have dual citizenship:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00036-00013303-00013539": "I'm having also, a Greek citizenship.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00037-00013556-00013879": "I share my time between Greece and Bulgaria.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00038-00013996-00014653": "I'm kind of active recently in DiEM and MeRA25.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00039-00014909-00015429": "It helps a lot that my city in Bulgaria is exactly on the border", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00040-00015479-00015996": "wIth RomanIa and all the refugees are passIng by through here.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00041-00016139-00016246": "Thank you.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00042-00016246-00016403": "[Johannes] Thank you, Lilia.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00043-00016403-00016776": "For the listeners also, MeRA25 are the parties", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00044-00016779-00017076": "that DiEM25 is building up as part of our movement", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00045-00017096-00017319": "in dIfferent countries, like Greece", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00046-00017333-00017653": "and also Germany, where Jonas is based, I think.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00047-00017743-00017829": "Jonas.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00048-00017916-00018173": "[Jonas] Yep! Hey, I'm Jonas,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00049-00018209-00018526": "I'm French and I'm now based in BerlIn,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00050-00018529-00018723": "where I study for two years.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00051-00018803-00019499": "I'm 21. I'm right now in a posItIve-tested to Corona,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00052-00019499-00019843": "shared flat so, I mIght cough, once In a while,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00053-00019856-00020059": "but yeah, very happy to be here, as well", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00054-00020059-00020459": "and actIve wIth DiEM, sInce November, I think.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00055-00020563-00020759": "[Johannes] Thank you, Jonas.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00056-00020779-00021316": "Yeah. I thInk the pandemIc is somethIng that we almost are forgettIng about,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00057-00021339-00021813": "but stIll somethIng, of course, that we also need to work on", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00058-00021863-00022149": "and overcome several thIngs.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00059-00022269-00022596": "One of the thIngs that everyone, of course can do,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00060-00022596-00023049": "is becomIng a member of a polItIcal organIzatIon, like DiEM25,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00061-00023149-00023433": "to get active on all these kind of issues", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00062-00023483-00023783": "and I think, as a follow-up question,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00063-00023789-00024033": "It would be nIce to hear from you:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00064-00024069-00024359": "Why dId you join DiEM25?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00065-00024449-00024546": "When was It?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00066-00024579-00024726": "How dId you become a member?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00067-00024836-00025306": "And what is actually, the most important thIng that you would like to do", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00068-00025309-00025503": "in your country, wIth DiEM25?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00069-00025709-00025883": "Maybe we can start agaIn, with Nina.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00070-00025979-00026453": "[Nina] Okay, so I've been following the development of DiEM 25,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00071-00026493-00026909": "Since the beginning, but I only joined in January 2021,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00072-00026933-00027523": "and I rather joined to support the movement, but I wasn't very active.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00073-00027526-00027796": "I was quite busy with my personal life.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00074-00027803-00028069": "I joined the local DSC", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00075-00028156-00028453": "but since, it was in Serbia, I didn't really last long", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00076-00028473-00028946": "and, in the Balkans, the DiEM is not very active, unfortunately.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00077-00028996-00029403": "I'm not even sure how many people are aware of of DiEM,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00078-00029423-00029729": "so we're trying to spread the awareness, at the moment.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00079-00029769-00029959": "I became active in DiEM,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00080-00030049-00030316": "in the end of January, beginning of February,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00081-00030416-00030703": "because of the situation between Russia and Ukraine,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00082-00030726-00031206": "and this is when I joined DSC for peace and international policy,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00083-00031276-00031753": "where we started working on campaigns that were dealing with the situation", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00084-00031756-00032349": "and then, as the situation intensified, our activities multiplied as well.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00085-00032713-00032863": "[Johannes] Thank you very much.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00086-00032893-00033389": "I think, yeah, that is just very good that you come,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00087-00033389-00033709": "and I think we have a lot of work ahead of us in many countries.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00088-00033736-00034383": "But it's great to see that we are actually active on the ground in different places,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00089-00034413-00034586": "and making a difference.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00090-00034693-00034983": "And maybe, now we can switch it around and go to Jonas,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00091-00034993-00035199": "since I know that he also has been active", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00092-00035199-00035416": "with the local collective here in Berlin.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00093-00035486-00035996": "[Johan] Yes, so I also follow DiEM for a long time,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00094-00036063-00036313": "but I started to be active in November 2021,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00095-00036396-00036643": "in the Berlin DLC.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00096-00036973-00037843": "I think, the reason that built my interest to DiEM was the euro crisis,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00097-00037903-00038513": "and I got interested in DiEM policies through these events but now, in Berlin,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00098-00038536-00038783": "I'm mostly involved in just organizing.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00099-00038973-00039213": "But it goes well, once in a week", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00100-00039356-00039726": "meetings, where we meet with other volunteers", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00101-00039726-00039979": "or members of DiEM and -", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00102-00040639-00040799": "and I want to add something else.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00103-00040826-00041103": "But I forgot, so never mind yeah,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00104-00041126-00041609": "I'm just trying to be active, once in a week, in this dimension.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00105-00041906-00042286": "[Johannes] Great, I think, going to a local collectIve meeting,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00106-00042346-00042563": "is actually a great fIrst thing to do.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00107-00042566-00043126": "So, If you're in Berlin and, you know, you see this vIdeo still, in early 2022,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00108-00043129-00043719": "maybe, on Thursday evenings at 7 p.m, at the Volksbar, close to the Volksbuhne,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00109-00043766-00044056": "where DiEM was actually founded, you can meet Jonas.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00110-00044176-00044493": "Lilia, when did you become a DiEM member", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00111-00044503-00044946": "and, I actually know that you are active in several countries for DiEM25, right?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00112-00045046-00045176": "[Lilia] Correct.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00113-00045216-00045619": "I am from the very beginning, a member of DiEM,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00114-00045653-00046133": "from the very first months of creating DiEM", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00115-00046153-00046936": "and later I'm from the founding members of MERA25 in Greece.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00116-00047006-00047373": "I have been following Varoufakis and his ideas", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00117-00047399-00047786": "from before he has created DiEM25.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00118-00047819-00048306": "I have read most of his books and publications,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00119-00048326-00048923": "so I was kind of tending towards his ideas from the beginning", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00120-00048996-00049539": "and when DiEM was created, it was just the correct place", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00121-00049569-00049843": "for me to join and to do something.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00122-00049946-00050289": "For a few years I was not very active in the beginning,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00123-00050303-00051119": "because I had kind of personal problems, but the last three years", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00124-00051153-00051713": "I'm trying to participate more actively, especially in Greece,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00125-00051793-00052466": "and the reason for this is that I believe we have to live In a better world", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00126-00052479-00052659": "and to do something better.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00127-00052699-00053099": "What Nina says about the Balkans it's very correct:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00128-00053139-00053729": "It's not easy to convince Balkan people to have a hope", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00129-00053743-00053929": "and to believe in something new.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00130-00053966-00054483": "This is why maybe in Bulgaria, DiEM is still kind of sleeping", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00131-00054599-00054909": "and this was the initial idea last year", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00132-00054933-00055496": "to try to wake up the organization in Bulgaria, because some people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00133-00055526-00056059": "tried to start it and to build up the organization a few years ago,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00134-00056079-00056293": "but it was not a successful attempt.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00135-00056346-00056963": "So from last year, I am trying more actively to rebuild the organization.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00136-00057109-00057646": "Up to now, there are about 60 members that are interested and showing interest", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00137-00057653-00058213": "and about 20 people coming to our regular monthly meetings,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00138-00058296-00058603": "and we are starting to do something.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00139-00058693-00059453": "Now, with the crisis in Ukraine, the things are becoming", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00140-00059646-00060349": "one idea more important because I believe only an organization like DiEM,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00141-00060453-00061639": "that is based on more humane ideas, can really support people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00142-00061643-00062386": "and help them to understand how nonsense is a war.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00143-00062446-00062849": "Because the only people paying the price", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00144-00062849-00063059": "for the war are the poor people.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00145-00063139-00063393": "Rich people never pay the price.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00146-00063509-00063779": "So, this is it.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00147-00063983-00064403": "[Johannes] Thank you, Lilia, I think it's a very important thing", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00148-00064403-00064786": "that you just said that, of course, we have to be aware", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00149-00064803-00065206": "of who actually suffers from the war,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00150-00065206-00065479": "besides, you know, national identities", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00151-00065486-00066033": "and borders and all these things that we tried", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00152-00066039-00066329": "not to care too much in DiEM25 about,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00153-00066359-00066803": "because we are a transnational movement that works beyond borders", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00154-00066809-00067066": "and beyond national identIties", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00155-00067196-00067546": "and regards every human being as the same.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00156-00067586-00068053": "I think it's also maybe a good point to just point out to say that", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00157-00068079-00068409": "we are aware that this is just yet another war.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00158-00068439-00068826": "ThIs is not the only war that has been going on in the last years,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00159-00068833-00069469": "and we are of course, active on all kinds of fronts against all of those wars.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00160-00069513-00069779": "That's why our petition against this war", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00161-00069793-00070109": "also states: no more wars in general.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00162-00070113-00070269": "There's a war in Yemen going on.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00163-00070269-00070463": "there's other conflicts around the world", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00164-00070463-00070596": "that we are also aware of.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00165-00070623-00070836": "If you want to sign the petition, by the way,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00166-00070843-00071143": "you can go to DiEM25.org/peace", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00167-00071273-00071696": "and spread the news about that petition", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00168-00071706-00072106": "and that transnational effort to work against", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00169-00072203-00072743": "any kinds of conflicts and wars going on.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00170-00072989-00073776": "This of course, this issue in general is a sad one and we are all aware", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00171-00073779-00074246": "of the suffering going on and one way, of course to be active", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00172-00074259-00074713": "and to be productive and to show that this is not the end", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00173-00074726-00075083": "and the world will go on and we'll try to make it a better place", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00174-00075103-00075486": "is to be active with the people that are directly suffering.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00175-00075709-00076026": "The three of the people who are with me here", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00176-00076103-00076256": "have been active on that.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00177-00076266-00076556": "So, maybe we can now hear from you", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00178-00076563-00076979": "what you have already been doing in your countries,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00179-00077043-00077576": "to be able to help the people suffering from the current crisis.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00180-00077623-00077879": "NIna, let's start again with you.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00181-00077929-00078093": "[NIna] Thank you, Johannes.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00182-00078093-00078606": "Actually, I'm not active in the field, like you elaborated.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00183-00078626-00079109": "My first activity in this topic was to create the petition", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00184-00079116-00079363": "and the petition tags that you just mentioned.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00185-00079376-00079476": "Thank you so much.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00186-00079479-00079863": "Please, please, read the text, don't just click the button.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00187-00079899-00080276": "It's very important to understand what Lilia was trying to say about how", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00188-00080359-00081046": "the war only hurts the small people, and this is relevant both for Ukraine", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00189-00081056-00081329": "and Russia and Belarus citizens.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00190-00081356-00081463": "it's not just...", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00191-00081463-00081713": "I mean all of them have to migrate.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00192-00081713-00082273": "They're all victims of the same political game, if we may call it that way.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00193-00082436-00082976": "As for the activities in the field, I actually got involved in", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00194-00082976-00083129": "the whole situation, because", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00195-00083129-00083393": "I have a lot of colleagues that are Ukrainian citizens,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00196-00083433-00083946": "and I was very emotionally hit by the situation.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00197-00084113-00084563": "What I tried to do is to help them while they were migrating to Poland", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00198-00084579-00084713": "with other people,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00199-00084713-00084893": "connecting with some organizations,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00200-00084893-00085049": "my friends in Poland,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00201-00085106-00085509": "and helped them move as painless as possible.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00202-00085613-00085993": "So this is the only activity that I did in that direction.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00203-00086103-00086406": "But I am active with a small group of people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00204-00086406-00086749": "that are coming from the DNC for peace and international policy", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00205-00086749-00086906": "and we're working on a campaign", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00206-00086906-00087136": "that is advocating for peace, essentially.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00207-00087139-00087689": "Trying to elaborate what it means, to have a war,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00208-00087713-00088303": "and who does it serve, and how we are all affected with it", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00209-00088313-00088549": "and how we can all say 'No' to it as well.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00210-00088559-00088883": "Like you said, Johannes, this is not the only war happening right now", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00211-00088899-00089136": "and people are suffering around the world.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00212-00089136-00089333": "And we are also!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00213-00089336-00089876": "We will have inflation and we will have other consequences in other countries", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00214-00089889-00090156": "across the globe, not just Europe.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00215-00090206-00090719": "It's very important that we understand this mechanism and who is the real enemy?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00216-00090723-00090969": "It's not Russians against Ukrainians.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00217-00090989-00091536": "It's the people against the oligarchs and the governments that are supporting", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00218-00091556-00091933": "the military industry and everyone who is profiting from this.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00219-00092213-00092369": "[Johannes] Thank you Nina.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00220-00092443-00092773": "Since the shortcut has come up now, a couple of times,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00221-00092779-00092966": "I was want to shortly say,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00222-00092989-00093326": "DSC means DiEM25 Spontaneous Collective,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00223-00093356-00093853": "so these are all collectives active in different fields,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00224-00093853-00094526": "locally or on thematic topics, like peace and international policy", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00225-00094563-00094756": "that we are working on, of course,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00226-00094876-00095113": "on the long term, also and steadily,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00227-00095143-00095476": "as we are doing it on other fields, like the Green New Deal for Europe,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00228-00095523-00095993": "where we already have a policy in place that proposes something", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00229-00095999-00096363": "that is different and makes us independent", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00230-00096379-00096703": "from gas price shocks, for example.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00231-00096896-00097286": "Also the influence of the oligarchs that possess most of the companies", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00232-00097296-00097619": "that are actually profiting from that trade.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00233-00097843-00098403": "Jonas, what have you been doing to be active", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00234-00098423-00098736": "and trying to help something that just every citizen,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00235-00098736-00098873": "every civil society,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00236-00098873-00099153": "can do when there's times like these?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00237-00099306-00099763": "[Jonas] I think I recognize myself as well in the process that Nina described", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00238-00099766-00100179": "that I first get got very emotionally in touch with it", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00239-00100183-00100623": "because of friends or people I knew that were living there", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00240-00100626-00100853": "or had a Ukrainian roots.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00241-00101039-00101343": "I directly texted my former music teacher,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00242-00101343-00101613": "who was from Ukraine, and talked a lot with her.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00243-00101616-00101776": "And in a second time,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00244-00101779-00102289": "I contacted a Ukrainian friend that I know here in Berlin,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00245-00102316-00102609": "and we already talked a lot about the situation in her country", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00246-00102616-00102919": "a few months before the war actually started.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00247-00102963-00103313": "But since this, I was in very close contact with her", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00248-00103313-00103439": "because of her family,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00249-00103439-00103873": "and I asked her how they are doing", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00250-00103873-00104113": "and how they see the plans of escaping the country.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00251-00104113-00104483": "And one day she just asked me if I actually could help her,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00252-00104483-00105059": "to go with her to Romania and catch her family up there", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00253-00105059-00105326": "and drive them until Berlin.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00254-00105409-00105599": "So this was last weekend.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00255-00105679-00105889": "It was a very quick and spontaneous decision,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00256-00105896-00106183": "but in this time I thought this is the only thing I can do.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00257-00106313-00106949": "So we went to Romania together and found or, picked up her family", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00258-00107033-00107389": "or the kids and the female parts of her family,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00259-00107409-00107709": "because her big brother and her father have to stay in Ukraine", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00260-00107713-00108046": "because they are men and they have to go to war,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00261-00108066-00108293": "which was of course also a terrible situation.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00262-00108296-00108576": "And then we drove through Romania", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00263-00108576-00108946": "for I don't remember exactly how many days,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00264-00108946-00109269": "because I think I lost a little bit, the sense of time.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00265-00109269-00109943": "But we went through Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and Germany.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00266-00109953-00110633": "And now the six of them, safe in Berlin, in a very small flat,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00267-00110656-00110993": "but it's of course better than what they escaped.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00268-00111226-00111406": "This was a very tiring experience,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00269-00111409-00112129": "but I felt that this was just the thing I could help with in this moment.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00270-00112509-00112663": "[Johannes] Thank you, Jonas.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00271-00112696-00113413": "I think this is a great help that you gave to people,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00272-00113416-00113836": "and I wanted to say that I also was shortly involved", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00273-00113839-00114116": "in helping for some hours the other weekend", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00274-00114129-00114649": "in a refugee welcome center here at the bus station in Berlin.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00275-00114649-00114916": "There's by now probably more than 10,000 people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00276-00114933-00115446": "arriving in Berlin every day that had to leave their homes,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00277-00115559-00116086": "and that is of course, a very dire and emotionally draining situation,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00278-00116086-00116319": "as you all have said already.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00279-00116319-00116493": "And it was the same for me.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00280-00116589-00116979": "The only good thing then is to see that actually, civil society", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00281-00117019-00117206": "people are active on that.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00282-00117279-00117709": "You can see thousands of people in Berlin that are giving donations,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00283-00117709-00117836": "that are trying to help", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00284-00117836-00118159": "and of course, it's very difficult,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00285-00118159-00118463": "especially to find places to stay for people.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00286-00118499-00118719": "This is the biggest issue I think in Germany.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00287-00118803-00119183": "But in general, it's great to see that so many people are active,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00288-00119193-00119793": "and I think we are also here talking about it to show people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00289-00119796-00120206": "that it is not that hard to do something.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00290-00120223-00120583": "I know that everyone also has a full life and limited time,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00291-00120599-00121039": "but I think there's many things that one can actually do.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00292-00121233-00122029": "Lilia, what have you been doing so far in that particular situation, now?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00293-00122263-00123006": "[Lilia] I was kind of lucky that exactly this period from the end of January", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00294-00123159-00123576": "me and my husband arrived in Bulgaria", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00295-00123716-00124083": "and we were planning to stay here for a few months", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00296-00124256-00124486": "and we are staying exactly in the town of Ruse.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00297-00124526-00124886": "It's a small city in Bulgaria exactly on the border with Romania,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00298-00124909-00125226": "60 kilometers from Bucharest.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00299-00125286-00126076": "It's one of the main gates between Bulgarian and Romania.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00300-00126153-00126889": "So, one big amount of people are passing exactly my city", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00301-00127053-00127209": "trying to escape the war.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00302-00127299-00127579": "So, we were very lucky", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00303-00127579-00128086": "because we were involved from the very first moment and up to now", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00304-00128223-00128826": "in a lot of actions organized by the municipality,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00305-00128826-00129283": "by simple people, by volunteers, by different organizations", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00306-00129289-00129846": "supporting these families arriving here.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00307-00129889-00130603": "Even tonight, at seven o'clock we are going to meet at the border", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00308-00130699-00130966": "a Ukrainian family arriving", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00309-00131203-00131366": "from Odessa.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00310-00131423-00131659": "Up to the last moment they were thinking", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00311-00131659-00131963": "that they will be able to make it there", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00312-00131963-00132279": "and not to travel because they are a big family,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00313-00132406-00132703": "a couple, four kids, and grandmother.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00314-00132823-00133123": "But, finally, they were forced to travel", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00315-00133186-00133579": "and this morning they called me and they asked for our help.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00316-00133593-00134203": "So we are gonna meet them and we have already found a flat", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00317-00134209-00134423": "for them to stay for one or two days", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00318-00134499-00134883": "and after that they are planning to go to Greece.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00319-00135043-00135456": "What actually we do here is, we organize", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00320-00135499-00135706": "first of all, buses", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00321-00135789-00135956": "and minivans", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00322-00135956-00136143": "and simple cars,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00323-00136283-00136689": "- usually buses, this is the most convenient transportation -", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00324-00136779-00137059": "Bulgarian buses are going to the border,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00325-00137076-00137236": "of Romania-Ukraine,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00326-00137276-00137636": "and there, they're collecting people,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00327-00137666-00138013": "driving them back to the Bulgarian border,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00328-00138053-00138493": "and at the border, exactly where my city is,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00329-00138516-00138819": "different organizations are waiting for these people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00330-00138829-00139226": "and organizing the next steps of their trip.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00331-00139339-00139646": "Most of the people arrive here with a specific one.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00332-00139699-00139973": "They have already communicated", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00333-00140006-00140326": "with relatives, friends, organizations", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00334-00140336-00140786": "and they say directly, where they want to continue their journey.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00335-00140909-00141103": "So, we as volunteers,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00336-00141103-00141553": "we are helping them to reach the bus station,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00337-00141593-00141759": "to take the next bus,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00338-00141946-00142046": "the train.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00339-00142046-00142536": "We are organizing some people to travel by car.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00340-00142536-00142716": "All this for free, of course,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00341-00142769-00143276": "covered by different funds and organizations", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00342-00143283-00143463": "and donations from people.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00343-00143529-00144029": "Usually there is a gap, a few hours or few days", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00344-00144119-00144359": "between arriving at the border.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00345-00144379-00144906": "Usually they arrive late at night, extremely tired,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00346-00145083-00145486": "and this gap of a few days, or few hours,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00347-00145503-00145709": "from one trip to the other", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00348-00145743-00146239": "we are trying to fill it up with normal,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00349-00146256-00146426": "humane accommodation.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00350-00146459-00146853": "To stay in a warm place, to have something to eat,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00351-00146873-00147239": "to have the basic things that they need,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00352-00147246-00147459": "starting from sanitary napkins,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00353-00147459-00147693": "to diapers, to hot soup,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00354-00147706-00147859": "to medicines.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00355-00147903-00148193": "Some people are having a medical condition,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00356-00148213-00148363": "so we have doctors.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00357-00148433-00148879": "We have the Bulgarian Red Cross helping as well.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00358-00149113-00149536": "There are people that really need some clothes", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00359-00149599-00149916": "so, we are bringing them clothes, as well.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00360-00150016-00150386": "And some people have absolutely no money.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00361-00150463-00151013": "So we are trying to help them with some pocket money,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00362-00151026-00151416": "because some people are really desperate.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00363-00151609-00151943": "In general, maybe, the most important thing is:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00364-00151943-00152313": "we are trying to provide them hope,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00365-00152413-00152649": "a smile, and yeah,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00366-00152799-00152999": "hope for the future.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00367-00153229-00153603": "Because I have been living many years in Russia,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00368-00153649-00153829": "during the communist time.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00369-00153829-00154003": "I have finished university there.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00370-00154006-00154163": "I have been working there.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00371-00154393-00154926": "For me, it's a very painful situation because I have friends from Russia.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00372-00154936-00155106": "I have friends from Ukraine.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00373-00155113-00155799": "I have friends from all these, ex countries of the USSR,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00374-00155813-00156426": "and today, I see my old friends not speaking to each other,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00375-00156579-00156726": "hating each other,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00376-00156919-00157173": "trying to do something bad to each other.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00377-00157239-00157629": "We are talking about people that a few years ago", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00378-00157643-00157919": "were sitting together having fun together.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00379-00158026-00158346": "And it's very painful, very painful to see this,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00380-00158383-00158846": "to see this situation and to be part of it.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00381-00158996-00159699": "It's crazy to see educated people that were university teachers,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00382-00159739-00159923": "that were professionals,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00383-00159973-00160459": "that were doctors, that were having one normal life", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00384-00160496-00160893": "that, in one night, they had to leave everything", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00385-00160893-00161156": "and to start from the beginning.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00386-00161276-00161706": "This is why I believe we have to help to stop this craziness.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00387-00161706-00162139": "And, yes, what Nina says, is very correct:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00388-00162276-00162613": "it's not the point of view is... and the important thing", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00389-00162613-00163156": "is not the conflict between Zelinsky and Putin.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00390-00163336-00163603": "The truth is much more serious", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00391-00163603-00163826": "and much bigger, and it's behind.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00392-00163853-00164316": "This is the front stage of the theatre.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00393-00164353-00164589": "Behind, there are much bigger interests", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00394-00164613-00165219": "that are trying to demolish the middle class all over Europe,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00395-00165269-00165676": "that are trying to make people to be slaves,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00396-00165823-00166066": "to be at the edge of survival.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00397-00166283-00166539": "And this is why we have to fight the oligarchs", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00398-00166553-00166833": "and this bunch of rich people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00399-00166846-00167219": "that are trying to actually eat up the world.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00400-00167333-00167489": "If we want to have a future,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00401-00167489-00167869": "of course, I am much older than you, I'm 53,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00402-00167923-00168393": "but I would love my kids and all young people, like you", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00403-00168419-00168743": "to have a better future and to have hope.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00404-00168923-00169043": "Thank you.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00405-00169093-00169279": "[Johannes] Thank you, Lilia.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00406-00169343-00169549": "[Lilia] I told you I speak too much!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00407-00169553-00169839": "[Johannes] [Laughs] No, not at all.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00408-00169856-00170173": "I think this was very good,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00409-00170173-00170733": "to let you elaborate on and share your thoughts with all of us.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00410-00170796-00170929": "Thank you, for that.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00411-00170953-00171553": "And, I think that is exactly the thing", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00412-00171559-00171756": "that we are trying to prevent in DiEM25.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00413-00171759-00172183": "From the beginning, as DiEM was founded in the crisis of -", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00414-00172189-00172456": "in the aftermath of the crisis of 2008,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00415-00172476-00172726": "and what followed with the Greek Spring", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00416-00172726-00172923": "and the crushing of the Greek Spring.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00417-00172936-00173306": "And back then, the German oligarchs", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00418-00173333-00173646": "and mainstream newspapers putting the Greeks,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00419-00173783-00174046": "\"The lazy Greeks\", as they call them,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00420-00174103-00174513": "wrongly, on the front page, in terms of:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00421-00174526-00174869": "'That's the people that actually, are the problem.'", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00422-00174896-00175159": "Which is, of course, has been never the truth.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00423-00175183-00175526": "And so, DiEM was founded around that,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00424-00175603-00175906": "to bring a counter-narrative of people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00425-00175963-00176119": "actually working together,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00426-00176156-00176689": "despite any nationalities or other differences that they might have,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00427-00176726-00176939": "that they can solve by talking to each other,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00428-00176993-00177503": "like people in a normal, civilized society should actually be able to do.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00429-00177716-00178439": "Okay, since we are doing this work in DiEM25, maybe towards the finishline", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00430-00178439-00179373": "of this small call and stream, we could talk a little bit,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00431-00179373-00180173": "about what you actually think, where you would like to see DiEM25", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00432-00180199-00180509": "in the next couple of years, to solve some of these questions", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00433-00180556-00180989": "and problems that we have already mentioned and are aware of,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00434-00181143-00181499": "on that particular issue, but also beyond.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00435-00181613-00182213": "And also, if you want to make a call for what people out there", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00436-00182213-00182649": "should actually be doing in this particular crisis, now and in general", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00437-00182649-00182839": "then, also feel free to do that.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00438-00182926-00183109": "Nina, Let's go back to you.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00439-00183353-00183516": "[Nina] So, the first question was:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00440-00183539-00183806": "where would I like to see DiEM going with this?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00441-00183899-00184286": "Well, I think that since most of us here can agree", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00442-00184286-00184819": "that the enemies are not each other,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00443-00184866-00185083": "it's we have a common enemy all together.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00444-00185109-00185466": "I guess there is a very long process ahead of us", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00445-00185493-00186069": "of educating everyone else and talking to people,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00446-00186086-00186643": "just talking to people a lot, and working together on this.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00447-00186673-00187153": "I think DiEM has a great potential to start with this", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00448-00187153-00187459": "and I think if we can spread it to the Balkans,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00449-00187459-00187796": "then it's a great indicator that we're doing the right thing.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00450-00187833-00188219": "Because, as you know, the Balkans are a barrel of fire", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00451-00188243-00188776": "with too much potential for nationalistic hatred,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00452-00188823-00189003": "which is not very founded,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00453-00189013-00189529": "like any other hatred between people based on nationality, ethnicity, etc.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00454-00189653-00189859": "And I would just like to send a message", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00455-00189859-00190473": "that next time you are angry because you're not feeling safe", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00456-00190483-00190919": "or because your wallet is too small for your shopping;", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00457-00190939-00191129": "next time you feel angry", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00458-00191206-00191583": "because you can't send your child to a good school;", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00459-00191729-00191906": "just think about who you're angry at.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00460-00192029-00192523": "Think about who is disabling you from leading the life", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00461-00192533-00192649": "that you want to lead.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00462-00192729-00193003": "Someone keeps putting their hands into our pockets", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00463-00193076-00193189": "every day,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00464-00193199-00193376": "and we let them.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00465-00193463-00193923": "So it's not the case that we are working for someone", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00466-00193923-00194439": "and we're all like Lilia is trying to say, being slaves for someone else.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00467-00194506-00194959": "We are electing our representatives and they work for us,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00468-00194966-00195189": "and sometimes it's very good to remember that.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00469-00195189-00195409": "People in the Balkans keep forgetting it.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00470-00195409-00195726": "We have elections in Serbia in two weeks", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00471-00195823-00196116": "and we already know who the winner is.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00472-00196139-00196599": "It's been like that for nearly two decades or so.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00473-00196783-00196993": "Everything is pre-decided for us,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00474-00197019-00197493": "and this is not how we design a democratic world.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00475-00197549-00197803": "We are the ones that need to start making decisions", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00476-00197803-00197986": "and taking responsibility.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00477-00198069-00198396": "So it's not even someone else that we're angry at;", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00478-00198396-00198933": "we're angry at ourselves for not having more control over our lives.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00479-00199053-00199426": "I'm going into philosophy now, so I would like to cut it here!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00480-00199729-00199883": "[Johannes] Actually, why not?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00481-00199883-00200166": "Why not to be a little bit philosophical?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00482-00200229-00200479": "Actually also, you reminded me just now,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00483-00200479-00200909": "when you said about the Balkans, what you just said,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00484-00200989-00201399": "that also I, from personal experience just want to share this:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00485-00201466-00201756": "The Balkans is also this beautiful place", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00486-00201756-00202223": "that we in central Europe don't know too much about.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00487-00202236-00202473": "I've been once travelling to Albania", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00488-00202476-00202699": "and it was great for me, for example,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00489-00202703-00203209": "to see how there is a century-long tradition of Muslims and Christians", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00490-00203213-00203483": "and other confessions of living very close together.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00491-00203499-00204203": "One city with the houses of the different gods next to each other", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00492-00204209-00204403": "and no problem about it.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00493-00204463-00204676": "Also, something that, for example, in Germany,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00494-00204723-00204923": "the right wingers are trying to tell people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00495-00204923-00205359": "that you know when the Muslims come that is suddenly a problem", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00496-00205373-00205559": "which is, of course, complete bullshit.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00497-00205726-00206453": "So, yeah, I'm just very glad to see that DiEM has DiEMers on the Balkans", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00498-00206463-00206859": "that are active and thank you for sharing your thoughts.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00499-00206926-00207023": "Jonas.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00500-00207056-00207403": "What would you like to do with DiEM25 maybe,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00501-00207423-00207886": "but also what would you like to see DiEM25 doing?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00502-00208086-00208283": "What's your thoughts?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00503-00208286-00208516": "Also philosophical thoughts, you can share them!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00504-00208566-00209003": "[Jonas] No, I think I'm not going to go into deep philosophical thoughts,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00505-00209003-00209573": "but yeah, what I'm thinking every time I'm organizing these Thursday events", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00506-00209573-00209856": "is that I actually think this is the most powerful thing", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00507-00209856-00209996": "DiEM can also make:", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00508-00209996-00210476": "just to build up a space where people can exchange", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00509-00210476-00210619": "and talk towards each other.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00510-00210619-00211149": "And I think this is also the place where a lot of ideas are shared.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00511-00211149-00211639": "And I feel this is such a powerful tool to enable people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00512-00211639-00212059": "to build up a position through discussion", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00513-00212059-00212326": "and exchanges more than through", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00514-00212326-00212903": "just listening to what big medias... or what we are being told by medias.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00515-00213289-00213726": "I felt also with this whole Ukrainian situation,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00516-00213726-00214146": "I learned so much through talking with people who are all, of course,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00517-00214146-00214309": "directly confronted to this,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00518-00214363-00214593": "but I think this is...", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00519-00214753-00215229": "maybe, what DiEM can do in my mind.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00520-00215433-00215566": "[Johannes] Thanks!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00521-00215629-00216136": "And then, maybe, once we come together and discuss and write a program", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00522-00216136-00216379": "like we, for example, have done for Germany", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00523-00216396-00216793": "to also be active out there,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00524-00216843-00216996": "block some street", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00525-00216996-00217443": "or help someone who's coming, new to the town,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00526-00217513-00217676": "for them to find a place,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00527-00217689-00217799": "whatever it might be,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00528-00217799-00218319": "I think to then also enact is something very powerful.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00529-00218379-00218979": "Lilia. What's your thoughts on where you would see us going?", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00530-00219276-00219919": "[Lilia] Well, I'm not so optimistic on the future of our world.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00531-00219919-00220423": "I think the refugee crisis, the climate change,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00532-00220676-00220896": "could all get worse and worse.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00533-00220933-00221389": "And, I'm saying this because it means we have to organize", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00534-00221389-00222023": "and to prepare better for a better fight with better arms", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00535-00222253-00222443": "and to involve more and more people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00536-00222466-00223029": "to try to fight all these crises", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00537-00223029-00223233": "and all these people behind,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00538-00223249-00223793": "because there is still an opportunity to build so-called 'another world'", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00539-00223923-00224489": "to reach that point that Varoufakis is calling the 'Another Now'.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00540-00224553-00225053": "Because there is a possibility to build up a better world,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00541-00225059-00225773": "but it needs a lot of effort and a lot of people to be involved.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00542-00226016-00226836": "I think DiEM should tend to proving to people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00543-00226869-00227353": "that if it was possible for people from different religions,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00544-00227359-00227616": "from different nations to live together", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00545-00227649-00228019": "without fighting each other 100-200 years ago,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00546-00228059-00228209": "it's possible to do it now.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00547-00228213-00228459": "For example, in my country, in Bulgaria,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00548-00228559-00228906": "I was raised in such a situation.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00549-00228909-00229439": "We were Christians, we were Muslims, we were Jews, we were Romanians,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00550-00229453-00229623": "we were Arabs", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00551-00229669-00230233": "living in the same country, everybody having their religion,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00552-00230239-00230926": "their culture, their language, but we were not fighting each other.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00553-00230963-00231099": "We were together.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00554-00231103-00231589": "Exactly the same situation was in Greece, in general in Balkans,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00555-00231646-00232053": "because Balkans is a crossroad of Europe.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00556-00232063-00232639": "So a lot of religions and people and nations have met here", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00557-00232739-00233009": "and they were living for centuries together.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00558-00233223-00233633": "If it was possible to have in the same city of Thessaloniki,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00559-00233773-00233979": "11 different nations,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00560-00234056-00234513": "having business, having communities and living together,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00561-00234519-00234933": "if it was possible in ex-Yugoslavia to have this situation,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00562-00234933-00235416": "if it was possible in the Bulgarian city of Philippopolis, Plovdiv,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00563-00235439-00235863": "to have 13 different nations living together,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00564-00235863-00236566": "and having at the same square a synagogue and Muslim mosque...", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00565-00236759-00237063": "(Just a second, the battery is going down.)", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00566-00237279-00237442": "It's possible to do it now.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00567-00237442-00238186": "I think what these oligarchs are trying to do nowadays", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00568-00238213-00238549": "is following the principle of divide and conquer.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00569-00238583-00238709": "Divide and conquer.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00570-00238719-00238853": "This is what they are doing.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00571-00238916-00239183": "They are creating these little problems between us,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00572-00239242-00239509": "making us to hate each other, to fight each other.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00573-00239549-00239829": "So, when we are not anymore together,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00574-00239853-00239983": "we are weaker,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00575-00239986-00240436": "because there is one very simple principle of physics", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00576-00240496-00240903": "- because I am an engineer by education -", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00577-00240963-00241556": "If you have many sticks together and you try to break them,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00578-00241626-00241753": "it's not so easy.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00579-00241803-00242166": "But if the sticks are one by one, it's very easy to break them.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00580-00242226-00242433": "So, this is what they're trying to do.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00581-00242436-00242626": "They're trying to separate us.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00582-00242692-00242983": "So we are not together and it's much easier to break us.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00583-00243006-00243126": "So, let's fight!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00584-00243139-00243629": "And I hope DiEM is going to help us to bring more and more people", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00585-00243669-00244042": "and to be together, to fight together", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00586-00244073-00244392": "for the same ideas for a better future,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00587-00244469-00245039": "for another now that is gonna help us to be alive, to be happy,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00588-00245076-00245216": "and to have a normal life.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00589-00245339-00245616": "And not to have war! Thank you.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00590-00245692-00245816": "[Johannes] Yes.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00591-00245826-00245969": "Lay down your arms!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00592-00245989-00246139": "Thank you Lilia so much", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00593-00246139-00246576": "and thank you Nina and Jonas for joining tonight", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00594-00246599-00246789": "and sharing your thoughts", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00595-00246789-00246992": "and sharing what you actually been doing.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00596-00247019-00247419": "This is also a call for everyone to be, maybe not optimistic,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00597-00247429-00247579": "but to be hopeful.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00598-00247653-00248086": "Because there will be a future and we need to organize together", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00599-00248096-00248559": "to actually not let us be divided and bring people together.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00600-00248603-00249049": "If you out there want to join Nina, for example,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00601-00249186-00249469": "in the Peace and International Policy Collective,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00602-00249539-00249883": "or if you want to join Jonas in Berlin,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00603-00249926-00250249": "or Lilia building DiEM25 in Bulgaria,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00604-00250303-00250776": "or at any other place across Europe and beyond,", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00605-00250816-00250942": "then please do so!", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00606-00250942-00251233": "Go to DiEM25.org/join", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00607-00251363-00252033": "and let's work on what we actually have been trying to describe tonight", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00608-00252033-00252133": "in this live stream", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00609-00252133-00252469": "and build this better future together.", "hzwVSpUAZ84-00610-00252489-00252656": "Carpe DiEM!"}}]